A sequence of non-negative integers a_1, a_2, ..., a_n is called growing if for all i from 1 to n - 1 all ones (of binary representation) in a_i are in the places of ones (of binary representation) in a_{i + 1} (in other words, a_i \:\&\: a_{i + 1} = a_i, where \& denotes [bitwise AND](http://tiny.cc/xpy9uz)). If n = 1 then the sequence is considered growing as well.

For example, the following four sequences are growing: 

  * [2, 3, 15, 175] — in binary it's [10_2, 11_2, 1111_2, 10101111_2]; 
  * [5] — in binary it's [101_2]; 
  * [1, 3, 7, 15] — in binary it's [1_2, 11_2, 111_2, 1111_2]; 
  * [0, 0, 0] — in binary it's [0_2, 0_2, 0_2]. 



The following three sequences are non-growing: 

  * [3, 4, 5] — in binary it's [11_2, 100_2, 101_2]; 
  * [5, 4, 3] — in binary it's [101_2, 100_2, 011_2]; 
  * [1, 2, 4, 8] — in binary it's [0001_2, 0010_2, 0100_2, 1000_2]. 



Consider two sequences of non-negative integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n and y_1, y_2, ..., y_n. Let's call this pair of sequences co-growing if the sequence x_1 ⊕ y_1, x_2 ⊕ y_2, ..., x_n ⊕ y_n is growing where ⊕ denotes [bitwise XOR](http://tiny.cc/bry9uz).

You are given a sequence of integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n. Find the lexicographically minimal sequence y_1, y_2, ..., y_n such that sequences x_i and y_i are co-growing.

The sequence a_1, a_2, ..., a_n is lexicographically smaller than the sequence b_1, b_2, ..., b_n if there exists 1 ≤ k ≤ n such that a_i = b_i for any 1 ≤ i < k but a_k < b_k.

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4). Then t test cases follow.

The first line of each test case contains an integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — length of the sequence x_i.

The second line contains n integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n (0 ≤ x_i < 2^{30}) — elements of the sequence x_i.

It is guaranteed that the sum of n overall all test cases doesn't exceed 2 ⋅ 10^5.

Output

For each test case, print n integers y_1, y_2, ..., y_n (0 ≤ y_i < 2^{30}) — lexicographically minimal sequence such that such that it's co-growing with given sequence x_i.

Example

Input


5
4
1 3 7 15
4
1 2 4 8
5
1 2 3 4 5
4
11 13 15 1
1
0


Output


0 0 0 0 
0 1 3 7 
0 1 0 3 2 
0 2 0 14 
0 
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.io.PrintStream;
import java.util.Random;
import java.io.InputStream;

/**
 * Built using CHelper plug-in
 * Actual solution is at the top
 *
 * @author Sherlock108
 */
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        InputStream inputStream = System.in;
        OutputStream outputStream = System.out;
        FastReader in = new FastReader(inputStream);
        PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(outputStream);
        DCoGrowingSequence solver = new DCoGrowingSequence();
        int testCount = Integer.parseInt(in.next());
        for (int i = 1; i <= testCount; i++)
            solver.solve(i, in, out);
        out.close();
    }

    static class DCoGrowingSequence {
        final static Helper hp = new Helper();

        public void solve(int testNumber, FastReader in, PrintWriter out) {
            int i, j, k;
            int n = in.nextInt();
            long[] x = in.getLongArray(n);
            long[] y = new long[n];


            for (i = 1; i < n; ++i) {
                for (j = 0; j < 30; ++j) {
                    if (hp.getBitAtPosition(x[i - 1] ^ y[i - 1], j)) {
                        if (!hp.getBitAtPosition(x[i], j)) {
                            y[i] = (1 << j) | y[i];
                            //x[i] = x[i] | y[i];
                        }
                    }
                }

            }
            out.println(hp.joinElements(y));

        }

    }

    static class Helper {
        public final long MOD;
        public final int MAXN;
        final Random rnd;

        public Helper() {
            MOD = 1000_000_007;
            MAXN = 1000_006;
            rnd = new Random();
        }

        public Helper(long mod, int maxn) {
            MOD = mod;
            MAXN = maxn;
            rnd = new Random();
        }

        public boolean getBitAtPosition(long num, int pos) {
            return ((num >> pos) & 1) == 1;
        }

        public String joinElements(long... ar) {
            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
            for (long itr : ar) sb.append(itr).append(" ");
            return sb.toString().trim();
        }

    }

    static class FastReader {
        static final int BUFSIZE = 1 << 20;
        static byte[] buf;
        static int index;
        static int total;
        static InputStream in;

        public FastReader(InputStream is) {
            try {
                in = is;
                buf = new byte[BUFSIZE];
            } catch (Exception e) {
            }
        }

        private int scan() {
            try {
                if (index >= total) {
                    index = 0;
                    total = in.read(buf);
                    if (total <= 0)
                        return -1;
                }
                return buf[index++];
            } catch (Exception | Error e) {
                System.err.println(e.getMessage());
                return 13 / 0;
            }
        }

        public String next() {
            int c;
            for (c = scan(); c <= 32; c = scan()) ;
            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
            for (; c > 32; c = scan())
                sb.append((char) c);
            return sb.toString();
        }

        public int nextInt() {
            int c, val = 0;
            for (c = scan(); c <= 32; c = scan()) ;
            boolean neg = c == '-';
            if (c == '-' || c == '+')
                c = scan();
            for (; c >= '0' && c <= '9'; c = scan())
                val = (val << 3) + (val << 1) + (c & 15);
            return neg ? -val : val;
        }

        public long nextLong() {
            int c;
            long val = 0;
            for (c = scan(); c <= 32; c = scan()) ;
            boolean neg = c == '-';
            if (c == '-' || c == '+')
                c = scan();
            for (; c >= '0' && c <= '9'; c = scan())
                val = (val << 3) + (val << 1) + (c & 15);
            return neg ? -val : val;
        }

        public long[] getLongArray(int size) {
            long[] ar = new long[size];
            for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) ar[i] = nextLong();
            return ar;
        }

    }
}

