Smoking and pregnancy
Other birth defects
#### Other birth defects

| \+ Birth defects associated with smoking during pregnancyUnless else specified in table, then reference is:  |

| Defect | [Odds ratio](/wiki/Odds_ratio "Odds ratio") |
| cardiovascular/[heart defects](/wiki/Heart_defect "Heart defect") | 1\.09 |
| [musculoskeletal defect](https://web.archive.org/web/20150908095732/https://intermountainhealthcare.org/services/pediatrics/services/orthopedics/congenital-musculoskeletal-defects/) | 1\.16 |
| [limb reduction defects](https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/ul-limbreductiondefects.html) | 1\.26 |
| [missing](/wiki/Ectrodactyly "Ectrodactyly")/[extra digits](/wiki/Polydactyly "Polydactyly") | 1\.18 |
| [clubfoot](/wiki/Clubfoot "Clubfoot") | 1\.28 |
| [craniosynostosis](/wiki/Craniosynostosis "Craniosynostosis") | 1\.33 |
| [facial defects](/wiki/Craniofacial_abnormality "Craniofacial abnormality") | 1\.19 |
| [eye defects](/wiki/Eye_defects "Eye defects") | 1\.25 |
| [orofacial clefts](/wiki/Orofacial_clefts "Orofacial clefts") | 1\.28 |
| [gastrointestinal defects](http://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/En/ResourceCentres/PrematureBabies/AboutPrematureBabies/FeedingandNutrition/Pages/Congenital-Malformations-of-the-Gastrointestinal-Tract.aspx) | 1\.27 |
| [gastroschisis](/wiki/Gastroschisis "Gastroschisis") | 1\.50 |
| [anal atresia](/wiki/Anal_atresia "Anal atresia") | 1\.20 |
| [hernia](/wiki/Hernia "Hernia") | 1\.40 |
| [undescended testes](/wiki/Undescended_testes "Undescended testes") | 1\.13 |
| [hypospadias](/wiki/Hypospadias "Hypospadias") | 0\.90 |
| [skin defects](/wiki/Skin_defects "Skin defects") | 0\.82 |
|

Smoking can also cause other birth defects, reduced head circumference, altered brainstem development, altered lung structure, and cerebral palsy. Recently the U.S. Public Health Service reported that if all pregnant women in the United States stopped smoking, there would be an estimated 11% reduction in stillbirths and a 5% reduction in newborn deaths.


Can gastrointestinal defects be caused by maternal smoking?