A sequence of non-negative integers a_1, a_2, ..., a_n is called growing if for all i from 1 to n - 1 all ones (of binary representation) in a_i are in the places of ones (of binary representation) in a_{i + 1} (in other words, a_i \:\&\: a_{i + 1} = a_i, where \& denotes [bitwise AND](http://tiny.cc/xpy9uz)). If n = 1 then the sequence is considered growing as well.

For example, the following four sequences are growing: 

  * [2, 3, 15, 175] — in binary it's [10_2, 11_2, 1111_2, 10101111_2]; 
  * [5] — in binary it's [101_2]; 
  * [1, 3, 7, 15] — in binary it's [1_2, 11_2, 111_2, 1111_2]; 
  * [0, 0, 0] — in binary it's [0_2, 0_2, 0_2]. 



The following three sequences are non-growing: 

  * [3, 4, 5] — in binary it's [11_2, 100_2, 101_2]; 
  * [5, 4, 3] — in binary it's [101_2, 100_2, 011_2]; 
  * [1, 2, 4, 8] — in binary it's [0001_2, 0010_2, 0100_2, 1000_2]. 



Consider two sequences of non-negative integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n and y_1, y_2, ..., y_n. Let's call this pair of sequences co-growing if the sequence x_1 ⊕ y_1, x_2 ⊕ y_2, ..., x_n ⊕ y_n is growing where ⊕ denotes [bitwise XOR](http://tiny.cc/bry9uz).

You are given a sequence of integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n. Find the lexicographically minimal sequence y_1, y_2, ..., y_n such that sequences x_i and y_i are co-growing.

The sequence a_1, a_2, ..., a_n is lexicographically smaller than the sequence b_1, b_2, ..., b_n if there exists 1 ≤ k ≤ n such that a_i = b_i for any 1 ≤ i < k but a_k < b_k.

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4). Then t test cases follow.

The first line of each test case contains an integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — length of the sequence x_i.

The second line contains n integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n (0 ≤ x_i < 2^{30}) — elements of the sequence x_i.

It is guaranteed that the sum of n overall all test cases doesn't exceed 2 ⋅ 10^5.

Output

For each test case, print n integers y_1, y_2, ..., y_n (0 ≤ y_i < 2^{30}) — lexicographically minimal sequence such that such that it's co-growing with given sequence x_i.

Example

Input


5
4
1 3 7 15
4
1 2 4 8
5
1 2 3 4 5
4
11 13 15 1
1
0


Output


0 0 0 0 
0 1 3 7 
0 1 0 3 2 
0 2 0 14 
0 
import java.io.DataInputStream;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.AbstractMap;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Map.Entry;
import java.util.PriorityQueue;
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;

// Java Template Pramod Hosahalli...
@SuppressWarnings("unused")
public class Solution {

	static FastReader in = new FastReader();
	//static BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
	static long mod = (long)1e7;

	private static void go() throws Exception{
       int n = in.ni();
       int[] f = new int[n];
       for(int i = 0; i < n ; i++) f[i] = in.ni();

       print(0, "0 ");
       int val = f[0];
       for(int i = 1; i < n; i++){
            val = f[i] | val;
            print(0, (val - f[i]) + " ");
       }
       print(1, "");
	}


	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
		int t = in.ni();
        //int t = pi(in.readLine());
		for(int _i = 1; _i <= t; _i++){
			go();
		}
		in.close();
	}

	static long mul(long a, long b) {
		return ((a % mod) * (b % mod)) % mod;
	}

	static class FastReader {
		final private int BUFFER_SIZE = 1 << 16;
		private DataInputStream din;
		private byte[] buffer;
		private int bufferPointer, bytesRead;

		public FastReader() {
			din = new DataInputStream(System.in);
			buffer = new byte[BUFFER_SIZE];
			bufferPointer = bytesRead = 0;
		}

		public FastReader(String file_name) throws IOException {
			din = new DataInputStream(new FileInputStream(file_name));
			buffer = new byte[BUFFER_SIZE];
			bufferPointer = bytesRead = 0;
		}

		public String readLine() throws IOException {
			byte[] buf = new byte[64]; // line length
			int cnt = 0, c;
			while ((c = read()) != -1) {
				if (c == '\n') {
					if (cnt != 0) {
						break;
					} else {
						continue;
					}
				}
				buf[cnt++] = (byte) c;
			}
			return new String(buf, 0, cnt);
		}

		public int ni() throws IOException {
			int ret = 0;
			byte c = read();
			while (c <= ' ') {
				c = read();
			}
			boolean neg = (c == '-');
			if (neg)
				c = read();
			do {
				ret = ret * 10 + c - '0';
			} while ((c = read()) >= '0' && c <= '9');

			if (neg)
				return -ret;
			return ret;
		}

		public long nl() throws IOException {
			long ret = 0;
			byte c = read();
			while (c <= ' ')
				c = read();
			boolean neg = (c == '-');
			if (neg)
				c = read();
			do {
				ret = ret * 10 + c - '0';
			} while ((c = read()) >= '0' && c <= '9');
			if (neg)
				return -ret;
			return ret;
		}

		public double nd() throws IOException {
			double ret = 0, div = 1;
			byte c = read();
			while (c <= ' ')
				c = read();
			boolean neg = (c == '-');
			if (neg)
				c = read();

			do {
				ret = ret * 10 + c - '0';
			} while ((c = read()) >= '0' && c <= '9');

			if (c == '.') {
				while ((c = read()) >= '0' && c <= '9') {
					ret += (c - '0') / (div *= 10);
				}
			}

			if (neg)
				return -ret;
			return ret;
		}

		private void fillBuffer() throws IOException {
			bytesRead = din.read(buffer, bufferPointer = 0, BUFFER_SIZE);
			if (bytesRead == -1)
				buffer[0] = -1;
		}

		private byte read() throws IOException {
			if (bufferPointer == bytesRead)
				fillBuffer();
			return buffer[bufferPointer++];
		}

		public void close() throws IOException {
			if (din == null)
				return;
			din.close();
		}
	}

	static String rl() throws Exception{
		return in.readLine();
	}

	static int pi(String s) {
		return Integer.parseInt(s);
	}

	static long pl(String s) {
		return Long.parseLong(s);
	}

	static void print(int newline, String s) {
		System.out.print(s);
		if (newline != 0)
			System.out.println();
		// System.out.flush();
	}

	static void cprint(int x) {
		print(0, "Case #" + x + ": ");
	}
}
