Make @TransactionScoped thread safe (virtual and platform threads)
### Describe the bug

When a `@TransactionScoped` bean is accessed inside a transaction for a first time from 2 virtual threads started by the thread that started the transaction (e.g. StructuredTaskScope forks), a race condition can lead to two instances of the bean being created. The transaction context is properly propagated to the virtual threads by smallrye-context-propagation callable wrapping.

### Expected behavior

A reentrantlock is expected to be locked before line https://github.com/quarkusio/quarkus/blob/main/extensions/narayana-jta/runtime/src/main/java/io/quarkus/narayana/jta/runtime/context/TransactionContext.java#L110 and released after getting the  bean.

### Actual behavior

No locking is done in `TransactionalContext`, thus a race condition can create two beans

### How to Reproduce?

1. Define a `TransactionScoped` bean
2. Create another bean with a method with `@Transactional` annotation
3. Start 2 virtual threads from that method, e.g. using StrucuredTaskScope.fork(), with proper context propagation (smallrye)
4. From the 2 virtual threads, access a method on the `TransactionScoped` bean
5. Call the `@Transactional` method

Repeat a lot of times and watch for multiple bean creation per method call.

```java
@Inject TransactionScopedBean myBean;

@Transactional
public void foo() {
  try(var scope = new StrucuredTaskScope.ShutdownOnFailure()) {
    scope.fork(wrapWithContext(()->myBean.something())); // race condition may occur here
    scope.fork(wrapWithContext(()->myBean.something())); // race condition may occur here
    scope.join();
  }
}
```

### Output of `uname -a` or `ver`

all platforms

### Output of `java -version`

19

### GraalVM version (if different from Java)

_No response_

### Quarkus version or git rev

2.13.3.Final

### Build tool (ie. output of `mvnw --version` or `gradlew --version`)

all build tools

### Additional information

_No response_
diff --git a/extensions/narayana-jta/deployment/src/test/java/io/quarkus/narayana/quarkus/QuarkusTransactionTest.java b/extensions/narayana-jta/deployment/src/test/java/io/quarkus/narayana/quarkus/QuarkusTransactionTest.java
index 83b77c91ea8..b25237f4b2b 100644
--- a/extensions/narayana-jta/deployment/src/test/java/io/quarkus/narayana/quarkus/QuarkusTransactionTest.java
+++ b/extensions/narayana-jta/deployment/src/test/java/io/quarkus/narayana/quarkus/QuarkusTransactionTest.java
@@ -3,17 +3,24 @@
 import static io.quarkus.narayana.jta.QuarkusTransaction.beginOptions;
 import static io.quarkus.narayana.jta.QuarkusTransaction.runOptions;
 
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
 
 import javax.enterprise.context.ContextNotActiveException;
 import javax.enterprise.context.control.ActivateRequestContext;
+import javax.enterprise.inject.Produces;
 import javax.inject.Inject;
+import javax.inject.Singleton;
 import javax.transaction.RollbackException;
 import javax.transaction.Status;
 import javax.transaction.Synchronization;
 import javax.transaction.SystemException;
 import javax.transaction.TransactionManager;
+import javax.transaction.TransactionScoped;
 
+import org.eclipse.microprofile.context.ThreadContext;
 import org.jboss.shrinkwrap.api.ShrinkWrap;
 import org.jboss.shrinkwrap.api.spec.JavaArchive;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;
@@ -28,9 +35,17 @@
 
 public class QuarkusTransactionTest {
 
+    private static AtomicInteger counter = new AtomicInteger();
+
     @Inject
     TransactionManager transactionManager;
 
+    @Inject
+    ThreadContext threadContext;
+
+    @Inject
+    TransactionScopedTestBean testBean;
+
     @RegisterExtension
     static final QuarkusUnitTest config = new QuarkusUnitTest()
             .setArchiveProducer(() -> ShrinkWrap.create(JavaArchive.class));
@@ -224,6 +239,31 @@ public void testCallJoinExisting() throws SystemException {
         });
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void testConcurrentTransactionScopedBeanCreation() {
+        // 1. A Transaction is activated in a parent thread.
+        QuarkusTransaction.run(() -> {
+            ExecutorService executor = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
+            try {
+                // 2. The parent thread starts 2 child threads, and propagates the transaction.
+                // 3. The child threads access a @TransactionScoped bean concurrently,
+                //    which has resource intensive producer simulated by sleep.
+                var f1 = executor.submit(threadContext.contextualRunnable(() -> testBean.doWork()));
+                var f2 = executor.submit(threadContext.contextualRunnable(() -> testBean.doWork()));
+
+                f1.get();
+                f2.get();
+            } catch (Throwable e) {
+                throw new AssertionError("Should not have thrown", e);
+            } finally {
+                executor.shutdownNow();
+            }
+        });
+
+        // 4. The race condition is handled correctly, the bean is only created once.
+        Assertions.assertEquals(1, counter.get());
+    }
+
     TestSync register() {
         TestSync t = new TestSync();
         try {
@@ -249,4 +289,25 @@ public void afterCompletion(int status) {
         }
     }
 
+    static class TransactionScopedTestBean {
+        public void doWork() {
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Singleton
+    static class TransactionScopedTestBeanCreator {
+
+        @Produces
+        @TransactionScoped
+        TransactionScopedTestBean transactionScopedTestBean() {
+            try {
+                Thread.sleep(100);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+
+            }
+            counter.incrementAndGet();
+            return new TransactionScopedTestBean();
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/extensions/narayana-jta/runtime/src/main/java/io/quarkus/narayana/jta/runtime/context/TransactionContext.java b/extensions/narayana-jta/runtime/src/main/java/io/quarkus/narayana/jta/runtime/context/TransactionContext.java
index 9553ead1858..f8fe96f29ff 100644
--- a/extensions/narayana-jta/runtime/src/main/java/io/quarkus/narayana/jta/runtime/context/TransactionContext.java
+++ b/extensions/narayana-jta/runtime/src/main/java/io/quarkus/narayana/jta/runtime/context/TransactionContext.java
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
 import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
 import java.util.function.Supplier;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 
@@ -34,6 +36,8 @@ public class TransactionContext implements InjectableContext {
     // marker object to be put as a key for SynchronizationRegistry to gather all beans created in the scope
     private static final Object TRANSACTION_CONTEXT_MARKER = new Object();
 
+    private final Lock transactionLock = new ReentrantLock();
+
     private final LazyValue<TransactionSynchronizationRegistry> transactionSynchronizationRegistry = new LazyValue<>(
             new Supplier<TransactionSynchronizationRegistry>() {
                 @Override
@@ -107,26 +111,45 @@ public <T> T get(Contextual<T> contextual, CreationalContext<T> creationalContex
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Contextual parameter must not be null");
         }
 
+        TransactionSynchronizationRegistry registryInstance = transactionSynchronizationRegistry.get();
         TransactionContextState contextState;
-        contextState = (TransactionContextState) transactionSynchronizationRegistry.get()
-                .getResource(TRANSACTION_CONTEXT_MARKER);
 
-        if (contextState == null) {
-            contextState = new TransactionContextState(getCurrentTransaction());
-            transactionSynchronizationRegistry.get().putResource(TRANSACTION_CONTEXT_MARKER, contextState);
+        // Prevent concurrent contextState creation from multiple threads sharing the same transaction,
+        // since TransactionSynchronizationRegistry has no atomic compute if absent mechanism.
+        transactionLock.lock();
+
+        try {
+            contextState = (TransactionContextState) registryInstance.getResource(TRANSACTION_CONTEXT_MARKER);
+
+            if (contextState == null) {
+                contextState = new TransactionContextState(getCurrentTransaction());
+                registryInstance.putResource(TRANSACTION_CONTEXT_MARKER, contextState);
+            }
+
+        } finally {
+            transactionLock.unlock();
         }
 
         ContextInstanceHandle<T> instanceHandle = contextState.get(contextual);
         if (instanceHandle != null) {
             return instanceHandle.get();
         } else if (creationalContext != null) {
-            T createdInstance = contextual.create(creationalContext);
-            instanceHandle = new ContextInstanceHandleImpl<>((InjectableBean<T>) contextual, createdInstance,
-                    creationalContext);
-
-            contextState.put(contextual, instanceHandle);
+            Lock beanLock = contextState.getLock();
+            beanLock.lock();
+            try {
+                instanceHandle = contextState.get(contextual);
+                if (instanceHandle != null) {
+                    return instanceHandle.get();
+                }
 
-            return createdInstance;
+                T createdInstance = contextual.create(creationalContext);
+                instanceHandle = new ContextInstanceHandleImpl<>((InjectableBean<T>) contextual, createdInstance,
+                        creationalContext);
+                contextState.put(contextual, instanceHandle);
+                return createdInstance;
+            } finally {
+                beanLock.unlock();
+            }
         } else {
             return null;
         }
@@ -175,6 +198,8 @@ private Transaction getCurrentTransaction() {
      */
     private static class TransactionContextState implements ContextState, Synchronization {
 
+        private final Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
+
         private final ConcurrentMap<Contextual<?>, ContextInstanceHandle<?>> mapBeanToInstanceHandle = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
 
         TransactionContextState(Transaction transaction) {
@@ -246,5 +271,14 @@ public void beforeCompletion() {
         public void afterCompletion(int status) {
             this.destroy();
         }
+
+        /**
+         * Gets the lock associated with this ContextState for synchronization purposes
+         *
+         * @return the lock for this ContextState
+         */
+        public Lock getLock() {
+            return lock;
+        }
     }
 }
['extensions/narayana-jta/runtime/src/main/java/io/quarkus/narayana/jta/runtime/context/TransactionContext.java', 'extensions/narayana-jta/deployment/src/test/java/io/quarkus/narayana/quarkus/QuarkusTransactionTest.java']