Autonomous cargo ship
Safety concerns over insufficient training
### Safety concerns over insufficient training

While autonomous ships are expected to be a routine part of the world shipping industry,Baughen, S. \& Tettenborn, A. (2021\). Chapter 1: International Regulation of Shipping and Unmanned Vessels. In Soyer, B., \& Tettenborn, A. (Eds.). (2021\). Artificial intelligence and autonomous shipping : Developing the international legal framework. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. the transition phase will require human operation and intervention. At the moment, there is insufficient training for human operations involved in degrees one, two, and three Ziarati, R.; Ziarati, M. Review of Accidents with Special References to Vessels with Automated Systems—A WayForward. Available online: [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi\=10\.1\.1\.665\.5802\&rep\=](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.665.5802&rep=) rep1\&type\=pdf of maritime autonomous surface ships, creating an insecure operational environment. The IMO’s principal regulatory convention includes an instrument titled “The International Convention on Standard of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers of 1978” that outlines the minimum standards of competence required for human operators.International Maritime Organization. (n.d.). International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978\. [https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/HumanElement/Pages/STCW\-Convention.aspx](https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/HumanElement/Pages/STCW-Convention.aspx) The STCW Code was last amended in 2018, therefore it is fairly outdated and lacks training standards related to any level of MASS autonomy.

Insufficient and improper education of autonomous ships rapidly increases the chances of ship collision. Currently, the main causes for manned and autonomous ship collisions are derived from inexperience, poor manning level, poor training, unfamiliarity with equipment, and bad decision\- making.Felski, A., \& Zwolak, K. (2020\). The Ocean\-Going Autonomous Ship\-Challenges and Threats. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8(1\), 41\-. [https://doi.org/10\.3390/jmse8010041](https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8010041) Positions such as unmanned vessel operators, autonomous ship supervisors, and watch officers are in high demand, however, the problem of nonstandardized training procedures must be resolved to be able to ensure that these individuals have a deep understanding of all of the capabilities, as well as limitations, of the autonomous and non\-autonomous systems.

Cyber security training for the crew is another overlooked training that creates unstable safety environments. Presently, cyber security training for crew is not required.Leloudas, G. (2021\). Chapter 5: Cyber Risks, Autonomous Operations and Risk Perceptions\- Is a New Liability Paradigm Required? In Soyer, B., \& Tettenborn, A. (Eds.). (2021\). Artificial intelligence and autonomous shipping : Developing the international legal framework. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. However, as cyber incidents increase in volume, their management has the potential to affect the fitness of manned and autonomous ships. The lack of proper cyber security training makes the vessel vulnerable to the plugging in of personal devices, jamming of safety\-critical networks, spear\-phishing, and system engineering. Simple cyber hygiene education regarding the difference between onboard networks for operational use and recreational can have considerable influence on the security of autonomous ships.


What positions require nonstandardized training procedures?