Anti-Romani sentiment
18th century
### 18th century

In 1710, [Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor](/wiki/Joseph_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor"), issued an edict against the Romani, ordering "that all adult males were to be hanged without trial, whereas women and young males were to be flogged and banished forever." In addition, in the [kingdom of Bohemia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia "Kingdom of Bohemia"), Romani men were to have their right ears cut off; in the [March of Moravia](/wiki/March_of_Moravia "March of Moravia"), the left ear was to be cut off. In other parts of Austria, they would be branded on the back with a [branding iron](/wiki/Branding_iron "Branding iron"), representing the [gallows](/wiki/Gallows "Gallows"). These mutilations enabled authorities to identify the individuals as Romani on their second arrest. The edict encouraged local officials to hunt down Romani in their areas by levying a fine of 100 [Reichsthaler](/wiki/Reichsthaler "Reichsthaler") on those who failed to do so. Anyone who helped Romani was to be punished by doing [forced labor](/wiki/Forced_labor "Forced labor") for half a year. The result was mass killings of Romani across the Holy Roman Empire. In 1721, [Charles VI](/wiki/Charles_VI%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor") amended the decree to include the execution of adult female Romani, while children were "to be put in hospitals for education".Crowe (2004\) p.36\-37

The [Great Gypsy Round\-up](/wiki/Great_Gypsy_Round-up "Great Gypsy Round-up") was a raid authorized and organized by King [Ferdinand VI of Spain](/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain "Ferdinand VI of Spain") in 1749, that led to the arrest of most [Romani people in Spain](/wiki/Gitanos "Gitanos"). Although a majority were released after a few months, many others spent several years imprisoned and subject to forced labor.

In 1774, [Maria Theresa](/wiki/Maria_Theresa "Maria Theresa") of [Austria](/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy "Habsburg monarchy") issued an edict forbidding marriages between Romani. When a Romani woman married a non\-Romani, she had to produce proof of "industrious household service and familiarity with [Catholic](/wiki/Catholic "Catholic") tenets", a male Romani "had to prove his ability to support a wife and children", and "Gypsy children over the age of five were to be taken away and brought up in non\-Romani families."Crowe (2004\) p.75

In 2007 the Romanian government established a panel to study the 18th\- and 19th\-century period of [Romani slavery](/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania "Slavery in Romania") by princes, local landowners, and [monasteries](/wiki/Monasteries "Monasteries"). This officially legalized practice was first documented in the 15th century. Slavery of Romani was outlawed in the Romanian Principalities of [Moldavia](/wiki/Moldavia "Moldavia") and [Wallachia](/wiki/Wallachia "Wallachia") in around 1856\.


What were some consequences for local officials who failed to enforce these anti-Romani measures?