who paid for the restoration of windsor castle
1992 Windsor Castle fire It was initially feared that it would cost £60 million to restore the castle, though the final cost was £36.5 million (equivalent to £58,451,717 in 2016[11]), and that drying out the castle would take 10 years.[12] Occupied royal palaces like Windsor Castle are too valuable to insure,[7] and items in the Royal Collection are not insured against loss.[13] An independent trust for private donations towards the cost of the restoration was announced on 16 February 1993 by the Queen's bank, Coutts.[14] On 29 April 1993 it was announced that 70% of the cost would be met by charging the public for entry into the castle precincts and £8 for admission to Buckingham Palace for the next five years.[15] The Queen contributed £2 million of her own money,[16] and she agreed to start paying income tax from 1993 onwards, making her the first British monarch to do so since the 1930s.[17]
Motte-and-bailey castle In England, William invaded from Normandy in 1066, resulting in three phases of castle building in England, around 80% of which were in the motte-and-bailey pattern.[60] The first of these was the establishment by the new king of royal castles in key strategic locations, including many towns.[61] These urban castles could make use of the existing town's walls and fortification, but typically required the demolition of local houses to make space for them.[62] This could cause extensive damage: records suggest that in Lincoln 166 houses were destroyed, with 113 in Norwich and 27 in Cambridge.[63] The second and third waves of castle building in the late-11th century were led by the major magnates and then the more junior knights on their new estates.[64] Some regional patterns in castle building can be seen â€“ relatively few castles were built in East Anglia compared to the west of England or the Marches, for example; this was probably due to the relatively settled and prosperous nature of the east of England and reflected a shortage of unfree labour for constructing mottes.[65] In Wales, the first wave of the Norman castles were again predominantly made of wood in a mixture of motte-and-bailey and ringwork designs.[66] The Norman invaders spread up the valleys, using this form of castle to occupy their new territories.[67] After the Norman conquest of England and Wales, the building of motte-and-bailey castles in Normandy accelerated as well, resulting in a broad swath of these castles across the Norman territories, around 741 motte-and-bailey castles in England and Wales alone.[68]