Confederate monuments and memorials
Introduction


**Confederate monuments and memorials** in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") include public displays and symbols of the [Confederate States of America](/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America "Confederate States of America") (CSA), Confederate leaders, or Confederate soldiers of the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"). Many monuments and memorials [have been or will be removed](/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials "Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials") under great controversy. Part of the [commemoration of the American Civil War](/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Civil_War "Commemoration of the American Civil War"), these symbols include monuments and statues, flags, [holidays](/wiki/Memorial_Day%23In_the_South "Memorial Day#In the South") and other observances, and the names of schools, roads, parks, bridges, buildings, counties, cities, lakes, dams, military bases, and other public structures. In a December 2018 special report, *[Smithsonian Magazine](/wiki/Smithsonian_Magazine "Smithsonian Magazine")* stated, "over the past ten years, taxpayers have directed at least $40 million to Confederate monuments—statues, homes, parks, museums, libraries, and cemeteries—and to Confederate heritage organizations."

This entry does not include commemorations of pre\-Civil War figures connected with the [origins of the Civil War](/wiki/Origins_of_the_Civil_War "Origins of the Civil War") or [white supremacy](/wiki/White_supremacy "White supremacy") but not directly tied to the Confederacy, such as Supreme Court Justice [Roger B. Taney](/wiki/Roger_B._Taney "Roger B. Taney"), pro\-slavery congressman [Preston Brooks](/wiki/Preston_Brooks "Preston Brooks"), [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina") Chief Justice [Thomas Ruffin](/wiki/Thomas_Ruffin "Thomas Ruffin"), or Southern politician [John C. Calhoun](/wiki/John_C._Calhoun "John C. Calhoun"), although Calhoun was venerated by the Confederacy and post\-war [segregationists](/wiki/Segregationists "Segregationists"), and monuments to Calhoun "have been the most consistent targets" of vandals. It also does not include post\-Civil War [white supremacists](/wiki/White_supremacist "White supremacist"), such as North Carolina Governor [Charles Aycock](/wiki/Charles_Aycock "Charles Aycock") and [Mississippi](/wiki/Mississippi "Mississippi") Governor [James K. Vardaman](/wiki/James_K._Vardaman "James K. Vardaman").

[Monuments](/wiki/Monument "Monument") and [memorials](/wiki/Memorial "Memorial") are listed alphabetically by state, and by city within each state. States not listed have no known qualifying items for the list.


What is the significance of removing Confederate monuments and memorials?