A sequence of non-negative integers a_1, a_2, ..., a_n is called growing if for all i from 1 to n - 1 all ones (of binary representation) in a_i are in the places of ones (of binary representation) in a_{i + 1} (in other words, a_i \:\&\: a_{i + 1} = a_i, where \& denotes [bitwise AND](http://tiny.cc/xpy9uz)). If n = 1 then the sequence is considered growing as well.

For example, the following four sequences are growing: 

  * [2, 3, 15, 175] — in binary it's [10_2, 11_2, 1111_2, 10101111_2]; 
  * [5] — in binary it's [101_2]; 
  * [1, 3, 7, 15] — in binary it's [1_2, 11_2, 111_2, 1111_2]; 
  * [0, 0, 0] — in binary it's [0_2, 0_2, 0_2]. 



The following three sequences are non-growing: 

  * [3, 4, 5] — in binary it's [11_2, 100_2, 101_2]; 
  * [5, 4, 3] — in binary it's [101_2, 100_2, 011_2]; 
  * [1, 2, 4, 8] — in binary it's [0001_2, 0010_2, 0100_2, 1000_2]. 



Consider two sequences of non-negative integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n and y_1, y_2, ..., y_n. Let's call this pair of sequences co-growing if the sequence x_1 ⊕ y_1, x_2 ⊕ y_2, ..., x_n ⊕ y_n is growing where ⊕ denotes [bitwise XOR](http://tiny.cc/bry9uz).

You are given a sequence of integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n. Find the lexicographically minimal sequence y_1, y_2, ..., y_n such that sequences x_i and y_i are co-growing.

The sequence a_1, a_2, ..., a_n is lexicographically smaller than the sequence b_1, b_2, ..., b_n if there exists 1 ≤ k ≤ n such that a_i = b_i for any 1 ≤ i < k but a_k < b_k.

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4). Then t test cases follow.

The first line of each test case contains an integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — length of the sequence x_i.

The second line contains n integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n (0 ≤ x_i < 2^{30}) — elements of the sequence x_i.

It is guaranteed that the sum of n overall all test cases doesn't exceed 2 ⋅ 10^5.

Output

For each test case, print n integers y_1, y_2, ..., y_n (0 ≤ y_i < 2^{30}) — lexicographically minimal sequence such that such that it's co-growing with given sequence x_i.

Example

Input


5
4
1 3 7 15
4
1 2 4 8
5
1 2 3 4 5
4
11 13 15 1
1
0


Output


0 0 0 0 
0 1 3 7 
0 1 0 3 2 
0 2 0 14 
0 
// package codeforce.cf731;

import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.*;

public class D {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
        PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(System.out);
        int t = sc.nextInt();
//        int t = 1;
        for (int i = 0; i < t; i++) {
            solve(sc, pw);
        }
        pw.close();
    }

    static void solve(Scanner in, PrintWriter out){
        int n = in.nextInt();
        int[] arr = new int[n];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            arr[i] = in.nextInt();
        }
        List<Integer> ans = new ArrayList<>();
        int start = arr[0];
        ans.add(0);
        for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
            int val = 0;
            for (int j = 0; j < 30; j++) {
                if (((start | (1 << j)) == start) && ((arr[i] | (1 << j)) != arr[i])){
                    val += (1 << j);
                }
            }
            ans.add(val);
            start = (arr[i] ^ val);
        }
        for(int x : ans){
            out.print(x+" ");
        }
        out.println();
    }

    // Use this instead of Arrays.sort() on an array of ints. Arrays.sort() is n^2
    // worst case since it uses a version of quicksort. Although this would never
    // actually show up in the real world, in codeforces, people can hack, so
    // this is needed.
    static void ruffleSort(int[] a) {
        //ruffle
        int n=a.length;
        Random r=new Random();
        for (int i=0; i<a.length; i++) {
            int oi=r.nextInt(n), temp=a[i];
            a[i]=a[oi];
            a[oi]=temp;
        }

        //then sort
        Arrays.sort(a);
    }

}
