A sequence of non-negative integers a_1, a_2, ..., a_n is called growing if for all i from 1 to n - 1 all ones (of binary representation) in a_i are in the places of ones (of binary representation) in a_{i + 1} (in other words, a_i \:\&\: a_{i + 1} = a_i, where \& denotes [bitwise AND](http://tiny.cc/xpy9uz)). If n = 1 then the sequence is considered growing as well.

For example, the following four sequences are growing: 

  * [2, 3, 15, 175] — in binary it's [10_2, 11_2, 1111_2, 10101111_2]; 
  * [5] — in binary it's [101_2]; 
  * [1, 3, 7, 15] — in binary it's [1_2, 11_2, 111_2, 1111_2]; 
  * [0, 0, 0] — in binary it's [0_2, 0_2, 0_2]. 



The following three sequences are non-growing: 

  * [3, 4, 5] — in binary it's [11_2, 100_2, 101_2]; 
  * [5, 4, 3] — in binary it's [101_2, 100_2, 011_2]; 
  * [1, 2, 4, 8] — in binary it's [0001_2, 0010_2, 0100_2, 1000_2]. 



Consider two sequences of non-negative integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n and y_1, y_2, ..., y_n. Let's call this pair of sequences co-growing if the sequence x_1 ⊕ y_1, x_2 ⊕ y_2, ..., x_n ⊕ y_n is growing where ⊕ denotes [bitwise XOR](http://tiny.cc/bry9uz).

You are given a sequence of integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n. Find the lexicographically minimal sequence y_1, y_2, ..., y_n such that sequences x_i and y_i are co-growing.

The sequence a_1, a_2, ..., a_n is lexicographically smaller than the sequence b_1, b_2, ..., b_n if there exists 1 ≤ k ≤ n such that a_i = b_i for any 1 ≤ i < k but a_k < b_k.

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4). Then t test cases follow.

The first line of each test case contains an integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — length of the sequence x_i.

The second line contains n integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n (0 ≤ x_i < 2^{30}) — elements of the sequence x_i.

It is guaranteed that the sum of n overall all test cases doesn't exceed 2 ⋅ 10^5.

Output

For each test case, print n integers y_1, y_2, ..., y_n (0 ≤ y_i < 2^{30}) — lexicographically minimal sequence such that such that it's co-growing with given sequence x_i.

Example

Input


5
4
1 3 7 15
4
1 2 4 8
5
1 2 3 4 5
4
11 13 15 1
1
0


Output


0 0 0 0 
0 1 3 7 
0 1 0 3 2 
0 2 0 14 
0 
import static java.lang.Math.max;
import static java.lang.Math.min;
import static java.lang.Math.abs;
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;

public class A
{
    static int n;
    static long[] arr;
    static char[] s;
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
    {
        f = new Flash();
        out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
        
        int T = ni();
        for(int tc = 1; tc <= T; tc++){
        	n = ni(); arr = new long[n];
        	for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        		arr[i] = nl();
        	}
        	
        	fn();
        }
        
        out.flush(); out.close();
    }
    
    static void fn()
    {
        long[] ans = new long[n];
        long[] num = new long[n];
        ans[0] = 0; num[0] = arr[0];
        for(int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
        	num[i] = arr[i]|num[i-1];
        	long x = 0;
        	for(int j = 0; j < 63; j++) {
        		long mask = 1L<<j;
        		if((num[i]&mask) > 0 && (arr[i]&mask) == 0) x |= mask;
        	}
        	
        	ans[i] = x;
        }
        
        print(ans);
    }
    
    static Flash f;
    static PrintWriter out;
    static final long mod = (long)1e9+7;
    static final long inf = (long)1e18;
    static final int _inf = (int)1e9;
    static final int maxN = (int)1e6;
    static long[] fact, inv;
    
    static class cpr implements Comparator<int[]>{
    	public int compare(int[] a, int[] b) {
    		return Integer.compare(a[0], b[0]);
    	}
    }
    
    static void sort(int[] a){
        List<Integer> A = new ArrayList<>();
        for(int i : a) A.add(i);
        Collections.sort(A);
        for(int i = 0; i < A.size(); i++) a[i] = A.get(i);
    }
    
    static void sort(long[] a){
        List<Long> A = new ArrayList<>();
        for(long i : a) A.add(i);
        Collections.sort(A);
        for(int i = 0; i < A.size(); i++) a[i] = A.get(i);
    }
    
    static void print(int[] a){
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        for(int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) sb.append(a[i] + " ");
        sop(sb);
    }
    
    static void print(long[] a){
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        for(int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) sb.append(a[i] + " ");
        sop(sb);
    }
    
    static int swap(int itself, int dummy){return itself;}
    static long swap(long itself, long dummy){return itself;}
    static char swap(char itself, char dummy){return itself;}
    static void sop(Object o){out.println(o);}
    static int ni(){return f.ni();}
    static long nl(){return f.nl();}
    static double nd(){return f.nd();}
    static String next(){return f.next();}
    static String ns(){return f.ns();}
    static String yes = "YES", no = "NO";
    static char[] nc(){return f.nc();}
    static int[] arr(int len){return f.arr(len);}
    static int gcd(int a, int b){if(b == 0) return a; return gcd(b, a%b);}
    static long gcd(long a, long b){if(b == 0) return a; return gcd(b, a%b);}
    static int fcm(int a, int b){return (a*b)/gcd(a, b);}
    static long fcm(long a, long b){return (a*b)/gcd(a, b);}
    static double log2(long N) {return Math.log(N) / Math.log(2);}
    static void debug(int[] a) {sop(Arrays.toString(a));}
    
    static class Flash
    {
        BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
        StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer("");
        
        String next(){
            while(!st.hasMoreTokens()){
                try{
                    st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
                }catch(IOException e){
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            
            return st.nextToken();
        }
        
        String ns(){
            String s = new String();
            try{
                s = br.readLine().trim();
            }catch(IOException e){
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            
            return s;
        }
        
        int[] arr(int n){
            int[] a = new int[n];
            for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) a[i] = ni();
            return a;
        }
        
        char[] nc(){return ns().toCharArray();}
        int ni(){return Integer.parseInt(next());}
        long nl(){return Long.parseLong(next());}
        double nd(){return Double.parseDouble(next());}
    }
}