Upper Canada
Establishment
Establishment
-------------

[thumb\|upright\=1\.3\|Map of Upper Canada's districts](/wiki/File:Southern_Ontario-mapped-2.jpg "Southern Ontario-mapped-2.jpg")
As part of the 1763 [Treaty of Paris](/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_%281763%29 "Treaty of Paris (1763)") which ended the [Seven Years' War](/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War "Seven Years' War") global conflict and the [French and Indian War](/wiki/French_and_Indian_War "French and Indian War") in North America, [Great Britain](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain "Kingdom of Great Britain") retained control over the former [New France](/wiki/New_France "New France"), which had been defeated in the French and Indian War. The British had won control after [Fort Niagara](/wiki/Fort_Niagara "Fort Niagara") had surrendered in 1759 and [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal "Montreal") [capitulated](/wiki/Articles_of_Capitulation_of_Montreal "Articles of Capitulation of Montreal") in 1760, and the British under [Robert Rogers](/wiki/Robert_Rogers_%28British_Army_officer%29 "Robert Rogers (British Army officer)") took formal control of the Great Lakes region in 1760\. [Fort Michilimackinac](/wiki/Fort_Michilimackinac "Fort Michilimackinac") was occupied by Roger's forces in 1761\.

The territories of contemporary southern Ontario and southern Quebec were initially maintained as the single province of Quebec, as it had been under the French. From 1763 to 1791, the [Province of Quebec](/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_%281763%E2%80%931791%29 "Province of Quebec (1763–1791)") maintained its French language, cultural behavioural expectations, practices and laws. The British passed the *[Quebec Act](/wiki/Quebec_Act "Quebec Act")* in 1774, which expanded the Quebec colony's authority to include part of the [Indian Reserve](/wiki/Indian_Reserve_%281763%29 "Indian Reserve (1763)") to the west (i.e., parts of southern [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario "Ontario")), and other western territories south of the [Great Lakes](/wiki/Great_Lakes "Great Lakes") including much of what would become the United States' [Northwest Territory](/wiki/Northwest_Territory "Northwest Territory"), including the modern states of [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois "Illinois"), [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana "Indiana"), [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan "Michigan"), [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio "Ohio"), [Wisconsin](/wiki/Wisconsin "Wisconsin") and parts of [Minnesota](/wiki/Minnesota "Minnesota").

After the [American War of Independence](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War "American Revolutionary War") ended in 1783, Britain retained control of the area north of the Ohio River. The official boundaries remained undefined until 1795 and the [Jay Treaty](/wiki/Jay_Treaty "Jay Treaty"). The British authorities encouraged the movement of people to this area from the United States, offering free land to encourage population growth. For settlers, the head of the family received  and  per family member, and soldiers received larger grants. These settlers are known as [United Empire Loyalists](/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist "United Empire Loyalist") and were primarily English\-speaking Protestants. The first townships (Royal and Cataraqui) along the St. Lawrence and eastern Lake Ontario were laid out in 1784, populated mainly with decommissioned soldiers and their families.

"Upper Canada" became a political entity on 26 December 1791 with the [Parliament of Great Britain](/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain "Parliament of Great Britain")'s passage of the *[Constitutional Act of 1791](/wiki/Constitutional_Act_of_1791 "Constitutional Act of 1791")*. The act divided the province of Quebec into Upper and [Lower Canada](/wiki/Lower_Canada "Lower Canada"), but did not yet specify official borders for Upper Canada. The division was effected so that Loyalist American settlers and British immigrants in Upper Canada could have English laws and institutions, and the French\-speaking population of Lower Canada could maintain French civil law and the Catholic religion. The first lieutenant\-governor was [John Graves Simcoe](/wiki/John_Graves_Simcoe "John Graves Simcoe").
[thumb\|Map of Upper Canada by J. Arrowsmith (1837\)](/wiki/File:Upper_Canada_by_J._Arrowsmith._1837._CTASC.jpg "Upper Canada by J. Arrowsmith. 1837. CTASC.jpg")
The 1795 Jay Treaty officially set the borders between British North America and the United States north to the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River. On 1 February 1796, the capital of Upper Canada was moved from Newark (now [Niagara\-on\-the\-Lake](/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lake "Niagara-on-the-Lake")) to [York](/wiki/York%2C_Upper_Canada "York, Upper Canada") (now [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto")), which was judged to be less vulnerable to attack by the US.

The Act of Union 1840, passed 23 July 1840 by the British Parliament and proclaimed by the Crown on 10 February 1841, merged Upper Canada with Lower Canada to form the short\-lived [United Province of Canada](/wiki/United_Province_of_Canada "United Province of Canada").


What happened after the American War of Independence ended in 1783?