who was the first black woman who refused to give up her seat
Claudette Colvin Claudette Colvin (born September 5, 1939) is a pioneer of the Civil Rights Movement. On March 2, 1955, she was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a bus in segregated Montgomery, Alabama, nine months prior to Rosa Parks.
List of female United States presidential and vice-presidential candidates The first woman considered for a major party presidential candidacy by an incumbent president was Oveta Hobby, by Dwight D. Eisenhower. Eisenhower encouraged Hobby to run in 1960, but she declined.[2] In 1964, Margaret Chase Smith announced her candidacy for the Republican Party nomination, becoming the first female candidate for a major party's nomination. She qualified for the ballot in six state primaries, and came in second in the Illinois primary, receiving 25% of the vote. She became the first woman to have her name placed in nomination for the presidency at a major political party's convention.[3] In 1968, Charlene Mitchell became the first African American woman to run for president, and the first to receive valid votes in a general election. She qualified for the ballot in two states, winning 1,075 votes.[4] In 1972, Shirley Chisholm became the first black candidate for a major party's presidential nomination, and the first woman to run for the Democratic Party's nomination.[5] Tonie Nathan, the Libertarian Party's vice-presidential candidate in 1972, became the first woman to receive an electoral vote, via faithless elector Roger MacBride.[6] In the 1988 presidential election, Lenora Fulani and her running mate Joyce Dattner became the first women to achieve ballot access in all fifty states.[7] Fulani was also the first African American to do so. In the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries, Hillary Clinton became the first woman to win a presidential primary, and the first to be listed as a presidential candidate in every primary and caucus nationwide.[8] Despite losing the nomination in a close race against Barack Obama, Clinton won more votes in 2008 than any primary candidate in American history.