A sequence of non-negative integers a_1, a_2, ..., a_n is called growing if for all i from 1 to n - 1 all ones (of binary representation) in a_i are in the places of ones (of binary representation) in a_{i + 1} (in other words, a_i \:\&\: a_{i + 1} = a_i, where \& denotes [bitwise AND](http://tiny.cc/xpy9uz)). If n = 1 then the sequence is considered growing as well.

For example, the following four sequences are growing: 

  * [2, 3, 15, 175] — in binary it's [10_2, 11_2, 1111_2, 10101111_2]; 
  * [5] — in binary it's [101_2]; 
  * [1, 3, 7, 15] — in binary it's [1_2, 11_2, 111_2, 1111_2]; 
  * [0, 0, 0] — in binary it's [0_2, 0_2, 0_2]. 



The following three sequences are non-growing: 

  * [3, 4, 5] — in binary it's [11_2, 100_2, 101_2]; 
  * [5, 4, 3] — in binary it's [101_2, 100_2, 011_2]; 
  * [1, 2, 4, 8] — in binary it's [0001_2, 0010_2, 0100_2, 1000_2]. 



Consider two sequences of non-negative integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n and y_1, y_2, ..., y_n. Let's call this pair of sequences co-growing if the sequence x_1 ⊕ y_1, x_2 ⊕ y_2, ..., x_n ⊕ y_n is growing where ⊕ denotes [bitwise XOR](http://tiny.cc/bry9uz).

You are given a sequence of integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n. Find the lexicographically minimal sequence y_1, y_2, ..., y_n such that sequences x_i and y_i are co-growing.

The sequence a_1, a_2, ..., a_n is lexicographically smaller than the sequence b_1, b_2, ..., b_n if there exists 1 ≤ k ≤ n such that a_i = b_i for any 1 ≤ i < k but a_k < b_k.

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4). Then t test cases follow.

The first line of each test case contains an integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — length of the sequence x_i.

The second line contains n integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n (0 ≤ x_i < 2^{30}) — elements of the sequence x_i.

It is guaranteed that the sum of n overall all test cases doesn't exceed 2 ⋅ 10^5.

Output

For each test case, print n integers y_1, y_2, ..., y_n (0 ≤ y_i < 2^{30}) — lexicographically minimal sequence such that such that it's co-growing with given sequence x_i.

Example

Input


5
4
1 3 7 15
4
1 2 4 8
5
1 2 3 4 5
4
11 13 15 1
1
0


Output


0 0 0 0 
0 1 3 7 
0 1 0 3 2 
0 2 0 14 
0 
import java.util.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.math.BigInteger;

import java.io.*;

public class Main implements Runnable {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new Thread(null, new Main(), "whatever", 1 << 26).start();
    }


    private FastScanner sc;
    private PrintWriter pw;

    public void run() {
        try {
            // pw = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("output.txt")));
            // sc = new FastScanner(new BufferedReader(new FileReader("input.txt")));
            pw = new PrintWriter(System.out);
            sc = new FastScanner(new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)));
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new RuntimeException();
        }
        int t = sc.nextInt();
        // int t = 1;
        while (t-- > 0) {
            // sc.nextLine();
            solve();
        }
        pw.close();
    }

    public long mod = 1_000_000_007;


    public void solve() {
        int n = sc.nextInt();

        int[] arr = new int[n];

        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            arr[i] = sc.nextInt();
        }

        ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
        list.add(0);
        for (int z = 1; z < n; z++) {
            int ans = 0;
            char[] prev = Integer.toBinaryString(arr[z - 1]).toCharArray();
            char[] s = Integer.toBinaryString(arr[z]).toCharArray();

            for (int i = prev.length - 1, j = s.length - 1, q = 0; i >= 0; i--, j--, q++) {
                if (j >= 0 && s[j] != '1' && prev[i] == '1') {
                    ans += Math.pow(2, q);
                } else if (j < 0 && prev[i] == '1') {
                    ans += Math.pow(2, q);
                }
            }
            arr[z] = arr[z] | ans;
            list.add(ans);
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            pw.print(list.get(i) + " ");
        }
        pw.println();
    }







    class FastScanner {
        private BufferedReader reader = null;
        private StringTokenizer tokenizer = null;

        public FastScanner(BufferedReader bf) {
            reader = bf;
            tokenizer = null;
        }

        public String next() {
            if (tokenizer == null || !tokenizer.hasMoreTokens()) {
                try {
                    tokenizer = new StringTokenizer(reader.readLine());
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
                }
            }
            return tokenizer.nextToken();
        }

        public String nextLine() {
            if (tokenizer == null || !tokenizer.hasMoreTokens()) {
                try {
                    return reader.readLine();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
                }
            }
            return tokenizer.nextToken("\n");
        }

        public long nextLong() {
            return Long.parseLong(next());
        }

        public int nextInt() {
            return Integer.parseInt(next());
        }

        public double nextDouble() {
            return Double.parseDouble(next());
        }

        public float nextFloat() {
            return Float.parseFloat(next());
        }

        public int[] nextIntArray(int n) {
            int[] a = new int[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                a[i] = nextInt();
            }
            return a;
        }

        public String[] nextStringArray(int n) {
            String[] a = new String[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                a[i] = next();
            }
            return a;
        }

        public long[] nextLongArray(int n) {
            long[] a = new long[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                a[i] = nextLong();
            }
            return a;
        }

    }
}
