（2）膀胱输尿管反流（vesico-ureteralreflux，VUR）：输尿管分腹段、盆腔段和膀胱段，正常输尿管进入膀胱呈一钝角，向内向下进入膀胱壁有一定的斜度和长度，输尿管膀胱连接处是由肌肉筋膜鞘组成，输尿管膀胱开口呈斜行裂隙状，起瓣膜作用。
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