A sequence of non-negative integers a_1, a_2, ..., a_n is called growing if for all i from 1 to n - 1 all ones (of binary representation) in a_i are in the places of ones (of binary representation) in a_{i + 1} (in other words, a_i \:\&\: a_{i + 1} = a_i, where \& denotes [bitwise AND](http://tiny.cc/xpy9uz)). If n = 1 then the sequence is considered growing as well.

For example, the following four sequences are growing: 

  * [2, 3, 15, 175] — in binary it's [10_2, 11_2, 1111_2, 10101111_2]; 
  * [5] — in binary it's [101_2]; 
  * [1, 3, 7, 15] — in binary it's [1_2, 11_2, 111_2, 1111_2]; 
  * [0, 0, 0] — in binary it's [0_2, 0_2, 0_2]. 



The following three sequences are non-growing: 

  * [3, 4, 5] — in binary it's [11_2, 100_2, 101_2]; 
  * [5, 4, 3] — in binary it's [101_2, 100_2, 011_2]; 
  * [1, 2, 4, 8] — in binary it's [0001_2, 0010_2, 0100_2, 1000_2]. 



Consider two sequences of non-negative integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n and y_1, y_2, ..., y_n. Let's call this pair of sequences co-growing if the sequence x_1 ⊕ y_1, x_2 ⊕ y_2, ..., x_n ⊕ y_n is growing where ⊕ denotes [bitwise XOR](http://tiny.cc/bry9uz).

You are given a sequence of integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n. Find the lexicographically minimal sequence y_1, y_2, ..., y_n such that sequences x_i and y_i are co-growing.

The sequence a_1, a_2, ..., a_n is lexicographically smaller than the sequence b_1, b_2, ..., b_n if there exists 1 ≤ k ≤ n such that a_i = b_i for any 1 ≤ i < k but a_k < b_k.

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4). Then t test cases follow.

The first line of each test case contains an integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — length of the sequence x_i.

The second line contains n integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n (0 ≤ x_i < 2^{30}) — elements of the sequence x_i.

It is guaranteed that the sum of n overall all test cases doesn't exceed 2 ⋅ 10^5.

Output

For each test case, print n integers y_1, y_2, ..., y_n (0 ≤ y_i < 2^{30}) — lexicographically minimal sequence such that such that it's co-growing with given sequence x_i.

Example

Input


5
4
1 3 7 15
4
1 2 4 8
5
1 2 3 4 5
4
11 13 15 1
1
0


Output


0 0 0 0 
0 1 3 7 
0 1 0 3 2 
0 2 0 14 
0 
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.util.StringTokenizer;

public class Test{

        static FastReader scan;

        static void solve(){
            int n=scan.nextInt();
            long[]a=new long [n];
            long[]b=new long [n];
            long[]c=new long [n];
            for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
                a[i]=scan.nextInt();
            }
            b[0]=0;
            c[0]=a[0]^b[0];

            for(int i=1;i<n;i++){
                long temp=a[i]&c[i-1];
                long te=temp^c[i-1];
                b[i]=te;
                c[i]=a[i]^b[i];
            }

            for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
                System.out.print(b[i]+" ");
            }
            System.out.println();

        }

        public static void main (String[] args) throws java.lang.Exception{
            scan=new FastReader();
            int t=scan.nextInt();
            while(t-->0){
                solve();                  
            }
        }

        static class FastReader {
            BufferedReader br;
            StringTokenizer st;

            public FastReader()
            {
                br = new BufferedReader(
                    new InputStreamReader(System.in));
            }

            String next()
            {
                while (st == null || !st.hasMoreElements()) {
                    try {
                        st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
                    }
                    catch (IOException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
                return st.nextToken();
            }

            int nextInt() { return Integer.parseInt(next()); }

            long nextLong() { return Long.parseLong(next()); }

            double nextDouble() { return Double.parseDouble(next()); }

            String nextLine()
            {
                String str = "";
                try {
                    str = br.readLine();
                }
                catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                return str;
            }
        }

        static class Pair implements Comparable<Pair>{
            long wt;
            long idx;
            Pair(long x,long y){
                this.wt=x;
                this.idx=y;
            }
            @Override
            public int compareTo(Pair x){
                return (int)(this.wt-x.wt);
            }

            public String toString(){
                return "( "+wt+" "+idx+" )";
            }
        }        

        static void printLong(long []arr){
            for(long x:arr)System.out.print(x+" ");
        }

        static void printInt(int []arr){
            for(int x:arr)System.out.print(x+" ");
        }

        static void scanInt(int []arr){
            for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++){
                arr[i]=scan.nextInt();
            }
        }

        static void scanLong(long []arr){
            for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++){
                arr[i]=scan.nextLong();
            }
        }

        static long gcd(long a, long b){
            if (b == 0)
                return a;
            
            return gcd(b, a % b);
        }   

        static long power(long x, long y, long mod){
            long res = 1; 
        
            x = x % mod; 
         
            if (x == 0)
              return 0; 
         
            while (y > 0){              
                if ((y & 1) != 0)
                res = (res * x) % mod;
              
                y = y >> 1; 
                x = (x * x) % mod;
            }
                return res;
        }

        static long add(long a,long b,long mod){
            a = a % mod; 
            b = b % mod; 
            return (((a + b) % mod) + mod) % mod;
        }

        static long sub(long a, long b,long mod){
            a = a % mod; 
            b = b % mod; 
            return (((a - b) % mod) + mod) % mod;
        }

        static long mul(long a, long b,long mod){
            a = a % mod; 
            b = b % mod; 
            return (((a * b) % mod) + mod) % mod;
        }
        

        static long mminvprime(long a, long b,long mod) {
            return power(a, b - 2,mod);
        }
}
