3.药物损伤及中毒如：①重金属（汞、钠、铅及镉）；②化学毒剂马来酸、来苏儿、甲苯、甲酚及硝苯等；③过期四环素及丙酸；④顺铂、异环磷酰胺（Ifosfamide）、氨基糖苷类抗生素及维生素中毒；⑤雷米替丁、西咪替丁及中草药如马兜铃肾损害等。
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