Morphs collaboration
Introduction
The **Morphs collaboration** was a coordinated study to determine the morphologies of galaxies in distant clusters and to investigate the evolution of galaxies as a function of environment and epoch. Eleven clusters were examined and a detailed ground\-based and space\-based study was carried out.

The project was begun in 1997 based upon the earlier observations by two groupsDressler, A.; Oemler, A.; Butcher, H. and Gunn, J.E. (1994\) "The morphology of distant cluster galaxies. 1: HST observations of CL 0939\+4713" *The Astrophysical Journal* 430(1\): pp. 107–120, [Abstract](http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=1994ApJ...430..107D) using data from images derived from the pre\-refurbished [Hubble Space Telescope](/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope "Hubble Space Telescope"). It was a collaboration of [Alan Dressler](/wiki/Alan_Dressler "Alan Dressler") and Augustus Oemler Jr., at [Observatory of the Carnegie Institute of Washington](/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_for_Science%23Observatories_of_the_CIW "Carnegie Institution for Science#Observatories of the CIW"), [Warrick J. Couch](/wiki/Warrick_Couch "Warrick Couch") at the [University of New South Wales](/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales "University of New South Wales"), [Richard Ellis](/wiki/Richard_Ellis_%28astronomer%29 "Richard Ellis (astronomer)") at [Caltech](/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology "California Institute of Technology"), [Bianca Poggianti](/wiki/Bianca_Poggianti "Bianca Poggianti") at the [University of Padua](/wiki/University_of_Padua "University of Padua"), [Amy Barger](/wiki/Amy_Barger "Amy Barger") at the [University of Hawaii's](/wiki/University_of_Hawaii "University of Hawaii") [Institute for Astronomy](/wiki/Institute_for_Astronomy_%28Hawaii%29 "Institute for Astronomy (Hawaii)"), [Harvey Butcher](/wiki/Harvey_Raymond_Butcher "Harvey Raymond Butcher") at [ASTRON](/wiki/ASTRON "ASTRON"), and Ray M. Sharples and [Ian Smail](/wiki/Ian_Smail "Ian Smail") at [Durham University](/wiki/Durham_University "Durham University"). Results were published through 2000\.

The collaboration sought answers to the differences in the origins of the various galaxy types — [elliptical](/wiki/Elliptical_galaxy "Elliptical galaxy"), [lenticular](/wiki/Lenticular_galaxy "Lenticular galaxy"), and [spiral](/wiki/Spiral_galaxy "Spiral galaxy"). The studies found that elliptical galaxies were the oldest and formed from the violent merger of other galaxies about two to three billion years after the [Big Bang](/wiki/Big_Bang "Big Bang"). Star formation in elliptical galaxies ceased about that time. On the other hand, new stars are still forming in the spiral arms of spiral galaxies. Lenticular galaxies (SO) are intermediate between the first two. They contain structures similar to spiral arms, but devoid of the gas and new stars of the spiral galaxies. Lenticular galaxies are the prevalent form in rich galaxy clusters, which suggests that spirals may be transformed into lenticular galaxies as time progresses. The exact process may be related to high galactic density, or to the total mass in a rich cluster's central core. The Morphs collaboration found that one of the principal mechanisms of this transformation involves the interaction among spiral galaxies, as they fall toward the core of the cluster.

The Inamori Magellan Areal Camera and Spectrograph (IMACS) Cluster Building Survey is the follow\-on project to the Morphs collaboration.["Alan Dressler"](http://obs.carnegiescience.edu/research/adressler/)  Carnegie Institution for Science


What is the IMACS Cluster Building Survey?