A sequence of non-negative integers a_1, a_2, ..., a_n is called growing if for all i from 1 to n - 1 all ones (of binary representation) in a_i are in the places of ones (of binary representation) in a_{i + 1} (in other words, a_i \:\&\: a_{i + 1} = a_i, where \& denotes [bitwise AND](http://tiny.cc/xpy9uz)). If n = 1 then the sequence is considered growing as well.

For example, the following four sequences are growing: 

  * [2, 3, 15, 175] — in binary it's [10_2, 11_2, 1111_2, 10101111_2]; 
  * [5] — in binary it's [101_2]; 
  * [1, 3, 7, 15] — in binary it's [1_2, 11_2, 111_2, 1111_2]; 
  * [0, 0, 0] — in binary it's [0_2, 0_2, 0_2]. 



The following three sequences are non-growing: 

  * [3, 4, 5] — in binary it's [11_2, 100_2, 101_2]; 
  * [5, 4, 3] — in binary it's [101_2, 100_2, 011_2]; 
  * [1, 2, 4, 8] — in binary it's [0001_2, 0010_2, 0100_2, 1000_2]. 



Consider two sequences of non-negative integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n and y_1, y_2, ..., y_n. Let's call this pair of sequences co-growing if the sequence x_1 ⊕ y_1, x_2 ⊕ y_2, ..., x_n ⊕ y_n is growing where ⊕ denotes [bitwise XOR](http://tiny.cc/bry9uz).

You are given a sequence of integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n. Find the lexicographically minimal sequence y_1, y_2, ..., y_n such that sequences x_i and y_i are co-growing.

The sequence a_1, a_2, ..., a_n is lexicographically smaller than the sequence b_1, b_2, ..., b_n if there exists 1 ≤ k ≤ n such that a_i = b_i for any 1 ≤ i < k but a_k < b_k.

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4). Then t test cases follow.

The first line of each test case contains an integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — length of the sequence x_i.

The second line contains n integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n (0 ≤ x_i < 2^{30}) — elements of the sequence x_i.

It is guaranteed that the sum of n overall all test cases doesn't exceed 2 ⋅ 10^5.

Output

For each test case, print n integers y_1, y_2, ..., y_n (0 ≤ y_i < 2^{30}) — lexicographically minimal sequence such that such that it's co-growing with given sequence x_i.

Example

Input


5
4
1 3 7 15
4
1 2 4 8
5
1 2 3 4 5
4
11 13 15 1
1
0


Output


0 0 0 0 
0 1 3 7 
0 1 0 3 2 
0 2 0 14 
0 
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.*;


public class Main {
    static int i, j, k, n, m, t, y, x, sum = 0;
    static long mod = 1000000007;
    static FastScanner fs = new FastScanner();
    static PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
    static String str;
    static long ans;

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        t = fs.nextInt();

        while (t-- > 0) {

            n = fs.nextInt();
            int[] arr = new int[n];

            for(i=0;i<n;i++){
                arr[i] = fs.nextInt();
            }
            int[] arr2 = new int[n];

            arr2[0] = arr[0];
            for(i=1;i<n;i++){
                arr2[i] = arr2[i-1]|arr[i];
            }

            List<Integer> ans = new ArrayList<>();
            for(i=0;i<n;i++){

                ans.add(arr2[i]^arr[i]);
            }

            for(i=0;i<n;i++)
                out.print(ans.get(i)+" ");

            out.println();


        }
        out.close();
    }

    static long gcd(long a, long b)
    {
        if (b == 0)
            return a;
        return gcd(b, a % b);
    }

    static void ruffleSort(int[] a) {
        //ruffle
        int n = a.length;
        Random r = new Random();
        for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) {
            int oi = r.nextInt(n), temp = a[i];
            a[i] = a[oi];
            a[oi] = temp;
        }

        //then sort
        Arrays.sort(a);
    }

    static void ruffleSort(long[] a) {
        //ruffle
        int n = a.length;
        Random r = new Random();
        for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) {
            int oi = r.nextInt(n);
            long temp = a[i];
            a[i] = a[oi];
            a[oi] = temp;
        }

        Arrays.sort(a);
    }

    static class FastScanner {
        BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
        StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer("");

        String next() {
            while (!st.hasMoreTokens())
                try {
                    st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            return st.nextToken();
        }

        int nextInt() {
            return Integer.parseInt(next());
        }

        long nextLong() {
            return Long.parseLong(next());
        }
    }

    static class Pair {
        long first, second;

        public Pair(long first, long second) {
            this.first = first;
            this.second = second;

        }
        //@Override
       /* public int compareTo(Pair o) {
            return Long.compare(first-second, o.first-o.second);
        }
        */
    }


}