who originated the geosynclinal theory of the structure of the earth
Geosyncline The geosyncline concept was first developed by the American geologists James Hall and James Dwight Dana in the mid-19th century during the classic studies of the Appalachian Mountains.[1][4] Émile Haug actualized the geosyncline concept and "reintroduced" it to Europe with a 1900 publication.[5][6] Eduard Suess, a leading geologist of his time, disapproved the concept of geosyncline and argued in 1909 against its use due to its associated theories.[6][7] This did not stop further development of the concept by Leopold Kober and Hans Stille in the first half of the 20th century,[8] both of whom worked on a contracting Earth framework.[8] Stille and Kober had rather similar views.[9]
Geocentric model In 1543, the geocentric system met its first serious challenge with the publication of Copernicus' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres), which posited that the Earth and the other planets instead revolved around the Sun. The geocentric system was still held for many years afterwards, as at the time the Copernican system did not offer better predictions than the geocentric system, and it posed problems for both natural philosophy and scripture. The Copernican system was no more accurate than Ptolemy's system, because it still used circular orbits. This was not altered until Johannes Kepler postulated that they were elliptical (Kepler's first law of planetary motion).