A sequence of non-negative integers a_1, a_2, ..., a_n is called growing if for all i from 1 to n - 1 all ones (of binary representation) in a_i are in the places of ones (of binary representation) in a_{i + 1} (in other words, a_i \:\&\: a_{i + 1} = a_i, where \& denotes [bitwise AND](http://tiny.cc/xpy9uz)). If n = 1 then the sequence is considered growing as well.

For example, the following four sequences are growing: 

  * [2, 3, 15, 175] — in binary it's [10_2, 11_2, 1111_2, 10101111_2]; 
  * [5] — in binary it's [101_2]; 
  * [1, 3, 7, 15] — in binary it's [1_2, 11_2, 111_2, 1111_2]; 
  * [0, 0, 0] — in binary it's [0_2, 0_2, 0_2]. 



The following three sequences are non-growing: 

  * [3, 4, 5] — in binary it's [11_2, 100_2, 101_2]; 
  * [5, 4, 3] — in binary it's [101_2, 100_2, 011_2]; 
  * [1, 2, 4, 8] — in binary it's [0001_2, 0010_2, 0100_2, 1000_2]. 



Consider two sequences of non-negative integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n and y_1, y_2, ..., y_n. Let's call this pair of sequences co-growing if the sequence x_1 ⊕ y_1, x_2 ⊕ y_2, ..., x_n ⊕ y_n is growing where ⊕ denotes [bitwise XOR](http://tiny.cc/bry9uz).

You are given a sequence of integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n. Find the lexicographically minimal sequence y_1, y_2, ..., y_n such that sequences x_i and y_i are co-growing.

The sequence a_1, a_2, ..., a_n is lexicographically smaller than the sequence b_1, b_2, ..., b_n if there exists 1 ≤ k ≤ n such that a_i = b_i for any 1 ≤ i < k but a_k < b_k.

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4). Then t test cases follow.

The first line of each test case contains an integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — length of the sequence x_i.

The second line contains n integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n (0 ≤ x_i < 2^{30}) — elements of the sequence x_i.

It is guaranteed that the sum of n overall all test cases doesn't exceed 2 ⋅ 10^5.

Output

For each test case, print n integers y_1, y_2, ..., y_n (0 ≤ y_i < 2^{30}) — lexicographically minimal sequence such that such that it's co-growing with given sequence x_i.

Example

Input


5
4
1 3 7 15
4
1 2 4 8
5
1 2 3 4 5
4
11 13 15 1
1
0


Output


0 0 0 0 
0 1 3 7 
0 1 0 3 2 
0 2 0 14 
0 
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;

public class A
{

	static FastIO f;
	static double e = 0.000001;
	static double a;

	public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException
	{
		f = new FastIO();

		int t, n, x[], y[], i;

		t = f.ni();

		while(t-->0)
		{
			n = f.ni();
			x = f.nia(n);
			y = new int[n];

			for(i = 0; i < n-1; i++)
			{
				y[i+1] = (~x[i+1])&((x[i]^y[i]));
			}

			for(i = 0; i < n; i++)
			{
				f.out(y[i] + " ");
			}

			f.out("\n");
		}

		f.flush();
	}

	public static class FastIO
	{
		BufferedReader br;
		BufferedWriter bw, be;
		StringTokenizer st;

		public FastIO()
		{
			br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
			bw = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(System.out));
			be = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(System.err));
			st = new StringTokenizer("");
		}

		private void read() throws IOException
		{
			st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
		}

		public String ns() throws IOException
		{
			while(!st.hasMoreTokens())
				read();
			return st.nextToken();
		}

		public int ni() throws IOException
		{
			return Integer.parseInt(ns());
		}

		public long nl() throws IOException
		{
			return Long.parseLong(ns());
		}

		public float nf() throws IOException
		{
			return Float.parseFloat(ns());
		}

		public double nd() throws IOException
		{
			return Double.parseDouble(ns());
		}

		public char nc() throws IOException
		{
			return ns().charAt(0);
		}

		public int[] nia(int n) throws IOException
		{
			int[] a = new int[n];
			for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
				a[i] = ni();

			return a;
		}

		public long[] nla(int n) throws IOException
		{
			long[] a = new long[n];
			for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
				a[i] = nl();

			return a;
		}

		public char[] nca() throws IOException
		{
			return ns().toCharArray();
		}

		public void out(String s) throws IOException
		{
			bw.write(s);
		}

		public void flush() throws IOException
		{
			bw.flush();
			be.flush();
		}

		public void err(String s) throws IOException
		{
			be.write(s);
		}
	}
}