A sequence of non-negative integers a_1, a_2, ..., a_n is called growing if for all i from 1 to n - 1 all ones (of binary representation) in a_i are in the places of ones (of binary representation) in a_{i + 1} (in other words, a_i \:\&\: a_{i + 1} = a_i, where \& denotes [bitwise AND](http://tiny.cc/xpy9uz)). If n = 1 then the sequence is considered growing as well.

For example, the following four sequences are growing: 

  * [2, 3, 15, 175] — in binary it's [10_2, 11_2, 1111_2, 10101111_2]; 
  * [5] — in binary it's [101_2]; 
  * [1, 3, 7, 15] — in binary it's [1_2, 11_2, 111_2, 1111_2]; 
  * [0, 0, 0] — in binary it's [0_2, 0_2, 0_2]. 



The following three sequences are non-growing: 

  * [3, 4, 5] — in binary it's [11_2, 100_2, 101_2]; 
  * [5, 4, 3] — in binary it's [101_2, 100_2, 011_2]; 
  * [1, 2, 4, 8] — in binary it's [0001_2, 0010_2, 0100_2, 1000_2]. 



Consider two sequences of non-negative integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n and y_1, y_2, ..., y_n. Let's call this pair of sequences co-growing if the sequence x_1 ⊕ y_1, x_2 ⊕ y_2, ..., x_n ⊕ y_n is growing where ⊕ denotes [bitwise XOR](http://tiny.cc/bry9uz).

You are given a sequence of integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n. Find the lexicographically minimal sequence y_1, y_2, ..., y_n such that sequences x_i and y_i are co-growing.

The sequence a_1, a_2, ..., a_n is lexicographically smaller than the sequence b_1, b_2, ..., b_n if there exists 1 ≤ k ≤ n such that a_i = b_i for any 1 ≤ i < k but a_k < b_k.

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4). Then t test cases follow.

The first line of each test case contains an integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — length of the sequence x_i.

The second line contains n integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n (0 ≤ x_i < 2^{30}) — elements of the sequence x_i.

It is guaranteed that the sum of n overall all test cases doesn't exceed 2 ⋅ 10^5.

Output

For each test case, print n integers y_1, y_2, ..., y_n (0 ≤ y_i < 2^{30}) — lexicographically minimal sequence such that such that it's co-growing with given sequence x_i.

Example

Input


5
4
1 3 7 15
4
1 2 4 8
5
1 2 3 4 5
4
11 13 15 1
1
0


Output


0 0 0 0 
0 1 3 7 
0 1 0 3 2 
0 2 0 14 
0 
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.text.DecimalFormat;

public class D {
    static long mod=(long)1e9+7;
    static long mod1=998244353;

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        InputStream inputStream = System.in;
        OutputStream outputStream = System.out;
        InputReader in = new InputReader(inputStream);
        PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(outputStream);


        int t= in.nextInt();
        while(t-->0) {

            int n = in.nextInt();
            int[] arr= in.readArray(n);
            out.print(0+" ");
            for(int i = 0;i<n-1;i++){
                String bit1= Integer.toBinaryString(arr[i]);
                String bit2 = Integer.toBinaryString(arr[i+1]);
                StringBuilder num1 = equaliseLength(bit1);
                StringBuilder num2 = equaliseLength(bit2);
//                out.println(num1);
//                out.println(num2);
                int sum = 0;
                int sum2= 0;
                for(int j = 30;j>30-bit1.length();j--){
                    if(num1.charAt(j)=='1' && num1.charAt(j)!=num2.charAt(j)){
                        sum+=Math.pow(2,30-j);
                    }
                    if(num2.charAt(j)=='0')
                        sum2+=Math.pow(2,30-j);
                }
                out.print(Math.min(sum,sum2)+" ");
                arr[i+1]=arr[i+1]^(Math.min(sum,sum2));
//                out.println(Integer.toBinaryString(arr[i+1]));
//                out.println(num2);
            }
            out.println();

        }
        out.close();
    }

    static StringBuilder equaliseLength(String num1){
        int zero = 31-num1.length();
        StringBuilder num1Builder = new StringBuilder(num1);
        while(zero-->0)
            num1Builder.insert(0, "0");
        return num1Builder;
    }


    static final Random random=new Random();

    static void ruffleSort(int[] a) {
        int n=a.length;//shuffle, then sort
        for (int i=0; i<n; i++) {
            int oi=random.nextInt(n), temp=a[oi];
            a[oi]=a[i]; a[i]=temp;
        }
        Arrays.sort(a);
    }
    static long gcd(long x, long y){
        if(x==0)
            return y;
        if(y==0)
            return x;
        long r=0, a, b;
        a = Math.max(x, y);
        b = Math.min(x, y);
        r = b;
        while(a % b != 0){
            r = a % b;
            a = b;
            b = r;
        }
        return r;
    }
    static long modulo(long a,long b,long c){
        long x=1,y=a%c;
        while(b > 0){
            if(b%2 == 1)
                x=(x*y)%c;
            y = (y*y)%c;
            b = b>>1;
        }
        return  x%c;
    }
    public static void debug(Object... o){
        System.err.println(Arrays.deepToString(o));
    }

    static int upper_bound(int[] arr,int n,int x){
        int mid;
        int low=0;
        int high=n;
        while(low<high){
            mid=low+(high-low)/2;
            if(x>=arr[mid])
                low=mid+1;
            else
                high=mid;
        }
        return low;
    }

    static int lower_bound(int[] arr,int n,int x){
        int mid;
        int low=0;
        int high=n;
        while(low<high){
            mid=low+(high-low)/2;
            if(x<=arr[mid])
                high=mid;
            else
                low=mid+1;
        }
        return low;
    }
    static String printPrecision(double d){
        DecimalFormat ft = new DecimalFormat("0.00000000000");
        return String.valueOf(ft.format(d));
    }
    static int countBit(long mask){
        int ans=0;
        while(mask!=0){
            mask&=(mask-1);
            ans++;
        }
        return ans;
    }

    static class InputReader {
        public BufferedReader reader;
        public StringTokenizer tokenizer;

        public InputReader(InputStream stream) {
            reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(stream), 32768);
            tokenizer = null;
        }

        public String next() {
            while (tokenizer == null || !tokenizer.hasMoreTokens()) {
                try {
                    tokenizer = new StringTokenizer(reader.readLine());
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
                }
            }
            return tokenizer.nextToken();
        }

        public int nextInt() {
            return Integer.parseInt(next());
        }
        public long nextLong() {
            return Long.parseLong(next());
        }
        public double nextDouble() {
            return Double.parseDouble(next());
        }
        public int[] readArray(int n)
        {
            int[] arr=new int[n];
            for(int i=0;i<n;i++) arr[i]=nextInt();
            return arr;
        }
    }
}