jax_debug_nans interaction with buffer donation
When we set `jax_debug_nans`, we might try to re-run jitted computations. But if those jitted computations involve buffer donation, then we'll get a low-level runtime error about repeatedly donating the same input:

```
Invalid nan value encountered in the output of a C++-jit/pmap function. Calling the de-optimized version.
[10:13:36 pjrt_stream_executor_client.cc:2130] Execution of replica 0 failed: INVALID_ARGUMENT: Invalid buffer passed to Execute() as argument 0 to replica 0: INVALID_ARGUMENT: Donation requested for invalid buffer
```

TODO: make a repro
diff --git a/jax/_src/api.py b/jax/_src/api.py
index 51f1ae81e..ae8f07a8e 100644
--- a/jax/_src/api.py
+++ b/jax/_src/api.py
@@ -413,7 +413,9 @@ def _prepare_jit(fun, static_argnums, static_argnames, donate_argnums,
   f, args = argnums_partial_except(f, static_argnums, args, allow_invalid=True)
   f, kwargs = argnames_partial_except(f, static_argnames, kwargs)
   args_flat, in_tree = tree_flatten((args, kwargs))
-  if donate_argnums:
+  # Argument donation is incompatible with jax_debug_nans because it re-uses
+  # donated buffers when rerunning the user's function.
+  if donate_argnums and not config.jax_debug_nans:
     donated_invars = donation_vector(donate_argnums, args, kwargs)
   else:
     donated_invars = (False,) * len(args_flat)
@@ -2042,7 +2044,7 @@ def _prepare_pmap(fun, in_axes, out_axes, static_broadcasted_tuple,
     dyn_global_arg_shapes = global_arg_shapes
   args, in_tree = tree_flatten((dyn_args, kwargs))
 
-  if donate_tuple:
+  if donate_tuple and not config.jax_debug_nans:
     donated_invars = donation_vector(donate_tuple, dyn_args, kwargs)
   else:
     donated_invars = (False,) * len(args)
diff --git a/jax/experimental/pjit.py b/jax/experimental/pjit.py
index 6ccd923e3..211c1247a 100644
--- a/jax/experimental/pjit.py
+++ b/jax/experimental/pjit.py
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ def pjit(fun: Callable,
 
     args_flat, in_tree = tree_flatten(dyn_args)
     flat_fun, out_tree = flatten_fun_nokwargs(f, in_tree)
-    if donate_argnums:
+    if donate_argnums and not config.jax_debug_nans:
       donated_invars = donation_vector(donate_argnums, dyn_args, ())
     else:
       donated_invars = (False,) * len(args_flat)
diff --git a/tests/debug_nans_test.py b/tests/debug_nans_test.py
index 94a7ab84f..60eaa7be2 100644
--- a/tests/debug_nans_test.py
+++ b/tests/debug_nans_test.py
@@ -24,11 +24,12 @@ from jax._src import api
 from jax._src import test_util as jtu
 from jax import numpy as jnp
 from jax.experimental import pjit
-import jax._src.lib
+from jax._src.lib import xla_client
 
 from jax.config import config
 config.parse_flags_with_absl()
 
+xla_extension_version = getattr(xla_client, "_version", 0)
 
 class DebugNaNsTest(jtu.JaxTestCase):
 
@@ -158,6 +159,44 @@ class DebugNaNsTest(jtu.JaxTestCase):
         ans = f(jnp.array([0., 1.]))
         ans.block_until_ready()
 
+  def testDebugNansJitWithDonation(self):
+    # https://github.com/google/jax/issues/12514
+    if jtu.device_under_test() == "cpu" and xla_extension_version < 102:
+      raise SkipTest("CPU buffer donation requires jaxlib > 0.3.22")
+
+    a = jnp.array(0.)
+    with self.assertRaises(FloatingPointError):
+      ans = jax.jit(lambda x: 0. / x, donate_argnums=(0,))(a)
+      ans.block_until_ready()
+
+  def testDebugNansPmapWithDonation(self):
+    if jtu.device_under_test() == "cpu" and xla_extension_version < 102:
+      raise SkipTest("CPU buffer donation requires jaxlib > 0.3.22")
+
+    a = jnp.zeros((1,))
+    with self.assertRaises(FloatingPointError):
+      ans = jax.pmap(lambda x: 0. / x, donate_argnums=(0,))(a)
+      ans.block_until_ready()
+
+  @jtu.ignore_warning(message=".*is an experimental.*")
+  def testDebugNansPjitWithDonation(self):
+    if jtu.device_under_test() == "cpu" and xla_extension_version < 102:
+      raise SkipTest("CPU buffer donation requires jaxlib > 0.3.22")
+
+    if jax.device_count() < 2:
+      raise SkipTest("test requires >=2 devices")
+
+    p = pjit.PartitionSpec('x')
+    f = pjit.pjit(lambda x: 0. / x,
+                  in_axis_resources=p,
+                  out_axis_resources=p,
+                  donate_argnums=(0,))
+
+    with jax.experimental.maps.Mesh(np.array(jax.local_devices()[:2]), ('x',)):
+      with self.assertRaises(FloatingPointError):
+        ans = f(jnp.array([0., 1.]))
+        ans.block_until_ready()
+
   # TODO(skye): add parallel inf tests, ideally by factoring out test logic
 
 class DebugInfsTest(jtu.JaxTestCase):
['tests/debug_nans_test.py', 'jax/experimental/pjit.py', 'jax/_src/api.py']