Eastern salient of Java
Inhabitants and culture
Inhabitants and culture
-----------------------

[thumb\|right\|300px\|Priests from the [Tengger mountains](/wiki/Tengger_mountains "Tengger mountains") in the 1890s. While the rest of the eastern salient is predominantly Muslim, the [Tenggerese](/wiki/Tenggerese_people "Tenggerese people") are predominantly Hindu and maintain a [Shivaite](/wiki/Shivaite "Shivaite") priesthood.](/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Priesters_uit_het_Tengger_district_Oost-Java_TMnr_10001180.jpg "COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Priesters uit het Tengger district Oost-Java TMnr 10001180.jpg")
The eastern salient has a population of at least 7\.5 million, according to the [Indonesia 2010 census](/wiki/Indonesia_2010_census "Indonesia 2010 census"). The sum of the last columns of rows 08\-13 and 75 is 7,592,959\. This is a lower bound because according to , the eastern salient covers all these seven subdivision, plus the eastern part of the [Pasuruan Regency](/wiki/Pasuruan_Regency "Pasuruan Regency") (pop. 1,512,468\) As with most of [Central](/wiki/Central_Java "Central Java") and [East Java](/wiki/East_Java "East Java"), its inhabitants are mostly ethnic [Javanese](/wiki/Javanese_people "Javanese people"). This includes the [Tenggerese](/wiki/Tenggerese_people "Tenggerese people") sub\-ethnic group who live in the [Tengger mountains](/wiki/Tengger_mountains "Tengger mountains") and the [Osing](/wiki/Osing_people "Osing people") subgroup in the easternmost [Banyuwangi](/wiki/Banyuwangi "Banyuwangi") regency. Because the region was outside Mataram's influence during the "formative period" of the Javanese tradition, the inhabitants of the eastern salient often differ from other Javanese in terms of etiquette, language, art, and social hierarchy. In contrast to the social hierarchy of Central Java, the eastern salient maintained its frontier character, populist mannerism, and less hierarchical ways, which remain to the present day.

Because of steady migration from the island of [Madura](/wiki/Madura "Madura") off the eastern salient's north coast, the [Madurese](/wiki/Madurese_people "Madurese people") also inhabit the area. Since the nineteenth century, Madurese have become the dominant ethnic group in some areas, such as Pasuruan.

The region is predominantly Muslim, but Islam was not well\-established until the late eighteenth century. Major conversions to Islam occurred when the region was under the VOC's control, with the company supporting the conversions (sometimes by force). The Tengger mountains are a notable exception. The Tenggerese are predominantly Hindu, and a [Shivaite](/wiki/Shivaite "Shivaite") priesthood remains. In addition, parts of the highlands have few orthodox Muslim influences, and have a strong [Kejawen](/wiki/Kejawen "Kejawen") tradition.


Can you give examples of the 'populist mannerism' and 'less hierarchical ways' of the eastern salient?