儿童原发性糖尿病主要分为三大类：①1型糖尿病，因胰岛β细胞破坏、胰岛素分泌绝对缺乏所造成，必须使用胰岛素治疗，故又称胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（IDDM），95%儿童期糖尿病属此类型；②2型糖尿病，肌肉、肝脏和脂肪组织的胰岛素抵抗为主，伴胰岛β细胞分泌胰岛素不足或相对缺乏，亦称非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（NIDDM），在儿童期发病者较少，但由于我国近年来发生的儿童肥胖症明显增多，发病率有增加趋势；③其他特殊类型糖尿病：如青少年早发的2型糖尿病（maturity-onsettypediabetesoftheyoung，MODY），包括HNF-1α、葡萄糖激酶及HNF-4α等基因缺陷，这是一类常染色体显性的单基因遗传病，属非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病，儿童极为罕见。
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