Snuke has a permutation (P_0,P_1,\cdots,P_{N-1}) of (0,1,\cdots,N-1).

Now, he will perform the following operation exactly once:

* Choose K consecutive elements in P and sort them in ascending order.



Find the number of permutations that can be produced as P after the operation.

Constraints

* 2 \leq N \leq 200000
* 2 \leq K \leq N
* 0 \leq P_i \leq N-1
* P_0,P_1,\cdots,P_{N-1} are all different.
* All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:


N K
P_0 P_1 \cdots P_{N-1}


Output

Print the number of permutations that can be produced as P after the operation.

Examples

Input

5 3
0 2 1 4 3


Output

2


Input

4 4
0 1 2 3


Output

1


Input

10 4
2 0 1 3 7 5 4 6 8 9


Output

6


import java.awt.Point;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.PrintStream;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.AbstractList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.RandomAccess;
import java.util.function.BinaryOperator;
import java.util.function.Predicate;
import java.util.function.UnaryOperator;

public class Main implements Runnable{

	private void solve(FastIO io) {
		/*
		 * author: 31536000
		 * AGC038 B問題
		 * 考察メモ
		 * 連続した列に対して、尺取り法的に考える
		 * 左がその列中最小で、右がその列中最大ならばソート結果は同じ→答えが増えない！
		 * 列のminとmaxを持っていればこれは取得できる
		 *
		 * ただ、注意点がもう一つ
		 * ソートされなかった、つまりその区間が辞書順だった場合
		 * このような区間が2ヶ所以上あると、その個数だけ答えが1減るよ！
		 * 1 2 3 4 5のようなケースが重複して数えられるので避けたいね
		 * これは、[1 2 3 4] [2 3 4 5]は両方の条件を満たすので、片方として扱う感じの何か処理をすれば良さそう
		 *
		 */
		int N = io.nextInt(), K = io.nextInt();
		Integer[] P = ArrayUtility.toObject(io.nextInt(N));
		Minimum<Integer> minimum = new Minimum<>();
		Maximum<Integer> maximum = new Maximum<>();
		SegmentTree<Integer> min = SegmentTree.create(P, minimum);
		SegmentTree<Integer> max = SegmentTree.create(P, maximum);
		int[] cumsum = new int[N + 1];
		cumsum[0] = 0;
		for (int i = 1;i < N;++ i) cumsum[i] = cumsum[i - 1] + (P[i] > P[i - 1] ? 1 : 0);
		int ans = IntRange.closed(K, N).getDistance();
		int set = 0;
		for (int i = K - 1;i < N;++ i) if (cumsum[i] == cumsum[i - K + 1] + K - 1) ++ set;
		for (int i = K;i < N;++ i) {
			if (cumsum[i] == cumsum[i - K + 1] + K - 1) continue;
			if (min.get(i - K, i) < min.get(i - K + 1, i) && max.get(i - K, i) < max.get(i - K, i + 1)) -- ans;
			//io.println(min.get(i - K, i) + ":" + min.get(i - K + 1, i) + " , " + max.get(i - K, i) + ":" + max.get(i - K, i + 1));
		}
		io.println(ans - Math.max(0,  set - 1));

	}

	/** デバッグ用コードのお供に */
	private static boolean DEBUG = false;
	/** 確保するメモリの大きさ(単位: MB)*/
	private static final long MEMORY = 64;
	private final FastIO io;

	public static void main(String[] args) {
	        Thread.setDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler((t, e) -> e.printStackTrace());
	        new Thread(null, new Main(), "", MEMORY * 1048576).start();
	}

	public Main() {
		io = new FastIO();
		assert (DEBUG = true) | true; // yukicoderだと-eaが付いてるので正しく動かないことに注意
		if (DEBUG) {
			io.setAutoFlush(true);
			io.println("debug mode");
		}
	}

	@Override
	public void run() {
		solve(io);
		io.flush();
	}

	// 以下、ライブラリ

	public static class ArrayUtility {

		private ArrayUtility() {
			throw new AssertionError();
		}

		/**
		 * 配列を逆順にします。
		 * @param array 元の配列
		 */
		public static void reverse(boolean[] array) {
			if (array != null) for (int i = 0, l = array.length + 1 >> 1;i < l;++ i) ArrayUtility.swap(array, i, array.length - 1 - i);
		}

		/**
		 * 配列を逆順にします。
		 * @param array 元の配列
		 * @param left 逆順にする左閉区間
		 * @param right 逆順にする右開区間
		 */
		public static void reverse(boolean[] array, int left, int right) {
			for (-- right;left < right;++ left, -- right) ArrayUtility.swap(array, left, right);
		}

		/**
		 * 配列を逆順にします。
		 * @param array 元の配列
		 * @param range 逆順にする区間
		 */
		public static void reverse(boolean[] array, IntRange range) {
			reverse(array, range.getClosedLower(), range.getOpenUpper());
		}

		/**
		 * 配列を逆順にします。
		 * @param array 元の配列
		 */
		public static void reverse(byte[] array) {
			if (array != null) for (int i = 0, l = array.length + 1 >> 1;i < l;++ i) ArrayUtility.swap(array, i, array.length - 1 - i);
		}

		/**
		 * 配列を逆順にします。
		 * @param array 元の配列
		 * @param left 逆順にする左閉区間
		 * @param right 逆順にする右開区間
		 */
		public static void reverse(byte[] array, int left, int right) {
			for (-- right;left < right;++ left, -- right) ArrayUtility.swap(array, left, right);
		}

		/**
		 * 配列を逆順にします。
		 * @param array 元の配列
		 * @param range 逆順にする区間
		 */
		public static void reverse(byte[] array, IntRange range) {
			reverse(array, range.getClosedLower(), range.getOpenUpper());
		}

		/**
		 * 配列を逆順にします。
		 * @param array 元の配列
		 */
		public static void reverse(short[] array) {
			if (array != null) for (int i = 0, l = array.length + 1 >> 1;i < l;++ i) ArrayUtility.swap(array, i, array.length - 1 - i);
		}

		/**
		 * 配列を逆順にします。
		 * @param array 元の配列
		 * @param left 逆順にする左閉区間
		 * @param right 逆順にする右開区間
		 */
		public static void reverse(short[] array, int left, int right) {
			for (-- right;left < right;++ left, -- right) ArrayUtility.swap(array, left, right);
		}

		/**
		 * 配列を逆順にします。
		 * @param array 元の配列
		 * @param range 逆順にする区間
		 */
		public static void reverse(short[] array, IntRange range) {
			reverse(array, range.getClosedLower(), range.getOpenUpper());
		}

		/**
		 * 配列を逆順にします。
		 * @param array 元の配列
		 */
		public static void reverse(int[] array) {
			if (array != null) for (int i = 0, l = array.length + 1 >> 1;i < l;++ i) ArrayUtility.swap(array, i, array.length - 1 - i);
		}

		/**
		 * 配列を逆順にします。
		 * @param array 元の配列
		 * @param left 逆順にする左閉区間
		 * @param right 逆順にする右開区間
		 */
		public static void reverse(int[] array, int left, int right) {
			for (-- right;left < right;++ left, -- right) ArrayUtility.swap(array, left, right);
		}

		/**
		 * 配列を逆順にします。
		 * @param array 元の配列
		 * @param range 逆順にする区間
		 */
		public static void reverse(int[] array, IntRange range) {
			reverse(array, range.getClosedLower(), range.getOpenUpper());
		}

		/**
		 * 配列を逆順にします。
		 * @param array 元の配列
		 */
		public static void reverse(long[] array) {
			if (array != null) for (int i = 0, l = array.length + 1 >> 1;i < l;++ i) ArrayUtility.swap(array, i, array.length - 1 - i);
		}

		/**
		 * 配列を逆順にします。
		 * @param array 元の配列
		 * @param left 逆順にする左閉区間
		 * @param right 逆順にする右開区間
		 */
		public static void reverse(long[] array, int left, int right) {
			for (-- right;left < right;++ left, -- right) ArrayUtility.swap(array, left, right);
		}

		/**
		 * 配列を逆順にします。
		 * @param array 元の配列
		 * @param range 逆順にする区間
		 */
		public static void reverse(long[] array, IntRange range) {
			reverse(array, range.getClosedLower(), range.getOpenUpper());
		}

		/**
		 * 配列を逆順にします。
		 * @param array 元の配列
		 */
		public static void reverse(float[] array) {
			if (array != null) for (int i = 0, l = array.length + 1 >> 1;i < l;++ i) ArrayUtility.swap(array, i, array.length - 1 - i);
		}

		/**
		 * 配列を逆順にします。
		 * @param array 元の配列
		 * @param left 逆順にする左閉区間
		 * @param right 逆順にする右開区間
		 */
		public static void reverse(float[] array, int left, int right) {
			for (-- right;left < right;++ left, -- right) ArrayUtility.swap(array, left, right);
		}

		/**
		 * 配列を逆順にします。
		 * @param array 元の配列
		 * @param range 逆順にする区間
		 */
		public static void reverse(float[] array, IntRange range) {
			reverse(array, range.getClosedLower(), range.getOpenUpper());
		}

		/**
		 * 配列を逆順にします。
		 * @param array 元の配列
		 */
		public static void reverse(double[] array) {
			if (array != null) for (int i = 0, l = array.length + 1 >> 1;i < l;++ i) ArrayUtility.swap(array, i, array.length - 1 - i);
		}

		/**
		 * 配列を逆順にします。
		 * @param array 元の配列
		 * @param left 逆順にする左閉区間
		 * @param right 逆順にする右開区間
		 */
		public static void reverse(double[] array, int left, int right) {
			for (-- right;left < right;++ left, -- right) ArrayUtility.swap(array, left, right);
		}

		/**
		 * 配列を逆順にします。
		 * @param array 元の配列
		 * @param range 逆順にする区間
		 */
		public static void reverse(double[] array, IntRange range) {
			reverse(array, range.getClosedLower(), range.getOpenUpper());
		}

		/**
		 * 配列を逆順にします。
		 * @param array 元の配列
		 */
		public static void reverse(char[] array) {
			if (array != null) for (int i = 0, l = array.length + 1 >> 1;i < l;++ i) ArrayUtility.swap(array, i, array.length - 1 - i);
		}

		/**
		 * 配列を逆順にします。
		 * @param array 元の配列
		 * @param left 逆順にする左閉区間
		 * @param right 逆順にする右開区間
		 */
		public static void reverse(char[] array, int left, int right) {
			for (-- right;left < right;++ left, -- right) ArrayUtility.swap(array, left, right);
		}

		/**
		 * 配列を逆順にします。
		 * @param array 元の配列
		 * @param range 逆順にする区間
		 */
		public static void reverse(char[] array, IntRange range) {
			reverse(array, range.getClosedLower(), range.getOpenUpper());
		}

		/**
		 * 配列を逆順にします。
		 * @param array 元の配列
		 */
		public static void reverse(Object[] array) {
			if (array != null) for (int i = 0, l = array.length + 1 >> 1;i < l;++ i) ArrayUtility.swap(array, i, array.length - 1 - i);
		}

		/**
		 * 配列を逆順にします。
		 * @param array 元の配列
		 * @param left 逆順にする左閉区間
		 * @param right 逆順にする右開区間
		 */
		public static void reverse(Object[] array, int left, int right) {
			for (-- right;left < right;++ left, -- right) ArrayUtility.swap(array, left, right);
		}

		/**
		 * 配列を逆順にします。
		 * @param array 元の配列
		 * @param range 逆順にする区間
		 */
		public static void reverse(Object[] array, IntRange range) {
			reverse(array, range.getClosedLower(), range.getOpenUpper());
		}

		/**
		 * 配列をシャッフルします。
		 * @param array 元の配列
		 */
		public static void shuffle(boolean[] array) {
			shuffle(array, new Random());
		}

		/**
		 * 配列をシャッフルします。
		 * @param array 元の配列
		 * @param random 乱数
		 */
		public static void shuffle(boolean[] array, Random random) {
			if (array != null) for (int i = array.length - 1;i > 0;-- i) ArrayUtility.swap(array, i, random.nextInt(i+1));
		}


		public static boolean[] getArray(int size, boolean value) {
			boolean[] ret = new boolean[size];
			Arrays.fill(ret, value);
			return ret;
		}

		public static byte[] getArray(int size, byte value) {
			byte[] ret = new byte[size];
			Arrays.fill(ret, value);
			return ret;
		}

		public static short[] getArray(int size, short value) {
			short[] ret = new short[size];
			Arrays.fill(ret, value);
			return ret;
		}

		public static int[] getArray(int size, int value) {
			int[] ret = new int[size];
			Arrays.fill(ret, value);
			return ret;
		}

		public static long[] getArray(int size, long value) {
			long[] ret = new long[size];
			Arrays.fill(ret, value);
			return ret;
		}

		public static float[] getArray(int size, float value) {
			float[] ret = new float[size];
			Arrays.fill(ret, value);
			return ret;
		}

		public static double[] getArray(int size, double value) {
			double[] ret = new double[size];
			Arrays.fill(ret, value);
			return ret;
		}

		public static char[] getArray(int size, char value) {
			char[] ret = new char[size];
			Arrays.fill(ret, value);
			return ret;
		}

		public static Boolean[] toObject(boolean[] array) {
			Boolean[] ret = new Boolean[array.length];
			for (int i = 0;i < ret.length;++ i) ret[i] = array[i];
			return ret;
		}

		public static Byte[] toObject(byte[] array) {
			Byte[] ret = new Byte[array.length];
			for (int i = 0;i < ret.length;++ i) ret[i] = array[i];
			return ret;
		}

		public static Short[] toObject(short[] array) {
			Short[] ret = new Short[array.length];
			for (int i = 0;i < ret.length;++ i) ret[i] = array[i];
			return ret;
		}

		public static Integer[] toObject(int[] array) {
			Integer[] ret = new Integer[array.length];
			for (int i = 0;i < ret.length;++ i) ret[i] = array[i];
			return ret;
		}

		public static Long[] toObject(long[] array) {
			Long[] ret = new Long[array.length];
			for (int i = 0;i < ret.length;++ i) ret[i] = array[i];
			return ret;
		}

		public static Float[] toObject(float[] array) {
			Float[] ret = new Float[array.length];
			for (int i = 0;i < ret.length;++ i) ret[i] = array[i];
			return ret;
		}

		public static Double[] toObject(double[] array) {
			Double[] ret = new Double[array.length];
			for (int i = 0;i < ret.length;++ i) ret[i] = array[i];
			return ret;
		}

		public static Character[] toObject(char[] array) {
			Character[] ret = new Character[array.length];
			for (int i = 0;i < ret.length;++ i) ret[i] = array[i];
			return ret;
		}

		public static boolean[] toPrimitive(Boolean[] array) {
			boolean[] ret = new boolean[array.length];
			for (int i = 0;i < ret.length;++ i) ret[i] = array[i];
			return ret;
		}

		public static boolean[] toPrimitive(Boolean[] array, boolean valueForNull) {
			boolean[] ret = new boolean[array.length];
			for (int i = 0;i < ret.length;++ i) ret[i] = array[i] == null ? valueForNull : array[i];
			return ret;
		}

		public static byte[] toPrimitive(Byte[] array) {
			byte[] ret = new byte[array.length];
			for (int i = 0;i < ret.length;++ i) ret[i] = array[i];
			return ret;
		}

		public static byte[] toPrimitive(Byte[] array, byte valueForNull) {
			byte[] ret = new byte[array.length];
			for (int i = 0;i < ret.length;++ i) ret[i] = array[i] == null ? valueForNull : array[i];
			return ret;
		}

		public static short[] toPrimitive(Short[] array) {
			short[] ret = new short[array.length];
			for (int i = 0;i < ret.length;++ i) ret[i] = array[i];
			return ret;
		}

		public static short[] toPrimitive(Short[] array, short valueForNull) {
			short[] ret = new short[array.length];
			for (int i = 0;i < ret.length;++ i) ret[i] = array[i] == null ? valueForNull : array[i];
			return ret;
		}

		public static int[] toPrimitive(Integer[] array) {
			int[] ret = new int[array.length];
			for (int i = 0;i < ret.length;++ i) ret[i] = array[i];
			return ret;
		}

		public static int[] toPrimitive(Integer[] array, int valueForNull) {
			int[] ret = new int[array.length];
			for (int i = 0;i < ret.length;++ i) ret[i] = array[i] == null ? valueForNull : array[i];
			return ret;
		}

		public static long[] toPrimitive(Long[] array) {
			long[] ret = new long[array.length];
			for (int i = 0;i < ret.length;++ i) ret[i] = array[i];
			return ret;
		}

		public static long[] toPrimitive(Long[] array, long valueForNull) {
			long[] ret = new long[array.length];
			for (int i = 0;i < ret.length;++ i) ret[i] = array[i] == null ? valueForNull : array[i];
			return ret;
		}

		public static float[] toPrimitive(Float[] array) {
			float[] ret = new float[array.length];
			for (int i = 0;i < ret.length;++ i) ret[i] = array[i];
			return ret;
		}

		public static float[] toPrimitive(Float[] array, float valueForNull) {
			float[] ret = new float[array.length];
			for (int i = 0;i < ret.length;++ i) ret[i] = array[i] == null ? valueForNull : array[i];
			return ret;
		}

		public static double[] toPrimitive(Double[] array) {
			double[] ret = new double[array.length];
			for (int i = 0;i < ret.length;++ i) ret[i] = array[i];
			return ret;
		}

		public static double[] toPrimitive(Double[] array, double valueForNull) {
			double[] ret = new double[array.length];
			for (int i = 0;i < ret.length;++ i) ret[i] = array[i] == null ? valueForNull : array[i];
			return ret;
		}

		public static char[] toPrimitive(Character[] array) {
			char[] ret = new char[array.length];
			for (int i = 0;i < ret.length;++ i) ret[i] = array[i];
			return ret;
		}

		public static char[] toPrimitive(Character[] array, char valueForNull) {
			char[] ret = new char[array.length];
			for (int i = 0;i < ret.length;++ i) ret[i] = array[i] == null ? valueForNull : array[i];
			return ret;
		}

		public static <T> T min(T[] array, Comparator<T> comparator) {
			if (array == null || array.length == 0) return null;
			T min = array[0];
			for (int i = 1;i < array.length;++ i) if (comparator.compare(min, array[i]) > 0) min = array[i];
			return min;
		}

		public static <T extends Comparable<T>> T min(T[] array) {
			if (array == null || array.length == 0) return null;
			T min = array[0];
			for (int i = 1;i < array.length;++ i) if (min.compareTo(array[i]) > 0) min = array[i];
			return min;
		}

		public static <T> T max(T[] array, Comparator<T> comparator) {
			if (array == null || array.length == 0) return null;
			T max = array[0];
			for (int i = 1;i < array.length;++ i) if (comparator.compare(max, array[i]) < 0) max = array[i];
			return max;
		}

		public static <T extends Comparable<T>> T max(T[] array) {
			if (array == null || array.length == 0) return null;
			T max = array[0];
			for (int i = 1;i < array.length;++ i) if (max.compareTo(array[i]) < 0) max = array[i];
			return max;
		}

		public static void swap(boolean[] array, int n, int m) {
			boolean swap = array[n];
			array[n] = array[m];
			array[m] = swap;
		}

		public static void swap(byte[] array, int n, int m) {
			byte swap = array[n];
			array[n] = array[m];
			array[m] = swap;
		}

		public static void swap(short[] array, int n, int m) {
			short swap = array[n];
			array[n] = array[m];
			array[m] = swap;
		}

		public static void swap(int[] array, int n, int m) {
			int swap = array[n];
			array[n] = array[m];
			array[m] = swap;
		}

		public static void swap(long[] array, int n, int m) {
			long swap = array[n];
			array[n] = array[m];
			array[m] = swap;
		}

		public static void swap(float[] array, int n, int m) {
			float swap = array[n];
			array[n] = array[m];
			array[m] = swap;
		}

		public static void swap(double[] array, int n, int m) {
			double swap = array[n];
			array[n] = array[m];
			array[m] = swap;
		}

		public static void swap(char[] array, int n, int m) {
			char swap = array[n];
			array[n] = array[m];
			array[m] = swap;
		}

		public static void swap(Object[] array, int n, int m) {
			Object swap = array[n];
			array[n] = array[m];
			array[m] = swap;
		}

		public static <T> boolean nextPermutation(T[] array, Comparator<T> comparator) {
			if (array == null) return false;
			int change;
			for (change = array.length - 2;change >= 0;-- change) {
				if (comparator.compare(array[change], array[change + 1]) < 0) {
					int min = change, max = array.length, halfDiff, mid;
					while((halfDiff = max - min >> 1) != 0) if (comparator.compare(array[change], array[mid = min + halfDiff]) < 0) min = mid; else max = mid;
					ArrayUtility.swap(array, change, min);
					for (min = change + 1, max = array.length - 1;min < max;++ min, -- max) ArrayUtility.swap(array, min, max);
					return true;
				}
			}
			return false;
		}
	}

	public class Maximum<T extends Comparable<T>> implements CommutativeMonoid<T>{

		@Override
		public T apply(T left, T right) {
			if (left == null) return right;
			else if (right == null) return left;
			return left.compareTo(right) > 0 ? left : right;
		}

		@Override
		public T unit() {
			return null;
		}

		@Override
		public T hyper(T element, int repeat) {
			return element;
		}

	}

	public class Minimum<T extends Comparable<T>> implements Monoid<T>, Commutative<T>{

		@Override
		public T apply(T left, T right) {
			if (left == null) return right;
			else if (right == null) return left;
			return left.compareTo(right) < 0 ? left : right;
		}

		@Override
		public T unit() {
			return null;
		}

		@Override
		public T hyper(T element, int repeat) {
			return element;
		}

	}

	public static interface BinarySearch<T> {

		public int size();

		/**
		 * 指定した範囲で二分探索を行います。
		 * @param left 範囲の左区間
		 * @param right 範囲の右区間
		 * @param f 単調性を持つ関数
		 * @return 半開区間[left, right)において関数fがtrueを返す最大の値(無ければleft-1)<br>
		 * ただしleft>rightなら、半開区間[right, left)において関数fがtrueを返す最小の値(無ければleft)
		 */
		public int binarySearch(int left, int right, Predicate<T> f);

		/**
		 * 指定した範囲で二分探索を行います。
		 * @param range 二分探索を行う区間
		 * @param f 単調性を持つ関数
		 * @return 区間rangeにおいて関数fがtrueを返す最大の値(無ければrangeの左区間より小さい最大の値)
		 */
		public default int binarySearch(IntRange range, Predicate<T> f) {
			return binarySearch(range.getClosedLower(), range.getOpenUpper(), f);
		}

		/**
		 * 全区間で二分探索を行います。
		 * @param f 単調性を持つ関数
		 * @return 半開区間[0, size)において関数fがtrueを返す最大の値(無ければleft-1)
		 */
		public default int binarySearch(Predicate<T> f) {
			return binarySearch(0, size(), f);
		}

		/**
		 * 指定した範囲で二分探索を行います。
		 * @param left 範囲の左区間
		 * @param f 単調性を持つ関数
		 * @return 半開区間[left, size)において関数fがtrueを返す最大の値(無ければleft-1)
		 */
		public default int binarySearch(int left, Predicate<T> f) {
			return binarySearch(left, size(), f);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * セグメント木です。<br>
	 * １点更新をO(logN)、範囲取得をO(logN)でできるデータ構造です。
	 * @author 31536000
	 *
	 * @param <T> 更新及び範囲取得を行いたいクラス
	 */
	public static class SegmentTree<T> extends Array<T> implements BinarySearch<T>{

		private static final long serialVersionUID = -4749212359642120708L;
		protected final Monoid<T> group; // 演算関数
		protected final int size;

		private SegmentTree(int length, int size, Monoid<T> group) {
			super(length);
			this.group = group;
			this.size = size;
		}

		private SegmentTree(int N, T dat, Monoid<T> group) {
			super(Integer.highestOneBit(N) << 2);// 要素数を超える最小の2冪*2
			this.group = group;
			size = N;

			Arrays.fill(super.get(), super.size() >> 1, (super.size() >> 1) + N, dat); // 最下段を埋める
			Arrays.fill(super.get(), (super.size() >> 1) + N, super.size(), group.unit());
			for (int i = super.size() / 2 - 1; i > 0; --i) super.set(i, group.apply(super.get(i << 1), super.get(i << 1 | 1))); // 最下段以外すべて、下から埋める
		}

		private SegmentTree(T[] dat, Monoid<T> group) {
			super(Integer.highestOneBit(dat.length) << 2);// 要素数を超える最小の2冪*2
			this.group = group;
			size = dat.length;
			System.arraycopy(dat, 0, super.get(), super.size() >> 1, dat.length); // 最下段を埋める
			Arrays.fill(super.get(), (super.size() >> 1) + size, super.size(), group.unit());
			for (int i = super.size() / 2 - 1; i > 0; --i) super.set(i, group.apply(super.get(i << 1), super.get(i << 1 | 1))); // 最下段以外すべて、下から埋める
		}

		private static class FenwickTree<T> extends SegmentTree<T> {

			private static final long serialVersionUID = -4977411421595071205L;
			private final Abelian<T> group;
			private final Object[] array;

			private T getLocal(int index) {
				@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
				T ret = (T)array[index];
				return ret;
			}

			private FenwickTree(int N, T dat, Abelian<T> group) {
				super(N + 1, N, group);
				this.group = group;
				array = super.getLocal();
				Arrays.fill(array, dat);
				for (int i = 1, j;i <= size();++ i) if ((j = i + (i & -i)) <= size()) array[j] = group.apply(getLocal(i), getLocal(j));
			}

			private FenwickTree(T[] dat, Abelian<T> group) {
				super(dat.length + 1, dat.length, group);
				this.group = group;
				array = super.getLocal();
				System.arraycopy(dat, 0, array, 1, dat.length);
				for (int i = 1, j;i <= size();++ i) if ((j = i + (i & -i)) <= size()) array[j] = group.apply(getLocal(i), getLocal(j));
			}

			@Override
			public T set(int index, T dat) {
				T ret = get(index);
				apply(index, group.apply(group.inverse(ret), dat));
				return ret;
			}

			@Override
			public void apply(int index, T dat) {
				for (++ index;index <= size(); index += index & -index) array[index] = group.apply(getLocal(index), dat);
			}

			@Override
			public Object[] get() {
				Object[] ret = new Object[size()];
				System.arraycopy(array, 1, ret, 0, size());
				for (int i = 1, j;i <= size();++ i) {
					if ((j = i + (i & -i)) <= size()) {
						@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
						T t = (T)ret[j - 1];
						ret[j - 1] = group.apply(t, group.inverse(getLocal(i)));
					}
				}
				return ret;
			}

			@Override
			public T[] get(T[] array) {
				if (array.length < size()) {
					@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
					T[] ret  = (T[])Arrays.copyOfRange(get(), 1, size() + 1, array.getClass());
					array = ret;
				} else System.arraycopy(this.array, 1, array, 0, size());
				for (int i = 1, j;i <= size();++ i) if ((j = i + (i & -i)) <= size()) array[j - 1] = group.apply(array[j - 1], group.inverse(getLocal(i)));
				return array;
			}

			@Override
			public T get(int l, int r) {
				T left = group.unit(), right = group.unit();
				for (;l != 0;l ^= l & -l) left = group.apply(left, getLocal(l));
				for (;r != 0;r ^= r & -r) right = group.apply(right, getLocal(r));
				return group.apply(group.inverse(left), right);
			}

			@Override
			public T get(IntRange range) {
				return get(range.getClosedLower(), range.getOpenUpper());
			}

			@Override
			public T get(int index) {
				return get(index, index + 1);
			}

			@Override
			public T getAvoid(int index) {
				return getAvoid(index, index + 1);
			}

			@Override
			public T getAvoid(int left, int right) {
				return group.apply(get(0, left), get(right, size));
			}

			@Override
			public int binarySearch(Predicate<T> f) {
				int ret = 0;
				T left = group.unit();
				for (int i = Integer.highestOneBit(size);i != 0;i >>= 1) {
					if (ret + i <= size && f.test(group.apply(left, getLocal(ret + i)))) {
						left = group.apply(left, getLocal(ret + i));
						ret += i;
					}
				}
				return ret - 1;
			}

			@Override
			public int binarySearch(int left, int right, Predicate<T> f) {
				int ret = left;
				T l = get(0, left);
				for (int i = Integer.highestOneBit(size);i != 0;i >>= 1) {
					if (ret + i <= size && f.test(group.apply(l, getLocal(ret + i)))) {
						l = group.apply(l, getLocal(ret + i));
						ret += i;
					}
				}
				return ret - 1;
			}

			private class Iter implements Iterator<T> {
				private int index;

				private Iter() {
					index = 0;
				}

				@Override
				public boolean hasNext() {
					return index < size();
				}

				@Override
				public T next() {
					return get(index++);
				}

				@Override
				public void remove() {
					set(index-1, group.unit());
				}
			}

			@Override
			public Iterator<T> iterator() {
				return new Iter();
			}
		}

		public static <T> SegmentTree<T> create(int N, Monoid<T> group) {
			if (N < 1 || group == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
			return new SegmentTree<>(N, group.unit(), group);
		}

		public static <T> SegmentTree<T> create(int N, T dat, Monoid<T> group) {
			if (N < 1 || dat == null || group == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
			return new SegmentTree<>(N, dat, group);
		}

		public static <T> SegmentTree<T> create(T[] dat, Monoid<T> group) {
			if (dat == null || dat.length < 1 || group == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
			return new SegmentTree<>(dat, group);
		}

		public static <T extends Monoid<T>> SegmentTree<T> create(T[] dat) {
			if (dat == null || dat.length < 1) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
			return new SegmentTree<>(dat, dat[0]);
		}

		public static <T> SegmentTree<T> create(int N, Abelian<T> group) {
			if (N < 1 || group == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
			return new FenwickTree<>(N, group.unit(), group);
		}

		public static <T> SegmentTree<T> create(int N, T dat, Abelian<T> group) {
			if (N < 1 || dat == null || group == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
			return new FenwickTree<>(N, dat, group);
		}

		public static <T> SegmentTree<T> create(T[] dat, Abelian<T> group) {
			if (dat == null || dat.length < 1 || group == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
			return new FenwickTree<>(dat, group);
		}

		public static <T extends Abelian<T>> SegmentTree<T> create(T[] dat) {
			if (dat == null || dat.length < 1) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
			return new FenwickTree<>(dat, dat[0]);
		}

		/**
		 * データを更新します。
		 * @param index 更新する場所
		 * @param dat 更新するデータ
		 * @return 更新前の値
		 */
		@Override
		public T set(int index, T dat) {
			T ret = get(index);
			index |= super.size() >> 1;
			super.set(index, dat);
			for (int i = index >> 1; i > 0; i >>= 1) super.set(i, group.apply(super.get(i << 1), super.get(i << 1 | 1)));
			return ret;
		}

		/**
		 * データを更新します。<br>
		 * この操作により、indexの値は元の値にdatを演算した値となります。
		 * @param index 更新する場所
		 * @param dat 更新するデータ
		 */
		public void apply(int index, T dat) {
			set(index, group.apply(get(index), dat));
		}

		@Override
		public Object[] get() {
			Object[] ret = new Object[size];
			System.arraycopy(super.get(), super.size() >> 1, ret, 0, size);
			return ret;
		}

		public Object[] getLocal() {
			return super.get();
		}

		@Override
		public T[] get(T[] array) {
			if (array.length < size) {
				@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
				T[] ret  = (T[])Arrays.copyOfRange(super.get(), super.size() >> 1, (super.size() >> 1) + size, array.getClass());
				array = ret;
			} else System.arraycopy(super.get(), super.size() >> 1, array, 0, size);
			return array;
		}

		/**
		 * 指定した範囲の合計を取得します。
		 * @param left 範囲の左区間
		 * @param right 範囲の右区間
		 * @return 半開区間[left, right)の合計
		 */
		public T get(int l, int r) {
			T L = group.unit(), R = group.unit();
			l += super.size() >> 1;
			r += super.size() >> 1;
			while (l < r) {
				if ((l & 1) != 0) L = group.apply(L, super.get(l++));
				if ((r & 1) != 0) R = group.apply(super.get(r ^ 1), R);
				l >>= 1;
				r >>= 1;
			}
			return group.apply(L, R);
		}

		/**
		 * 指定した範囲の合計を取得します。
		 * @param range 範囲
		 * @return 区間range内の合計
		 */
		public T get(IntRange range) {
			return get(range.getClosedLower(), range.getOpenUpper());
		}

		@Override
		public T get(int index) {
			return super.get(index | super.size() >> 1);
		}

		@Override
		public int size() {
			return size;
		}

		@Override
		public int length() {
			return size;
		}

		@Override
		public int binarySearch(int left, int right, Predicate<T> f) {
			if (left > right) return revBinarySearch(left - 1, right - 1, f);
			left += super.size() >> 1;
			right += super.size() >> 1;
			T last = group.unit(), next;
			int i = 0;
			while (left < right >>> i) {
				if ((left & 1) == 0) { // 上がある
					left >>>= 1;
					++ i;
				} else {
					if (f.test(next = group.apply(last, super.get(left)))) { // このleft全部を含むか
						last = next;
						++ left;
					} else right = (left + 1 << i) - 1; // 左辺を移動
				}
			}
			while (i > 0) { // 今度は降下しながら見ていく
				left <<= 1;
				-- i;
				if ((right >>> i & 1) != 0) {
					if (f.test(next = group.apply(last, super.get(left)))) {
						last = next;
						++ left;
					} else right = (left + 1 << i) - 1;
				}
			};
			return left - (super.size() >> 1) - 1;
		}

		private int revBinarySearch(int right, int left, Predicate<T> f) {
			left += super.size() >> 1;
			right += super.size() >> 1;
			T last = group.unit(), next;
			int i = 0;
			while (left >>> i < right) {
				if ((right & 1) == 0) { // 上がある
					if (f.test(next = group.apply(super.get(right), last))) { // このright全部を含むか
						last = next;
						-- right;
					} else left = right << i; // 左辺を移動
				} else {
					right >>>= 1;
					++ i;
				}
			}
			while (i > 0) { // 今度は降下しながら見ていく
				right = right << 1 | 1;
				-- i;
				if ((left >>> i & 1) == 0) {
					if (f.test(next = group.apply(super.get(right), last))) {
						last = next;
						-- right;
					} else left = right << i;
				}
			};
			return right - (super.size() >> 1) + 1;
		}

		/**
		 * 指定した値を除く場所の値を取得します。
		 * @param index 取得しない場所
		 * @return 全体からindexを取り除いた値
		 */
		public T getAvoid(int index) {
			return getAvoid(index, index + 1);
		}

		/**
		 * 指定した範囲を除く区間の合計を取得します。
		 * @param left 範囲の左区間
		 * @param right 範囲の右区間
		 * @return 半開区間[0, left)+[right, size)の合計
		 */
		public T getAvoid(int left, int right) {
			return group.apply(get(0, left), get(right, size));
		}

		/**
		 * 指定した範囲を除く区間の合計を取得します。
		 * @param range 区間
		 * @return 区間rangeを除く範囲の合計
		 */
		public T getAvoid(IntRange range) {
			return getAvoid(range.getClosedLower(), range.getOpenUpper());
		}

		private class Iter implements Iterator<T> {
			private int index;

			private Iter() {
				index = 0;
			}

			@Override
			public boolean hasNext() {
				return index < size;
			}

			@Override
			public T next() {
				return get(index++);
			}

			@Override
			public void remove() {
				set(index-1, group.unit());
			}
		}

		@Override
		public Iterator<T> iterator() {
			return new Iter();
		}
	}

	public static class FastIO {
		private final InputStream in;
		private final byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
		private int read = 0;
		private int length = 0;
		public final PrintWriter out;
		public final PrintWriter err;
		private boolean autoFlush = false;

		public FastIO() {
			this(System.in, System.out, System.err);
		}

		public FastIO(InputStream in, PrintStream out, PrintStream err) {
			this.in = in;
			this.out = new PrintWriter(out, false);
			this.err = new PrintWriter(err, false);
		}

		public void setAutoFlush(boolean flush) {
			autoFlush = flush;
		}

		private boolean hasNextByte() {
			if (read < length) return true;
			read = 0;
			try {
				length = in.read(buffer);
			} catch (IOException e) {
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
			return length > 0;
		}

		private int readByte() {
			return hasNextByte() ? buffer[read++] : -1;
		}

		private static boolean isPrintableChar(int c) {
			return 33 <= c && c <= 126;
		}

		private static boolean isNumber(int c) {
			return '0' <= c && c <= '9';
		}

		public boolean hasNext() {
			while (hasNextByte() && !isPrintableChar(buffer[read])) read++;
			return hasNextByte();
		}

		public char nextChar() {
			if (!hasNextByte())  throw new NoSuchElementException();
			return (char)readByte();
		}

		public char[][] nextChar(int height) {
			char[][] ret = new char[height][];
			for (int i = 0;i < ret.length;++ i) ret[i] = next().toCharArray();
			return ret;
		}

		public String next() {
			if (!hasNext()) throw new NoSuchElementException();
			StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
			int b;
			while (isPrintableChar(b = readByte())) sb.appendCodePoint(b);
			return sb.toString();
		}

		public String nextLine() {
			StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
			int b;
			while(!isPrintableChar(b = readByte()));
			do sb.appendCodePoint(b); while(isPrintableChar(b = readByte()) || b == ' ');
			return sb.toString();
		}

		public long nextLong() {
			if (!hasNext()) throw new NoSuchElementException();
			long n = 0;
			boolean minus = false;
			int b = readByte();
			if (b == '-') {
				minus = true;
				b = readByte();
			}
			if (!isNumber(b)) throw new NumberFormatException();
			while (true) {
				if (isNumber(b)) {
					n *= 10;
					n += b - '0';
				} else if (b == -1 || !isPrintableChar(b)) return minus ? -n : n;
				else throw new NumberFormatException();
				b = readByte();
			}
		}

		public int nextInt() {
			long nl = nextLong();
			if (nl < Integer.MIN_VALUE || nl > Integer.MAX_VALUE) throw new NumberFormatException();
			return (int) nl;
		}

		public double nextDouble() {
			return Double.parseDouble(next());
		}

		public int[] nextInt(int width) {
			int[] ret = new int[width];
			for (int i = 0;i < width;++ i) ret[i] = nextInt();
			return ret;
		}

		public int[] nextInts() {
			return nextInts(" ");
		}

		public int[] nextInts(String parse) {
			String[] get = nextLine().split(parse);
			int[] ret = new int[get.length];
			for (int i = 0;i < ret.length;++ i) ret[i] = Integer.valueOf(get[i]);
			return ret;
		}

		public long[] nextLong(int width) {
			long[] ret = new long[width];
			for (int i = 0;i < width;++ i) ret[i] = nextLong();
			return ret;
		}

		public long[] nextLongs() {
			return nextLongs(" ");
		}

		public long[] nextLongs(String parse) {
			String[] get = nextLine().split(parse);
			long[] ret = new long[get.length];
			for (int i = 0;i < ret.length;++ i) ret[i] = Long.valueOf(get[i]);
			return ret;
		}

		public int[][] nextInt(int width, int height) {
			int[][] ret = new int[height][width];
			for (int i = 0, j;i < height;++ i) for (j = 0;j < width;++ j) ret[i][j] = nextInt();
			return ret;
		}

		public long[][] nextLong(int width, int height) {
			long[][] ret = new long[height][width];
			for (int i = 0, j;i < height;++ i) for (j = 0;j < width;++ j) ret[j][i] = nextLong();
			return ret;
		}

		public boolean[] nextBoolean(char T) {
			char[] s = next().toCharArray();
			boolean[] ret = new boolean[s.length];
			for (int i = 0;i < ret.length;++ i) ret[i] = s[i] == T;
			return ret;
		}

		public boolean[][] nextBoolean(char T, int height) {
			boolean[][] ret = new boolean[height][];
			for (int i = 0;i < ret.length;++ i) {
				char[] s = next().toCharArray();
				ret[i] = new boolean[s.length];
				for (int j = 0;j < ret[i].length;++ j) ret[i][j] = s[j] == T;
			}
			return ret;
		}

		public Point nextPoint() {
			return new Point(nextInt(), nextInt());
		}

		public Point[] nextPoint(int width) {
			Point[] ret = new Point[width];
			for (int i = 0;i < width;++ i) ret[i] = nextPoint();
			return ret;
		}

		@Override
		protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
			try {
				super.finalize();
			} finally {
				in.close();
				out.close();
				err.close();
			}
		}

		public boolean print(boolean b) {
			out.print(b);
			if (autoFlush) flush();
			return b;
		}

		public Object print(boolean b, Object t, Object f) {
			return b ? print(t) : print(f);
		}

		public char print(char c) {
			out.print(c);
			if (autoFlush) flush();
			return c;
		}

		public char[] print(char[] s) {
			out.print(s);
			return s;
		}

		public double print(double d) {
			out.print(d);
			if (autoFlush) flush();
			return d;
		}

		public double print(double d, int length) {
			if (d < 0) {
				out.print('-');
				d = -d;
			}
			d += Math.pow(10, -length) / 2;
			out.print((long)d);
			out.print('.');
			d -= (long)d;
			for (int i = 0;i < length;++ i) {
				d *= 10;
				out.print((int)d);
				d -= (int)d;
			}
			if (autoFlush) flush();
			return d;
		}

		public float print(float f) {
			out.print(f);
			if (autoFlush) flush();
			return f;
		}

		public int print(int i) {
			out.print(i);
			if (autoFlush) flush();
			return i;
		}

		public long print(long l) {
			out.print(l);
			if (autoFlush) flush();
			return l;
		}

		public Object print(Object obj) {
			if (obj.getClass().isArray()) {
				if (obj instanceof boolean[][]) print(obj, "\n", " ");
				else if (obj instanceof byte[][]) print(obj, "\n", " ");
				else if (obj instanceof short[][]) print(obj, "\n", " ");
				else if (obj instanceof int[][]) print(obj, "\n", " ");
				else if (obj instanceof long[][]) print(obj, "\n", " ");
				else if (obj instanceof float[][]) print(obj, "\n", " ");
				else if (obj instanceof double[][]) print(obj, "\n", " ");
				else if (obj instanceof char[][]) print(obj, "\n", " ");
				else if (obj instanceof Object[][]) print(obj, "\n", " ");
				else print(obj, " ");
			} else {
				out.print(obj);
				if (autoFlush) flush();
			}
			return obj;
		}

		public String print(String s) {
			out.print(s);
			if (autoFlush) flush();
			return s;
		}

		public Object print(Object array, String... parse) {
			print(array, 0, parse);
			if (autoFlush) flush();
			return array;
		}

		private Object print(Object array, int check, String... parse) {
			if (check >= parse.length) {
				if (array.getClass().isArray()) throw new IllegalArgumentException("not equal dimension");
				print(array);
				return array;
			}
			String str = parse[check];
			if (array instanceof Object[]) {
				Object[] obj = (Object[]) array;
				if (obj.length == 0) return array;
				print(obj[0], check + 1, parse);
				for (int i = 1;i < obj.length;++ i) {
					print(str);
					print(obj[i], check + 1, parse);
				}
				return array;
			}
			if (array instanceof Collection) {
				Iterator<?> iter = ((Collection<?>)array).iterator();
				if (!iter.hasNext()) return array;
				print(iter.next(), check + 1, parse);
				while(iter.hasNext()) {
					print(str);
					print(iter.next(), check + 1, parse);
				}
				return array;
			}
			if (!array.getClass().isArray()) throw new IllegalArgumentException("not equal dimension");
			if (check != parse.length - 1) throw new IllegalArgumentException("not equal dimension");
			if (array instanceof boolean[]) {
				boolean[] obj = (boolean[]) array;
				if (obj.length == 0) return array;
				print(obj[0]);
				for (int i = 1;i < obj.length;++ i) {
					print(str);
					print(obj[i]);
				}
			} else if (array instanceof byte[]) {
				byte[] obj = (byte[]) array;
				if (obj.length == 0) return array;
				print(obj[0]);
				for (int i = 1;i < obj.length;++ i) {
					print(str);
					print(obj[i]);
				}
				return array;
			} else if (array instanceof short[]) {
				short[] obj = (short[]) array;
				if (obj.length == 0) return array;
				print(obj[0]);
				for (int i = 1;i < obj.length;++ i) {
					print(str);
					print(obj[i]);
				}
			} else if (array instanceof int[]) {
				int[] obj = (int[]) array;
				if (obj.length == 0) return array;
				print(obj[0]);
				for (int i = 1;i < obj.length;++ i) {
					print(str);
					print(obj[i]);
				}
			} else if (array instanceof long[]) {
				long[] obj = (long[]) array;
				if (obj.length == 0) return array;
				print(obj[0]);
				for (int i = 1;i < obj.length;++ i) {
					print(str);
					print(obj[i]);
				}
			} else if (array instanceof float[]) {
				float[] obj = (float[]) array;
				if (obj.length == 0) return array;
				print(obj[0]);
				for (int i = 1;i < obj.length;++ i) {
					print(str);
					print(obj[i]);
				}
			} else if (array instanceof double[]) {
				double[] obj = (double[]) array;
				if (obj.length == 0) return array;
				print(obj[0]);
				for (int i = 1;i < obj.length;++ i) {
					print(str);
					print(obj[i]);
				}
			} else if (array instanceof char[]) {
				char[] obj = (char[]) array;
				if (obj.length == 0) return array;
				print(obj[0]);
				for (int i = 1;i < obj.length;++ i) {
					print(str);
					print(obj[i]);
				}
			} else throw new AssertionError();
			return array;
		}

		public Object[] print(String parse, Object... args) {
			print(args[0]);
			for (int i = 1;i < args.length;++ i) {
				print(parse);
				print(args[i]);
			}
			return args;
		}

		public Object[] printf(String format, Object... args) {
			out.printf(format, args);
			if (autoFlush) flush();
			return args;
		}

		public Object printf(Locale l, String format, Object... args) {
			out.printf(l, format, args);
			if (autoFlush) flush();
			return args;
		}

		public void println() {
			out.println();
			if (autoFlush) flush();
		}

		public boolean println(boolean b) {
			out.println(b);
			if (autoFlush) flush();
			return b;
		}

		public Object println(boolean b, Object t, Object f) {
			return b ? println(t) : println(f);
		}

		public char println(char c) {
			out.println(c);
			if (autoFlush) flush();
			return c;
		}

		public char[] println(char[] s) {
			out.println(s);
			if (autoFlush) flush();
			return s;
		}

		public double println(double d) {
			out.println(d);
			if (autoFlush) flush();
			return d;
		}

		public double println(double d, int length) {
			print(d, length);
			println();
			return d;
		}

		public float println(float f) {
			out.println(f);
			if (autoFlush) flush();
			return f;
		}

		public int println(int i) {
			out.println(i);
			if (autoFlush) flush();
			return i;
		}

		public long println(long l) {
			out.println(l);
			if (autoFlush) flush();
			return l;
		}

		public Object println(Object obj) {
			print(obj);
			println();
			return obj;
		}

		public String println(String s) {
			out.println(s);
			if (autoFlush) flush();
			return s;
		}

		public Object println(Object array, String... parse) {
			print(array, parse);
			println();
			return array;
		}

		public void flush() {
			out.flush();
			err.flush();
		}
	}

	public enum BoundType {
		CLOSED, OPEN;
	}

	public static class Range<C> implements Serializable{

		private static final long serialVersionUID = -4702828934863023392L;
		protected C lower;
		protected C upper;
		protected BoundType lowerType;
		protected BoundType upperType;
		private Comparator<? super C> comparator;

		protected Range(C lower, BoundType lowerType, C upper, BoundType upperType) {
			this(lower, lowerType, upper, upperType, null);
		}

		protected Range(C lower, BoundType lowerType, C upper, BoundType upperType, Comparator<? super C> comparator) {
			this.lower = lower;
			this.upper = upper;
			this.lowerType = lowerType;
			this.upperType = upperType;
			this.comparator = comparator;
		}

		public static <C extends Comparable<? super C>> Range<C> range(C lower, BoundType lowerType, C upper, BoundType upperType) {
			if (lower != null && upper != null) {
				int comp = lower.compareTo(upper);
				if (comp > 0) return new Range<C>(null, BoundType.CLOSED, null, BoundType.CLOSED);
				else if (comp == 0 && (lowerType == BoundType.OPEN || upperType == BoundType.OPEN))return new Range<C>(null, BoundType.CLOSED, null, BoundType.CLOSED);
			}
			return new Range<C>(lower, lowerType, upper, upperType);
		}

		public static <C> Range<C> range(C lower, BoundType lowerType, C upper, BoundType upperType, Comparator<? super C> comparator) {
			if (lower != null && upper != null) {
				int comp = comparator.compare(lower, upper);
				if (comp > 0) return new Range<C>(null, BoundType.CLOSED, null, BoundType.CLOSED, comparator);
				else if (comp == 0 && (lowerType == BoundType.OPEN || upperType == BoundType.OPEN)) return new Range<C>(null, BoundType.CLOSED, null, BoundType.CLOSED, comparator);
			}
			return new Range<C>(lower, lowerType, upper, upperType, comparator);
		}

		public static <C extends Comparable<? super C>> Range<C> all() {
			return range((C)null, BoundType.OPEN, null, BoundType.OPEN);
		}

		public static <C> Range<C> all(Comparator<? super C> comparator) {
			return range((C)null, BoundType.OPEN, null, BoundType.OPEN, comparator);
		}

		public static <C extends Comparable<? super C>> Range<C> atMost(C upper) {
			return range(null, BoundType.OPEN, upper, BoundType.CLOSED);
		}

		public static <C> Range<C> atMost(C upper, Comparator<? super C> comparator) {
			return range(null, BoundType.OPEN, upper, BoundType.CLOSED, comparator);
		}

		public static <C extends Comparable<? super C>> Range<C> lessThan(C upper) {
			return range(null, BoundType.OPEN, upper, BoundType.OPEN);
		}

		public static <C> Range<C> lessThan(C upper, Comparator<? super C> comparator) {
			return range(null, BoundType.OPEN, upper, BoundType.OPEN, comparator);
		}

		public static <C extends Comparable<? super C>> Range<C> downTo(C upper, BoundType boundType) {
			return range(null, BoundType.OPEN, upper, boundType);
		}

		public static <C> Range<C> downTo(C upper, BoundType boundType, Comparator<? super C> comparator) {
			return range(null, BoundType.OPEN, upper, boundType, comparator);
		}

		public static <C extends Comparable<? super C>> Range<C> atLeast(C lower) {
			return range(lower, BoundType.CLOSED, null, BoundType.OPEN);
		}

		public static <C> Range<C> atLeast(C lower, Comparator<? super C> comparator) {
			return range(lower, BoundType.CLOSED, null, BoundType.OPEN, comparator);
		}

		public static <C extends Comparable<? super C>> Range<C> greaterThan(C lower) {
			return range(lower, BoundType.OPEN, null, BoundType.OPEN);
		}

		public static <C> Range<C> greaterThan(C lower, Comparator<? super C> comparator) {
			return range(lower, BoundType.OPEN, null, BoundType.OPEN, comparator);
		}

		public static <C extends Comparable<? super C>> Range<C> upTo(C lower, BoundType boundType) {
			return range(lower, boundType, null, BoundType.OPEN);
		}

		public static <C> Range<C> upTo(C lower, BoundType boundType, Comparator<? super C> comparator) {
			return range(lower, boundType, null, BoundType.OPEN, comparator  );
		}

		public static <C extends Comparable<? super C>> Range<C> open(C lower, C upper) {
			return range(lower, BoundType.OPEN, upper, BoundType.OPEN);
		}

		public static <C> Range<C> open(C lower, C upper, Comparator<? super C> comparator) {
			return range(lower, BoundType.OPEN, upper, BoundType.OPEN, comparator);
		}

		public static <C extends Comparable<? super C>> Range<C> openClosed(C lower, C upper) {
			return range(lower, BoundType.OPEN, upper, BoundType.CLOSED);
		}

		public static <C> Range<C> openClosed(C lower, C upper, Comparator<? super C> comparator) {
			return range(lower, BoundType.OPEN, upper, BoundType.CLOSED, comparator);
		}

		public static <C extends Comparable<? super C>> Range<C> closedOpen(C lower, C upper) {
			return range(lower, BoundType.CLOSED, upper, BoundType.OPEN);
		}

		public static <C> Range<C> closedOpen(C lower, C upper, Comparator<? super C> comparator) {
			return range(lower, BoundType.CLOSED, upper, BoundType.OPEN, comparator);
		}

		public static <C extends Comparable<? super C>> Range<C> closed(C lower, C upper) {
			return range(lower, BoundType.CLOSED, upper, BoundType.CLOSED);
		}

		public static <C> Range<C> closed(C lower, C upper, Comparator<? super C> comparator) {
			return range(lower, BoundType.CLOSED, upper, BoundType.CLOSED, comparator);
		}

		public static <C extends Comparable<? super C>> Range<C> singleton(C value) {
			return range(value, BoundType.CLOSED, value, BoundType.CLOSED);
		}

		public static <C> Range<C> singleton(C value, Comparator<? super C> comparator) {
			return range(value, BoundType.CLOSED, value, BoundType.CLOSED, comparator);
		}

		public static <C extends Comparable<? super C>> Range<C> empty() {
			return range((C)null, BoundType.CLOSED, null, BoundType.CLOSED);
		}

		public static <C> Range<C> empty(Comparator<? super C> comparator) {
			return range((C)null, BoundType.CLOSED, null, BoundType.CLOSED, comparator);
		}

		public static <C extends Comparable<? super C>> Range<C> encloseAll(Iterable<C> values) {
			C lower = values.iterator().next();
			C upper = lower;
			for (C i : values) {
				if (lower.compareTo(i) > 0) lower = i;
				if (upper.compareTo(i) < 0) upper = i;
			}
			return range(lower, BoundType.CLOSED, upper, BoundType.CLOSED);
		}

		public static <C> Range<C> encloseAll(Iterable<C> values, Comparator<? super C> comparator) {
			C lower = values.iterator().next();
			C upper = lower;
			for (C i : values) {
				if (comparator.compare(lower, i) > 0) lower = i;
				if (comparator.compare(upper, i) < 0) upper = i;
			}
			return range(lower, BoundType.CLOSED, upper, BoundType.CLOSED, comparator);
		}

		protected int compareLower(C value) {
			return compareLower(value, BoundType.CLOSED);
		}

		protected int compareLower(C value, BoundType boundType) {
			return compareLower(lower, lowerType, value, boundType);
		}

		protected int compareLower(C lower, BoundType lowerType, C value) {
			return compareLower(lower, lowerType, value, BoundType.CLOSED);
		}

		protected int compareLower(C lower, BoundType lowerType, C value, BoundType boundType) {
			if (lower == null) return value == null ? 0 : -1;
			else if (value == null) return 1;
			int compare;
			if (comparator == null) {
				@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
				Comparable<C> comp = (Comparable<C>)lower;
				compare = comp.compareTo(value);
			} else compare = comparator.compare(lower, value);
			if (compare == 0) {
				if (lowerType == BoundType.CLOSED) -- compare;
				if (boundType == BoundType.CLOSED) ++ compare;
			}
			return compare;
		}

		protected int compareUpper(C value) {
			return compareUpper(value, BoundType.CLOSED);
		}

		protected int compareUpper(C value, BoundType boundType) {
			return compareUpper(upper, upperType, value, boundType);
		}

		protected int compareUpper(C upper, BoundType upperType, C value) {
			return compareUpper(upper, upperType, value, BoundType.CLOSED);
		}

		protected int compareUpper(C upper, BoundType upperType, C value, BoundType boundType) {
			if (upper == null) return value == null ? 0 : 1;
			if (value == null) return -1;
			int compare;
			if (comparator == null) {
				@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
				Comparable<C> comp = (Comparable<C>)upper;
				compare = comp.compareTo(value);
			} else compare = comparator.compare(upper, value);
			if (compare == 0) {
				if (upperType == BoundType.CLOSED) ++ compare;
				if (boundType == BoundType.CLOSED) -- compare;
			}
			return compare;
		}

		public boolean hasLowerBound() {
			return lower != null;
		}

		public C lowerEndpoint() {
			if (hasLowerBound()) return lower;
			throw new IllegalStateException();
		}

		public BoundType lowerBoundType() {
			if (hasLowerBound()) return lowerType;
			throw new IllegalStateException();
		}

		public boolean hasUpperBound() {
			return upper != null;
		}

		public C upperEndpoint() {
			if (hasUpperBound()) return upper;
			throw new IllegalStateException();
		}

		public BoundType upperBoundType() {
			if (hasUpperBound()) return upperType;
			throw new IllegalStateException();
		}

		/**
		 * この区間が空集合か判定します。
		 * @return 空集合ならばtrue
		 */
		public boolean isEmpty() {
			return lower == null && upper == null && lowerType == BoundType.CLOSED;
		}

		/**
		 * 与えられた引数が区間の左側に位置するか判定します。<br>
		 * 接する場合は区間の左側ではないと判定します。
		 * @param value 調べる引数
		 * @return 区間の左側に位置するならtrue
		 */
		public boolean isLess(C value) {
			return isLess(value, BoundType.CLOSED);
		}

		protected boolean isLess(C value, BoundType boundType) {
			return compareLower(value, boundType) > 0;
		}

		/**
		 * 与えられた引数が区間の右側に位置するか判定します。<br>
		 * 接する場合は区間の右側ではないと判定します。
		 * @param value 調べる引数
		 * @return 区間の右側に位置するならtrue
		 */
		public boolean isGreater(C value) {
			return isGreater(value, BoundType.CLOSED);
		}

		private boolean isGreater(C value, BoundType boundType) {
			return compareUpper(value, boundType) < 0;
		}

		/**
		 * 与えられた引数が区間内に位置するか判定します。<br>
		 * 接する場合も区間内に位置すると判定します。
		 * @param value 調べる引数
		 * @return 区間内に位置するならtrue
		 */
		public boolean contains(C value) {
			return !isLess(value) && !isGreater(value) && !isEmpty();
		}

		/**
		 * 与えられた引数すべてが区間内に位置するか判定します。<br>
		 * 接する場合も区間内に位置すると判定します。
		 * @param value 調べる要素
		 * @return 全ての要素が区間内に位置するならtrue
		 */
		public boolean containsAll(Iterable<? extends C> values) {
			for (C i : values) if (!contains(i)) return false;
			return true;
		}

		/**
		 * 与えられた区間がこの区間に内包されるか判定します。<br>
		 *
		 * @param other
		 * @return 与えられた区間がこの区間に内包されるならtrue
		 */
		public boolean encloses(Range<C> other) {
			return !isLess(other.lower, other.lowerType) && !isGreater(other.upper, other.upperType);
		}

		/**
		 * 与えられた区間がこの区間と公差するか判定します。<br>
		 * 接する場合は公差するものとします。
		 * @param value 調べる引数
		 * @return 区間が交差するならtrue
		 */
		public boolean isConnected(Range<C> other) {
			if (this.isEmpty() || other.isEmpty()) return false;
			C lower, upper;
			BoundType lowerType, upperType;
			if (isLess(other.lower, other.lowerType)) {
				lower = other.lower;
				lowerType = other.lowerType;
			} else {
				lower = this.lower;
				lowerType = this.lowerType;
			}
			if (isGreater(other.upper, other.upperType)) {
				upper = other.upper;
				upperType = other.upperType;
			} else {
				upper = this.upper;
				upperType = this.upperType;
			}
			if (lower == null || upper == null) return true;
			int comp = compareLower(lower, lowerType, upper, upperType);
			return comp <= 0;
		}
		/**
		 * この区間との積集合を返します。
		 * @param connectedRange 積集合を求める区間
		 * @return 積集合
		 */
		public Range<C> intersection(Range<C> connectedRange) {
			if (this.isEmpty() || connectedRange.isEmpty()) {
				if (comparator == null) return new Range<C>(null, BoundType.CLOSED, null, BoundType.CLOSED);
				return empty(comparator);
			}
			C lower, upper;
			BoundType lowerType, upperType;
			if (isLess(connectedRange.lower, connectedRange.lowerType)) {
				lower = connectedRange.lower;
				lowerType = connectedRange.lowerType;
			} else {
				lower = this.lower;
				lowerType = this.lowerType;
			}
			if (isGreater(connectedRange.upper, connectedRange.upperType)) {
				upper = connectedRange.upper;
				upperType = connectedRange.upperType;
			} else {
				upper = this.upper;
				upperType = this.upperType;
			}
			if (comparator == null) {
				return new Range<C>(lower, lowerType, upper, upperType);
			}
			return range(lower, lowerType, upper, upperType, comparator);
		}

		/**
		 * この区間との和集合を返します。
		 * @param other 和集合を求める区間
		 * @return 和集合
		 */
		public Range<C> span(Range<C> other) {
			if (other.isEmpty()) return new Range<C>(lower, lowerType, upper, upperType);
			C lower, upper;
			BoundType lowerType, upperType;
			if (isLess(other.lower, other.lowerType)) {
				lower = this.lower;
				lowerType = this.lowerType;
			} else {
				lower = other.lower;
				lowerType = other.lowerType;
			}
			if (isGreater(other.upper, other.upperType)) {
				upper = this.upper;
				upperType = this.upperType;
			} else {
				upper = other.upper;
				upperType = other.upperType;
			}
			return new Range<C>(lower, lowerType, upper, upperType, comparator);
		}

		@Override
		public boolean equals(Object object) {
			if (this == object) return true;
			if (object instanceof Range) {
				@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
				Range<C> comp = (Range<C>) object;
				return compareLower(comp.lower, comp.lowerType) == 0 && compareUpper(comp.upper, comp.upperType) == 0 && lowerType == comp.lowerType && upperType == comp.upperType;
			}
			return false;
		}

		@Override
		public int hashCode() {
			if (lower == null && upper == null) return 0;
			else if (lower == null) return upper.hashCode();
			else if (upper == null) return lower.hashCode();
			return lower.hashCode() ^ upper.hashCode();
		}

		@Override
		public String toString() {
			if (isEmpty()) return "()";
			return (lowerType == BoundType.OPEN ? "(" : "[") + (lower == null ? "" : lower.toString()) + ".." + (upper == null ? "" : upper.toString()) + (upperType == BoundType.OPEN ? ")" : "]");
		}
	}

	public static class IterableRange<C> extends Range<C> implements Iterable<C>{

		private static final long serialVersionUID = 9065915259748260688L;
		protected UnaryOperator<C> func;

		protected IterableRange(C lower, BoundType lowerType, C upper, BoundType upperType, UnaryOperator<C> func) {
			super(lower, lowerType, upper, upperType);
			this.func = func;
		}

		public static <C extends Comparable<? super C>> IterableRange<C> range(C lower, BoundType lowerType, C upper, BoundType upperType, UnaryOperator<C> func) {
			if (lower == null || upper == null) return new IterableRange<C>(null, BoundType.CLOSED, null, BoundType.CLOSED, func);
			int comp = lower.compareTo(upper);
			if (comp > 0) return new IterableRange<C>(null, BoundType.CLOSED, null, BoundType.CLOSED, func);
			else if (comp == 0 && (lowerType == BoundType.OPEN || upperType == BoundType.OPEN)) return new IterableRange<C>(null, BoundType.CLOSED, null, BoundType.CLOSED, func);
			return new IterableRange<C>(lower, lowerType, upper, upperType, func);
		}

		public static <C extends Comparable<? super C>> IterableRange<C> open(C lower, C upper, UnaryOperator<C> func) {
			if (lower == null) return new IterableRange<C>(null, BoundType.CLOSED, null, BoundType.CLOSED, func);
			return range(func.apply(lower), BoundType.CLOSED, upper, BoundType.OPEN, func);
		}

		public static <C extends Comparable<? super C>> IterableRange<C> openClosed(C lower, C upper, UnaryOperator<C> func) {
			if (lower == null) return new IterableRange<C>(null, BoundType.CLOSED, null, BoundType.CLOSED, func);
			return range(func.apply(lower), BoundType.CLOSED, upper, BoundType.CLOSED, func);
		}

		public static <C extends Comparable<? super C>> IterableRange<C> closedOpen(C lower, C upper, UnaryOperator<C> func) {
			return range(lower, BoundType.CLOSED, upper, BoundType.OPEN, func);
		}

		public static <C extends Comparable<? super C>> IterableRange<C> closed(C lower, C upper, UnaryOperator<C> func) {
			return range(lower, BoundType.CLOSED, upper, BoundType.CLOSED, func);
		}

		public static <C extends Comparable<? super C>> IterableRange<C> singleton(C value, UnaryOperator<C> func) {
			return range(value, BoundType.CLOSED, value, BoundType.CLOSED, func);
		}

		protected class Iter implements Iterator<C> {
			C now;
			Iter() {
				now = lower;
			}
			@Override
			public final boolean hasNext() {
				return !isGreater(now);
			}

			@Override
			public final C next() {
				C ret = now;
				now = func.apply(now);
				return ret;
			}

			@Override
			public final void remove() {
				throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
			}
		}

		protected class EmptyIter implements Iterator<C> {

			@Override
			public boolean hasNext() {
				return false;
			}

			@Override
			public C next() {
				return null;
			}

			@Override
			public final void remove() {
				throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
			}

		}

		@Override
		public Iterator<C> iterator() {
			return lower == null || upper == null ? new EmptyIter() : new Iter();
		}

		public int getDistance() {
			C check = upper;
			int ret = 0;
			while (lower != check) {
				check = func.apply(check);
				++ ret;
			}
			return ret;
		}
	}

	public static class IntRange extends IterableRange<Integer>{

		private static final long serialVersionUID = 5623995336491967216L;
		private final boolean useFastIter;

		private static class Next implements UnaryOperator<Integer> {

			@Override
			public Integer apply(Integer value) {
				return value + 1;
			}
		}

		protected IntRange() {
			super(null, BoundType.CLOSED, null, BoundType.CLOSED, new Next());
			useFastIter = true;
		}

		protected IntRange(UnaryOperator<Integer> func) {
			super(null, BoundType.CLOSED, null, BoundType.CLOSED, func);
			useFastIter = false;
		}

		protected IntRange(int lower, BoundType lowerType, int upper, BoundType upperType) {
			super(lower, lowerType, upper, upperType, new Next());
			useFastIter = true;
		}

		protected IntRange(int lower, BoundType lowerType, int upper, BoundType upperType, UnaryOperator<Integer> func) {
			super(lower, lowerType, upper, upperType, func);
			useFastIter = false;
		}

		public static IntRange range(int lower, BoundType lowerType, int upper, BoundType upperType) {
			if (lower > upper) return new IntRange();
			if (lowerType == BoundType.OPEN) ++ lower;
			if (upperType == BoundType.OPEN) -- upper;
			return new IntRange(lower, BoundType.CLOSED, upper, BoundType.CLOSED);
		}

		public static IntRange range(int lower, BoundType lowerType, int upper, BoundType upperType, UnaryOperator<Integer> func) {
			if (lower > upper) return new IntRange(func);
			if (lowerType == BoundType.OPEN) ++ lower;
			if (upperType == BoundType.OPEN) -- upper;
			return new IntRange(lower, BoundType.CLOSED, upper, BoundType.CLOSED, func);
		}

		public static IntRange open(int lower, int upper) {
			return range(lower, BoundType.OPEN, upper, BoundType.OPEN);
		}

		public static IntRange open(int lower, int upper, UnaryOperator<Integer> func) {
			return range(lower, BoundType.OPEN, upper, BoundType.OPEN, func);
		}

		public static IntRange open(int upper) {
			return range(0, BoundType.CLOSED, upper, BoundType.OPEN);
		}

		public static IntRange open(int upper, UnaryOperator<Integer> func) {
			return range(0, BoundType.CLOSED, upper, BoundType.OPEN, func);
		}

		public static IntRange openClosed(int lower, int upper) {
			return range(lower, BoundType.OPEN, upper, BoundType.CLOSED);
		}

		public static IntRange openClosed(int lower, int upper, UnaryOperator<Integer> func) {
			return range(lower, BoundType.OPEN, upper, BoundType.CLOSED, func);
		}

		public static IntRange closedOpen(int lower, int upper) {
			return range(lower, BoundType.CLOSED, upper, BoundType.OPEN);
		}

		public static IntRange closedOpen(int lower, int upper, UnaryOperator<Integer> func) {
			return range(lower, BoundType.CLOSED, upper, BoundType.OPEN, func);
		}

		public static IntRange closed(int lower, int upper) {
			return range(lower, BoundType.CLOSED, upper, BoundType.CLOSED);
		}

		public static IntRange closed(int lower, int upper, UnaryOperator<Integer> func) {
			return range(lower, BoundType.CLOSED, upper, BoundType.CLOSED, func);
		}

		public static IntRange closed(int upper) {
			return range(0, BoundType.CLOSED, upper, BoundType.CLOSED);
		}

		public static IntRange closed(int upper, UnaryOperator<Integer> func) {
			return range(0, BoundType.CLOSED, upper, BoundType.CLOSED, func);
		}

		public static IntRange singleton(int value) {
			return range(value, BoundType.CLOSED, value, BoundType.CLOSED);
		}

		public static IntRange singleton(int value, UnaryOperator<Integer> func) {
			return range(value, BoundType.CLOSED, value, BoundType.CLOSED, func);
		}

		private class FastIter implements Iterator<Integer> {
			int now;
			public FastIter() {
				now = lower;
			}
			@Override
			public final boolean hasNext() {
				return now <= upper;
			}

			@Override
			public final Integer next() {
				return now++;
			}

			@Override
			public final void remove() {
				throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
			}
		}

		private class Iter implements Iterator<Integer> {
			int now;
			public Iter() {
				now = lower;
			}
			@Override
			public final boolean hasNext() {
				return now <= upper;
			}

			@Override
			public final Integer next() {
				int ret = now;
				now = func.apply(now);
				return ret;
			}

			@Override
			public final void remove() {
				throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
			}
		}

		@Override
		public Iterator<Integer> iterator() {
			return lower == null || upper == null ? new EmptyIter() : useFastIter ? new FastIter() : new Iter();
		}

		@Override
		public int getDistance() {
			int ret = upper - lower;
			if (upperType == BoundType.CLOSED) ++ ret;
			return ret;
		}

		public int getClosedLower() {
			return lower;
		}

		public int getOpenLower() {
			return lower - 1;
		}

		public int getClosedUpper() {
			return upperType == BoundType.CLOSED ? upper : upper - 1;
		}

		public int getOpenUpper() {
			return upperType == BoundType.CLOSED ? upper + 1 : upper;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * 演算が結合法則を満たすことを示すために使用するマーカー・インターフェースです。
	 * @author 31536000
	 *
	 * @param <T> 二項演算の型
	 */
	public interface Associative<T> extends BinaryOperator<T>{
		/**
		 * repeat個のelementを順次演算した値を返します。
		 * @param element 演算する値
		 * @param repeat 繰り返す回数、1以上であること
		 * @return 演算を+として、element + element + ... + elementと演算をrepeat-1回行った値
		 */
		public default T hyper(T element, int repeat) {
			if (repeat < 1) throw new IllegalArgumentException("undefined operation");
			T ret = element;
			-- repeat;
			for (T mul = element;repeat > 0;repeat >>= 1, mul = apply(mul, mul)) if ((repeat & 1) != 0) ret = apply(ret, mul);
			return ret;
		}
	}

	/**
	* この演算が逆元を持つことを示すために使用するマーカー・インターフェースです。
	 * @author 31536000
	 *
	 * @param <T> 二項演算の型
	 */
	public interface Inverse<T> extends BinaryOperator<T>{
		public T inverse(T element);
	}

	/**
	 * 演算が交換法則を満たすことを示すために使用するマーカー・インターフェースです。
	 * @author 31536000
	 *
	 * @param <T> 二項演算の型
	 */
	public interface Commutative<T> extends BinaryOperator<T>{

	}

	/**
	 * 演算が単位元を持つことを示すために使用するマーカー・インターフェースです。
	 * @author 31536000
	 *
	 * @param <T> 二項演算の型
	 */
	public interface Unit<T> extends BinaryOperator<T>{
		/**
		 * 単位元を返します。
		 * @return 単位元
		 */
		public T unit();
	}

	/**
	 * 演算が群であることを示すために使用するマーカー・インターフェースです。
	 * @author 31536000
	 *
	 * @param <T> 二項演算の型
	 */
	public interface Group<T> extends Monoid<T>, Inverse<T>{
		/**
		 * repeat個のelementを順次演算した値を返します。
		 * @param element 演算する値
		 * @param repeat 繰り返す回数
		 * @return 演算を+として、element + element + ... + elementと演算をrepeat-1回行った値
		 */
		@Override
		public default T hyper(T element, int repeat) {
			T ret = unit();
			if (repeat < 0) {
				repeat = -repeat;
				for (T mul = element;repeat > 0;repeat >>= 1, mul = apply(mul, mul)) if ((repeat & 1) != 0) ret = apply(ret, mul);
				return inverse(ret);
			}
			for (T mul = element;repeat > 0;repeat >>= 1, mul = apply(mul, mul)) if ((repeat & 1) != 0) ret = apply(ret, mul);
			return ret;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * 演算がモノイドであることを示すために使用するマーカー・インターフェースです。
	 * @author 31536000
	 *
	 * @param <T> 二項演算の型
	 */
	public interface Monoid<T> extends Associative<T>, Unit<T> {
		/**
		 * repeat個のelementを順次演算した値を返します。
		 * @param element 演算する値
		 * @param repeat 繰り返す回数、0以上であること
		 * @return 演算を+として、element + element + ... + elementと演算をrepeat-1回行った値
		 */
		@Override
		public default T hyper(T element, int repeat) {
			if (repeat < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("undefined operation");
			T ret = unit();
			for (T mul = element;repeat > 0;repeat >>= 1, mul = apply(mul, mul)) if ((repeat & 1) != 0) ret = apply(ret, mul);
			return ret;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * 演算が可換モノイドであることを示すために使用するマーカー・インターフェースです。
	 * @author 31536000
	 *
	 * @param <T> 二項演算の型
	 */
	public interface CommutativeMonoid<T> extends Monoid<T>, Commutative<T> {

	}

	/**
	 * 演算がアーベル群(可換群)であることを示すために使用するマーカー・インターフェースです。
	 * @author 31536000
	 *
	 * @param <T> 二項演算の型
	 */
	public interface Abelian<T> extends Group<T>, CommutativeMonoid<T> {

	}

	/**
	 * 演算が半環であることを示すために使用するマーカー・インターフェースです。
	 * @author 31536000
	 *
	 * @param <T> 二項演算の型
	 * @param <A> 和に関する演算
	 * @param <M> 積に関する演算
	 */
	public interface Semiring<T, A extends CommutativeMonoid<T>, M extends Monoid<T>> {
		public A getAddition();
		public M getMultiplication();
	}

	/**
	 * 演算が環であることを示すために使用するマーカー・インターフェースです。
	 * @author 31536000
	 *
	 * @param <T> 二項演算の型
	 * @param <A> 和に関する演算
	 * @param <M> 積に関する演算
	 */
	public interface Ring<T, A extends Abelian<T>, M extends Monoid<T>> extends Semiring<T, A, M>{

	}

	/**
	 * 演算が可換環に属することを示すために使用するマーカー・インターフェースです。
	 * @author 31536000
	 *
	 * @param <T> 二項演算の型
	 * @param <A> 和に関する演算
	 * @param <M> 積に関する演算
	 */
	public interface CommutativeRing<T, A extends Abelian<T>, M extends CommutativeMonoid<T>> extends Ring<T, A, M>{

	}

	public static class ModInteger extends Number implements CommutativeRing<ModInteger, Abelian<ModInteger>, CommutativeMonoid<ModInteger>>{

		private static final long serialVersionUID = -8595710127161317579L;
		private final int mod;
		private int num;

		private final Addition add;
		private final Multiplication mul;

		private class Addition implements Abelian<ModInteger> {

			@Override
			public ModInteger unit() {
				return new ModInteger(mod, 0);
			}

			@Override
			public ModInteger inverse(ModInteger element) {
				return new ModInteger(element, element.mod - element.num);
			}

			@Override
			public ModInteger apply(ModInteger left, ModInteger right) {
				return new ModInteger(left).addEqual(right);
			}
		}

		private class Multiplication implements Abelian<ModInteger> {

			@Override
			public ModInteger unit() {
				return new ModInteger(mod, 1);
			}

			@Override
			public ModInteger apply(ModInteger left, ModInteger right) {
				return new ModInteger(left).multiplyEqual(right);
			}

			@Override
			public ModInteger inverse(ModInteger element) {
				return new ModInteger(element, element.inverse(element.num));
			}

		}

		public ModInteger(int mod) {
			this.mod = mod;
			num = 0;
			add = new Addition();
			mul = new Multiplication();
		}

		public ModInteger(int mod, int num) {
			this.mod = mod;
			this.num = validNum(num);
			add = new Addition();
			mul = new Multiplication();
		}

		public ModInteger(ModInteger n) {
			mod = n.mod;
			num = n.num;
			add = n.add;
			mul = n.mul;
		}

		private ModInteger(ModInteger n, int num) {
			mod = n.mod;
			this.num = num;
			add = n.add;
			mul = n.mul;
		}

		private int validNum(int n) {
			n %= mod;
			if (n < 0) n += mod;
			return n;
		}

		private int validNum(long n) {
			n %= mod;
			if (n < 0) n += mod;
			return (int)n;
		}

		protected int inverse(int n) {
			int m = mod, u = 0, v = 1, t;
			while(n != 0) {
				t = m / n;
				m -= t * n;
				u -= t * v;
				if (m != 0) {
					t = n / m;
					n -= t * m;
					v -= t * u;
				} else {
					v %= mod;
					if (v < 0) v += mod;
					return v;
				}
			}
			u %= mod;
			if (u < 0) u += mod;
			return u;
		}

		public boolean isPrime(int n) {
			if ((n & 1) == 0) return false; // 偶数
			for (int i = 3, j = 8, k = 9;k <= n;i += 2, k += j += 8) if (n % i == 0) return false;
			return true;
		}

		@Override
		public int intValue() {
			return num;
		}

		@Override
		public long longValue() {
			return num;
		}

		@Override
		public float floatValue() {
			return num;
		}

		@Override
		public double doubleValue() {
			return num;
		}

		public ModInteger add(int n) {
			return new ModInteger(this).addEqual(n);
		}

		public ModInteger add(long n) {
			return new ModInteger(this).addEqual(n);
		}

		public ModInteger add(ModInteger n) {
			return new ModInteger(this).addEqual(n);
		}

		public ModInteger addEqual(int n) {
			num = validNum(num + n);
			return this;
		}

		public ModInteger addEqual(long n) {
			num = validNum(num + n);
			return this;
		}

		public ModInteger addEqual(ModInteger n) {
			if ((num += n.num) >= mod) num -= mod;
			return this;
		}

		public ModInteger subtract(int n) {
			return new ModInteger(this).subtractEqual(n);
		}

		public ModInteger subtract(long n) {
			return new ModInteger(this).subtractEqual(n);
		}

		public ModInteger subtract(ModInteger n) {
			return new ModInteger(this).subtractEqual(n);
		}

		public ModInteger subtractEqual(int n) {
			num = validNum(num - n);
			return this;
		}

		public ModInteger subtractEqual(long n) {
			num = validNum(num - n);
			return this;
		}

		public ModInteger subtractEqual(ModInteger n) {
			if ((num -= n.num) < 0) num += mod;
			return this;
		}

		public ModInteger multiply(int n) {
			return new ModInteger(this).multiplyEqual(n);
		}

		public ModInteger multiply(long n) {
			return new ModInteger(this).multiplyEqual(n);
		}

		public ModInteger multiply(ModInteger n) {
			return new ModInteger(this).multiplyEqual(n);
		}

		public ModInteger multiplyEqual(int n) {
			num = (int)((long)num * n % mod);
			if (num < 0) num += mod;
			return this;
		}

		public ModInteger multiplyEqual(long n) {
			return multiplyEqual((int) (n % mod));
		}

		public ModInteger multiplyEqual(ModInteger n) {
			num = (int)((long)num * n.num % mod);
			return this;
		}

		public ModInteger divide(int n) {
			return new ModInteger(this).divideEqual(n);
		}

		public ModInteger divide(long n) {
			return new ModInteger(this).divideEqual(n);
		}

		public ModInteger divide(ModInteger n) {
			return new ModInteger(this).divideEqual(n);
		}

		public ModInteger divideEqual(int n) {
			num = (int)((long)num * inverse(validNum(n)) % mod);
			return this;
		}

		public ModInteger divideEqual(long n) {
			return divideEqual((int)(n % mod));
		}

		public ModInteger divideEqual(ModInteger n) {
			num = (int)((long)num * n.inverse(n.num) % mod);
			return this;
		}

		public ModInteger pow(int n) {
			return new ModInteger(this).powEqual(n);
		}

		public ModInteger pow(long n) {
			return new ModInteger(this).powEqual(n);
		}

		public ModInteger pow(ModInteger n) {
			return new ModInteger(this).powEqual(n);
		}

		public ModInteger powEqual(int n) {
			long ans = 1, num = this.num;
			if (n < 0) {
				n = -n;
				while (n != 0) {
					if ((n & 1) != 0) ans = ans * num % mod;
					n >>>= 1;
			num = num * num % mod;
				}
				this.num = inverse((int)ans);
				return this;
			}
			while (n != 0) {
				if ((n & 1) != 0) ans = ans * num % mod;
				n >>>= 1;
					num = num * num % mod;
			}
			this.num = (int)ans;
			return this;
		}
		public ModInteger powEqual(long n) {
			return powEqual((int)(n % (mod - 1)));
		}

		public ModInteger powEqual(ModInteger n) {
			long num = this.num;
			this.num = 1;
			int mul = n.num;
			while (mul != 0) {
				if ((mul & 1) != 0) this.num *= num;
				mul >>>= 1;
				num *= num;
				num %= mod;
			}
			return this;
		}

		public ModInteger equal(int n) {
			num = validNum(n);
			return this;
		}

		public ModInteger equal(long n) {
			num = validNum(n);
			return this;
		}

		public ModInteger equal(ModInteger n) {
			num = n.num;
			return this;
		}

		public int toInt() {
			return num;
		}

		public int getMod() {
			return mod;
		}

		@Override
		public boolean equals(Object x) {
			if (x instanceof ModInteger) return ((ModInteger)x).num == num && ((ModInteger)x).mod == mod;
			return false;
		}

		@Override
		public int hashCode() {
			return num ^ mod;
		}

		@Override
		public String toString() {
			return String.valueOf(num);
		}

		@Deprecated
		public String debug() {
			int min = num, ans = 1;
			for (int i = 2;i < min;++ i) {
				int tmp = multiply(i).num;
				if (min > tmp) {
					min = tmp;
					ans = i;
				}
			}
			return min + "/" + ans;
		}

		@Override
		public Addition getAddition() {
			return add;
		}

		@Override
		public Multiplication getMultiplication() {
			return mul;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * 素数を法とする演算上で、組み合わせの計算を高速に行います。
	 * @author 31536000
	 *
	 */
	public static class ModUtility {
		private final int mod, totient;
		private int[] fact, inv, invfact;
		/**
		 * modを法とする
		 * @param mod
		 */
		public ModUtility(int mod) {
			this(mod, 2);
		}

		public ModUtility(int mod, int calc) {
			if (mod <= 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("illegal mod: " + mod);
			this.mod = mod;
			int totient = mod;
			for (int i = 2;i * i <= mod;++ i) {
				if (mod % i == 0) {
					totient = totient / i * (i - 1);
					while ((mod %= i) % i == 0);
				}
			}
			this.totient = totient;
			precalc(calc);
		}

		public void precalc(int calc) {
			if (calc < 2) calc = 2;
			fact = new int[calc];
			inv = new int[calc];
			invfact = new int[calc];
			fact[0] = invfact[0] = fact[1] = invfact[1] = inv[1] = 1;
			for (int i = 2;i < calc;++ i) {
				fact[i] = (int)((long)fact[i - 1] * i % mod);
				inv[i] = (int)(mod - (long)inv[mod % i] * (mod / i) % mod);
				invfact[i] = (int)((long)invfact[i - 1] * inv[i] % mod);
			}
		}

		public ModInteger create() {
			return create(0);
		}

		public ModInteger create(int n) {
			return new ModInt(n);
		}

		private class ModInt extends ModInteger {

			private static final long serialVersionUID = -2435281861935422575L;

			public ModInt(int n) {
				super(mod, n);
			}

			@Override
			protected int inverse(int n) {
				return ModUtility.this.inverse(n);
			}
		}

		public int inverse(int n) {
			try {
				if (inv.length > n) return inv[n];
				int m = mod, u = 0, v = 1, t;
				while(n != 0) {
					t = m / n;
					m -= t * n;
					u -= t * v;
					if (m != 0) {
						t = n / m;
						n -= t * m;
						v -= t * u;
					} else {
						v %= mod;
						if (v < 0) v += mod;
						return v;
					}
				}
				u %= mod;
				if (u < 0) u += mod;
				return u;
			} catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
				throw new IllegalArgumentException();
			}
		}

		public int factorial(int n) {
			try {
				if (fact.length > n) return fact[n];
				long ret = fact[fact.length - 1];
				for (int i = fact.length;i <= n;++ i) ret = ret * i % mod;
				return (int)ret;
			} catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
				throw new IllegalArgumentException();
			}
		}

		public int permutation(int n, int k) {
			if (k < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
			if (n < k) return 0;
			if (fact.length > n) return (int)((long)fact[n] * invfact[n - k] % mod);
			long ret = 1;
			for (int i = n - k + 1;i <= n;++ i) ret = ret * i % mod;
			return (int)ret;
		}

		public int combination(int n, int k) {
			if (k < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
			if (n < k) return 0;
			if (fact.length > n) return (int)((long)fact[n] * invfact[k] % mod * invfact[n - k] % mod);
			long ret = 1;
			if (n < 2 * k) k = n - k;
			if (invfact.length > k) ret = invfact[k];
			else ret = inverse(factorial(k));
			for (int i = n - k + 1;i <= n;++ i) ret = ret * i % mod;
			return (int)ret;
		}

		public int multinomial(int n, int... k) {
			int sum = 0;
			for (int i : k) sum += i;
			long ret = factorial(n);
			if (fact.length > n) {
				for (int i : k) {
					if (i < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
					ret = ret * invfact[i] % mod;
					sum += i;
				}
				if (sum > n) return 0;
				ret = ret * invfact[n - sum] % mod;
			} else {
				for (int i : k) {
					if (i < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
					if (invfact.length > i) ret = ret * invfact[i] % mod;
					else ret = ret * inverse(factorial(i)) % mod;
					sum += i;
				}
				if (sum > n) return 0;
				if (invfact.length > n - sum) ret = ret * invfact[n - sum] % mod;
				else ret = ret * inverse(factorial(n - sum)) % mod;
			}
			return (int)ret;
		}

		public int multichoose(int n, int k) {
			return combination(mod(n + k - 1), k);
		}

		public int catalan(int n) {
			return divide(combination(mod(2 * n), n), mod(n + 1));
		}

		public int pow(int n, int m) {
			long ans = 1, num = n;
			if (m < 0) {
				m = -m;
				while (m != 0) {
					if ((m & 1) != 0) ans = ans * num % mod;
					m >>>= 1;
			num = num * num % mod;
				}
				return inverse((int)ans);
			}
			while (m != 0) {
				if ((m & 1) != 0) ans = ans * num % mod;
				m >>>= 1;
			num = num * num % mod;
			}
			return (int)ans;
		}

		public int pow(long n, long m) {
			return pow((int)(n % mod), (int)(m % (mod - 1)));
		}

		public int totient() {
			return totient;
		}

		public boolean isPrime() {
			return totient == mod - 1;
		}

		public int mod(int n) {
			return (n %= mod) < 0 ? n + mod : n;
		}

		public int mod(long n) {
			return (int)((n %= mod) < 0 ? n + mod : n);
		}

		public int add(int n, int m) {
			return mod(n + m);
		}

		public int add(long n, long m) {
			return mod(n + m);
		}

		public int subtract(int n, int m) {
			return mod(n - m);
		}

		public int subtract(long n, long m) {
			return mod(n - m);
		}

		public int multiply(int n, int m) {
			int ans = (int)((long)n * m % mod);
			return ans < 0 ? ans + mod : ans;
		}

		public int multiply(long n, long m) {
			return multiply(mod(n), mod(m));
		}

		public int divide(int n, int m) {
			return multiply(n, inverse(mod(m)));
		}

		public int divide(long n, long m) {
			return multiply(n, inverse(mod(m)));
		}

		public ModInteger lagrangePolynomial(ModInteger[] f, int x) {
			if (f.length > x) return f[x];
			if (x > fact.length) precalc(x);
			ModInteger ret = create(0);
			ModInteger[] dp = new ModInteger[f.length], dp2 = new ModInteger[f.length];
			dp[0] = create(1);
			dp2[f.length - 1] = create(1);
			for (int i = 1;i < f.length;++ i) {
				dp[i] = dp[i - 1].multiply(x - i - 1);
				dp2[f.length - i - 1] = dp2[f.length - i].multiply(x - f.length + i);
			}
			for (int i = 0;i < f.length;++ i) {
				ModInteger tmp = f[i].multiply(dp[i]).multiplyEqual(dp2[i]).multiplyEqual(inv[i]).multiplyEqual(inv[f.length - 1 - i]);
				if ((f.length - i & 1) == 0) ret.addEqual(tmp);
				else ret.subtractEqual(tmp);
			}
			return ret;
		}
	}

	public static class AbstractArray<T> extends AbstractList<T> implements RandomAccess{

		private final Object[] array;

		public AbstractArray(int size) {
			array = new Object[size];
		}

		public AbstractArray(T[] array) {
			this(array.length);
			System.arraycopy(array, 0, this.array, 0, array.length);
		}

		@Override
		public T set(int index, T element) {
			T ret = get(index);
			array[index] = element;
			return ret;
		}

		@Override
		public T get(int index) {
			@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
			T ret = (T)array[index];
			return ret;
		}

		public Object[] get() {
			return array;
		}

		public T[] get(T[] array) {
			if (array.length < this.array.length) {
				@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
				T[] ret  = (T[])Arrays.copyOfRange(this.array, 0, this.array.length, array.getClass());
				return ret;
			}
			System.arraycopy(this.array, 0, array, 0, this.array.length);
			return array;
		}

		@Override
		public int size() {
			return array.length;
		}

		public int length() {
			return size();
		}

		@Override
		public int hashCode() {
			return Arrays.hashCode(array);
		}

		private class Iter implements Iterator<T> {
			private int index;

			private Iter() {
				index = 0;
			}

			@Override
			public boolean hasNext() {
				return index < array.length;
			}

			@Override
			public T next() {
				return get(index++);
			}

			@Override
			public void remove() {
				throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
			}
		}

		@Override
		public Iterator<T> iterator() {
			return new Iter();
		}
	}

	public static class Array<T> extends AbstractArray<T> implements Serializable{

		private static final long serialVersionUID = 2749604433067098063L;

		public Array(int size) {
			super(size);
		}

		public Array(T[] array) {
			super(array);
		}

		public T front() {
			return get(0);
		}

		public T back() {
			return get(size() - 1);
		}
	}

	public static abstract class Enumeration<V> implements Iterator<Enumeration.Entry<V>>, Iterable<Enumeration.Entry<V>> {

		public static class Entry<V> {
			public final int index;
			public final V value;

			public Entry(int index, V value) {
				this.index = index;
				this.value = value;
			}

			public int getIndex() {
				return index;
			}

			public V getValue() {
				return value;
			}

			@Override
			public String toString() {
				return index + ":" + value.toString();
			}
		}

		@Override
		public Iterator<Entry<V>> iterator() {
			return this;
		}

		public static <V> Enumeration<V> create(V[] array) {
			return new EnumerationArray<>(array);
		}

		public static <V> Enumeration<V> create(Collection<? extends V> collection) {
			return new EnumerationCollection<>(collection);
		}

		private static class EnumerationArray<V> extends Enumeration<V> {
			private int index;
			private final V[] array;

			public EnumerationArray(V[] array) {
				index = 0;
				this.array = array;
			}
			@Override
			public boolean hasNext() {
				return index != array.length;
			}

			@Override
			public Entry<V> next() {
				Entry<V> ret = new Entry<>(index, array[index]);
				++ index;
				return ret;
			}
		}

		private static class EnumerationCollection<V> extends Enumeration<V> {
			private int index;
			private final Iterator<? extends V> iterator;

			public EnumerationCollection(Collection<? extends V> collection) {
				index = 0;
				iterator = collection.iterator();
			}
			@Override
			public boolean hasNext() {
				return iterator.hasNext();
			}

			@Override
			public Entry<V> next() {
				Entry<V> ret = new Entry<>(index, iterator.next());
				++ index;
				return ret;
			}
		}
	}
}
