A sequence of non-negative integers a_1, a_2, ..., a_n is called growing if for all i from 1 to n - 1 all ones (of binary representation) in a_i are in the places of ones (of binary representation) in a_{i + 1} (in other words, a_i \:\&\: a_{i + 1} = a_i, where \& denotes [bitwise AND](http://tiny.cc/xpy9uz)). If n = 1 then the sequence is considered growing as well.

For example, the following four sequences are growing: 

  * [2, 3, 15, 175] — in binary it's [10_2, 11_2, 1111_2, 10101111_2]; 
  * [5] — in binary it's [101_2]; 
  * [1, 3, 7, 15] — in binary it's [1_2, 11_2, 111_2, 1111_2]; 
  * [0, 0, 0] — in binary it's [0_2, 0_2, 0_2]. 



The following three sequences are non-growing: 

  * [3, 4, 5] — in binary it's [11_2, 100_2, 101_2]; 
  * [5, 4, 3] — in binary it's [101_2, 100_2, 011_2]; 
  * [1, 2, 4, 8] — in binary it's [0001_2, 0010_2, 0100_2, 1000_2]. 



Consider two sequences of non-negative integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n and y_1, y_2, ..., y_n. Let's call this pair of sequences co-growing if the sequence x_1 ⊕ y_1, x_2 ⊕ y_2, ..., x_n ⊕ y_n is growing where ⊕ denotes [bitwise XOR](http://tiny.cc/bry9uz).

You are given a sequence of integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n. Find the lexicographically minimal sequence y_1, y_2, ..., y_n such that sequences x_i and y_i are co-growing.

The sequence a_1, a_2, ..., a_n is lexicographically smaller than the sequence b_1, b_2, ..., b_n if there exists 1 ≤ k ≤ n such that a_i = b_i for any 1 ≤ i < k but a_k < b_k.

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4). Then t test cases follow.

The first line of each test case contains an integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — length of the sequence x_i.

The second line contains n integers x_1, x_2, ..., x_n (0 ≤ x_i < 2^{30}) — elements of the sequence x_i.

It is guaranteed that the sum of n overall all test cases doesn't exceed 2 ⋅ 10^5.

Output

For each test case, print n integers y_1, y_2, ..., y_n (0 ≤ y_i < 2^{30}) — lexicographically minimal sequence such that such that it's co-growing with given sequence x_i.

Example

Input


5
4
1 3 7 15
4
1 2 4 8
5
1 2 3 4 5
4
11 13 15 1
1
0


Output


0 0 0 0 
0 1 3 7 
0 1 0 3 2 
0 2 0 14 
0 
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.*;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;

public class First {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        InputStream inputStream = System.in;
        OutputStream outputStream = System.out;
        InputReader in = new InputReader(inputStream);
        PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(outputStream);
        TaskA solver = new TaskA();
        //int a = 1;
        int t;
        t = in.nextInt();
        //t = 1;
        while (t > 0) {
            //out.print("Case #"+(a++)+": ");
            solver.call(in,out);
            t--;
        }
        out.close();

    }

    static class TaskA {
        public void call(InputReader in, PrintWriter out) {
            int n;
            n = in.nextInt();
            int[] arr = new int[n];
            int[] array = new int[n];

            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                arr[i] = in.nextInt();
            }
            int a, b;
            for (int i = 0; i < n-1; i++) {
                a = arr[i]^array[i];
                b = 0;
                for (int j = 0; j < 30; j++) {
                    if((a&(1<<j))>0){
                        if((arr[i+1] & (1<<j)) == 0){
                            b = b^(1<<j);
                        }
                    }

                }
                array[i+1] = b;
            }

            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                out.print(array[i]+" ");
            }
            out.println();
        }
    }

    static int gcd(int a, int b)
    {
        if (a == 0)
            return b;
        return gcd(b % a, a);
    }

    static int lcm(int a, int b)
    {
        return (a / gcd(a, b)) * b;
    }

    static class answer implements Comparable<answer>{
        int a;
        int b;

        public answer(int a, int b) {
            this.a = a;
            this.b = b;
        }

        @Override
        public int compareTo(answer o) {
            return o.a - this.a;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean equals(Object o){
            if(o instanceof answer){
                answer c = (answer)o;
                return a == c.a && b == c.b;
            }
            return false;
        }
    }

    static class answer1 implements Comparable<answer1>{
        int a, b, c;

        public answer1(int a, int b, int c) {
            this.a = a;
            this.b = b;
            this.c = c;

        }

        @Override
        public int compareTo(answer1 o) {
            if(o.c==this.c){
                return this.a - o.a;
            }
            return o.c - this.c;
        }
    }

    static long gcd(long a, long b)
    {
        if (b == 0)
            return a;
        return gcd(b, a % b);
    }

    static void sort(long[] a) {
        ArrayList<Long> l=new ArrayList<>();
        for (Long i:a) l.add(i);
        l.sort(Collections.reverseOrder());
        for (int i=0; i<a.length; i++) a[i]=l.get(i);
    }

    static final Random random=new Random();

    static void shuffleSort(int[] a) {
        int n=a.length;
        for (int i=0; i<n; i++) {
            int oi=random.nextInt(n), temp=a[oi];
            a[oi]=a[i]; a[i]=temp;
        }
        Arrays.sort(a);
    }

    static class InputReader {
        public BufferedReader reader;
        public StringTokenizer tokenizer;

        public InputReader(InputStream stream) {
            reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(stream), 32768);
            tokenizer = null;
        }

        public String next() {
            while (tokenizer == null || !tokenizer.hasMoreTokens()) {
                try {
                    tokenizer = new StringTokenizer(reader.readLine());
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
                }
            }
            return tokenizer.nextToken();
        }

        public int nextInt() {
            return Integer.parseInt(next());
        }
        public long nextLong(){
            return Long.parseLong(next());
        }
        public double nextDouble() {
            return Double.parseDouble(next());
        }

    }
}