A sequence of non-negative integers a_1, a_2, ..., a_n is called growing if for all i from 1 to n - 1 all ones (of binary representation) in a_i are in the places of ones (of binary representation) in a_{i + 1} (in other words, a_i \:\&\: a_{i + 1} = a_i, where \& denotes [bitwise AND](http://tiny.cc/xpy9uz)). If n = 1 then the sequence is considered growing as well.

For example, the following four sequences are growing: 

  * [2, 3, 15, 175] — in binary it's [10_2, 11_2, 1111_2, 10101111_2]; 
  * [5] — in binary it's [101_2]; 
  * [1, 3, 7, 15] — in binary it's [1_2, 11_2, 111_2, 1111_2]; 
  * [0, 0, 0] — in binary it's [0_2, 0_2, 0_2]. 



The following three sequences are non-growing: 

  * [3, 4, 5] — in binary it's [11_2, 100_2, 101_2]; 
  * [5, 4, 3] — in binary it's [101_2, 100_2, 011_2]; 
  * [1, 2, 4, 8] — in binary it's [0001_2, 0010_2, 0100_2, 1000_2]. 



Consider two sequences of non-negative integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n and y_1, y_2, ..., y_n. Let's call this pair of sequences co-growing if the sequence x_1 ⊕ y_1, x_2 ⊕ y_2, ..., x_n ⊕ y_n is growing where ⊕ denotes [bitwise XOR](http://tiny.cc/bry9uz).

You are given a sequence of integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n. Find the lexicographically minimal sequence y_1, y_2, ..., y_n such that sequences x_i and y_i are co-growing.

The sequence a_1, a_2, ..., a_n is lexicographically smaller than the sequence b_1, b_2, ..., b_n if there exists 1 ≤ k ≤ n such that a_i = b_i for any 1 ≤ i < k but a_k < b_k.

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4). Then t test cases follow.

The first line of each test case contains an integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — length of the sequence x_i.

The second line contains n integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n (0 ≤ x_i < 2^{30}) — elements of the sequence x_i.

It is guaranteed that the sum of n overall all test cases doesn't exceed 2 ⋅ 10^5.

Output

For each test case, print n integers y_1, y_2, ..., y_n (0 ≤ y_i < 2^{30}) — lexicographically minimal sequence such that such that it's co-growing with given sequence x_i.

Example

Input


5
4
1 3 7 15
4
1 2 4 8
5
1 2 3 4 5
4
11 13 15 1
1
0


Output


0 0 0 0 
0 1 3 7 
0 1 0 3 2 
0 2 0 14 
0 
import sys
import math
import heapq
import bisect
from collections import Counter
from collections import defaultdict
from io import BytesIO, IOBase
import string


class FastIO(IOBase):
    newlines = 0

    def __init__(self, file):
        import os
        self.os = os
        self._fd = file.fileno()
        self.buffer = BytesIO()
        self.writable = "x" in file.mode or "r" not in file.mode
        self.write = self.buffer.write if self.writable else None
        self.BUFSIZE = 8192

    def read(self):
        while True:
            b = self.os.read(self._fd, max(self.os.fstat(self._fd).st_size, self.BUFSIZE))
            if not b:
                break
            ptr = self.buffer.tell()
            self.buffer.seek(0, 2), self.buffer.write(b), self.buffer.seek(ptr)
        self.newlines = 0
        return self.buffer.read()

    def readline(self):
        while self.newlines == 0:
            b = self.os.read(self._fd, max(self.os.fstat(self._fd).st_size, self.BUFSIZE))
            self.newlines = b.count(b"\n") + (not b)
            ptr = self.buffer.tell()
            self.buffer.seek(0, 2), self.buffer.write(b), self.buffer.seek(ptr)
        self.newlines -= 1
        return self.buffer.readline()

    def flush(self):
        if self.writable:
            self.os.write(self._fd, self.buffer.getvalue())
            self.buffer.truncate(0), self.buffer.seek(0)


class IOWrapper(IOBase):
    def __init__(self, file):
        self.buffer = FastIO(file)
        self.flush = self.buffer.flush
        self.writable = self.buffer.writable
        self.write = lambda s: self.buffer.write(s.encode("ascii"))
        self.read = lambda: self.buffer.read().decode("ascii")
        self.readline = lambda: self.buffer.readline().decode("ascii")


sys.stdin, sys.stdout = IOWrapper(sys.stdin), IOWrapper(sys.stdout)
input = lambda: sys.stdin.readline().rstrip("\r\n")


def get_int():
    return int(input())


def get_ints():
    return list(map(int, input().split(' ')))


def get_int_grid(n):
    return [get_ints() for _ in range(n)]


def get_str():
    return input().strip()


def get_strs():
    return get_str().split(' ')


def flat_list(arr):
    return [item for subarr in arr for item in subarr]


def yes_no(b):
    if b:
        return "YES"
    else:
        return "NO"


def binary_search(good, left, right, delta=1, right_true=False):
    """
    Performs binary search
    ----------
    Parameters
    ----------
    :param good: Function used to perform the binary search
    :param left: Starting value of left limit
    :param right: Starting value of the right limit
    :param delta: Margin of error, defaults value of 1 for integer binary search
    :param right_true: Boolean, for whether the right limit is the true invariant
    :return: Returns the most extremal value interval [left, right] which is good function evaluates to True,
            alternatively returns False if no such value found
    """

    limits = [left, right]
    while limits[1] - limits[0] > delta:
        if delta == 1:
            mid = sum(limits) // 2
        else:
            mid = sum(limits) / 2
        if good(mid):
            limits[int(right_true)] = mid
        else:
            limits[int(~right_true)] = mid
    if good(limits[int(right_true)]):
        return limits[int(right_true)]
    else:
        return False


def prefix_sums(a):
    p = [0]
    for x in a:
        p.append(p[-1] + x)
    return p


def solve_a():
    _ = get_str()
    a = get_ints()
    b = get_ints()
    f = get_ints()
    z = 0
    if a[0] == b[0] == f[0] and (f[1] - a[1]) * (f[1] - b[1]) < 0:
        z = 2
    elif a[1] == b[1] == f[1] and (f[0] - a[0]) * (f[0] - b[0]) < 0:
        z = 2

    return abs(a[0] - b[0]) + abs(a[1] - b[1]) + z


def solve_b():
    s = get_str()
    n = len(s)
    a = list(string.ascii_lowercase)[:n]
    i, j = 0, n - 1
    while a:
        char = a.pop()
        if s[i] == char:
            i += 1
        elif s[j] == char:
            j -= 1
        else:
            return False
    return True


def solve_c():
    _ = get_str()
    k, n, m = get_ints()
    a = get_ints()
    b = get_ints()

    i, j = 0, 0
    r = []

    for _ in range(n + m):
        if i < n and a[i] <= k:
            r.append(a[i])
            if not a[i]:
                k += 1
            i += 1
        elif j < m and b[j] <= k:
            r.append(b[j])
            if not b[j]:
                k += 1
            j += 1
        else:
            return [-1]

    return r


def solve_d():
    n = get_int()
    x = get_ints()
    ans = [0]
    for i in range(1, n):
        tmp = ans[i - 1] ^ x[i - 1]
        new = tmp & ~(x[i])
        ans.append(new)
    return ans


t = get_int()
for _ in range(t):
    print(*solve_d())
