A sequence of non-negative integers a_1, a_2, ..., a_n is called growing if for all i from 1 to n - 1 all ones (of binary representation) in a_i are in the places of ones (of binary representation) in a_{i + 1} (in other words, a_i \:\&\: a_{i + 1} = a_i, where \& denotes [bitwise AND](http://tiny.cc/xpy9uz)). If n = 1 then the sequence is considered growing as well.

For example, the following four sequences are growing: 

  * [2, 3, 15, 175] — in binary it's [10_2, 11_2, 1111_2, 10101111_2]; 
  * [5] — in binary it's [101_2]; 
  * [1, 3, 7, 15] — in binary it's [1_2, 11_2, 111_2, 1111_2]; 
  * [0, 0, 0] — in binary it's [0_2, 0_2, 0_2]. 



The following three sequences are non-growing: 

  * [3, 4, 5] — in binary it's [11_2, 100_2, 101_2]; 
  * [5, 4, 3] — in binary it's [101_2, 100_2, 011_2]; 
  * [1, 2, 4, 8] — in binary it's [0001_2, 0010_2, 0100_2, 1000_2]. 



Consider two sequences of non-negative integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n and y_1, y_2, ..., y_n. Let's call this pair of sequences co-growing if the sequence x_1 ⊕ y_1, x_2 ⊕ y_2, ..., x_n ⊕ y_n is growing where ⊕ denotes [bitwise XOR](http://tiny.cc/bry9uz).

You are given a sequence of integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n. Find the lexicographically minimal sequence y_1, y_2, ..., y_n such that sequences x_i and y_i are co-growing.

The sequence a_1, a_2, ..., a_n is lexicographically smaller than the sequence b_1, b_2, ..., b_n if there exists 1 ≤ k ≤ n such that a_i = b_i for any 1 ≤ i < k but a_k < b_k.

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4). Then t test cases follow.

The first line of each test case contains an integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — length of the sequence x_i.

The second line contains n integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n (0 ≤ x_i < 2^{30}) — elements of the sequence x_i.

It is guaranteed that the sum of n overall all test cases doesn't exceed 2 ⋅ 10^5.

Output

For each test case, print n integers y_1, y_2, ..., y_n (0 ≤ y_i < 2^{30}) — lexicographically minimal sequence such that such that it's co-growing with given sequence x_i.

Example

Input


5
4
1 3 7 15
4
1 2 4 8
5
1 2 3 4 5
4
11 13 15 1
1
0


Output


0 0 0 0 
0 1 3 7 
0 1 0 3 2 
0 2 0 14 
0 

import java.io.*;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Scanner;


public class CODECHEF {
    static class FastReader {
        byte[] buf = new byte[2048];
        int index, total;
        InputStream in;

        FastReader(InputStream is) {
            in = is;
        }

        int scan() throws IOException {
            if (index >= total) {
                index = 0;
                total = in.read(buf);
                if (total <= 0) {
                    return -1;
                }
            }
            return buf[index++];
        }

        String next() throws IOException {
            int c;
            for (c = scan(); c <= 32; c = scan())
                ;
            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
            for (; c > 32; c = scan()) {
                sb.append((char) c);
            }
            return sb.toString();
        }

        String nextLine() throws IOException {
            int c;
            for (c = scan(); c <= 32; c = scan())
                ;
            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
            for (; c != 10 && c != 13; c = scan()) {
                sb.append((char) c);
            }
            return sb.toString();
        }

        char nextChar() throws IOException {
            int c;
            for (c = scan(); c <= 32; c = scan())
                ;
            return (char) c;
        }

        int nextInt() throws IOException {
            int c, val = 0;
            for (c = scan(); c <= 32; c = scan())
                ;
            boolean neg = c == '-';
            if (c == '-' || c == '+') {
                c = scan();
            }
            for (; c >= '0' && c <= '9'; c = scan()) {
                val = (val << 3) + (val << 1) + (c & 15);
            }
            return neg ? -val : val;
        }

        long nextLong() throws IOException {
            int c;
            long val = 0;
            for (c = scan(); c <= 32; c = scan())
                ;
            boolean neg = c == '-';
            if (c == '-' || c == '+') {
                c = scan();
            }
            for (; c >= '0' && c <= '9'; c = scan()) {
                val = (val << 3) + (val << 1) + (c & 15);
            }
            return neg ? -val : val;
        }

    }
    static long MOD=1000000000;
    static long[] solve(long[] arr,int n){
        long prev=arr[0];
        arr[0]=0;
        for(int i=1;i<n;i++){
            if((arr[i]&prev)==prev){
                prev=arr[i];
                arr[i]=0;
            }else{
                long temp=~arr[i];
                temp=temp&prev;
                prev=arr[i]^temp;
                arr[i]=temp;
            }
        }
        return arr;

    }


    public static void main(String[] args) throws java.lang.Exception {
         FastReader fs=new FastReader(System.in);
//       StringBuilder sb=new StringBuilder();
//       PrintWriter out=new PrintWriter(System.out);
         int t=fs.nextInt();
         while (t-->0){
            int n=fs.nextInt();
            long[] arr=new long[n];
            for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
                arr[i]=fs.nextLong();
            arr=solve(arr,n);
            for(long i:arr)
                System.out.print(i+" ");
             System.out.println();
         }
        //out.close;
    }
}
