A sequence of non-negative integers a_1, a_2, ..., a_n is called growing if for all i from 1 to n - 1 all ones (of binary representation) in a_i are in the places of ones (of binary representation) in a_{i + 1} (in other words, a_i \:\&\: a_{i + 1} = a_i, where \& denotes [bitwise AND](http://tiny.cc/xpy9uz)). If n = 1 then the sequence is considered growing as well.

For example, the following four sequences are growing: 

  * [2, 3, 15, 175] — in binary it's [10_2, 11_2, 1111_2, 10101111_2]; 
  * [5] — in binary it's [101_2]; 
  * [1, 3, 7, 15] — in binary it's [1_2, 11_2, 111_2, 1111_2]; 
  * [0, 0, 0] — in binary it's [0_2, 0_2, 0_2]. 



The following three sequences are non-growing: 

  * [3, 4, 5] — in binary it's [11_2, 100_2, 101_2]; 
  * [5, 4, 3] — in binary it's [101_2, 100_2, 011_2]; 
  * [1, 2, 4, 8] — in binary it's [0001_2, 0010_2, 0100_2, 1000_2]. 



Consider two sequences of non-negative integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n and y_1, y_2, ..., y_n. Let's call this pair of sequences co-growing if the sequence x_1 ⊕ y_1, x_2 ⊕ y_2, ..., x_n ⊕ y_n is growing where ⊕ denotes [bitwise XOR](http://tiny.cc/bry9uz).

You are given a sequence of integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n. Find the lexicographically minimal sequence y_1, y_2, ..., y_n such that sequences x_i and y_i are co-growing.

The sequence a_1, a_2, ..., a_n is lexicographically smaller than the sequence b_1, b_2, ..., b_n if there exists 1 ≤ k ≤ n such that a_i = b_i for any 1 ≤ i < k but a_k < b_k.

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4). Then t test cases follow.

The first line of each test case contains an integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — length of the sequence x_i.

The second line contains n integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n (0 ≤ x_i < 2^{30}) — elements of the sequence x_i.

It is guaranteed that the sum of n overall all test cases doesn't exceed 2 ⋅ 10^5.

Output

For each test case, print n integers y_1, y_2, ..., y_n (0 ≤ y_i < 2^{30}) — lexicographically minimal sequence such that such that it's co-growing with given sequence x_i.

Example

Input


5
4
1 3 7 15
4
1 2 4 8
5
1 2 3 4 5
4
11 13 15 1
1
0


Output


0 0 0 0 
0 1 3 7 
0 1 0 3 2 
0 2 0 14 
0 
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import static java.lang.System.in;
import static java.lang.System.out;

public class D {    
    public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception {   
        Foster sc = new Foster();
        PrintWriter p = new PrintWriter(out);
        int t = sc.nextInt();
        while(t--!=0){
            int n = sc.nextInt();
            int a[] = sc.intArray(n);
            int b[] = new int[n];
            for(int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
                // (x1^y1) & (x2^y2) = (x1^y1)
                // YES         NO    = YES
                int ans = a[i-1]^b[i-1];
                char ansChar[] = new char[31];
                Arrays.fill(ansChar, '0');
                int idx = 30;
                char temp[] = Integer.toBinaryString(ans).toCharArray();
                for(int j = temp.length-1; j >= 0; j--){
                    ansChar[idx--] = temp[j];
                }

                idx = 30;
                char xChar[] = new char[31];
                Arrays.fill(xChar, '0');
                temp = Integer.toBinaryString(a[i]).toCharArray();
                for(int j = temp.length-1; j >= 0; j--){
                    xChar[idx--] = temp[j];
                }
                
                char yChar[] = new char[31];
                Arrays.fill(yChar, '0');
                for(int j = 0; j < 31; j++){
                    if(ansChar[j]=='1' && xChar[j]=='0'){
                        yChar[j] = '1';
                    }
                }
                String str = "";
                for(char j : yChar) str += j;
                b[i] = Integer.valueOf(str, 2);
            }
            for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
                p.print(b[i] + " ");
            }
            p.println();
            
        }
        p.close();
    }
    
    static long[] sort(long a[]){
        ArrayList<Long> arr = new ArrayList<>();
        for(long i : a){
            arr.add(i);
        }
        Collections.sort(arr);
        for(int i = 0; i < arr.size(); i++){
            a[i] = arr.get(i);
        }
        return a;
    }

    static int[] sort(int a[]){
        ArrayList<Integer> arr = new ArrayList<>();
        for(int i : a){
            arr.add(i);
        }
        Collections.sort(arr);
        // Collections.reverse(arr);
        for(int i = 0; i < arr.size(); i++){
            a[i] = arr.get(i);
        }
        return a;
    }
    
/*
 * Is that extra condition needed
 * Check overflow in pow function or in general
 * Check indices of read array functions
 * Think of an easier solution because the problems you solve are always easy
 * Check the iterator of loop
 */      

    static class Foster {
        BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in));
        StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer("");
        String next() {
            while (!st.hasMoreTokens())
                try {
                    st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
                } 
                catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            return st.nextToken();
        }
        int nextInt() {
            return Integer.parseInt(next());
        }
        long nextLong() {
            return Long.parseLong(next());
        }
        double nextDouble() {
            return Double.parseDouble(next());
        }
        int[] intArray(int n) {
            int arr[] = new int[n];
            for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                arr[i] = nextInt();
            }
            return arr;
        }
        long[] longArray(int n) {
            long arr[] = new long[n];
            for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                arr[i] = nextLong();
            }
            return arr;
        }
        static long pow(long... a) {
            long mod = Long.MAX_VALUE;
            if(a.length == 3)   mod = a[2];
            long res = 1;
            while(a[1] > 0) {
                if((a[1] & 1) == 1)
                    res = (res * a[0]) % mod;
                a[1] /= 2;
                a[0] = (a[0] * a[0]) % mod;
            }
            return res;
        }
    }
}