Conscientiousness
Origin
Origin
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Terms such as "hard\-working", "reliable", and "persevering" describe desirable aspects of character. Because conscientiousness was once believed to be a moral evaluation, it was overlooked as a psychological attribute. The reality of individual differences in conscientiousness has now been clearly established by studies of cross\-observer agreement. Peer and expert ratings confirm the self\-reports that people make about their degrees of conscientiousness. Furthermore, both self\-reports and observer ratings of conscientiousness predict real\-life outcomes such as academic success.

During most of the 20th century, psychologists believed that personality traits could be divided into two categories: [temperament](/wiki/Temperament "Temperament") and [character](/wiki/Moral_character "Moral character"). Temperament traits were thought to be biologically based, whereas character traits were thought to be learned either during childhood or throughout life. With the advent of the [FFM](/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits "Big Five personality traits") (Five\-Factor Model), behavior geneticists began systematic studies of the full range of personality traits, and it soon became clear that all five factors are substantially heritable. Identical twins showed very similar personality traits even when they had been separated at birth and raised apart, and this was true for both character traits and temperament traits. Parents and communities influence the ways in which conscientiousness is expressed, but they apparently do not influence its level.


Can conscientiousness predict real-life outcomes?