A sequence of non-negative integers a_1, a_2, ..., a_n is called growing if for all i from 1 to n - 1 all ones (of binary representation) in a_i are in the places of ones (of binary representation) in a_{i + 1} (in other words, a_i \:\&\: a_{i + 1} = a_i, where \& denotes [bitwise AND](http://tiny.cc/xpy9uz)). If n = 1 then the sequence is considered growing as well.

For example, the following four sequences are growing: 

  * [2, 3, 15, 175] — in binary it's [10_2, 11_2, 1111_2, 10101111_2]; 
  * [5] — in binary it's [101_2]; 
  * [1, 3, 7, 15] — in binary it's [1_2, 11_2, 111_2, 1111_2]; 
  * [0, 0, 0] — in binary it's [0_2, 0_2, 0_2]. 



The following three sequences are non-growing: 

  * [3, 4, 5] — in binary it's [11_2, 100_2, 101_2]; 
  * [5, 4, 3] — in binary it's [101_2, 100_2, 011_2]; 
  * [1, 2, 4, 8] — in binary it's [0001_2, 0010_2, 0100_2, 1000_2]. 



Consider two sequences of non-negative integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n and y_1, y_2, ..., y_n. Let's call this pair of sequences co-growing if the sequence x_1 ⊕ y_1, x_2 ⊕ y_2, ..., x_n ⊕ y_n is growing where ⊕ denotes [bitwise XOR](http://tiny.cc/bry9uz).

You are given a sequence of integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n. Find the lexicographically minimal sequence y_1, y_2, ..., y_n such that sequences x_i and y_i are co-growing.

The sequence a_1, a_2, ..., a_n is lexicographically smaller than the sequence b_1, b_2, ..., b_n if there exists 1 ≤ k ≤ n such that a_i = b_i for any 1 ≤ i < k but a_k < b_k.

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4). Then t test cases follow.

The first line of each test case contains an integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — length of the sequence x_i.

The second line contains n integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n (0 ≤ x_i < 2^{30}) — elements of the sequence x_i.

It is guaranteed that the sum of n overall all test cases doesn't exceed 2 ⋅ 10^5.

Output

For each test case, print n integers y_1, y_2, ..., y_n (0 ≤ y_i < 2^{30}) — lexicographically minimal sequence such that such that it's co-growing with given sequence x_i.

Example

Input


5
4
1 3 7 15
4
1 2 4 8
5
1 2 3 4 5
4
11 13 15 1
1
0


Output


0 0 0 0 
0 1 3 7 
0 1 0 3 2 
0 2 0 14 
0 

import java.util.*;
import java.util.Map.Entry;
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.math.BigInteger;


public class CF {
	private static FS sc = new FS();
	
	private static class FS {
		BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
		StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer("");
		String next() {
			while (!st.hasMoreTokens())
				try {
					st=new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());				               
	            } catch (IOException e) {}
			return st.nextToken();
		}
		
		int nextInt() {
			return Integer.parseInt(next());
		}
		long nextLong() {
			return Long.parseLong(next());
		}
	}
	
	private static class extra {
		
		static int[] intArr(int size) {
			int[] a = new int[size];
			for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) a[i] = sc.nextInt();
			return a;
		}
		
		static long[] longArr(int size) {
			long[] a = new long[size];
			for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) a[i] = sc.nextLong();
			return a;
		}
		
		static long intSum(int[] a) {
			long sum = 0; 
			for(int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) {
				sum += a[i];
			}
			return sum;
		}
		
		static long longSum(long[] a) {
			long sum = 0; 
			for(int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) {
				sum += a[i];
			}
			return sum;
		}
		
		static LinkedList[] graphD(int vertices, int edges) {
			LinkedList<Integer>[] temp = new LinkedList[vertices+1];
			for(int i = 0; i <= vertices; i++) temp[i] = new LinkedList<>();
			for(int i = 0; i < edges; i++) {
				int x = sc.nextInt();
				int y = sc.nextInt();
				temp[x].add(y);
			}
			return temp;
		}
		
		static LinkedList[] graphUD(int vertices, int edges) {
			LinkedList<Integer>[] temp = new LinkedList[vertices+1];
			for(int i = 0; i <= vertices; i++) temp[i] = new LinkedList<>();
			for(int i = 0; i < edges; i++) {
				int x = sc.nextInt();
				int y = sc.nextInt();
				temp[x].add(y);
				temp[y].add(x);
			}
			return temp;
		}
		
		static void printG(LinkedList[] temp) {
			for(LinkedList<Integer> aa:temp) System.out.println(aa);
		}
		
		static long cal(long val, long pow) {
			if(pow == 0) return 1;
			long res = cal(val, pow/2);
			
//			long ret = (res*res)%mod;
//			if(pow%2 == 0) return ret;
//			return (val*ret)%mod;
			long ret = res*res;
			if(pow%2 == 0) return ret;
			return val*ret;
		}
		
		static long gcd(long a, long b) { return b == 0 ? a:gcd(b, a%b); }
		
	}
	
	static int mod = (int) 1e9 + 9;
//	static int mod = (int) 998244353;
	static int max = (int) 1e7+1;
//	static LinkedList<Integer>[] temp;
	
	public static void main(String[] args) {	
		int t = sc.nextInt();
//		int t = 1;
		StringBuilder ret = new StringBuilder();
		while(t-- > 0) {
			int n = sc.nextInt();
			int[] a = extra.intArr(n);
			int[] fin = new int[n];
			int xor = a[0];
			for(int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
				int cur = a[i-1]&a[i];
				int req = xor-cur;
				fin[i] = req;
				xor = a[i]^fin[i];
				a[i] = xor;
			}
			for(int aa:fin) ret.append(aa + " ");
			ret.append("\n");
		}
		System.out.println(ret);
	}
}