diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index a8b2c4e9b5bafb5b57be9a7817f1e923b56e677a..fdde488001fd1143559f3674d5f5d1e808937417 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ To evaluate the document layout results, run the following command: ``` $ python evaluate.py \ - --label_path \ + --ref_path \ --pred_path \ --mode layout ``` @@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ To evaluate table recognition performance, use the following command: ``` $ python evaluate.py \ - --label_path \ + --ref_path \ --pred_path \ --mode table ``` @@ -223,11 +223,11 @@ $ python evaluate.py \ | Source | Request date | TEDS | TEDS-S | NID ⬇️ | Avg. Time | |:---------------------|:------------:|-----------:|----------:|------------:|------------:| -| upstage | 2024-09-26 | **91.01** | **93.47** | **96.27** | **3.79** | -| aws | 2024-09-26 | 86.39 | 90.22 | 95.94 | 14.47 | -| llamaparse | 2024-09-26 | 68.90 | 70.86 | 90.92 | 4.14 | -| unstructured | 2024-09-26 | 64.49 | 69.90 | 90.42 | 13.14 | -| google | 2024-09-26 | 62.44 | 68.75 | 90.09 | 5.85 | -| microsoft | 2024-09-26 | 85.54 | 89.07 | 87.03 | 4.44 | - - \ No newline at end of file +| upstage | 2024-10-10 | **92.06** | **93.81** | **96.23** | **3.79** | +| aws | 2024-10-10 | 86.39 | 90.22 | 95.94 | 14.47 | +| llamaparse | 2024-10-10 | 73.36 | 76.29 | 92.22 | 4.14 | +| unstructured | 2024-10-10 | 64.49 | 69.90 | 90.42 | 13.14 | +| google | 2024-10-10 | 64.64 | 70.95 | 90.09 | 5.85 | +| microsoft | 2024-10-10 | 85.54 | 89.07 | 87.03 | 4.44 | + + diff --git a/dataset/pdf_annotation.json b/dataset/pdf_annotation.json deleted file mode 100644 index d14fa5e49c68d5be956080b147189dbe93dfc3f3..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/dataset/pdf_annotation.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -{"01030000000001.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 170.9176246670229, "y": 102.3493458064781}, {"x": 208.5023846755278, "y": 102.3493458064781}, {"x": 208.5023846755278, "y": 120.6598699131856}, {"x": 170.9176246670229, "y": 120.6598699131856}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "314", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 983.318030733286, "y": 102.3493458064781}, {"x": 1079.872431445213, "y": 102.3493458064781}, {"x": 1079.872431445213, "y": 120.6598699131856}, {"x": 983.318030733286, "y": 120.6598699131856}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "YARROW", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 170.18537282269165, "y": 169.39723781817833}, {"x": 1080.6978511750278, "y": 169.39723781817833}, {"x": 1080.6978511750278, "y": 503.0565269474403}, {"x": 170.18537282269165, "y": 503.0565269474403}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1999 such iterations to form parameter distributions. If these distributions are\nsymmetric, we can pretty much just read values straight out of them to form\nconfidence intervals (e.g., the 50th and 1950th values out of 1999 will give us a\nroughly 95% confidence interval). If they are not, we must do something more\ncomplicated, with the best choice being the bias-corrected and accelerated\n(BCa) approach. Because of the large number of fits that are required,\nbootstrapping is fairly slow. If the experiment contains many trials, the BCa\nmethod makes it even slower (because it incorporates additional \"jackknife\"\nresampling, implying one further fitting iteration for almost every trial).18", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 170.9176246670228, "y": 505.32375733965745}, {"x": 1081.430103019359, "y": 505.32375733965745}, {"x": 1081.430103019359, "y": 838.9830464689194}, {"x": 170.9176246670228, "y": 838.9830464689194}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The code accompanying this chapter offers options to generate confidence\nintervals on fitted parameters. Confidence intervals sometimes imply\nstatistical inference, as for example when they fail to overlap some value and\nthus imply that our statistic differs significantly from that value. However, in\nSJ experiments we are more likely to want to ask a question such as whether\na particular parameter differs between two conditions for a single observer.\nTo answer this kind of question, you will need to modify or develop the code.\nIf we take the example of whether parameters vary across conditions, my\nrecommendation would be to adopt a permutation test approach.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 170.91762466702298, "y": 840.8005510046135}, {"x": 1081.4301030193592, "y": 840.8005510046135}, {"x": 1081.4301030193592, "y": 1320.2340302422144}, {"x": 170.91762466702298, "y": 1320.2340302422144}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "To do so, take the trials from both conditions and think of each trial as a\ncard in a deck of cards. Making sure you keep each trial intact (i.e., without\nbreaking the link between SOAS and responses) shuffle the trials and then deal\nthem at random into two new piles, each representing a pseudo-condition.\nIf your original conditions contained different numbers of trials, make sure\nthe two pseudo-conditions match the size of the original conditions. For each\npseudo-condition, perform a model fit. Now calculate the difference between\nmodel parameters in the two pseudo-conditions. This is the value you want to\nretain. Now repeat this whole process many times. What you are forming is a\nnull distribution of the expected difference between model parameters that\nwould occur just by chance. You can then compare the difference you actually\nobtained against this null distribution to generate a p value for your difference\nof interest.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 170.9176246670228, "y": 1404.6773873732511}, {"x": 640.8909060745979, "y": 1404.6773873732511}, {"x": 640.8909060745979, "y": 1436.8720016218997}, {"x": 170.9176246670228, "y": 1436.8720016218997}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "7 Variants of SJ Observer Models", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 170.9176246670229, "y": 1477.955245417958}, {"x": 1081.4301030193592, "y": 1477.955245417958}, {"x": 1081.4301030193592, "y": 1587.3808293267416}, {"x": 170.9176246670229, "y": 1587.3808293267416}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "In this chapter, I have presented two variants of a latency-based observer mod-\nel applied to the SJ task. Both assume that a single SOA will generate an inter-\nnal response (\u25b3t) that is a Gaussian random variable. Both assume a simple", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 173.40739987552115, "y": 1634.5605935031042}, {"x": 1079.872431445213, "y": 1634.5605935031042}, {"x": 1079.872431445213, "y": 1696.0426931217166}, {"x": 173.40739987552115, "y": 1696.0426931217166}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "18 E.g., . Note that Matlab has inbuilt func-\ntions, which could have done most of this if you have the statistics toolbox extensions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000002.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 171.98400289328498, "y": 102.44602939288887}, {"x": 209.61694849154435, "y": 102.44602939288887}, {"x": 209.61694849154435, "y": 120.99748144836882}, {"x": 171.98400289328498, "y": 120.99748144836882}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "316", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 982.8430242605386, "y": 102.44602939288885}, {"x": 1081.2976460718562, "y": 102.44602939288885}, {"x": 1081.2976460718562, "y": 120.9974814483688}, {"x": 982.8430242605386, "y": 120.9974814483688}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "YARROW", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 170.2887053021687, "y": 169.16478699516415}, {"x": 1081.2976460718564, "y": 169.16478699516415}, {"x": 1081.2976460718564, "y": 279.3360554126384}, {"x": 170.2887053021687, "y": 279.3360554126384}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "where SOAS below some threshold cannot be recovered, so that an observer\ncan only guess about order.19 However, either kind of model can easily be fitted\nand interpreted from either theoretical perspective.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 171.9840028932851, "y": 357.74623743948945}, {"x": 1023.8679020501676, "y": 357.74623743948945}, {"x": 1023.8679020501676, "y": 391.49239172952656}, {"x": 171.9840028932851, "y": 391.49239172952656}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "8 Choosing between Observer Models and Rejecting Participants", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 170.28870530216847, "y": 430.20121576809856}, {"x": 1081.2976460718562, "y": 430.20121576809856}, {"x": 1081.2976460718562, "y": 613.8199964638891}, {"x": 170.28870530216847, "y": 613.8199964638891}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Two further reasonable questions one might ask are: 1) could my observer\nmodel have generated these data? and 2) does another observer model de-\nscribe the data better? Model comparison is a large and complex topic, so once\nagain, what I have to say here should be treated as a brief introduction rather\nthan a comprehensive summary.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 170.28870530216835, "y": 617.7901322627167}, {"x": 1081.2976460718562, "y": 617.7901322627167}, {"x": 1081.2976460718562, "y": 1249.0417242763533}, {"x": 170.28870530216835, "y": 1249.0417242763533}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Let's begin by considering a metric I have not yet mentioned: Deviance. De-\nviance (sometimes called G2) is a measure based on log likelihood, but which\nlooks rather more like summed squared error, in that it is zero for a perfectly\nfitting model and large/positive for a poorly fitting model. Formally, deviance\nis two times the difference in log likelihood between the saturated model and\nthe model with our current set of parameters. A saturated model is one that\nexactly predicts the data (which can always be accomplished by a model that\nhas one parameter per data point). Hence it represents the situation with the\nmaximum possible log-likelihood when predicting this particular set of data.\nDeviance is closely related to a simpler calculation (-2 \u00d7 log likelihood) that\nforms the basis of a couple of well-known metrics for model comparison (the\nAkaike information criterion, AIC, and the Bayesian information criterion,\nBIC) and indeed is occasionally defined this way. That's because we are of-\nten only really interested in differences (in Deviance, or AIC, or BIC) between\nmodels, and the log-likelihood of the saturated model gets subtracted out in a\ncomparison between two models (because it has contributed to the deviance\nin the same way for both) SO calculating it is not necessary.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 170.28870530216835, "y": 1254.0588540495637}, {"x": 1081.2976460718562, "y": 1254.0588540495637}, {"x": 1081.2976460718562, "y": 1474.5814795562276}, {"x": 170.28870530216835, "y": 1474.5814795562276}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "However, if you want to say something about the goodness of fit of a model\nwithout relating it to any other model, based on asymptotic statistical theory,\nyou do need to calculate deviance properly. Asymptotically, it turns out that\nthe deviance of a model fitted to data when that model actually generated those\ndata follows a chi-square (x2) distribution, with degrees of freedom equal to\nthe number of data points minus the number of model parameters (note: for", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 173.16477367023342, "y": 1531.299174226926}, {"x": 1082.5629467130632, "y": 1531.299174226926}, {"x": 1082.5629467130632, "y": 1659.177357214504}, {"x": 173.16477367023342, "y": 1659.177357214504}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "19 Garcia-Perez and Alcala-Quintana's commitment to this account is a little unclear, be-\ncause they often let \ufffd vary across experimental conditions, suggesting flexibility more\nakin to a criterion-based account. It may be that they believe a low-threshold exists, but\nthat synchrony is often additionally reported beyond this hard limit.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000003.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 140.3583041943155, "y": 102.01383679477146}, {"x": 644.0747509855298, "y": 102.01383679477146}, {"x": 644.0747509855298, "y": 125.2948490414242}, {"x": 140.3583041943155, "y": 125.2948490414242}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "INTERP RETING SIM ULTANEITY JUDGEMENTS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1012.57746677176, "y": 102.01383679477146}, {"x": 1050.0494273527804, "y": 102.01383679477146}, {"x": 1050.0494273527804, "y": 120.33435408579469}, {"x": 1012.57746677176, "y": 120.33435408579469}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "321", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 140.3583041943155, "y": 168.32912992425753}, {"x": 1051.1960826527652, "y": 168.32912992425753}, {"x": 1051.1960826527652, "y": 390.10238842557}, {"x": 140.3583041943155, "y": 390.10238842557}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "model (discussed for a binary fit in Section 6.2). Because there are three pos-\nsible choices, the appropriate data model (applied at each SOA) is no longer\nthe binomial distribution, but rather the multinomial distribution, which can\nprovide an exact likelihood of obtaining any particular combination of prob-\nabilities that divide N choices into three bins when the actual probabilities of\nselecting each bin are known (or rather, for fitting purposes, predicted).22", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 140.3583041943156, "y": 469.8762802197281}, {"x": 554.6661933119428, "y": 469.8762802197281}, {"x": 554.6661933119428, "y": 500.6105650166677}, {"x": 140.3583041943156, "y": 500.6105650166677}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "11 Dual-Presentation SJ Data", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 140.3583041943155, "y": 543.0231013471539}, {"x": 1051.1960826527652, "y": 543.0231013471539}, {"x": 1051.1960826527652, "y": 1025.6226948961337}, {"x": 140.3583041943155, "y": 1025.6226948961337}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Several authors have investigated the use of a dual-presentation SJ task in\nwhich two bimodal stimuli are presented (one after another) and compared,\nfor example by reporting which one was (most) synchronous (Allan & Kristof-\nferson, 1974; Powers, Hillock, & Wallace, 2009; Roseboom, Nishida, Fujisaki, &\nArnold, 2011). This is a form of what would, in classical signal detection theory,\nbe described as a two-alternative forced choice (specifically the two-interval\nforced choice variant). However, that designation is ambiguous (about wheth-\ner there are two presentations or two response categories) and has been ap-\nplied to cases where either or both of the possible qualifying conditions are\nmet, which is probably why the dual-presentation SJ task has ended up being\ngiven a variety of names (e.g., temporal 2AFC; forced-choice successiveness\ndiscrimination; 2IFC SJ, where the classic SJ is referred to as 2AFC SJ in the\nsame paper). I will label it the 2xSJ.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 140.3583041943155, "y": 1029.1125777876682}, {"x": 1051.1960826527652, "y": 1029.1125777876682}, {"x": 1051.1960826527652, "y": 1400.3166663190298}, {"x": 140.3583041943155, "y": 1400.3166663190298}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The simplest form of the 2xSJ would have a synchronous standard on every\ntrial along with a non-synchronous test pair. Based on the kind of observer\nmodels discussed in this chapter, the resulting psychometric function (plotting\nthe probability ofjudging the standard more synchronous than the test against\nthe test's SOA) is U-shaped and centred over the PSS. This approach represents\na reasonable way to derive estimates of inverse precision (i.e., \ufffd\ufffdt) but a fairly\npoor way to estimate the PSS, because having a synchronous standard on every\ntrial provides feedback about objective synchrony. A simple solution is to also\ninclude a range of standards as well as a range of tests, in a roving standard\ndesign.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 140.3583041943155, "y": 1404.551536757716}, {"x": 1051.1960826527652, "y": 1404.551536757716}, {"x": 1051.1960826527652, "y": 1587.2033400262728}, {"x": 140.3583041943155, "y": 1587.2033400262728}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The observer model can be fitted to data even when both standard and test\nare non-zero, as described in detail by Yarrow et al. (2016; see also Garcia-Perez\n& Peli, 2014). To present all of the data, it is necessary to plot a function for\neach standard SOA (using several standard plots, or a single 3D plot), which is\nsomewhat cumbersome, but not a major obstacle to using the task. A simple", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 139.18896438156148, "y": 1631.650900003098}, {"x": 474.1990763577861, "y": 1631.650900003098}, {"x": 474.1990763577861, "y": 1657.3643954398697}, {"x": 139.18896438156148, "y": 1657.3643954398697}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "22 .", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000004.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 171.86183192005964, "y": 102.54160299043242}, {"x": 211.01504846492276, "y": 102.54160299043242}, {"x": 211.01504846492276, "y": 120.04539391637124}, {"x": 171.86183192005964, "y": 120.04539391637124}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "322", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 982.738899812849, "y": 102.54160299043242}, {"x": 1081.080436067326, "y": 102.54160299043242}, {"x": 1081.080436067326, "y": 120.04539391637124}, {"x": 982.738899812849, "y": 120.04539391637124}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "YARROW", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 170.20214713122283, "y": 168.85813385174382}, {"x": 1081.080436067326, "y": 168.85813385174382}, {"x": 1081.080436067326, "y": 277.5078558401344}, {"x": 170.20214713122283, "y": 277.5078558401344}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "observer model with three parameters captures PSS, sensory noise and an in-\nterval bias (i.e., a tendency to select one interval in preference to the other\nunder uncertainty).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 170.2021471312228, "y": 283.14033579295096}, {"x": 1081.080436067326, "y": 283.14033579295096}, {"x": 1081.080436067326, "y": 838.4331024719543}, {"x": 170.2021471312228, "y": 838.4331024719543}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The 2xSJ task provides estimates that correlate fairly well with equivalent\nparameters estimated using TOJs, SJs, and ternary tasks. However, each trial\ntakes longer than in those single-presentation tasks, which makes experi-\nments more onerous. There are a few reasons why the roving-standard 2xSJ is\nstill worth considering. Firstly, it asks about synchrony explicitly (unlike the\nTOJ) and by requiring relative judgements it reveals a point of maximal syn-\nchrony perception (whereas the SJ and ternary tasks often reveal a range of\nSOA values that are classified as synchronous). Secondly, it can be added in\nto a single-presentation task (as a follow-up question every two trials), which\nsomewhat mitigates the burden of additional experimental time. Finally, a case\ncan be made that it will be more resistant to some forms of decision-level bias\n(Morgan, Grant, Melmoth, & Solomon, 2015; Morgan, Melmoth, & Solomon,\n2013). As with the other tasks I have described, code to fit data from the 2xSJ\naccompanies this chapter.23 For further information, read the comments there\nand consult Yarrow et al. (2016).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 171.86183192005964, "y": 917.7928489880404}, {"x": 407.94031175328973, "y": 917.7928489880404}, {"x": 407.94031175328973, "y": 945.9584852795618}, {"x": 171.86183192005964, "y": 945.9584852795618}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "12 Conclusion", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 170.2021471312228, "y": 991.6273405981102}, {"x": 1081.080436067326, "y": 991.6273405981102}, {"x": 1081.080436067326, "y": 1546.9201072771134}, {"x": 170.2021471312228, "y": 1546.9201072771134}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "In this chapter, I have outlined the benefits of fitting formal observer models\nto judgements about simultaneity, and described how this can be achieved us-\ning Matlab code (see book's GitHub repository). In doing so, I have presented\none particular observer model in some detail, and highlighted the fundamen-\ntally subjective nature of the SJ task, which requires us to think carefully about\nhow both the strategic decisions and perceptual sensitivity of a participant\ncan affect their psychometric function. I have gone on to supply a brief over-\nview of appropriate models for several closely related timing tasks. I hope I\nhave also provided enough of a tutorial regarding bespoke model fitting and\nevaluation to allow the interested reader to go forward and explore their own\nmodels of perceived simultaneity. Modelling may seem intimidating, but in\nfact, a good understanding of just a few basic concepts (which is best gained\nthrough practical exploration) will take you a long way, providing tools to\nengage more fully with the timing literature. This is an endeavour I would very\nmuch encourage!", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 171.15998852676705, "y": 1595.0394504386102}, {"x": 721.5788587402105, "y": 1595.0394504386102}, {"x": 721.5788587402105, "y": 1621.1669284550712}, {"x": 171.15998852676705, "y": 1621.1669284550712}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "23 .", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000005.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 179.20165410756633, "y": 109.25329972153122}, {"x": 201.6420900998883, "y": 109.25329972153122}, {"x": 201.6420900998883, "y": 137.92719015616478}, {"x": 179.20165410756633, "y": 137.92719015616478}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 548.2221570924161, "y": 115.48675416384287}, {"x": 682.8647730463478, "y": 115.48675416384287}, {"x": 682.8647730463478, "y": 139.17388104462714}, {"x": 548.2221570924161, "y": 139.17388104462714}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "CHAPTER 1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 179.20165410756633, "y": 185.30144391773337}, {"x": 1054.3786578081224, "y": 185.30144391773337}, {"x": 1054.3786578081224, "y": 789.9465248219635}, {"x": 179.20165410756633, "y": 789.9465248219635}], "category": "Figure", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 342.5181604961316, "y": 803.6601245950494}, {"x": 892.3088423080192, "y": 803.6601245950494}, {"x": 892.3088423080192, "y": 869.7347416835527}, {"x": 342.5181604961316, "y": 869.7347416835527}], "category": "Caption", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 1.5. The San Mateo Ixtatan men's jacket, lopil\n(Spanish capixay). Photo by Elizabeth Purdum.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 179.20165410756633, "y": 968.8082817118312}, {"x": 1051.909097192584, "y": 968.8082817118312}, {"x": 1051.909097192584, "y": 1527.3335705295822}, {"x": 179.20165410756633, "y": 1527.3335705295822}], "category": "Figure", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 334.96152148449784, "y": 1543.5227093358938}, {"x": 899.268645590217, "y": 1543.5227093358938}, {"x": 899.268645590217, "y": 1610.5919986763274}, {"x": 334.96152148449784, "y": 1610.5919986763274}], "category": "Caption", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 1.6. Vegetation along the trail from San Mateo\nIxtatan to Bulej, May 1965. Photo by author.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000006.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 507.9861524051348, "y": 110.05064455165044}, {"x": 660.2822666952205, "y": 110.05064455165044}, {"x": 660.2822666952205, "y": 145.11162050332487}, {"x": 507.9861524051348, "y": 145.11162050332487}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Chuj Country", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 992.2658827376372, "y": 114.43326654560975}, {"x": 1019.6572701998832, "y": 114.43326654560975}, {"x": 1019.6572701998832, "y": 140.72899850936554}, {"x": 992.2658827376372, "y": 140.72899850936554}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "19", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 166.9849597025443, "y": 191.39705470273444}, {"x": 1004.3789600566064, "y": 191.39705470273444}, {"x": 1004.3789600566064, "y": 1497.120830330801}, {"x": 166.9849597025443, "y": 1497.120830330801}], "category": "Figure", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 280.0610670112652, "y": 1516.0860572350723}, {"x": 883.8768122290073, "y": 1516.0860572350723}, {"x": 883.8768122290073, "y": 1612.5037411021767}, {"x": 280.0610670112652, "y": 1612.5037411021767}], "category": "Caption", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 1.15. On the trail in the Yolcultac (yol k'ultak,\n\"center of the brushland\") forest, municipio of Nenton.\nMay 1965, at the end of the dry season. Photo by the author.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000007.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 526.1241521798098, "y": 263.6252091466815}, {"x": 704.8190768870044, "y": 263.6252091466815}, {"x": 704.8190768870044, "y": 297.7579475738985}, {"x": 526.1241521798098, "y": 297.7579475738985}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "CHAPTER 2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 473.9211404675956, "y": 366.0234244283324}, {"x": 759.0298967419959, "y": 366.0234244283324}, {"x": 759.0298967419959, "y": 416.2186279977691}, {"x": 473.9211404675956, "y": 416.2186279977691}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Narratives in Chuj", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 172.74991905097534, "y": 516.6090351366425}, {"x": 1058.1933100158385, "y": 516.6090351366425}, {"x": 1058.1933100158385, "y": 819.7880646960401}, {"x": 172.74991905097534, "y": 819.7880646960401}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "T broad variety of stories people tell one another and the variety of sources\nHIS COLLECTION OF SIX narratives told in Chuj demonstrates the\nof those stories: personal narratives, legendary events, mythological\ntales, and stories borrowed from other cultures. All were recorded by me during\nfield work on Chuj from 1964 to 1965. (See the Archive of the Indigenous Lan-\nguages of Latin America, www.ailla.utexas.org, for these and other samples of\nChuj speech recorded during field work; AILLA reference codes for each text\nare given below and at the head of each transcription.)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 443.8040183259335, "y": 873.9988845510318}, {"x": 785.1314025981031, "y": 873.9988845510318}, {"x": 785.1314025981031, "y": 912.1472392638036}, {"x": 443.8040183259335, "y": 912.1472392638036}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Introduction to the Texts", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 174.75772719375277, "y": 930.2175125488008}, {"x": 1058.1933100158385, "y": 930.2175125488008}, {"x": 1058.1933100158385, "y": 1195.2481873954266}, {"x": 174.75772719375277, "y": 1195.2481873954266}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Two of the stories are ultimately of foreign origin, but their origins are not the\nsame. In one case, the story known to the narrator as An Old Man Whose Son\nKilled Him [CAC 002 R022], the clearly comes from the European tra-\nstory\ndition, and must have been introduced to the Chuj by schoolteachers. It is the\nclassic Greek tale of a couple whose child is destined to kill his father and how\nthat came about, including the solution to a famous riddle: What animal walks\non four legs at dawn, on two legs at noon, and on three legs in the evening?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 174.75772719375277, "y": 1197.2559955382042}, {"x": 1058.1933100158385, "y": 1197.2559955382042}, {"x": 1058.1933100158385, "y": 1532.5599553820412}, {"x": 174.75772719375277, "y": 1532.5599553820412}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The other tale, Coyote and Rabbit [CAC 002 R027], is probably ultimately\nof African origin, although some of its episodes are traditional in the American\nSouth and have been introduced secondhand to the Chuj. This is the series\nmay\nof incidents that make up stories, stories that reflected earlier\nthe Br'er Rabbit\nAfrican tales involving Hyena instead of Fox (Diarassouba 2007). Here the story\nfeatures Coyote instead of either Fox or Hyena. Coyote stories and stories of\nRabbit Trickster abound in the native New World, and some of the episodes may\nbe of American origin, adapted to the framework of the African stories. Some ep-\nisodes have a local flavor (such as misty mountains) and are likely of local origin.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 172.74991905097534, "y": 1536.5755716675965}, {"x": 1054.177693730284, "y": 1536.5755716675965}, {"x": 1054.177693730284, "y": 1608.856664807585}, {"x": 172.74991905097534, "y": 1608.856664807585}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "A third story, Friend of the Animals [CAC 002 R020], expresses such a\nuniversal theme that it could possibly be of foreign origin as well, but it has", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 601.0019636063083, "y": 1657.88939928853}, {"x": 630.9749977391365, "y": 1657.88939928853}, {"x": 630.9749977391365, "y": 1679.4325175715007}, {"x": 601.0019636063083, "y": 1679.4325175715007}], "category": "Footer", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "22", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000008.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 152.0478657636573, "y": 99.9550482522531}, {"x": 742.1260562422541, "y": 99.9550482522531}, {"x": 742.1260562422541, "y": 124.06882045931115}, {"x": 152.0478657636573, "y": 124.06882045931115}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "CIRCULATING THINGS, CIRCULATING STEREOTYPES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1335.041161098152, "y": 97.11813387495216}, {"x": 1366.2472192484622, "y": 97.11813387495216}, {"x": 1366.2472192484622, "y": 124.06882045931115}, {"x": 1335.041161098152, "y": 124.06882045931115}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "73", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.0478657636573, "y": 162.36716455287393}, {"x": 744.9629706195551, "y": 162.36716455287393}, {"x": 744.9629706195551, "y": 464.4985457354246}, {"x": 152.0478657636573, "y": 464.4985457354246}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "indicates the use of balsam, which is \"indigenous\nin various parts of Arabia,\" as an ingredient in the\n\"Myrabolan comfit.\"25 Such references emphasize\nArabia's exoticism and refined taste, as well as the\nsweetness and fragrance of its products, which\nwere much valued during a time when the con-\nsumption of sugar and spices was rising rapidly\namong European populations.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 149.2109513863565, "y": 468.7539173013761}, {"x": 744.9629706195551, "y": 468.7539173013761}, {"x": 744.9629706195551, "y": 1402.0987474333874}, {"x": 149.2109513863565, "y": 1402.0987474333874}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Coffee is another staple thing customarily asso-\nciated with the area. In his Dictionary, Johnson indi-\ncates the Arabic origin of coffee and rightly so, as\none the most popular types of coffee is called \"Ara-\nbica\" because it was first domesticated for commer-\ncial use in the southern part of Arabia the Happy\n(present-day Yemen). Given the Muslim prohibi-\ntion of alcohol, coffee became particularly attrac-\ntive to the Muslim world as \"the wine of Islam,\"26\nand spread through the ports of the Persian Gulf in\nWestern Europe, where it became immensely pop-\nular. Collections of travels published during the\ntime mention that coffee was \"the product of Ara-\nbia only.\"27 Imported largely from Yemen, which\nwas credited with producing the best coffee in the\nworld, coffee was considered to have stimulating\nand therapeutic properties.28 The former quality is\nfamously described by Pope in The Rape ofthe Lock:\n\"Coffee (which makes the politician wise), / And see\nthro' all things with his half-shut Eyes) / Sent up in\nvapours to the Baron's brain / New Stratagems, the\nradiant Lock to gain.\"29 According to Beawes, the\nproduct was brought to Mecca through the port of\nJeddah, whose \"[t]rade consists mainly of coffee\nbrought here by the Arabians and bought by the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 772.2118461996396, "y": 154.18064751634125}, {"x": 1335.041161098152, "y": 154.18064751634125}, {"x": 1335.041161098152, "y": 621.9810887907847}, {"x": 772.2118461996396, "y": 621.9810887907847}], "category": "Figure", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "TASTE in HIGH LIFE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 772.2118461996398, "y": 654.4672305459544}, {"x": 1337.4707127395918, "y": 654.4672305459544}, {"x": 1337.4707127395918, "y": 774.6659550400823}, {"x": 772.2118461996398, "y": 774.6659550400823}], "category": "Caption", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 4.2 William Hogarth, Taste in High Life [graphic].\nPRINT MADE BY ISAAC MILLS AFTER WILLIAM\nHOGARTH'S PAINTING, WITHOUT THE ARTIST'S\nPERMISSION, LONDON, 1798", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 772.2118461996398, "y": 834.7653172871462}, {"x": 1363.4596261437275, "y": 834.7653172871462}, {"x": 1363.4596261437275, "y": 1170.9968844531525}, {"x": 772.2118461996398, "y": 1170.9968844531525}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Turks ... [and] by the Merchants of Mogul, Persia,\nand several places on the coast of Ehiopia.\"30 From\nhere, coffee spread rapidly in England, France, and\nItaly, giving rise to the coffeehouse culture that is a\nhallmark of the eighteenth century. Coffee was also\nregularly paired in the visual culture of the time\nwith expensive china (fig. 4.2), was employed as a\nmark of the culture of sociability (fig. 4.3), or was\nused for its oracular properties 31 (fig. 4.4).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 770.5875391118809, "y": 1174.2454986286696}, {"x": 1366.247219248463, "y": 1174.2454986286696}, {"x": 1366.247219248463, "y": 1477.9909240395064}, {"x": 770.5875391118809, "y": 1477.9909240395064}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Arabian medicines were also much sought-after\nin the Western world. As indicated by Beawes,\n\"from Arabia, Medicinal drugs, Dragon's Blood,\nManna, Myrrh, [and] Incense,\"32 were brought to\nthe British metropolis. Pharmacopoia Reformata\n(1744) mentions gum Arabic, aloe, cassia, acacia,\ncardamom, saffron, myrrh, and spikenard, which\nwere all used for their therapeutic properties. 33 To", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 149.21095138635656, "y": 1485.703837797694}, {"x": 747.5337486153245, "y": 1485.703837797694}, {"x": 747.5337486153245, "y": 1889.5789699278916}, {"x": 149.21095138635656, "y": 1889.5789699278916}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "25 Wiliam Beckford, An Arabian Tale, from an Unpub-\nlished Manuscript: With Notes Critical and Explanatory\n(London: Printed for J,Johnson, 1786), 165.\n26 For the association between coffee and wine, see Ralph\nS. Hattox, Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a So-\ncial Beverage in the Medieval Middle East (Seattle: Uni-\nversity of Washington Press, 1985), 18-19.\n27 A Collection of Voyages and Travels, 1:440.\n28 Coffee was customarily used as a mild painkiller during\nthe eighteenth century. Poet Alexander Pope, for in-\nstance, used it as a palliative for his migraines.\n29 Pope, The Rape of the Lock, 69.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 770.5875391118811, "y": 1520.222908321227}, {"x": 1368.3325474070032, "y": 1520.222908321227}, {"x": 1368.3325474070032, "y": 1885.6920030668855}, {"x": 770.5875391118811, "y": 1885.6920030668855}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "30 Beawes, Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, 791.\n31 Again, the custom of reading one's fortune in coffee\ngrounds is of Turkish provenance, not Arabic. Such\nmistaken attributions were pervasive during the eigh-\nteenth century.\n32 Beawes, Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, 792.\n33 M.M., Pharmacopoia Reformata: Or, An Essay for a Ref-\normation of the London Pharmacopoia, by a Set of Re-\nmarks on the Draught for a New One, and a Brief Ac-\ncount of the Proceedings of the Committee Appointed by\nthe College of Physicians, to Thoroughly Reform Their", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000009.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 152.0282208483521, "y": 100.53316518524656}, {"x": 184.02750220092025, "y": 100.53316518524656}, {"x": 184.02750220092025, "y": 121.10413176904036}, {"x": 152.0282208483521, "y": 121.10413176904036}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "74", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1291.4312032951525, "y": 101.675996662124}, {"x": 1364.5724178153082, "y": 101.675996662124}, {"x": 1364.5724178153082, "y": 122.24696324591778}, {"x": 1291.4312032951525, "y": 122.24696324591778}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "BAIRD", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 176.37375885101278, "y": 169.8386046376257}, {"x": 916.344519875312, "y": 171.45426132108489}, {"x": 895.3409829903429, "y": 1195.780598634198}, {"x": 165.0641620667986, "y": 1189.317971900361}], "category": "Figure", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The H O N E Y - M O O N .", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 946.0663360329812, "y": 1062.4176971301472}, {"x": 1316.1407774919526, "y": 1062.4176971301472}, {"x": 1316.1407774919526, "y": 1206.3774085734535}, {"x": 946.0663360329812, "y": 1206.3774085734535}], "category": "Caption", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 4.3\nThe Honey-Moon [graphic]. Mezzotint,\nhand-colored.\nPRINTED FOR CARINGTON BOWLES,\nLONDON, JUNE 1777", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.90601661355646, "y": 1249.014066558836}, {"x": 744.9889247607442, "y": 1249.014066558836}, {"x": 744.9889247607442, "y": 1474.5156874505292}, {"x": 147.90601661355646, "y": 1474.5156874505292}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "this list, Richard Walker, apothecary to the Prince\nof Wales, adds Arabic henna, manna, and rhu-\nbarb.34 The influence of the Arabian medicine first\non the Greek, then on the French and English phy-\nsicians, although often decried, brought an influx\nof medicinal plants from or through the Arabian", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 773.3539085207055, "y": 1250.432315746834}, {"x": 1370.4368166678933, "y": 1250.432315746834}, {"x": 1370.4368166678933, "y": 1511.3901663384788}, {"x": 773.3539085207055, "y": 1511.3901663384788}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Peninsula to Europe, where they were customarily\nused in tinctures, purges, and other more or less\neffective elixirs.35 Alternately, incense was used for\nits love-inducing and rejuvenating properties, as\nseen in an 1787 etching by James Gillray represent-\ning a group of five elderly women of fashion at-\ntending an altar of Love (fig. 4.5).36", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.02822084835236, "y": 1521.2377033017133}, {"x": 746.2746306195439, "y": 1521.2377033017133}, {"x": 746.2746306195439, "y": 1884.43994037342}, {"x": 152.02822084835236, "y": 1884.43994037342}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Book. Interspersed with Some Occasional Observations\non Some of the Most Celebrated Modern Dispensatories,\nand the Present State of Pharmacy (London: Printed\nand Sold by R. Willock, 1744). This volume contains a\nwealth of detailed recipes for various afflictions, albeit\nproviding few specifics as to what was treated by using\nthem.\n34 Richard Walker, Memoirs of Medicine; Including a\nSketch of Medical History from the Earliest Accounts to\nthe Eighteenth Century (London: Printed for J. Johnson,\n1799).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 773.3539085207051, "y": 1554.7780341053176}, {"x": 1367.6003182918969, "y": 1554.7780341053176}, {"x": 1367.6003182918969, "y": 1885.8079519699695}, {"x": 773.3539085207051, "y": 1885.8079519699695}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "35 For the influence of the Arabian medicine on Western\nEurope, see volume 3 of John Astruc's Treatise on the\nDiseases of Women, in Which Is Attempted to Join a Just\nTheory to the Most Safe and Approved Practice... (Lon-\ndon: Printed for J. Nourse, 1767). For detailed recipes of\nmedicines containing ingredients of Arabic origin, see\nPharmacopoia Reformata cited above.\n36 Arabian incense is made by using frankincense or gum\nArabic resin mixed with sweet-smelling essential oils,\nsuch as myrrh and oud.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000010.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 153.537452241352, "y": 98.26944642720936}, {"x": 739.51592594368, "y": 98.26944642720936}, {"x": 739.51592594368, "y": 126.1100526438358}, {"x": 153.537452241352, "y": 126.1100526438358}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "CIRCULATING THINGS, CIRCULATING STEREOTYPES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1333.2625548367512, "y": 98.2694464272094}, {"x": 1367.4805451391412, "y": 98.2694464272094}, {"x": 1367.4805451391412, "y": 122.6099439821602}, {"x": 1333.2625548367512, "y": 122.6099439821602}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "83", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 159.87903508263588, "y": 169.57883770738715}, {"x": 1357.480687240557, "y": 169.57883770738715}, {"x": 1357.480687240557, "y": 1009.8316097859284}, {"x": 159.87903508263588, "y": 1009.8316097859284}], "category": "Figure", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The Three Pigeons\nJ G High-Change in Bond Street. on la Politesse du Grande Monde. 417", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.625768564832, "y": 1035.4694164157015}, {"x": 1340.447349959131, "y": 1035.4694164157015}, {"x": 1340.447349959131, "y": 1128.5381665100856}, {"x": 151.625768564832, "y": 1128.5381665100856}], "category": "Caption", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 4.10 James Gillray, High Change in Bond Street; ou la politesse du grande monde [graphic]. Etching on wove paper,\nhand-colored.\nPUBLISHED BY H. HUMPHREY, LONDON, 1796", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.6257685648319, "y": 1214.5828599935726}, {"x": 748.6705804910681, "y": 1214.5828599935726}, {"x": 748.6705804910681, "y": 1850.2599832797416}, {"x": 151.6257685648319, "y": 1850.2599832797416}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "meant to bewilder the viewer. Satins, silks, ivory,\ngigantic eggs, and \"artificial\" apples describe, in\nfact, the things of the trade: expensive and rare\nfabrics, on the one hand, strange collectibles and\nexotica, on the other. Lavish dresses and embel-\nlishments become insignia of wealth, power, and\nnonconformity, of a way of life outside the eco-\nnomic constraints of the Western civilization. In-\nterestingly, such projections were internalized by\neighteenth-century British subjects in the fashion-\nable \"Turquerie\" that allowed the wearers to dis-\nplay their wealth by wearing Oriental dress, tur-\nbans, ostrichplumes,longcapes, veils,andflattering\nshalvars (figs. 4.9 and 4.10). Anotherinfusion ofOri-\nentalismin the West, the tradition ofpainting Euro-\npean figures in Middle Eastern dress, becomes a\nform of cultural cross-dressing meant to suggest", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 775.3155555687679, "y": 1214.5828599935726}, {"x": 1367.4805451391412, "y": 1214.5828599935726}, {"x": 1367.4805451391412, "y": 1476.8094692958375}, {"x": 775.3155555687679, "y": 1476.8094692958375}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "misuse of power or excessive wealth (fig. 4.11).\nSuch cultural imports are difficult to be under-\nstood, to use Said's qualification, as expressions of\nthe Occident's cultural \"antipathy\"84 toward the\nOrient;rather, they reflect the West's attraction to a\nspace that connotes difference understood as ex-\ntraordinariness rather than inferiority.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 773.8643042028799, "y": 1481.1632233935009}, {"x": 1367.4805451391412, "y": 1481.1632233935009}, {"x": 1367.4805451391412, "y": 1658.2158900318109}, {"x": 773.8643042028799, "y": 1658.2158900318109}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Besides their connotations of magic, exoticism,\nand wealth, the things in the Arabian Nights are also\nrich bearers of cultural information: as Marina War-\nner correctly pointed out, \"stories are lodged in\ngoods\"85 and as such, they expand the reader's", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 775.3155555687679, "y": 1716.4812496176714}, {"x": 1371.911798891002, "y": 1716.4812496176714}, {"x": 1371.911798891002, "y": 1850.2599832797412}, {"x": 775.3155555687679, "y": 1850.2599832797412}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "84 Said, Orientalism, 260.\n85 Marina Warner, introduction to Stranger Magic:\nCharmed States and the Arabian Nights (London: Chat-\nto & Windus, 2011), 8.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000011.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 150.24479532676156, "y": 96.66235662955216}, {"x": 187.69206510713408, "y": 96.66235662955216}, {"x": 187.69206510713408, "y": 126.30811187234706}, {"x": 150.24479532676156, "y": 126.30811187234706}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "84", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1286.1453119980602, "y": 99.7829624445832}, {"x": 1367.2810631888674, "y": 99.7829624445832}, {"x": 1367.2810631888674, "y": 124.74780896483152}, {"x": 1286.1453119980602, "y": 124.74780896483152}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "BAIRD", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 159.60661277185466, "y": 162.19507874520397}, {"x": 735.3583856450817, "y": 162.19507874520397}, {"x": 735.3583856450817, "y": 914.261080167685}, {"x": 159.60661277185466, "y": 914.261080167685}], "category": "Figure", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.24479532676156, "y": 945.4671383179952}, {"x": 743.1599001826593, "y": 945.4671383179952}, {"x": 743.1599001826593, "y": 1035.9647069538955}, {"x": 150.24479532676156, "y": 1035.9647069538955}], "category": "Caption", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 4.11 A. Birrell, Sir Robert Shirley [graphic]. Engraving\non wove paper.\nPUBLISHED BY EDWARD HARDING, LONDON, 1799", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.8050982342771, "y": 1064.0501592891749}, {"x": 746.2805059976903, "y": 1064.0501592891749}, {"x": 746.2805059976903, "y": 1702.214048463023}, {"x": 151.8050982342771, "y": 1702.214048463023}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "knowledge about remote civilizations. There is an\nobvious cultural coincidence, for instanvce, between\ncarpet-making and storytelling among nomadic\npeoples, which these stories convey through their\nintricate plot development. They also tell fascinat-\ning stories about the the traffic in diamonds, gold,\nand spices between the Indies, China, Arabia, and\nWestern Europe that wait to be unveiled. Rather\nthan looking at the things of the Nights as colorful\ndetails in Sheherazade's tales or protagonists in the\nfantasticstories they make for themselves, we could\nexplore, instead, their role as as bearers of cultural\nknowledge unintentionally embedded in the fabric\nof the text. In such a reading, \"historically and theo-\nretically overdetermined material charactersitics\nof objects are sought out beyond the immediate\ncontext in which they appear\"86 in order to", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 768.4457966838777, "y": 162.19507874520394}, {"x": 1367.2810631888674, "y": 162.19507874520394}, {"x": 1367.2810631888674, "y": 242.5581696484756}, {"x": 768.4457966838777, "y": 242.5581696484756}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "defetishize them and expose the power structures\nin which they are involved.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 766.3054634774091, "y": 242.5581696484756}, {"x": 1369.8794277015195, "y": 242.5581696484756}, {"x": 1369.8794277015195, "y": 1631.6344206465178}, {"x": 766.3054634774091, "y": 1631.6344206465178}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Thus, as Makdisi and Nussbaum sum up in their\nintroduction to The Arabian Nights in Historical\nContext: Between East and West, \"the Nights offered\na particularly powerful vision of an Asiatic culture\nseemingly saturated with references to sensuality,\nextravagance, indulgence, violence, supernatural-\nism, and eroticism ... [and] added a supernatural\ndimension to the Enlightenment; the tales offered\nan avenue into modernity through its magical op-\nposite, an alternative to European identity, and an\nantidote to neoclassicism.\"87 However, reading\nsuch imports as an expression of European pow-\ners' disavowal of the East in order to \"justify their\nconquest and rule over other peoples, particularly\nin Asia,\"88 is an oversimplification of a rather com-\nplicated process of cultural exchange. None of\nthese descriptions of Arabia were caused by colo-\nnial \"distortions,\" as Said feared, but by false attri-\nbutions: \"Arabian\" was a misnomer that rarely de-\nscribed Arabia itself. While fictional narratives like\nArabian Nights' Entertainments represented Ara-\nbia as a land of magic and exorbitant riches, they\nwere too far-fetched to be part of a Westerner's\nbelief system during the Age of Reason; rather,\nthey were popularized because their wild fiction-\nality turned them into bestsellers at the time. Such\nstories competed with descriptions of the Arabi-\nan Peninsula by travelers and traders who had vis-\nited the area and had unmediated contact with the\nlocal culture. However, while the Orientalist litera-\nture described Arabia in terms that emphasized\nits exoticism, magic, superstitions, extravagance,\nwealth, eroticism, excess, and myriads of other pe-\nculiarities that contrasted it with the European\nnormativity, travel narratives created an \"Arabian\"\nidentity that was generally congruent with the\nreality of the place.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.84551119657283, "y": 1753.1749785756012}, {"x": 746.2805059976903, "y": 1753.1749785756012}, {"x": 746.2805059976903, "y": 1883.2091857348228}, {"x": 153.84551119657283, "y": 1883.2091857348228}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "86 Elaine Freedgood, \"Introduction: Reading Things,\" in\nThe Idea in Things: Fugitive Meaning in the Victorian\nNovel (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006),\n5-6.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 768.4457966838777, "y": 1785.738411512248}, {"x": 1372.0197609079885, "y": 1785.738411512248}, {"x": 1372.0197609079885, "y": 1883.2091857348228}, {"x": 768.4457966838777, "y": 1883.2091857348228}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "87 Makdisi and Nussbaum, introduction to The Arabian\nNights in Historical Context, 5\u00b7\n88 Ibid.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000012.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 154.52189184334094, "y": 101.7320431665352}, {"x": 185.6900230309073, "y": 101.7320431665352}, {"x": 185.6900230309073, "y": 121.47185958532722}, {"x": 154.52189184334094, "y": 121.47185958532722}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "96", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1213.1994145143442, "y": 101.73204316653516}, {"x": 1365.923257333419, "y": 101.73204316653516}, {"x": 1365.923257333419, "y": 121.4718595853272}, {"x": 1213.1994145143442, "y": 121.4718595853272}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "MACDONALD", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.6070615413198, "y": 166.3142741266806}, {"x": 742.703633492734, "y": 166.3142741266806}, {"x": 742.703633492734, "y": 893.2275915910236}, {"x": 152.6070615413198, "y": 893.2275915910236}], "category": "Figure", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.52189184334094, "y": 914.2923234128084}, {"x": 738.6416660726536, "y": 914.2923234128084}, {"x": 738.6416660726536, "y": 971.9861072860764}, {"x": 154.52189184334094, "y": 971.9861072860764}], "category": "Caption", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 5.1 Mr. Bologna Jun-r as Kalim Azack in Aladdin, or\nThe Wonderful Lamp.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.52189184334063, "y": 1027.816562374272}, {"x": 742.7036334927341, "y": 1027.816562374272}, {"x": 742.7036334927341, "y": 1847.512439164611}, {"x": 154.52189184334063, "y": 1847.512439164611}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "theatrical prints, which are informed by intercul-\nturation and illustrate the Orientalized look of the\ntale's theatrical life: one of John (\"Jack\") Peter Bo-\nlogna as Kalim Azack, the vizier's son betrothed to\nBadroulboudour, and one of the extraordinary\npantomime clown Joseph Grimaldi as Kazrac, the\nmagician's Chinese slave, who, disillusioned by the\nmagician's cruel plans concerning the lamp, be-\nfriends Aladdin (figs. 5.1 and 5.2). The creation of\nthis non-speaking role (Kazrac's tongue had been\nremoved by the \"Tartarian Hord\" from whom the\nmagician rescued him) added much to the play,\nbesides giving both the magician and Aladdin an\nally and a confidant. Interestingly, these two prints\nlikely represent a notable scene in the play, cer-\ntainly a favorite with children playing with a toy\ntheater. The prints show Kalim Azack and Kazrac\nfighting while Aladdin follows the princess to the\nroyal baths. The wealthy Kalim Azack is depicted\nwearing an elaborate ensemble: long embroidered\ntunic with fringe, short jacket with embroidery\nand tassels, full trousers tucked into boots, a sash,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 773.1645534857657, "y": 166.3142741266806}, {"x": 1325.6241252948523, "y": 166.3142741266806}, {"x": 1325.6241252948523, "y": 893.2275915910236}, {"x": 773.1645534857657, "y": 893.2275915910236}], "category": "Figure", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 773.164553485766, "y": 914.2923234128086}, {"x": 1335.1673085367634, "y": 914.2923234128086}, {"x": 1335.1673085367634, "y": 971.9861072860764}, {"x": 773.164553485766, "y": 971.9861072860764}], "category": "Caption", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 5.2 Mr. Grimaldi as Kazrac (the Chinese slave) in\nAladdin, or The Wonderful Lamp.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 773.1645534857659, "y": 1027.8165623742718}, {"x": 1365.9232573334195, "y": 1027.8165623742718}, {"x": 1365.9232573334195, "y": 1698.8927606929255}, {"x": 773.1645534857659, "y": 1698.8927606929255}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "necklace, earrings, and brooches. With his fanciful\nhat and long moustache, he depicts a theatrical\nversion of \"a Tartar,\" or \"a Man from Crimea.\" An\nillustration with the same title was included in an\n1804 edition of The Costume of Turkey that aptly as-\nsociates Kalim Azack with the \"Tartarian Hord\"\nresponsible for Kazrac's disfigurement.41 Kazrac's\n\"Chinese\" costume resembles contemporary Qing\nDynasty (1636-1912) fashion with its changshan tu-\nnic, long, loose trousers, and a cap with upturned\nbrim, topped with a knob. Despite his role as a\npoor peasant, Kazrac's theatrical costume is em-\nbellished with embroidery and a gold trim, and the\ncharacter wears white stockings. Additionally,\nGrimaldi sports a braided pigtail and long mous-\ntache and brandishes two curved swords. Taken\ntogether, these two cultural images exemplify the\nOrientalized look that contributed to the fantasy", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 779.2122584414068, "y": 1753.4854359672977}, {"x": 1365.92325733342, "y": 1753.4854359672977}, {"x": 1365.92325733342, "y": 1846.48167601341}, {"x": 779.2122584414068, "y": 1846.48167601341}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "41 \"A Tartar. A Man from Crimea,\" in Octavien Dalvimart,\nThe Costume of Turkey, 1802 (London: Printed for Will-\niam Miller, 1804), n.p.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000013.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 153.43274542512228, "y": 100.27340552832202}, {"x": 195.67333353219004, "y": 100.27340552832202}, {"x": 195.67333353219004, "y": 121.9088287051128}, {"x": 153.43274542512228, "y": 121.9088287051128}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "150", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1083.9778220610126, "y": 100.273405528322}, {"x": 1369.4540440031212, "y": 100.273405528322}, {"x": 1369.4540440031212, "y": 121.90882870511282}, {"x": 1083.9778220610126, "y": 121.90882870511282}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "AL-OGAYYEL AND OSKAY", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.43274542512228, "y": 158.18096975969678}, {"x": 743.5173756679172, "y": 158.18096975969678}, {"x": 743.5173756679172, "y": 1321.3485610977916}, {"x": 153.43274542512228, "y": 1321.3485610977916}], "category": "Figure", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.43274542512236, "y": 1342.408053913111}, {"x": 717.1173521302009, "y": 1342.408053913111}, {"x": 717.1173521302009, "y": 1374.4512382474938}, {"x": 153.43274542512236, "y": 1374.4512382474938}], "category": "Caption", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 8.7A-C A gazelle horn used in al-Sadu weaving.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.21763042463732, "y": 1437.9626947507832}, {"x": 712.5373476090347, "y": 1437.9626947507832}, {"x": 712.5373476090347, "y": 1471.657247430648}, {"x": 147.21763042463732, "y": 1471.657247430648}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "4 Al-Sadu Symbols and Social Significance", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.96146961128903, "y": 1510.9675588904902}, {"x": 749.9757394755511, "y": 1510.9675588904902}, {"x": 749.9757394755511, "y": 1846.0411660958116}, {"x": 150.96146961128903, "y": 1846.0411660958116}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Perhaps the main reason for the uniqueness of\nal-Sadu weaving is that it was never mass-pro-\nduced for export in the same way other carpets\nwere. Although it was traded among tribes, due\nto the length of time it takes to produce a tent,\nand due to its particular function in the harsh\nclimate of the desert, it was not replicable in\nother geographies. Al-Sadu weaving could not\nbe commercialized in the same way that other", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 778.5317368173545, "y": 153.934593453463}, {"x": 1364.1685214479091, "y": 153.934593453463}, {"x": 1364.1685214479091, "y": 486.2834687313026}, {"x": 778.5317368173545, "y": 486.2834687313026}], "category": "Figure", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 769.7471850478962, "y": 506.780756193372}, {"x": 1299.748475138548, "y": 506.780756193372}, {"x": 1299.748475138548, "y": 568.2726185795804}, {"x": 769.7471850478962, "y": 568.2726185795804}], "category": "Caption", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 8.8 Symbol of stars in contemporary al-Sadu\nweaving by Leila Yaser.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 773.5427655953756, "y": 609.3603688647913}, {"x": 1369.4540440031217, "y": 609.3603688647913}, {"x": 1369.4540440031217, "y": 986.987993232995}, {"x": 773.5427655953756, "y": 986.987993232995}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "objects-such as kilims, clothes, bags, blankets,\nand tablecloths-were in other parts of the\nworld. Therefore, although the weaving practice\nand the symbols used may have changed, they\ndid not change as much as in other textiles, so\nexamining the symbols embedded in these weav-\nings may yield a wealth of information about the\nlife of local populations. In the absence of writ-\nten records, al-Sadu weavings become, thus, re-\ncords of memories embodied in a thing.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 769.7471850478962, "y": 991.8397961712628}, {"x": 1369.4540440031212, "y": 991.8397961712628}, {"x": 1369.4540440031212, "y": 1363.028946910576}, {"x": 769.7471850478962, "y": 1363.028946910576}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The natural environment of the nomadic tribe\ncan be seen in al-Sadu designs, which contain\nsymbols that reflect astronomical elements and\nthe desert environment.24 Quite frequently, al-\nSadu symbols indicate constellations and stars\n(fig. 8.8). 25 In the vast sky of the pre-electric desert,\nthe stars, the moon, and the sun had a great signifi-\ncance, being the main sources of orientation. It is\nimportant to note that, currently, the weavers in\nKuwait explain these symbols simply as \"stars,\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 773.5427655953753, "y": 1418.6364409124546}, {"x": 1374.27109404893, "y": 1418.6364409124546}, {"x": 1374.27109404893, "y": 1848.093127456367}, {"x": 773.5427655953753, "y": 1848.093127456367}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "24 For more details on the symbols that appear in al-Sadu\nweavings, see also Altaf Salem Al-Ali Al-Sabah, Ibjad:\nOrnate Tent Dividers and Weavings of the Kuwait Desert\n(Kuwait: Al Sadu Society, 2006); Khawla Mohamed Ab-\ndel and Aziez Al Manai, Al Sadu (Doha: National Mu-\nseum of Qatar, 2013); and Ali S. Alnajadah, \"The Picto-\ngraphic Codes in Al-Sadu Weavings of Kuwait,\"\nInternational Design Journal 8, no. 3 (2018): 63-74. In\nthis latter study, Alnajadah tracks changes in the mean-\nings of some al-Sadu symbols.\n25 Khawlah M. Manna, Al-Sadu in Qatar: Traditional Tech-\nnical Values and Techniques (Doha: Qatar Museums\nAuthority, Qatar National Museum, 2013), 99-100.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000014.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 151.7117469876793, "y": 96.58137768235626}, {"x": 195.5549691823303, "y": 96.58137768235626}, {"x": 195.5549691823303, "y": 124.95052145536572}, {"x": 151.7117469876793, "y": 124.95052145536572}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "158", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1082.735465356444, "y": 100.44989728776666}, {"x": 1369.0059161568124, "y": 100.44989728776666}, {"x": 1369.0059161568124, "y": 123.66101492022894}, {"x": 1082.735465356444, "y": 123.66101492022894}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "AL-OGAYYEL AND OSKAY", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.2907600579529, "y": 152.03015869323838}, {"x": 1362.5583834811284, "y": 152.03015869323838}, {"x": 1362.5583834811284, "y": 651.0691877911776}, {"x": 154.2907600579529, "y": 651.0691877911776}], "category": "Figure", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.7117469876793, "y": 672.990798888503}, {"x": 679.1199198586279, "y": 672.990798888503}, {"x": 679.1199198586279, "y": 698.7809295912389}, {"x": 151.7117469876793, "y": 698.7809295912389}], "category": "Caption", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 8.15 Typical black-and-white Bedouin tent.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.00125352281609, "y": 765.8352694183523}, {"x": 744.8847531506043, "y": 765.8352694183523}, {"x": 744.8847531506043, "y": 1192.6619325486308}, {"x": 153.00125352281609, "y": 1192.6619325486308}], "category": "Figure", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.00125352281609, "y": 1212.0045305756826}, {"x": 635.2766976639768, "y": 1212.0045305756826}, {"x": 635.2766976639768, "y": 1237.7946612784183}, {"x": 153.00125352281609, "y": 1237.7946612784183}], "category": "Caption", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 8.16 Typical three-poled Bedouin tent", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.4222404525425, "y": 1286.7959096136165}, {"x": 747.4637662208779, "y": 1286.7959096136165}, {"x": 747.4637662208779, "y": 1436.3786676894847}, {"x": 150.4222404525425, "y": 1436.3786676894847}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "black and white, with a little red-dyed wool for\ndecoration. This wool comes from sheep and cam-\nels, whose wool is known for its softness and, when\nleft undyed, for its beautiful natural colors.49", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.7117469876793, "y": 1441.5366938300317}, {"x": 746.1742596857412, "y": 1441.5366938300317}, {"x": 746.1742596857412, "y": 1699.4380008573903}, {"x": 151.7117469876793, "y": 1699.4380008573903}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 8.16 indicates the complex nature of the\ninterior of a Bedouin tent. The inside area is divid-\ned into many parts, each of them with its specific\nuse. It is important to note that a \"well-to-do\" Bed-\nouin tent like the one shown in figure 8.16 indi-\ncates the higher status of the family living in it\nthan that of a family living in the humbler,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 771.3050595613599, "y": 763.1524753907786}, {"x": 1369.0059161568124, "y": 763.1524753907786}, {"x": 1369.0059161568124, "y": 1136.9698459733472}, {"x": 771.3050595613599, "y": 1136.9698459733472}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "three-poled tent in figure 8.15. These images also\nshow that different areas are used by men and by\n50 For example, the tent contains a space\nwomen.\nwhich is allocated to female weavers, like a studio\nwhere they perform their craft and practice their\nskills. 51 Thus, in the Bedouin society, the tent is a\nnot only a signifier of social relationships and fam-\nily status but also of gender roles. It is, therefore,\nan extremely important space because here wom-\nen make items that support their family or tribe.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 771.3050595613599, "y": 1140.7457790095343}, {"x": 1369.0059161568124, "y": 1140.7457790095343}, {"x": 1369.0059161568124, "y": 1478.6917857483213}, {"x": 771.3050595613599, "y": 1478.6917857483213}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "While the function of the textile is to create and\ndemarcate the Bedouin space, the way the space is\nconstructed influences the way the nomads live\nand the way the family or the tribe is perceived\nby the outside world. The textile is, therefore,\nstructuring the formation of a private and a public\nidentity by delineating the space: the outside, non-\npatterned textiles are public, while the inside,\npatterned textiles are private.52 We can infer,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.7117469876793, "y": 1818.0726020899756}, {"x": 546.3007467395381, "y": 1818.0726020899756}, {"x": 546.3007467395381, "y": 1849.0207589332583}, {"x": 151.7117469876793, "y": 1849.0207589332583}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "49 For details, see Al-Sabah, Ibjad, 17.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 773.1930260794538, "y": 1544.7706138816034}, {"x": 1369.0059161568124, "y": 1544.7706138816034}, {"x": 1369.0059161568124, "y": 1852.5091563308897}, {"x": 773.1930260794538, "y": 1852.5091563308897}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "50 See also Dickson, The Arab of the Desert, 66-67; and\nCanavan, \"Applications of Textile Products,\" 541. Here,\nCanavan explains that dividers were parts of women's\npossessions, accompanying them into marriage, as well\nas \"testimony of a tribe's wealth and prestige.\"\n51 Refah Al Raheel, interviewed by Rana Al-Ogayyel, Ri-\nyadh, 2017.\n52 While the outside of the traditional tents is black and\nwithout much pattern except for stripes, the inside of", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000015.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 152.9198128969057, "y": 100.28334821297656}, {"x": 438.3940704234278, "y": 100.28334821297656}, {"x": 438.3940704234278, "y": 127.7088227351752}, {"x": 152.9198128969057, "y": 127.7088227351752}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "FROM CRADLE TO GRAVE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1318.4977354292862, "y": 97.96823626520109}, {"x": 1366.0342800371084, "y": 97.96823626520109}, {"x": 1366.0342800371084, "y": 124.94843725882968}, {"x": 1318.4977354292862, "y": 124.94843725882968}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "207", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 159.95751425999873, "y": 153.0496471765819}, {"x": 1355.2889219478795, "y": 153.0496471765819}, {"x": 1355.2889219478795, "y": 1353.753330854071}, {"x": 159.95751425999873, "y": 1353.753330854071}], "category": "Figure", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.91981289690577, "y": 1373.1755474368902}, {"x": 1355.2889219478795, "y": 1373.1755474368902}, {"x": 1355.2889219478795, "y": 1498.266574260888}, {"x": 152.91981289690577, "y": 1498.266574260888}], "category": "Caption", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 11.12 A Bahraini bride in traditional green thobe. She wears a circular gold plate (hama or taasa) on her head, with\nthe chains of discs talaat suspended from the rim. Sweet basil (mishmun), jasmine, and rosebuds adorn her\nhair. Around her wrists she wears gold bangles, including the shmelat, studded with turquoise and pink glass.\nShe wears a murta'asha choker and a long murtahish necklace ending in a crescent element.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.80400360731812, "y": 1551.0735961631178}, {"x": 747.6480989630962, "y": 1551.0735961631178}, {"x": 747.6480989630962, "y": 1773.151329734954}, {"x": 148.80400360731812, "y": 1773.151329734954}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "central element. As seen in figure 11.11, a seytemi\nmay be added to this; it can be identified by the\nrow of gold coins running up the chain and \"it is\namong the most sought after pieces of jewellery by\nwomen in the U.A.E.\"72 All these pieces may vary in\nsize and weight. At her waist, the bride will wear a", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 773.6847987611736, "y": 1552.6051667394756}, {"x": 1367.9341823878792, "y": 1552.6051667394756}, {"x": 1367.9341823878792, "y": 1845.1351468237565}, {"x": 773.6847987611736, "y": 1845.1351468237565}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "gold belt (hizam), which is usually composed of\narticulated square or round elements with smaller\ndangling bells or tassels. On her hands, she will of-\nten have rings on each finger, especially the shahi-\nda ring, worn on both forefingers, and the marami\non the middle finger. The back of her hand may\nbe covered in the kaf or chef ornament, which runs\nfrom rings and is anchored to a bracelet. She also", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.91981289690574, "y": 1820.1983161736352}, {"x": 697.2685122207973, "y": 1820.1983161736352}, {"x": 697.2685122207973, "y": 1845.1351468237567}, {"x": 152.91981289690574, "y": 1845.1351468237567}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "72 Gubash and Lootah, Traditional Emirati Jewels, 62.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000016.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 416.74604607779514, "y": 262.59521759049164}, {"x": 808.5719386555304, "y": 262.59521759049164}, {"x": 808.5719386555304, "y": 312.74213225879186}, {"x": 416.74604607779514, "y": 312.74213225879186}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Table of contents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 145.36843225974633, "y": 379.6635696709329}, {"x": 1076.7203269114823, "y": 379.6635696709329}, {"x": 1076.7203269114823, "y": 1624.1330307041933}, {"x": 145.36843225974633, "y": 1624.1330307041933}], "category": "Index", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Introduction 7\n1. Changing Practices, Shifting Sites 7\n2. Core and Periphery of Play 12\nPart I: New Children, Different Toys 21\n3. The Child as Consumer 26\n4. Domesticating Play 30\n5. The Child in the City 35\n6. Toys as Containers, Mediators and Promoters 39\nPart II: From Solitary to Networked Geographies of Play 45\n7. LEGO Toys: from Wooden Blocks to Plastic Bricks 50\n8. Brand Extension & Product Differentiation 58\n9. Bringing the Fans into the Company 62\n10. Many-to-Many Geographies of Play 66\nPart III: Commercial Geographies of Play 71\n11. Toy Towns and Simulated Cities 73\n12. A 21st-century Dollhouse: The Sims 83\n13. Unwanted Play Practices in The Sims Online 94\n14. Commodified Geographies of Play 103\nPart IV: Serious Geographies of Play 107\n15. Participation Tools 111\n16. Participation Processes 119\n17. Purposeful Play 122\n18. Serious Geographies of Play 124\nConclusion 127\n19. Changing Geographies of Play 127\n20. Making Do 132\nNotes 137\nBibliography 139\nIndex 153", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1058.0918890976834, "y": 1746.0679219373608}, {"x": 1072.9056752969093, "y": 1746.0679219373608}, {"x": 1072.9056752969093, "y": 1769.9379181195932}, {"x": 1058.0918890976834, "y": 1769.9379181195932}], "category": "Footer", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000017.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 153.17873511373506, "y": 164.70530998354994}, {"x": 1067.3778475325512, "y": 164.70530998354994}, {"x": 1067.3778475325512, "y": 853.0647207178758}, {"x": 153.17873511373506, "y": 853.0647207178758}], "category": "Figure", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.35874787117427, "y": 882.3735496931859}, {"x": 352.87310551938504, "y": 882.3735496931859}, {"x": 352.87310551938504, "y": 907.7396715720334}, {"x": 148.35874787117427, "y": 907.7396715720334}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "16 Face Your World", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.74466086174496, "y": 912.4958194243176}, {"x": 1079.7859660184884, "y": 912.4958194243176}, {"x": 1079.7859660184884, "y": 1125.3985559085845}, {"x": 156.74466086174496, "y": 1125.3985559085845}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "A girl at work with the Interactor during the Face Your World participation process (image\ncourtesy of Van Heeswijk). On top of the workstation we see the drawing the girl made in an\nearlier stage of the process. The drawing depicts a large tree with a little house inside the tree\nand a rope ladder leading up to the little house. On the screen we see the girl working on a new\nobject for the library. She is digitally redrawing her design for a tree house. Once this drawing\nis finished, she can save it to the library of the Interactor and use it when designing the park.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.61665361087418, "y": 1214.535387828133}, {"x": 1077.674433621071, "y": 1214.535387828133}, {"x": 1077.674433621071, "y": 1676.0560404065052}, {"x": 151.61665361087418, "y": 1676.0560404065052}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "ticipating in Face Your World Slotervaart made a total of 1216 sketches in this phase\nof the planning project and Kaspori considered this the most creative part of the\nprocess (interview with Kaspori, 2007). In the third phase of the game, children\nwould discuss each other's sketches, vote for the best sketch and write down why\nthey had voted for that particular sketch. In the final stage, children entered the\nmulti-player mode and had to start designing the park together. This final design-\ning phase was directed at cooperation between the children: they had to agree on\nhow to design the park and work together in order to be able to realize their ideas\n(interview with Heeswijk, 2007). To realize their ideas, players thus needed to\ncommunicate and cooperate. The discussion option of the game was facilitated\nthrough a chat function. This chat function was one of the few aspects of the\ngame that did not work as it had been intended and projected by the designers.\nChildren working with the Interactor did not use the chat function for communi-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.6166536108741, "y": 1745.0825489332192}, {"x": 573.004139440651, "y": 1745.0825489332192}, {"x": 573.004139440651, "y": 1766.612609870715}, {"x": 151.6166536108741, "y": 1766.612609870715}], "category": "Footer", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "PART IV: SERIOUS GEOGRAPHIES OF PLAY", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1036.8509938269867, "y": 1744.1085922835894}, {"x": 1073.374368188115, "y": 1744.1085922835894}, {"x": 1073.374368188115, "y": 1770.3305020813232}, {"x": 1036.8509938269867, "y": 1770.3305020813232}], "category": "Footer", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "115", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000018.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 463.69760685285286, "y": 387.8044392483162}, {"x": 710.8274057377511, "y": 387.8044392483162}, {"x": 710.8274057377511, "y": 438.2521242920035}, {"x": 463.69760685285286, "y": 438.2521242920035}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Contents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.54901310624143, "y": 563.979003358099}, {"x": 1024.2038748931614, "y": 563.979003358099}, {"x": 1024.2038748931614, "y": 1650.1008578130263}, {"x": 148.54901310624143, "y": 1650.1008578130263}], "category": "Index", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Author's Note to the 2021 Edition ................................. ix\nForeword to the 2021 Edition .................................... xi\nForeword and Acknowledgements ................................. xv\n1. A Fountain in the Square ....................................\n1\n2. The Lost Homeland ......................................... 5\n3. Steinkirche .............................................. 13\n4. A Jewel in the Austrian Crown ............................... 19\n5. Meeting the Relatives ...................................... 37\n6. For the Love of Iran. ....................................... 41\n7. To the Bottom of the World 53\n................................\n8. Das Lager ............................................... 65\n9. His Majesty's Guests ....................................... 79\n10. The Imaginary Homeland .................................. 91\n11. Shadows and Flames ....................................... 119\n12. After the War ............................................ 123\n13. Stranded in Exile ....................................... 127\n14. Swimming for the Eucharist ................................ 139\n15. Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam. .................................. 155\n16. Mirror Without Identity ................................... 173\n17. The Wreck ofthe Deutschland ................................ 191\n18. Intelligence Testing ....................................... 209\n19. A Banquet of Life ........................................ 223\n20. Marriage in Rome ........................................ 249\n21. Integration ............................................ 257", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000019.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 294.9682080789578, "y": 375.38404907975456}, {"x": 878.3964289378534, "y": 375.38404907975456}, {"x": 878.3964289378534, "y": 522.3717791411043}, {"x": 294.9682080789578, "y": 522.3717791411043}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Author's Note to the\n2021 Edition", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 145.68514861446556, "y": 630.1129442782537}, {"x": 1025.7596347934991, "y": 630.1129442782537}, {"x": 1025.7596347934991, "y": 820.3993196683152}, {"x": 145.68514861446556, "y": 820.3993196683152}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "This book is a minimally amended, reprinted version of Sing me that\nlovely song again (Pandanus Press, 2006). The title was chosen by Ian\nTempleman, the publisher, because he was more interested in its literary\nmerits than in academic history. For that reason, many of my dates were\nremoved from the original manuscript during editing.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 149.08311960357378, "y": 839.0881601084105}, {"x": 1025.7596347934991, "y": 839.0881601084105}, {"x": 1025.7596347934991, "y": 1212.8649689103167}, {"x": 149.08311960357378, "y": 1212.8649689103167}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "My original intention was to get my parents and the elder of my two\nbrothers to write their own memories of how they experienced their\ninternment in Persia and five years behind barbed wire in Australia\nduring World War II, focusing on individual memory by gender and age.\nIt seemed a remarkable opportunity to make this anecdotal and analytical\ncontribution to social science: they had each lived in the same space with\nthe same people for the same period. It was to be an experiment made in\nheaven, that is, within an impeccable laboratory. But my parents had been\ntoo distressed by their loss of freedom and the congested and pressured\natmosphere of life in camp to collaborate.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 149.08311960357378, "y": 1229.9280575521752}, {"x": 1017.685717128299, "y": 1229.9280575521752}, {"x": 1017.685717128299, "y": 1381.573043842956}, {"x": 149.08311960357378, "y": 1381.573043842956}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Because I wanted to keep the focus on my own memories, and the tone\nof voice my own, I wrote my own book with only minimal research in\nvarious archives in Australia and abroad. I did some research as a check on\nsome important facts.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 149.08311960357378, "y": 1401.2307272510202}, {"x": 1020.4939576151654, "y": 1401.2307272510202}, {"x": 1020.4939576151654, "y": 1703.1165795891488}, {"x": 149.08311960357378, "y": 1703.1165795891488}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Asked to speak about my at an academic conference at the\nbook\nUniversity of Queensland in 2006, I did some further research to validate\nmy contribution. My speech was then published in National Socialism in\nOceania (edited by Emily Turner-Graham and Christine Winter, Peter\nLang, 2010) with the title I had originally suggested to Pandanus Press,\n'At Home in Exile: Ambiguities of wartime patriotism'. When in 2015\nI was asked by Japanese scholars to speak at Cowra, NSW, at a conference\non internment, I suggested that my younger brother, Peter, also be invited", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1069.6381661353262, "y": 1710.1371808063147}, {"x": 1099.1246912474226, "y": 1710.1371808063147}, {"x": 1099.1246912474226, "y": 1739.623705918411}, {"x": 1069.6381661353262, "y": 1739.623705918411}], "category": "Footer", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "ix", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000020.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 184.4141006391286, "y": 156.95777902362727}, {"x": 342.79335622033295, "y": 156.95777902362727}, {"x": 342.79335622033295, "y": 179.58338696379928}, {"x": 184.4141006391286, "y": 179.58338696379928}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "At Home in Exile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 186.6766614331458, "y": 218.0469204620918}, {"x": 1052.106165144727, "y": 218.0469204620918}, {"x": 1052.106165144727, "y": 363.9820916762015}, {"x": 186.6766614331458, "y": 363.9820916762015}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "my allocated 20 minutes because he had a different\nto speak, using half\nmemory of our internment. As a young boy he had a wonderful time in\ncamp, getting up to mischief, playing games, feeling adventurous. Girls\nare more vulnerable. Puberty can be a greater problem for them.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 186.6766614331458, "y": 386.6076996163737}, {"x": 1052.106165144727, "y": 386.6076996163737}, {"x": 1052.106165144727, "y": 828.9383348467372}, {"x": 186.6766614331458, "y": 828.9383348467372}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Another interesting matter associated with this book is that the Iranian-\nborn anthropologist Dr Pedram Khosronejad contacted me in 2019 after\nreading my book in the house of a friend. Pandanus Press having ceased\nto exist, Pedram took considerable trouble to locate and invite me to join\nparents had also been\na small group for a project he was devising. Their\ninterned from Persia during the period covered by my book. The group is\nnow aged between 64 and 85 years of age - the 'children of internees from\nPersia'. The group works collectively and individually in association with\nDr Khosronejad's experiment of a reciprocal anthropology of the aged.\nOutcomes of their work will include a publication as well as documentary\nfilm. This book remains one of several unique contributions within the\ndevelopment of the project.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 186.67666143314565, "y": 850.4326623899005}, {"x": 1052.1061651447264, "y": 850.4326623899005}, {"x": 1052.1061651447264, "y": 961.2981412967436}, {"x": 186.67666143314565, "y": 961.2981412967436}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "With the literary title used in its initial hard this book has not been\ncopy,\npart of bibliographies on civilian or refugee internment in Australia,\nalthough it is unusual as an account of a female's personal experiences.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 108.44400851887367, "y": 1720.987039125721}, {"x": 120.33921485150572, "y": 1720.987039125721}, {"x": 120.33921485150572, "y": 1733.675259213862}, {"x": 108.44400851887367, "y": 1733.675259213862}], "category": "Footer", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "x", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000021.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 558.8617867455437, "y": 387.1548702074024}, {"x": 607.2259284637968, "y": 387.1548702074024}, {"x": 607.2259284637968, "y": 455.8007487752455}, {"x": 558.8617867455437, "y": 455.8007487752455}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 302.9998757199462, "y": 502.6047568896841}, {"x": 866.2081066970235, "y": 502.6047568896841}, {"x": 866.2081066970235, "y": 569.6905018537127}, {"x": 302.9998757199462, "y": 569.6905018537127}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The Lost Homeland", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.54664894229904, "y": 680.4599877245505}, {"x": 1023.7816006823, "y": 680.4599877245505}, {"x": 1023.7816006823, "y": 1092.3352591316095}, {"x": 148.54664894229904, "y": 1092.3352591316095}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Since the death of mother, Elfriede, ten years ago, I have been haunted\nmy\nby the desire to visit the homeland, the Heimat, that she never saw again\nafter her fifty years in Australia. In more ways than one, Germany had\nbecome her lost homeland, the spiritual place of her ancestors from\nwhich she was exiled. I sensed the pain she felt over the tangible loss\nof connection to her own past. For me to be able to go so far away and\npay tribute to her German home in what is now Poland, to savour the\nenvironment of her childhood, at first seemed impossible. I nevertheless\nhoped for the opportunity to do so, although I expected to find all the\nnames of the places changed, and that people spoke a language I did not\nunderstand. It would be confronting to go there, I thought.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 145.42638173466975, "y": 1111.0568623773852}, {"x": 1022.2214670784854, "y": 1111.0568623773852}, {"x": 1022.2214670784854, "y": 1446.4855871975285}, {"x": 145.42638173466975, "y": 1446.4855871975285}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "When in 1997 I visited Vienna, my father's Austrian birth city, and after\nthat my German cousins in Germany, I was not regarded as a stranger.\nDespite being an almost lifelong Australian, I spoke their language and\nsomehow belonged. I was accepted by people as someone who had come\nhome to reclaim my heritage. I could merge with crowds unobtrusively,\nlike a 'local'. The only subtle tremors of feeling generated by what people\nare used to were shown up in my too-German ways for the Austrians,\nand my too-Austrian ways for the Germans. The Austrians reacted more\nfirmly. This suggests that my mother's influence on me was strongest.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.546648942299, "y": 1458.9666560280452}, {"x": 1020.6613334746708, "y": 1458.9666560280452}, {"x": 1020.6613334746708, "y": 1621.2205508247653}, {"x": 148.546648942299, "y": 1621.2205508247653}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "I was born in Turkey, north of Ankara, in 1935, and when I also went\nthere on my trip home, I was treated to a special welcome by each Turk\nwho found this out, from my passport or my conversation. My birth\nin Turkey entitled me to Turkish citizenship. Naturally I was delighted,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1076.8261432119969, "y": 1711.7082998460132}, {"x": 1100.2281472692162, "y": 1711.7082998460132}, {"x": 1100.2281472692162, "y": 1738.230571110862}, {"x": 1076.8261432119969, "y": 1738.230571110862}], "category": "Footer", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000022.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 183.10692511127365, "y": 156.9199031669287}, {"x": 347.9867173237848, "y": 156.9199031669287}, {"x": 347.9867173237848, "y": 180.70064242834852}, {"x": 183.10692511127365, "y": 180.70064242834852}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "At Home in Exile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 178.3507772589897, "y": 213.99367739433637}, {"x": 1055.0673646966688, "y": 213.99367739433637}, {"x": 1055.0673646966688, "y": 580.2170620202023}, {"x": 178.3507772589897, "y": 580.2170620202023}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "home in Canberra, Australia,\nTo prepare myself for the journey from my\nI visited the National Library's vast collection of maps. But I could not\nfind Steinkirche, even in old German records of Silesia. The Polish-\nGerman Gazeteer, which has a remarkable list of old German place-names\nin relation to their Polish replacements, and vice versa, gave the names\nfor many places, including Marzdorf where my mother had worked as\na young woman, on an estate near the Oder River. But there was nothing\nfor Steinkirche. The people assembling the directory must have thought it\nsimply the description of a stone church, as the name suggests, rather than\nthe actual name for the place where the church stood.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 184.69230772870168, "y": 605.5831838990501}, {"x": 1051.896599461813, "y": 605.5831838990501}, {"x": 1051.896599461813, "y": 898.8789681232286}, {"x": 184.69230772870168, "y": 898.8789681232286}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Obviously it was not an important village. No one in our extended family\ncould give me the Polish names for rural Steinkirche or of Neumarkt Platz\nin the Silesian metropolis. Had Steinkirche been north, east, west or south\nof Breslau? In mind's eye I assumed it to be east-towards Posen-\nmy\nmistakenly, SO I was to discover. In answer to one of my many questions,\nI recalled that my mother had once told me that it had taken her about an\nhour by train to travel to the school she attended briefly in Breslau. It was\nan important clue.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 183.10692511127365, "y": 922.6597073846484}, {"x": 1048.7258342269563, "y": 922.6597073846484}, {"x": 1048.7258342269563, "y": 1211.1993437565427}, {"x": 183.10692511127365, "y": 1211.1993437565427}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "I then rang my cousin, Peter Erlanger, but neither he nor his older sister\ncould help me. Peter advised me to try to find Steinkirche using my\ncomputer's Internet search engine. It was enlightened advice, and was to\nprovide me with a key clue. The website yielded a huge list of entries,\nmostly concerning stone churches in present-day Germany. But there was\nalso a reference to a 1928 visit by a church official inspecting a number of\ncommunities overseen by the Lutheran Church at Strehlen. I had often\nheard my mother and her sister refer to acquaintances in Strehlen.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 183.10692511127365, "y": 1236.5654656353904}, {"x": 1058.2381299315246, "y": 1236.5654656353904}, {"x": 1058.2381299315246, "y": 1570.991053929843}, {"x": 183.10692511127365, "y": 1570.991053929843}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The article about Steinkirche described it as having a 1264 Polish Catholic\nfoundation, on a site where sacrifices had taken place. This\npagan\nseemed to have the ring of truth. The description offered a brief history\nof the church and illustrations of it in various stages of alteration.\ngave\nBy the seventeenth century, the place had become Lutheran and in the\nfollowing 200 years the community's religious confidence expressed itself\narchitecturally, through continual improvements. A church tower with\nbaroque spire was raised and the interior refurbished with an upper-storey\nbalcony with pews on three sides.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 110.35129408016024, "y": 1716.5352351690613}, {"x": 120.74226577872923, "y": 1716.5352351690613}, {"x": 120.74226577872923, "y": 1733.038543160906}, {"x": 110.35129408016024, "y": 1733.038543160906}], "category": "Footer", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000023.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 813.9304507811682, "y": 155.6861664760255}, {"x": 1023.712565589519, "y": 155.6861664760255}, {"x": 1023.712565589519, "y": 184.06845259715536}, {"x": 813.9304507811682, "y": 184.06845259715536}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "2. The Lost Homeland", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.86675928355797, "y": 214.60264288033855}, {"x": 1019.9203541378936, "y": 214.60264288033855}, {"x": 1019.9203541378936, "y": 543.8538422316559}, {"x": 150.86675928355797, "y": 543.8538422316559}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "This description told me that Steinkirche was somewhere in the vicinity\nof Strehlen. Then, according to Elfriede's stories about walking her\nanimals, ducks, geese and a goat to the railway station to meet visitors,\na station once existed near the village. I wondered whether it had survived\nthe bombing. I have seen films of the utter devastation along the Oder\nRiver in early May 1945, just before the War in Europe ended. Did the\nrailway still Steinkirche? My mother's father had been a railway line\npass\npointsman, a signal attendant. From a station close to home he would\nhave undertaken the long journeys his work demanded.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.10604511211568, "y": 570.7026524791881}, {"x": 1018.5072588617074, "y": 570.7026524791881}, {"x": 1018.5072588617074, "y": 786.9062297356325}, {"x": 155.10604511211568, "y": 786.9062297356325}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "I went back to the old German maps in the National Library and located\nSteinkirche on one of several contiguous contour maps perhaps designed\nfor military purposes. They covered Lower Silesia in 1938 in\u00b7remarkable\ndetail, although such detail also helped obscure the printed names\nof villages, which were lost in the depictions of miniature hills, rivers,\nquarries, castles, lakes and even houses.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.86675928355794, "y": 813.7550399831648}, {"x": 1023.7125655895188, "y": 813.7550399831648}, {"x": 1023.7125655895188, "y": 1109.0919527060205}, {"x": 150.86675928355794, "y": 1109.0919527060205}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Eventually I did locate the village through this superb map. Steinkirche\nwas off the main road near the second railway station south of Strehlen,\nprobably on a hill, something my mother had never mentioned. If one\npassed it, one could also locate it as station number two of the seven\nbetween Strehlen and Milnsterberg, on the railway running south of\nBreslau towards the Carpathian Mountains. Then I noted the Polish\nnames for the two townships south of Wroclaw (Breslau). In the German-\nto-Polish Gazeteer they are given as Strzelin and Ziebice.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.69294983592977, "y": 1131.7014771249949}, {"x": 1023.7125655895188, "y": 1131.7014771249949}, {"x": 1023.7125655895188, "y": 1349.318149657625}, {"x": 153.69294983592977, "y": 1349.318149657625}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "My intention was to take a train or a car to the new Polish ex-Steinkirche,\nvisit it discreetly, and search the old cemetery for family connections.\nI wanted to photograph my two-year-old granddaughter beside my own\ngrandfather Friedrich's grave. I wanted to look for other evidence of family\nhistory, and just savour the atmosphere of the place. I also wanted to see\nwhat had happened to Neumarkt Platz.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.69294983592977, "y": 1374.7538646289718}, {"x": 1021.3334494140792, "y": 1374.7538646289718}, {"x": 1021.3334494140792, "y": 1557.0431552569544}, {"x": 153.69294983592977, "y": 1557.0431552569544}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "It was difficult to achieve anything in a hurry. In London, my daughter,\ngranddaughter and I visited the office of the Polish Consulate. Tourist\nbrochures were generously given to us, but none of the authoritative road\nofPoland showed the villages between Strzelin and Ziebice. Did our\nmaps\nvillage still exist? And by what name?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.69294983592977, "y": 1581.081328004877}, {"x": 1018.5072588617074, "y": 1581.081328004877}, {"x": 1018.5072588617074, "y": 1692.7003017708016}, {"x": 153.69294983592977, "y": 1692.7003017708016}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "After flying to Berlin, we set out in a hire car for Wroclaw on 13 September\n2003. Beside the Hitler-era Autobahn, there are still extensive forests,\nbetween flat farmlands. It was raining when we entered Poland.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1080.031402785184, "y": 1715.5674218365443}, {"x": 1098.3774779992332, "y": 1715.5674218365443}, {"x": 1098.3774779992332, "y": 1735.5088079387715}, {"x": 1080.031402785184, "y": 1735.5088079387715}], "category": "Footer", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "9", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000024.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 182.77767523830312, "y": 157.00851617363838}, {"x": 343.1279960511054, "y": 157.00851617363838}, {"x": 343.1279960511054, "y": 183.3819242020598}, {"x": 182.77767523830312, "y": 183.3819242020598}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "At Home in Exile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 182.77767523830303, "y": 214.05064832297472}, {"x": 1054.482121227905, "y": 214.05064832297472}, {"x": 1054.482121227905, "y": 509.9023219842789}, {"x": 182.77767523830303, "y": 509.9023219842789}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "We received the clear impression from grim customs officials and money-\nchangers at the border that we had entered a part of the world still not\nentirely recovered from post-War economic depression. Roadside stands\nsold plaster garden statues, especially gnomes, and other wares were also\nfor sale, judging by the surreptitious lifting of skirts to reveal totally bare\nflesh, from women sheltering under their umbrellas. I wondered where\nthey would take their truck driver customers in a place where there seemed\nto be only road and forest.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 184.61388508244028, "y": 534.0206649457982}, {"x": 1052.874231697137, "y": 534.0206649457982}, {"x": 1052.874231697137, "y": 752.6936411302403}, {"x": 184.61388508244028, "y": 752.6936411302403}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Anthea's navigation skills took us promptly to the clean and pleasant\nTumski Hotel on the Sand Island near the oldest part of Wroclaw. I was\nimmensely moved when I found that my room overlooked a canal of the\nOder. This was a place of which mother had often spoken. Maria on the\nSand (die Sandkirche) is still there, one of the large old Gothic red-brick\nchurches that escaped bombing.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 182.777675238303, "y": 776.8119840917595}, {"x": 1054.482121227905, "y": 776.8119840917595}, {"x": 1054.482121227905, "y": 995.4849602762016}, {"x": 182.777675238303, "y": 995.4849602762016}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "That Saturday afternoon, too late for lunch, we sampled Polish beer and\nvodka. We explored the famous Rynek, the central seventeenth-century\nmarket square with its famed Gothic town hall where American soldiers\nhad stolen the gold from the astrological clock. The bombed-out buildings\nhad been restored, but they were too garishly painted to revive a sense\nof their history. The adjoining salt now mostly sells flowers.\nsquare", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 179.79021649013643, "y": 1016.3875241761856}, {"x": 1054.482121227905, "y": 1016.3875241761856}, {"x": 1054.482121227905, "y": 1172.3528086606775}, {"x": 179.79021649013643, "y": 1172.3528086606775}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "We wondered at how few smiling faces there were, and were puzzled\nby how little German or English anyone spoke. Why was there so little\ntourism? Only a pair of elegant teenagers had fluent German. We turned\ndown their offers of pornographic pictures and sexual experiences.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 182.7776752383031, "y": 1186.8238144375891}, {"x": 1051.2663421663692, "y": 1186.8238144375891}, {"x": 1051.2663421663692, "y": 1302.5918606528817}, {"x": 182.7776752383031, "y": 1302.5918606528817}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "We covered enough of the area to get a strong impression of a once-\nlively city devastated by War and hastily repaired. These were convenient\nreconstructions, done without an eye to matching styles.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 182.7776752383031, "y": 1321.8865350220972}, {"x": 1051.2663421663692, "y": 1321.8865350220972}, {"x": 1051.2663421663692, "y": 1513.225389183484}, {"x": 182.7776752383031, "y": 1513.225389183484}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "I was especially anxious to find out where Neumarkt Platz had been.\nThat evening at the hotel, I kept going to the window and trying to\nimagine my mother as a young woman taking an evening stroll with\na companion along the banks of the Oder. But this was autumn. Thick\nmists hung above the water. Few people were out walking.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 179.79021649013643, "y": 1529.3042844911638}, {"x": 1056.090010758673, "y": 1529.3042844911638}, {"x": 1056.090010758673, "y": 1682.0537899141195}, {"x": 179.79021649013643, "y": 1682.0537899141195}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "On Sunday we set out seriously to find the location of the old\nsquare.\nWe walked through once-stately streets, past the Metropole Hotel from\nwhere Hitler had addressed the crowds, to the Ethnographic Museum.\nThis proved disappointing. The contents of two rooms were a mere", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 104.21940854404248, "y": 1714.2115805294789}, {"x": 139.5929782209375, "y": 1714.2115805294789}, {"x": 139.5929782209375, "y": 1736.7220339602304}, {"x": 104.21940854404248, "y": 1736.7220339602304}], "category": "Footer", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000025.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 816.6279337524779, "y": 157.59554738030164}, {"x": 1027.5755382201696, "y": 157.59554738030164}, {"x": 1027.5755382201696, "y": 178.55928447025855}, {"x": 816.6279337524779, "y": 178.55928447025855}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "2. The Lost Homeland", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.58044898695755, "y": 215.2458243776831}, {"x": 1019.7141368114358, "y": 215.2458243776831}, {"x": 1019.7141368114358, "y": 322.6849769637123}, {"x": 157.58044898695755, "y": 322.6849769637123}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "gesture in honour of local culture. Few of the artefacts were authentically\npart of this area. It told us nothing of any interest or with any authority.\nWe wondered whose culture we were looking at.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.95998185071295, "y": 352.82034903052534}, {"x": 1019.7141368114362, "y": 352.82034903052534}, {"x": 1019.7141368114362, "y": 492.4271527403232}, {"x": 154.95998185071295, "y": 492.4271527403232}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "At the central railway station, we tried to question officials, in German and\nEnglish, about the location of Steinkirche. But only Polish was spoken at\nthe information office and other counters. Nor could we locate the correct\ntrain line on the information screens.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.33951471446835, "y": 519.2200121820583}, {"x": 1018.4039032433134, "y": 519.2200121820583}, {"x": 1018.4039032433134, "y": 890.016111960671}, {"x": 152.33951471446835, "y": 890.016111960671}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "On our walk back to the centre of town, past the dilapidated theatre where\nmy mother had attended performances, John spotted another bookshop.\nSurprisingly it was trading busily on a Polish Catholic Sunday. It sold old\nand books. We found old pictures of Breslau labelled in Polish and\nmaps\nEnglish. We found descriptions in both Polish and English of Neumarkt\nPlatz (Novi Targ). Various maps showed clear plans of its location. They\nalso showed the Neptune fountain I had been seeking. For centuries it had\na conspicuous place in town maps as a well drawing water from the Oder,\nwhose tributaries flowed together and separated the town into different\nquarters, spanned by a multitude of bridges.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.95998185071304, "y": 912.2900826187504}, {"x": 1019.7141368114362, "y": 912.2900826187504}, {"x": 1019.7141368114362, "y": 1018.4190016366572}, {"x": 154.95998185071304, "y": 1018.4190016366572}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "I was thrilled. Before this find, my family had begun to question whether\nthe fountain had actually existed. 'You and your fountain!' they cried.\nand beyond.\nBut I always knew it was there, in my memory", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.33951471446832, "y": 1045.9339065672257}, {"x": 1019.7141368114362, "y": 1045.9339065672257}, {"x": 1019.7141368114362, "y": 1296.1885180785862}, {"x": 152.33951471446832, "y": 1296.1885180785862}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "When we walked to Novi Targ, we found the old houses by the\nsquare\nhad been destroyed totally by the War. So, to my disappointment, had\nthe Neptune fountain . In Microcosm, his history of Wroclaw, Norman\nDavies tells how, after the War, the rubble of Breslau had been removed\nin trainloads to rebuild Warsaw in its original style. Some fine Breslau\nbuildings left standing by War were even knocked down for their\nold bricks.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.64974828259062, "y": 1326.3238901453992}, {"x": 1022.33460394768, "y": 1326.3238901453992}, {"x": 1022.33460394768, "y": 1435.0732762995508}, {"x": 153.64974828259062, "y": 1435.0732762995508}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "I viewed this horrible information as being akin to the punishment Dante\ndished out to sinners in his Purgatory. Atonement was to be made only\nby suffering punishment that fitted the spirit of a crime.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.02928114634602, "y": 1459.9677140938743}, {"x": 1024.9550710839246, "y": 1459.9677140938743}, {"x": 1024.9550710839246, "y": 1570.0273338161485}, {"x": 151.02928114634602, "y": 1570.0273338161485}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "We then looked for the air-raid shelters in which grandmother and\nmy\naunt Else had sheltered from the fire-bombs that rained down on the city\nin early 1945.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1072.2949925606686, "y": 1713.8278577264557}, {"x": 1094.260895497814, "y": 1713.8278577264557}, {"x": 1094.260895497814, "y": 1735.793760663601}, {"x": 1072.2949925606686, "y": 1735.793760663601}], "category": "Footer", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "11", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000026.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 184.4658027573419, "y": 159.39538835209908}, {"x": 340.8561807059391, "y": 159.39538835209908}, {"x": 340.8561807059391, "y": 179.7941333019161}, {"x": 184.4658027573419, "y": 179.7941333019161}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "At Home in Exile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 186.16569816982664, "y": 218.04178008282304}, {"x": 1053.7879484471673, "y": 218.04178008282304}, {"x": 1053.7879484471673, "y": 473.87603966177824}, {"x": 186.16569816982664, "y": 473.87603966177824}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Else had told us how phosphorenscence burning on human skin could not\nbe out, and how a seventeen-year-old soldier, weak from starvation,\nput\nhad been fed at a stranger mother's breast in the bunker before he returned\nto fight Russian soldiers in the final Breslau street battles. She had told us\nhow a fat man had wedged himself into the shelter's entrance, and had\nbeen mown down by the hysterical mob. She had told us how she herself\nhad carried her sick mother across a burning rooftop.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 186.16569816982664, "y": 496.0974498589802}, {"x": 1053.7879484471673, "y": 496.0974498589802}, {"x": 1053.7879484471673, "y": 828.1306831474533}, {"x": 186.16569816982664, "y": 828.1306831474533}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Beneath the reconstructed Novi Targ square, John identified shelters in\ntwo places, downstairs bolted against public entry. Plain and ugly high-\nrise public housing of cheap materials now stood around the bare square,\nwhere once interesting seventeenth-century merchant houses had stood\namid a lively marketplace. People had lived in apartments even before\nthe Communist-style transformations. Before their destruction, the old\nbuildings of Breslau were of stately proportions, made of good material\nby experienced artisans who valued their talents and who took pride in\na town with depth to its history.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 186.16569816982664, "y": 851.7920404167917}, {"x": 1053.7879484471673, "y": 851.7920404167917}, {"x": 1053.7879484471673, "y": 1066.4641143841595}, {"x": 186.16569816982664, "y": 1066.4641143841595}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Novi Targ now looks much sadder and more neglected than glossy\nmy\nphotos show. Breslau's lively markets that were once a feature of the city,\nas shown in my photographs of 1905, were relocated by the council in the\nsecond half of the twentieth century to a large new market hall. This was\nallegedly because of the congestion caused in the city's central squares by\ntraders with their cars, animals and stalls.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 186.16569816982664, "y": 1095.542140545241}, {"x": 1053.7879484471673, "y": 1095.542140545241}, {"x": 1053.7879484471673, "y": 1240.70029706857}, {"x": 186.16569816982664, "y": 1240.70029706857}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "I was nevertheless deeply moved. This ugly restoration was on ground\nwhere my grandmother and her children had walked so many times.\nGrandmother Emma and beloved aunt Else had lived there for fifteen\nmy\nyears before 1945. My mother had corresponded with them from far away.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 186.16569816982664, "y": 1264.3616543379076}, {"x": 1053.7879484471673, "y": 1264.3616543379076}, {"x": 1053.7879484471673, "y": 1447.43649310344}, {"x": 186.16569816982664, "y": 1447.43649310344}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Had we stayed longer, we would have enjoyed other moments of pleasure\nin a city that remains drab, and in which not even the theatre has been\nrestored. The original buildings, and what they stood for, were German.\nThe culture ofSilesia before 1945 has not yet been generally acknowledged.\nIt is also of Polish history. I am sure this will change.\npart", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 110.01611368381452, "y": 1715.535796821742}, {"x": 136.4781905802173, "y": 1715.535796821742}, {"x": 136.4781905802173, "y": 1735.3823544940435}, {"x": 110.01611368381452, "y": 1735.3823544940435}], "category": "Footer", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "12", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000027.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 205.45454404617, "y": 54.771511978878245}, {"x": 619.865868717498, "y": 54.771511978878245}, {"x": 619.865868717498, "y": 83.86545771778997}, {"x": 205.45454404617, "y": 83.86545771778997}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 308.55075940612244, "y": 151.4155983067134}, {"x": 1104.7977624350965, "y": 151.4155983067134}, {"x": 1104.7977624350965, "y": 611.7521766217408}, {"x": 308.55075940612244, "y": 611.7521766217408}], "category": "Chart", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u25a0 single-frequence \u25a0 multi-frequence\n0,3\n0.25\ndamage\n0,2\n0.15\nof\nLevel\n0,1\n0.05\n0\n1 2 3 4 5 6\nNumber of impellers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 204.29017331190707, "y": 639.3580339060247}, {"x": 661.6273548034088, "y": 639.3580339060247}, {"x": 661.6273548034088, "y": 691.4711115612449}, {"x": 204.29017331190707, "y": 691.4711115612449}], "category": "Caption", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 7.\nEstimated cumulative damage for impeller blades.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 308.5507594061223, "y": 744.4264819695643}, {"x": 1104.7977624350965, "y": 744.4264819695643}, {"x": 1104.7977624350965, "y": 1204.7630602845916}, {"x": 308.5507594061223, "y": 1204.7630602845916}], "category": "Chart", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u25a0 single-frequency \u25a0 multi-frequency\n8\n7\n6\nyears\n5\nResource,\n4\n3\n2\n1\n0\n1 2 3 4 5 6\nNumber of impellers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 204.29017331190707, "y": 1232.3689175688758}, {"x": 827.8501024967837, "y": 1232.3689175688758}, {"x": 827.8501024967837, "y": 1284.481995224096}, {"x": 204.29017331190707, "y": 1284.481995224096}], "category": "Caption", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 8.\nEstimated residual life of impeller blades by the criterion of cracking.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 308.5507594061223, "y": 1368.8849124933238}, {"x": 1104.7977624350965, "y": 1368.8849124933238}, {"x": 1104.7977624350965, "y": 1829.221490808351}, {"x": 308.5507594061223, "y": 1829.221490808351}], "category": "Chart", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u25a0 single-frequence \u25a0 multi-frequence\n12\n10\nyears\n8\nResource,\n6\n4\n2\n0\n1 2 3 4 5 6\nNumber of impellers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 204.29017331190707, "y": 1857.9920720504467}, {"x": 884.3998571029872, "y": 1857.9920720504467}, {"x": 884.3998571029872, "y": 1910.105149705667}, {"x": 204.29017331190707, "y": 1910.105149705667}], "category": "Caption", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 9.\nEstimated residual life of impeller blades at the stage of crack development.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 208.712570662554, "y": 1963.874280805992}, {"x": 235.67832602314172, "y": 1963.874280805992}, {"x": 235.67832602314172, "y": 1981.9918976888864}, {"x": 208.712570662554, "y": 1981.9918976888864}], "category": "Footer", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "48", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000028.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 206.26940515455857, "y": 54.79154772556285}, {"x": 618.5460399954162, "y": 54.79154772556285}, {"x": 618.5460399954162, "y": 84.70066348215423}, {"x": 206.26940515455857, "y": 84.70066348215423}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 206.2694051545584, "y": 149.66301632278007}, {"x": 1207.3111467579763, "y": 149.66301632278007}, {"x": 1207.3111467579763, "y": 217.19814987083083}, {"x": 206.2694051545584, "y": 217.19814987083083}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "between this and the fact that the development of the underlying wave function for\nthe whole universe is unique.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 246.05749348910172, "y": 217.19814987083083}, {"x": 416.9506601090345, "y": 217.19814987083083}, {"x": 416.9506601090345, "y": 249.82669551745377}, {"x": 246.05749348910172, "y": 249.82669551745377}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Summarizing:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.0987431050104, "y": 250.7761019986756}, {"x": 1190.6660106833206, "y": 250.7761019986756}, {"x": 1190.6660106833206, "y": 351.2731331316731}, {"x": 205.0987431050104, "y": 351.2731331316731}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Definition 1. A universe U is a chain of states (one state Ut for each moment of\ntime t), with the property that the transition between adjacent states is always\npossible.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.09874310501033, "y": 351.27313313167315}, {"x": 1200.440795171976, "y": 351.27313313167315}, {"x": 1200.440795171976, "y": 416.7686858795644}, {"x": 205.09874310501033, "y": 416.7686858795644}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Definition 2. A multiverse M is the set of all possible universes U in the sense of\nDefinition 1 together with a probability measure on this set.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.09874310501033, "y": 416.7686858795645}, {"x": 1200.440795171976, "y": 416.7686858795645}, {"x": 1200.440795171976, "y": 649.0706833935025}, {"x": 205.09874310501033, "y": 649.0706833935025}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "It may of course be said that quantum mechanics should allow for transitions\nbetween all kinds of states, although the probability for most such transitions may be\nextremely small. In this extremely simplified treatment, I will assume that for a given\nstate at a given moment of time t, the dynamical laws will only permit transitions to a\nvery limited number of states at the previous and next moments, which will make the\nprobabilistic part of the investigation particularly simple. However, modifications are\ncalled for near the endpoints (the Big Bang and the Big Crunch); see Section 5.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.09874310501033, "y": 649.0706833935025}, {"x": 1200.440795171976, "y": 649.0706833935025}, {"x": 1200.440795171976, "y": 781.0960390758222}, {"x": 205.09874310501033, "y": 781.0960390758222}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "As it stands, the model presented so far is too simple to generate any results. In\nfact, there are no observable differences at all between the states, which mean that\nthere are no measurable variables which could be related to the (so far non-\nspecified) dynamics.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.09874310501033, "y": 782.0037195075108}, {"x": 1200.440795171976, "y": 782.0037195075108}, {"x": 1200.440795171976, "y": 914.0290751898306}, {"x": 205.09874310501033, "y": 914.0290751898306}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "There are of course many different variables which we can choose to enrich this\nstructure, and which ones to choose must depend on what properties we want to\nexplain. For explaining the second law of thermodynamics, the obvious choice is the\nentropy.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 206.94733870881876, "y": 990.5770640102436}, {"x": 358.7920178524827, "y": 990.5770640102436}, {"x": 358.7920178524827, "y": 1023.476744491371}, {"x": 206.94733870881876, "y": 1023.476744491371}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "4. Entropy", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.0987431050102, "y": 1054.659796852172}, {"x": 1188.7038203070583, "y": 1054.659796852172}, {"x": 1188.7038203070583, "y": 1122.1125716544943}, {"x": 205.0987431050102, "y": 1122.1125716544943}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "According to Boltzmann, the total entropy of a certain macro-state at a certain\ntime is given by", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 632.5389939990077, "y": 1152.0516141913874}, {"x": 774.9256016714766, "y": 1152.0516141913874}, {"x": 774.9256016714766, "y": 1181.6686467634424}, {"x": 632.5389939990077, "y": 1181.6686467634424}], "category": "Equation", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "S=k_B\\ln\\Omega,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1141.4446063634243, "y": 1153.1173561564992}, {"x": 1174.1515502936495, "y": 1153.1173561564992}, {"x": 1174.1515502936495, "y": 1180.749084649276}, {"x": 1141.4446063634243, "y": 1180.749084649276}], "category": "Caption", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(2)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 247.3435202495609, "y": 1216.8036184308464}, {"x": 390.242705317953, "y": 1216.8036184308464}, {"x": 390.242705317953, "y": 1246.8824120225388}, {"x": 247.3435202495609, "y": 1246.8824120225388}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "or inversely", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 529.6865698632813, "y": 1278.499594452369}, {"x": 878.4892128328422, "y": 1278.499594452369}, {"x": 878.4892128328422, "y": 1312.8289663213282}, {"x": 529.6865698632813, "y": 1312.8289663213282}], "category": "Equation", "id": 13, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\\Omega=W^S,\\text{with}W=e^{1/k_B},", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1141.4446063634243, "y": 1284.405450494456}, {"x": 1174.1515502936495, "y": 1284.405450494456}, {"x": 1174.1515502936495, "y": 1312.037178987233}, {"x": 1141.4446063634243, "y": 1312.037178987233}], "category": "Caption", "id": 14, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(3)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.09874310501044, "y": 1342.360906859713}, {"x": 1075.061936537169, "y": 1342.360906859713}, {"x": 1075.061936537169, "y": 1409.8136816620354}, {"x": 205.09874310501044, "y": 1409.8136816620354}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 15, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "where \ufffd denotes the number of corresponding micro-states and kB is\nBoltzmann's constant.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.09874310501056, "y": 1412.8731349178745}, {"x": 1207.2883364943075, "y": 1412.8731349178745}, {"x": 1207.2883364943075, "y": 1711.0301548930815}, {"x": 205.09874310501056, "y": 1711.0301548930815}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 16, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "This formula was from the beginning derived for simple cases, like an ideal gas.\nNevertheless, it does represent a kind of universal truth in statistical mechanics: the\nnumber of possible micro-states corresponding to a given macro-state grows expo-\nnentially with the entropy. Although there are many complications when one tries\nto consider the entropy of the universe as a whole, I will still take it as the starting\npoint for the discussion that the entropy (at a given time t) is an exponential\nfunction of the total entropy as in (3). A more difficult question is if and how the\nconstant W may vary with time, but for the purpose of the present paper, I will\nsimply let it be constant.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.09874310501056, "y": 1712.5863081540551}, {"x": 1207.2883364943075, "y": 1712.5863081540551}, {"x": 1207.2883364943075, "y": 1912.174557252123}, {"x": 205.09874310501056, "y": 1912.174557252123}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 17, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "One may of course argue that this can only be true when the universe is still\nquite ordered and the entropy is very far from reaching its maximum. But this is\ncertainly what the situation is like in our universe today, and according to the\ncomputations in [10, 11], it would take an almost incredibly long time to reach such\na state of maximal entropy. Thus, it will in the following be taken for granted that\nthis time is much longer than the life-span of our universe.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 207.40057899134425, "y": 1963.3417692532717}, {"x": 243.2980009533497, "y": 1963.3417692532717}, {"x": 243.2980009533497, "y": 1982.3161208617605}, {"x": 207.40057899134425, "y": 1982.3161208617605}], "category": "Footer", "id": 18, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "312", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000029.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 204.01234142573236, "y": 52.40364736386741}, {"x": 695.1465298358688, "y": 52.40364736386741}, {"x": 695.1465298358688, "y": 115.68439856286572}, {"x": 204.01234142573236, "y": 115.68439856286572}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Combinatorial Cosmology\nDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90696", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.9013190734637, "y": 150.63048504589466}, {"x": 438.2455697444127, "y": 150.63048504589466}, {"x": 438.2455697444127, "y": 187.4655491766549}, {"x": 205.9013190734637, "y": 187.4655491766549}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "5. The dynamics", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.90131907346384, "y": 220.4358193425665}, {"x": 1206.91041817022, "y": 220.4358193425665}, {"x": 1206.91041817022, "y": 517.9505873685791}, {"x": 205.90131907346384, "y": 517.9505873685791}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The next step is to construct a model for the dynamics. The idea, which essen-\ntially goes back to Boltzmann (see [12]), is that any given macro-state at any given\ntime is extremely likely to develop into a state with higher entropy at the next\nmoment of time, simply because there are so many more states with higher entropy\nthan with lower entropy (compare with (3)). The problem with this in the present\nsituation, however, is that this way of thinking in fact presupposes a preferred\ndirection of time. Otherwise, given that the dynamical laws are time symmetric,\nwhy can we not similarly argue that the entropy should also grow when we go\nbackward in time? (compare [9]).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.90131907346367, "y": 517.950587368579}, {"x": 1206.9104181702198, "y": 517.950587368579}, {"x": 1206.9104181702198, "y": 617.9385209815059}, {"x": 205.90131907346367, "y": 617.9385209815059}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "There have been many attempts to avoid this problem by looking for defects in\nthe symmetries. But my conclusion here is that we must actually accept Boltzmann's\nargument in both directions of time and hence we are led to the following:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.90131907346372, "y": 617.9385209815059}, {"x": 1206.9104181702198, "y": 617.9385209815059}, {"x": 1206.9104181702198, "y": 779.9217418433141}, {"x": 205.90131907346372, "y": 779.9217418433141}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Principle 1. At every moment of time t and for every state with entropy S, there\nare very many \"accessible states\" with higher entropy, both at the previous moment\nof time t - 1 and at the next one t + 1. On the other hand, the chance for finding\nsuch accessible states with lower entropy, both at times t - 1 and t + 1, is extremely\nsmall.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.90131907346372, "y": 781.9774581329673}, {"x": 1206.9104181702198, "y": 781.9774581329673}, {"x": 1206.9104181702198, "y": 912.4784587333838}, {"x": 205.90131907346372, "y": 912.4784587333838}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "This principle also implies a shift of perspective in the search for time's arrow.\nRather than trying to find the reason for the asymmetry, we must concentrate on\nunderstanding why we cannot observe the symmetric structure of the multiverse as\na whole.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.90131907346372, "y": 914.5260335883822}, {"x": 1208.951029406741, "y": 914.5260335883822}, {"x": 1208.951029406741, "y": 1150.3098848525478}, {"x": 205.90131907346372, "y": 1150.3098848525478}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "As still one more simplification, let us assume that the entropy can only change\nby \u00b11 during each unit of time. This assumption, however, has to be modified near\nthe endpoints (BB and BC) for the following reason: it is a very important aspect of\nthis approach to assume that physics during the first and last moments is very\ndifferent from the rest of the time, since at these moments quantum phenomena\ncan be expected to become global. To model this in a simple way, we can split the\nlife-span of our multiverse up into three parts:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 514.2043906464061, "y": 1178.2909052682428}, {"x": 900.3999978708955, "y": 1178.2909052682428}, {"x": 900.3999978708955, "y": 1209.5437289742708}, {"x": 514.2043906464061, "y": 1209.5437289742708}], "category": "Equation", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "{\\left[-T_0,-T_1\\right]\\cup\\left[-T_1,T_1\\right]\\cup\\left[T_1,T_0\\right]\\text{.}}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1140.0177950613136, "y": 1179.245422436934}, {"x": 1175.1068297000606, "y": 1179.245422436934}, {"x": 1175.1068297000606, "y": 1207.3509895295356}, {"x": 1140.0177950613136, "y": 1207.3509895295356}], "category": "Caption", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(4)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.901319073464, "y": 1241.28845368516}, {"x": 1184.401085901577, "y": 1241.28845368516}, {"x": 1184.401085901577, "y": 1374.867934528765}, {"x": 205.901319073464, "y": 1374.867934528765}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Here the first and last parts may be called \"the extreme phases,\" which are\ncharacterized by the property that transition between very different states can be\npossible. During the \"normal phase\" in between on the other hand, physics is\nsupposed to behave more or less as we are used to.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 204.0123414257329, "y": 1451.2002535829847}, {"x": 570.3210431071166, "y": 1451.2002535829847}, {"x": 570.3210431071166, "y": 1488.035317713745}, {"x": 204.0123414257329, "y": 1488.035317713745}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "6. Modeling the dynamics", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.9013190734637, "y": 1518.0357424211495}, {"x": 1207.6662863768547, "y": 1518.0357424211495}, {"x": 1207.6662863768547, "y": 1650.141580556582}, {"x": 205.9013190734637, "y": 1650.141580556582}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "To construct a miniature multiverse for computational purposes, one can pro-\nceed as follows: first of all, in the very small multiverses studied here, the extreme\nphases will only last for one single unit of time. Also, for ease of notation, let us put\nT1 = m, so that the moments of time can in this context be denoted as", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 444.33860036783216, "y": 1681.5549196235454}, {"x": 967.5239246540824, "y": 1681.5549196235454}, {"x": 967.5239246540824, "y": 1712.8077433295734}, {"x": 444.33860036783216, "y": 1712.8077433295734}], "category": "Equation", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "-m-1,-m,-m+1,\\ldots,m-1,m,m+1\\text{.}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1140.0177950613136, "y": 1681.5549196235454}, {"x": 1175.1068297000606, "y": 1681.5549196235454}, {"x": 1175.1068297000606, "y": 1709.660486716147}, {"x": 1140.0177950613136, "y": 1709.660486716147}], "category": "Caption", "id": 13, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(5)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.90131907346375, "y": 1744.631116204022}, {"x": 1207.6662863768547, "y": 1744.631116204022}, {"x": 1207.6662863768547, "y": 1912.1067857150515}, {"x": 205.90131907346375, "y": 1912.1067857150515}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 14, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The dynamics is specified by randomly choosing for each state at time t with\nentropy S, K edges to states at time t + 1 with entropy S + 1, and similarly K edges to\nstates at time t - 1 with entropy S + 1 (with obvious modifications at the end-\npoints). In this section, again to make everything as simple as possible, K will be set\nequal to 2. These random choices are in practice carried out by the random number", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 206.70723588154604, "y": 1963.4134952985355}, {"x": 242.1507052136137, "y": 1963.4134952985355}, {"x": 242.1507052136137, "y": 1982.4984403234944}, {"x": 206.70723588154604, "y": 1982.4984403234944}], "category": "Footer", "id": 15, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "313", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000030.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 205.54295881755877, "y": 55.26827326696685}, {"x": 695.1727773504633, "y": 55.26827326696685}, {"x": 695.1727773504633, "y": 115.90753933033052}, {"x": 205.54295881755877, "y": 115.90753933033052}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Combinatorial Cosmology\nDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90696", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.54295881755877, "y": 151.38796096314968}, {"x": 1206.5311009294803, "y": 151.38796096314968}, {"x": 1206.5311009294803, "y": 583.3701400000158}, {"x": 205.54295881755877, "y": 583.3701400000158}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "As for the normal phase, the choice will, to start with, be the simplest possible\none: each path is either possible or not, corresponding to the probability weights 1\nand 0. During the extreme phases, this assumption is no longer reasonable. Again\nthe model will be extremely simplified, but still it is based on physical intuition and,\nmost importantly, completely time symmetric. Assume that the only types of edges\nhaving a non-neglectable chance of occurring during the extreme phase\n[-m - 1, -m] are of the following two kinds: The first scenario is that the universe\npasses through the extreme phase into a state of zero entropy. The other scenario is\nthat it passes into a state with high entropy (equal to 2m). Universes of one of these\ntwo types will be given the (un-normalized) probability 1 or p, respectively. Here\np> 0 should be thought of as a very small number, at least when the size of the\nmodel becomes large. During the other extreme phase [m, m + 1], near the Big\nCrunch, we make the completely symmetric assumption.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.54295881755868, "y": 583.3701400000158}, {"x": 1206.5311009294803, "y": 583.3701400000158}, {"x": 1206.5311009294803, "y": 947.6069240090789}, {"x": 205.54295881755868, "y": 947.6069240090789}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Remark 3. These assumptions may perhaps seem somewhat arbitrary. And to a\ncertain extent, this may be so. However, they do represent the following viewpoint\nof what may happen at the full cosmological scale: we may think of the Big Bang and\nthe Big Crunch as states of complete order with zero volume and entropy. Such\nstates can very well be metastable, very much like an oversaturated gas at a tem-\nperature below the point of condensation. If no disturbance takes place, such meta-\nstable states can very well continue to exist for a substantial period of time. In\nparticular, a low-entropy state can have a very good chance of surviving the intense\nbut extremely short extreme phase. On the other hand, if a sufficiently large dis-\nturbance occurs, then the metastable state may almost immediately decay into a\nvery disordered state of high entropy.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.54295881755883, "y": 947.6069240090789}, {"x": 1206.5311009294808, "y": 947.6069240090789}, {"x": 1206.5311009294808, "y": 1048.0999519763564}, {"x": 205.54295881755883, "y": 1048.0999519763564}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "It is not my intension to further argue in favor of this viewpoint here. The main\nthing in this chapter is to show that completely symmetric boundary conditions at\nthe endpoints may give rise to a broken time symmetry.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 247.14745962432312, "y": 1048.0999519763564}, {"x": 1005.3951335942544, "y": 1048.0999519763564}, {"x": 1005.3951335942544, "y": 1080.773441534864}, {"x": 247.14745962432312, "y": 1080.773441534864}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The multiverse now splits up into four different kinds of paths:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 239.65630467568, "y": 1114.669055624849}, {"x": 915.689331198648, "y": 1114.669055624849}, {"x": 915.689331198648, "y": 1147.258530080209}, {"x": 239.65630467568, "y": 1147.258530080209}], "category": "List", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 LL: The entropy is low (=0) at both ends ( -m and m).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 239.65630467568, "y": 1181.3637940451208}, {"x": 755.0156431861756, "y": 1181.3637940451208}, {"x": 755.0156431861756, "y": 1213.9532685004808}, {"x": 239.65630467568, "y": 1213.9532685004808}], "category": "List", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 LH: The entropy is 0 at -m and 2m at m.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 239.65630467568, "y": 1248.8164272201682}, {"x": 755.0156431861756, "y": 1248.8164272201682}, {"x": 755.0156431861756, "y": 1281.4059016755282}, {"x": 239.65630467568, "y": 1281.4059016755282}], "category": "List", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 HL: The entropy is 2m at -m and 0 at m.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 239.65630467568, "y": 1313.9953761308882}, {"x": 967.984069278179, "y": 1313.9953761308882}, {"x": 967.984069278179, "y": 1346.5848505862482}, {"x": 239.65630467568, "y": 1346.5848505862482}], "category": "List", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 HH: The entropy is high (= 2m) at both ends (-m and m).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.54295881755868, "y": 1379.7190694722085}, {"x": 1166.6851007472562, "y": 1379.7190694722085}, {"x": 1166.6851007472562, "y": 1480.212097439486}, {"x": 205.54295881755868, "y": 1480.212097439486}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "If we now denote by NLL, NLH, NHL and NHH the number of paths of the\nindicated kinds, then with the above assumptions we also get the corresponding\nprobability weights for the corresponding types as", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 308.81180065673504, "y": 1500.6805419539064}, {"x": 1020.8455496735476, "y": 1500.6805419539064}, {"x": 1020.8455496735476, "y": 1537.3874204902377}, {"x": 308.81180065673504, "y": 1537.3874204902377}], "category": "Equation", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "P_{LL}=N_{LL},\\quadP_{LH}=pN_{LH},\\quadP_{HL}=pN_{HL},\\quadP_{HH}=p^2N_{HH}.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1125.8621432858313, "y": 1505.358655813502}, {"x": 1175.5316839311215, "y": 1505.358655813502}, {"x": 1175.5316839311215, "y": 1532.795163979472}, {"x": 1125.8621432858313, "y": 1532.795163979472}], "category": "Caption", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(10)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 245.4807048851239, "y": 1568.807351447979}, {"x": 1171.0678451565202, "y": 1568.807351447979}, {"x": 1171.0678451565202, "y": 1639.1822690817758}, {"x": 245.4807048851239, "y": 1639.1822690817758}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "We can now consider the following two types of broken time symmetry:\nDefinition 4. A multiverse is said to exhibit a weak broken time symmetry if", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 601.9121164094513, "y": 1658.5692574036748}, {"x": 809.9092265827987, "y": 1658.5692574036748}, {"x": 809.9092265827987, "y": 1690.2361052152337}, {"x": 601.9121164094513, "y": 1690.2361052152337}], "category": "Equation", "id": 13, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "P_{LL}\\llP_{LH}+P_{HL}.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1128.4590525407552, "y": 1660.4110470336338}, {"x": 1175.531683931122, "y": 1660.4110470336338}, {"x": 1175.531683931122, "y": 1687.847555199604}, {"x": 1128.4590525407552, "y": 1687.847555199604}], "category": "Caption", "id": 14, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(11)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 245.4807048851239, "y": 1721.023418438474}, {"x": 1173.9041693861568, "y": 1721.023418438474}, {"x": 1173.9041693861568, "y": 1757.3624453166324}, {"x": 245.4807048851239, "y": 1757.3624453166324}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 15, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Definition 5. A multiverse is said to exhibit a strong broken time symmetry if", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 560.0029930564446, "y": 1779.5857578681678}, {"x": 848.591347437624, "y": 1779.5857578681678}, {"x": 848.591347437624, "y": 1811.252605679727}, {"x": 560.0029930564446, "y": 1811.252605679727}], "category": "Equation", "id": 16, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "P_{LL}+P_{HH}\\llP_{LH}+P_{HL}.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1127.7487284161282, "y": 1780.4558240956371}, {"x": 1175.5316839311215, "y": 1780.4558240956371}, {"x": 1175.5316839311215, "y": 1807.8923322616072}, {"x": 1127.7487284161282, "y": 1807.8923322616072}], "category": "Caption", "id": 17, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(12)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 206.6402832797661, "y": 1841.874763750275}, {"x": 1182.0828473860065, "y": 1841.874763750275}, {"x": 1182.0828473860065, "y": 1912.2496813840717}, {"x": 206.6402832797661, "y": 1912.2496813840717}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 18, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Both these definitions should of course be made more precise when applied to\nspecific models for the multiverse, e.g., by showing that the corresponding limits", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 206.64028327976615, "y": 1962.0506527177045}, {"x": 242.69218147948803, "y": 1962.0506527177045}, {"x": 242.69218147948803, "y": 1984.16572105568}, {"x": 206.64028327976615, "y": 1984.16572105568}], "category": "Footer", "id": 19, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "317", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000031.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 204.56089896379623, "y": 55.07066991380176}, {"x": 617.4239870547831, "y": 55.07066991380176}, {"x": 617.4239870547831, "y": 84.10010579519925}, {"x": 204.56089896379623, "y": 84.10010579519925}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 481.953286274928, "y": 151.83545618512676}, {"x": 936.1026831750136, "y": 151.83545618512676}, {"x": 936.1026831750136, "y": 218.28060942476995}, {"x": 481.953286274928, "y": 218.28060942476995}], "category": "Equation", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\\lim\\frac{P_{LL}}{P_{LH}+P_{HL}}\\quad\\text{and}\\quad\\lim\\frac{P_{LL}+P_{HH}}{P_{LH}+P_{HL}}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1128.3420585673791, "y": 169.25311771396528}, {"x": 1175.4342545527572, "y": 169.25311771396528}, {"x": 1175.4342545527572, "y": 197.6374550202206}, {"x": 1128.3420585673791, "y": 197.6374550202206}], "category": "Caption", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(13)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 204.56089896379623, "y": 248.8890390388376}, {"x": 1185.8579758049443, "y": 248.8890390388376}, {"x": 1185.8579758049443, "y": 315.21602651009925}, {"x": 204.56089896379623, "y": 315.21602651009925}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "equal zero when certain parameters tend to infinity in some well-defined way.\nHowever, it is worthwhile at this stage to note their implications for cosmology.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 204.56089896379623, "y": 316.13723466942236}, {"x": 1207.9669716286985, "y": 316.13723466942236}, {"x": 1207.9669716286985, "y": 713.1779513376694}, {"x": 204.56089896379623, "y": 713.1779513376694}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The strong broken symmetry in Definition 5 actually means that a monotonic\nbehavior of the entropy is far more probable than a non-monotonic one. In the case\nof a weak broken symmetry, this is not necessarily so; it could very well be that the\nmost probable scenario would be high entropy at both ends. Thus, this is definitely a\nweaker statement, but it can nevertheless be argued that it can be used to explain\nthe time asymmetry that we observe, referring to a kind of anthropic principle: it is\nan obvious observational fact that we live in a universe with low entropy at at least\none end. If the statement in Definition 4 is fulfilled, then clearly among such\nscenarios, the monotonic ones (LH and HL) are the by far most probable ones.\nThus, since universes with high entropy at both ends would seem to be quite\nuninhabitable, one can argue that given the existence of an observer, then with\nalmost certainty he must live in a universe with monotonic entropy.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 204.56089896379623, "y": 713.1779513376694}, {"x": 1206.1245553100523, "y": 713.1779513376694}, {"x": 1206.1245553100523, "y": 814.5108488632081}, {"x": 204.56089896379623, "y": 814.5108488632081}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Summing up, both limits above can be used to argue in favor of time asymmetry.\nNevertheless, at least to the mind of the author, the strong broken symmetry is the\npreferable one. This alternative will be further studied in Section 9.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 204.56089896379623, "y": 878.8227919548882}, {"x": 1036.6103610811667, "y": 878.8227919548882}, {"x": 1036.6103610811667, "y": 915.0914107805556}, {"x": 204.56089896379623, "y": 915.0914107805556}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "8. Numerical computations in the combinatorial multiverse", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 204.56089896379623, "y": 946.6306214473168}, {"x": 1206.1245553100523, "y": 946.6306214473168}, {"x": 1206.1245553100523, "y": 1111.7341163085991}, {"x": 204.56089896379623, "y": 1111.7341163085991}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "With the setup in Sections 6 and 7, we can now use Mathematica or MATLAB to\ngenerate instances of the combinatorial multiverse for small values of m and W and\nthen compute the corresponding probability weights PLL, PLH, PHL and PHH. It is\nimportant to note that the matrices here can be treated as sparse, rather than as full\nmatrices, which make the computations considerably faster.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 204.56089896379623, "y": 1113.2441453429988}, {"x": 1158.233928265999, "y": 1113.2441453429988}, {"x": 1158.233928265999, "y": 1246.3810920149936}, {"x": 204.56089896379623, "y": 1246.3810920149936}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "In particular, in the case m = 2 in Section 6 and with a randomly generated\ndynamics which is manifested by an adjacency matrix A, we can compute the\npower A4 and read of the first row, which contains all the information we need\nabout the paths from the state at t = -2 with S = 0. So what do we find?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 204.56089896379623, "y": 1246.3810920149936}, {"x": 1206.1245553100523, "y": 1246.3810920149936}, {"x": 1206.1245553100523, "y": 1379.5180386869883}, {"x": 204.56089896379623, "y": 1379.5180386869883}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "In Figure 3, I have plotted the ratio NLL/(NLH + NHL) for the cases m = 2 (light\ngray) and m = 3 (dark gray) for values of W ranging from 3 to 30. What is actually\ndisplayed are the mean values of 1000 randomly generated matrices as above for\neach value of W. Although the picture clearly supports the claim that", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 387.5925645107772, "y": 1443.561954919961}, {"x": 1023.69458403499, "y": 1443.561954919961}, {"x": 1023.69458403499, "y": 1831.0352663052684}, {"x": 387.5925645107772, "y": 1831.0352663052684}], "category": "Chart", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "0.10\n0.08\n0.06\n0.04\n0.02\n0.00\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 206.77168586430065, "y": 1855.790505643774}, {"x": 1195.904944650682, "y": 1855.790505643774}, {"x": 1195.904944650682, "y": 1910.682558090026}, {"x": 206.77168586430065, "y": 1910.682558090026}], "category": "Caption", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 3\u00b7\nThe ratio NLL/(NLH + NHL) as a function of W for the cases m = 2 (light gray) and m = 3 (dark gray) [4].", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 206.77168586430065, "y": 1962.2926628639336}, {"x": 242.75298879927377, "y": 1962.2926628639336}, {"x": 242.75298879927377, "y": 1982.8765117183464}, {"x": 206.77168586430065, "y": 1982.8765117183464}], "category": "Footer", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "318", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000032.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 398.9394138066693, "y": 286.9640156617304}, {"x": 610.9882229929116, "y": 286.9640156617304}, {"x": 610.9882229929116, "y": 335.6642206423029}, {"x": 398.9394138066693, "y": 335.6642206423029}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Prologue", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 398.9394138066692, "y": 386.0597245190183}, {"x": 950.644863298734, "y": 386.0597245190183}, {"x": 950.644863298734, "y": 420.92159489501233}, {"x": 398.9394138066692, "y": 420.92159489501233}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Programming and Understanding", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 396.89167916977135, "y": 454.6644460356022}, {"x": 1265.8808871108358, "y": 454.6644460356022}, {"x": 1265.8808871108358, "y": 812.7984521902214}, {"x": 396.89167916977135, "y": 812.7984521902214}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "One way to become aware of the precision required to unam-\nbiguously communicate a mathematical idea is to program it for\na computer. Rather than using canned programs purely as an\naid to visualization or numerical computation, we use computer\nprogramming in a functional style to encourage clear thinking.\nProgramming forces us to be precise and unambiguous, without\nforcing us to be excessively rigorous. The computer does not toler-\nate vague descriptions or incomplete constructions. Thus the act\nof programming makes us keenly aware of our errors of reasoning\nor unsupported conclusions.1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 396.89167916977135, "y": 812.7984521902215}, {"x": 1265.8808871108358, "y": 812.7984521902215}, {"x": 1265.8808871108358, "y": 1027.115025866413}, {"x": 396.89167916977135, "y": 1027.115025866413}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Although this book is about differential geometry, we can show\nhow thinking about programming can help in understanding in a\nmore elementary context. The traditional use of Leibniz's notation\nand Newton's notation is convenient in simple situations, but in\nmore complicated situations it can be a serious handicap to clear\nreasoning.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 396.8916791697712, "y": 1028.5010086904783}, {"x": 1265.8808871108358, "y": 1028.5010086904783}, {"x": 1265.8808871108358, "y": 1242.8175823666695}, {"x": 396.8916791697712, "y": 1242.8175823666695}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "A mechanical system is described by a Lagrangian function of\nthe system state (time, coordinates, and velocities). A motion of\nthe system is described by a path that gives the coordinates for\neach moment of time. A path is allowed if and only if it satisfies\nthe Lagrange equations. Traditionally, the Lagrange equations are\nwritten", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 400.5711388216955, "y": 1259.2149642290717}, {"x": 622.0815519086493, "y": 1259.2149642290717}, {"x": 622.0815519086493, "y": 1335.6577734512362}, {"x": 400.5711388216955, "y": 1335.6577734512362}], "category": "Equation", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\\frac{d}{dt}\\frac{\\partialL}{\\partial\\dot{q}}-\\frac{\\partialL}{\\partialq}=0.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 396.8916791697714, "y": 1358.59495760437}, {"x": 972.4237726420016, "y": 1358.59495760437}, {"x": 972.4237726420016, "y": 1393.60823607041}, {"x": 396.8916791697714, "y": 1393.60823607041}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "What could this expression possibly mean?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 396.89167916977135, "y": 1395.6455003638575}, {"x": 1265.880887110836, "y": 1395.6455003638575}, {"x": 1265.880887110836, "y": 1573.2182158423857}, {"x": 396.89167916977135, "y": 1573.2182158423857}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Let's try to write a program that implements Lagrange equa-\ntions. What are Lagrange equations for? Our program must take\na proposed path and give a result that allows us to decide if the\npath is allowed. This is already a problem; the equation shown\nabove does not have a slot for a path to be tested.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 396.8916791697712, "y": 1619.1897545943857}, {"x": 1267.8692111167056, "y": 1619.1897545943857}, {"x": 1267.8692111167056, "y": 1709.0242371244412}, {"x": 396.8916791697712, "y": 1709.0242371244412}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1The idea of using computer programming to develop skills of clear thinking\nwas originally advocated by Seymour Papert. An extensive discussion of this\nidea, applied to the education of young children, can be found in Papert [13].", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000033.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 399.5202574247547, "y": 228.71142536259023}, {"x": 504.6684272691723, "y": 228.71142536259023}, {"x": 504.6684272691723, "y": 260.0714058425043}, {"x": 399.5202574247547, "y": 260.0714058425043}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Prologue", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1219.8123727569664, "y": 230.2099143165384}, {"x": 1266.8620242625357, "y": 230.2099143165384}, {"x": 1266.8620242625357, "y": 256.3062521201929}, {"x": 1219.8123727569664, "y": 256.3062521201929}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "xvii", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 399.5202574247546, "y": 291.9382631341931}, {"x": 776.9761709229836, "y": 291.9382631341931}, {"x": 776.9761709229836, "y": 321.8957596448232}, {"x": 399.5202574247546, "y": 321.8957596448232}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Functional Abstraction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 396.7751463023969, "y": 361.2523189737296}, {"x": 1266.8620242625357, "y": 361.2523189737296}, {"x": 1266.8620242625357, "y": 640.4845405605985}, {"x": 396.7751463023969, "y": 640.4845405605985}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "But this corrected use of Leibniz notation is ugly. We had to\nintroduce extraneous symbols (q and q) in order to indicate the ar-\ngument position specifying the partial derivative. Nothing would\nchange here if we replaced q and q by a and b.3 We can sim-\nplify the notation by admitting that the partial derivatives of the\nLagrangian are themselves new functions, and by specifying the\nparticular partial derivative by the position of the argument that\nis varied", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 396.775146302397, "y": 663.5050350474821}, {"x": 1122.1910803776543, "y": 663.5050350474821}, {"x": 1122.1910803776543, "y": 734.9479489722933}, {"x": 396.775146302397, "y": 734.9479489722933}], "category": "Equation", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\\frac{d}{dl}\\left(\\left(\\partial_2L\\right)\\left(t,w(t),\\frac{d}{dl}w(t)\\right)\\right)-\\left(\\partial_1L\\right)\\left(t,w(t),\\frac{d}{dl}w(t)\\right)=0,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 396.775146302397, "y": 756.9091389990621}, {"x": 1266.8620242625357, "y": 756.9091389990621}, {"x": 1266.8620242625357, "y": 824.0141610682815}, {"x": 396.775146302397, "y": 824.0141610682815}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "where aiL is the function which is the partial derivative of the\n4\nfunction L with respect to the ith argument.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 396.7751463023971, "y": 826.4009370553692}, {"x": 1266.8620242625357, "y": 826.4009370553692}, {"x": 1266.8620242625357, "y": 1041.1127746396005}, {"x": 396.7751463023971, "y": 1041.1127746396005}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Two different notions of derivative appear in this expression.\nThe functions \ufffd2L and \ufffd1L, constructed from the Lagrangian\nL, have the same arguments as L. The derivative d/dt is an\nexpression derivative. It applies to an expression that involves\nthe variable t and it gives the rate of change of the value of the\nexpression as the value of the variable t is varied.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 396.7751463023972, "y": 1043.7855361033046}, {"x": 1266.8620242625357, "y": 1043.7855361033046}, {"x": 1266.8620242625357, "y": 1402.826492727558}, {"x": 396.7751463023972, "y": 1402.826492727558}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "These are both useful interpretations of the idea of a derivative.\nBut functions give us more power. There are many equivalent\nways to write expressions that compute the same value. For\nexample 1/(1/r1 + 1/r2) = (r1r2)/(r1 + r2). These expressions\ncompute the same function of the two variables r1 and r2. The\nfirst expression fails if r1 = 0 but the second one gives the right\nvalue of the function. If we abstract the function, say as II(r1, r2),\nwe can ignore the details of how it is computed. The ideas become\nclearer because they do not depend on the detailed shape of the\nexpressions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 396.77514630239693, "y": 1449.4004601014735}, {"x": 1266.8620242625357, "y": 1449.4004601014735}, {"x": 1266.8620242625357, "y": 1637.0183822094227}, {"x": 396.77514630239693, "y": 1637.0183822094227}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "3 That the symbols q and q can be replaced by other arbitrarily chosen non-\nconflicting symbols without changing the meaning of the expression tells us\nthat the partial derivative symbol is a logical quantifier, like forall and exists\n(\u2200 and \u2203).\n4The argument positions of the Lagrangian are indicated by indices starting\nwith zero for the time argument.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000034.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 397.77727027092976, "y": 231.41295294940204}, {"x": 453.4233221677145, "y": 231.41295294940204}, {"x": 453.4233221677145, "y": 255.0434681384476}, {"x": 397.77727027092976, "y": 255.0434681384476}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "xviii", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1159.2896791050116, "y": 231.41295294940204}, {"x": 1266.770409480993, "y": 231.41295294940204}, {"x": 1266.770409480993, "y": 260.37939092307084}, {"x": 1159.2896791050116, "y": 260.37939092307084}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Prologue", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 398.53954495444736, "y": 294.6817516813628}, {"x": 1264.4835854304404, "y": 294.6817516813628}, {"x": 1264.4835854304404, "y": 399.11338332327387}, {"x": 398.53954495444736, "y": 399.11338332327387}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "So let's get rid of the expression derivative d/dt and replace it\nwith an appropriate functional derivative. If f is a function then\nwe will write Df as the new function that is the derivative of f:5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 400.06409432148257, "y": 423.5061731958371}, {"x": 708.7853411461103, "y": 423.5061731958371}, {"x": 708.7853411461103, "y": 505.06956433222024}, {"x": 400.06409432148257, "y": 505.06956433222024}], "category": "Equation", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(Df)(t)=\\left.\\frac{d}{dx}f(x)\\right|_{x=t}.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 398.53954495444736, "y": 525.6509807871954}, {"x": 1264.4835854304404, "y": 525.6509807871954}, {"x": 1264.4835854304404, "y": 593.4934276202617}, {"x": 398.53954495444736, "y": 593.4934276202617}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "To do this for the Lagrange equation we need to construct a\nfunction to take the derivative of.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 398.53954495444736, "y": 598.0670757213672}, {"x": 1264.4835854304404, "y": 598.0670757213672}, {"x": 1264.4835854304404, "y": 700.2118833127256}, {"x": 398.53954495444736, "y": 700.2118833127256}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Given a configuration-space path w, there is a standard way\nto make the state-space path. We can abstract this method as a\nmathematical function \ufffd:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 400.06409432148246, "y": 721.5555744512186}, {"x": 749.9481740560607, "y": 721.5555744512186}, {"x": 749.9481740560607, "y": 791.6848453348375}, {"x": 400.06409432148246, "y": 791.6848453348375}], "category": "Equation", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\\Gamma[w](t)=\\left(t,w(t),\\frac{d}{dl}w(t)\\right).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 398.5395449544473, "y": 813.7908111568479}, {"x": 689.840989716273, "y": 813.7908111568479}, {"x": 689.840989716273, "y": 848.0824400106784}, {"x": 398.5395449544473, "y": 848.0824400106784}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Using \ufffd we can write:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 400.06409432148257, "y": 872.375303999011}, {"x": 936.1706259330724, "y": 872.375303999011}, {"x": 936.1706259330724, "y": 942.50457488263}, {"x": 400.06409432148257, "y": 942.50457488263}], "category": "Equation", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\\frac{d}{dt}\\left(\\left(\\partial_2L\\right)(\\Gamma[w](t))\\right)-\\left(\\partial_1L\\right)(\\Gamma[w(t))=0.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 397.7772702709301, "y": 966.05711541839}, {"x": 1263.721310746923, "y": 966.05711541839}, {"x": 1263.721310746923, "y": 1067.5995451775784}, {"x": 397.7772702709301, "y": 1067.5995451775784}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "If we now define composition of functions (f \u25cb g)(x) = f(g(x)),\nwe can express the Lagrange equations entirely in terms of func-\ntions:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 400.06409432148257, "y": 1099.4951866002095}, {"x": 917.9610707699142, "y": 1099.4951866002095}, {"x": 917.9610707699142, "y": 1136.127095962423}, {"x": 400.06409432148257, "y": 1136.127095962423}], "category": "Equation", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "D\\left(\\left(\\partial_2L\\right)\\circ(\\Gamma[w])\\right)-\\left(\\partial_1L\\right)\\circ(\\Gamma[w])=0.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 397.77727027092976, "y": 1165.9980465461938}, {"x": 1266.1989413807416, "y": 1165.9980465461938}, {"x": 1266.1989413807416, "y": 1523.07911224544}, {"x": 397.77727027092976, "y": 1523.07911224544}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The functions \ufffd1L and \ufffd2L are partial derivatives of the func-\ntion L. Composition with \ufffd[w] evaluates these partials with coor-\ndinates and velocites appropriate for the path w, making functions\nof time. Applying D takes the time derivative. The Lagrange\nequation states that the difference of the resulting functions of\ntime must be zero. This statement of the Lagrange equation is\ncomplete, unambiguous, and functional. It is not encumbered\nwith the particular choices made in expressing the Lagrangian.\nFor example, it doesn't matter if the time is named t or \ufffd, and it\nhas an explicit place for the path to be tested.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 431.50201546551546, "y": 1523.0791122454402}, {"x": 1152.9252338179087, "y": 1523.0791122454402}, {"x": 1152.9252338179087, "y": 1559.4671758975703}, {"x": 431.50201546551546, "y": 1559.4671758975703}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "This expression is equivalent to a computer program:6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 398.5395449544473, "y": 1606.5427377363817}, {"x": 1266.1989413807416, "y": 1606.5427377363817}, {"x": 1266.1989413807416, "y": 1764.9030660924786}, {"x": 398.5395449544473, "y": 1764.9030660924786}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 13, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "5An explanation of functional derivatives is in Appendix B, page 202.\n6The programs in this book are written in Scheme, a dialect of Lisp. The\ndetails of the language are not germane to the points being made. What is\nimportant is that it is mechanically interpretable, and thus unambiguous. In\nthis book we require that the mathematical expressions be explicit enough", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000035.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 399.6373551042444, "y": 288.25179667073513}, {"x": 678.7393372892975, "y": 288.25179667073513}, {"x": 678.7393372892975, "y": 407.8205265671869}, {"x": 399.6373551042444, "y": 407.8205265671869}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "4\nBasis Fields", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 395.9532787199938, "y": 463.9439198170111}, {"x": 1267.3640069974265, "y": 463.9439198170111}, {"x": 1267.3640069974265, "y": 747.4597769957929}, {"x": 395.9532787199938, "y": 747.4597769957929}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "A vector field may be written as a linear combination of basis\nvector fields. If n is the dimension, then any set of n linearly\nindependent vector fields may be used as a basis. The coordinate\nbasis X is an example of a basis.1 We will see later that not every\nbasis is a coordinate basis: in order to be a coordinate basis,\nthere must be a coordinate system such that each basis element is\nthe directional derivative operator in a corresponding coordinate\ndirection.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 395.9532787199938, "y": 752.5155246306815}, {"x": 1267.3640069974265, "y": 752.5155246306815}, {"x": 1267.3640069974265, "y": 858.7222858186531}, {"x": 395.9532787199938, "y": 858.7222858186531}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Let e be a tuple of basis vector fields, such as the coordinate\nbasis X. The general vector field v applied to an arbitrary manifold\nfunction f can be expressed as a linear combination", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 398.427384233273, "y": 884.379370538915}, {"x": 986.5930090456092, "y": 884.379370538915}, {"x": 986.5930090456092, "y": 956.1868675769126}, {"x": 398.427384233273, "y": 956.1868675769126}], "category": "Equation", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\\mathrm{v}(\\mathrm{f})(\\mathrm{m})=\\mathrm{e}(\\mathrm{f})(\\mathrm{m})\\mathrm{b}(\\mathrm{m})=\\sum_i\\mathrm{e}_i(\\mathrm{f})(\\mathrm{m})\\mathrm{b}^i(\\mathrm{~m})\\text{,}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1202.076747418434, "y": 893.3642286972994}, {"x": 1260.9176196175065, "y": 893.3642286972994}, {"x": 1260.9176196175065, "y": 927.6880708134248}, {"x": 1202.076747418434, "y": 927.6880708134248}], "category": "Caption", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(4.1)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 395.9532787199939, "y": 983.0674495306896}, {"x": 1267.3640069974265, "y": 983.0674495306896}, {"x": 1267.3640069974265, "y": 1266.5833067094716}, {"x": 395.9532787199939, "y": 1266.5833067094716}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "where b is a tuple-valued coefficient function on the manifold.\nWhen expressed in a coordinate basis, the coefficients that specify\nthe direction of the vector are naturally expressed as functions\nbi of the coordinates of the manifold point. Here, the coefficient\nfunction b is more naturally expressed as a tuple-valued function\non the manifold. If b is the coefficient function expressed as a\nfunction of coordinates, then b = b \u25cb X is the coefficient function\nas a function on the manifold.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 395.9532787199939, "y": 1266.5833067094711}, {"x": 1267.3640069974265, "y": 1266.5833067094711}, {"x": 1267.3640069974265, "y": 1450.1803914557213}, {"x": 395.9532787199939, "y": 1450.1803914557213}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The coordinate-basis forms have a simple definition in terms of\nthe coordinate-basis vectors and the coordinates (equation 3.40).\nWith this choice, the dual property, equation (3.41), holds without\nfurther fuss. More generally, we can define a basis of one-forms e\nthat is dual to e in that the property", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 398.427384233273, "y": 1471.726951451672}, {"x": 587.3361983432517, "y": 1471.726951451672}, {"x": 587.3361983432517, "y": 1518.3743053444682}, {"x": 398.427384233273, "y": 1518.3743053444682}], "category": "Equation", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\\tilde{\\mathbf{e}}^i\\left(\\mathbf{e}_j\\right)(\\mathrm{m})=\\delta_j^i", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1202.076747418434, "y": 1477.4121040993105}, {"x": 1260.9176196175065, "y": 1477.4121040993105}, {"x": 1260.9176196175065, "y": 1511.735946215436}, {"x": 1202.076747418434, "y": 1511.735946215436}], "category": "Caption", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(4.2)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 395.95327871999376, "y": 1542.7217217077657}, {"x": 1267.3640069974265, "y": 1542.7217217077657}, {"x": 1267.3640069974265, "y": 1612.6060247090036}, {"x": 395.95327871999376, "y": 1612.6060247090036}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "is satisfied, analogous to property (3.41). Figure 4.1 illustrates\nthe duality of basis fields.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 395.95327871999353, "y": 1658.0216929462902}, {"x": 1267.3640069974265, "y": 1658.0216929462902}, {"x": 1267.3640069974265, "y": 1716.003198454327}, {"x": 395.95327871999353, "y": 1716.003198454327}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1We cannot say if the basis vectors are orthogonal or normalized until we\nintroduce a metric.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000036.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 442.7623159958516, "y": 202.04668531097136}, {"x": 1389.3967626167282, "y": 202.04668531097136}, {"x": 1389.3967626167282, "y": 266.85147388414845}, {"x": 442.7623159958516, "y": 266.85147388414845}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "2. General Profile of MSMEs", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 109.05438229183244, "y": 342.29281411928025}, {"x": 742.7197904750913, "y": 342.29281411928025}, {"x": 742.7197904750913, "y": 674.3254396245648}, {"x": 109.05438229183244, "y": 674.3254396245648}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "In July 2020, the survey established a general profile\nof the MSMEs interviewed. The respondents updated\nthe interviewers on the status of their business in each\nsubsequent phase. Respondents whose business\nhad permanently closed were only asked the reasons\nfor closing (Section 2.4) and about government\nassistance programs (Section 7). The demographics\nof respondents and business characteristics (i.e., the\nproportions) remained roughly the same across all\nthree survey phases.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 761.098428069355, "y": 342.29281411928025}, {"x": 1394.7638362526138, "y": 342.29281411928025}, {"x": 1394.7638362526138, "y": 540.6825628310834}, {"x": 761.098428069355, "y": 540.6825628310834}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Business characteristics. Business size was\ndetermined by the number of staff at the time of\ninterview. Following Government Decree number 25/\nGOV, firms with five or less staff are microenterprises,\nthose with six - 50 staff are small, and those with 51\n- 99 staff are medium.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 761.0984280693549, "y": 576.4474491585545}, {"x": 1394.7638362526136, "y": 576.4474491585545}, {"x": 1394.7638362526136, "y": 676.6433186603393}, {"x": 761.0984280693549, "y": 676.6433186603393}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Micro and small enterprises made up most of\nthe respondents. Approximately 58% were\nmicroenterprises, 40% were small, and only two", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 111.00753218551752, "y": 708.3178164804657}, {"x": 795.209571457119, "y": 708.3178164804657}, {"x": 795.209571457119, "y": 739.9534430268689}, {"x": 111.00753218551752, "y": 739.9534430268689}], "category": "Caption", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 2.1: Surveyed MSMEs by size across sectors (%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 326.97959035717537, "y": 766.8668496825056}, {"x": 1175.061368009172, "y": 766.8668496825056}, {"x": 1175.061368009172, "y": 1305.5209502014077}, {"x": 326.97959035717537, "y": 1305.5209502014077}], "category": "Chart", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "2 1 4 1\n100\n37\n80 40\n40\n50\n60\n40\n62\n58 56\n49\n20\n0\nAll MSMEs Tourism Handicraft/Textile Agriculture\n\u25a0 Micro \u25a0 Small \u25a0 Medium", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 109.05438229183235, "y": 1342.7859726066322}, {"x": 742.7197904750911, "y": 1342.7859726066322}, {"x": 742.7197904750911, "y": 1570.2663738799197}, {"x": 109.05438229183235, "y": 1570.2663738799197}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "percent were medium. The tourism MSME sample\nincluded a higher percentage of microenterprises than\nthe othertwo sectors. All of the tourism and handicraft/\ntextile MSMEs interviewed were registered, orformal,\nconstituting approximately 71 % of the sample. The\nremainder (agriculture MSMEs) were informal, as they\nwere individual farmers.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 109.05438229183272, "y": 1608.5678012441006}, {"x": 742.7197904750915, "y": 1608.5678012441006}, {"x": 742.7197904750915, "y": 1873.7833854064952}, {"x": 109.05438229183272, "y": 1873.7833854064952}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The geographic focus of sampling sought to emulate\nthe concentration of businesses nationwide.\nInterviewed MSMEs in the tourism and handicraft/\ntextile sectors were mainly based in Vientiane Capital,\nLuang Prabang, and Champasack provinces. For the\nagriculture sector, MSMEs were based in 12 provinces\nand the capital. Annex 1 provides the locations of\nrespondents who participated in all three phases.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 109.05438229183248, "y": 1908.7449253523}, {"x": 742.7197904750913, "y": 1908.7449253523}, {"x": 742.7197904750913, "y": 2040.5484543554949}, {"x": 109.05438229183248, "y": 2040.5484543554949}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The tourism sub-sectors interviewed included\nlodging, restaurants and bars, and tour operators.\nMost handicraft/textile respondents were involved\nin production, with the remaining in sales. The", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 761.0984280693549, "y": 1342.7859726066324}, {"x": 1394.7638362526136, "y": 1342.7859726066324}, {"x": 1394.7638362526136, "y": 1570.26637387992}, {"x": 761.0984280693549, "y": 1570.26637387992}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "main products are silk and cotton products such as\nbags, clothes, and scarves, bamboo wicker, pottery,\ncarvings, and mulberry paper products. MSMEs\ninterviewed in the agriculture sector focused on the\ncultivation and trade of cash crops such as vegetables,\ncassava, banana, sugar cane, tea and coffee, livestock\nor fish, and rice.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 761.0984280693552, "y": 1608.5678012441008}, {"x": 1394.7638362526138, "y": 1608.5678012441008}, {"x": 1394.7638362526138, "y": 2007.3636572740409}, {"x": 761.0984280693552, "y": 2007.3636572740409}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Demographics of respondents. The overall gender\nratio of interviewees was slightly skewed towards\nmen (52%). Within the handicraft/textile sector,\n80% were women, while the agriculture sector\nwas dominated by male representatives (74%). The\ntourism sector respondents were 51% men. Most\nof the interviewees were MSME owners (80%),\nfollowed by managers (17%), while the other three\npercent comprised positions such as accountant,\nassistant, and deputy manager. More than half (58%)\nof interviewees were 36 to 55 years old; the youngest\nrespondent was 23 and the eldest was 83.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1533.4736395638124, "y": 2198.2493028217814}, {"x": 1545.4349215690306, "y": 2198.2493028217814}, {"x": 1545.4349215690306, "y": 2217.7473395153343}, {"x": 1533.4736395638124, "y": 2217.7473395153343}], "category": "Footer", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000037.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 258.379447330065, "y": 205.1492711251667}, {"x": 1401.7488585550118, "y": 205.1492711251667}, {"x": 1401.7488585550118, "y": 287.2200120143925}, {"x": 258.379447330065, "y": 287.2200120143925}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "3. Impact on Business Operations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 259.9328397790024, "y": 340.72063851866415}, {"x": 892.6723147072978, "y": 340.72063851866415}, {"x": 892.6723147072978, "y": 470.4445835734711}, {"x": 259.9328397790024, "y": 470.4445835734711}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "This section investigates the impact of public health\nmeasures on business operations. MSMEs were\nasked about their expectations for recovery and the\nmain effects of COVID-19 on their businesses.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 259.9328397790024, "y": 508.0049332747247}, {"x": 692.4686264493623, "y": 508.0049332747247}, {"x": 692.4686264493623, "y": 540.0002056433757}, {"x": 259.9328397790024, "y": 540.0002056433757}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "3.1. Status of Business Operations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 259.9328397790024, "y": 575.339492170246}, {"x": 892.6723147072978, "y": 575.339492170246}, {"x": 892.6723147072978, "y": 642.0541464694002}, {"x": 259.9328397790024, "y": 642.0541464694002}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "As shown in Figure 3.1.1, the number of MSMEs\n\"working as usual\" gradually increased over the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 912.2363790793644, "y": 340.72063851866415}, {"x": 1544.97585400766, "y": 340.72063851866415}, {"x": 1544.97585400766, "y": 504.2287212301301}, {"x": 912.2363790793644, "y": 504.2287212301301}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "course of the research period. The impacts of the\nlockdown from March 30 to May 4, 2020, were starkly\nfelt, with only 30% of the MSMEs \"working as usual,\"\nwhile over half (58%) were temporarily completely\nclosed.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 912.2363790793644, "y": 544.2086155743458}, {"x": 1544.97585400766, "y": 544.2086155743458}, {"x": 1544.97585400766, "y": 642.0541464694002}, {"x": 912.2363790793644, "y": 642.0541464694002}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "In the agriculture sector, a large majority of MSMEs\n(93% in July 2020, 98% in October 2020, and 99%\nin January 2021) were operating normally, though", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 259.93283977900234, "y": 675.4702026873379}, {"x": 1049.9371973614063, "y": 675.4702026873379}, {"x": 1049.9371973614063, "y": 707.4654750559888}, {"x": 259.93283977900234, "y": 707.4654750559888}], "category": "Caption", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 3. 1. 1: Status of operations during each survey phase (%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 378.4200688657552, "y": 730.233207727434}, {"x": 1424.137789255385, "y": 730.233207727434}, {"x": 1424.137789255385, "y": 1501.4147466817417}, {"x": 378.4200688657552, "y": 1501.4147466817417}], "category": "Chart", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "2 2 1\n100 1\n6 2\n5\n7 13\n13\n21\n80\n60 58\n85\n40 83\n71\n20\n30\n0\nLockdown Period July 2020 October 2020 January 2021\nBusiness premises closed to customers, but some business operations continue\nBusiness premises still open, but reduced operations\nTemporarily closed\nWorking as usual", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 258.379447330065, "y": 1542.1007250750688}, {"x": 891.1189222583604, "y": 1542.1007250750688}, {"x": 891.1189222583604, "y": 1908.2003635597105}, {"x": 258.379447330065, "y": 1908.2003635597105}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "during the first lockdown period, just over three\nquarters (77%) were working as usual. In contrast,\n63% of firms from the tourism sector and 62%\nfrom the handicraft/textile sector were working as\nusual as of July 2020, rising to 80% of tourism and\n82% of handicraft/textile firms as of January 2021.\nDuring the lockdown period, tourism and handicraft/\ntextile MSMEs were the hardest hit with just 12%\nand 15% respectively working as usual. As shown\nin Table 3.1.1., a majority of tourism and handicraft/\ntextile MSMEs were temporarily closed during the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 910.2705171922328, "y": 1542.100725075069}, {"x": 1543.009992120528, "y": 1542.100725075069}, {"x": 1543.009992120528, "y": 1908.2003635597105}, {"x": 910.2705171922328, "y": 1908.2003635597105}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "lockdown period. In the handicraft/textile sector, 30%\nof MSMEs were temporarily closed as of July 2020,\nreducing to 12% in January 2021. Similarly, in tourism,\n27% of businesses were temporarily closed as of July\n2020 and that reduced to 18% in January 2021. Figure\n3.1.1 and Table 3.1.1 do not reflect those MSMEs who\nwere permanently closed; this was four in July 2020,\n22 in October 2020, and 24 in January 2021. Of these\n50 businesses who permanently closed during the\nresearch period, 30 were in the tourism sector, 18 in\nhandicraft/textile, and two in agriculture.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 107.6561156395906, "y": 2198.620053303076}, {"x": 119.89669578313124, "y": 2198.620053303076}, {"x": 119.89669578313124, "y": 2217.8552506714973}, {"x": 107.6561156395906, "y": 2217.8552506714973}], "category": "Footer", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000038.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 259.77648812463536, "y": 175.72784431515817}, {"x": 1316.4795421517094, "y": 175.72784431515817}, {"x": 1316.4795421517094, "y": 209.6040935253638}, {"x": 259.77648812463536, "y": 209.6040935253638}], "category": "Caption", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 6.1.1: Will they fire more staff in the next 2 months - across survey phases (%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 427.8789856098789, "y": 231.0399744150358}, {"x": 1374.060709083024, "y": 231.0399744150358}, {"x": 1374.060709083024, "y": 831.6987885775494}, {"x": 427.8789856098789, "y": 831.6987885775494}], "category": "Chart", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "100\n18\n26\n1\n80\n45\n1\n60\n5\n40 81 73\n51\n20\n0\nJ uly 2020 October 2020 J anuary 2021\n\u25a0 Will not terminate employment \u25a0 Will terminate employment \u25a0 Don't know", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 259.7764881246351, "y": 873.590416081908}, {"x": 1473.6620265785568, "y": 873.590416081908}, {"x": 1473.6620265785568, "y": 907.4666652921136}, {"x": 259.7764881246351, "y": 907.4666652921136}], "category": "Caption", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 6.1.2: Will they fire more staff in the next 2 months - across sectors and survey phases (%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 307.14860613856746, "y": 929.603538257234}, {"x": 1496.5292475777765, "y": 929.603538257234}, {"x": 1496.5292475777765, "y": 1603.5118795934732}, {"x": 307.14860613856746, "y": 1603.5118795934732}], "category": "Chart", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "100\n6 9\n16\n26\n32 2\n80\n45\n2 59\n59\n62\n8\n60\n91\n94\n82\n40\n1\n71\n59\n55\n41 41\n20 37\n0\nJ ul 2020 Oct 2020 J an 2021 J ul 2020 Oct 2020 J an 2021 J ul 2020 Oct 2020 J an 2021\nTourism Handicraft/Textile Agriculture\n\u25a0 Will not terminate employment \u25a0 Will terminate employment \u25a0 Don't know", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 259.7764881246351, "y": 1644.0377717370504}, {"x": 785.8528282192871, "y": 1644.0377717370504}, {"x": 785.8528282192871, "y": 1672.706016141492}, {"x": 259.7764881246351, "y": 1672.706016141492}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "6.2. Expectations for Re-Hiring Employees", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 259.7764881246351, "y": 1710.486588887156}, {"x": 890.8609394151752, "y": 1710.486588887156}, {"x": 890.8609394151752, "y": 1906.6202977900384}, {"x": 259.7764881246351, "y": 1906.6202977900384}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "In July 2020, 81% of the MSMEs that had laid off\nemployees expected to re-hire all of them when the\nsituation improved. This number reduced to 23% in\nOctober 2020 and further to just 7% in January 2021.5\nIn July 2020, all MSMEs had plans to re-hire at least\nsome of their staff. But in October 2020, 17% said", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 912.7423000304124, "y": 1644.0377717370504}, {"x": 1543.8267513209523, "y": 1644.0377717370504}, {"x": 1543.8267513209523, "y": 1906.6202977900384}, {"x": 912.7423000304124, "y": 1906.6202977900384}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "they had no plans to re-hire and another 36% said\nthey didn't know whether they would re-hire or not. In\nJanuary 2021, 20% said they had no plans to re-hire\nand another 27% said they did not know. This question\nwas only posed to those who had let staff go since the\nlast survey round, and in October 2020 and January\n2021, the base numbers reduced as fewer MSMEs\nreported letting staff go. In July 2020, 195 MSMEs", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 259.77648812463497, "y": 1977.7797183197824}, {"x": 1516.8501288403654, "y": 1977.7797183197824}, {"x": 1516.8501288403654, "y": 2068.7938570231727}, {"x": 259.77648812463497, "y": 2068.7938570231727}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "5. The question on re-hiring was asked to those who had laid-off employees since the last survey. In the latter two survey rounds,\nrespondents were asked about plans to re-hire staff whom they had let go since the previous interview, whereas in July 2020, they\nwere asked about plans to re-hire staff they had let go since their business was first affected by the pandemic.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 107.08886082819004, "y": 2197.5950822498585}, {"x": 133.3092496618454, "y": 2197.5950822498585}, {"x": 133.3092496618454, "y": 2219.1883436422804}, {"x": 107.08886082819004, "y": 2219.1883436422804}], "category": "Footer", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "23", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000039.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 259.6232212003042, "y": 176.7447744509576}, {"x": 1494.0475911092012, "y": 176.7447744509576}, {"x": 1494.0475911092012, "y": 206.16362244929408}, {"x": 259.6232212003042, "y": 206.16362244929408}], "category": "Caption", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 9.4.1: Challenges in importing amongst tourism MSMEs who import - all survey phases (%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 368.7366835745463, "y": 232.6027174551689}, {"x": 1436.5944885337008, "y": 232.6027174551689}, {"x": 1436.5944885337008, "y": 801.640900181272}, {"x": 368.7366835745463, "y": 801.640900181272}], "category": "Chart", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "100\n22\n32 37\n80\n20\n60\n17\n30\n40\n57\n46\n20 38\n0\nJuly 2020 October 2020 January 2021\n\u25a0 Big Challenge \u25a0 Small Challenge \u25a0 No Challenge", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 258.1393840873781, "y": 843.4227452659411}, {"x": 891.497832082217, "y": 843.4227452659411}, {"x": 891.497832082217, "y": 940.2812497857592}, {"x": 258.1393840873781, "y": 940.2812497857592}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "There were very few tourism MSMEs that exported\nin each survey round. The base is too small for any\nconclusive analysis.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 258.1393840873781, "y": 976.7210905890662}, {"x": 891.497832082217, "y": 976.7210905890662}, {"x": 891.497832082217, "y": 1037.735872316928}, {"x": 258.1393840873781, "y": 1037.735872316928}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "9.5. Adapting to the New Normal: Changing\nBusiness Models", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 258.1393840873781, "y": 1076.69484958141}, {"x": 891.497832082217, "y": 1076.69484958141}, {"x": 891.497832082217, "y": 1341.5321011928877}, {"x": 258.1393840873781, "y": 1341.5321011928877}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "In all survey phases, several MSMEs in the tourism\nsector reported changing their business models. In\nJuly 2020, 167 tourism MSMEs mentioned that they\nchanged their business model, in October 2020, 223\nmentioned the same, and in January 2021, it was 183\nMSMEs. Some changed models in more ways than\none. The main ways across all phases that MSMEs\nmade changes were:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 300.3581432244557, "y": 1375.8411361786557}, {"x": 681.6534100789763, "y": 1375.8411361786557}, {"x": 681.6534100789763, "y": 1408.9562642342355}, {"x": 300.3581432244557, "y": 1408.9562642342355}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Adapting to social distancing;", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 949.357266685857, "y": 843.4227452659411}, {"x": 1543.9689219902034, "y": 843.4227452659411}, {"x": 1543.9689219902034, "y": 907.3081472324056}, {"x": 949.357266685857, "y": 907.3081472324056}], "category": "List", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Devising new ways to reach customers through\nonline markets or social media;", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 949.357266685857, "y": 942.22171590521}, {"x": 1543.9689219902034, "y": 942.22171590521}, {"x": 1543.9689219902034, "y": 1006.1071178716744}, {"x": 949.357266685857, "y": 1006.1071178716744}], "category": "List", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Moving into new products and services in high\ndemand during COVID-19;", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 949.3572666858568, "y": 1042.7693408920763}, {"x": 1324.5417047443402, "y": 1042.7693408920763}, {"x": 1324.5417047443402, "y": 1074.5503161379768}, {"x": 949.3572666858568, "y": 1074.5503161379768}], "category": "List", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Reducing employee salaries.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 910.6104739953646, "y": 1111.003884567178}, {"x": 1543.9689219902034, "y": 1111.003884567178}, {"x": 1543.9689219902034, "y": 1439.935722025913}, {"x": 910.6104739953646, "y": 1439.935722025913}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Compared to previous survey round results, in\nJanuary 2021, tourism MSMEs had increasingly\nshifted towards adapting to social distancing to\noperate (57%).6 Starting online marketing remained a\npopular choice, as nearly a quarter (24%) mentioned\nit in January 2021, compared to 28% in July 2020 and\n31 % in October 2020. Reducing employee salaries as\nan approach reduced considerably in January 2021 at\n8% of responses compared to 21 % in July 2020 and\n24% in October 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 259.66972445755573, "y": 2010.775560128979}, {"x": 870.3389970750145, "y": 2010.775560128979}, {"x": 870.3389970750145, "y": 2038.5740145359407}, {"x": 259.66972445755573, "y": 2038.5740145359407}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "6. Compared to 38% in July 2020 and 22% in October 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 106.57390018875336, "y": 2197.075009910795}, {"x": 133.6631052478526, "y": 2197.075009910795}, {"x": 133.6631052478526, "y": 2219.4236040845517}, {"x": 106.57390018875336, "y": 2219.4236040845517}], "category": "Footer", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "39", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000040.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 192.7590519500097, "y": 198.5738179714754}, {"x": 767.0541900082022, "y": 198.5738179714754}, {"x": 767.0541900082022, "y": 524.4863088194996}, {"x": 192.7590519500097, "y": 524.4863088194996}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Thailand, Philippines and Indonesia in\nparticular, identifying known experts at\nthe national, subnational and community\nlevel. The survey and interviews with\nkey informants asked key questions to\nregional experts on violent extremism to\nascertain if hostile sentiments espoused\nare exacerbating insecurities for women.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.7590519500097, "y": 586.7996341034651}, {"x": 767.0541900082022, "y": 586.7996341034651}, {"x": 767.0541900082022, "y": 1120.7182296856963}, {"x": 192.7590519500097, "y": 1120.7182296856963}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The survey was made available in\nEnglish, Bahasa, Thai and Tagalog. We\nused the Qualtrics platform to facilitate\nthe ease of dissemination and response\nfrom home computers, iPads or mobile\nphone survey options. Qualtrics, one of\nthe most widely used research platforms,\nsupports the implementation of both\nlarge-scale survey and experimental\nstudy designs. It is administered online\nwith responses gathered into a central\nand privacy protected database that only\nthe approved researchers have access to.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.7590519500097, "y": 1185.9485836157328}, {"x": 767.0541900082022, "y": 1185.9485836157328}, {"x": 767.0541900082022, "y": 1552.0802476101296}, {"x": 192.7590519500097, "y": 1552.0802476101296}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The platform allows for the easy\nmigration of data into various statistical\npackages, including STATA, the main\nstatistical analysis package that we will\nuse to analyse the data. A limitation\nof this study is that we were unable\nto translate the survey in all ASEAN\nlanguages, and there is a selection bias in\nthat we are focussing the survey in areas", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 872.9020528183605, "y": 198.57381797147545}, {"x": 1452.2274653934724, "y": 198.57381797147545}, {"x": 1452.2274653934724, "y": 401.59548009438333}, {"x": 872.9020528183605, "y": 401.59548009438333}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "of the region that most experience violent\nextremism and terrorism. However,\nthrough our networks, where possible,\nwe disseminated the survey throughout\nall ASEAN countries.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 872.9020528183605, "y": 464.5384174928061}, {"x": 1452.2274653934724, "y": 464.5384174928061}, {"x": 1452.2274653934724, "y": 959.2271404353244}, {"x": 872.9020528183605, "y": 959.2271404353244}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "It is important to note the limitations\nof this six-month study. Although the\nsurvey was disseminated among all\nmember states, the majority of expert\nrespondents came from Indonesia, the\nPhilippines and Thailand. While this can\nbe regarded as highly selective rather\nthan representative, it is important to\nnote that Indonesia, the Philippines and\nThailand are the countries that continue\nto face the most pressing threat of\nongoing violent extremism and conflict.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 872.9020528183605, "y": 1022.1700778337472}, {"x": 1452.2274653934724, "y": 1022.1700778337472}, {"x": 1452.2274653934724, "y": 1554.8537435650271}, {"x": 872.9020528183605, "y": 1554.8537435650271}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "This is with the exception of Myanmar.\nGiven the current political circumstances\nand challenges posed by COVID-19, on\ntop of the short project time span, it was\nunfeasible to include Myanmar within the\nscope of this study. It is also important\nto note that the data derived from the\nsurveys and interviews were based on the\nperceptions of experts and key informants,\nwho are involved in peacebuilding, and\non P/CVE strategies throughout the\nregion. As a result, it is important to note\nthe subjectivity of responses.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 541.0788790662857, "y": 1638.942873661824}, {"x": 1114.287483345917, "y": 1638.942873661824}, {"x": 1114.287483345917, "y": 1673.8430285349382}, {"x": 541.0788790662857, "y": 1673.8430285349382}], "category": "Caption", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 1: Age by gender of respondents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 180.44394537744017, "y": 1705.5704420559514}, {"x": 1470.6920952319608, "y": 1705.5704420559514}, {"x": 1470.6920952319608, "y": 2185.711966673945}, {"x": 180.44394537744017, "y": 2185.711966673945}], "category": "Chart", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u25a0 Male\nOVER 50\n\u25a0 Female\n41-50\n31-40\n25-30\n0 5 10 15 20", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 51.23370102253008, "y": 2279.8264716927924}, {"x": 1185.4389480637658, "y": 2279.8264716927924}, {"x": 1185.4389480637658, "y": 2306.7990497513115}, {"x": 51.23370102253008, "y": 2306.7990497513115}], "category": "Footer", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1531.2814462407557, "y": 2281.3811951875377}, {"x": 1565.5219302931014, "y": 2281.3811951875377}, {"x": 1565.5219302931014, "y": 2302.940018479756}, {"x": 1531.2814462407557, "y": 2302.940018479756}], "category": "Footer", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "26", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000041.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 173.18533159899818, "y": 196.0069086002636}, {"x": 799.6891185715717, "y": 196.0069086002636}, {"x": 799.6891185715717, "y": 524.9213967608647}, {"x": 173.18533159899818, "y": 524.9213967608647}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "tweets, videos) inciting violence towards\nreligious minorities, ethnic minorities, the\nLGBTI community, and women and girls.\nForty-four per cent of respondents had\n\"sometimes\" seen extremist social media\ncontent inciting violence towards religious\nminorities, with 31% seeing this content\n\"very often\".", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 173.18533159899818, "y": 586.2665592352625}, {"x": 799.6891185715717, "y": 586.2665592352625}, {"x": 799.6891185715717, "y": 1079.638291476164}, {"x": 173.18533159899818, "y": 1079.638291476164}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Both men and women acknowledged that\nthey had \"sometimes\" seen this content on\nsocial media (62% and 41%, respectively).\nIndonesia was the country from which most\nrespondents had viewed this content \"very\noften\" (50%). When collapsing the \"always\"\nand \"very often\" categories, 41% of Instagram\nusers had often seen intolerant content,\nfollowed by 36% of WhatsApp users and\n34% of Facebook users. Among the Twitter\nusers in the sample, 48% had seen intolerant\ncontent towards religious minorities.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 173.18533159899818, "y": 1142.2886701734217}, {"x": 799.6891185715717, "y": 1142.2886701734217}, {"x": 799.6891185715717, "y": 1552.1265641513132}, {"x": 173.18533159899818, "y": 1552.1265641513132}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "When asked about how often social media\ncontent was inciting violence towards\nethnic minorities, 46% of respondents had\n\"sometimes\" seen this type of extremist\nsocial media content inciting violence\ntowards ethnic minorities whereas only\n27% have seen this content rarely or\nnever. Women have seen such content\nmore frequently than men (90%), and\nIndonesia was the country from which most", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 862.1987570800393, "y": 196.0069086002636}, {"x": 1488.702544052613, "y": 196.0069086002636}, {"x": 1488.702544052613, "y": 402.6719478093314}, {"x": 862.1987570800393, "y": 402.6719478093314}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "respondents had seen this content \"very\noften\" (58%). Users of Facebook, WhatsApp\nand Instagram acknowledged that they had\nseen this content \"very often\" (26%, 31% and\n35% respectively).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 862.1987570800394, "y": 464.957823174352}, {"x": 1488.702544052613, "y": 464.957823174352}, {"x": 1488.702544052613, "y": 1000.1866085383627}, {"x": 862.1987570800394, "y": 1000.1866085383627}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Thirty-nine per cent of respondents\nacknowledged that they had \"sometimes\"\nseen social media content inciting violence\ntowards the LGBTI community. Women saw\nthis type of content more frequently than\nmen (84%), and Indonesia was the country\nfrom which more respondents saw this\ncontent with a higher frequency (53% saw\nsuch content \"always\" and \"very often\").\nParticipantsin thesurvey observed intolerant\ncontent directed towards the LGBTI\ncommunity. For example, one participant\nfrom the Philippines observed that,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 903.7489655764598, "y": 1059.6997940624135}, {"x": 1466.6050032933665, "y": 1059.6997940624135}, {"x": 1466.6050032933665, "y": 1579.6787853010892}, {"x": 903.7489655764598, "y": 1579.6787853010892}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\"\nThere were instances when women\nwere humiliated in public and on\nsocial media after they were labelled\nas part of the LGBTQ+ community. The\ncomments on posts regarding them\nwere mostly commending their public\nhumiliation (cutting their hair) instead\nof condemning the act\".\n\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 123.17799136987838, "y": 1635.218166717602}, {"x": 1528.9923435535948, "y": 1635.218166717602}, {"x": 1528.9923435535948, "y": 1672.3018450805337}, {"x": 123.17799136987838, "y": 1672.3018450805337}], "category": "Caption", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 3: Frequency of viewing extremist social media inciting violence toward women and girls", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 233.08784104469032, "y": 1688.0830692455286}, {"x": 1473.269878726861, "y": 1688.0830692455286}, {"x": 1473.269878726861, "y": 2202.3796515092035}, {"x": 233.08784104469032, "y": 2202.3796515092035}], "category": "Chart", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "53,9%\n\u25a0 Male\n\u25a0 Female\n35,7%\n30,4% 30,8%\n28,6%\n7,7% 7,7%\n5,4%\n\u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 OFTEN \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 SOMETIMES \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 . \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 RARELY \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 NEVER \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 53.16771504911035, "y": 2278.169683949142}, {"x": 1188.0102281661227, "y": 2278.169683949142}, {"x": 1188.0102281661227, "y": 2308.146477780303}, {"x": 53.16771504911035, "y": 2308.146477780303}], "category": "Footer", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1533.1988649971306, "y": 2282.0864473781435}, {"x": 1562.904752442911, "y": 2282.0864473781435}, {"x": 1562.904752442911, "y": 2302.6641701582707}, {"x": 1533.1988649971306, "y": 2302.6641701582707}], "category": "Footer", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "29", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000042.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 192.73607566759577, "y": 196.04839519810685}, {"x": 785.3042408458216, "y": 196.04839519810685}, {"x": 785.3042408458216, "y": 983.0937775824024}, {"x": 192.73607566759577, "y": 983.0937775824024}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "this content \"very often\", 71% were from\nIndonesia and 28.6% were from Thailand.\nWhen asked about how often participants\nhad heard of groups expressing the\nimportance of men accompanying women\nwhen travelling to conflict zones, more\nrespondents had heard this message\nwith a higher frequency (\"always\" or \"very\noften\", 37.1%) than those who had rarely or\nnever heard it (34%). Forty-six per cent of\nrespondents from Indonesia heard this\nmessage with a higher frequency, followed\nby the Philippines (38%) and Thailand\n(15%). When grouping the answer options\nof \"always\", \"very often\" and \"sometimes\",\n66% of respondents said they had heard\ngroups stress the importance of women\nbeing accompanied by men when\ntravelling to conflict areas.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.73607566759577, "y": 1068.8090544912247}, {"x": 764.2274159137196, "y": 1068.8090544912247}, {"x": 764.2274159137196, "y": 1186.7075083484883}, {"x": 192.73607566759577, "y": 1186.7075083484883}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 5: Importance of a male\nguardian accompanying women when\ntravelling to conflict zones", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 201.1988273788811, "y": 1240.9017612120992}, {"x": 770.8538716460255, "y": 1240.9017612120992}, {"x": 770.8538716460255, "y": 1778.1164036522546}, {"x": 201.1988273788811, "y": 1778.1164036522546}], "category": "Chart", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "34.3%\n65,7%\n\u25a0 Yes\n\u25a0 No", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.73607566759577, "y": 1863.4464328825609}, {"x": 785.3042408458216, "y": 1863.4464328825609}, {"x": 785.3042408458216, "y": 2148.1569004765197}, {"x": 192.73607566759577, "y": 2148.1569004765197}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "In the second part of the survey, using\na five-point Likert scale from \"strong-\nly agree\" to \"strongly disagree\", partic-\nipants were presented with a series of\nstatements regarding how worried they\nwere about intolerant content being es-\npoused in the offline space by violent ex-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 868.6972212573904, "y": 196.04839519810676}, {"x": 1461.2653864356164, "y": 196.04839519810676}, {"x": 1461.2653864356164, "y": 695.1710228704096}, {"x": 868.6972212573904, "y": 695.1710228704096}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "tremist groups. Most respondents (77%)\nagreed (combining both \"strongly agree\"\nand \"agree\") that they were worried about\nintolerance in their communities, partic-\nularly respondents from Indonesia and\nthe Philippines. Almost all respondents in\nthe sample (93%) agreed that they were\nworried about violent extremism in their\ncountries. This appeared to be a general\nconcern among both men and women\nas 85% of men and 95% of women agreed\nthat they were concerned.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 868.6972212573905, "y": 757.2913710277037}, {"x": 1461.2653864356166, "y": 757.2913710277037}, {"x": 1461.2653864356166, "y": 1292.9600529400736}, {"x": 868.6972212573905, "y": 1292.9600529400736}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Significantly, 89% of respondents agreed\nthat religious extremism would impede\nwomen's rights. Half of the participants\nin Indonesia agreed they were concerned\nthat religious extremism would hamper\nwomen's rights, 27% in Philippines and 16%\nin Thailand. Both men (84.6%) and women\n(89.2%) expressed their concerns on this\nissue. Furthermore, 91% of respondents\nagreed that religious extremism prioritizes\nmen's rights over women's rights - 93.1%\nof women strongly agreed with the\nstatement compared to 6.90% of men.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 868.6972212573905, "y": 1352.9999991916118}, {"x": 1461.2653864356166, "y": 1352.9999991916118}, {"x": 1461.2653864356166, "y": 1850.287380101092}, {"x": 868.6972212573905, "y": 1850.287380101092}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "For example, one interviewee from\nIndonesia observed that the teachings\nof extremism have entered schools, such\nas high schools, and have also begun to\npenetrate student organizations. She\nobserved that the teachings \"spread from\nthe Middle East, bringing misogynistic\nteachings towards women as part of their\nsubjugation strategy\". She acknowledged\nthat it was part of the organizational\nstrategy where women appeared to look\nempowered:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 894.1447000192934, "y": 1917.5508618810736}, {"x": 946.1179981496877, "y": 1917.5508618810736}, {"x": 946.1179981496877, "y": 1962.6597621451897}, {"x": 894.1447000192934, "y": 1962.6597621451897}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 972.0861828008798, "y": 1944.946446048806}, {"x": 1454.083440254297, "y": 1944.946446048806}, {"x": 1454.083440254297, "y": 2145.056619734876}, {"x": 972.0861828008798, "y": 2145.056619734876}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\"However, this is just\nmanipulation; behind it is the\npractice of misogyny, women's\nconsciousness, their bodies and\nminds are controlled, even though", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 51.905351527452694, "y": 2281.058092658608}, {"x": 1186.0656941664147, "y": 2281.058092658608}, {"x": 1186.0656941664147, "y": 2308.0123570266596}, {"x": 51.905351527452694, "y": 2308.0123570266596}], "category": "Footer", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1535.5127499628557, "y": 2281.737187029934}, {"x": 1558.5711716194062, "y": 2281.737187029934}, {"x": 1558.5711716194062, "y": 2301.6151367338566}, {"x": 1535.5127499628557, "y": 2301.6151367338566}], "category": "Footer", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "31", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000043.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 191.88449246515597, "y": 199.72687769950377}, {"x": 763.0686854103508, "y": 199.72687769950377}, {"x": 763.0686854103508, "y": 396.4229624844348}, {"x": 191.88449246515597, "y": 396.4229624844348}], "category": "Caption", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 7: Respondents' reaction to\nthe statement \"I am worried that\nmisogynistic and hostile beliefs\nespoused by extremist groups result in\nviolence towards women.\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 215.61569651714728, "y": 445.55949916517613}, {"x": 763.0686854103509, "y": 445.55949916517613}, {"x": 763.0686854103509, "y": 1060.413422330408}, {"x": 215.61569651714728, "y": 1060.413422330408}], "category": "Chart", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "36%\n56%\nSTRONGLY\nAGREE\nAGREE\n3%\n4%\nUNDECIDED\nDISAGREE\n1%\nSTRONGLY\nDISAGREE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.749320857861, "y": 1122.3721172244384}, {"x": 782.3495627523475, "y": 1122.3721172244384}, {"x": 782.3495627523475, "y": 1368.0696100192993}, {"x": 196.749320857861, "y": 1368.0696100192993}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, 70%\nof respondents agreed that online\nradicalization and the proliferation of\nextremist propaganda had increased.\nAltogether, 76.9% and 92.9% of women\nagreed with the statement.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.749320857861, "y": 1427.9026782128662}, {"x": 651.1102990550455, "y": 1427.9026782128662}, {"x": 651.1102990550455, "y": 1501.3920366324314}, {"x": 196.749320857861, "y": 1501.3920366324314}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "One interviewee from Indonesia\nnoted that:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 291.6489648012363, "y": 1574.8813950519964}, {"x": 779.5720121979073, "y": 1574.8813950519964}, {"x": 779.5720121979073, "y": 2148.329853270807}, {"x": 291.6489648012363, "y": 2148.329853270807}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\"COVID has managed to restrict\ndirect meetings to disseminate\npropaganda, misinformation\nand disinformation through\nmost government's large-scale\nrestrictions to prevent the virus'\nspread. However, the tendency to\nutilize online spaces to disseminate\nthese has increased since the use\nofonline activities is mandatory in\nvarious sectors, such as working\nand education. Most people\ncertainly use online platforms to\ndisseminate false information", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 969.0377748824646, "y": 195.54287830558448}, {"x": 1460.2587312260612, "y": 195.54287830558448}, {"x": 1460.2587312260612, "y": 360.18215450278626}, {"x": 969.0377748824646, "y": 360.18215450278626}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "regarding the outbreak, as well as\nradical ideas targeted at people,\nincluding recruiting them as a\npart of groups.\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 889.614989652796, "y": 338.99015366937374}, {"x": 943.8164210835164, "y": 338.99015366937374}, {"x": 943.8164210835164, "y": 385.748430111875}, {"x": 889.614989652796, "y": 385.748430111875}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 873.0999112886175, "y": 474.9076220079642}, {"x": 1382.173129074596, "y": 474.9076220079642}, {"x": 1382.173129074596, "y": 674.6853354802367}, {"x": 873.0999112886175, "y": 674.6853354802367}], "category": "Caption", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 8: Respondents' view to the\nstatement, \"Online radicalization\nand the proliferation of extremist\npropaganda has increased\nduring COVID-1\".", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 885.443671408918, "y": 711.415634299828}, {"x": 1455.486036358985, "y": 711.415634299828}, {"x": 1455.486036358985, "y": 1329.940157185195}, {"x": 885.443671408918, "y": 1329.940157185195}], "category": "Chart", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "23%\n47%\nSTRONGLY\nAGREE\nAGREE\n6%\n21%\nDISAGREE\nUNDECIDED\n3%\nSTRONGLY\nDISAGREE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 873.0999112886172, "y": 1395.9130862246398}, {"x": 1382.173129074596, "y": 1395.9130862246398}, {"x": 1382.173129074596, "y": 1470.3324983243328}, {"x": 873.0999112886172, "y": 1470.3324983243328}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Another interviewee from Indonesia\nobserved that:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 889.614989652796, "y": 1516.1674609961583}, {"x": 943.8164210835164, "y": 1516.1674609961583}, {"x": 943.8164210835164, "y": 1562.9257374386596}, {"x": 889.614989652796, "y": 1562.9257374386596}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 969.0377748824648, "y": 1534.0599318608106}, {"x": 1460.2587312260614, "y": 1534.0599318608106}, {"x": 1460.2587312260614, "y": 2150.019317500932}, {"x": 969.0377748824648, "y": 2150.019317500932}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\"(Based on my experience),\nduring 2020-2021 one of the\ninteresting things has been\nthe impact of misinformation\nand disinformation related to\nCOVID, affecting people's views\nand attitudes in responding to,\npreventing and handling of (the\nvirus). At the beginning of the\nIndonesian government's policy\non limiting religious activities\nin places of worship, this issue\ncaused a strong, adverse reaction\namong extremist groups, giving\nrise to a narrative that the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 52.72032976536599, "y": 2279.2577802244577}, {"x": 1188.2071435495366, "y": 2279.2577802244577}, {"x": 1188.2071435495366, "y": 2306.2756681766573}, {"x": 52.72032976536599, "y": 2306.2756681766573}], "category": "Footer", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1533.5554397225676, "y": 2282.016114949125}, {"x": 1562.215698411808, "y": 2282.016114949125}, {"x": 1562.215698411808, "y": 2301.392064485513}, {"x": 1533.5554397225676, "y": 2301.392064485513}], "category": "Footer", "id": 13, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "36", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000044.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 186.93475131614855, "y": 156.74750246598268}, {"x": 514.9324765650379, "y": 156.74750246598268}, {"x": 514.9324765650379, "y": 191.07284580598272}, {"x": 186.93475131614855, "y": 191.07284580598272}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Table of Contents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 182.58723917060897, "y": 295.0699931334186}, {"x": 1038.0862346334095, "y": 295.0699931334186}, {"x": 1038.0862346334095, "y": 914.710182133006}, {"x": 182.58723917060897, "y": 914.710182133006}], "category": "Index", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Executive Summary 4\nLegal Framework 6\nElection Administration 11\nCivil Society Engagement 15\nPolitical Parties, Candidates Registration and Election 18\nCampaign\nMedia Freedom and Access to Information 25\nVoter Education and Awareness 29\nParticipation of Marginalized Sectors 31\nRecommendations 39", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000045.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 777.662857668408, "y": 93.92663804866078}, {"x": 1041.2393444021122, "y": 93.92663804866078}, {"x": 1041.2393444021122, "y": 124.9356364879201}, {"x": 777.662857668408, "y": 124.9356364879201}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Civil Society Engagement", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 144.75911908358594, "y": 154.2858861102384}, {"x": 1041.2393444021125, "y": 154.2858861102384}, {"x": 1041.2393444021125, "y": 264.00265938912975}, {"x": 144.75911908358594, "y": 264.00265938912975}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "election integrity. The registration of local election observers runs until\n25 May, and the NEC is still reviewing the application of nearly 5,000\nobservers.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 143.07116872544916, "y": 314.64117013323346}, {"x": 981.9824967194338, "y": 314.64117013323346}, {"x": 981.9824967194338, "y": 388.9109858912522}, {"x": 143.07116872544916, "y": 388.9109858912522}], "category": "Caption", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Table: The number of accredited observers as of 28 April\n202215", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.51092051613318, "y": 429.4217944865352}, {"x": 1035.996908179811, "y": 429.4217944865352}, {"x": 1035.996908179811, "y": 1005.0128666111806}, {"x": 151.51092051613318, "y": 1005.0128666111806}], "category": "Table", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "No.Name of organizationNumber of accredited observers1Union of Youth Federations of Cambodia (UYFC)17,2662Cambodian Women for Peace and Development9,8353Association of Democratic Students of Cambodia7114Association of Intellectual and Youth Volunteer465Our Friends Association276COMFREL267Traditional and Modern Mental Health Organization15Total27,926", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.16555437932325, "y": 1486.0384292807355}, {"x": 517.0226821723865, "y": 1486.0384292807355}, {"x": 517.0226821723865, "y": 1510.0421268725192}, {"x": 146.16555437932325, "y": 1510.0421268725192}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "15 https://www.nec.gov.kh/khmer/content/5524", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1008.8005884079184, "y": 1533.789327060558}, {"x": 1037.491573166898, "y": 1533.789327060558}, {"x": 1037.491573166898, "y": 1556.7421148677415}, {"x": 1008.8005884079184, "y": 1556.7421148677415}], "category": "Footer", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "17", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000046.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 885.1950458606573, "y": 97.53983023119751}, {"x": 1524.3334821170022, "y": 97.53983023119751}, {"x": 1524.3334821170022, "y": 121.87432836413788}, {"x": 885.1950458606573, "y": 121.87432836413788}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Political Parties, Candidates Registration and Election Campaign", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 143.49882710726047, "y": 154.0807651926036}, {"x": 1526.6156504638757, "y": 154.0807651926036}, {"x": 1526.6156504638757, "y": 229.4990145674531}, {"x": 143.49882710726047, "y": 229.4990145674531}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Table: Provisional Results of Registration of Candidates on 8 March 202221 and Official Results\nof Registration of Candidates on 29 April 202222", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.88584491974973, "y": 253.7405947236547}, {"x": 1524.3334821170022, "y": 253.7405947236547}, {"x": 1524.3334821170022, "y": 867.8606253474293}, {"x": 148.88584491974973, "y": 867.8606253474293}], "category": "Table", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "No.Political partyProvisional registration result on 7 MarchOfficial registration result on 29 AprilDifference in the number of candidatesNumber of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidatesNumber of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidates1Cambodian People's Party1,65228,0081,65228,00802Candlelight Party1,64923,6791,62323,939+2603Funcinpec Party7159,4076809,952+5454Khmer National United Party6508,3405968,815+4755Cambodian National Love Party3884,6343155,050+4166Cambodian National's Party3103,9802453,956-247Cambodian Youth Party1161,8241141,82408Khmer Will Party671,000581,050+509Cambodian Reform Party5882359978+15510Kampucheaniyum Party3964238658+16", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.88584491974973, "y": 959.4399281597466}, {"x": 519.2433195283857, "y": 959.4399281597466}, {"x": 519.2433195283857, "y": 1022.2422034916732}, {"x": 148.88584491974973, "y": 1022.2422034916732}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "21 https://www.nec.gov.kh/khmer/content/5393\n22 https://www.nec.gov.kh/khmer/content/5525", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1495.1772488139604, "y": 1047.394169664229}, {"x": 1524.3334821170029, "y": 1047.394169664229}, {"x": 1524.3334821170029, "y": 1068.6510695038855}, {"x": 1495.1772488139604, "y": 1068.6510695038855}], "category": "Footer", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "23", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000047.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 126.41538075922168, "y": 95.9147545466976}, {"x": 631.5944317642812, "y": 95.9147545466976}, {"x": 631.5944317642812, "y": 123.41733898536847}, {"x": 126.41538075922168, "y": 123.41733898536847}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "ANFREL Pre-Election Assessment Mission Report", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 119.17785853851882, "y": 158.65091151293882}, {"x": 1503.798307323831, "y": 158.65091151293882}, {"x": 1503.798307323831, "y": 716.4394010410242}, {"x": 119.17785853851882, "y": 716.4394010410242}], "category": "Table", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "No.Political partyProvisional registration result on 7 MarchOfficial registration result on 29 AprilDifference in the number of candidatesNumber of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidatesNumber of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidates11Khmer United Party3549830457-4112Grassroots Democracy Party3243532481+4613Beehive Social Democratic Party2542523392-3314Cambodian Indigeneous Peoples Democracy Party1919419202+815Ekpheap Cheat Khmer Party1517514178+316Reaksmey Khemara Party779688+917Khmer Economic Development Party465464-1Total84,20886,092+1,884", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 123.52037187094056, "y": 1039.6876521263505}, {"x": 159.70798297445484, "y": 1039.6876521263505}, {"x": 159.70798297445484, "y": 1078.7702721181458}, {"x": 123.52037187094056, "y": 1078.7702721181458}], "category": "Footer", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "24", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000048.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 122.12004686308396, "y": 103.28256560428852}, {"x": 491.14484390078894, "y": 103.28256560428852}, {"x": 491.14484390078894, "y": 129.69538338817335}, {"x": 122.12004686308396, "y": 129.69538338817335}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "8 Encinas Franco and Laguna", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 124.41417253533444, "y": 199.71056198296108}, {"x": 697.3261007699616, "y": 199.71056198296108}, {"x": 697.3261007699616, "y": 239.1849406508963}, {"x": 124.41417253533444, "y": 239.1849406508963}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Filipino Women in Electoral Politics", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 122.120046863084, "y": 280.7930695170983}, {"x": 1028.05738150131, "y": 280.7930695170983}, {"x": 1028.05738150131, "y": 1086.2837693628028}, {"x": 122.120046863084, "y": 1086.2837693628028}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The nature and extent of Filipino women's political participation\nis a product of the country's colonial history, martial law, and\ndemocratization post-1986. Historians argue that Spain's strong\nCatholic traditions ushered in patriarchal norms and practices that were\nnot present in the pre-Hispanic period. National hero, Jose Rizal, has\ndocumented this in his \"Letter to the Women of Malolos,\" praising the\nwomen for advocating their right to education. Historians also found\nproof of women's contribution to the Philippine revolution (Camagay\n1998). Decades later, the suffragist movement ushered in one of the first\nnational issues to have brought Filipino women together. It was a hard-\nfought battle; the movement had to contend with staunch opposition\nfrom antisuffragists in the Constitutional Convention that drafted the\n1935 Constitution. The reluctance was expected because only 21-year-\nold Filipino men had been allowed to vote during the time. They framed\ntheir opposition based on traditional notions of womanhood and their\nrole in the private sphere, foremost of which is motherhood. Another\nkey argument against female suffrage was the idea that politics is\nsupposed to be \"dirty\" and that this would taint families if women took\npart in politics. The assumptions catered to the age-old public-private\ndivide, strongly suggesting that only men are qualified to occupy the\nformer.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 122.120046863084, "y": 1123.6243978324712}, {"x": 1028.05738150131, "y": 1123.6243978324712}, {"x": 1028.05738150131, "y": 1622.9219442268948}, {"x": 122.120046863084, "y": 1622.9219442268948}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Eventually, the 1935 Constitution granted women suffrage on the\ncondition that more than 300,000 women would vote affirmatively in a\nplebiscite. When signing the law paving the way for the said plebiscite,\nPresident Manuel Quezon had this to say to Filipino men: \"Are you\ngoing to deprive our women of the opportunity to say how their lives\nare going to be regulated and is it fair for us to presume that men can\nalways speak in this country for women?\" (Official Gazette 1936). In\nApril 1937, more than 400,000 women voted in favor of their right to\nvote and participate in political life. In 1946 and 1947, Filipinos elected\nthe first woman member of the House of Representatives, and senator,\nrespectively. Nonetheless, data from 1946 to 1992 indicate an uphill\nclimb. For instance, in the 1949 and 1953 elections for the House of\nRepresentatives, only one woman was elected out of the 100 positions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000049.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 281.10252965268904, "y": 101.06510921350804}, {"x": 1090.468724664615, "y": 101.06510921350804}, {"x": 1090.468724664615, "y": 130.2314585833072}, {"x": 281.10252965268904, "y": 130.2314585833072}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 9", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 161.71781291843206, "y": 195.5887774570071}, {"x": 1083.736713684622, "y": 195.5887774570071}, {"x": 1083.736713684622, "y": 615.6802292853896}, {"x": 161.71781291843206, "y": 615.6802292853896}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The post-World War II period saw women participating in formal\npolitics and even attempting to form a political party and an alliance\nsupporting President Ramon Magsaysay's candidacy for the presidency\n(He served as president from 1953 to 1957), while the advent of the\nmartial law period in 1972 witnessed feminist movements. Roces (2012,\n6) attributes this to the burgeoning student movement and activism, so\nmuch so that by the time Marcos declared martial law, women were\nprepared to take on the resistance. Though inspired by North America's\nsecond-wave feminists, Filipino women were also drawn to the era's\ndiscourses and contexts, such as the Vietnam War and the civil rights\nmovement.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 163.53639063197485, "y": 644.777472702074}, {"x": 1081.9181359710792, "y": 644.777472702074}, {"x": 1081.9181359710792, "y": 1072.1432353846276}, {"x": 163.53639063197485, "y": 1072.1432353846276}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The women's movement continued to flourish in the Cory Aquino\nregime (1986-1992). The democratic transition provided political\nopportunity structures and venues ensuring women's access to the\nstate and nonstate spheres. The drafting of the 1987 Constitution\nwas one such opportunity. The movement managed to advocate for\nimportant provisions paving the way for women's rights legislation\nfrom the 1980s to the present. The provision in the 1987 Constitution\nmandates the state to recognize \"the role of women in nation building\nand shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of men and\nwomen\" (Article 2, Section 14). This provision is said to be unique and\nis not even found in other countries' charters (Masilungan n.d.).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 163.5363906319748, "y": 1097.6033233742266}, {"x": 1083.736713684622, "y": 1097.6033233742266}, {"x": 1083.736713684622, "y": 1532.243396910951}, {"x": 163.5363906319748, "y": 1532.243396910951}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The post-Marcos period advanced the participation of women\nnot only in civil society and nongovernment organizations but also in\nformal politics and bureaucracy. Several women from the movement\njoined formal politics, while others were invited by the Aquino and\nRamos governments (1992-1998) to executive posts. The entry of\nwomen activists, NGO leaders, and those from the academe ensured that\nthe new democracy would significantly help push measures promoting\nwomen's rights and gender equality. The House of Representative\n(HOR) and Philippine Commission on Women (PCW)'s \"How to Be\na Gender-Responsive Legislator\" (2021, 52) listed several recent laws\nresponding to women's empowerment and gender equality.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 236.4683003569785, "y": 1551.1915830352275}, {"x": 999.1257118147118, "y": 1551.1915830352275}, {"x": 999.1257118147118, "y": 1589.448664912912}, {"x": 236.4683003569785, "y": 1589.448664912912}], "category": "List", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Republic Act No. 11313: Safe Spaces Act (April 17, 2019)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 236.4683003569785, "y": 1615.4088276156265}, {"x": 1079.7388486284035, "y": 1615.4088276156265}, {"x": 1079.7388486284035, "y": 1690.5566670182202}, {"x": 236.4683003569785, "y": 1690.5566670182202}], "category": "List", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Republic Act No. 11210: 105-Day Expanded Maternity Leave\nLaw (March 11, 2019)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000050.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 281.712466267269, "y": 98.46624486121068}, {"x": 1090.2036707981013, "y": 98.46624486121068}, {"x": 1090.2036707981013, "y": 130.54922916798972}, {"x": 281.712466267269, "y": 130.54922916798972}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 11", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 228.7755421610836, "y": 194.71519778154783}, {"x": 1078.9746262907286, "y": 194.71519778154783}, {"x": 1078.9746262907286, "y": 271.7143601178176}, {"x": 228.7755421610836, "y": 271.7143601178176}], "category": "List", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Republic Act No. 9501: Magna Carta for Micro, Small, and\nMedium Enterprises (May 23, 2008)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 228.77554216108368, "y": 298.98489677857975}, {"x": 1082.1829247214068, "y": 298.98489677857975}, {"x": 1082.1829247214068, "y": 371.1716114688326}, {"x": 228.77554216108368, "y": 371.1716114688326}], "category": "List", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Republic Act No. 9262: Anti-Violence Against Women and\ntheir Children Act of 2004 (March 8, 2004)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 228.77554216108368, "y": 401.6504465602727}, {"x": 1080.578775506068, "y": 401.6504465602727}, {"x": 1080.578775506068, "y": 510.7325932033215}, {"x": 228.77554216108368, "y": 510.7325932033215}], "category": "List", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Republic Act No. 9208 (May 26, 2003), as amended by\nRepublic Act No. 10364 (February 6, 2013): Anti-Trafficking in\nPersons Act of 2003", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 227.17139294574463, "y": 539.6072790794228}, {"x": 1078.9746262907286, "y": 539.6072790794228}, {"x": 1078.9746262907286, "y": 619.8147398463706}, {"x": 227.17139294574463, "y": 619.8147398463706}], "category": "List", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Republic Act No. 9178: Barangay Micro Business Enterprises\nAct of 2002 (November 13, 2002)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 227.17139294574463, "y": 645.4811272917937}, {"x": 1077.37047707539, "y": 645.4811272917937}, {"x": 1077.37047707539, "y": 720.8761404127243}, {"x": 227.17139294574463, "y": 720.8761404127243}], "category": "List", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Republic Act No. 8972: Solo Parent's Welfare Act (November\n7, 2000)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 231.9838405917616, "y": 748.1466770734864}, {"x": 1077.37047707539, "y": 748.1466770734864}, {"x": 1077.37047707539, "y": 823.5416901944172}, {"x": 231.9838405917616, "y": 823.5416901944172}], "category": "List", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Republic Act No. 8505: Rape Victim Assistance and Protection\nAct (February 13, 1998)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 231.9838405917616, "y": 849.2080776398404}, {"x": 1077.37047707539, "y": 849.2080776398404}, {"x": 1077.37047707539, "y": 926.2072399761104}, {"x": 231.9838405917616, "y": 926.2072399761104}], "category": "List", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Republic Act No. 8504: Philippine AIDS Prevention and\nControl Act of 1998 (February 13, 1998)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 233.6542769647592, "y": 953.4777766368724}, {"x": 1080.5787755060685, "y": 953.4777766368724}, {"x": 1080.5787755060685, "y": 1028.8727897578033}, {"x": 233.6542769647592, "y": 1028.8727897578033}], "category": "List", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Republic Act No. 8353: Anti-Rape Law of 1997 (September 30,\n1997)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 231.9838405917616, "y": 1054.5391772032265}, {"x": 1078.9746262907286, "y": 1054.5391772032265}, {"x": 1078.9746262907286, "y": 1129.9341903241573}, {"x": 231.9838405917616, "y": 1129.9341903241573}], "category": "List", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Republic Act No. 7877: Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995\n(February 14, 1995)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.78231162481987, "y": 1161.1579950484534}, {"x": 1082.182924721407, "y": 1161.1579950484534}, {"x": 1082.182924721407, "y": 1350.4476024584496}, {"x": 157.78231162481987, "y": 1350.4476024584496}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "During the first Aquino administration (1986-1992), three women\nsectoral representatives were appointed in Congress. Yet feminist\nactivists such as Teresita Quintos-Deles and Jurgette Honculada's\nappointments were blocked by the House Committee on Appointments\n(Abao and Yang 2001, 19).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 160.99061005549774, "y": 1377.718139119212}, {"x": 1082.182924721407, "y": 1377.718139119212}, {"x": 1082.182924721407, "y": 1648.819356511495}, {"x": 160.99061005549774, "y": 1648.819356511495}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "While reliable electoral data during the Marcos regime is\nunavailable, it is safe to argue that the repressive regime hampered\nthe participation of women in formal politics given the widespread\nmilitarization and electoral fraud characterizing the dictatorship. And\neven with the legal framework guaranteed by the transition, women\nfound it difficult to enter formal politics, despite women's consistently\nhigh voter turnout during elections (Table 1).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000051.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 112.91723639620665, "y": 96.3747908533185}, {"x": 496.22606365372343, "y": 96.3747908533185}, {"x": 496.22606365372343, "y": 132.88039344927245}, {"x": 112.91723639620665, "y": 132.88039344927245}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "12 Encinas Franco and Laguna", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 118.39307678559992, "y": 193.11463773259652}, {"x": 1029.2078615546516, "y": 193.11463773259652}, {"x": 1029.2078615546516, "y": 264.3005627947067}, {"x": 118.39307678559992, "y": 264.3005627947067}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 1: Percentage of Government Positions Held by Women During the\nPresidencies of Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 120.610565868908, "y": 316.7660528065777}, {"x": 1029.2078615546516, "y": 316.7660528065777}, {"x": 1029.2078615546516, "y": 927.7069226975428}, {"x": 120.610565868908, "y": 927.7069226975428}], "category": "Table", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "Government PositionNo. of SeatsAquino Administration (1986-1992)Ramos Administration (1992-1998)Senate248.316.7House of Representatives2029.410.4Cabinet2015.05.0Governor735.45.4Provincial Board Member6269.910.9City/Municipal Mayor1,5787.411.2City/Municipal Vice Mayor1,5786.514.9City Municipal Councilor12,40610.5N/A", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 116.08507794378971, "y": 950.334362323134}, {"x": 665.1776128581384, "y": 950.334362323134}, {"x": 665.1776128581384, "y": 982.0127777989618}, {"x": 116.08507794378971, "y": 982.0127777989618}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Source: Tancangco 1991 as cited in Valte (1992).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 116.08507794378971, "y": 1063.4715604510905}, {"x": 612.3802537317588, "y": 1063.4715604510905}, {"x": 612.3802537317588, "y": 1107.2179437272334}, {"x": 116.08507794378971, "y": 1107.2179437272334}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Current Situation: 2001-2019", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 118.39307678559992, "y": 1144.930343103219}, {"x": 1029.2078615546516, "y": 1144.930343103219}, {"x": 1029.2078615546516, "y": 1457.189009936379}, {"x": 118.39307678559992, "y": 1457.189009936379}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Filipino women are still very much a minority in the formal\npolitical sphere. It can also be observed that in executive positions such\nas the cabinet, few women are appointed, especially during President\nFidel Ramos's time, compared to Cory Aquino's administration\n(Table 1). As mentioned above, the Philippines has made significant\nstrides in legislating for women's rights. However, 35 years after re-\ndemocratization and 84 years after the grant of suffrage, participation\nof women in politics is still a work in progress, as in most countries.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 116.08507794378971, "y": 1481.3249455370096}, {"x": 1029.2078615546516, "y": 1481.3249455370096}, {"x": 1029.2078615546516, "y": 1605.021615490242}, {"x": 116.08507794378971, "y": 1605.021615490242}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "In 2019, the overall percentage of women in all elective posts in\nthe country was only about 20 percent (PCW 2021), barely reaching\nthe 30 percent international requirement for women's political", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000052.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 279.7510313137943, "y": 100.94189144981128}, {"x": 1091.4505342753043, "y": 100.94189144981128}, {"x": 1091.4505342753043, "y": 132.70404591352258}, {"x": 279.7510313137943, "y": 132.70404591352258}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 15", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 165.05436241705917, "y": 194.4637907040722}, {"x": 1087.9214060015586, "y": 194.4637907040722}, {"x": 1087.9214060015586, "y": 850.8816496207717}, {"x": 165.05436241705917, "y": 850.8816496207717}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "the way for women to enter the House of Representatives. In 2019,\n20 women from party lists have contributed to the increase in female\nlegislators. However, the Party-List Law's implementation has been\ncontroversial owing to the entry of political dynasties and traditional\npoliticians. The ideal that it serve as the gateway to political power of\ndisadvantaged groups has been lost due to vague provisions in the\nlaw and subsequent Supreme Court decisions. The party list system\nhas also been \"co-opted by the traditional political system or have\nbecome the training ground for future influence-peddling traditional\npoliticians\" (Tigno 2019). In other words, it has deviated from the idea\nof proportional representation practiced in other countries. Dynastic\nfamilies took advantage of the system's flaws and used them to field\nrelatives, including some women, to expand their political power.\nHowever, recent interviews with legislators from progressive party\nlists demonstrate a better understanding of women's issues than some\nrepresentatives elected from single-member districts (Encinas-Franco\n2022, 157).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 279.7510313137943, "y": 910.7349757570591}, {"x": 971.4601729679504, "y": 910.7349757570591}, {"x": 971.4601729679504, "y": 979.6948316124896}, {"x": 279.7510313137943, "y": 979.6948316124896}], "category": "Caption", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 2. Women-Members of the House of Representatives\nper Region, 2007-2019", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 169.961023300104, "y": 1014.01018553144}, {"x": 1077.4313023579518, "y": 1014.01018553144}, {"x": 1077.4313023579518, "y": 1657.7866961255845}, {"x": 169.961023300104, "y": 1657.7866961255845}], "category": "Table", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "REGIONS2007-20102010-20132016-2019National Capital Region985Cordillera Autonomous Region121I - Ilocos Region154II - Cagayan Valley135III - Central Luzon8911IVA - CALABARZON4211IVB - MIMAROPA111V - Bicol Region204VI - Western Visayas233VII - Central Visayas223VIII - Eastern Visayas323", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000053.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 118.03616663790564, "y": 96.79113574242928}, {"x": 495.1601603977604, "y": 96.79113574242928}, {"x": 495.1601603977604, "y": 132.99503914337538}, {"x": 118.03616663790564, "y": 132.99503914337538}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "16 Encinas Franco and Laguna", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 118.03616663790564, "y": 194.84337411999152}, {"x": 1030.6762315367546, "y": 194.84337411999152}, {"x": 1030.6762315367546, "y": 725.8339573338673}, {"x": 118.03616663790564, "y": 725.8339573338673}], "category": "Table", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "IX - Zamboanga Peninsula424X - Northern Mindanao222XI - Davao Region135XII - SOCCSKSARGEN221XIII - Caraga133ARMM122Party-List101520TOTAL (w/ Party- List)556688TOTAL (w/o Party- List)455168", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 121.05315858798446, "y": 752.9868848845769}, {"x": 747.0789882293436, "y": 752.9868848845769}, {"x": 747.0789882293436, "y": 783.1568043853653}, {"x": 121.05315858798446, "y": 783.1568043853653}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Source: HOR 2022. Computations made by the authors.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 118.03616663790564, "y": 851.0391232621391}, {"x": 1029.167735561715, "y": 851.0391232621391}, {"x": 1029.167735561715, "y": 1160.2807981452202}, {"x": 118.03616663790564, "y": 1160.2807981452202}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Overall, the abovementioned situation indicates that Filipino\nwomen have gradually increased their presence in formal politics.\nIn Asia, the Philippines and Taiwan are the only countries above the\nglobal average of 24.5 percent of women in parliament (Liu 2021).\nHowever, challenges remain as the increased participation of women\ncomes from dysfunctional features of the country's political system:\npolitical dynasties and the Party-List law. Nonetheless, not all women\nfrom these groups are necessarily averse to women's issues.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 118.03616663790564, "y": 1241.7395807973485}, {"x": 802.8933393058021, "y": 1241.7395807973485}, {"x": 802.8933393058021, "y": 1280.9604761483731}, {"x": 118.03616663790564, "y": 1280.9604761483731}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Barriers to Filipino Women's Participation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 112.00218273774787, "y": 1323.1983634494773}, {"x": 1027.6592395866755, "y": 1323.1983634494773}, {"x": 1027.6592395866755, "y": 1513.268856304444}, {"x": 112.00218273774787, "y": 1513.268856304444}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Previous studies have identified political, economic, and cultural\nfactors that impede women's participation in politics. However, context\nstill matters since the perception of women's role in societies and the\nevolution of political systems differ. The following section examines\nsome of these barriers.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 115.0191746878267, "y": 1540.4217838551535}, {"x": 1030.6762315367546, "y": 1540.4217838551535}, {"x": 1030.6762315367546, "y": 1695.7968692842137}, {"x": 115.0191746878267, "y": 1695.7968692842137}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The Philippine electoral system's \"first-past-the-post\" electoral\ntype, coupled with the lack of well-developed political parties, inhibits\nwomen's entry into politics. Encinas-Franco (2021) argues that \"[w]\nithout party discipline and institutionalized rules within parties, one", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000054.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 233.96582535476293, "y": 240.29954887438151}, {"x": 490.9186716642753, "y": 240.29954887438151}, {"x": 490.9186716642753, "y": 293.8821329389244}, {"x": 233.96582535476293, "y": 293.8821329389244}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "EFB = empty fruit bunch.\nSource: Murdiyatmo (2021).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 233.96582535476293, "y": 303.7549411377994}, {"x": 1345.16818341138, "y": 303.7549411377994}, {"x": 1345.16818341138, "y": 595.1931324160258}, {"x": 233.96582535476293, "y": 595.1931324160258}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "However, the main obstacle with producing second-generation bioethanol is the cost of\nenzymes. Murdiyatmo (2021) stated that, at the pilot scale, the cost of enzymes is very\nhigh, i.e. Rp18,000 per litre of ethanol produced. Some studies provided the cost of\nenzymes in the US. NREL (2011), for instance, estimated that the cost of enzymes to\nproduce second-generation bioethanol in the US was equivalent to around $0.34 per\ngallon or Rp1,5292 per litre of ethanol produced, i.e. less than one-tenth of the cost of\nenzymes in Indonesia.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 233.96582535476293, "y": 619.6098374371782}, {"x": 1345.16818341138, "y": 619.6098374371782}, {"x": 1345.16818341138, "y": 947.6767329403408}, {"x": 233.96582535476293, "y": 947.6767329403408}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "In the next sub-sections, we analyse biodiesel and bioethanol introduction in Indonesia.\nIn each sub-section, we first discuss the current supply and demand of the biofuels and\nthe related conventional transport fuel. Second, we estimate the conventional transport\nfuel, i.e. gasoline and diesel fuel demand in road transportation during the period of\n2020-50. Third, we estimate the volume of pure biofuel (fatty acid methyl ester\n[FAME]/biodiesel and bioethanol) needs in scenarios, and in the amount of feedstock, i.e.\nCPO in biodiesel and molasses in bioethanol needed to meet the demand required in each\nscenario.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 233.9658253547629, "y": 979.854690167141}, {"x": 620.5449894976782, "y": 979.854690167141}, {"x": 620.5449894976782, "y": 1007.8549257725354}, {"x": 233.9658253547629, "y": 1007.8549257725354}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "2.1. Diesel and biodiesel use", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 233.96582535476304, "y": 1039.0459576852836}, {"x": 1345.16818341138, "y": 1039.0459576852836}, {"x": 1345.16818341138, "y": 1416.486447391787}, {"x": 233.96582535476304, "y": 1416.486447391787}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The consumption of diesel fuel in Indonesia, used primarily for road freight transport,\nfluctuated between 2010 and 2019 as it correlated with the economic condition (Table\n2.8). Diesel consumption in the industry sector decreased significantly, around 10% per\nyear between 2010 and 2019, resulting from the shift to another energy type. During the\nsame period, with some fluctuations, diesel production increased at 3.6% annual growth\nrate, while imports were cut by half from nearly 13 billion litres in 2010 to nearly 6.5 billion\nlitres in 2018. The biodiesel blending rate increased from only 1% in 2010 to nearly 20%\nin 2019, representing a growing level of mandatory biodiesel programmes. Apparently,\ndiesel imports dropped with the increase of the biodiesel (B100) blending rate.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.3711062165451, "y": 2036.0110201533607}, {"x": 1286.526178822533, "y": 2036.0110201533607}, {"x": 1286.526178822533, "y": 2102.541275578727}, {"x": 232.3711062165451, "y": 2102.541275578727}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "2 Assuming average inflation rate of 2% between 2011 and 2021 and an exchange rate of $1 =\nRp14,131.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 772.2347080144273, "y": 2210.4079280168003}, {"x": 803.2879236674153, "y": 2210.4079280168003}, {"x": 803.2879236674153, "y": 2233.6978397565413}, {"x": 772.2347080144273, "y": 2233.6978397565413}], "category": "Footer", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "11", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000055.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 232.1761136079435, "y": 239.54763797112847}, {"x": 1344.011500888604, "y": 239.54763797112847}, {"x": 1344.011500888604, "y": 359.52807515540536}, {"x": 232.1761136079435, "y": 359.52807515540536}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "pharmaceutical products (Casson, Muliastra, and Obidzinski, 2014). The development of\nbiofuels from biomass has raised interest in expanding the palm oil plantation area. This\nis because palm oil is the main raw material for biodiesel in Indonesia.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.17611360794348, "y": 386.2496266561663}, {"x": 1344.011500888604, "y": 386.2496266561663}, {"x": 1344.011500888604, "y": 635.6729950331237}, {"x": 232.17611360794348, "y": 635.6729950331237}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "CPO is the primary product derived from the red fruit of the oil palm, while palm kernel\noil, derived from the fruit's nut, is considered a secondary product. Oil palm biomass\nincludes EFBs, palm mesocarps fibres (PMFs), PKS, oil palm fronds, oil palm trunks, as well\nas palm oil mill effluent (POME). Oil palm fronds account for 70% of the total oil palm\nbiomass produced, while EFB accounts for 10% and oil palm trunks account for only about\n5% of the total biomass produced.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.17611360794348, "y": 658.0797821607953}, {"x": 1344.011500888604, "y": 658.0797821607953}, {"x": 1344.011500888604, "y": 867.5915800866761}, {"x": 232.17611360794348, "y": 867.5915800866761}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "According to Harahap et al. (2019), Indonesia housed 11 million hectares (Mha) of oil palm\nplantations and produced 31 million tonnes (Mt) of CPO in 2015. Oil extraction from palm\nfruits occurs in palm oil mills. One tonne (t) of CPO production results in nearly 5 t of solid\nbiomass waste, including EFBs, PKSs, PMFs, and POME; see Figure 3.3. This implies that,\nin 2015, Indonesia produced around 155 Mt of palm biomass residue.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 508.21230142346025, "y": 931.234354589744}, {"x": 1068.052978831803, "y": 931.234354589744}, {"x": 1068.052978831803, "y": 966.8311606677312}, {"x": 508.21230142346025, "y": 966.8311606677312}], "category": "Caption", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 3.3. Biomass Use in Oil Palm Industry", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 234.22476373228668, "y": 986.2476003466332}, {"x": 1347.4339719893385, "y": 986.2476003466332}, {"x": 1347.4339719893385, "y": 1540.6948222886144}, {"x": 234.22476373228668, "y": 1540.6948222886144}], "category": "Figure", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "~2 t\nEffluent\nMesocarp Crude palm oil\nOne hectare of oil\nFresh fruit Palm\npalm plantation\nbunch fruits\n~8 t\nShell\nPalm kernel\n~15 t\n~1 t\nLegend:\nEmpty fruit bunch\nResidue production\n~3 t", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 233.4846798634012, "y": 1567.5401578369522}, {"x": 539.1489662315889, "y": 1567.5401578369522}, {"x": 539.1489662315889, "y": 1594.331449869224}, {"x": 233.4846798634012, "y": 1594.331449869224}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Source: Harahap et al. (2019).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.17611360794348, "y": 1658.7028471263252}, {"x": 1344.011500888604, "y": 1658.7028471263252}, {"x": 1344.011500888604, "y": 1902.92270239349}, {"x": 232.17611360794348, "y": 1902.92270239349}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Regarding the potential for biodiesel, the previous Table 2.10 projected the demand of\nFAME for both B30 and B40 mandates using the volume of diesel fuel needed for the road\ntransport sector. As shown, the FAME demand will reach 19.1 million kL in 2040 for the\nB30 mandate and 25.4 million kL for the B40 mandate. The current FAME production\ncapacity is 12.85 million kL, indicating a shortage of supply to meet the 2040 demand for\nboth the B30 and B40 mandates.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.17611360794356, "y": 1933.9150264288744}, {"x": 1344.011500888604, "y": 1933.9150264288744}, {"x": 1344.011500888604, "y": 2094.821038598753}, {"x": 232.17611360794356, "y": 2094.821038598753}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Increasing the capacity for FAME production implies that the demand for domestic CPO\nwill continue to increase. The estimated CPO required to produce FAME in 2040 is also\ncalculated above (Table 2.11). The estimated CPO consumption for B30 and B40 mandate\nin 2040 will be 17.5 and 23.4 million tonnes, respectively. This was calculated based on", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 772.0373039335893, "y": 2210.8112230703423}, {"x": 804.3263642210845, "y": 2210.8112230703423}, {"x": 804.3263642210845, "y": 2232.5137062143967}, {"x": 772.0373039335893, "y": 2232.5137062143967}], "category": "Footer", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "24", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000056.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 233.75331719593385, "y": 241.6946902929273}, {"x": 1341.8818904036732, "y": 241.6946902929273}, {"x": 1341.8818904036732, "y": 315.77430911979104}, {"x": 233.75331719593385, "y": 315.77430911979104}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "scheme helped the biomass power capacity to increase by more than double in 7 years.\nUnder the FIT scheme, biomass fuels for power generation are grouped into six categories.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 233.75331719593385, "y": 343.882174381876}, {"x": 1341.8818904036732, "y": 343.882174381876}, {"x": 1341.8818904036732, "y": 728.9044015200943}, {"x": 233.75331719593385, "y": 728.9044015200943}], "category": "List", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 General wood: sawmill residues, import wood such as pellets and chips, palm kernel\nshell (PKS) and palm trunk\n\u00b7 Liquid biomass: palm oil\n\u00b7 Unutilised wood: domestic thinned wood\n\u00b7 Construction wood waste: wood waste salvaged from construction and other wood\nmaterials\n\u00b7 Waste materials and other biomass: pruned branched, paper, food waste, waste\ncooking oil, and black liquor\n\u00b7 Biogas: methane derived from sewage sludge, manure, and food waste.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 233.75331719593385, "y": 754.6423108723741}, {"x": 1341.8818904036732, "y": 754.6423108723741}, {"x": 1341.8818904036732, "y": 876.2319497760441}, {"x": 233.75331719593385, "y": 876.2319497760441}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "While inexpensive biomass sources such as wood waste from construction and waste\nmaterials, were the main fuels under the RPS, the domestic unutilised wood and the\ngeneral wood whose tariff rates are set higher increased specifically (Figure 4.1, 4.2).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 454.4999265470721, "y": 944.7620796746818}, {"x": 1121.150317884832, "y": 944.7620796746818}, {"x": 1121.150317884832, "y": 976.8069369564772}, {"x": 454.4999265470721, "y": 976.8069369564772}], "category": "Caption", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.1. Approved Capacity under the FIT Scheme", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 288.1402876438452, "y": 1006.7002646670994}, {"x": 1290.840288351916, "y": 1006.7002646670994}, {"x": 1290.840288351916, "y": 1403.1352791237205}, {"x": 288.1402876438452, "y": 1403.1352791237205}], "category": "Chart", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "MW\n700\n\u25a0 Waste materials\n600\n\u25a0 Biogas\n500\n\u25a0 Construction wood waste\n400\n300 \u25a0 General wood (10MW\u2264)\n200 \u25a0 General wood (<10MW)\n100 (2MW\u2264)\n\u25a0 Unutilised wood\n0\n\u25a0 Unutilised wood (<2MW)\n2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 233.75331719593385, "y": 1435.8703544697184}, {"x": 1341.8818904036732, "y": 1435.8703544697184}, {"x": 1341.8818904036732, "y": 1568.9872186781608}, {"x": 233.75331719593385, "y": 1568.9872186781608}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "FIT = feed-in-tariff.\nNote: Liquid biomass approved under the FIT scheme between FY2012 and FY2017 is included in general wood\nand no liquid biomass has been approved since FY2018.\nSource: METI (2021a).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 771.4170829643435, "y": 2210.0616467815303}, {"x": 803.6976739901245, "y": 2210.0616467815303}, {"x": 803.6976739901245, "y": 2233.1192117999453}, {"x": 771.4170829643435, "y": 2233.1192117999453}], "category": "Footer", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "30", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000057.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 452.708728793747, "y": 241.32914852235632}, {"x": 1121.4972066225955, "y": 241.32914852235632}, {"x": 1121.4972066225955, "y": 273.6898813205264}, {"x": 452.708728793747, "y": 273.6898813205264}], "category": "Caption", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.2. Operating Capacity under the FIT Scheme", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 249.7186776052256, "y": 290.3605618529172}, {"x": 1332.154966200325, "y": 290.3605618529172}, {"x": 1332.154966200325, "y": 723.8194777822164}, {"x": 249.7186776052256, "y": 723.8194777822164}], "category": "Chart", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "MW\n400\n\u25a0 Waste materials\n350\n\u25a0 Biogas\n300\n250\n\u25a0 Construction wood waste\n200\n\u25a0 General wood (10MW\u2264)\n150\n\u25a0 General wood (<10MW)\n100\n50 \u25a0 Unutilised wood (2MW\u2264)\n0\n\u25a0 Unutilised wood (<2MW)\n12-13 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 234.45451791993497, "y": 746.6527469221669}, {"x": 460.1142252586603, "y": 746.6527469221669}, {"x": 460.1142252586603, "y": 809.0955700487732}, {"x": 234.45451791993497, "y": 809.0955700487732}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "FIT = feed-in-tariff.\nSource: METI (2021a).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 234.45451791993503, "y": 880.669341634925}, {"x": 1341.73960854418, "y": 880.669341634925}, {"x": 1341.73960854418, "y": 1129.1005519545938}, {"x": 234.45451791993503, "y": 1129.1005519545938}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The newly approved capacity has stagnated lately because some strict measures reduced\nthe accumulated idle capacity in the revised FIT Act of 2017. For instance, developers are\nrequired to have entered into the grid connection agreement with a utility company for\nan FIT approval and to submit a business plan for assessment of feasibility and\nsustainability. As a result, the approved biomass power capacity is about 160MW on\naverage in FY2018 and FY2019.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 234.45451791993497, "y": 1157.0785682299886}, {"x": 1341.73960854418, "y": 1157.0785682299886}, {"x": 1341.73960854418, "y": 1614.9107077883418}, {"x": 234.45451791993497, "y": 1614.9107077883418}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "A recent change in the FIT scheme is that new projects of biomass co-firing with coal in\nthe category of unutilised wood, general wood, and construction wood waste are no\nlonger eligible for the FIT scheme from FY2019.4 The data collected after implementation\nof the FIT scheme revealed that the generation costs of these biomass co-firing with coal\nare lower than the estimated costs of conventional biomass power plants in terms of\ncapital expenditures, operation and maintenance, and fuels. Hence, biomass co-firing\nwith coal does not have a rationale to receive support through the FIT scheme since it\ncould make profits without it. For reference, Figure 4.3 illustrates a biomass co-firing ratio\nof the major power utilities' coal-fired power plants. Nearly half of the coal-fired power\nplants co-combusted biomass in FY2019 and most of them are less than 1% ratio of\nbiomass.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 234.45451791993497, "y": 2070.4369748939557}, {"x": 1293.0046878839755, "y": 2070.4369748939557}, {"x": 1293.0046878839755, "y": 2102.687399673413}, {"x": 234.45451791993497, "y": 2102.687399673413}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "4 Biomass of waste materials co-firing with coal is not eligible for the FIT scheme from FY2021.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 772.2022175109327, "y": 2210.022890971227}, {"x": 803.3299302857927, "y": 2210.022890971227}, {"x": 803.3299302857927, "y": 2233.132859546502}, {"x": 772.2022175109327, "y": 2233.132859546502}], "category": "Footer", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "31", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000058.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 232.51686751667933, "y": 241.94588371140935}, {"x": 1340.645440724419, "y": 241.94588371140935}, {"x": 1340.645440724419, "y": 330.6370254615521}, {"x": 232.51686751667933, "y": 330.6370254615521}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "3. Perspective of supply and demand balance of wood pellets and cost\nstructure in Japan", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.51686751667933, "y": 359.28182011200545}, {"x": 1340.645440724419, "y": 359.28182011200545}, {"x": 1340.645440724419, "y": 521.1872207267814}, {"x": 232.51686751667933, "y": 521.1872207267814}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "According to a survey taken by the Japan Woody Bioenergy Association in FY2018 (from\nApril 2018 to March 2019) with 55 biomass power generators, more than half of fuel for\nbiomass power generation is domestically produced wood biomass at present in Japan in\nterms of weight (Figure 4.5).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 364.8824887942228, "y": 590.1472155137535}, {"x": 1212.0354078984997, "y": 590.1472155137535}, {"x": 1212.0354078984997, "y": 623.7092847132399}, {"x": 364.8824887942228, "y": 623.7092847132399}], "category": "Caption", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.5. Breakdown of Biomass Power Generation Fuel in Japan", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 480.39790806995666, "y": 651.9233241592935}, {"x": 1024.7567514640657, "y": 651.9233241592935}, {"x": 1024.7567514640657, "y": 1098.6307683479044}, {"x": 480.39790806995666, "y": 1098.6307683479044}], "category": "Chart", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Waste\nOthers\nmaterials\nConstruction\nwood waste\nPKS\nDomestic logs\nImport pellets, and wood\nchips chips\nDomestic\nwood pellets", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.51686751667933, "y": 1135.842458498563}, {"x": 1340.645440724419, "y": 1135.842458498563}, {"x": 1340.645440724419, "y": 1268.365082465751}, {"x": 232.51686751667933, "y": 1268.365082465751}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "PKS = palm kernel shell.\nNote: The share of fuel calculated in terms of biomass fuel weight ('Wood pellets', 'Construction wood waste',\n'Waste materials', 'Others': tonne; others: dry tonne).\nSource: Depicted by IEEJ based on Japan Woody Bioenergy Association (JWBA), 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.51686751667935, "y": 1336.0137294879462}, {"x": 1340.645440724419, "y": 1336.0137294879462}, {"x": 1340.645440724419, "y": 1497.0683340656233}, {"x": 232.51686751667935, "y": 1497.0683340656233}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "When translating the survey result into energy form, it is estimated that, within biomass\npower generation using wood biomass ('Unutilised wood', 'General wood', and\n'Construction wood waste'), around 30% of input fuel is met by import biomass fuel\n(Figure 4.6).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 771.4186144575434, "y": 2210.464501026932}, {"x": 803.3996757149118, "y": 2210.464501026932}, {"x": 803.3996757149118, "y": 2233.5619341572537}, {"x": 771.4186144575434, "y": 2233.5619341572537}], "category": "Footer", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "38", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000059.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 314.279000407715, "y": 242.1149903566144}, {"x": 1259.072105513556, "y": 242.1149903566144}, {"x": 1259.072105513556, "y": 274.47572315478453}, {"x": 314.279000407715, "y": 274.47572315478453}], "category": "Caption", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.6. Input Biomass Fuel for Each Type of Biomass Power Generation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 358.7277238516942, "y": 311.46236718993987}, {"x": 1223.3028288086978, "y": 311.46236718993987}, {"x": 1223.3028288086978, "y": 824.3474928819115}, {"x": 358.7277238516942, "y": 824.3474928819115}], "category": "Chart", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "100% 2%\n8%\n90%\n80% 27%\n70%\n60%\n50% 98% 33% 100% 100%\n40%\n30%\n20%\n31%\n10%\n0%\nBiogas Unutilised wood General wood Construction Waste materials\nwood waste and other\nbiomass\n\u25a0 Domestic logs and wood chips \u25a0 Domestic wood pellets\n\u25a0 Import pellets, chips \u25a0 PKS\n\u25a0 Construction wood waste \u25a0 Other waste\n\u25a0 Others", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 233.7796121601997, "y": 868.0939141143456}, {"x": 1340.92905325661, "y": 868.0939141143456}, {"x": 1340.92905325661, "y": 1018.9424551763632}, {"x": 233.7796121601997, "y": 1018.9424551763632}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "PKS = palm kernel shell.\nHeat value used: Domestic logs and wood chips: 19.4 MJ/kg; Domestic wood pellets, Import pellets, chips:\n15.5 MJ/kg; PKS: 18 MJ/kg; Construction wood waste, Other waste, and Others: assuming the same with wood\npellets.\nSource: Depicted by IEEJ based on Japan Woody Bioenergy Association, 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 233.77961216019975, "y": 1082.4358835530716}, {"x": 1340.92905325661, "y": 1082.4358835530716}, {"x": 1340.92905325661, "y": 1242.753346959772}, {"x": 233.77961216019975, "y": 1242.753346959772}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "According to Japan's trade statistics, its import of wood pellets has increased around 16\ntimes from 2014 to 2019. Viet Nam and Canada are the largest suppliers of Japan's wood\npellet imports (Figure 4.7). On the other hand, domestic wood pellet production stayed\nalmost the same over the same period (Figure 4.8).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 584.1178470487498, "y": 1318.212544483222}, {"x": 991.0219254557388, "y": 1318.212544483222}, {"x": 991.0219254557388, "y": 1350.5732772813924}, {"x": 584.1178470487498, "y": 1350.5732772813924}], "category": "Caption", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.7. Wood Pellets Import", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 375.36945393900817, "y": 1384.0226978565684}, {"x": 1201.8509515100072, "y": 1384.0226978565684}, {"x": 1201.8509515100072, "y": 1896.90782354854}, {"x": 375.36945393900817, "y": 1896.90782354854}], "category": "Chart", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1,800\n1,614\n1,600\n1,400\n1,200\n1,060\n1,000tonne\n1,000\n800\n600 506\n400 347\n232\n200\n97\n0\n2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019\n\u25a0 China \u25a0 Viet Nam \u25a0 Malaysia \u25a0 Indonesia\n\u25a0 Canada \u25a0 US \u25a0 Australia \u25a0 Others", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 233.77961216019975, "y": 1942.0567631664376}, {"x": 601.2819642766556, "y": 1942.0567631664376}, {"x": 601.2819642766556, "y": 1971.4639218982188}, {"x": 233.77961216019975, "y": 1971.4639218982188}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Source: Trade Statistics of Japan.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 772.9027602709432, "y": 2210.4465735859476}, {"x": 803.063226134374, "y": 2210.4465735859476}, {"x": 803.063226134374, "y": 2233.904713701949}, {"x": 772.9027602709432, "y": 2233.904713701949}], "category": "Footer", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "39", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000060.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 493.5964870730769, "y": 241.2624147896408}, {"x": 1080.0121905065832, "y": 241.2624147896408}, {"x": 1080.0121905065832, "y": 273.6231475878109}, {"x": 493.5964870730769, "y": 273.6231475878109}], "category": "Caption", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.8. Domestic Wood Pellets Production", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 382.7854929460097, "y": 305.00325211936973}, {"x": 1207.4938651660418, "y": 305.00325211936973}, {"x": 1207.4938651660418, "y": 810.0268094241455}, {"x": 382.7854929460097, "y": 810.0268094241455}], "category": "Chart", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1,800\n1,600\n1,400\n1,200\n1,000tonne\n1,000\n800\n600\n400\n200 126 120 120 127 131 147\n0\n2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019\nDomestic production", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.7493681544938, "y": 838.4650291558709}, {"x": 1090.7991014393072, "y": 838.4650291558709}, {"x": 1090.7991014393072, "y": 864.9419923543736}, {"x": 232.7493681544938, "y": 864.9419923543736}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Source: Forestry Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (MAFF), 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.7493681544938, "y": 933.5859710171588}, {"x": 1340.859309425167, "y": 933.5859710171588}, {"x": 1340.859309425167, "y": 1097.3508915412317}, {"x": 232.7493681544938, "y": 1097.3508915412317}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Applications of wood pellets in Japan include power generation, boilers, stoves,\nagriculture use, and others. Although the trade statistics do not specify the usage of the\nimported wood pellets, according to the Japan Wood Pellet Association (JPA), most are\nused for power generation.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.74936815449377, "y": 1122.5766696124342}, {"x": 1340.859309425167, "y": 1122.5766696124342}, {"x": 1340.859309425167, "y": 1330.5822337799768}, {"x": 232.74936815449377, "y": 1330.5822337799768}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The price of domestic wood pellets for power generation has a wide range. According to\na survey of domestic wood pellet manufacturers undertaken by JPA in 2020, the average\nprice of domestic wood pellets for power generation is around 14,000~29,000 \u00a5/tonne,\nwhile according to the Trade Statistics of Japan, the average cost, insurance, and freight\n(CIF) price of imported wood pellets is around 18,000 \u00a5/tonne in 2020 (Figure 4.9).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 338.5405146025497, "y": 1397.5285055986026}, {"x": 1236.454813565717, "y": 1397.5285055986026}, {"x": 1236.454813565717, "y": 1475.1508924957498}, {"x": 338.5405146025497, "y": 1475.1508924957498}], "category": "Caption", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 4-9. Average Cost, Insurance, and Freight Prices of Wood Pellets\nand Wood Chips", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 376.4511148365395, "y": 1505.8035443840754}, {"x": 1207.4938651660416, "y": 1505.8035443840754}, {"x": 1207.4938651660416, "y": 1971.4223187072253}, {"x": 376.4511148365395, "y": 1971.4223187072253}], "category": "Chart", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "30,000\n25,000\n20,000\nYen/tonne\n15,000\n10,000\n5,000\n-\n2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020\nWood pellets Wood chips, coniferous Wood chips, non-coniferous", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.7493681544938, "y": 2008.002251305913}, {"x": 845.2295110969138, "y": 2008.002251305913}, {"x": 845.2295110969138, "y": 2070.1921853218237}, {"x": 232.7493681544938, "y": 2070.1921853218237}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Average price = import value/import tonne.\nSource: Estimated by IEEJ based on Trade Statistics of Japan.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 772.6140045429008, "y": 2209.716451087793}, {"x": 802.8597654558066, "y": 2209.716451087793}, {"x": 802.8597654558066, "y": 2232.5434404560237}, {"x": 772.6140045429008, "y": 2232.5434404560237}], "category": "Footer", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "40", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000061.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 350.86799815549927, "y": 240.97709420453117}, {"x": 1344.01888773134, "y": 240.97709420453117}, {"x": 1344.01888773134, "y": 662.205966127379}, {"x": 350.86799815549927, "y": 662.205966127379}], "category": "List", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "iii. Looking at cost items, the cost of raw woods procurement will be highest\nshare at 42%, followed by labour cost at 35%, electricity cost of the\nfabrication department at 10% (refer to figure 5-2). For this analysis, $35 per\ntonne is assumed for raw wood costs and this assumption will be crucial to\nmaintain the economics of this business model.\niv. This business model will be operating cost-oriented not capital cost-oriented\n(refer to figure 5.1); thus, management of raw wood cost, labour cost, and\nelectricity cost is essential. Few variations of capital cost will not affect this\nbusiness seriously.\nv. Assumed selling price of wood pellet is $100 per tonne and appropriate.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 294.46341529362803, "y": 746.6292299349932}, {"x": 1281.629220628427, "y": 746.6292299349932}, {"x": 1281.629220628427, "y": 778.2757035289733}, {"x": 294.46341529362803, "y": 778.2757035289733}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 5.1. Operating Cost Structure by the Three Departments of A Company", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 400.167928473852, "y": 797.0236611590792}, {"x": 1273.6378588633806, "y": 797.0236611590792}, {"x": 1273.6378588633806, "y": 1324.7199777254427}, {"x": 400.167928473852, "y": 1324.7199777254427}], "category": "Chart", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u25a0 Cutting raw woods \u25a0 Fabrication \u25a0 Transportation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 234.8038139383144, "y": 1350.1026922779115}, {"x": 396.9121834784929, "y": 1350.1026922779115}, {"x": 396.9121834784929, "y": 1371.497705516717}, {"x": 234.8038139383144, "y": 1371.497705516717}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Source: Author.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 354.51593040020384, "y": 1437.8748259053648}, {"x": 1220.816589801094, "y": 1437.8748259053648}, {"x": 1220.816589801094, "y": 1469.5212994993449}, {"x": 354.51593040020384, "y": 1469.5212994993449}], "category": "Caption", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 5.2. Operating Cost Structure by the Cost Items of a Company", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 412.4008482177842, "y": 1488.2692571294508}, {"x": 1273.6378588633806, "y": 1488.2692571294508}, {"x": 1273.6378588633806, "y": 2015.965573695814}, {"x": 412.4008482177842, "y": 2015.965573695814}], "category": "Chart", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u25a0 Raw woods \u25a0 Electricity \u25a0 Diesel oil \u25a0 Labour \u25a0 Depreciation \u25a0 Interest payment", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 234.80381393831436, "y": 2038.8862279294508}, {"x": 396.91218347849286, "y": 2038.8862279294508}, {"x": 396.91218347849286, "y": 2060.281241168256}, {"x": 234.80381393831436, "y": 2060.281241168256}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Source: Author.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 772.4774977904973, "y": 2209.824108514704}, {"x": 803.2457863950751, "y": 2209.824108514704}, {"x": 803.2457863950751, "y": 2232.76995086388}, {"x": 772.4774977904973, "y": 2232.76995086388}], "category": "Footer", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "50", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000062.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 198.134535251652, "y": 265.9834200394549}, {"x": 792.3176195187858, "y": 265.9834200394549}, {"x": 792.3176195187858, "y": 363.3342074432521}, {"x": 198.134535251652, "y": 363.3342074432521}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1. Shipping as a vector for marine IAS\nList of Philippine Ports is in Appendix 3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 198.134535251652, "y": 386.8115801238297}, {"x": 760.9768239681064, "y": 386.8115801238297}, {"x": 760.9768239681064, "y": 1218.0100786105688}, {"x": 198.134535251652, "y": 1218.0100786105688}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Shipping remains as the only scientifically\ndocumented pathway for marine\nbiological invasion in the Philippines with\nthe introduction and invasion of the\nSouth American mussel Mytella strigata\n(Vallejo et al. 2017). This invasive was first\nrecorded from the South Harbor of\nManila in 2014 and has been known to\nhave spread throughout Manila Bay, to\nLingayen Gulf, Aparri, Cagayan and\nBatangas Port in the Philippines. It has\nsince then reported in Singapore, Taiwan,\nHong Kong, India, Malaysia, the Gulf of\nThailand, and Sri Lanka.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 779.9810362520134, "y": 382.0583040412649}, {"x": 1526.7174080564223, "y": 382.0583040412649}, {"x": 1526.7174080564223, "y": 1128.3898480412845}, {"x": 779.9810362520134, "y": 1128.3898480412845}], "category": "Figure", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 775.932758208113, "y": 1129.9713828267338}, {"x": 1454.2442348971767, "y": 1129.9713828267338}, {"x": 1454.2442348971767, "y": 1198.560000802222}, {"x": 775.932758208113, "y": 1198.560000802222}], "category": "Caption", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 2. Foulers from the South Harbor of Manila Bay.\nPhoto by SAILS-PORTEC Manila Bay", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 198.134535251652, "y": 1300.252206483116}, {"x": 1503.7239274216756, "y": 1300.252206483116}, {"x": 1503.7239274216756, "y": 1645.30979871756}, {"x": 198.134535251652, "y": 1645.30979871756}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Mytella was likely spread through hull fouling and ballast water release. In the Philippines its\nspread to other ports was likely through small vessel hull fouling as the first adult samples were\nrecorded from the fishing boat FV Ocean in 2015 which was docked in Manila Bay. An intensive\nmonitoring of the South Harbor area in 2014 resulted in the detection of the first cohort of\nrecruits in Manila Bay. The likely first introduction by ballast water release or by biofouling was\nin December 2013 and the first cohort of recruits was detected in July 2014.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 198.134535251652, "y": 1731.836075841877}, {"x": 1503.7239274216756, "y": 1731.836075841877}, {"x": 1503.7239274216756, "y": 1949.7318004539677}, {"x": 198.134535251652, "y": 1949.7318004539677}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "There are at least 15 marine non-indigenous species ship hull fouling recorded from Manila Bay's\nSouth Harbor (Vallejo et al. 2019; Trinidad et al 2017.) Only Mytella is considered invasive enough\nto have wide scale ecological and economic impacts. The most numerous species is the well-\nstudied Hydroides elegans, which is a known ship fouler with a present pantropical distribution.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1482.8278984066678, "y": 2028.685780053167}, {"x": 1500.5661084382427, "y": 2028.685780053167}, {"x": 1500.5661084382427, "y": 2053.8149109312308}, {"x": 1482.8278984066678, "y": 2053.8149109312308}], "category": "Footer", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000063.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 196.73467651588516, "y": 205.7901462994619}, {"x": 1503.9374619035798, "y": 205.7901462994619}, {"x": 1503.9374619035798, "y": 420.16256401583973}, {"x": 196.73467651588516, "y": 420.16256401583973}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The other potentially invasive fouler is the tropical American Mytilopsis sallei and M. adamsi\nwhich has been recorded invasive in Singapore, Australia, Thailand among other regions. While\nthey are recorded from the Manila South Harbor, there is no evidence that it is invasive as it exists\nin low abundances.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 250.088388999872, "y": 542.6311758203133}, {"x": 1434.20835001154, "y": 542.6311758203133}, {"x": 1434.20835001154, "y": 920.9125589909142}, {"x": 250.088388999872, "y": 920.9125589909142}], "category": "Figure", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "A B C D E F G\nH I J K L", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 199.05866276385223, "y": 963.402602678722}, {"x": 1474.8210981055722, "y": 963.402602678722}, {"x": 1474.8210981055722, "y": 1050.7250204685083}, {"x": 199.05866276385223, "y": 1050.7250204685083}], "category": "Caption", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 3. Non-indigenous macrofoulers from Manila Bay with IAS, Mytilopsis sallei and Mytella strigata\n(=charruana). (From Trinidad et aL 2019)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 199.05866276385223, "y": 1138.9140278873415}, {"x": 1472.487447230119, "y": 1138.9140278873415}, {"x": 1472.487447230119, "y": 1355.628155458891}, {"x": 199.05866276385223, "y": 1355.628155458891}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Newer estimates (2021) on the number of possible IAS in Manila Bay is likely more than 30\nspecies based on more intensive biofouling ecological monitoring and the use environmental\nDNA in detecting species. When research started in 2006 on IAS in Manila Bay, 3 species were\ninitially observed.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1482.8903224480969, "y": 2029.0272517938704}, {"x": 1500.7221523257354, "y": 2029.0272517938704}, {"x": 1500.7221523257354, "y": 2053.382921870645}, {"x": 1482.8903224480969, "y": 2053.382921870645}], "category": "Footer", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000064.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 196.12851535129423, "y": 204.5625932900128}, {"x": 1501.685716936182, "y": 204.5625932900128}, {"x": 1501.685716936182, "y": 423.1442621895526}, {"x": 196.12851535129423, "y": 423.1442621895526}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "estuarine influenced areas. Batangas, Cebu and Iloilo are located very near to protected areas\nand tourism areas. Batangas is within the center of the center of global marine biodiversity while\nCebu is in the Mactan key biodiversity area. Manila has the highest number of foreign shipcalls\nwhile Cebu has the highest domestic shipcalls and second to Manila in international shipcalls.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 213.53691676355743, "y": 511.39504832238}, {"x": 286.2650106185107, "y": 511.39504832238}, {"x": 286.2650106185107, "y": 538.1885019085174}, {"x": 213.53691676355743, "y": 538.1885019085174}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "PORT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 595.3332711362622, "y": 511.3950483223801}, {"x": 734.6019070647234, "y": 511.3950483223801}, {"x": 734.6019070647234, "y": 538.1885019085175}, {"x": 595.3332711362622, "y": 538.1885019085175}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "SHIPCALLS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 199.09452818170007, "y": 545.1961843539102}, {"x": 845.7218452214066, "y": 545.1961843539102}, {"x": 845.7218452214066, "y": 1011.379238853183}, {"x": 199.09452818170007, "y": 1011.379238853183}], "category": "Table", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "ForeignDomesticMANILA24546,125CEBU113879,500BATANGAS95813,196SUBIC313136CAGAYAN DE ORO1373,159DAVAO75017,807ILOILO21224,381GENERAL SANTOS112704ZAMBOANGA4041,27LUCENA744,428", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.1285153512943, "y": 1076.0400480613905}, {"x": 1395.6496924236765, "y": 1076.0400480613905}, {"x": 1395.6496924236765, "y": 1113.4367105165102}, {"x": 196.1285153512943, "y": 1113.4367105165102}], "category": "Caption", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 1. Top 10 ports in the Philippines in shipcalls (2020 data from PPA, CPA and SBMA)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.12851535129423, "y": 1196.8928417730108}, {"x": 1501.685716936182, "y": 1196.8928417730108}, {"x": 1501.685716936182, "y": 1479.4188465321297}, {"x": 196.12851535129423, "y": 1479.4188465321297}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The port of Manila has been documented to have a significant number of possible IAS. The on-\ngoing SAILS-PORTEC research program has detected IAS in Davao, Cebu and Matnog ports. These\nports are adjacent to specific oil tanker pathways/routes. In Luzon where the refineries and oil\nstorage facilities are located such as Batangas, are at higher risk. These loading ports are at high\nrisk for IAS/MNIS and these are located near to international ports.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.1285153512943, "y": 1564.056087934466}, {"x": 1501.685716936182, "y": 1564.056087934466}, {"x": 1501.685716936182, "y": 1966.156329949231}, {"x": 196.1285153512943, "y": 1966.156329949231}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The shipcall statistics in Table 1 represent the year 2020, when the COVID 19 pandemic caused a\nglobal and domestic maritime transport slowdown. The average reduction in shipcalls is around\n40%. Nonetheless, Manila and Cebu are likely the main ports that need to be closely monitored\nfor potential IAS bioinvasion. In 2018, before the COVID-19 pandemic, Manila was experiencing\nport congestion with a report that ships may stay at berth for five days (Wallis, 2019). This will\nincrease the risks for biofouling. Based on the 2021 statistics from the PPA, the average berthing\ntime has been reduced to 1 day. This is a result of less shipping traffic due to the pandemic.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1467.188511894048, "y": 2029.6176944383592}, {"x": 1500.6024480811757, "y": 2029.6176944383592}, {"x": 1500.6024480811757, "y": 2054.05212730328}, {"x": 1467.188511894048, "y": 2054.05212730328}], "category": "Footer", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000065.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 197.40966458340583, "y": 196.575495880422}, {"x": 1501.6866816996248, "y": 196.575495880422}, {"x": 1501.6866816996248, "y": 933.902686811911}, {"x": 197.40966458340583, "y": 933.902686811911}], "category": "Figure", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.2616039602944, "y": 935.7162794620326}, {"x": 1469.008981695179, "y": 935.7162794620326}, {"x": 1469.008981695179, "y": 1007.578837718406}, {"x": 196.2616039602944, "y": 1007.578837718406}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 6. Mytella strigata biofouling green mussel farms in Bacoor City, Cavite, Manila Bay Photo from\nhttps://businessmirror.com.ph/2020/02/17/fake-tahong-invades-bacoor-mussel-farms/", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 249.8330922964326, "y": 1102.4585639467778}, {"x": 537.0070681075509, "y": 1102.4585639467778}, {"x": 537.0070681075509, "y": 1134.1321642200628}, {"x": 249.8330922964326, "y": 1134.1321642200628}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "5. Natural dispersal", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 197.40966458340577, "y": 1223.060512763478}, {"x": 1505.2685763016375, "y": 1223.060512763478}, {"x": 1505.2685763016375, "y": 1805.7904381462615}, {"x": 197.40966458340577, "y": 1805.7904381462615}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Dispersal by purely natural means is not included as a pathway of biological invasions (Gaston\n1996). Examples include range expansion by flight or any other medium of natural locomotion or\ntransport. However if human created or crafted material is involved in rafting dispersal of IAS,\nthen this may be considered as a case of biological invasion. The 2011 Great East Japan\nearthquake generated a large tsunami that caused an unprecedented biological transoceanic\nrafting event from the northwestern Pacific coastline of Japan towards North America on the\neastern Pacific(Carlton et al. 2017). Millions of human made objects from small plastics to large\ndocks and whole ships were cast adrift in the Pacific (Murray et al. 2018). This provided a\nsubstrate for biofoulers. Large debris could carry up to 20 to 30 mega-species of biofoulers\n(Carlton et al. 2017). These biofouled debris can constitute an IAS risk (Therriault 2017).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 197.40966458340577, "y": 1893.633413753074}, {"x": 1505.2685763016375, "y": 1893.633413753074}, {"x": 1505.2685763016375, "y": 1988.1545882669}, {"x": 197.40966458340577, "y": 1988.1545882669}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "While a tsunami is a relatively rare event, a more common one is fouler dispersal by rafting on\ncoastal currents of floating plastic debris, wood and, bamboo. Marine litter often originate from", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1466.3382309842204, "y": 2029.7315458046169}, {"x": 1501.5355994052732, "y": 2029.7315458046169}, {"x": 1501.5355994052732, "y": 2053.744703699354}, {"x": 1466.3382309842204, "y": 2053.744703699354}], "category": "Footer", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "14", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000066.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 267.50255470306126, "y": 228.21218277560297}, {"x": 1376.0714082014538, "y": 228.21218277560297}, {"x": 1376.0714082014538, "y": 346.12439549571616}, {"x": 267.50255470306126, "y": 346.12439549571616}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "consumption onsite or offsite. Food Service Establishments (FSE) refers to the business\nengaged in the Food Service Industry. For purposes of the survey, the FSE is segmented\ninto:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 272.5029378456224, "y": 360.7903450396951}, {"x": 1353.6199679885428, "y": 360.7903450396951}, {"x": 1353.6199679885428, "y": 617.289241901215}, {"x": 272.5029378456224, "y": 617.289241901215}], "category": "List", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 full-service restaurants, with full menu and waiting service;\n\u00b7 limited-service restaurants or quick service restaurants (QSR), with full menu but\npay-as-you-order such as fast food or turo-turo type8;\n\u00b7 cafes/bars/pop-ups (selected menu with few chairs and tables);\n\u00b7 kiosks and stalls (purely retail, to be consumed elsewhere); and\n\u00b7 catering or 100% home delivery.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 267.50255470306126, "y": 670.2463834538743}, {"x": 1346.9561358175138, "y": 670.2463834538743}, {"x": 1346.9561358175138, "y": 751.8936538818767}, {"x": 267.50255470306126, "y": 751.8936538818767}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Full-service restaurants, limited-service restaurants and cafes/bars/pop-ups may also\noffer \"to go\" or\"take away\" services.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 226.40892298171445, "y": 830.1783555585754}, {"x": 1381.385935367831, "y": 830.1783555585754}, {"x": 1381.385935367831, "y": 1051.7661015781914}, {"x": 226.40892298171445, "y": 1051.7661015781914}], "category": "Figure", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Red\nJollibee\nMax's\nLimited Cafes, bars Kiosks and\nFull service catering\nService and Pop ups stalls", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 650.5798328699296, "y": 1069.8183611810025}, {"x": 927.6136771952112, "y": 1069.8183611810025}, {"x": 927.6136771952112, "y": 1099.023736335776}, {"x": 650.5798328699296, "y": 1099.023736335776}], "category": "Caption", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 1. FSI Segmentation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.0839871206312, "y": 1186.3894058068224}, {"x": 1390.50832528605, "y": 1186.3894058068224}, {"x": 1390.50832528605, "y": 1619.801259328785}, {"x": 194.0839871206312, "y": 1619.801259328785}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "b. Plastic. The Baseline Study looked into the extent of Plastic use of FSEs in Dasmarinas\nCity. Plastics are categorized by food grade.\u00b0 The six food grades are 1) Polyethylene\nTerephthalate: clear, tough plastic such as soft drinks, juice and water, (2) High Density\nPolyethylene: white or colored plastic such as milk containers, (3) Polyvinyl Chloride:\nhard rigid clear plastic such as cordial bottles; (4) Low Density Polyethylene: soft,\nflexible such as squeezable bottles; 5) Polypropylene: hard but flexible plastics such as\nmicrowave ware; takeaway containers, some yogurt or jam containers and hinged lunch\nboxes, and (6) Polystyrene: rigid, brittle plastics such as small tubes and margarine or\nbutter container. See Figure 1. Plastic litter found in the rivers are of categories 1-6. There\nare also other plastics that do not fall under food grade 1-6.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 200.57218852066043, "y": 1813.149661049661}, {"x": 1401.758744284078, "y": 1813.149661049661}, {"x": 1401.758744284078, "y": 1948.104250170272}, {"x": 200.57218852066043, "y": 1948.104250170272}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "8 Filipino word for restaurants where a menu of cooked or ready-to-eat food are on display and clients point to their choice of food and\npay as they take their food to their tables or ask for take-out packaging.\n9 Food grade plastics refer to plastic containers, tools or other supplies made of plastics that are cleared to be used for food\npreparation, handling, and service.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 51.443339476949006, "y": 2077.9590434234433}, {"x": 963.3614112582768, "y": 2077.9590434234433}, {"x": 963.3614112582768, "y": 2115.044345612673}, {"x": 51.443339476949006, "y": 2115.044345612673}], "category": "Footer", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "18 Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000067.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 369.43044011932415, "y": 178.98206916849307}, {"x": 1475.4212265165577, "y": 178.98206916849307}, {"x": 1475.4212265165577, "y": 340.39373340334475}, {"x": 369.43044011932415, "y": 340.39373340334475}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "very much interested to know more about plastics as well as the plastics types that can\nbe reused or recycled. Almost all respondents (87.8%) are interested in approaches to\nrecycle plastics. 87% (20) are interested in improving waste management systems in\ntheir LGUs.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 296.27837082207844, "y": 397.00392276028424}, {"x": 1502.2759620217057, "y": 397.00392276028424}, {"x": 1502.2759620217057, "y": 612.1383933628413}, {"x": 296.27837082207844, "y": 612.1383933628413}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "d. Awareness of Plastics Ordinance. About 68% of respondents know that there is a city\nordinance on plastics, while 52% are aware of the provincial plastic ordinance. 9% do not\nknow of any ordinance and 17% do not know whether or not there is a plastic ordinance.\nIn the same way, only 70% knows of the implementation of an ordinance regulating or\nprohibiting Single Use Plastics. 30% of the respondents are not aware of the ordinance.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 297.3560224373646, "y": 662.1062201207008}, {"x": 721.4106838359381, "y": 662.1062201207008}, {"x": 721.4106838359381, "y": 704.9084427375726}, {"x": 297.3560224373646, "y": 704.9084427375726}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "6.2 Waste Management", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 296.27837082207844, "y": 755.4356553869757}, {"x": 1479.1043081397593, "y": 755.4356553869757}, {"x": 1479.1043081397593, "y": 880.2930910062149}, {"x": 296.27837082207844, "y": 880.2930910062149}], "category": "List", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "a. Waste Management Fee Collection. At the Barangay level, only 5 respondent\nbarangays - Sampaloc II, H-2, Salitran-ll, San Roque-Sta. Cristina II, and Salawag - collect\nwaste management fees.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 296.27837082207844, "y": 933.3047011561474}, {"x": 1502.2759620217057, "y": 933.3047011561474}, {"x": 1502.2759620217057, "y": 1190.8239994594342}, {"x": 296.27837082207844, "y": 1190.8239994594342}], "category": "List", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "b. Waste Management Budget. Majority of the respondents (44%) do not know the\nbudget allocation of their LGUS for waste management. 12% of respondents replied that\ntheir LGUs have no allocation for waste management while 32% of respondents replied\nthat their budget allocation is below 5% of their LGU budget. Only 8% of respondents\nreplied that their budget allocation for waste management is between 10-20% if the LGU\nbudget. See Figure 20.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 433.4763939469908, "y": 1270.415143882459}, {"x": 1355.778446651664, "y": 1270.415143882459}, {"x": 1355.778446651664, "y": 1750.6848855612548}, {"x": 433.4763939469908, "y": 1750.6848855612548}], "category": "Chart", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "44%\n\u25a0 Below 5% of the LGU budget\n\u25a0 5% to below 10%\n\u25a0 10% to below 20%\n12%\n\u25a0 20% and over\n8% \u25a0 No Allocation\n32% \u25a0 I don't know", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 538.6062906648608, "y": 1762.627707362513}, {"x": 1250.6128864601064, "y": 1762.627707362513}, {"x": 1250.6128864601064, "y": 1792.2329712209432}, {"x": 538.6062906648608, "y": 1792.2329712209432}], "category": "Caption", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 20. Percentage of LGU Budget Allocated for Waste Management", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 298.41782964122535, "y": 1869.9006827552955}, {"x": 1467.505913524934, "y": 1869.9006827552955}, {"x": 1467.505913524934, "y": 1949.537812835812}, {"x": 298.41782964122535, "y": 1949.537812835812}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "c. Waste Collection and Segregation. For 70% of the respondents, wastes are collected\nby the city government. 35% responded that barangays collect their wastes and still,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 704.4791237040422, "y": 2078.9000526520795}, {"x": 1635.0023735907337, "y": 2078.9000526520795}, {"x": 1635.0023735907337, "y": 2113.685855845026}, {"x": 704.4791237040422, "y": 2113.685855845026}], "category": "Footer", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry 49", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000068.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 264.6046986096917, "y": 196.99861338464535}, {"x": 1311.716273610056, "y": 196.99861338464535}, {"x": 1311.716273610056, "y": 275.59332305999413}, {"x": 264.6046986096917, "y": 275.59332305999413}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The World Bank/PEMSEA Assessment of Policies and Regulations to Guide Country\nDialogue at National Level to Reduce Plastic Waste in the Philippines indicated:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 323.38569580712357, "y": 330.888662556573}, {"x": 1309.2492525283456, "y": 330.888662556573}, {"x": 1309.2492525283456, "y": 675.9012743259617}, {"x": 323.38569580712357, "y": 675.9012743259617}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\"Despite these efforts, there seemed to be very limited information that shows the\neffectiveness of the bans on reducing plastics and litter, or even diversion from\nlandfills in the country. For the majority of LGUs in the country, however, there\nseemed to be no clear documentation and reporting of progress and updated\nwaste data possibly due to the difficulty and complexity of data generation and\nassessment. Another possible constraint is that the scope of the LGU ordinances\nvary and covered different kinds of SUPP, including the exemptions, which makes\nintegration of the various reports, if available, a challenge.\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 264.6046986096918, "y": 729.2931991169428}, {"x": 1397.4207483244927, "y": 729.2931991169428}, {"x": 1397.4207483244927, "y": 899.0513562791742}, {"x": 264.6046986096918, "y": 899.0513562791742}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The World Bank/PEMSEA report also recommended that a baseline assessment be\nconducted to obtain a better understanding which SUPP are the most prevalent and\nproblematic in the Philippines and to also identify the sources and extent and impacts of\nmismanagement.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 197.85299070283304, "y": 952.4432810701554}, {"x": 1397.4207483244927, "y": 952.4432810701554}, {"x": 1397.4207483244927, "y": 1433.5825751259813}, {"x": 197.85299070283304, "y": 1433.5825751259813}], "category": "List", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "b. Extended producer responsibility (EPR). EPR schemes use a combination of regulatory\napproaches to extend manufacturers' responsibility for single-use plastic products\nthroughout their life cycle, including to the end-of-life stage. These schemes are aimed\nat decreasing the overall environmental impact from a product and its packaging.\nThe primary responsibility under EPR lies with the producer, who makes design and\nmarketing decisions. In most European countries, product manufacturers are charged\na fee for every piece of packaging they put onto the market based on the reusability or\nrecyclability of the packaging, supported by technical analysis. These fees are intended\nto cover some or all of the costs of collection, sorting and recycling. Since the recycling\nof plastic packaging costs more than it yields, companies will benefit from a more cost-\neffective system of packaging.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 197.85299070283304, "y": 1486.3012850751106}, {"x": 954.4839193389532, "y": 1486.3012850751106}, {"x": 954.4839193389532, "y": 1967.4405791309364}, {"x": 197.85299070283304, "y": 1967.4405791309364}], "category": "List", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "c. Regulated Storage, Manufacture and Use of\nplastics. India required its states to enforce existing\nrules on the storage, manufacture, and use of some\nsingle-use plastics in lieu of a nationwide ban.\nMeanwhile, the Department of Environment and\nNatural Resources (DENR) is yet to issue a list of\nnon-environmentally accepted products (NEAP) as\nprovided in Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid\nWaste Management Act, passed a decade ago. This\nwill include single use plastics in all product forms per\ntechnical advice of the Department of Science and", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1017.5817155858072, "y": 1488.812657674613}, {"x": 1400.9791304521375, "y": 1488.812657674613}, {"x": 1400.9791304521375, "y": 1907.109898756922}, {"x": 1017.5817155858072, "y": 1907.109898756922}], "category": "Figure", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Co Coc\nME\nME\nRECYCLE\nRECYCLE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1057.7130756090214, "y": 1924.6155617362872}, {"x": 1367.5089505961191, "y": 1924.6155617362872}, {"x": 1367.5089505961191, "y": 1982.07143830031}, {"x": 1057.7130756090214, "y": 1982.07143830031}], "category": "Caption", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 27. Soft drinks can with\nthe message \"Recycle Me\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 52.69876832063365, "y": 2078.961186694581}, {"x": 962.7025422482034, "y": 2078.961186694581}, {"x": 962.7025422482034, "y": 2114.9455187040194}, {"x": 52.69876832063365, "y": 2114.9455187040194}], "category": "Footer", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "64 Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000069.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 197.77646925600175, "y": 197.92027420569187}, {"x": 306.61404856864453, "y": 197.92027420569187}, {"x": 306.61404856864453, "y": 231.71191092602703}, {"x": 197.77646925600175, "y": 231.71191092602703}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Replace", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 197.7764692560017, "y": 242.36088825476793}, {"x": 1401.4860568900174, "y": 242.36088825476793}, {"x": 1401.4860568900174, "y": 721.3258136549861}, {"x": 197.7764692560017, "y": 721.3258136549861}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "l. Replace Plastics with Recyclable Materials. Plastics can be replaced by material\nmade from polypropylene, a material type that is 100% recyclable. However, recyclable\nmaterials should have a forward linkage - link to a recycler who is willing to take on\nthe recyclables. Paper-based wrappers are another alternative for bagels and sandwich\npapers. Containers and packaging can use plastics with a certain percentage of recycled\ncontent and designed to be recyclable or reusable. Highly recyclable packaging is of\nlittle benefit if it is not disposed of correctly. The success of a recyclable package is an\nequal demand from recycling companies through improved recyclability of packaging\nand investments in efficient recycling facilities and systems. This requires investment and\ninnovation since quality and availability are still often a stumbling block for companies\nto use recycled plastic. The recyclability of plastic packaging can often be improved by:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 274.2791709006401, "y": 731.3923729236977}, {"x": 1368.3003142230843, "y": 731.3923729236977}, {"x": 1368.3003142230843, "y": 944.0669192004384}, {"x": 274.2791709006401, "y": 944.0669192004384}], "category": "List", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 choosing a common type of plastic (such as PE, PP or PET);\n\u00b7 choosing a common color (white or transparent); and\n\u00b7 avoiding combinations of materials, such as plastic windows in cardboard\npackaging. Watermarking technology is also being developed so that packaging\ncan be more easily recognized by sorters.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 197.77646925600172, "y": 998.897892695677}, {"x": 274.2791709006401, "y": 998.897892695677}, {"x": 274.2791709006401, "y": 1024.506437524219}, {"x": 197.77646925600172, "y": 1024.506437524219}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Trash", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 197.7764692560017, "y": 1040.3868445044727}, {"x": 1401.4860568900174, "y": 1040.3868445044727}, {"x": 1401.4860568900174, "y": 1386.3607629387277}, {"x": 197.7764692560017, "y": 1386.3607629387277}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "m. Waste Segregation and Segregated Bins. Shakey's Philippines implementation of\nwaste segregation and 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) in its corporate office is one good\ntestament of compliance to RA 9003. The country's premier pizza restaurant has installed\n\"Stop Before You Drop\" trash bins for the implementation of company-wide proper\nwaste management. The bins are labeled to indicate the different types of waste to aid in\nproper disposal and culture development of its employees. Waste collected are weighed\non a daily basis to aid in monitoring wastages and to map out more waste management\ninitiatives.56", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 197.7764692560017, "y": 1442.3398602393995}, {"x": 856.0089476110563, "y": 1442.3398602393995}, {"x": 856.0089476110563, "y": 1834.0208105632448}, {"x": 197.7764692560017, "y": 1834.0208105632448}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "n. In-store Sorting and Recycling Bins.\nMcDonalds has installed sorting and\nrecycling points in select restaurants in\nits markets. It also improved its recycling\nbin signage to make the recycling process\neasier to understand. McDonald's Germany,\nAustria, Czech Republic and Slovakia on the\nother hand, collect customer waste to sort for\nrecycling. initiatives.57", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 914.6045284948176, "y": 1441.6035902211408}, {"x": 1381.6336649404225, "y": 1441.6035902211408}, {"x": 1381.6336649404225, "y": 1705.94612120921}, {"x": 914.6045284948176, "y": 1705.94612120921}], "category": "Figure", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "You", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 918.2360103499184, "y": 1714.0769521159232}, {"x": 1378.4915875645602, "y": 1714.0769521159232}, {"x": 1378.4915875645602, "y": 1769.7287702758638}, {"x": 918.2360103499184, "y": 1769.7287702758638}], "category": "Caption", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 32. In-store Sorting and Recycling Bins,\nMcDonalds", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 197.7764692560017, "y": 1916.7000634295623}, {"x": 1178.5137396426344, "y": 1916.7000634295623}, {"x": 1178.5137396426344, "y": 1982.1741253144305}, {"x": 197.7764692560017, "y": 1982.1741253144305}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "56 https://www.shakeyspizza.ph/images/asm-2021/PIZZA_ASM_2020_Report.pdf\n57 https://corporate.mcdonalds.com/corpmcd/our-purpose-and-impact/our-planet/packaging-and-waste.html", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 50.574218989680155, "y": 2078.4011556603728}, {"x": 963.5058728203128, "y": 2078.4011556603728}, {"x": 963.5058728203128, "y": 2113.5003388119726}, {"x": 50.574218989680155, "y": 2113.5003388119726}], "category": "Footer", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "76 Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000070.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 215.41595361888648, "y": 203.2126770033927}, {"x": 1452.7609328897192, "y": 203.2126770033927}, {"x": 1452.7609328897192, "y": 281.5256503749644}, {"x": 215.41595361888648, "y": 281.5256503749644}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "two meetings are related to the initial meeting of VNR and as particular human rights\nfocus.73", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 261.09852141896994, "y": 329.81865062076696}, {"x": 1394.0262028610402, "y": 329.81865062076696}, {"x": 1394.0262028610402, "y": 1018.9728162905976}, {"x": 261.09852141896994, "y": 1018.9728162905976}], "category": "Chart", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "180\n160\n160\nInstitutions\n140\n120\nParticipating\n100\n80\nof 60\nNumber 43\n40\n18\n20\n9\n4 2 1 1 1\n1\n0\nMeeting Participation Frequency\n\u25a0 1x \u25a0 2x \u25a0 3x \u25a0 4x \u25a0 5x \u25a0 7x \u25a0 8x \u25a0 11x \u25a0 23x \u25a0 24x", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 368.16939933718226, "y": 1073.3496343024567}, {"x": 1285.758110452049, "y": 1073.3496343024567}, {"x": 1285.758110452049, "y": 1153.6615544012575}, {"x": 368.16939933718226, "y": 1153.6615544012575}], "category": "Caption", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Participation of Institutions in the VNR Meeting of\nDiagram 2\nIndonesia 2021.74", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 215.4159536188867, "y": 1200.5335760794303}, {"x": 1436.25405467906, "y": 1200.5335760794303}, {"x": 1436.25405467906, "y": 1240.5299020207303}, {"x": 215.4159536188867, "y": 1240.5299020207303}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The distribution of participating institutions in VNR-related meetings are as follows:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 261.09852141896994, "y": 1259.3512537288375}, {"x": 1394.0262028610402, "y": 1259.3512537288375}, {"x": 1394.0262028610402, "y": 1861.2246301793532}, {"x": 261.09852141896994, "y": 1861.2246301793532}], "category": "Chart", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "16 (7%) \u25a0 Government\n7 (3%)\n57 (24%)\n\u25a0 Other State Institutions\n31 (13%)\n\u25a0 Civil Society Organizations\n\u25a0 Philanthropic Foundation\n19 (8%)\n20 (8%)\n\u25a0 Educational Institution\n\u25a0 Private and State-Owned\nCompanies\n\u25a0 Other Institutions\n90 (37%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 315.2706018340485, "y": 1918.598638500756}, {"x": 1285.758110452049, "y": 1918.598638500756}, {"x": 1285.758110452049, "y": 1998.910558599557}, {"x": 315.2706018340485, "y": 1998.910558599557}], "category": "Caption", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Distribution of Participating Institutions within VNR\nDiagram 3\nMeeting of Indonesia 2021.75", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.98251094744143, "y": 2042.3630298913724}, {"x": 1453.8432346479713, "y": 2042.3630298913724}, {"x": 1453.8432346479713, "y": 2141.1061551797925}, {"x": 196.98251094744143, "y": 2141.1061551797925}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "74 Data is processed based on: ibid., 332-345.\n75 Data is processed based on: Kementerian PPN / Bappenas, \"Annexes Indonesia's VNR 2021\" (n.\n68), 332-345.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 810.2202835738954, "y": 2178.0278966403384}, {"x": 842.9873095710252, "y": 2178.0278966403384}, {"x": 842.9873095710252, "y": 2205.2307106756916}, {"x": 810.2202835738954, "y": 2205.2307106756916}], "category": "Footer", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "14", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000071.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 195.8834889990737, "y": 200.36234015127368}, {"x": 1460.7685305722428, "y": 200.36234015127368}, {"x": 1460.7685305722428, "y": 287.1592189714323}, {"x": 195.8834889990737, "y": 287.1592189714323}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "be used as a good opportunity to learn from each other and increase the capacity of\nhuman rights institutions in various countries.94", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.8834889990737, "y": 289.35435534624145}, {"x": 1460.7685305722428, "y": 289.35435534624145}, {"x": 1460.7685305722428, "y": 461.5835687535693}, {"x": 195.8834889990737, "y": 461.5835687535693}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "What works in other countries, can be learned and developed according to the\nsituation in Indonesia. 95 Partnerships can be carried out formally through a\nmemorandum of understanding or with a partnerships agreement for potential\nstrategic partners.96", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.8834889990737, "y": 510.0545530297616}, {"x": 881.5135708671838, "y": 510.0545530297616}, {"x": 881.5135708671838, "y": 545.8293431381388}, {"x": 195.8834889990737, "y": 545.8293431381388}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "3.2.6. SDGs Dissemination in Social Media", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.8834889990737, "y": 597.8600080221298}, {"x": 1460.7685305722428, "y": 597.8600080221298}, {"x": 1460.7685305722428, "y": 984.85661809998}, {"x": 195.8834889990737, "y": 984.85661809998}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Information dissemination in the digital era is closely related to the use of social\nmedia. Therefore, the dissemination of the SDGs through social media platforms\nowned by the Komnas HAM needs to be optimized as a way to increase public\nparticipation to be active as \"agents\" of the Komnas HAM in Indonesia. To be able to\nachieve this, the community needs to first receive education about the SDGs to clearly\nunderstand the focus of each goal and its derivatives. Once there is a fairly good\nunderstanding at the level of the general public, especially those who interact with the\nKomnas HAM's social media, an easier way to report SDGs related to human rights\nviolations can be formulated.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.8834889990737, "y": 992.9845554877868}, {"x": 1460.7685305722428, "y": 992.9845554877868}, {"x": 1460.7685305722428, "y": 1211.489616796498}, {"x": 195.8834889990737, "y": 1211.489616796498}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The Komnas HAM, for example, has used social media Instagram, Twitter, and\nYouTube. There has been an increase in the frequency of Instagram social media\nuploads from 2019-2020 from 111 uploads in 2019 to 198 uploads in 2020. The variety\nof content uploaded by the Komnas HAM on Instagram is also increasingly diverse\nwith the following details:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.8834889990736, "y": 1218.07151677773}, {"x": 1467.8833448647342, "y": 1218.07151677773}, {"x": 1467.8833448647342, "y": 1706.8267988495086}, {"x": 195.8834889990736, "y": 1706.8267988495086}], "category": "Chart", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "90\n81\n76\n80\n70\n56\n60\n47\n50\n40\n30\n21\n16\n20\n9\n10 3\n0 0\n0\nEvents Information Celebration Infographics Videographic\nGreetings\n\u25a0 2019 \u25a0 2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.88348899907368, "y": 1754.8770542139368}, {"x": 1474.0569146670066, "y": 1754.8770542139368}, {"x": 1474.0569146670066, "y": 1805.9377599555637}, {"x": 195.88348899907368, "y": 1805.9377599555637}], "category": "Caption", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Diagram 4 Distribution of @ komnas.ham Instagram Content (2019-2020)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.8834889990737, "y": 1848.92076487826}, {"x": 1460.7685305722428, "y": 1848.92076487826}, {"x": 1460.7685305722428, "y": 1934.3522407091496}, {"x": 195.8834889990737, "y": 1934.3522407091496}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "If observed from the Komnas HAM's Instagram account within the 2019-2020\nperiod, the SDGs have only been mentioned explicitly twice in the following contents:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.88348899907376, "y": 2010.5742238898783}, {"x": 1453.9920651280818, "y": 2010.5742238898783}, {"x": 1453.9920651280818, "y": 2139.538817748813}, {"x": 195.88348899907376, "y": 2139.538817748813}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "94 See also Komnas HAM, \"The NHRI Practice and Experience in Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, and Palestine\nin Supporting Sustainable Development Goals Achievements\" (n. 93).\n95 Ibid.\n96 Ibid.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 811.2796728073165, "y": 2179.136058539545}, {"x": 842.0559885967905, "y": 2179.136058539545}, {"x": 842.0559885967905, "y": 2202.917757104138}, {"x": 811.2796728073165, "y": 2202.917757104138}], "category": "Footer", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "18", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000072.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 296.8455597518549, "y": 214.7821160862902}, {"x": 1344.5782186472763, "y": 214.7821160862902}, {"x": 1344.5782186472763, "y": 789.0772541444826}, {"x": 296.8455597518549, "y": 789.0772541444826}], "category": "Chart", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "35\n31\n30\n25 23\n20\n15\n10\n5\n2 2 2 2\n1\n0\n0\nEvent Celebration Information Videograph\n\u25a0 2019 \u25a0 2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 306.33804137265156, "y": 826.4476389503576}, {"x": 1347.0811398696796, "y": 826.4476389503576}, {"x": 1347.0811398696796, "y": 905.3601539992404}, {"x": 306.33804137265156, "y": 905.3601539992404}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Distribution of Komnas HAM's YouTube Content (2019-\nDiagram 5\n2020)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.4460397175654, "y": 951.4453556640138}, {"x": 1459.5093772672888, "y": 951.4453556640138}, {"x": 1459.5093772672888, "y": 1253.00186912972}, {"x": 196.4460397175654, "y": 1253.00186912972}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "As of 1 December 2021, the Komnas HAM's YouTube channel has 2,290\nsubscribers with 185,676 total views. In the 2019-2020 period, content thatspecifically\ndiscusses the SDGs explicitly cannot be found on the Komnas HAM's YouTube.\nNevertheless, on 15 December 2021, the Tanggap Rasa Podcast with the title of\n\"Podcast #EP32: SDGs dan Anak Muda\" (Translation: \"Podcast #EP32: SDGs and\nYouth\") has been broadcast and can increase the awareness and understanding of\nthe citizen on the SDGs, especially towards young generations.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.4460397175654, "y": 1280.2293222023288}, {"x": 1456.3094838835132, "y": 1280.2293222023288}, {"x": 1456.3094838835132, "y": 1818.3276523320324}, {"x": 196.4460397175654, "y": 1818.3276523320324}], "category": "Figure", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Komnas HAM\nSUBSCRIBE\n2.29K subscribers\nHOME VIDEOS PLAYLISTS COMMUNITY CHANNELS ABOUT\nUploads \u25b7 PLAY ALL\n38:36 2:43:37 1:23:19 1:13:35 0:46\nPodcast #EPS30 : Upaya Diskusi Paralel 7 Festival Paralel Event 1 Festival HAM Konferensi Pers Festival Menjemput Festival HAM\nMerawat Warisan Ingatan HAM 2021 \"Pelindungan.. 2021 HAM Tahun 2021 2021 Semarang\n26 views \u00b7 2 days ago 180 views \u00b7 Streamed 13 days ago 19 views \u00b7 streamed 2 weeks ago 118 viewn \u00b7 2 weeks ago 60 views \u00b7 2 weeks. ago", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 349.4596725217967, "y": 1893.9724074377057}, {"x": 1317.9403343853328, "y": 1893.9724074377057}, {"x": 1317.9403343853328, "y": 1962.9249421777329}, {"x": 349.4596725217967, "y": 1962.9249421777329}], "category": "Caption", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Komnas HAM's YouTube channel as of 1 December\nFigure 4\n2021", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 810.9323247278762, "y": 2178.8268871847135}, {"x": 841.3080488795523, "y": 2178.8268871847135}, {"x": 841.3080488795523, "y": 2203.347050054139}, {"x": 810.9323247278762, "y": 2203.347050054139}], "category": "Footer", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "21", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000073.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 198.47237946448536, "y": 199.44371817948704}, {"x": 1455.6044366738688, "y": 199.44371817948704}, {"x": 1455.6044366738688, "y": 504.71758292108393}, {"x": 198.47237946448536, "y": 504.71758292108393}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "In this content, DPN Argentina provides a brief explanation of the SDGs and\nthe 2030 Agenda action plans, and most importantly, their role in advancing the 2030\nAgenda through the SDGs Monitoring and Evaluation Program with a focus on certain\nthematic areas. These focuses allow DPN Argentina to investigate through monitoring\nand preparing reports on the development of public policies and actions of\norganizations responsible for compliance with the SDGs, as well as proposals, and\nrecommendations to strengthen related processes.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 198.47237946448547, "y": 511.5819807873624}, {"x": 1455.6044366738688, "y": 511.5819807873624}, {"x": 1455.6044366738688, "y": 638.0830271802092}, {"x": 198.47237946448547, "y": 638.0830271802092}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Furthermore, DPN Argentina also regularly uploads commemorations of\ndays related to the SDGs by also including the SDGs logo in each of these uploads.\nExamples of such greetings are as follows:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 197.17257082597996, "y": 680.55441496406}, {"x": 873.8898474386729, "y": 680.55441496406}, {"x": 873.8898474386729, "y": 1408.6079532468543}, {"x": 197.17257082597996, "y": 1408.6079532468543}], "category": "Figure", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Defensoria del Pueblo \u00b7\u00b7\u00b7\n@DPNArgentina\nDia Mundial de la #Salud\nLa cobertura sanitaria universal es el objetivo\nprimordial de la @opsoms. Para lograrlo es crucial que\ntodas las personas puedan tener la atencion que\nnecesitan, en el seno mismo de la comunidad.\nTranslate Tweet\n7 de Abril\nDia Mundial de la Salud\n7:00 PM \u00b7 Apr 7, 2021 Buffer", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 939.5620452178168, "y": 1083.72812138242}, {"x": 1455.6044366738688, "y": 1083.72812138242}, {"x": 1455.6044366738688, "y": 1217.4574387872967}, {"x": 939.5620452178168, "y": 1217.4574387872967}], "category": "Caption", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "DPN Argentina\nContent: World Health\nFigure 6\nDay Celebration\n(7 April 2021).98", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 197.17257082597996, "y": 2074.882616957021}, {"x": 1453.39611107367, "y": 2074.882616957021}, {"x": 1453.39611107367, "y": 2141.4221950194215}, {"x": 197.17257082597996, "y": 2141.4221950194215}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "98 DPN Argentina, \"Dia Mundial de la #Salud\", accessed on 5 December 2021,https://twitter.com/D\nPNArgentina/status/1379765916259483648.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 810.699321403042, "y": 2179.5746884274217}, {"x": 841.786600173925, "y": 2179.5746884274217}, {"x": 841.786600173925, "y": 2202.7965111237445}, {"x": 810.699321403042, "y": 2202.7965111237445}], "category": "Footer", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "23", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000074.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 311.08678328627025, "y": 196.12078614302968}, {"x": 1457.7354154347645, "y": 196.12078614302968}, {"x": 1457.7354154347645, "y": 273.7865448586379}, {"x": 311.08678328627025, "y": 273.7865448586379}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore. In these three countries, per capita GDP\nfell between 4 percent to 7 percent.3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 312.16547437954256, "y": 303.9898954702634}, {"x": 969.088350182396, "y": 303.9898954702634}, {"x": 969.088350182396, "y": 343.9014659213398}, {"x": 312.16547437954256, "y": 343.9014659213398}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.2. Per capita GDP growth in 2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 311.08678328627025, "y": 369.7900521598759}, {"x": 1462.050179807854, "y": 369.7900521598759}, {"x": 1462.050179807854, "y": 1025.6342368694568}, {"x": 311.08678328627025, "y": 1025.6342368694568}], "category": "Chart", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "4.0%\n2.5%\n2.0%\n2.0%\n0.2%\n0.0%\n-2.0% -1.0%\n-4.0% -3.1%\n-3.8%\n-4.4%\n-6.0%\n-6.4%\n-8.0% -6.9%\n-10.0%\n-12.0% -10.7%\nIndonesia\nCambodia\nPhilippines\nThailand\nMyanmar\nMalaysia\nSingapore\nLao PDR\nViet Nam\nBrunei Darussalam", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 312.1654743795427, "y": 1046.0104544919463}, {"x": 679.1942999814679, "y": 1046.0104544919463}, {"x": 679.1942999814679, "y": 1075.6092967966902}, {"x": 312.1654743795427, "y": 1075.6092967966902}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Source: World Bank (2022a)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 312.16547437954256, "y": 1112.527677574428}, {"x": 1460.419926906204, "y": 1112.527677574428}, {"x": 1460.419926906204, "y": 1469.5792300572166}, {"x": 312.16547437954256, "y": 1469.5792300572166}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "It is also noteworthy that in two of these major destination countries - Thailand\nand Malaysia - the most-affected sectors were also ones heavily reliant\non migrant workers. In Thailand, affected sectors include manufacturing,\nconstruction, agriculture, fishing, seafood processing, domestic work, and\nhospitality (United Nations Thematic Working Group, 2019; ILO, 2020). In\nMalaysia, migrant workers were, in 2019, especially prevalent in manufacturing\n(705,000), construction (435,000), services (306,000), plantation (282,000),\nagriculture (160,000), and domestic work (127,000) (Wahab, 2020a; Theng,\nNoor and Khalidi, 2020).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 311.08678328627025, "y": 1503.428588971745}, {"x": 1459.3412358129317, "y": 1503.428588971745}, {"x": 1459.3412358129317, "y": 2022.2227842726816}, {"x": 311.08678328627025, "y": 2022.2227842726816}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The construction sector in Malaysia crashed in the second quarter of 2020\nand did not experience growth again until the second quarter of 2021,\nbefore suffering negative growth again the next quarter after a COVID-19\nresurgence. Accommodation and dining establishments which includes many\ntourism-related jobs, fared even worse. Furthermore, wholesale trade and\nrelated activities in Malaysia have not recovered to pre-pandemic levels, even\nafter growing in the first two quarters of 2021. In Thailand, the construction\nsector avoided a massive output decline similar to Malaysia's, although it did\ndecline in the first quarter of 2020. However, manufacturing, accommodation,\nand wholesale trade in Thailand all suffered large contractions due to travel\nrestrictions, supply chain disruptions, and weak aggregate demand, and,\ndespite some recovery in the second quarter of 2021, remain well below pre-\npandemic levels (Table 1.1).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 233.19219353843465, "y": 2095.7312646584164}, {"x": 1459.3412358129317, "y": 2095.7312646584164}, {"x": 1459.3412358129317, "y": 2150.0087406819675}, {"x": 233.19219353843465, "y": 2150.0087406819675}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "3 The Philippine economy was hit hardest because of the length and severity of the movement restrictions\nimposed in the country (Olanday and Rigby, 2020).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 233.19219353843465, "y": 2226.9276812558633}, {"x": 695.537461289296, "y": 2226.9276812558633}, {"x": 695.537461289296, "y": 2261.5140287834856}, {"x": 233.19219353843465, "y": 2261.5140287834856}], "category": "Footer", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1537.4275567229004, "y": 2227.9768738395956}, {"x": 1574.2067419195623, "y": 2227.9768738395956}, {"x": 1574.2067419195623, "y": 2255.416272563602}, {"x": 1537.4275567229004, "y": 2255.416272563602}], "category": "Footer", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "13", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000075.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 312.45747874184264, "y": 195.42928228817485}, {"x": 1461.047754858227, "y": 195.42928228817485}, {"x": 1461.047754858227, "y": 354.4283494365173}, {"x": 312.45747874184264, "y": 354.4283494365173}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "2020 and 2021, and, for approximately half of AMS, working hours lost were\nhigher in 2021 compared to 2020 (Figure 1.3). The disruptions in global supply\nchains because of travel and transport restrictions hit some AMS particularly\nhard because of supply needs from other countries.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 312.4574787418426, "y": 386.4654749067057}, {"x": 1461.047754858227, "y": 386.4654749067057}, {"x": 1461.047754858227, "y": 942.9622099259044}, {"x": 312.4574787418426, "y": 942.9622099259044}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Despite these tremendous job losses, many countries also experienced labour\nshortages due to previously unprecedented demand for certain products,\nsuch as rubber gloves in Malaysia and for fishery products in Thailand. The\nreturn of migrant workers to their home countries contributed to significant\nlabour shortages (Lee and David, 2021; Sriring and Staporncharnchai, 2021).4\nCOVID-related movement restrictions caused many workers to withdraw\nfrom the labour force (especially women) and labour force participation rates\ndeclined in most countries.5 This was the case for Indonesia, Malaysia, the\nPhilippines, and Viet Nam (Figure 1.4). According to the ILO (2021c), female\nemployment in AMS in 2020 was 3.9 percent lower than the expected level,\nwhich is markedly less than the 2.7 percent figure for male employment.6\nThe impact of the pandemic on employment is evident in lower labour force\nparticipation, lower working hours, and higher unemployment rates in most\ncountries (Figure 1.5).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 312.45747874184264, "y": 976.1858955986924}, {"x": 1405.2794253360478, "y": 976.1858955986924}, {"x": 1405.2794253360478, "y": 1015.3423822844786}, {"x": 312.45747874184264, "y": 1015.3423822844786}], "category": "Caption", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.3. Decline in weekly working hours compared to 2019 (percent)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 312.4574787418425, "y": 1045.006387349467}, {"x": 1461.047754858227, "y": 1045.006387349467}, {"x": 1461.047754858227, "y": 1601.5031223686665}, {"x": 312.4574787418425, "y": 1601.5031223686665}], "category": "Chart", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "18\n16\n14\n12\n10\n8\n6\n4\n2\n0\nBrunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam\nDarussalam\n2020 2021", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 313.1489720359302, "y": 1627.0740764071272}, {"x": 568.3360286433157, "y": 1627.0740764071272}, {"x": 568.3360286433157, "y": 1657.214279943433}, {"x": 313.1489720359302, "y": 1657.214279943433}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Source: ILO (2022a)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 231.55564674641735, "y": 1854.484988504243}, {"x": 1459.9499972251594, "y": 1854.484988504243}, {"x": 1459.9499972251594, "y": 2148.6908619195287}, {"x": 231.55564674641735, "y": 2148.6908619195287}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "4 There are of course long-standing reasons for the labour shortages in these sectors, which accounts for\ntheir high reliance for migrant workers, including poor working conditions, that is prone to abuse, and lack\nof attractiveness for local workers (Looi, 2020; Ng, 2020; ILO, 2015).\n5 McKinsey Global Institute (2020) estimates that at the beginning of the pandemic, women accounted for\nmore than half of total job losses from COVID-19 though they made up only two-fifths of the global labour\nforce. This is because they are overrepresented in sectors hardest hit by the pandemic: accommodation\nand food services; retail and wholesale trade; and other services, such as arts, recreation, and public\nadministration.\n6 This is equivalent to saying there is greater increase in unemployment or inactivity for women compared\nto men. According to the report, one reason is the increase in unpaid care responsibilities for women as\nschools closed (ILO, 2021c).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.5047436358101, "y": 2226.3817663443665}, {"x": 696.7204419157549, "y": 2226.3817663443665}, {"x": 696.7204419157549, "y": 2262.3117739511727}, {"x": 232.5047436358101, "y": 2262.3117739511727}], "category": "Footer", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1537.7346941246144, "y": 2228.283888276525}, {"x": 1574.595789950885, "y": 2228.283888276525}, {"x": 1574.595789950885, "y": 2255.091957968358}, {"x": 1537.7346941246144, "y": 2255.091957968358}], "category": "Footer", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "15", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000076.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 312.4791812542525, "y": 194.703931479394}, {"x": 1088.489553754372, "y": 194.703931479394}, {"x": 1088.489553754372, "y": 230.9033782012258}, {"x": 312.4791812542525, "y": 230.9033782012258}], "category": "Caption", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.6. Alien temporary work permits, Thailand", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 310.05491677897606, "y": 256.3758881660062}, {"x": 1303.6861306974915, "y": 256.3758881660062}, {"x": 1303.6861306974915, "y": 718.0287466875083}, {"x": 310.05491677897606, "y": 718.0287466875083}], "category": "Chart", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "140000\n120000\n100000\n80000\n60000\n40000\n20000\n0\n07/2020\n03/2019\n11/2020\n03/2020\n09/2020\n11/2019\n05/2020\n09/2019\n05/2019\n07/2019\n01/2019\n01/2020\n01/2022\n11/2021\n09/2021\n03/2021\n01/2021\n07/2021\n05/2021", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 312.47918125425247, "y": 741.3305336178676}, {"x": 971.5842442354568, "y": 741.3305336178676}, {"x": 971.5842442354568, "y": 771.5450040086275}, {"x": 312.47918125425247, "y": 771.5450040086275}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Source: Department of Employment, Thailand (2022)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 312.4791812542525, "y": 808.4340242238493}, {"x": 1236.5486808055489, "y": 808.4340242238493}, {"x": 1236.5486808055489, "y": 844.6334709456811}, {"x": 312.4791812542525, "y": 844.6334709456811}], "category": "Caption", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.7. Non-citizen population in Malaysia (in thousands)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 310.05491677897606, "y": 870.1059809104615}, {"x": 1303.6861306974915, "y": 870.1059809104615}, {"x": 1303.6861306974915, "y": 1386.968637148779}, {"x": 310.05491677897606, "y": 1386.968637148779}], "category": "Chart", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "3,500 3,230 3,288 3,323\n3,140\n2,907\n3,000\n2,693\n2,500\n2,000\n1,500\n1,000\n500\n0\n2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 312.47918125425247, "y": 1408.6296782157085}, {"x": 1330.1436348740758, "y": 1408.6296782157085}, {"x": 1330.1436348740758, "y": 1438.8441486064685}, {"x": 312.47918125425247, "y": 1438.8441486064685}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Source: Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2022). Figure for 2021 is an estimate.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 312.47918125425235, "y": 1476.1577622950774}, {"x": 1236.5486808055484, "y": 1476.1577622950774}, {"x": 1236.5486808055484, "y": 1512.357209016909}, {"x": 312.47918125425235, "y": 1512.357209016909}], "category": "Caption", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.8. Singapore foreign workforce stock (in thousands)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 310.05491677897595, "y": 1537.7245796832522}, {"x": 1303.6861306974913, "y": 1537.7245796832522}, {"x": 1303.6861306974913, "y": 2054.5872359215696}, {"x": 310.05491677897595, "y": 2054.5872359215696}], "category": "Chart", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1,450 1,427\n1,393 1,386\n1,400 1,368\n1,350\n1,300\n1,250 1,232\n1,200\n1,200\n1,150\n1,100\n1,050\n2016 (Dec) 2017 (Dec) 2018 (Dec) 2019 (Dec) 2020 (Dec) 2021 (Dec)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 312.4791812542526, "y": 2076.962876374021}, {"x": 1457.2764261057284, "y": 2076.962876374021}, {"x": 1457.2764261057284, "y": 2142.0335640642165}, {"x": 312.4791812542526, "y": 2142.0335640642165}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Source: Compilation by Manpower Research & Statistics Department (Ministry of Manpower,\nSingapore, 2022).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.163471886724, "y": 2225.2595553874135}, {"x": 695.6443067174891, "y": 2225.2595553874135}, {"x": 695.6443067174891, "y": 2261.4567003826855}, {"x": 232.163471886724, "y": 2261.4567003826855}], "category": "Footer", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1538.2553525419708, "y": 2227.6957423848576}, {"x": 1574.9003185660383, "y": 2227.6957423848576}, {"x": 1574.9003185660383, "y": 2254.9666032840764}, {"x": 1538.2553525419708, "y": 2254.9666032840764}], "category": "Footer", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "19", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000077.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 312.26295474924694, "y": 194.5074417789579}, {"x": 1458.4801104604326, "y": 194.5074417789579}, {"x": 1458.4801104604326, "y": 274.0069753531291}, {"x": 312.26295474924694, "y": 274.0069753531291}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "decline in 2020 in absolute numbers and as a percentage of 2019 deployment\n(Figure 1.9b).9", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 312.2629547492469, "y": 306.04410082331754}, {"x": 1458.4801104604326, "y": 306.04410082331754}, {"x": 1458.4801104604326, "y": 385.54363439748874}, {"x": 312.2629547492469, "y": 385.54363439748874}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.9b. Deployment of Overseas Foreign Workers by sex, new hires only\n(in thousands)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 312.26295474924694, "y": 409.27483844948017}, {"x": 1458.4801104604326, "y": 409.27483844948017}, {"x": 1458.4801104604326, "y": 955.0925316452827}, {"x": 312.26295474924694, "y": 955.0925316452827}], "category": "Chart", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "400 374\n331 335\n350 319\n300\n250\n187\n200\n128\n150\n102 102\n100\n55\n50 22\n0\nMale Female\n\u25a0 2016 \u25a0 2017 \u25a0 2018 \u25a0 2019 \u25a0 2020 (to September)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 312.2629547492469, "y": 981.1968561024732}, {"x": 870.5010324025035, "y": 981.1968561024732}, {"x": 870.5010324025035, "y": 1014.4205417752614}, {"x": 312.2629547492469, "y": 1014.4205417752614}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Source: Philippine Statistics Authority (2022)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 234.49948759231063, "y": 1065.750050450447}, {"x": 1147.1624976298483, "y": 1065.750050450447}, {"x": 1147.1624976298483, "y": 1102.7798810560714}, {"x": 234.49948759231063, "y": 1102.7798810560714}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1.5. Migrant Workers More at Risk of COVID-19 Infection", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 312.26295474924694, "y": 1136.0505905184243}, {"x": 1458.4801104604326, "y": 1136.0505905184243}, {"x": 1458.4801104604326, "y": 1536.559620701804}, {"x": 312.26295474924694, "y": 1536.559620701804}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "COVID-19 infection among migrants appears to be higher than among\nnon-migrant groups (Hintermeier et al., 2020). Migrant workers are\ndisproportionately exposed to COVID-19 because of the nature of their\nwork and their living conditions. Many migrant workers performed essential\nservices, including jobs in healthcare, selected manufacturing, transportation,\nlogistics, construction, and maintenance, which continued during periods of\nmovement restrictions (OECD, ADBI and ILO, 2021). Many migrant workers\nalso have less access to personal protective equipment and testing and\ntreatment facilities (OECD, ADBI and ILO, 2021). The lack of access was\nespecially true for undocumented migrants.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 312.26295474924706, "y": 1568.50765609397}, {"x": 1458.4801104604326, "y": 1568.50765609397}, {"x": 1458.4801104604326, "y": 1808.1936505531107}, {"x": 312.26295474924706, "y": 1808.1936505531107}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Additionally, migrant workers employed in plantations far away from urban\ncentres had limited access to information and testing. High rates of infection\nwere also linked to overcrowded housing conditions, including shared facilities\nand sleeping areas, which increase the risk of transmission (ASEAN MP, 2021).\nMany workers in processing or assembly plants worked in conditions where\nphysical distancing was rarely observed.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 312.26295474924706, "y": 1841.122314211888}, {"x": 1458.4801104604326, "y": 1841.122314211888}, {"x": 1458.4801104604326, "y": 2079.4149829984135}, {"x": 312.26295474924706, "y": 2079.4149829984135}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "In Malaysia, out of 2,188 positive cases recorded nationwide on 25 November\n2020, 1,511 were foreign workers employed by Top Glove Corporation Bhd.,\none of the world's largest personal protective equipment (PPE) manufacturers\n(The Straits Times, 2020; Ngui, 2020). Many other migrant workers were\nemployed as delivery agents, public transport drivers, or restaurant waiters,\nand are in constant contact with the general public. Infection risk is also higher", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.52578835694996, "y": 2120.8786202107653}, {"x": 1127.0722956073146, "y": 2120.8786202107653}, {"x": 1127.0722956073146, "y": 2150.1121661993393}, {"x": 232.52578835694996, "y": 2150.1121661993393}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "9 Keeping in mind that for 2020 the figures are only up to October of the year.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.52578835694987, "y": 2226.1193857696317}, {"x": 696.0863033186233, "y": 2226.1193857696317}, {"x": 696.0863033186233, "y": 2262.870129298125}, {"x": 232.52578835694987, "y": 2262.870129298125}], "category": "Footer", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1535.3417454814394, "y": 2226.8201583593404}, {"x": 1571.3124086686832, "y": 2226.8201583593404}, {"x": 1571.3124086686832, "y": 2256.0463221989767}, {"x": 1535.3417454814394, "y": 2256.0463221989767}], "category": "Footer", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "21", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000078.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 271.96684777699693, "y": 193.86492557603407}, {"x": 1098.6364765302517, "y": 193.86492557603407}, {"x": 1098.6364765302517, "y": 231.12879970726024}, {"x": 271.96684777699693, "y": 231.12879970726024}], "category": "Caption", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.10. Migrant remittances inflows (in US$ billion)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 271.966847776997, "y": 259.5670194389855}, {"x": 1421.0684713573885, "y": 259.5670194389855}, {"x": 1421.0684713573885, "y": 843.5328105067017}, {"x": 271.966847776997, "y": 843.5328105067017}], "category": "Chart", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "800 90\n694 719\n702\n700 640 80\n610 597\n602\n70\n600\n60\n78 75\n500 75\n69\n66 50\n63\n400\n61\n40\n300\n30\n200\n20\n100\n10\n0 0\n2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020\nASEAN (right axis) World (left axis)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 271.96684777699693, "y": 879.5122608824455}, {"x": 798.0313277151658, "y": 879.5122608824455}, {"x": 798.0313277151658, "y": 909.88477619525}, {"x": 271.96684777699693, "y": 909.88477619525}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Source: World Bank and KNOMAD (2021)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 271.96684777699704, "y": 947.1245471549296}, {"x": 1013.791897755478, "y": 947.1245471549296}, {"x": 1013.791897755478, "y": 984.3884212861556}, {"x": 271.96684777699704, "y": 984.3884212861556}], "category": "Caption", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 1.4. Growth in migrant remittance inflows", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 271.966847776997, "y": 997.5231561499496}, {"x": 1421.0684713573885, "y": 997.5231561499496}, {"x": 1421.0684713573885, "y": 1492.7497440470702}, {"x": 271.966847776997, "y": 1492.7497440470702}], "category": "Table", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "AMSAverage Annual GrowthRemittance inflows in 2020 (US$ Million)2000-20042004-20092009-20142014-20192019-2020Cambodia7.5%-0.7%50.6%6.7%-16.6%1,272Indonesia9.4%29.5%4.7%6.4%-17.3%9,651Lao PDR4.0%115.7%38.0%9.5%-10.6%265Malaysia18.6%7.1%6.9%0.7%-11.2%1,454Myanmar2.7%-14.1%102.7%5.4%-7.1%2,250Philippines10.6%11.7%7.5%4.2%-0.7%34,913Thailand-0.9%18.6%11.4%4.6%-1.2%8,067Viet Nam11.5%21.1%14.8%7.2%1.2%17,200", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 284.32691648874754, "y": 1511.7103525233672}, {"x": 810.3913964269165, "y": 1511.7103525233672}, {"x": 810.3913964269165, "y": 1542.0828678361715}, {"x": 284.32691648874754, "y": 1542.0828678361715}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Source: World Bank and KNOMAD (2021)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 271.9668477769968, "y": 1577.80325670395}, {"x": 1421.068471357388, "y": 1577.80325670395}, {"x": 1421.068471357388, "y": 1937.24272126485}, {"x": 271.9668477769968, "y": 1937.24272126485}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "In the Philippines, of the returning Filipino migrant workers in 2020, 55 percent\nearned a monthly income of between PHP20,000 and PHP50,000, and 19\npercent earned between PHP5000 and PHP20,000. Before their return, 50\npercent reported remitting amounts ranging from PHP10,000 to PHP20,000\n(US$200 to US$400) monthly. It is highly unlikely that the families of these\nmigrant workers would have savings to rely on after they lost their jobs.\nAdditionally, 83 percent of these workers were still unemployed after three\nmonths, resulting in a 60 percent drop in household income for 48 percent of\nthe returned migrant workers.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 77.40603767086708, "y": 2226.308411453557}, {"x": 118.551856472536, "y": 2226.308411453557}, {"x": 118.551856472536, "y": 2256.1592996037875}, {"x": 77.40603767086708, "y": 2256.1592996037875}], "category": "Footer", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "26", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 956.7970669614382, "y": 2226.308411453557}, {"x": 1419.889223670418, "y": 2226.308411453557}, {"x": 1419.889223670418, "y": 2261.8067649295067}, {"x": 956.7970669614382, "y": 2261.8067649295067}], "category": "Footer", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000079.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 264.9981136658222, "y": 260.0749224209034}, {"x": 714.4169143127867, "y": 260.0749224209034}, {"x": 714.4169143127867, "y": 482.4913696798604}, {"x": 264.9981136658222, "y": 482.4913696798604}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Executive\nSummary", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 833.6504736681038, "y": 262.3678754854288}, {"x": 1386.252162218708, "y": 262.3678754854288}, {"x": 1386.252162218708, "y": 753.0598312938492}, {"x": 833.6504736681038, "y": 753.0598312938492}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "I ndia suffers from 'regulatory\ncholesterol' that is getting in\nthe way of doing business. The\nlegislations, rules and regulations\nenacted by the Union and State\ngovernments have over time created\nbarriers to the smooth flow of ideas,\norganisation, money, entrepreneurship\nand through them the creation of jobs,\nwealth and GDP.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 842.822285926205, "y": 794.3329864553051}, {"x": 1383.959209154183, "y": 794.3329864553051}, {"x": 1383.959209154183, "y": 1285.0249422637253}, {"x": 842.822285926205, "y": 1285.0249422637253}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The presence of hostile clauses in these\nlaws, rules and regulations has grown\nsince Independence, surviving three\ndecades of economic reforms initiated in\n1991. The biggest challenges come from\nthe continuance of impriscoment as a tool\nof control. As automation increases in\nthe coming years, the pre-Independence\n1940s-style administrative controls\nmeant to protect labour will prove\ncounter-productive in 21st-century India.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 842.822285926205, "y": 1333.1769566187572}, {"x": 1386.2521622187085, "y": 1333.1769566187572}, {"x": 1386.2521622187085, "y": 1780.3028042011963}, {"x": 842.822285926205, "y": 1780.3028042011963}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "There are 1,536 laws that govern\ndoing business in India, of which 678\nare implemented at the Union level.\nWithin these laws is a web of 69,233\ncompliances, of which 25,537 are at the\nUnion level. These compliances need to\nbe communicated to the governments\nthrough 6,618 annual filings, 2,282\n(34.5 percent) at the Union level and at\nthe states, 4,336.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 842.822285926205, "y": 1824.7473802405511}, {"x": 1388.844840699816, "y": 1824.7473802405511}, {"x": 1388.844840699816, "y": 2046.2185836575131}, {"x": 842.822285926205, "y": 2046.2185836575131}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "These changes in compliance\nrequirements occur constantly and\nadd to business uncertainty. In the 12\nmonths up to 31 December 2021, there\nhave been 3,577 regulatory changes;", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000080.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 272.486684747014, "y": 269.2229129683102}, {"x": 750.228452719173, "y": 269.2229129683102}, {"x": 750.228452719173, "y": 594.0873151893783}, {"x": 272.486684747014, "y": 594.0873151893783}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "III.\nRegulatory\ncholesterol", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 845.7768063136048, "y": 270.96015576093623}, {"x": 1383.5810274842336, "y": 270.96015576093623}, {"x": 1383.5810274842336, "y": 1422.752127271996}, {"x": 845.7768063136048, "y": 1422.752127271996}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "T his report defines\n'regulatory cholesterol'\nas the policy actions of\nthe three arms of the State, i.e. the\nexecutive, the legislature, and the\njudiciary, using the instruments of\nlegislations, rules, regulations or\norders, to create or raise barriers to\na smooth flow of ideas, organisation,\nmoney and most importantly, the flow\nof the entrepreneurial spirit. In India,\na wrong political choice in the early\ndecades of Independence has created a\npolicy fraternity that shuns data and\ncausalities and leans on rhetoric and\nideologies to frame economic policies.\nInflation in the 1970s, for instance, was\nnot caused by hoarders and speculators;\nit was a matter of supply and demand.\n\"Excoriating, coercing, or imprisoning\nthe hoarders and speculators changes\nnothing in terms of creating new\nsupply,\" write Vijay Kelkar and Ajay\nShah.28 \"The economic theory of people\nhostile to economic forces is wrong.\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 845.7768063136047, "y": 1469.2289177724665}, {"x": 1383.5810274842336, "y": 1469.2289177724665}, {"x": 1383.5810274842336, "y": 2041.424616907412}, {"x": 845.7768063136047, "y": 2041.424616907412}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "By taking one policy tool -\nimprisonment - this report highlights\nthe excesses of overregulation and\nthe resultant regulatory cholesterol\nwhile doing business in India.\nAlthough the biggest constituency\nat the receiving end of these laws\nis that of entrepreneurs running for-\nprofit firms and corporations, this\nregulatory overreach also impacts\nnot-for-profits such as schools and\nhospitals-both necessary institutions\nfor India with a huge demand. Step", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000081.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 274.19067746509154, "y": 97.8339672838988}, {"x": 639.6975768383628, "y": 97.8339672838988}, {"x": 639.6975768383628, "y": 129.0357757669829}, {"x": 274.19067746509154, "y": 129.0357757669829}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Jailed for Doing Business", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 271.9976402208763, "y": 270.67672068603633}, {"x": 1286.2244335846651, "y": 270.67672068603633}, {"x": 1286.2244335846651, "y": 349.5844068917253}, {"x": 271.9976402208763, "y": 349.5844068917253}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "TABLE 22: COMMERCIAL LAWS WITH MORE THAN 100\nIMPRISONMENT CLAUSES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 276.20605015184645, "y": 401.1374285461088}, {"x": 1379.8615545487494, "y": 401.1374285461088}, {"x": 1379.8615545487494, "y": 731.4976081272597}, {"x": 276.20605015184645, "y": 731.4976081272597}], "category": "Table", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "LawUnion/State ruleImprisonment clausesArms Act, 1959 and Arms Rules 2016Union152Food Safety & Standards Act, 2006 & Food Safety and Standards (Licensing and Registration of Food Businesses) Regulations, 2011Union123", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 274.1906774650915, "y": 744.9054065513034}, {"x": 587.4814639761635, "y": 744.9054065513034}, {"x": 587.4814639761635, "y": 773.649412636749}, {"x": 274.1906774650915, "y": 773.649412636749}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Source: TeamLease Regtech", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 271.99764022087646, "y": 915.68328667433}, {"x": 1337.391812275472, "y": 915.68328667433}, {"x": 1337.391812275472, "y": 994.5909728800189}, {"x": 271.99764022087646, "y": 994.5909728800189}], "category": "Caption", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "TABLE 23: IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN ENVIRONMENT,\nHEALTH AND SAFETY LAWS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 276.2060501518466, "y": 1046.1439945344025}, {"x": 1374.6500853186271, "y": 1046.1439945344025}, {"x": 1374.6500853186271, "y": 1447.554795718796}, {"x": 276.2060501518466, "y": 1447.554795718796}], "category": "Table", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "Imprisonment termNumber of clausesNumber of lawsLess than 3 months150353 months to less than 1 year199141 year to less than 3 years326163 years to less than 5 years357225 years to less than 10 years14727More than 10 years00", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 274.19067746509137, "y": 1459.32311231982}, {"x": 587.4814639761634, "y": 1459.32311231982}, {"x": 587.4814639761634, "y": 1488.0671184052658}, {"x": 274.19067746509137, "y": 1488.0671184052658}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Source: TeamLease Regtech", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 274.1906774650915, "y": 1541.9100316816168}, {"x": 1384.1027207916843, "y": 1541.9100316816168}, {"x": 1384.1027207916843, "y": 1668.4216274419114}, {"x": 274.1906774650915, "y": 1668.4216274419114}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "NOTE: The inconsistency in number of laws is because a single law could have\nmultiple clauses on criminality; it could have a few clauses of less than\nthree months and few of between three and five years.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 803.080633862664, "y": 2223.133707853517}, {"x": 852.4319779412147, "y": 2223.133707853517}, {"x": 852.4319779412147, "y": 2257.492238541116}, {"x": 803.080633862664, "y": 2257.492238541116}], "category": "Footer", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "78", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000082.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1213.5488141968808, "y": 97.008223564173}, {"x": 1380.2556195207871, "y": 97.008223564173}, {"x": 1380.2556195207871, "y": 131.77595301675245}, {"x": 1213.5488141968808, "y": 131.77595301675245}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Appendices", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 271.8376351095965, "y": 270.07276903433785}, {"x": 1351.3789506020414, "y": 270.07276903433785}, {"x": 1351.3789506020414, "y": 352.82062930203705}, {"x": 271.8376351095965, "y": 352.82062930203705}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "TABLE 28: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN\nSTATE LAWS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.7641436930874, "y": 400.6134677420467}, {"x": 1378.5218613328109, "y": 400.6134677420467}, {"x": 1378.5218613328109, "y": 821.2252603641782}, {"x": 275.7641436930874, "y": 821.2252603641782}], "category": "Table", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "Imprisonment termsNumber of clausesPercentage of all statesPercentage of totalLess than 3 months4,44821.3%17.0%3 months to less than 1 year4,80623.0%18.4%1 year to less than 3 years9,76646.7%37.4%3 years to less than 5 years8344.0%3.2%5 years to less than 10 years1,0214.9%3.9%More than 10 years200.1%0.1%", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.7641436930874, "y": 835.2204395954527}, {"x": 587.5346014400891, "y": 835.2204395954527}, {"x": 587.5346014400891, "y": 862.5750962763904}, {"x": 275.7641436930874, "y": 862.5750962763904}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Source: TeamLease Regtech", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 271.83763510959665, "y": 1001.4935110577215}, {"x": 1076.0668451676786, "y": 1001.4935110577215}, {"x": 1076.0668451676786, "y": 1084.241371325421}, {"x": 271.83763510959665, "y": 1084.241371325421}], "category": "Caption", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "TABLE 29: STATES WITH MORE THAN 1,000\nIMPRISONMENT CLAUSES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.7641436930874, "y": 1133.316439966824}, {"x": 1378.5218613328109, "y": 1133.316439966824}, {"x": 1378.5218613328109, "y": 1532.4125694288484}, {"x": 275.7641436930874, "y": 1532.4125694288484}], "category": "Table", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "StateNumber of clausesGSDP (In Rs lakh crore)GSDP (In $ billion)Gujarat146915.6200.4Punjab12735.370.2Maharashtra121026.3351.0Karnataka117515.4205.9Tamil Nadu104316.3217.4", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.7641436930874, "y": 1546.435822397527}, {"x": 1037.8990525116276, "y": 1546.435822397527}, {"x": 1037.8990525116276, "y": 1617.2612045972242}, {"x": 275.7641436930874, "y": 1617.2612045972242}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Sources: TeamLease Regtech, and Reserve Bank of India for GSDPs\nExchange rate: Rs 75 to USD", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 802.2389516277743, "y": 2223.52356369379}, {"x": 850.3460621736331, "y": 2223.52356369379}, {"x": 850.3460621736331, "y": 2257.098317928921}, {"x": 802.2389516277743, "y": 2257.098317928921}], "category": "Footer", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "81", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000083.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1211.7977602567676, "y": 98.37152433886185}, {"x": 1378.5735531576574, "y": 98.37152433886185}, {"x": 1378.5735531576574, "y": 129.181510175974}, {"x": 1211.7977602567676, "y": 129.181510175974}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Appendices", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 272.00056667767, "y": 270.1010761845049}, {"x": 1097.2790526319147, "y": 270.1010761845049}, {"x": 1097.2790526319147, "y": 350.5729425558057}, {"x": 272.00056667767, "y": 350.5729425558057}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "TABLE 35: UNION-STATE BREAKDOWN OF\nIMPRISONMENT CLAUSES BY CATEGORIES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.48720551726433, "y": 401.4399517279577}, {"x": 1377.7673206504523, "y": 401.4399517279577}, {"x": 1377.7673206504523, "y": 957.910577711532}, {"x": 275.48720551726433, "y": 957.910577711532}], "category": "Table", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "CategoryNumber of clauses in Union lawsIn percentNumber of clauses in State lawsIn percentCommercial52910.1%8173.9%Environment, Health and Safety83415.9%3451.7%Finance & Taxation410.8%8884.2%General751.4%3601.7%Industry Specific297956.9%12005.7%Labour53410.2%1728582.7%Secretarial2474.7%00.0%", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 272.00056667767024, "y": 1006.725347549533}, {"x": 1320.5981985272542, "y": 1006.725347549533}, {"x": 1320.5981985272542, "y": 1087.1972139208335}, {"x": 272.00056667767024, "y": 1087.1972139208335}], "category": "Caption", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "TABLE 36: THREE CASE STUDIES ON MANUFACTURING\nCOMPLIANCES*", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 276.29343802446954, "y": 1137.861453818703}, {"x": 1378.5735531576574, "y": 1137.861453818703}, {"x": 1378.5735531576574, "y": 1430.5858802786163}, {"x": 276.29343802446954, "y": 1430.5858802786163}], "category": "Table", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "SmallMediumLargeTotal Applicable Compliances6693,1095,796Compliances with imprisonment4612,1724,085Percentage of imprisonment clauses69%70%70%", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 272.9703860308061, "y": 1436.353485352644}, {"x": 1381.5027516893515, "y": 1436.353485352644}, {"x": 1381.5027516893515, "y": 1513.0280919032314}, {"x": 272.9703860308061, "y": 1513.0280919032314}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "* These are real data from three companies operating in the automotive components\nbusiness", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 272.00056667766995, "y": 1565.8843189133229}, {"x": 1353.8246165645724, "y": 1565.8843189133229}, {"x": 1353.8246165645724, "y": 1646.3561852846233}, {"x": 272.00056667766995, "y": 1646.3561852846233}], "category": "Caption", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "TABLE 37: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN\nMANUFACTURING CASE STUDIES*", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.48720551726444, "y": 1698.1902138255132}, {"x": 1377.7673206504523, "y": 1698.1902138255132}, {"x": 1377.7673206504523, "y": 2040.523544158221}, {"x": 275.48720551726444, "y": 2040.523544158221}], "category": "Table", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "SmallMediumLargeLess than 3 months25821853 months to less than 1 year1876991,2201 year to less than 3 years1781,0701,9643 years to less than 5 years592455055 years to 10 years1276211", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 273.55161605985427, "y": 2051.067831408664}, {"x": 448.9989943630742, "y": 2051.067831408664}, {"x": 448.9989943630742, "y": 2078.8129982101036}, {"x": 273.55161605985427, "y": 2078.8129982101036}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "* In Table 36", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 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NBFC\nCOMPLIANCES*", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.89947744713817, "y": 401.79486121348776}, {"x": 1378.060959212491, "y": 401.79486121348776}, {"x": 1378.060959212491, "y": 661.4233128099495}, {"x": 275.89947744713817, "y": 661.4233128099495}], "category": "Table", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "SmallMediumLargeTotal applicable compliances7841,1881,693Compliances with imprisonment154362622Percentage of imprisonment clauses20%30%37%", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.89947744713817, "y": 670.1722641455667}, {"x": 805.7130151878542, "y": 670.1722641455667}, {"x": 805.7130151878542, "y": 700.0025738519706}, {"x": 275.89947744713817, "y": 700.0025738519706}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "* These are real data from three NBFCs", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 271.58787653432137, "y": 843.2783666176963}, {"x": 1351.4766503970136, "y": 843.2783666176963}, {"x": 1351.4766503970136, "y": 924.5771948296184}, {"x": 271.58787653432137, "y": 924.5771948296184}], "category": "Caption", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "TABLE 39: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN\nNBFC CASE STUDIES*", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.89947744713817, "y": 974.7987222621086}, {"x": 1378.060959212491, "y": 974.7987222621086}, {"x": 1378.060959212491, "y": 1316.671204695482}, {"x": 275.89947744713817, "y": 1316.671204695482}], "category": "Table", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "RangeSmallMidLargeLess than 3 months1042823 months to less than 1 year672033731 year to less than 3 years5058683 years to less than 5 years840805 years to 10 years191919", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.89947744713817, "y": 1327.3578997244845}, {"x": 440.0984496901421, "y": 1327.3578997244845}, {"x": 440.0984496901421, "y": 1357.1882094308885}, {"x": 275.89947744713817, "y": 1357.1882094308885}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "* In table 38", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 802.3603662027563, "y": 2222.419618226867}, {"x": 851.3226867769191, "y": 2222.419618226867}, {"x": 851.3226867769191, "y": 2256.343511767537}, {"x": 802.3603662027563, "y": 2256.343511767537}], "category": "Footer", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "86", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000085.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 189.99455207758757, "y": 208.4889788712707}, {"x": 493.0005149749454, "y": 208.4889788712707}, {"x": 493.0005149749454, "y": 481.1943454788928}, {"x": 189.99455207758757, "y": 481.1943454788928}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "LAW\nLIBRARY\nLIBRARY OF CONGRESS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 297.1652159336345, "y": 750.2615867513151}, {"x": 1390.0698025157285, "y": 750.2615867513151}, {"x": 1390.0698025157285, "y": 1004.5391639426743}, {"x": 297.1652159336345, "y": 1004.5391639426743}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership\nby Foreigners in Selected\nJurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 751.0961621123263, "y": 1091.5924454782903}, {"x": 947.8918507835422, "y": 1091.5924454782903}, {"x": 947.8918507835422, "y": 1140.3228064825917}, {"x": 751.0961621123263, "y": 1140.3228064825917}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "June 2023", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 684.8804432747805, "y": 1724.079864838627}, {"x": 1021.7158852973364, "y": 1724.079864838627}, {"x": 1021.7158852973364, "y": 1794.320430947596}, {"x": 684.8804432747805, "y": 1794.320430947596}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "LL File No. 2023-022255\nLRA-D-PUB-002612", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 428.1952850213485, "y": 2030.3709447801268}, {"x": 1275.654415965699, "y": 2030.3709447801268}, {"x": 1275.654415965699, "y": 2103.8293472509904}, {"x": 428.1952850213485, "y": 2103.8293472509904}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate\n(202) 707-5080 \u00b7 law@loc.gov \u00b7 http://www.law.gov", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000086.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 310.74423242533584, "y": 203.14638343710615}, {"x": 1391.049609555268, "y": 203.14638343710615}, {"x": 1391.049609555268, "y": 314.9021121057199}, {"x": 310.74423242533584, "y": 314.9021121057199}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in\nSelected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 565.4401148210808, "y": 331.6256254590194}, {"x": 1134.0366227373668, "y": 331.6256254590194}, {"x": 1134.0366227373668, "y": 366.978776210291}, {"x": 565.4401148210808, "y": 366.978776210291}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Staff of the Global Legal Research Directorate", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.59679770485317, "y": 465.935294218957}, {"x": 435.79821054481664, "y": 465.935294218957}, {"x": 435.79821054481664, "y": 505.3634311929045}, {"x": 193.59679770485317, "y": 505.3634311929045}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "I. Introduction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 198.43789458869333, "y": 541.6192186273526}, {"x": 1511.0141299583147, "y": 541.6192186273526}, {"x": 1511.0141299583147, "y": 697.7093655361724}, {"x": 198.43789458869333, "y": 697.7093655361724}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "This report, prepared by the research staff of the Law Library of Congress, surveys 39\njurisdictions regarding whether, and if so how, they restrict ownership of land by foreigners.1\nThe jurisdictions surveyed were among those with the highest gross domestic product according\nto 2021 World Bank data, selected to ensure broadly representative coverage.2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.59679770485317, "y": 733.1843989245406}, {"x": 1507.466626619478, "y": 733.1843989245406}, {"x": 1507.466626619478, "y": 846.7045057673186}, {"x": 193.59679770485317, "y": 846.7045057673186}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "We identified 10 countries that do not restrict land ownership by foreigners: Belgium, France,\nGermany, Ireland, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, and the\nUnited Kingdom.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.59679770485317, "y": 882.296811993334}, {"x": 1504.6960558300557, "y": 882.296811993334}, {"x": 1504.6960558300557, "y": 999.569649640832}, {"x": 193.59679770485317, "y": 999.569649640832}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "We found that the following countries do not permit foreign ownership of land, although\nexceptions may apply in some cases or other rights to land may be acquired: China, Indonesia,\nNigeria, Philippines, and Thailand.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.59679770485323, "y": 1038.7410295683576}, {"x": 1507.466626619479, "y": 1038.7410295683576}, {"x": 1507.466626619479, "y": 1225.750184253154}, {"x": 193.59679770485323, "y": 1225.750184253154}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Among the other jurisdictions surveyed, some have restrictions that apply to different types of\nland, including agricultural, residential, and commercial land. Other types of restriction are based\non the location of the land, such as near the border or military establishments. Some jurisdictions\nrestrict particular categories of foreigners from land ownership. Some require special permission\nor approval for foreigners before they can acquire land.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.5967977048532, "y": 1262.235406834954}, {"x": 1507.4666266194786, "y": 1262.235406834954}, {"x": 1507.4666266194786, "y": 1452.426100995859}, {"x": 193.5967977048532, "y": 1452.426100995859}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Ownership of agricultural land by foreigners is restricted by some provinces of Canada, and by\nEgypt, India (restricted for diplomatic personnel, nonresidents of Indian origin and nonresident\ncitizens without registration), Iran, Poland (permit required), and Russia. Argentina, Brazil, and\nTurkey restrict ownership of rural or local land to a percentage of the total land of the local\njurisdiction.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 198.43789458869335, "y": 1489.6920622524526}, {"x": 1507.4666266194786, "y": 1489.6920622524526}, {"x": 1507.4666266194786, "y": 1607.5330748746555}, {"x": 198.43789458869335, "y": 1607.5330748746555}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Article XVII of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) obligates members to provide\nnational treatment to other members, i.e., \"treatment no less favourable than that it accords to its\nown.\"3 If land ownership restrictions result in less favorable treatment of foreigners, GATS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.59679770485317, "y": 1657.5077685127462}, {"x": 1493.2310507067218, "y": 1657.5077685127462}, {"x": 1493.2310507067218, "y": 1820.7602152901752}, {"x": 193.59679770485317, "y": 1820.7602152901752}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1 The surveyed jurisdictions are Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Egypt,\nFinland, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands,\nNew Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South\nKorea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and the United\nKingdom.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.59679770485312, "y": 1836.071073587168}, {"x": 1354.2213533274153, "y": 1836.071073587168}, {"x": 1354.2213533274153, "y": 1870.104389249523}, {"x": 193.59679770485312, "y": 1870.104389249523}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "2 World Bank Databank, Gross Domestic Product 2021 (Jan. 15, 2023), https://perma.cc/GP7Y-Z8K8.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.59679770485312, "y": 1887.90087936184}, {"x": 1498.5337654614375, "y": 1887.90087936184}, {"x": 1498.5337654614375, "y": 1982.609802947876}, {"x": 193.59679770485312, "y": 1982.609802947876}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "3 General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World\nTrade Organization, Annex 1B, art. XVII, 1869 U.N.T.S. 183, 33 I.L.M. 1167 (1994), https://perma.cc/Z89Y-\nSEVS.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.59679770485312, "y": 2065.0323042682235}, {"x": 581.7450918414414, "y": 2065.0323042682235}, {"x": 581.7450918414414, "y": 2103.6362915363507}, {"x": 193.59679770485312, "y": 2103.6362915363507}], "category": "Footer", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The Law Library of Congress", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1467.6806932555198, "y": 2068.9123198578186}, {"x": 1489.6011677410108, "y": 2068.9123198578186}, {"x": 1489.6011677410108, "y": 2095.216889240408}, {"x": 1467.6806932555198, "y": 2095.216889240408}], "category": "Footer", "id": 13, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000087.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 380.3207940411715, "y": 97.1779141104296}, {"x": 1317.007910605589, "y": 97.1779141104296}, {"x": 1317.007910605589, "y": 145.76687116564432}, {"x": 380.3207940411715, "y": 145.76687116564432}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 185.9649658203126, "y": 202.4539877300615}, {"x": 1508.6643523233802, "y": 202.4539877300615}, {"x": 1508.6643523233802, "y": 318.5276073619634}, {"x": 185.9649658203126, "y": 318.5276073619634}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "members should specify this in their schedule of specific commitments.4 Reservation of the ability\nto lease or own land to nationals is one such treatment; therefore, it should be listed in the\nschedule as a limitation on national treatment.5 This applies to services that the GATS covers.6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 183.26557931724503, "y": 348.22085889570576}, {"x": 1503.2655793172448, "y": 348.22085889570576}, {"x": 1503.2655793172448, "y": 661.3496932515338}, {"x": 183.26557931724503, "y": 661.3496932515338}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Some jurisdictions do not list foreign land ownership on their schedules, but restrictit for national\nsecurity or similar interests.7 Such jurisdictions include Australia and Finland (national interest),\nChile and Greece (border area), Russia (national security), and Spain (zones of interest to\nnational defense and the military). Several other jurisdictions that also restrict ownership for\nnational security purposes have entered restrictions on their GATS schedules. Such jurisdictions\ninclude Argentina and Mexico (border area), Iran (sensitive areas), South Korea (military bases\nand installation protection zones), Taiwan (lands within fortified and military areas and adjacent\nto the national frontiers), and Turkey (designated military zones).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 185.9649658203126, "y": 691.0429447852762}, {"x": 1508.6643523233802, "y": 691.0429447852762}, {"x": 1508.6643523233802, "y": 920.4907975460123}, {"x": 185.9649658203126, "y": 920.4907975460123}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "There are other various restrictions on foreigners' land ownership. Figure 1 below shows in\nsimplified format the surveyed jurisdictions that impose particular categories of restrictions. On\npage 4, a color-coded map sets forth which jurisdictions permit foreign acquisition, prohibit it, or\nimpose restrictions. A Comparative Summary Table beginning on page 5 presents the essential\nfindings of our study for each jurisdiction. Lastly, the textual surveys for each jurisdiction provide\nfurther detail.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.8536757016801, "y": 1703.9637809800815}, {"x": 342.1341084872814, "y": 1703.9637809800815}, {"x": 342.1341084872814, "y": 1735.763875063908}, {"x": 195.8536757016801, "y": 1735.763875063908}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "4 Id. art. XX.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.309668174974, "y": 1754.8439315142036}, {"x": 1470.4014465814414, "y": 1754.8439315142036}, {"x": 1470.4014465814414, "y": 1818.4441196818568}, {"x": 193.309668174974, "y": 1818.4441196818568}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "5 Julia Nielson & Daria Taglioni, A Quick Guide to the GATS and Mode 4, OECD, World Bank, IOM Seminar on\nTrade and Migration (Nov. 12-14, 2003), at 11, https://perma.cc/B8XW-LNZ4.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.58167193832705, "y": 1837.524176132152}, {"x": 1479.3054729249127, "y": 1837.524176132152}, {"x": 1479.3054729249127, "y": 1935.468465910338}, {"x": 194.58167193832705, "y": 1935.468465910338}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "6 World Trade Organization, The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS): Objectives, Coverage and\nDisciplines, Question 3, https://perma.cc/4J7Y-WAG7. It states, \"[t]he GATS applies in principle to all service\nsectors, with two exceptions.\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.58167193832705, "y": 1948.188503543868}, {"x": 667.7670719056636, "y": 1948.188503543868}, {"x": 667.7670719056636, "y": 1986.34861644446}, {"x": 194.58167193832705, "y": 1986.34861644446}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "7 See GATS art. XIV General Exceptions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.58167193832705, "y": 2065.2128497723493}, {"x": 581.2708159976557, "y": 2065.2128497723493}, {"x": 581.2708159976557, "y": 2108.460977726353}, {"x": 194.58167193832705, "y": 2108.460977726353}], "category": "Footer", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The Law Library of Congress", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1465.3134315280292, "y": 2067.7568572990554}, {"x": 1493.2975143217964, "y": 2067.7568572990554}, {"x": 1493.2975143217964, "y": 2100.828955146235}, {"x": 1465.3134315280292, "y": 2100.828955146235}], "category": "Footer", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000088.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 388.001261449862, "y": 104.46082764245412}, {"x": 1313.2036973203608, "y": 104.46082764245412}, {"x": 1313.2036973203608, "y": 135.7101258383214}, {"x": 388.001261449862, "y": 135.7101258383214}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 529.7391496954028, "y": 207.13709314316097}, {"x": 1165.88557725413, "y": 207.13709314316097}, {"x": 1165.88557725413, "y": 258.47522589351433}, {"x": 529.7391496954028, "y": 258.47522589351433}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Comparative Summary Table", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.9252404539677, "y": 291.9566168176578}, {"x": 1501.8155328597031, "y": 291.9566168176578}, {"x": 1501.8155328597031, "y": 1977.6596413547777}, {"x": 194.9252404539677, "y": 1977.6596413547777}], "category": "Table", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "JurisdictionGATS XVII Reservation (1994)Foreign Ownership PermittedRestrictions on Foreign OwnershipForeign Ownership Reporting RequirementsArgentinaYYProhibition on ownership of property that contains or borders large and permanent bodies of water and of land in border security zones. Rural land can only be acquired upon certificate being granted (total percentage must not exceed 15% of the territory, in which shares of nationals of one country must not exceed 30%; maximum limit per foreigner; certain long-term residents exempted).AustraliaNYApproval is needed from the Treasurer if the acquisition constitutes a \"significant action,\" including acquiring an interest in different types of land where the monetary threshold is met for that type of land. The Treasurer may prohibit a significant action that is found to be contrary to the national interest.Acquisitions of residential and agricultural land by foreign persons must be reported to the relevant government agency.AustriaYYPrior authorization required with exceptions; authorization may be refused if the acquisition contradicts national public policy interests.BelgiumNYNone.BrazilYYAcquisition of rural property by an alien individual or company, including Brazilian companies controlled by foreigners, may not exceed 50 modules; foreign ownership of rural areas may not exceed a quarter of the surface of the municipalities, and ownership", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.9252404539677, "y": 2067.039305426204}, {"x": 578.2684577459995, "y": 2067.039305426204}, {"x": 578.2684577459995, "y": 2103.2875870312864}, {"x": 194.9252404539677, "y": 2103.2875870312864}], "category": "Footer", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The Law Library of Congress", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1469.531235095307, "y": 2068.8061298015605}, {"x": 1487.7804223705905, "y": 2068.8061298015605}, {"x": 1487.7804223705905, "y": 2095.3504022019715}, {"x": 1469.531235095307, "y": 2095.3504022019715}], "category": "Footer", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000089.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 383.020180544239, "y": 97.1779141104296}, {"x": 1314.308524102521, "y": 97.1779141104296}, {"x": 1314.308524102521, "y": 143.06748466257682}, {"x": 383.020180544239, "y": 143.06748466257682}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 191.3637388264476, "y": 194.35582822085905}, {"x": 1505.9649658203125, "y": 194.35582822085905}, {"x": 1505.9649658203125, "y": 2000.2453987730064}, {"x": 191.3637388264476, "y": 2000.2453987730064}], "category": "Table", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "JurisdictionGATS XVII Reservation (1994)Foreign Ownership PermittedRestrictions on Foreign OwnershipForeign Ownership Reporting Requirementsby persons of same nationality must not exceed 40% of the quarter.CanadaYYProhibition on ownership of residential property with exceptions; some provinces also restrict ownership, including of agricultural land.ChileNYProhibition on acquisition of public lands within 10 kilometers from the border and favorable military report required for acquisition of land 5 kilometers from the coast; nationals of bordering countries and legal persons with their principal place of business in one of those countries cannot obtain rights to real estate located totally or partially in the border area.ChinaN (2001)NNo individuals, domestic or foreign, can privately own land. The state grants land use rights to land users for a certain number of years. Foreigners can obtain such land use rights, own residential houses and apartments, or incorporate foreign-invested enterprises to invest in real estate.EgyptYYProhibition on ownership of agriculture lands, land in Sinai Peninsula; otherwise, permitted to own up to two properties, up to 4,000 square meters, for residential purposes; no disposition for 5 years; approval required to acquire land in tourist areas; joint ownership with an Egyptian who has majority", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 182.52938299822677, "y": 2060.122699386503}, {"x": 582.5293829982268, "y": 2060.122699386503}, {"x": 582.5293829982268, "y": 2104.294478527608}, {"x": 182.52938299822677, "y": 2104.294478527608}], "category": "Footer", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The Law Library of Congress", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1463.5109780902512, "y": 2057.668711656442}, {"x": 1495.412818581049, "y": 2057.668711656442}, {"x": 1495.412818581049, "y": 2104.294478527608}, {"x": 1463.5109780902512, "y": 2104.294478527608}], "category": "Footer", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000090.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 387.583030964233, "y": 103.01506030715151}, {"x": 1312.7854668347325, "y": 103.01506030715151}, {"x": 1312.7854668347325, "y": 138.72854395957128}, {"x": 387.583030964233, "y": 138.72854395957128}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.38577056749727, "y": 195.1992818915112}, {"x": 1504.145872048739, "y": 195.1992818915112}, {"x": 1504.145872048739, "y": 1996.7756938619916}, {"x": 195.38577056749727, "y": 1996.7756938619916}], "category": "Table", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "JurisdictionGATS XVII Reservation (1994)Foreign Ownership PermittedRestrictions on Foreign OwnershipForeign Ownership Reporting Requirementsright required to acquire desert lands. No restrictions on lands in Investment Zones, Technological Zones, or Free Zones.FinlandNYPrior approval for a foreigner's purchase of certain businesses may be required when it includes land purchase and the purchase of business or land interferes with vital interests for Finland; prior approval from the Government of Aland is required for acquisitions within the autonomous region of \ufffdland.FranceNYNone.GermanyNYNone.GreeceNYPrior approval required for purchase by non-European Union and non-European Free Trade Association natural and legal persons of real estate located in border areas.IndiaNYProhibition on acquisition of land by citizens of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, China, Iran, Nepal, and Bhutan, except for one residential property for self-occupation and one property for carrying out self- employment for long-term visa holders residing in India who are citizens of Afghanistan, Bangladesh or Pakistan and belong to minority religions in those countries, subject to conditions; nonresident foreign nationals not of Indian origin, except for inheritance from a resident; and of agricultural land by diplomatic personnel,", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.38577056749733, "y": 2067.8042502158632}, {"x": 577.1630036377976, "y": 2067.8042502158632}, {"x": 577.1630036377976, "y": 2103.4290970021852}, {"x": 195.38577056749733, "y": 2103.4290970021852}], "category": "Footer", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The Law Library of Congress", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1470.4560368048262, "y": 2068.6948713855213}, {"x": 1487.3778390283296, "y": 2068.6948713855213}, {"x": 1487.3778390283296, "y": 2094.522885305605}, {"x": 1470.4560368048262, "y": 2094.522885305605}], "category": "Footer", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000091.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 153.27315657867982, "y": 165.97224505268292}, {"x": 603.7774945375811, "y": 165.97224505268292}, {"x": 603.7774945375811, "y": 196.88569959907767}, {"x": 153.27315657867982, "y": 196.88569959907767}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "THIS BOOK'S APPROACH", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.2731565786799, "y": 413.0983914637864}, {"x": 1546.667871814023, "y": 413.0983914637864}, {"x": 1546.667871814023, "y": 710.4958732686308}, {"x": 153.2731565786799, "y": 710.4958732686308}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "This book's approach is premised on a simple assumption: because behavioral economics is foremost\na \"test-and-learn\" field of scientific inquiry that evolves according to experimental outcomes and\npractical, policy-orientated applications of the knowledge garnered from these outcomes, so too\nshould students test-and-learn. Studying and practicing behavioral economics should occur\nsimultaneously, which, in turn, suggests a course taught more according to a practicum approach than\nin a traditionally styled lecture format. As such, the book's information and lessons are presented in a\nsuccinct and precise format.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.2731565786799, "y": 712.6452355984572}, {"x": 1546.667871814023, "y": 712.6452355984572}, {"x": 1546.667871814023, "y": 1010.0427174033016}, {"x": 153.2731565786799, "y": 1010.0427174033016}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The goal of this textbook is to help students experience behavioral economics through actual\nparticipation in the same experiments and economic games that have served as the foundations for,\nand shaped the contours of, the field. With the help of this book, students have the opportunity to\nlearn behavioral economics firsthand and, in the process, create their own data and experiences. They\nwill learn about themselves-about how they make private and public choices under experimental\nconditions-at the same time as they learn about the field of behavioral economics itself. They will be\nboth the subjects and students of behavioral economics. What better way to learn?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.27315657867976, "y": 1048.8988446496307}, {"x": 798.6852137937736, "y": 1048.8988446496307}, {"x": 798.6852137937736, "y": 1082.4323751014565}, {"x": 153.27315657867976, "y": 1082.4323751014565}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "HOMO ECONOMICUS VS. HOMO SAPIENS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.2731565786798, "y": 1117.770065780594}, {"x": 1546.667871814023, "y": 1117.770065780594}, {"x": 1546.667871814023, "y": 1366.7117049747171}, {"x": 153.2731565786798, "y": 1366.7117049747171}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "For ease of reference and exposition, we henceforth refer to the type of individual construed by the\ntraditional rational-choice model as Homo economicus, a peculiar subspecies of human beings that is\nunfailingly omniscient, dispassionate, and self-interested when it comes to making choices. Homo\nsapiens, on the other hand, represents the rest of us-the often-flawed reasoners and sometimes-\naltruistic competitors who are prone to making decisions based primarily on emotion and\nheuristics.1,2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.27315657867976, "y": 1408.265773902105}, {"x": 811.140291217555, "y": 1408.265773902105}, {"x": 811.140291217555, "y": 1441.7993043539302}, {"x": 153.27315657867976, "y": 1441.7993043539302}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "THE TEXTBOOK'S DIFFERENT SECTIONS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.27315657867985, "y": 1476.0209486689298}, {"x": 1546.667871814023, "y": 1476.0209486689298}, {"x": 1546.667871814023, "y": 1559.787725970612}, {"x": 153.27315657867985, "y": 1559.787725970612}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The textbook consists of four sections that, taken together, portray in full the eclectic methodologies\ncomprising the field of behavioral economics. Sections 1 and 2 present the thought and actual", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 128.31583506238795, "y": 1615.0052924652632}, {"x": 1535.3003740903514, "y": 1615.0052924652632}, {"x": 1535.3003740903514, "y": 1751.1554086770043}, {"x": 128.31583506238795, "y": 1751.1554086770043}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1. Homo economicus is Latin for \"economic man.\" Persky (1995) traces its use back to the late 1800s when it was used by critics\nofJohn Stuart Mill's work on political economy. In contrast (and, as we will see, with no small touch of irony) Homo sapiens\nis Latin for \"wise man.\" For a deep dive into evolution of Homo sapiens, particularly from the start of the Cognitive\nRevolution 70,000 years ago, see Harari (2015).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 128.31583506238795, "y": 1766.8328425979864}, {"x": 1535.3003740903516, "y": 1766.8328425979864}, {"x": 1535.3003740903516, "y": 2081.620406739955}, {"x": 128.31583506238795, "y": 2081.620406739955}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "2. We have all heard the saying that \"words matter.\" The titles and descriptions we use to distinguish people and their\nbehaviors (e.g., Homo economicus vs. Homo sapiens) can reinforce or diminish behaviors such as pride in cultural heritage,\nrespect for the living world, and trust in community, a process known as \"crowding out\" of \"intrinsic motivation and\ncommitment.\" As an example of this phenomenon, Bauer et al. (2012) asked participants in an online survey to imagine\nthemselves as one of four households facing a water shortage due to a drought affecting their shared well. The survey\nassigned the label \"consumers\" to half of the participants and \"individuals\" to the other half. Those imagining themselves as\nconsumers reported feeling less personal responsibility to reduce their water demand, and less trust in others to do the\nsame, than did those referred to as individuals. As we are about to learn, behavioral economics is all about exposing these\ntypes of \"framing effects\" existing in the \"real world\" inhabited by Homo sapiens.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1090.9797408246714, "y": 2090.355169806759}, {"x": 1545.2327270751025, "y": 2090.355169806759}, {"x": 1545.2327270751025, "y": 2110.9795959702287}, {"x": 1090.9797408246714, "y": 2110.9795959702287}], "category": "Footer", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM XIX", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000092.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 150.2590957620813, "y": 154.6964364671668}, {"x": 1546.841871600659, "y": 154.6964364671668}, {"x": 1546.841871600659, "y": 750.6175062557821}, {"x": 150.2590957620813, "y": 750.6175062557821}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "laboratory experiments that have formed key pillars of the field, such as those experiments depicted in\nExamples 1 and 2 in the book's Introduction section. The thought experiments in Section 1 are, for the\nmost part, re-castings of the simple cognitive tests devised by psychologists and economists over the\npast three-to-four decades to illustrate the fallacies, miscalculations, and biases distinguishing Homo\nsapiens from Homo economicus. Similarly, the laboratory experiments presented in Section 2 are, for the\nmost part, re-castings of the seminal experiments conducted by Kahneman and Tversky (among many\nothers). These experiments helped motivate the revised theories of human choice behavior, such as\nKahneman and Tversky's (1979) Prospect Theory, which form another pillar of behavioral economics.\nAlongside these experiments, Section 2 presents the revised theories of human choice behavior with\nvarying degrees of rigor. This is where the theoretical bases of Homo economicus' rational choice\nbehavior are examined, and where key refinements to this theory are developed-theoretical\nrefinements underpinning the myriad departures from rational choice behavior we witness Homo\nsapiens make in this section's laboratory and field experiments (and which are examined further in\nSections 3 and 4).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.2590957620813, "y": 754.3757142637718}, {"x": 1546.841871600659, "y": 754.3757142637718}, {"x": 1546.841871600659, "y": 1181.9944254337215}, {"x": 150.2590957620813, "y": 1181.9944254337215}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Section 3 submerses the student in the world of behavioral game theory. Here we explore games\nsuch as Ultimatum Bargaining presented in Example 5. We follow Camerer (2003)'s lead, first by\ncharacterizing the games analytically (i.e., identifying solution, or equilibrium, concepts that are\npredicted to result when members of Homo economicus play the games), and then by discussing\nempirical results obtained from corresponding field experiments conducted with Homo sapiens. It\nis within the context of these games and field experiments that theories of social interaction are\ntested concerning inter alia trust and trustworthiness, honesty, fairness, reciprocity, etc. As with the\nthought and laboratory experiments presented in Sections 1 and 2, the games and field experiments\npresented in Section 3 are meant to be replicated with students as subjects and the instructor as the\nexperimenter, or researcher.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.2590957620813, "y": 1181.9944254337215}, {"x": 1546.841871600659, "y": 1181.9944254337215}, {"x": 1546.841871600659, "y": 1565.9852436413566}, {"x": 150.2590957620813, "y": 1565.9852436413566}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Finally, Section 4 wades into the vast sea of empirical research and choice architecture. Here the\nstudent explores studies reporting on (1) the outcomes of actual policy nudges, such as the SMarT\nretirement-savings plan presented in Example 3 of the Introduction, (2) analyses of secondary datasets\nto test for choice behavior consistent with the revised theories discussed in Section 2, such as the test\nfor loss aversion in Example 4 of the Introduction, and (3) analyses of primary datasets obtained from\nnovel field experiments to further test the revised theories. The main purpose of this section is not\nonly to introduce the student to interesting empirical studies and policy adaptations in the field of\nbehavioral economics, but also, in the process, to incubate in the student an abiding appreciation for\nthe obscure settings that sometimes lend themselves to such study.3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.40760574897175, "y": 1603.5828469115909}, {"x": 941.7567614757494, "y": 1603.5828469115909}, {"x": 941.7567614757494, "y": 1639.093413043258}, {"x": 152.40760574897175, "y": 1639.093413043258}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "THE TEXTBOOK'S DIFFERENT LEVELS OF RIGOR", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.25909576208142, "y": 1674.6039791749256}, {"x": 1546.8418716006593, "y": 1674.6039791749256}, {"x": 1546.8418716006593, "y": 1927.178430580602}, {"x": 150.25909576208142, "y": 1927.178430580602}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Because the mathematical and computational rigor of material presented in this textbook varies\nthroughout, particularly in Sections 2 - 4, the extent of the rigor used in the presentation of a\ngiven topic is indicated with superscripts. Topics without a superscript are considered basic and\nuniversal enough that backgrounds in economics, mathematics, or statistics are not required for the\nreader to understand the material. Topics with a single asterisk (*) indicate that higher mathematical\nreasoning skills are recommended for the reader to fully grasp the material. Topics with a double", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 130.861366686929, "y": 1975.2687798397883}, {"x": 1518.4570706631275, "y": 1975.2687798397883}, {"x": 1518.4570706631275, "y": 2082.431854312127}, {"x": 130.861366686929, "y": 2082.431854312127}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "3. Our approach to studying behavioral economics is focused on the underlying laboratory experimentation and behavioral\ngames that form the bedrock of the field. As such, we eschew delving into related fields such as neuroeconomics and\nauction theory. See Cartwright (2018) and Just (2013) for introductions to the former and latter fields, respectively.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.83390512791684, "y": 2089.202369882134}, {"x": 395.68287289850053, "y": 2089.202369882134}, {"x": 395.68287289850053, "y": 2112.070610387662}, {"x": 153.83390512791684, "y": 2112.070610387662}], "category": "Footer", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "XX ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000093.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 152.1734122319624, "y": 158.29810093392865}, {"x": 1549.3697887825006, "y": 158.29810093392865}, {"x": 1549.3697887825006, "y": 325.57001394458564}, {"x": 152.1734122319624, "y": 325.57001394458564}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "survey responses and outcomes from the experiments and games. This spreadsheet is linked to the\nstudents' randomly assigned course ID (CID) numbers. The other spreadsheet, which is linked to their\nuniversity student ID numbers and their names, compiles their performances on quizzes, homework,\nand exams assigned throughout the semester.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.1734122319624, "y": 325.57001394458564}, {"x": 1549.3697887825006, "y": 325.57001394458564}, {"x": 1549.3697887825006, "y": 665.7860618228955}, {"x": 152.1734122319624, "y": 665.7860618228955}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "At the risk of sounding draconian, this is a course where it may make sense to base upwards of\n50% of a student's grade upon their in-person attendance, which would entail carefully taking role at\nthe beginning of each class. If the class meets 30 times face-to-face during the semester, for example,\ntheir grade attributable to attendance would then drop by 3.33 percentage points for each missed\nclass (excused absences withstanding). Granted, students who foresee having difficulty attending class\nin-person throughout the semester would likely choose to drop the course immediately. For those\nstudents who remain, the remaining 50% of their course grade would then be based upon their\nquizzes, homework, and exam scores.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.1734122319624, "y": 669.2126171256471}, {"x": 1549.3697887825006, "y": 669.2126171256471}, {"x": 1549.3697887825006, "y": 1181.2499665944877}, {"x": 152.1734122319624, "y": 1181.2499665944877}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The issue of how best to convey written information to the student a priori (i.e., before conducting a\ngiven experiment or game) also looms large in a participatory-learning setting such as this, especially\nif the instructor desires to obtain unbiased responses from the students (or more practically, to\ncontrol for potential biases). For example, the first set of thought experiments presented in Section 1\nis meant to demonstrate firsthand to the students the extent to which automatic, knee-jerk responses\nfrom what Kahneman (2011) identifies as the System 1 portion of the brain can result in\nmiscalculations. Students who choose to read ahead (small in number though these types of students\nmay be) potentially skew the distribution of responses away from its otherwise true representation\nof these miscalculations. Such skewness may be tolerable for strictly educational purposes, where the\ngoal is to demonstrate that at least a certain percentage of students are prone to miscalculation. But if\nthe instructor also hopes to compile student responses into a dataset amenable for statistical analysis,\n2\nthen this type of potential bias draws into question the validity of the data.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.1734122319625, "y": 1184.37399025977}, {"x": 1549.3697887825006, "y": 1184.37399025977}, {"x": 1549.3697887825006, "y": 1390.559552168407}, {"x": 152.1734122319625, "y": 1390.559552168407}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "To help control for potential biases associated with students having read ahead about the game or\nexperiment they are now participating in, I recommend including the following question on each\nResponse Card: \"Did you read about this topic ahead of time?\" (see Appendix A). Answers to this\nquestion provide a control for the level of student foreknowledge, which is the potential bias of\nconcern.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.1734122319625, "y": 1398.369611331613}, {"x": 1549.3697887825006, "y": 1398.369611331613}, {"x": 1549.3697887825006, "y": 1698.275883198721}, {"x": 152.1734122319625, "y": 1698.275883198721}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "I am personally unaware of any studies that have looked at how well students learn the lessons\nof behavioral economics in a cumulative sense over a span of time (e.g., an entire semester) and\nacross a variety of experiments and games. In other words, I know of no studies that estimate the\nextent to which individuals who begin a course in behavioral economics as bona fide Homo sapiens\nevolve toward \"Homo economism\" in their individual and social choices. The pedagogy promoted in\nthis textbook-in particular, the data it generates-offers instructors the opportunity to empirically\ntest the hypothesis that students make this evolution.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 126.37700924637808, "y": 2045.0425100450648}, {"x": 1543.1217414519358, "y": 2045.0425100450648}, {"x": 1543.1217414519358, "y": 2082.1306091787683}, {"x": 126.37700924637808, "y": 2082.1306091787683}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "2. Note that this potential biasedness problem also extends to the laboratory experiments of Section 2 and of Section 3.\ngames", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1081.3600616703216, "y": 2088.8944530266444}, {"x": 1543.121741451936, "y": 2088.8944530266444}, {"x": 1543.121741451936, "y": 2114.403580927554}, {"x": 1081.3600616703216, "y": 2114.403580927554}], "category": "Footer", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM XXV", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000094.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 345.5415776790844, "y": 162.09293593853698}, {"x": 1422.4984179132648, "y": 162.09293593853698}, {"x": 1422.4984179132648, "y": 812.7234132110488}, {"x": 345.5415776790844, "y": 812.7234132110488}], "category": "Chart", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Score\nLiking\nMean\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8\nExposures", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 289.09418467370665, "y": 879.5690101911015}, {"x": 1524.9949999493454, "y": 879.5690101911015}, {"x": 1524.9949999493454, "y": 1091.9894628166016}, {"x": 289.09418467370665, "y": 1091.9894628166016}], "category": "List", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "6. Warning: This question concerns a politically charged event that occurred on January\n18, 2019, at the Indigenous People's March in Washington, D.C. After reading this\naccount of what happened at the march, and viewing this video of the event, which of\nthe effects presented in this chapter do you think best describes this episode in our\nnation's history?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 289.09418467370665, "y": 1143.980482689976}, {"x": 1532.4222885026848, "y": 1143.980482689976}, {"x": 1532.4222885026848, "y": 1310.3517462847735}, {"x": 289.09418467370665, "y": 1310.3517462847735}], "category": "List", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "7. Think of a situation in your own life when you framed information (either wittingly or\nunwittingly) in such a way that helped pre-determine an outcome. Describe the\nsituation and how you framed the information. Was the outcome improved or\nworsened as a result of how you framed the information?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 289.0941846737066, "y": 1360.8573084474797}, {"x": 1524.9949999493454, "y": 1360.8573084474797}, {"x": 1524.9949999493454, "y": 1444.0429402448783}, {"x": 289.0941846737066, "y": 1444.0429402448783}], "category": "List", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "8. After having learned about the Anchoring Effect in this chapter, do you think you will\never fall for something like this again?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 289.0941846737066, "y": 1497.5194178289205}, {"x": 1544.3059501880273, "y": 1497.5194178289205}, {"x": 1544.3059501880273, "y": 1625.2687809463546}, {"x": 289.0941846737066, "y": 1625.2687809463546}], "category": "List", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "9. When someone admonishes you \"not to judge a book by its cover,\" or as British\nmanagement journalist Robert Heller once noted, \"Never ignore a gut feeling, but never\nbelieve that it's enough,\" what heuristic(s) is he unwittingly advising you to avoid using?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.72506527769633, "y": 1672.8034276877247}, {"x": 1492.3149303146529, "y": 1672.8034276877247}, {"x": 1492.3149303146529, "y": 1800.552790805159}, {"x": 275.72506527769633, "y": 1800.552790805159}], "category": "List", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "10. Browse the internet for information about an effect that was not discussed in this\nchapter. Can you classify this effect as a special case of a Priming or Framing Effect?\nExplain.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.72506527769633, "y": 1848.0874375465291}, {"x": 1481.916726339978, "y": 1848.0874375465291}, {"x": 1481.916726339978, "y": 1934.243984765264}, {"x": 275.72506527769633, "y": 1934.243984765264}], "category": "List", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "11. Browse the internet for a heuristic other than the Affect and Availability Heuristics\ndescribed in this chapter. Explain the heuristic.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.72506527769633, "y": 1981.7786315066344}, {"x": 1495.285845735989, "y": 1981.7786315066344}, {"x": 1495.285845735989, "y": 2024.856905116002}, {"x": 275.72506527769633, "y": 2024.856905116002}], "category": "List", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "12. It's one thing to detect the existence of a Silo Effect and quite another to measure its", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.0597738225297, "y": 2089.427125276879}, {"x": 393.8894750800208, "y": 2089.427125276879}, {"x": 393.8894750800208, "y": 2112.2953657824073}, {"x": 156.0597738225297, "y": 2112.2953657824073}], "category": "Footer", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "24 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000095.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 568.2526850491305, "y": 174.2188129497294}, {"x": 1136.421743155808, "y": 174.2188129497294}, {"x": 1136.421743155808, "y": 586.5103210238935}, {"x": 568.2526850491305, "y": 586.5103210238935}], "category": "Chart", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1\nW\n0.8\nM\n0.6\n0.4\n0.2\n0\n4 3 2 1\n4=Worst quartile 1=Best", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 538.478415828716, "y": 636.5807712155645}, {"x": 854.0467806224174, "y": 636.5807712155645}, {"x": 854.0467806224174, "y": 663.2961776026228}, {"x": 538.478415828716, "y": 663.2961776026228}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(Niederle and Vesterlund 2007)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.91791524484233, "y": 693.2037177799629}, {"x": 1240.685750865474, "y": 693.2037177799629}, {"x": 1240.685750865474, "y": 734.5122344541473}, {"x": 151.91791524484233, "y": 734.5122344541473}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "In other words, while women shy away from competition, men are drawn to it.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.91791524484242, "y": 737.0955481594227}, {"x": 1547.654239581821, "y": 737.0955481594227}, {"x": 1547.654239581821, "y": 1163.1433905035594}, {"x": 151.91791524484242, "y": 1163.1433905035594}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Turning to Task 4, recall that although this choice is very similar to that of Task 3, Task 4's choice\neliminates the prospect of having to subsequently participate in a competition. Thus, only in Task 3\ncould a gender gap in preference for competition have played a role in the choice of compensation\nscheme. As the figure below shows, there is no statistically significant gender gap in the choice of\ncompensation scheme in Task 4 based upon perceived ranking in Task 1. A higher percentage of\nwomen than men who guessed their Task 1 ranking to be low (i.e., at level \"3\") chose the tournament\nscheme in Task 4, while the percentages were reversed for those participants who guessed their Task 1\nrankings to be high (at levels \"1\" and \"2\"). But because the two lines in the figure remain close together,\nthese differences are not statistically significant (i.e., we should treat the groups' respective choices as\nbeing no different from one another).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 558.906535052319, "y": 1205.2854730982192}, {"x": 1112.2444248747508, "y": 1205.2854730982192}, {"x": 1112.2444248747508, "y": 1625.5855446306375}, {"x": 558.906535052319, "y": 1625.5855446306375}], "category": "Chart", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1\nW\n0.8\nM\n0.6\n0.4\n0.2\n0\n4 3 2 1\n4 = Worst rank 1 = Best rank", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 542.4681322060176, "y": 1662.061828435832}, {"x": 858.0364969997189, "y": 1662.061828435832}, {"x": 858.0364969997189, "y": 1688.7772348228905}, {"x": 542.4681322060176, "y": 1688.7772348228905}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(Niederle and Vesterlund 2007)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.91791524484208, "y": 1717.5666012542133}, {"x": 1549.2275552592546, "y": 1717.5666012542133}, {"x": 1549.2275552592546, "y": 1843.2861002956151}, {"x": 151.91791524484208, "y": 1843.2861002956151}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "This result from Task 4 cements the authors' finding that women shy away from actual competition\nslated to occur at a future point in time, not implicit competition based upon their interpretations of\n10\nhow their past performance compares with others.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 114.78147247814636, "y": 1906.2197305090283}, {"x": 1531.645056462342, "y": 1906.2197305090283}, {"x": 1531.645056462342, "y": 2079.575639428458}, {"x": 114.78147247814636, "y": 2079.575639428458}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "10. In a related study of the performances of men and women in professional judo fights for bronze medals (of all things!),\nCohen-Zada et al. (2017) find that men's performances are significantly affected by what the authors' call \"psychological\nmomentum\", while women's is not. Psychological momentum is defined as the tendency of an outcome (such as a win in an\ninitial judo match) to be followed by a similar outcome (a win in a subsequent match) that is not caused by any strategic\nincentives of the players. The authors point out that this result is consistent with evidence in the biological literature that", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1087.9196614536877, "y": 2090.7790094367297}, {"x": 1543.417185942275, "y": 2090.7790094367297}, {"x": 1543.417185942275, "y": 2111.0498416783685}, {"x": 1087.9196614536877, "y": 2111.0498416783685}], "category": "Footer", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 111", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000096.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 260.96040535699376, "y": 166.1582299182208}, {"x": 1130.6283741479806, "y": 166.1582299182208}, {"x": 1130.6283741479806, "y": 706.3246701610698}, {"x": 260.96040535699376, "y": 706.3246701610698}], "category": "Chart", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Percentile\n100\n80\n60\nPerceived Ability\nActual Test Score\n40\n20\nQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Quartile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 198.84126472906615, "y": 775.195891292033}, {"x": 1541.154868732546, "y": 775.195891292033}, {"x": 1541.154868732546, "y": 989.9120512885656}, {"x": 198.84126472906615, "y": 989.9120512885656}], "category": "List", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "8. Suppose Evelyn the Environmental Economist is presenting her case in a public meeting for\nwhy raising the price of municipal water in the face of persistent drought conditions would be\na good thing for the community, when someone in the audience yells out, \"That's unfair for\nseniors and others living on fixed incomes.\" How might Evelyn frame her response in a way\nthat dispels the audience's concerns about the fairness of a price increase?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 198.84126472906607, "y": 1039.877447011029}, {"x": 1530.351539927689, "y": 1039.877447011029}, {"x": 1530.351539927689, "y": 1120.9024130474563}, {"x": 198.84126472906607, "y": 1120.9024130474563}], "category": "List", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "9. How would the indifference curve in Figure 6.1 change when drawn for a person who suffers\nfrom guilt but not envy? Draw the curve.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 186.68751982360212, "y": 1173.5686409711343}, {"x": 1538.4540365313317, "y": 1173.5686409711343}, {"x": 1538.4540365313317, "y": 1254.5936070075616}, {"x": 186.68751982360212, "y": 1254.5936070075616}], "category": "List", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "10. Can you recall an example from your own life where you exhibited an Endowment Effect that\nultimately led to regret?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 186.68751982360212, "y": 1307.2598349312393}, {"x": 1524.9498755252605, "y": 1307.2598349312393}, {"x": 1524.9498755252605, "y": 1435.549364488916}, {"x": 186.68751982360212, "y": 1435.549364488916}], "category": "List", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "11. The Gender Gap experiment discussed in this chapter measured gender differences in terms\nof how males and females deal with competitive situations. Think of another situation where\na gender gap may exist and design an experiment to test for it.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 186.68751982360212, "y": 1482.8139280101652}, {"x": 1524.9498755252605, "y": 1482.8139280101652}, {"x": 1524.9498755252605, "y": 1657.017604988484}, {"x": 186.68751982360212, "y": 1657.017604988484}], "category": "List", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "12. It was shown in this chapter that a Homo economicus who exhibits convex-shaped indifference\ncurves exhibits an Endowment Effect. Does this result still hold if Homo economicus exhibits\nlinearly shaped indifference curves, as depicted in the figure below? Show your result using\nthis graph.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1087.6914192232884, "y": 2090.213349733377}, {"x": 1543.9789099683512, "y": 2090.213349733377}, {"x": 1543.9789099683512, "y": 2111.639023211841}, {"x": 1087.6914192232884, "y": 2111.639023211841}], "category": "Footer", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 117", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000097.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 376.6263165449949, "y": 152.3908158143054}, {"x": 1323.1452379705324, "y": 152.3908158143054}, {"x": 1323.1452379705324, "y": 982.28289218741}, {"x": 376.6263165449949, "y": 982.28289218741}], "category": "Figure", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Nature\nPlayer 2 Player 2\nStrong\nweak\n(1 - p )\np\n1 1\nConcede\nConcede\nInvade\nInvade\n2 0, 1 2 0, 1\nConcede\nFight\n1, 0 -0.2, 0.8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 182.26439689300744, "y": 984.8220070730374}, {"x": 1045.432135610528, "y": 984.8220070730374}, {"x": 1045.432135610528, "y": 1031.2137585024807}, {"x": 182.26439689300744, "y": 1031.2137585024807}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Now, how do we solve for the game's analytical equilibrium?12", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 237.09101221871313, "y": 1035.431190450612}, {"x": 1550.1181587368962, "y": 1035.431190450612}, {"x": 1550.1181587368962, "y": 1459.9860065624869}, {"x": 237.09101221871313, "y": 1459.9860065624869}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Here, Player 2 applies backward induction to find what's known as a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium\n(PBE). As we already know, if Player 2 is the weak type and Player 1 has chosen to invade, then Player\n2 should concede. If he is the strong type, then Player 2 should fight. We also know that Player 1\nrecognizes that she gets a payoff of $0 if she concedes in the first round, regardless of Player 2's type.\nIf she instead chooses to invade in the first round, then Player 1's expected payoff from invading is\np - 0.2(1 - p) = 1.2p - 0.2. This is merely the weighted average of Player 1's expected payoff\nwhen Player 2 is weak and her expected payoff when Player 2is strong. Thus, invade is a better strategy\nthan concede for Player 1 when 1.2p - 0.2 > 0 \u21d2 p > 1/6. In other words, if the probability that\nPlayer 1 assigns to Player 2 being weak is greater than one-sixth, Player 1 should choose to invade in the\nfirst round. Otherwise, Player 1 should concede and be done with it.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.95980520422015, "y": 1461.391817211864}, {"x": 1548.712348087519, "y": 1461.391817211864}, {"x": 1548.712348087519, "y": 1538.7114029276026}, {"x": 156.95980520422015, "y": 1538.7114029276026}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "What's the outcome when you and your classmates play this more complicated version of the\nEscalation Game?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.45876921640593, "y": 1585.241037294858}, {"x": 578.754850147159, "y": 1585.241037294858}, {"x": 578.754850147159, "y": 1618.005518401814}, {"x": 153.45876921640593, "y": 1618.005518401814}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "BURNING BRIDGES GAME", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.53839403796573, "y": 1649.5885846989918}, {"x": 1544.0871478855097, "y": 1649.5885846989918}, {"x": 1544.0871478855097, "y": 1779.3170333907815}, {"x": 151.53839403796573, "y": 1779.3170333907815}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "This game shares starkly similar features with the Escalation Game, but there is no uncertainty\n(thus, the analytical equilibrium is an SPE rather than a PBE). The SPE has much to say about the\nrelationship between two tenacious competitors. Spaniel (2011) portrays the game as follows:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 114.97503313880613, "y": 1904.1258278816024}, {"x": 1521.0031266578976, "y": 1904.1258278816024}, {"x": 1521.0031266578976, "y": 2080.557002745296}, {"x": 114.97503313880613, "y": 2080.557002745296}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "12. This equilibrium is known as a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium (PBE) rather than an SPE because of the uncertainty that at\nleast one of the players is forced to contend with. Similar to Nash, Thomas Bayes is considered a towering figure. He was\nan 18th-century English statistician, philosopher, and Presbyterian minister who is known for formulating a specific case\nof the theorem that bears his name: Bayes Theorem. Bayes never published his theory himself-his notes were edited and\npublished posthumously.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.29046988786655, "y": 2088.8049326601536}, {"x": 407.5543453075422, "y": 2088.8049326601536}, {"x": 407.5543453075422, "y": 2113.0784663168847}, {"x": 156.29046988786655, "y": 2113.0784663168847}], "category": "Footer", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "132 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000098.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 244.5504431580842, "y": 156.08899959444034}, {"x": 1537.0471972101673, "y": 156.08899959444034}, {"x": 1537.0471972101673, "y": 329.29336865830993}, {"x": 244.5504431580842, "y": 329.29336865830993}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "one of the two players is allowed to communicate with the other player (i.e., there is \"one-way\ncommunication \") the players coordinate their choices 96% of the time! However, with\nsimultaneous two-way communication between the two players, they coordinate only 42% of\nthe time! Explain what happened.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 184.09231433390332, "y": 376.67946962861384}, {"x": 1537.0471972101675, "y": 376.67946962861384}, {"x": 1537.0471972101675, "y": 549.8838386924834}, {"x": 184.09231433390332, "y": 549.8838386924834}], "category": "List", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "10. We demonstrated how to solve for the Penalty Kick game's mixed-strategy equilibrium.\nSuppose you were new to the game of soccer (or football) and assigned to play the goalie\nposition. After watching the following YouTube video, what strategy might make the most\nsense for you to adopt on penalty kicks: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3yWZZR9ZodI.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 184.09231433390332, "y": 595.0417530967856}, {"x": 1533.333552933498, "y": 595.0417530967856}, {"x": 1533.333552933498, "y": 721.751295816752}, {"x": 184.09231433390332, "y": 721.751295816752}], "category": "List", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "11. The map below identifies (with red markers) the locations of gas stations in Salt Lake City,\nUtah (Utah's capital city). Do these gas station locations depict a pure strategy equilibrium for\nthe Hotelling Game? Explain.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 288.0743540806518, "y": 764.3839321129187}, {"x": 991.7349358459894, "y": 764.3839321129187}, {"x": 991.7349358459894, "y": 1587.6454008978676}, {"x": 288.0743540806518, "y": 1587.6454008978676}], "category": "Figure", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Ave\nNTS\nChevron\n900\n600 N W\nTHE AVENUES\nUtah State 11th\nAve\nAIRPARK Capitol Building 1ST\nN\n300 N Virginia\n400 3rd Ave\nMaverik\nM\n2nd Ave \uc640\nSUNBURST\nClark Planetarium S Temple Sinclair\nS\n1300\n15\nStateSt\nSinclair 1100\nE\nrove Blvd S E\nMain\n900\nMaverik CENTRAL CITY 500 S\nE\nW 600 S 500 1300\nSt\n89\n300 Chevron Salt Lake City\nE\nE\nW\n800 S\nS 15 W 900 S 900 S\nB\n900\nW Tracy Aviary &\nBotanical Gardens\n1100\n1300 S 1300 S\nE\nMaverik Shell\n1700 S\n1300\nS\nS\n90 W Chevron C\n300\n89\nE\nSmith's Fuel Center\nE\n15\nS\n2100S", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 504.6414130782435, "y": 1613.562740137466}, {"x": 776.0112004105088, "y": 1613.562740137466}, {"x": 776.0112004105088, "y": 1646.3405515287227}, {"x": 504.6414130782435, "y": 1646.3405515287227}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Source: Google Maps", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 184.0923143339033, "y": 1719.216388571822}, {"x": 1536.922218896602, "y": 1719.216388571822}, {"x": 1536.922218896602, "y": 2019.7390365761992}, {"x": 184.0923143339033, "y": 2019.7390365761992}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "12. In this chapter, we learned that when an individual acquires private information about\nsomething, this added information does not necessarily make the individual better off. In\nparticular, when an individual (say, Player 1) acquires private information about something of\ncommon interest to both himself and another individual (say, Player 2), and Player 2 knows\nPlayer 1 has acquired this private information, Player 1 could actually be made worse off as a\nresult of Player 2 changing her strategy in response to the fact that she knows Player 1 now\nhas additional information. Whew! Can you think of a real-life example where the acquisition", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1087.8174481620788, "y": 2091.2566407472405}, {"x": 1542.815205357301, "y": 2091.2566407472405}, {"x": 1542.815205357301, "y": 2113.313318727619}, {"x": 1087.8174481620788, "y": 2113.313318727619}], "category": "Footer", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 175", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000099.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 389.0250811810066, "y": 186.51718812718812}, {"x": 1311.494319505732, "y": 186.51718812718812}, {"x": 1311.494319505732, "y": 1111.957341873249}, {"x": 389.0250811810066, "y": 1111.957341873249}], "category": "Chart", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1\n0.8\nmade\nputts\nPutt for par\n0.6\nPutt for birdie\nof\nFraction\n0.4\n0.2\n0\n0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200\nDistance to hole (inches)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 356.56598872641354, "y": 1138.80606925532}, {"x": 642.5714693855724, "y": 1138.80606925532}, {"x": 642.5714693855724, "y": 1169.497344269118}, {"x": 356.56598872641354, "y": 1169.497344269118}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(Pope and Schweitzer 2011)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.71269878245877, "y": 1199.170392976588}, {"x": 1544.99866313433, "y": 1199.170392976588}, {"x": 1544.99866313433, "y": 1405.4208973799143}, {"x": 152.71269878245877, "y": 1405.4208973799143}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "To reiterate, this study's main econometric results reveal a negative effect on sinking a putt when\nthe typical golfer is putting for birdie, and a positive effect on putting for bogey. Consistent with the\nprevious graphs, these numerical results suggest that the typical professional golfer is more likely to\nsink a put for bogey and less likely to sink the putt for birdie (i.e., the typical golfer is indeed loss\naverse).10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.71269878245872, "y": 1449.8664935228298}, {"x": 1169.686413526318, "y": 1449.8664935228298}, {"x": 1169.686413526318, "y": 1480.557768536628}, {"x": 152.71269878245872, "y": 1480.557768536628}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "ARE CIGARETTE SMOKERS HYPERBOLIC TIME DISCOUNTERS?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.71269878245872, "y": 1516.350038705098}, {"x": 1544.99866313433, "y": 1516.350038705098}, {"x": 1544.99866313433, "y": 1642.1058542821029}, {"x": 152.71269878245872, "y": 1642.1058542821029}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Recall from Chapter 4 the distinction between time-consistent exponential time discounters (Homo\neconomicus) and potentially time-inconsistent hyperbolic discounters (Homo sapiens). The discounting\ntime paths for exponential versus hyperbolic discounting looked like this:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 118.63325708533466, "y": 2011.8126910709784}, {"x": 1539.1619319573165, "y": 2011.8126910709784}, {"x": 1539.1619319573165, "y": 2079.631726367655}, {"x": 118.63325708533466, "y": 2079.631726367655}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "10. A negative effect associated with putting for double bogey suggests that the typical golfer suppresses his inclination for loss\naversion when putting for a score worse than bogey.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1087.9379697215395, "y": 2091.2682654945056}, {"x": 1542.5811447802764, "y": 2091.2682654945056}, {"x": 1542.5811447802764, "y": 2111.60850450055}, {"x": 1087.9379697215395, "y": 2111.60850450055}], "category": "Footer", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 193", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000100.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 195.14731369150775, "y": 171.57712305025996}, {"x": 1525.8232235701907, "y": 171.57712305025996}, {"x": 1525.8232235701907, "y": 918.8908145580588}, {"x": 195.14731369150775, "y": 918.8908145580588}], "category": "Chart", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "A 14%\n\u25a0 Anonymous\n12%\n\u25a0 Observable\nin\n10%\ngood\nParticipation\n8%\npublic\n6%\n4%\n2%\n0%\nHouse Apartment", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 185.04798224999288, "y": 974.1767764298093}, {"x": 1520.5190278716964, "y": 974.1767764298093}, {"x": 1520.5190278716964, "y": 1707.838881963336}, {"x": 185.04798224999288, "y": 1707.838881963336}], "category": "Chart", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "B 14%\n\u25a0 Anonymous\n12%\n\u25a0 Observable\nin\ngood 10%\nParticipation\n8%\npublic\n6%\n4%\n2%\n0%\nRenter Owner", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 172.04458008704694, "y": 1730.1584365090707}, {"x": 351.2816261676287, "y": 1730.1584365090707}, {"x": 351.2816261676287, "y": 1763.3050135239728}, {"x": 172.04458008704694, "y": 1763.3050135239728}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(Yoeli et al. 2013)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.49523388701374, "y": 1786.9382363899776}, {"x": 1546.7013817684792, "y": 1786.9382363899776}, {"x": 1546.7013817684792, "y": 2045.0956677852164}, {"x": 154.49523388701374, "y": 2045.0956677852164}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "On a final note, Yoeli et al. provide evidence that indirect reciprocity among Homo sapiens is unique\nto public goods. Their hypothesis is that choosing not to participate in a demand response program\nshould carry the threat of social sanctions only if participation is considered to be for the public good.\nTo test their hypothesis, the authors solicited an additional 1,000 customers with exactly the same\ntreatments as described above, except that the informational materials the customers received ahead\nof time to entice them to participate in the demand response program were stripped of any language", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1087.4570066564115, "y": 2091.115645465439}, {"x": 1541.9474374485796, "y": 2091.115645465439}, {"x": 1541.9474374485796, "y": 2110.920256416159}, {"x": 1087.4570066564115, "y": 2110.920256416159}], "category": "Footer", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 213", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000101.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 232.8917750747132, "y": 154.22265836824374}, {"x": 1546.182796296302, "y": 154.22265836824374}, {"x": 1546.182796296302, "y": 283.1999768625107}, {"x": 232.8917750747132, "y": 283.1999768625107}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "[markets] build loyalty and-more important-make people want to extend themselves to the\ndegree that corporations need today: to be flexible, concerned, and willing to pitch in. That's\nwhat a social relationship delivers.\" (page 90)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.43664287762954, "y": 284.7488996633292}, {"x": 1546.182796296302, "y": 284.7488996633292}, {"x": 1546.182796296302, "y": 367.2656465628395}, {"x": 155.43664287762954, "y": 367.2656465628395}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Hence, in the less-predictable world of Homo sapiens, businesses must decide the extent to which\nthey participate with their employees and customers in monetary and/or social markets.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.43664287762954, "y": 369.8251140015779}, {"x": 1546.182796296302, "y": 369.8251140015779}, {"x": 1546.182796296302, "y": 625.0725878399419}, {"x": 155.43664287762954, "y": 625.0725878399419}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "As a follow-on to Heyman and Ariely's (2004) experiments exploring the payment-effort trade-off,\nVohs et al. (2006) sought to understand the behavioral psychology underscoring the trade-off. In its\nmost general terms, the authors' hypothesis is that money makes Homo sapiens feel self-sufficient and\nbehave accordingly. When reminded of money, people desire to be free from dependency upon others\nand prefer that others not depend upon them. Vohs et al. designed several experiments to test this\nhypothesis from a variety of angles.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.43664287762954, "y": 627.7545892175383}, {"x": 1546.182796296302, "y": 627.7545892175383}, {"x": 1546.182796296302, "y": 1267.8706517289322}, {"x": 155.43664287762954, "y": 1267.8706517289322}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "In one experiment, the authors found that participants (a sample of University of Minnesota\nstudents) who were reminded about money-both Monopoly money and real money-in the context\nof a series of word descrambling tasks worked longer at the tasks than participants in a non-money-\nprimed control group before requesting help from the experimenter.25 In subsequent experiments\nwith different groups of students, Vohs et al. found that (1) participants in a high-money treatment\nworked significantly longer than participants in a low-money treatment before asking for help from\nanother available participant, (2) participants in a money-primed treatment volunteered to help code\nfewer data sheets than did participants in the non-money-primed control condition, (3) participants\nin a high-money treatment volunteered to gather fewer pencils that had spilled onto the floor than\ndid participants in a low-money treatment, and (4) participants in a money-primed treatment donated\nsignificantly less money to a university student fund than participants in the non-money primed\ncontrol. Three final experiments tested the effects of money on social intimacy, desire to engage in\nleisure activities alone, and preference to work alone. As expected, participants who were primed with\nmoney ahead of time were subsequently less socially intimate and exhibited a stronger preference for\nengaging in leisure activities and working alone.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.43664287762965, "y": 1267.8706517289324}, {"x": 1546.182796296302, "y": 1267.8706517289324}, {"x": 1546.182796296302, "y": 1350.387398628443}, {"x": 155.43664287762965, "y": 1350.387398628443}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "So yes, Vohs et al.'s experiments suggest that money makes Homo sapiens feel self-sufficient and\nbehave accordingly.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.43664287762954, "y": 1393.0182816518916}, {"x": 715.1658131534498, "y": 1393.0182816518916}, {"x": 715.1658131534498, "y": 1423.8276096244829}, {"x": 155.43664287762954, "y": 1423.8276096244829}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "PRICE AND THE PLACEBO EFFECT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.43664287762954, "y": 1458.923600801116}, {"x": 1546.182796296302, "y": 1458.923600801116}, {"x": 1546.182796296302, "y": 1840.3098004219792}, {"x": 155.43664287762954, "y": 1840.3098004219792}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Is it possible that the magnitudes of placebo effects experienced by Homo sapiens (e.g., through medical\ntherapies or medications) are somehow influenced by the prices we pay for them? To investigate\nthis possibility, Waber et al. (2008) studied the effect of price on a group of Homo sapiens' analgesic\nresponses to placebo pills. Over 80 healthy volunteers in Boston, MA were recruited via an online\nadvertisement to participate in a field experiment where each participant was informed by a brochure\nabout a purported new opioid analgesic recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The\nopioid was described as similar to codeine but with a faster onset time. In reality, and not disclosed\nto the participants, the pill was a placebo. After randomization, half of the participants were informed\nthat the drug had a regular price of $2.50 per pill (\"regular price\"), and half of the participants that", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 114.21591562419248, "y": 1871.1308733354865}, {"x": 1546.1827962963025, "y": 1871.1308733354865}, {"x": 1546.1827962963025, "y": 2079.56695846365}, {"x": 114.21591562419248, "y": 2079.56695846365}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "25. The descrambling task consisted of 30 sets of five jumbled words. Participants created sensible phrases using four of the\nfive words. In the control and play-money treatment, the phrases primed neutral concepts (e.g., \"cold it desk outside is\"\nbecame \"it is cold outside\"). In the real-money treatment, 15 of the phrases primed the concept of money (e.g., \"high a salary\ndesk paying\" became \"a high-paying salary\"), whereas the remaining 15 were neutral phrases. Participants in the play-\nmoney treatment were primed with money by a stack of Monopoly money in their visual periphery while completing the\nneutral descrambling task.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.4722010113867, "y": 2090.578788997355}, {"x": 405.9916447856783, "y": 2090.578788997355}, {"x": 405.9916447856783, "y": 2112.379028747653}, {"x": 153.4722010113867, "y": 2112.379028747653}], "category": "Footer", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "220 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000102.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 199.61435120257735, "y": 163.279121455152}, {"x": 1495.6857547190243, "y": 163.279121455152}, {"x": 1495.6857547190243, "y": 837.6769220983492}, {"x": 199.61435120257735, "y": 837.6769220983492}], "category": "Chart", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "800\n714\n700 661\n602\nyear\n600\nper 516\n490\n500 466 468\n440\ntonnes\n396 392\n400 369\n342 334\nof\n290 289\n269\n300 255\nMillions\n231\n177 174\n200\n129\n100\n0\nMiddle East Sub-Saharan Latin America North South Europe and East Asia\nand Africa and America Asia Central Asia and\nNorth Africa Caribbean Pacific\n\u25a0 2016 \u25a0 2030 \u25a0 2050", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.21026156911228, "y": 875.4494415093911}, {"x": 371.48469816331306, "y": 875.4494415093911}, {"x": 371.48469816331306, "y": 903.8996805280492}, {"x": 190.21026156911228, "y": 903.8996805280492}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(Kaza et al. 2018)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.03278549955883, "y": 933.5999631753878}, {"x": 1545.3397300932995, "y": 933.5999631753878}, {"x": 1545.3397300932995, "y": 1181.486422884555}, {"x": 155.03278549955883, "y": 1181.486422884555}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Canada is currently the world's largest producer of MSW per capita. At slightly more than 36 metric\ntons per person per year, Canadians generate roughly 10 tons more MSW per person annually than\nthe next highest garbage producers, Bulgarians and Americans (Tiseo, 2021). Summiting a list like this\nis obviously not in any country's best interest-there are no kudos for reaching the top of the heap,\nso to speak. Is it therefore possible that those nations reaching the top will take the lead in reversing\ncourse?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.0327854995589, "y": 1187.957317010986}, {"x": 1545.3397300932995, "y": 1187.957317010986}, {"x": 1545.3397300932995, "y": 1696.6957216570208}, {"x": 155.0327854995589, "y": 1696.6957216570208}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Halifax is one Canadian city that apparently has. On August 1st, 2015, the city began providing a\n\"green nudge\" to citizens living in its urban core area with the introduction of the Clear Bag Policy, a\npolicy designed to nudge households toward more responsible sorting of their waste, which, in turn,\nwould result in an overall reduction in the total amount of waste generated. As Akbulut-Yuksel and\nBoulatoff point out, under the new policy, households were mandated to replace their black garbage\nbags, traditionally used for the disposal of their refuse, with clear, transparent bags. The Clear Bag\nPolicy allowed households to put out the same number of garbage bags at the curb (six every other\nweek), but all waste destined for the landfill was required to be disposed of in a clear bag (except for\none dark bag permitted for privacy's sake). This allowed waste collectors to screen and refuse any bags\ncontaining materials that should otherwise have been diverted from the landfill, such as recyclables,\nfood waste, and hazardous waste. Clear bags also made apparent to everyone, neighbors and passersby\nalike, a given household's waste-generation and disposal habits.33", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.03278549955883, "y": 1700.6089117160295}, {"x": 1545.3397300932995, "y": 1700.6089117160295}, {"x": 1545.3397300932995, "y": 1874.0936709987716}, {"x": 155.03278549955883, "y": 1874.0936709987716}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "To test the Clear Bag Policy's impact on a typical household's generation of MSW, Akbulut-Yuksel\nand Boulatoff designed a quasi-experiment spanning the period from January 6, 2014, to July 28,\n2017, with January 6, 2014, to July 31, 2015, serving as the pre-treatment period and August 1, 2015,\nto July 28, 2017, serving as the post-treatment period. MSW data collected during this time span", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 115.90088490946678, "y": 1906.703588157181}, {"x": 1539.5038593186302, "y": 1906.703588157181}, {"x": 1539.5038593186302, "y": 2080.1883474399233}, {"x": 115.90088490946678, "y": 2080.1883474399233}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "33. As Akbulut-Yuksel and Boulatoff point out, Halifax households are required to sort waste in four ways: (1) recyclable\ncontainers (plastics, glass, and aluminum) are put in a transparent blue bag, (2) paper and cardboard are put in a separate\nbag, (3) organic food waste goes in a green bin provided by the city, and (4) the remaining waste (refuse) goes into garbage\nbags. Recyclable materials are collected each week, while garbage and organic waste are each collected every other week on\nopposite weeks (except in the summer months when, thank goodness, organic waste is collected on a weekly basis).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.03278549955897, "y": 2091.7508255016437}, {"x": 405.4916583742123, "y": 2091.7508255016437}, {"x": 405.4916583742123, "y": 2110.861078290146}, {"x": 155.03278549955897, "y": 2110.861078290146}], "category": "Footer", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "234 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000103.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 690.5996654335761, "y": 32.683075685485356}, {"x": 1066.2608716024663, "y": 32.683075685485356}, {"x": 1066.2608716024663, "y": 75.65086070480288}, {"x": 690.5996654335761, "y": 75.65086070480288}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "WITH CHATGPT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 290.385439253647, "y": 146.8546187368148}, {"x": 1406.320198755351, "y": 146.8546187368148}, {"x": 1406.320198755351, "y": 240.15609477876143}, {"x": 290.385439253647, "y": 240.15609477876143}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "CREATING SLIDES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 209.89727981527977, "y": 355.90150202799066}, {"x": 391.9387758763454, "y": 355.90150202799066}, {"x": 391.9387758763454, "y": 418.899720275777}, {"x": 209.89727981527977, "y": 418.899720275777}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "O E R", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 212.96225425104245, "y": 427.1621576594731}, {"x": 390.7307715252781, "y": 427.1621576594731}, {"x": 390.7307715252781, "y": 454.9131698959885}, {"x": 212.96225425104245, "y": 454.9131698959885}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "COMMONS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 518.829044651228, "y": 324.1554722326065}, {"x": 1202.960558977284, "y": 324.1554722326065}, {"x": 1202.960558977284, "y": 360.2437194569373}, {"x": 518.829044651228, "y": 360.2437194569373}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "01 - Find Open Educational Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 518.829044651228, "y": 376.70990357284455}, {"x": 1579.2502873733888, "y": 376.70990357284455}, {"x": 1579.2502873733888, "y": 491.6297978075325}, {"x": 518.829044651228, "y": 491.6297978075325}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Start by searching for information on platforms like OER\nCommons, where authors share their materials freely, ensuring\nno copyright issues.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 518.829044651228, "y": 587.98037265578}, {"x": 984.3466444247008, "y": 587.98037265578}, {"x": 984.3466444247008, "y": 624.0686198801109}, {"x": 518.829044651228, "y": 624.0686198801109}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "02- Prepare Your Content", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 518.8290446512281, "y": 639.3190210447592}, {"x": 1579.250287373389, "y": 639.3190210447592}, {"x": 1579.250287373389, "y": 718.2166894297817}, {"x": 518.8290446512281, "y": 718.2166894297817}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Summarize or extract the key points from the materials you've\nfound. This will be the content for your slides.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 518.8290446512278, "y": 816.948831992825}, {"x": 1156.9697772668917, "y": 816.948831992825}, {"x": 1156.9697772668917, "y": 847.882867493777}, {"x": 518.8290446512278, "y": 847.882867493777}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "03- Generate Slides with ChatGPT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 518.829044651228, "y": 869.4380756548546}, {"x": 1579.2502873733888, "y": 869.4380756548546}, {"x": 1579.2502873733888, "y": 984.803704986784}, {"x": 518.829044651228, "y": 984.803704986784}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Provide the summarized content to ChatGPT and instruct it to\ncreate a structured outline for Google Slides, including titles,\nmain points, and any specific instructions for slide design.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 231.40647129273424, "y": 1138.2983420203907}, {"x": 365.1361969729249, "y": 1138.2983420203907}, {"x": 365.1361969729249, "y": 1234.5728366588796}, {"x": 231.40647129273424, "y": 1234.5728366588796}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 518.8290446512282, "y": 1093.879672265049}, {"x": 1031.921132774008, "y": 1093.879672265049}, {"x": 1031.921132774008, "y": 1129.71552820629}, {"x": 518.8290446512282, "y": 1129.71552820629}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "04 - Create App Script Code", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 518.8290446512281, "y": 1145.0245914597376}, {"x": 1579.250287373389, "y": 1145.0245914597376}, {"x": 1579.250287373389, "y": 1260.390220791667}, {"x": 518.8290446512281, "y": 1260.390220791667}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "After finalizing the slide structure, ask ChatGPT to generate a\nGoogle Apps Script code that can create these slides\nautomatically.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 518.8290446512278, "y": 1337.2024008537508}, {"x": 1163.664930573416, "y": 1337.2024008537508}, {"x": 1163.664930573416, "y": 1373.0382567949916}, {"x": 518.8290446512278, "y": 1373.0382567949916}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 13, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "05 - Execute in Google Apps Script", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 518.8290446512281, "y": 1385.6586711137577}, {"x": 1614.013627132615, "y": 1385.6586711137577}, {"x": 1614.013627132615, "y": 1501.024300445687}, {"x": 518.8290446512281, "y": 1501.024300445687}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 14, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Open Google Apps Script, start a new project, and paste the\ncode provided by ChatGPT. Run the script to auto-generate your\nslide deck.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 518.8290446512282, "y": 1607.4116187892705}, {"x": 962.0162604722816, "y": 1607.4116187892705}, {"x": 962.0162604722816, "y": 1643.2474747305114}, {"x": 518.8290446512282, "y": 1643.2474747305114}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 15, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "06 - Edit and Customize", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 518.8290446512281, "y": 1661.245186918641}, {"x": 1597.8817335245244, "y": 1661.245186918641}, {"x": 1597.8817335245244, "y": 1738.6945119117145}, {"x": 518.8290446512281, "y": 1738.6945119117145}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 16, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Once the slides are created, you can further edit and customize\nthem in Google Slides according to your needs.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 290.29388520327615, "y": 1946.2419739949105}, {"x": 1405.6433346947765, "y": 1946.2419739949105}, {"x": 1405.6433346947765, "y": 2059.9880596061885}, {"x": 290.29388520327615, "y": 2059.9880596061885}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 17, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "INTERESTED IN FREE AI-CONSULTANCE OR\nCOLLABORATION WITH US?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 265.16312632296086, "y": 2079.7491305465855}, {"x": 1434.734768078349, "y": 2079.7491305465855}, {"x": 1434.734768078349, "y": 2111.380357457342}, {"x": 265.16312632296086, "y": 2111.380357457342}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 18, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "EMAIL REBECCA.ALLEN@MSJ.EDU FOR MORE INFORMATION", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000104.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 204.96009109896153, "y": 235.67279603159375}, {"x": 1497.964758793308, "y": 235.67279603159375}, {"x": 1497.964758793308, "y": 780.238394571971}, {"x": 204.96009109896153, "y": 780.238394571971}], "category": "Figure", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "PUBLISHERS READERS\nAGGREGATORS\nLIBRARIANS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 145.00987591704393, "y": 997.5608576426752}, {"x": 1249.596229569646, "y": 997.5608576426752}, {"x": 1249.596229569646, "y": 1036.7769412043062}, {"x": 145.00987591704393, "y": 1036.7769412043062}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "An overview of each actor's role in this ecosystem is described below.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.92646165415348, "y": 1153.5523320278064}, {"x": 412.18847377116253, "y": 1153.5523320278064}, {"x": 412.18847377116253, "y": 1205.1136740509874}, {"x": 151.92646165415348, "y": 1205.1136740509874}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Publishers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 145.00987591704398, "y": 1288.5141447734825}, {"x": 1553.903904284457, "y": 1288.5141447734825}, {"x": 1553.903904284457, "y": 1569.7260212149104}, {"x": 145.00987591704398, "y": 1569.7260212149104}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Publishers work to \"make public\" scholarly work in the form of textbooks, journals, and\nmonographs, and represent a wide range of publishing approaches, business models,\nbudgets, and institutional affiliations. With our focus on monographs, the two most\nsignificant groups are large commercial publishers and university presses. These publish\nthe vast majority of monographs in circulation, although in recent years, smaller open\naccess publishers have also begun to emerge.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 145.0098759170438, "y": 1607.7034049169845}, {"x": 994.0950480327772, "y": 1607.7034049169845}, {"x": 994.0950480327772, "y": 1646.9194884786152}, {"x": 145.0098759170438, "y": 1646.9194884786152}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The role of publishers includes (among other things):", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 178.15645293194586, "y": 1702.232531959483}, {"x": 1521.9849782701067, "y": 1702.232531959483}, {"x": 1521.9849782701067, "y": 1931.8830663777296}, {"x": 178.15645293194586, "y": 1931.8830663777296}], "category": "List", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 acquisitions and list curation\n\u00b7 editorial work and coordinating peer review\n\u00b7 design and production (for various formats, typically: print, digital PDF, and EPUB)\n\u00b7 distribution and marketing of finished products into various channels (libraries,\naggregators, stores) where readers can access books", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.28040508086053, "y": 2060.091890103289}, {"x": 593.3635498753597, "y": 2060.091890103289}, {"x": 593.3635498753597, "y": 2088.600963266847}, {"x": 147.28040508086053, "y": 2088.600963266847}], "category": "Footer", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "6 | The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000105.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 145.25295068011127, "y": 187.9459609066584}, {"x": 909.5884636237428, "y": 187.9459609066584}, {"x": 909.5884636237428, "y": 241.96260493094331}, {"x": 145.25295068011127, "y": 241.96260493094331}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The Scholarly Publishing Cycle", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 145.25295068011127, "y": 321.6371548667636}, {"x": 1553.73694361334, "y": 321.6371548667636}, {"x": 1553.73694361334, "y": 410.7646175068336}, {"x": 145.25295068011127, "y": 410.7646175068336}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Having explored the scholarly publishing ecosystem and its primary relationships, we\ncan update the cycle as follows:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 351.8666140730011, "y": 462.08042932990435}, {"x": 1340.3711997174146, "y": 462.08042932990435}, {"x": 1340.3711997174146, "y": 1188.6042914565362}, {"x": 351.8666140730011, "y": 1188.6042914565362}], "category": "Figure", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "RETAILERS\nContent\n$\nValidation\nPUBLISHERS READERS\nContent\nContent\n$\nContent\nServices\n+ Tools\nContent\nS\nAGGREGATORS Content Tools\n+ Tools\n+\nLIBRARIES\nS\n$\nINSTITUTIONS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 145.25295068011127, "y": 1373.75625827278}, {"x": 1553.73694361334, "y": 1373.75625827278}, {"x": 1553.73694361334, "y": 1462.88372091285}, {"x": 145.25295068011127, "y": 1462.88372091285}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Our project set out to explore and address the shortfall in serving the scholarly reader\nidentified in this section. This shortfall is made clear in two connected points:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 179.42527497676247, "y": 1517.1916882673795}, {"x": 1499.0312309270766, "y": 1517.1916882673795}, {"x": 1499.0312309270766, "y": 1697.5081811535824}, {"x": 179.42527497676247, "y": 1697.5081811535824}], "category": "List", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Scholarly readers are not just content consumers; scholarly reading is an act of\ncreation as well.\n\u00b7 Publishers and aggregators are not incentivized to create better tools to support\nscholarly reading.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 145.25295068011135, "y": 1754.5121269857168}, {"x": 1553.73694361334, "y": 1754.5121269857168}, {"x": 1553.73694361334, "y": 1981.771124233789}, {"x": 145.25295068011135, "y": 1981.771124233789}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "From here, this report will consider the experiences of publishers, librarians and readers\nthrough a synthesis of interviews conducted with several members of each group, as\nwell as a short online survey aimed at readers. We will then share some of our own\nphilosophy on the future of scholarly reading, then detail the path forward we see for our\nown work in the area.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.09792313902662, "y": 2060.1905935050863}, {"x": 601.9340308821944, "y": 2060.1905935050863}, {"x": 601.9340308821944, "y": 2087.718884203608}, {"x": 146.09792313902662, "y": 2087.718884203608}], "category": "Footer", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "10 | The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000106.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 146.51110473222573, "y": 176.8358437618159}, {"x": 1553.2395567346657, "y": 176.8358437618159}, {"x": 1553.2395567346657, "y": 971.5188894390913}, {"x": 146.51110473222573, "y": 971.5188894390913}], "category": "Figure", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "RC ASHATERIALS\nART/SCI Bodies\nPeRFORMINg\nMeTHODS enGAGe suBtectiviTy\ncompicates INTERVeNe Mess incorpoates\ntrad.confines activalio keeps open tRad.undeR\nparticipant ended queries\nvalued\nart/sel (antological?) episienus.\n&- engages\nmathods\naudience (i.e. thebody)\nhub. camplexity\nintergration ( drail ) to eat is to plukatility making Run\nartscientist thRu for situated\nthink\nknew prod\ncaubinatoRy subjectivities\n&-\nSAVE FOR? to remain\ndistinct.\neNDING\nwhat is the what u potential\nRole of exploration of RC as an (scal?) How does\nintervention. the oreator\nperform", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 142.80359871055884, "y": 982.5677484440585}, {"x": 1131.7205429432188, "y": 982.5677484440585}, {"x": 1131.7205429432188, "y": 1016.9419764595124}, {"x": 142.80359871055884, "y": 1016.9419764595124}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "An example of a conceptual map created by one of our interviewees", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.5111047322257, "y": 1180.044800030682}, {"x": 1553.2395567346657, "y": 1180.044800030682}, {"x": 1553.2395567346657, "y": 1601.3537766784552}, {"x": 146.5111047322257, "y": 1601.3537766784552}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "It seemed at times that the remarkable freedom of writing freeform allowed these\nlanguages to form, but it was difficult, if not impossible, to replicate that freedom on\navailable digital tools. Printing out articles or chapters of interest and annotating them\nwith pen or pencil is still seen as the way to go by many. Having physical copies on hand\nalso means easier management as this benefits from the very natural use of space for\narranging things, e.g.: \"The pile on the right contains my primary sources; on the left are\nthings I've flagged as potentially interesting and to revisit.\" Often mentioned was the\nuse of digital editions for quick consultation and search, but print versions for in-depth\nreading and annotation. Most collect important works in print.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.5111047322257, "y": 1641.1719262116671}, {"x": 1553.2395567346657, "y": 1641.1719262116671}, {"x": 1553.2395567346657, "y": 1920.6102230102365}, {"x": 146.5111047322257, "y": 1920.6102230102365}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "While some note taking did take place alongside annotation, each of our researchers\nwould reach a point where they needed to take the texts they had read and turn the\nnotes, quotes, and other takeaways into something they could then begin to incorporate\ninto their writing. Again, the approaches to this varied widely, and depended on the\ntools used initially. Some would take handwritten annotations and highlighting and type\nthem into a word processor. Others would export annotations from tools in whatever", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.5111047322257, "y": 2061.593663744799}, {"x": 544.7399583064127, "y": 2061.593663744799}, {"x": 544.7399583064127, "y": 2086.263582027342}, {"x": 146.5111047322257, "y": 2086.263582027342}], "category": "Footer", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "32 | Considering Scholarly Readers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000107.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 150.37459502195688, "y": 182.62769762882647}, {"x": 391.1085628236498, "y": 182.62769762882647}, {"x": 391.1085628236498, "y": 220.4441446781346}, {"x": 150.37459502195688, "y": 220.4441446781346}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Print VS. Digital", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 143.55824356390542, "y": 275.7603762106795}, {"x": 1552.0692448191462, "y": 275.7603762106795}, {"x": 1552.0692448191462, "y": 360.2535679283025}, {"x": 143.55824356390542, "y": 360.2535679283025}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Why do some researchers abhor digital and favor print, or vice-versa? The classic print\nVS. digital debate was necessary for us to understand readers' preferences with each", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 286.4472419591745, "y": 386.9930098220742}, {"x": 1413.9073827595842, "y": 386.9930098220742}, {"x": 1413.9073827595842, "y": 433.3847612515175}, {"x": 286.4472419591745, "y": 433.3847612515175}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Q11 What factors influence your choice of print? (select all that apply)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 394.6946619612088, "y": 450.2544890440423}, {"x": 1256.4565900293524, "y": 450.2544890440423}, {"x": 1256.4565900293524, "y": 1092.709955809363}, {"x": 394.6946619612088, "y": 1092.709955809363}], "category": "Chart", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Answered: 80 Skipped: 24\nConvenience\nReading\nexperience\nWorkflow\n(managing...\nHabit/personal\npreference\nAccess options\nvia my library\nOther (please\nspecify)\n0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 149.28605803681927, "y": 1084.0348861697084}, {"x": 270.00149257343116, "y": 1084.0348861697084}, {"x": 270.00149257343116, "y": 1117.2857315507172}, {"x": 149.28605803681927, "y": 1117.2857315507172}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "format.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 166.7551085199083, "y": 1147.1303910929246}, {"x": 1332.096908462407, "y": 1147.1303910929246}, {"x": 1332.096908462407, "y": 1193.522142522368}, {"x": 166.7551085199083, "y": 1193.522142522368}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Q12 What factors influence your choice of digital? (select all that apply)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 286.44724195917445, "y": 1206.250104025244}, {"x": 1160.7099970657046, "y": 1206.250104025244}, {"x": 1160.7099970657046, "y": 1858.2210960067237}, {"x": 286.44724195917445, "y": 1858.2210960067237}], "category": "Chart", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Answered: 80 Skipped: 24\nConvenience\nReading\nexperience\nWorkflow\n(managing...\nHabit/personal\npreference\nAccess options\nvia my library\nOther (please\nspecify)\n0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1338.0065233045143, "y": 2060.1038425133243}, {"x": 1551.0539930780278, "y": 2060.1038425133243}, {"x": 1551.0539930780278, "y": 2087.5938386131324}, {"x": 1338.0065233045143, "y": 2087.5938386131324}], "category": "Footer", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Online Survey | 39", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000108.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 224.6162866132957, "y": 313.0010647467426}, {"x": 437.5656350896938, "y": 313.0010647467426}, {"x": 437.5656350896938, "y": 361.67520154134786}, {"x": 224.6162866132957, "y": 361.67520154134786}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "CONTENTS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 134.2186174291603, "y": 560.0260983036103}, {"x": 1559.494691048792, "y": 560.0260983036103}, {"x": 1559.494691048792, "y": 1709.539778944578}, {"x": 134.2186174291603, "y": 1709.539778944578}], "category": "Index", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "About the Publisher vii\nAbout This Project ix\nAcknowledgments xi\nLABMANUAL\nExperiment #1: Hydrostatic Pressure 3\nExperiment #2: Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration 13\nExperiment #3: Energy Loss in Pipe Fittings 24\nExperiment #4: Energy Loss in Pipes 33\nExperiment #5: Impact of a Jet 43\nExperiment #6: Orifice and Free Jet Flow 50\nExperiment #7: Osborne Reynolds' Demonstration 59\nExperiment #8: Free and Forced Vortices 66\nExperiment #9: Flow Over Weirs 76\nExperiment #10: Pumps 84\nReferences 101\nLinks by Chapter 102\nImage Credits 104", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000109.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 148.69470458614356, "y": 157.89577327039547}, {"x": 1550.5428799906836, "y": 157.89577327039547}, {"x": 1550.5428799906836, "y": 244.16335329529028}, {"x": 148.69470458614356, "y": 244.16335329529028}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "the jet velocity can be assumed to remain constant. Therefore, the horizontal distance traveled by jet\n(x) in time (t) is equal to:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.17846298309186, "y": 277.2185492477293}, {"x": 275.32527143335494, "y": 277.2185492477293}, {"x": 275.32527143335494, "y": 309.6256041030617}, {"x": 152.17846298309186, "y": 309.6256041030617}], "category": "Equation", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "x=v.t", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 343.3800866295529, "y": 267.4964327911297}, {"x": 391.9906689125515, "y": 267.4964327911297}, {"x": 391.9906689125515, "y": 319.34772055966147}, {"x": 343.3800866295529, "y": 319.34772055966147}], "category": "Caption", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(7)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.17846298309183, "y": 344.9332904114948}, {"x": 1547.5822354730358, "y": 344.9332904114948}, {"x": 1547.5822354730358, "y": 428.9515807771713}, {"x": 152.17846298309183, "y": 428.9515807771713}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The vertical component of the trajectory of the jet will have a constant acceleration downward due to\nthe force of gravity. Therefore, at any time, t, the y-position of the jet may be calculated as:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.69470458614353, "y": 453.15843978273705}, {"x": 299.64755143583346, "y": 453.15843978273705}, {"x": 299.64755143583346, "y": 513.4194921996774}, {"x": 148.69470458614353, "y": 513.4194921996774}], "category": "Equation", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "y=\\frac{1}{2}gt^2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 367.92155164001025, "y": 462.9039250893872}, {"x": 417.035734014552, "y": 462.9039250893872}, {"x": 417.035734014552, "y": 509.4331504968477}, {"x": 367.92155164001025, "y": 509.4331504968477}], "category": "Caption", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(8)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.1784629830918, "y": 540.9783642199436}, {"x": 593.6407887547442, "y": 540.9783642199436}, {"x": 593.6407887547442, "y": 579.074749591113}, {"x": 152.1784629830918, "y": 579.074749591113}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Rearranging Equation (8) gives:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.1784629830918, "y": 612.775398188686}, {"x": 325.5008455653593, "y": 612.775398188686}, {"x": 325.5008455653593, "y": 668.4547306542413}, {"x": 152.1784629830918, "y": 668.4547306542413}], "category": "Equation", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "t=\\left(\\frac{2y}{g}\\right)^{0.5}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 400.2283707164994, "y": 615.7058893710837}, {"x": 442.7204928612653, "y": 615.7058893710837}, {"x": 442.7204928612653, "y": 661.1285026982473}, {"x": 400.2283707164994, "y": 661.1285026982473}], "category": "Caption", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(9)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.1784629830918, "y": 696.294396887019}, {"x": 1159.2255869574906, "y": 696.294396887019}, {"x": 1159.2255869574906, "y": 732.9255366669895}, {"x": 152.1784629830918, "y": 732.9255366669895}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Substitution of t and v from Equations 9 and 2 into Equation 7 results in:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.53235698629564, "y": 762.2304484909662}, {"x": 464.69917672924765, "y": 762.2304484909662}, {"x": 464.69917672924765, "y": 823.7707633213167}, {"x": 155.53235698629564, "y": 823.7707633213167}], "category": "Equation", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "x=C_v\\sqrt{2gh}\\left(\\frac{2y}{g}\\right)^{0.5}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 537.9614562891888, "y": 769.5566764469603}, {"x": 602.4322623019372, "y": 769.5566764469603}, {"x": 602.4322623019372, "y": 814.9792897741238}, {"x": 537.9614562891888, "y": 814.9792897741238}], "category": "Caption", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(10)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.53235698629564, "y": 850.1451839628957}, {"x": 768.0050141074042, "y": 850.1451839628957}, {"x": 768.0050141074042, "y": 888.241569334065}, {"x": 155.53235698629564, "y": 888.241569334065}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Equations (10) can be rearranged to find Cv:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.1784629830918, "y": 921.942217931638}, {"x": 331.3618279301546, "y": 921.942217931638}, {"x": 331.3618279301546, "y": 980.552041579591}, {"x": 152.1784629830918, "y": 980.552041579591}], "category": "Equation", "id": 13, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "C_v=\\frac{x}{2\\sqrt{yh}}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 397.2978795341017, "y": 919.0117267492402}, {"x": 470.56015909404294, "y": 919.0117267492402}, {"x": 470.56015909404294, "y": 970.2953224411992}, {"x": 397.2978795341017, "y": 970.2953224411992}], "category": "Caption", "id": 14, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(11)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.17846298309183, "y": 1008.0861970718166}, {"x": 1550.5428799906826, "y": 1008.0861970718166}, {"x": 1550.5428799906826, "y": 1130.6924811090298}, {"x": 152.17846298309183, "y": 1130.6924811090298}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 15, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Therefore, for steady flow conditions (i.e., constant h in the head tank), the value of Cv can be\ndetermined from the x, y coordinates of the jet trajectory. A graph of x plotted against \u221a will have\nyh\na slope of 2Cv.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.17846298309183, "y": 1164.861445512843}, {"x": 1144.9469797148615, "y": 1164.861445512843}, {"x": 1144.9469797148615, "y": 1205.0602271643884}, {"x": 152.17846298309183, "y": 1205.0602271643884}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 16, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "7.2. DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.69470458614347, "y": 1239.2291915682017}, {"x": 1550.5428799906826, "y": 1239.2291915682017}, {"x": 1550.5428799906826, "y": 1325.6565721190243}, {"x": 148.69470458614347, "y": 1325.6565721190243}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 17, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "If Cd is assumed to be constant, then a graph of Q plotted against \u221ah (Equation 6) will be linear, and\nthe slope of this graph will be:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.17846298309183, "y": 1355.805658357683}, {"x": 387.1999455832336, "y": 1355.805658357683}, {"x": 387.1999455832336, "y": 1404.0441963395372}, {"x": 152.17846298309183, "y": 1404.0441963395372}], "category": "Equation", "id": 18, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "s=C_dA_o\\sqrt{2g}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 450.05622234746806, "y": 1355.8056583576831}, {"x": 519.4904815637736, "y": 1355.8056583576831}, {"x": 519.4904815637736, "y": 1401.6688137874007}, {"x": 450.05622234746806, "y": 1401.6688137874007}], "category": "Caption", "id": 19, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(12)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1011.300726865266, "y": 2066.39488273457}, {"x": 1547.5822354730358, "y": 2066.39488273457}, {"x": 1547.5822354730358, "y": 2094.977459042884}, {"x": 1011.300726865266, "y": 2094.977459042884}], "category": "Footer", "id": 20, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "EXPERIMENT #6: ORIFICE AND FREE JET FLOW 53", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000110.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 145.14228615442312, "y": 155.33651143909904}, {"x": 1554.4725940420922, "y": 155.33651143909904}, {"x": 1554.4725940420922, "y": 276.07677415325685}, {"x": 145.14228615442312, "y": 276.07677415325685}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "in the flow. There is also a transitional stage between laminar and turbulent flows, in which the\ndye stream will wander about and show intermittent bursts of mixing, followed by a more laminar\nbehavior.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 149.3057434893941, "y": 313.54789016799543}, {"x": 1448.3044320003332, "y": 313.54789016799543}, {"x": 1448.3044320003332, "y": 361.42764952016154}, {"x": 149.3057434893941, "y": 361.42764952016154}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The Reynolds number (Re), provides a useful way of characterizing the flow. It is defined as:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 149.3057434893941, "y": 380.16320752753086}, {"x": 301.27193621583405, "y": 380.16320752753086}, {"x": 301.27193621583405, "y": 440.53333888460975}, {"x": 149.3057434893941, "y": 440.53333888460975}], "category": "Equation", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Re=\\frac{vd}{\\nu}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 357.47861023794206, "y": 392.6535795324436}, {"x": 409.521826925079, "y": 392.6535795324436}, {"x": 409.521826925079, "y": 434.2881528821533}, {"x": 357.47861023794206, "y": 434.2881528821533}], "category": "Caption", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(1)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.46920082436498, "y": 467.595811561921}, {"x": 1544.063950704665, "y": 467.595811561921}, {"x": 1544.063950704665, "y": 550.86495826134}, {"x": 153.46920082436498, "y": 550.86495826134}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "where (v) is the kinematic viscosity of the water (Figure 7.2), v is the mean flow velocity and d is the\ndiameter of the pipe.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 140.9788288194522, "y": 580.0091596061369}, {"x": 1556.5543227095782, "y": 580.0091596061369}, {"x": 1556.5543227095782, "y": 706.9946083227511}, {"x": 140.9788288194522, "y": 706.9946083227511}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The Reynolds number is a dimensionless parameter thatis the ratio of the inertial (destabilizing) force\nto the viscosity (stabilizing) force. As Re increases, the inertial force becomes relatively larger, and the\nflow destabilizes and becomes fully turbulent.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.2240148219086, "y": 734.0570810000623}, {"x": 1548.2274080396362, "y": 734.0570810000623}, {"x": 1548.2274080396362, "y": 944.3116764160958}, {"x": 147.2240148219086, "y": 944.3116764160958}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The Reynolds experiment determines the critical Reynolds number for pipe flow at which laminar\nflow (Re<2000) becomes transitional (20004000). The advantage of using a critical Reynolds number, instead of critical velocity, is that the\nresults of the experiments are applicable to all Newtonian fluid flows in pipes with a circular cross-\nsection.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.46920082436492, "y": 967.2106917584356}, {"x": 1544.0639507046646, "y": 967.2106917584356}, {"x": 1544.0639507046646, "y": 1741.613756063034}, {"x": 153.46920082436492, "y": 1741.613756063034}], "category": "Table", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "Temperature (degree C)Kinematic viscosity v (m2/s)Temperature (degree C)Kinematic viscosity v (m2/s)01.793E-06258.930E-0711.732E-06268.760E-0721.674E-06278.540E-0731.619E-06288.360E-0741.522E-06298.180E-0751.520E-06308.020E-0761.474E-06317.850E-0771.429E-06327.690E-0781.386E-06337.530E-0791.346E-06347.380E-07101.307E-06357.240E-07111.270E-06367.110E-07121.235E-06376.970E-07131.201E-06386.840E-07141.169E-06396.710E-07151.138E-06406.580E-07161.108E-06456.020E-07171.080E-06505.540E-07181.053E-06555.110E-07191.027E-06604.760E-07201.002E-06654.430E-07219.780E-07704.130E-07229.550E-07753.860E-07239.330E-07803.630E-07249.110E-07853.420E-07", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 145.14228615442312, "y": 1766.5945000728598}, {"x": 811.2954597497762, "y": 1766.5945000728598}, {"x": 811.2954597497762, "y": 1814.4742594250256}, {"x": 145.14228615442312, "y": 1814.4742594250256}], "category": "Caption", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 7.2: Kinematic Viscosity of Water atAtmospheric Pressure.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 902.8915211191372, "y": 2070.52688552574}, {"x": 1544.0639507046635, "y": 2070.52688552574}, {"x": 1544.0639507046635, "y": 2097.5893582030512}, {"x": 902.8915211191372, "y": 2097.5893582030512}], "category": "Footer", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "EXPERIMENT #7: OSBORNE REYNOLDS' DEMONSTRATION 61", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000111.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 157.7331488795569, "y": 169.14367145022686}, {"x": 1541.136472453998, "y": 169.14367145022686}, {"x": 1541.136472453998, "y": 909.1035887109743}, {"x": 157.7331488795569, "y": 909.1035887109743}], "category": "Figure", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "b)\n24 mm \u2300\n8 mm \u2300 16 mm \u2300\na)\nCylindrical vessel\n3-way valve\nOutlet valve\nc) d)\nInlet pipe\n15-degree angled tubes 60-degree angled tubes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.378265238727, "y": 967.7704875219288}, {"x": 1454.0823645409691, "y": 967.7704875219288}, {"x": 1454.0823645409691, "y": 1034.0073087601031}, {"x": 146.378265238727, "y": 1034.0073087601031}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 8.1:a) P6238 CUSSONS free and forced vortex apparatus, b) push-in orifices, c) free vortex measuring caliper, d) force vortex\nmeasuring probes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.27074584553196, "y": 1075.641882109813}, {"x": 337.5188065260301, "y": 1075.641882109813}, {"x": 337.5188065260301, "y": 1111.5990136391076}, {"x": 148.27074584553196, "y": 1111.5990136391076}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "7. THEORY", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.94818766594688, "y": 1143.7711839547924}, {"x": 1556.276317308438, "y": 1143.7711839547924}, {"x": 1556.276317308438, "y": 1272.4598652175307}, {"x": 153.94818766594688, "y": 1272.4598652175307}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Two types of vortices are distinguished in the dynamics of the motion: forced and free vortices. The\nforced vortex is caused by external forces on the fluid, such as the impeller of a pump, and the free\nvortex naturally occurs in the flow and can be observed in a drain or in the atmosphere of a tornado.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.94818766594688, "y": 1308.4169967468254}, {"x": 477.5623714295987, "y": 1308.4169967468254}, {"x": 477.5623714295987, "y": 1355.7290119169502}, {"x": 153.94818766594688, "y": 1355.7290119169502}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "7.1. FREE VORTEX", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.16322645233691, "y": 1376.546298591805}, {"x": 1548.706394881218, "y": 1376.546298591805}, {"x": 1548.706394881218, "y": 1505.2349798545438}, {"x": 150.16322645233691, "y": 1505.2349798545438}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "A free vortex is formed when water flows out of a vessel through a central hole in the base (Figure 8.2).\nThe degree of the rotation depends on the initial disturbance. In a free cylindrical vortex, the velocity\nvaries inversely with the distance from the axis of rotation (Figure 8.3).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.16322645233691, "y": 1529.8372277430085}, {"x": 263.71206286063585, "y": 1529.8372277430085}, {"x": 263.71206286063585, "y": 1590.396607160768}, {"x": 150.16322645233691, "y": 1590.396607160768}], "category": "Equation", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "v=\\frac{k}{r}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 324.2714422783952, "y": 1537.4071501702283}, {"x": 373.4759380553248, "y": 1537.4071501702283}, {"x": 373.4759380553248, "y": 1584.719165340353}, {"x": 324.2714422783952, "y": 1584.719165340353}], "category": "Caption", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(1)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 144.485784631922, "y": 1611.2138938356225}, {"x": 1293.2215129625454, "y": 1611.2138938356225}, {"x": 1293.2215129625454, "y": 1662.3108702193572}, {"x": 144.485784631922, "y": 1662.3108702193572}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The equation governing the surface profile is derived from the Bernoulli's theorem:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 136.91586220470208, "y": 1685.020637501017}, {"x": 343.19624834644486, "y": 1685.020637501017}, {"x": 343.19624834644486, "y": 1749.364978132386}, {"x": 136.91586220470208, "y": 1749.364978132386}], "category": "Equation", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\\frac{v^2}{2g}+z=C", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 405.6481083710094, "y": 1692.5905599282369}, {"x": 464.31500718196384, "y": 1692.5905599282369}, {"x": 464.31500718196384, "y": 1745.5800169187764}, {"x": 405.6481083710094, "y": 1745.5800169187764}], "category": "Caption", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(2)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 142.593304025117, "y": 1773.9672260208508}, {"x": 988.5321352669436, "y": 1773.9672260208508}, {"x": 988.5321352669436, "y": 1811.8168381569508}, {"x": 142.593304025117, "y": 1811.8168381569508}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Substituting Equation (1) into (2) will give a new expression:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 136.91586220470208, "y": 1840.2040472590252}, {"x": 369.6909768417147, "y": 1840.2040472590252}, {"x": 369.6909768417147, "y": 1910.2258297108096}, {"x": 136.91586220470208, "y": 1910.2258297108096}], "category": "Equation", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\\frac{k^2}{2gr^2}+z=C", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 432.14283686627925, "y": 1855.3438921134652}, {"x": 481.34733264320863, "y": 1855.3438921134652}, {"x": 481.34733264320863, "y": 1900.7634266767848}, {"x": 432.14283686627925, "y": 1900.7634266767848}], "category": "Caption", "id": 13, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(3)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.05570705914192, "y": 1938.6130388128845}, {"x": 199.3677222292665, "y": 1938.6130388128845}, {"x": 199.3677222292665, "y": 1972.677689735374}, {"x": 152.05570705914192, "y": 1972.677689735374}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 14, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "or:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.37826523872695, "y": 2065.409239468818}, {"x": 638.4232230080222, "y": 2065.409239468818}, {"x": 638.4232230080222, "y": 2095.688929177698}, {"x": 146.37826523872695, "y": 2095.688929177698}], "category": "Footer", "id": 15, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "68 APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS LAB MANUAL", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000112.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 210.2628301840744, "y": 154.2137279126036}, {"x": 1096.1335008486813, "y": 154.2137279126036}, {"x": 1096.1335008486813, "y": 196.53546123497705}, {"x": 210.2628301840744, "y": 196.53546123497705}], "category": "List", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Adjust the point gauge to read 10 mm greater than the datum.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 213.79688247142408, "y": 215.63891149025005}, {"x": 581.4623446725462, "y": 215.63891149025005}, {"x": 581.4623446725462, "y": 252.90230292955303}, {"x": 213.79688247142408, "y": 252.90230292955303}], "category": "List", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Record the reading as h.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 210.2628301840745, "y": 268.85894037029703}, {"x": 1511.1779975774375, "y": 268.85894037029703}, {"x": 1511.1779975774375, "y": 355.7557379653793}, {"x": 210.2628301840745, "y": 355.7557379653793}], "category": "List", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Turn on the pump, and slightly adjust the flow until the water level coincides with the point\ngauge. Check that the level has stabilized before taking readings.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 210.2628301840745, "y": 372.79432572912094}, {"x": 925.0505785047252, "y": 372.79432572912094}, {"x": 925.0505785047252, "y": 413.6869363621008}, {"x": 210.2628301840745, "y": 413.6869363621008}], "category": "List", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Measure the flow rate using the volumetric tank.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 210.2628301840745, "y": 430.72552412584247}, {"x": 994.908788336066, "y": 430.72552412584247}, {"x": 994.908788336066, "y": 473.3219935351965}, {"x": 210.2628301840745, "y": 473.3219935351965}], "category": "List", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Observe the shape of the nappe and take pictures of it.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.7344673966661, "y": 502.7554791089742}, {"x": 1549.9386070850271, "y": 502.7554791089742}, {"x": 1549.9386070850271, "y": 670.6599758715776}, {"x": 150.7344673966661, "y": 670.6599758715776}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Note: The surface of the water will fall as it approaches the weir. This is particularly noticeable at high\nflow rates by high heads. To obtain an accurate measurement of the undisturbed water level above the\ncrest of the weir, it is necessary to place the measuring gauge at a distance of at least three times the\nhead above the weir.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 208.25730425052097, "y": 701.7534011979856}, {"x": 1543.7199220197454, "y": 701.7534011979856}, {"x": 1543.7199220197454, "y": 875.8765830258706}, {"x": 208.25730425052097, "y": 875.8765830258706}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Increase the flow by opening the bench regulating valve to set the heads above the datum level\nin 10 mm increments until the regulating valve is fully open. Take care not to allow spillage to\noccur over the plate top that is adjacent to the notch. At each condition, measure the flow rate\nand observe the shape of the nappe.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 149.17979613034572, "y": 908.5246796185992}, {"x": 1545.2745932860655, "y": 908.5246796185992}, {"x": 1545.2745932860655, "y": 994.031599266221}, {"x": 149.17979613034572, "y": 994.031599266221}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Note: To obtain a sufficiently accurate result, collect around 25 liters of water each time, or collect the\nwater for at least 120 seconds.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 202.03861918523933, "y": 1025.125024592629}, {"x": 1432.5347115643622, "y": 1025.125024592629}, {"x": 1432.5347115643622, "y": 1060.738420940881}, {"x": 202.03861918523933, "y": 1060.738420940881}], "category": "List", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Close the regulating valve, stop the pump, and then replace the weir with the V-notch.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 202.03861918523933, "y": 1081.5998690752444}, {"x": 1449.919251676332, "y": 1081.5998690752444}, {"x": 1449.919251676332, "y": 1165.0456616127}, {"x": 202.03861918523933, "y": 1165.0456616127}], "category": "List", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Repeat the experiment with the V-notch weir plate, but with 5 mm increments in water\nsurface elevation.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 202.03861918523933, "y": 1185.9071097470635}, {"x": 1029.2133809666625, "y": 1185.9071097470635}, {"x": 1029.2133809666625, "y": 1224.1530979933973}, {"x": 202.03861918523933, "y": 1224.1530979933973}], "category": "List", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Collect seven head and discharge readings for each weir.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 618.6905185591066, "y": 1252.1070294754077}, {"x": 1078.8732133899457, "y": 1252.1070294754077}, {"x": 1078.8732133899457, "y": 1861.5381658730048}, {"x": 618.6905185591066, "y": 1861.5381658730048}], "category": "Figure", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 309.31093656134703, "y": 1886.4129061341312}, {"x": 1057.10781566146, "y": 1886.4129061341312}, {"x": 1057.10781566146, "y": 1922.1703452595011}, {"x": 309.31093656134703, "y": 1922.1703452595011}], "category": "Caption", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 9.3: Position of the notch and Vernier height gauge to set the datum.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.62512486402528, "y": 2065.2001017609773}, {"x": 635.7919024886312, "y": 2065.2001017609773}, {"x": 635.7919024886312, "y": 2097.848198353706}, {"x": 147.62512486402528, "y": 2097.848198353706}], "category": "Footer", "id": 13, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "80 APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS LAB MANUAL", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000113.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 127.55598465512742, "y": 60.8397222241321}, {"x": 605.112223869828, "y": 60.8397222241321}, {"x": 605.112223869828, "y": 101.35220524234578}, {"x": 127.55598465512742, "y": 101.35220524234578}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1483.2226387704063, "y": 67.27331118957716}, {"x": 1610.3586592977474, "y": 67.27331118957716}, {"x": 1610.3586592977474, "y": 101.35220524234576}, {"x": 1483.2226387704063, "y": 101.35220524234576}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 90.71203369539272, "y": 209.34380760687128}, {"x": 419.43841731425647, "y": 209.34380760687128}, {"x": 419.43841731425647, "y": 241.81061092725287}, {"x": 90.71203369539272, "y": 241.81061092725287}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Table of Contents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 83.65633461127823, "y": 300.7312978788684}, {"x": 1617.077273995356, "y": 300.7312978788684}, {"x": 1617.077273995356, "y": 2101.8535053443647}, {"x": 83.65633461127823, "y": 2101.8535053443647}], "category": "Index", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Measurement Lab worksheet...................................................................................... 3\nScientific Method Lab.................................................................................................. 6\nChemistry of the Cell ~ But this is biology!........................................... 9\nBiological Macromolecules and Their Indicators............................. 10\nWorksheet for Chemistry of the Cell ....................................................... 12\nHow molecules move in a liquid............................................................................. 12\nHow molecules move in a solid.............................................................................. 12\nIntroduction to Light Microscopes:........................................................................... 16\nCellularBiology.........................................................................................................32\nA cell is the smallest unit of life known to our planet................... 33\nCellular Microscopy ......................................................................................... 34\nViewing prepared slides under a microscope. ................................ 34\nViewing live cells under a microscope. .............................................. 34\nCellular Biology Worksheet ....................................................................................... 35\nOsmosis and Diffusion ............................................................................................... 39\nEnzymatic Activity Lab.............................................................................................. 45\nCellular Respiration Lab............................................................................................ 49\nPhotosynthesis Lab ................................................................................................... 61\nObserving Stomata, Guard Cells and Chloroplasts............................................. 65\nCellular Replication ................................................................................................... 66\nGrowth and the Creation of Life......................................................................... 66\nVisualizing the Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis............................................. 67\nWhen it all goes wrong........................................................................................ 68\nCellular Replication Worksheet ......................................................................... 69\nMammalian Gametogenesis ..............................................................................\n72\nGenetic Crosses......................................................................................................... 75\nMENDELIAN GENETICS, PROBABILITY, PEDIGREES AND CHI-SQUARE STATISTICS . 80\nChi-Square Data Table................................................................................................... 92", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 842.1535377630814, "y": 2130.671545580281}, {"x": 855.8985358129855, "y": 2130.671545580281}, {"x": 855.8985358129855, "y": 2156.443416923851}, {"x": 842.1535377630814, "y": 2156.443416923851}], "category": "Footer", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000114.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 126.50757412580248, "y": 61.06662282142516}, {"x": 604.1754179769168, "y": 61.06662282142516}, {"x": 604.1754179769168, "y": 100.12824556625928}, {"x": 126.50757412580248, "y": 100.12824556625928}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1484.9813203084211, "y": 67.52726587864998}, {"x": 1606.7745852118946, "y": 67.52726587864998}, {"x": 1606.7745852118946, "y": 100.12824556625928}, {"x": 1484.9813203084211, "y": 100.12824556625928}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 113.96414717026096, "y": 163.0990171304622}, {"x": 1620.9346200886544, "y": 163.0990171304622}, {"x": 1620.9346200886544, "y": 805.5127247092196}, {"x": 113.96414717026096, "y": 805.5127247092196}], "category": "Index", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Genetics Lab - Blood Disorders .............................................................................. 94\nHuman Traits Governed by Mendelian Genetics................................................... 97\n1. Record your phenotype and genotype for the following Mendelian traits:.. 97\nHuman Traits not Governed by Mendelian Genetics ............................................ 98\nHuman Genetics Problems ................................................................................... 100\nPedigree Analysis ................................................................................................. 102\nPractice Problems................................................................................................. 102\nLab Materials......................................................................................................... 104\nContributors and Attributions .............................................................................. 104\nFrom Gene to Protein via Transcription and Translation.................................... 105", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 839.584358239737, "y": 2130.263545535073}, {"x": 859.3212003450002, "y": 2130.263545535073}, {"x": 859.3212003450002, "y": 2156.2503876403366}, {"x": 839.584358239737, "y": 2156.2503876403366}], "category": "Footer", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000115.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 221.824843349918, "y": 106.79892582800755}, {"x": 706.8676228740344, "y": 106.79892582800755}, {"x": 706.8676228740344, "y": 150.51522784520262}, {"x": 221.824843349918, "y": 150.51522784520262}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1377.184253804359, "y": 113.044111830464}, {"x": 1506.2514311884588, "y": 113.044111830464}, {"x": 1506.2514311884588, "y": 150.51522784520262}, {"x": 1377.184253804359, "y": 150.51522784520262}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 242.64213002477285, "y": 202.55844453233956}, {"x": 1435.472656493952, "y": 202.55844453233956}, {"x": 1435.472656493952, "y": 281.82349154679855}, {"x": 242.64213002477285, "y": 281.82349154679855}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "5. Sample problem: If the ocular has a 10x lens and the objective has a 45x lens the total\nmagnification is 10 x 45 = 450x", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.7623706726068, "y": 306.6448779066135}, {"x": 504.9399421279431, "y": 306.6448779066135}, {"x": 504.9399421279431, "y": 350.36117992380866}, {"x": 194.7623706726068, "y": 350.36117992380866}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Changing objectives:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 242.64213002477285, "y": 371.17846659866336}, {"x": 1410.4919124841267, "y": 371.17846659866336}, {"x": 1410.4919124841267, "y": 448.2024272956262}, {"x": 242.64213002477285, "y": 448.2024272956262}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1. When changing objectives from scanning power to lower power to high power the\nfollowing changes will occur:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 344.64683473156134, "y": 454.44761329808256}, {"x": 1377.184253804359, "y": 454.44761329808256}, {"x": 1377.184253804359, "y": 718.8271540687385}, {"x": 344.64683473156134, "y": 718.8271540687385}], "category": "List", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "a. The size of the field of view decreases\nb. The field of view becomes darker\nc. The size of the image increases\nd. The resolution (ability to see detail) increases\ne. The working distance between the slide and the objective lens decreases\nf. The depth of focus (thickness of the specimen that is visible) is reduced", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 240.5604013572874, "y": 722.9906114037093}, {"x": 1479.1889585111476, "y": 722.9906114037093}, {"x": 1479.1889585111476, "y": 804.178029435643}, {"x": 240.5604013572874, "y": 804.178029435643}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "2. When changing from scanning to low power the field of view gets smaller. In fact, every\ntime you increase the power of the objective, the field gets smaller.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 186.43545600266492, "y": 889.5289048025477}, {"x": 667.3147781918105, "y": 889.5289048025477}, {"x": 667.3147781918105, "y": 933.2452068197427}, {"x": 186.43545600266492, "y": 933.2452068197427}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Steps for Using the Microscope:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 236.3969440223164, "y": 954.0624934945976}, {"x": 1487.5158731810895, "y": 954.0624934945976}, {"x": 1487.5158731810895, "y": 1033.1681828590458}, {"x": 236.3969440223164, "y": 1033.1681828590458}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1. Place the slide on the stage lining it up with the rectangle and using the stage clip to hold\nit in place.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 296.7670753793953, "y": 1043.5768261964731}, {"x": 865.0790016029312, "y": 1043.5768261964731}, {"x": 865.0790016029312, "y": 1472.4129316984818}, {"x": 296.7670753793953, "y": 1472.4129316984818}], "category": "Figure", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Plan", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 245.44644219667455, "y": 1559.4498352423584}, {"x": 1497.9245165185168, "y": 1559.4498352423584}, {"x": 1497.9245165185168, "y": 1960.311636501959}, {"x": 245.44644219667455, "y": 1960.311636501959}], "category": "List", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "2. Click the nosepiece to the lowest (shortest) setting, the scanning objective lens or 4x.\n3. Look into the eyepiece.\n4. Use the coarse adjustment knob to bring the specimen into view. The specimen must be\nin focus before moving to the next steps.\n5. Rotate the nosepiece to the low-power objective or 10x.\n6. Refocus using the coarse adjustment knob.\n7. Move the slide to get a centered view.\n8. Now use the fine adjustment knob to get the specimen in perfect focus.\n9. Your slide MUST be focused on low power before attempting this next step.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 830.8672052580081, "y": 2031.6585830013703}, {"x": 870.3926759879374, "y": 2031.6585830013703}, {"x": 870.3926759879374, "y": 2063.706261971583}, {"x": 830.8672052580081, "y": 2063.706261971583}], "category": "Footer", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000116.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 218.5855519913428, "y": 110.73488292796816}, {"x": 692.4588382043877, "y": 110.73488292796816}, {"x": 692.4588382043877, "y": 146.33676194397412}, {"x": 218.5855519913428, "y": 146.33676194397412}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1377.4711289708862, "y": 115.55599172446894}, {"x": 1500.3271860820762, "y": 115.55599172446894}, {"x": 1500.3271860820762, "y": 147.12295978288603}, {"x": 1377.4711289708862, "y": 147.12295978288603}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 237.25330937859496, "y": 205.0081358970254}, {"x": 1255.6375378757552, "y": 205.0081358970254}, {"x": 1255.6375378757552, "y": 625.0900386262773}, {"x": 237.25330937859496, "y": 625.0900386262773}], "category": "List", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Transfer pipettes\n\u00b7 Test tube rack\n\u00b7 4 large (20 ml) test tubes or small Erlenmeyer flasks for larger volumes\n\u00b7 Large plastic tray\n\u00b7 Masking tape or lab tape\n\u00b7 Large weigh boat (4/group)\n\u00b7 Metric ruler\n\u00b7 Electronic balance\n\u00b7 Spatula\n\u00b7 Weigh paper\n\u00b7 Red food coloring (optional)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.9915810252338, "y": 657.0166452759548}, {"x": 675.1023652439939, "y": 657.0166452759548}, {"x": 675.1023652439939, "y": 1293.183247560055}, {"x": 196.9915810252338, "y": 1293.183247560055}], "category": "Figure", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 674.2073490101868, "y": 1267.9923175414033}, {"x": 1003.9216411286168, "y": 1267.9923175414033}, {"x": 1003.9216411286168, "y": 1302.2158263435697}, {"x": 674.2073490101868, "y": 1302.2158263435697}], "category": "Caption", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 3. Saccharometer", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 294.71114326813756, "y": 1426.741860008785}, {"x": 1402.052345765978, "y": 1426.741860008785}, {"x": 1402.052345765978, "y": 1499.6643294415696}, {"x": 294.71114326813756, "y": 1499.6643294415696}], "category": "Caption", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 2. Contents of Saccharometers when testing fermentation with various yeast\nconcentrations.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 202.88284842685331, "y": 1509.1172421458195}, {"x": 1438.5135804823703, "y": 1509.1172421458195}, {"x": 1438.5135804823703, "y": 1734.636730947209}, {"x": 202.88284842685331, "y": 1734.636730947209}], "category": "Table", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "SaccharometerDI WaterGlucose SolutionYeast Suspension1*8 ml*6 ml0 ml2*12 ml0 ml*2 ml3*6 ml*6 ml*2 ml4*2 ml*6 ml*6 ml", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.61830189113755, "y": 1777.4314171754486}, {"x": 1470.626475354808, "y": 1777.4314171754486}, {"x": 1470.626475354808, "y": 1857.646133551512}, {"x": 194.61830189113755, "y": 1857.646133551512}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "*Double these amounts if using saccharometers that have a 15-cm vertical tube. See table\nbelow", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 202.88284842685331, "y": 1902.763535472796}, {"x": 1071.03835118516, "y": 1902.763535472796}, {"x": 1071.03835118516, "y": 1985.3954966689455}, {"x": 202.88284842685331, "y": 1985.3954966689455}], "category": "Table", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "SaccharometerDI WaterGlucose SolutionYeast Suspension116 ml12 ml0 ml", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 843.85543464951, "y": 2140.4959549226433}, {"x": 869.0104992055908, "y": 2140.4959549226433}, {"x": 869.0104992055908, "y": 2169.4623928963124}, {"x": 843.85543464951, "y": 2169.4623928963124}], "category": "Footer", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "58", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000117.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 216.4588784557644, "y": 110.87745023254836}, {"x": 691.2222320863839, "y": 110.87745023254836}, {"x": 691.2222320863839, "y": 151.3862688017138}, {"x": 216.4588784557644, "y": 151.3862688017138}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1378.8035177867705, "y": 114.25590555825696}, {"x": 1503.0148225844468, "y": 114.25590555825696}, {"x": 1503.0148225844468, "y": 147.79295785362962}, {"x": 1378.8035177867705, "y": 147.79295785362962}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 202.0625743794064, "y": 205.89254766031195}, {"x": 1075.9098786828422, "y": 205.89254766031195}, {"x": 1075.9098786828422, "y": 390.0215761081053}, {"x": 202.0625743794064, "y": 390.0215761081053}], "category": "Table", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "SaccharometerDI WaterGlucose SolutionYeast Suspension224 ml0 ml4 ml312 ml12 ml4 ml44 ml12 ml12 ml", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 197.23784383116055, "y": 509.2408569727099}, {"x": 801.370643833423, "y": 509.2408569727099}, {"x": 801.370643833423, "y": 549.2202334434478}, {"x": 197.23784383116055, "y": 549.2202334434478}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Employing Steps in the Scientific Method:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 246.6771113168384, "y": 586.2304177453209}, {"x": 1182.6499302102714, "y": 586.2304177453209}, {"x": 1182.6499302102714, "y": 630.3160939975477}, {"x": 246.6771113168384, "y": 630.3160939975477}], "category": "List", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1. Record the Question that is being investigated in this experiment.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 246.6771113168384, "y": 699.835814241444}, {"x": 992.74240173914, "y": 699.835814241444}, {"x": 992.74240173914, "y": 743.921490493671}, {"x": 246.6771113168384, "y": 743.921490493671}], "category": "List", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "2. Record a Hypothesis for the question stated above.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 241.5903025185045, "y": 815.1368136703452}, {"x": 1257.2564592525016, "y": 815.1368136703452}, {"x": 1257.2564592525016, "y": 857.5268869897942}, {"x": 241.5903025185045, "y": 857.5268869897942}], "category": "List", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "3. Predict the results of the experiment based on your hypothesis (if/then).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 244.9815083840604, "y": 932.1334160320245}, {"x": 1006.3072252013636, "y": 932.1334160320245}, {"x": 1006.3072252013636, "y": 971.1322834859174}, {"x": 244.9815083840604, "y": 971.1322834859174}], "category": "List", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "4. Perform the experiment below and collect your data.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.12659350534457, "y": 1014.0030786175064}, {"x": 366.12964755880415, "y": 1014.0030786175064}, {"x": 366.12964755880415, "y": 1047.8634612874723}, {"x": 193.12659350534457, "y": 1047.8634612874723}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Procedure:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 246.6771113168384, "y": 1086.579255850672}, {"x": 1508.3346016504686, "y": 1086.579255850672}, {"x": 1508.3346016504686, "y": 1473.8643589461074}, {"x": 246.6771113168384, "y": 1473.8643589461074}], "category": "List", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1. Prepare yeast suspension: Add 7 grams yeast to 50 ml warm tap water. Stir to mix.\nAlternatively, you can use the yeast suspension from Part 2. Optional: Add a few drops of\nred food coloring to the yeast to increase contrast, allowing easier measuring of the\nheight of yeast in saccharometers.\n2. Label 4 test tubes and 4 saccharometers # 1- 4. Use a transfer pipette to add the\nappropriate amount of glucose and distilled water listed in Table 2 to the corresponding\nlabeled test tubes.\n3. Use a transfer pipette to add the appropriate amount of yeast solution listed in Table 1 to\nthe corresponding labeled test tubes. It is important to work carefully and quickly after\nadding the yeast solution to the glucose and water.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 246.6771113168384, "y": 1508.7780852642572}, {"x": 1327.4282099507038, "y": 1508.7780852642572}, {"x": 1327.4282099507038, "y": 1587.7933606158597}, {"x": 246.6771113168384, "y": 1587.7933606158597}], "category": "List", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "4. Carefully pour the contents of the test tubes into the correspondingly labeled\nsaccharometer, ensuring that the solutions are well mixed.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 246.6771113168384, "y": 1619.0319578478882}, {"x": 1481.7836315677869, "y": 1619.0319578478882}, {"x": 1481.7836315677869, "y": 1705.3974913717325}, {"x": 246.6771113168384, "y": 1705.3974913717325}], "category": "List", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "5. Carefully tilt the saccharometers to allow any air bubbles that are trapped in the arms of\nthe vertical tube to escape.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 246.6771113168384, "y": 1738.473653146822}, {"x": 1503.0148225844473, "y": 1738.473653146822}, {"x": 1503.0148225844473, "y": 1857.9153484457556}, {"x": 246.6771113168384, "y": 1857.9153484457556}], "category": "List", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "6. Begin the timer for the experiment and measure the size of any bubbles (in mm) that are\ntrapped in the vertical arms of the saccharometers. Record this measurement as the 0 time\npoint.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 246.6771113168384, "y": 1892.8290747639053}, {"x": 1461.5704215941214, "y": 1892.8290747639053}, {"x": 1461.5704215941214, "y": 1973.681914658568}, {"x": 246.6771113168384, "y": 1973.681914658568}], "category": "List", "id": 13, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "7. Position the saccharometers on the large plastic tray, positioning them around a plastic\nweigh boat to catch any fermentation overflow that may occur.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 838.400242678484, "y": 2138.7119728803004}, {"x": 874.3937740746446, "y": 2138.7119728803004}, {"x": 874.3937740746446, "y": 2170.3426519860172}, {"x": 838.400242678484, "y": 2170.3426519860172}], "category": "Footer", "id": 14, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "59", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000118.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 214.05510515924797, "y": 107.90539886519235}, {"x": 695.2653211968228, "y": 107.90539886519235}, {"x": 695.2653211968228, "y": 153.9983314358413}, {"x": 214.05510515924797, "y": 153.9983314358413}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1377.4407232424264, "y": 111.59283347084428}, {"x": 1504.6572171374175, "y": 111.59283347084428}, {"x": 1504.6572171374175, "y": 153.9983314358413}, {"x": 1377.4407232424264, "y": 153.9983314358413}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 669.4532789572593, "y": 205.62241591496803}, {"x": 1025.2907184026687, "y": 205.62241591496803}, {"x": 1025.2907184026687, "y": 253.55906578844292}, {"x": 669.4532789572593, "y": 253.55906578844292}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Cellular Replication", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 105.2757842925165, "y": 271.9962388167025}, {"x": 1233.630773622002, "y": 271.9962388167025}, {"x": 1233.630773622002, "y": 970.76509658774}, {"x": 105.2757842925165, "y": 970.76509658774}], "category": "Figure", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 191.93049752533648, "y": 1015.0143118555628}, {"x": 842.762705422899, "y": 1015.0143118555628}, {"x": 842.762705422899, "y": 1064.7946790318638}, {"x": 191.93049752533648, "y": 1064.7946790318638}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Growth and the Creation of Life", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 212.21138785642196, "y": 1094.2941558770794}, {"x": 1111.9454316354884, "y": 1094.2941558770794}, {"x": 1111.9454316354884, "y": 1995.871916958972}, {"x": 212.21138785642196, "y": 1995.871916958972}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "One of the characteristics of living things is the ability\nto replicate and passon genetic information to the next\ngeneration. Cell division in individual bacteria and\narchaea usually occurs by binary fission. Mitochondria\nand chloroplasts also replicate by binary fission, which\nis evidence of the evolutionary relationship between\nthese organelles and prokaryotes.\nCell division in eukaryotes is more complex. It requires\nthe cell to manage acomplicated process of duplicating\nthe nucleus, other organelles, and multiple linear\nchromosomes. It is controlled in the cell cycle, which is\ndivided into three parts: interphase, mitosis, and\ncytokinesis. We spilt those further for ease of study.\nLet's start with interphase, which is broken into three\nstages. In the first growth phase (G1), the cell grows and\nprepares to duplicate its DNA. In the synthesis phase\n(S), the chromosomes are replicated. In the second\ngrowth phase (G2), the cell prepares to divide.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1308.8879617100802, "y": 298.3568250471894}, {"x": 1551.1615577012594, "y": 298.3568250471894}, {"x": 1551.1615577012594, "y": 546.7253542708513}, {"x": 1308.8879617100802, "y": 546.7253542708513}], "category": "Figure", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Growth\nM\nand\nand G2 G1 normal\npreparation metabolic\nfor maosis S\nrolea\nDNA\nreplication", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1272.318362315185, "y": 674.7189521529839}, {"x": 1534.400491311933, "y": 674.7189521529839}, {"x": 1534.400491311933, "y": 752.4293508671358}, {"x": 1272.318362315185, "y": 752.4293508671358}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Cellular Cycle\nand Replication", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1301.269295169477, "y": 819.4736164244432}, {"x": 1543.5428911606564, "y": 819.4736164244432}, {"x": 1543.5428911606564, "y": 1063.2709457237431}, {"x": 1301.269295169477, "y": 1063.2709457237431}], "category": "Figure", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1275.3658289314262, "y": 1134.8864112054123}, {"x": 1555.7327576256212, "y": 1134.8864112054123}, {"x": 1555.7327576256212, "y": 1308.592008331164}, {"x": 1275.3658289314262, "y": 1308.592008331164}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "A step by step\nguide to growing a\nhuman!", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1299.7455618613565, "y": 1349.732807650421}, {"x": 1548.1140910850183, "y": 1349.732807650421}, {"x": 1548.1140910850183, "y": 1588.9589370253589}, {"x": 1299.7455618613565, "y": 1588.9589370253589}], "category": "Figure", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1272.318362315185, "y": 1599.6250701822032}, {"x": 1474.9748922952283, "y": 1599.6250701822032}, {"x": 1474.9748922952283, "y": 1665.1456024313904}, {"x": 1272.318362315185, "y": 1665.1456024313904}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Mitosis and\nMeiosis", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1273.8420956233058, "y": 1692.5728019775618}, {"x": 1551.16155770126, "y": 1692.5728019775618}, {"x": 1551.16155770126, "y": 1825.1375997840555}, {"x": 1273.8420956233058, "y": 1825.1375997840555}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Similiar processes\nwith VERY different\nresults!", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 835.0069028845658, "y": 2137.5029279487844}, {"x": 874.6239688957019, "y": 2137.5029279487844}, {"x": 874.6239688957019, "y": 2172.548794035559}, {"x": 835.0069028845658, "y": 2172.548794035559}], "category": "Footer", "id": 13, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "66", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000119.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 189.1687657430732, "y": 99.74811083123426}, {"x": 685.1385390428211, "y": 99.74811083123426}, {"x": 685.1385390428211, "y": 149.6221662468514}, {"x": 189.1687657430732, "y": 149.6221662468514}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1352.8967254408062, "y": 105.28967254408062}, {"x": 1494.206549118388, "y": 105.28967254408062}, {"x": 1494.206549118388, "y": 149.6221662468514}, {"x": 1352.8967254408062, "y": 149.6221662468514}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 247.3551637279597, "y": 196.72544080604536}, {"x": 1100.7556675062972, "y": 196.72544080604536}, {"x": 1100.7556675062972, "y": 235.51637279596977}, {"x": 247.3551637279597, "y": 235.51637279596977}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "chromosome. Meiosis and mitosis are both nuclear divisions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 251.8475341923937, "y": 282.60507525449134}, {"x": 1373.899285967067, "y": 282.60507525449134}, {"x": 1373.899285967067, "y": 359.6290359514541}, {"x": 251.8475341923937, "y": 359.6290359514541}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "that result in new daughter cells. However, the two processes have significant\ndifferences. Fill out the following chart comparing the two forms of nuclear division.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 283.0734642046757, "y": 451.2250973208151}, {"x": 1699.999999999999, "y": 451.2250973208151}, {"x": 1699.999999999999, "y": 965.4120781897284}, {"x": 283.0734642046757, "y": 965.4120781897284}], "category": "Table", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "Mitosis (begins with a single cell)Meiosis (begins with a single cell)# chromosomes in parent cells# DNA replications# nuclear divisions# daughter cells producedpurpose", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 212.2946895101694, "y": 1046.599496221662}, {"x": 1475.9039906738549, "y": 1046.599496221662}, {"x": 1475.9039906738549, "y": 1215.219518287986}, {"x": 212.2946895101694, "y": 1215.219518287986}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "5. Using your beads, strings, and magnets recreate the process of meiosis. Ensuring you\nhave two different colored beads, demonstrate the process of crossing over. When you\nthink you have it down, flag your instructor over. Have them sign off on your handiwork.\nInstructor signature:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 216.4581468451405, "y": 1321.3876803297455}, {"x": 1482.149176676312, "y": 1321.3876803297455}, {"x": 1482.149176676312, "y": 1585.7672211004017}, {"x": 216.4581468451405, "y": 1585.7672211004017}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "6. By now hopefully you've noticed that these processes are denoted with \"2n\" and \"n\" in\nvarious places. This is a reference to the number of sets of chromosomes that cell has at\nany given moment. Autosomal human cells are 2n. Gametes are 1n. Mitosis begins with\none 2n cell and ends with two 2n cells. Meiosis begins with one 2n cell and ends with 4 1n\ncells. Sketch those two processes here to show every time the \"n\" classification changes.\n(Hint: draw every step, it'll make your life easier, evenif it takes a little bit longer!)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 829.846890394042, "y": 2034.167977506997}, {"x": 866.0394025110693, "y": 2034.167977506997}, {"x": 866.0394025110693, "y": 2061.312361594767}, {"x": 829.846890394042, "y": 2061.312361594767}], "category": "Footer", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "71", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000120.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 194.99552428336497, "y": 106.12444573974226}, {"x": 673.7931178050253, "y": 106.12444573974226}, {"x": 673.7931178050253, "y": 143.59556175448088}, {"x": 194.99552428336497, "y": 143.59556175448088}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1348.2732060703202, "y": 110.2879030747132}, {"x": 1475.2586547869344, "y": 110.2879030747132}, {"x": 1475.2586547869344, "y": 143.59556175448088}, {"x": 1348.2732060703202, "y": 143.59556175448088}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.99552428336472, "y": 203.96569311155977}, {"x": 1475.2586547869334, "y": 203.96569311155977}, {"x": 1475.2586547869334, "y": 316.3790411557756}, {"x": 194.99552428336472, "y": 316.3790411557756}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Sickle cell hemoglobin and normal hemoglobin differ in only a single amino acid out of more than 100\namino acids in the complete hemoglobin protein. This difference in a single amino acid results in the\ndifferent properties of sickle cell hemoglobin compared to normal hemoglobin.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.8320669483942, "y": 397.5664591877093}, {"x": 1475.2586547869334, "y": 397.5664591877093}, {"x": 1475.2586547869334, "y": 472.50869121718654}, {"x": 190.8320669483942, "y": 472.50869121718654}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Hemoglobin is carried inside red blood cells. Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the watery cytosol of red\nblood cells. Sickle cell hemoglobin is less soluble in the cytosol because:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 244.95701230301665, "y": 505.81634989695425}, {"x": 1339.9462914003782, "y": 505.81634989695425}, {"x": 1339.9462914003782, "y": 576.5951245914606}, {"x": 244.95701230301665, "y": 576.5951245914606}], "category": "List", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Valine (Val) is much less water-soluble than glutamic acid (Glu).\n\u00b7 Amino acid 6 is in a crucial location on the outer surface of the hemoglobin protein.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.99552428336472, "y": 574.5133959239752}, {"x": 1410.725066094885, "y": 574.5133959239752}, {"x": 1410.725066094885, "y": 659.8642712908796}, {"x": 194.99552428336472, "y": 659.8642712908796}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The chart on the next page shows how the lower solubility of sickle cell hemoglobin results in the\nsymptoms of sickle cell anemia.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 136.7071215937717, "y": 741.0516893228133}, {"x": 1560.6095301538396, "y": 741.0516893228133}, {"x": 1560.6095301538396, "y": 1819.3871390802913}, {"x": 136.7071215937717, "y": 1819.3871390802913}], "category": "Table", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "Genes in DNA\u2192Protein\u2192Characteristics2 copies of the allele that codes for normal hemoglobin (SS)\u2192Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the cytosol of red blood cells.\u2192Disk-shaped red blood cells can squeeze through the smallest blood vessels \u2192 normal health2 copies of the allele that codes for sickle cell hemoglobin (ss)\u2192Sickle cell hemoglobin can clump in long rods in red blood cells.\u2192If sickle cell hemoglobin clumps in long rods \u2192 sickle-shaped red blood cells \u2192 clogged small blood vessels + fragile red blood cells \u2192 pain, damage to body organs + anemia = sickle cell anemia", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 707.1007764847931, "y": 907.5899827216516}, {"x": 890.2928992235153, "y": 907.5899827216516}, {"x": 890.2928992235153, "y": 1113.681120802714}, {"x": 707.1007764847931, "y": 1113.681120802714}], "category": "Figure", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1252.513687365988, "y": 951.3062847388468}, {"x": 1416.9702520973417, "y": 951.3062847388468}, {"x": 1416.9702520973417, "y": 1119.9263068051705}, {"x": 1252.513687365988, "y": 1119.9263068051705}], "category": "Figure", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 682.1200324749674, "y": 1490.4740096175858}, {"x": 904.8649998959136, "y": 1490.4740096175858}, {"x": 904.8649998959136, "y": 1698.6468763661337}, {"x": 682.1200324749674, "y": 1698.6468763661337}], "category": "Figure", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1227.5329433561628, "y": 1598.7239003268307}, {"x": 1427.3788954347683, "y": 1598.7239003268307}, {"x": 1427.3788954347683, "y": 1794.4063950704658}, {"x": 1227.5329433561628, "y": 1794.4063950704658}], "category": "Figure", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.83206694839416, "y": 1877.675541769885}, {"x": 1196.3070133438807, "y": 1877.675541769885}, {"x": 1196.3070133438807, "y": 1913.064929117138}, {"x": 190.83206694839416, "y": 1913.064929117138}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "29a. Circle the arrows in the chart that represent transcription + translation.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 825.7593105314653, "y": 2029.641734496325}, {"x": 879.8842558860878, "y": 2029.641734496325}, {"x": 879.8842558860878, "y": 2065.031121843578}, {"x": 825.7593105314653, "y": 2065.031121843578}], "category": "Footer", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "115", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000121.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 194.8839528439337, "y": 104.02658945097376}, {"x": 674.8599449019306, "y": 104.02658945097376}, {"x": 674.8599449019306, "y": 146.69112207835127}, {"x": 194.8839528439337, "y": 146.69112207835127}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1354.4450003237298, "y": 105.5503227590944}, {"x": 1479.3911315896212, "y": 105.5503227590944}, {"x": 1479.3911315896212, "y": 145.16738877023062}, {"x": 1354.4450003237298, "y": 145.16738877023062}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.3602195358131, "y": 204.59298778693503}, {"x": 1299.5906012313872, "y": 204.59298778693503}, {"x": 1299.5906012313872, "y": 235.06765394934752}, {"x": 193.3602195358131, "y": 235.06765394934752}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "16. Place the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge and spin for 3 minutes.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.4076861520543, "y": 274.6847199604838}, {"x": 1435.202865654123, "y": 274.6847199604838}, {"x": 1435.202865654123, "y": 347.82391875027383}, {"x": 196.4076861520543, "y": 347.82391875027383}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "17. Carefully pour off the supernatant from both tubes. Do not disturb the nucleic acid pellets. Invert the\ntubes and tap them gently on the surface of a clean paper towel to drain them thoroughly.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.3602195358131, "y": 381.34605152892755}, {"x": 1497.6759312870686, "y": 381.34605152892755}, {"x": 1497.6759312870686, "y": 481.91244986488897}, {"x": 193.3602195358131, "y": 481.91244986488897}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "18. Briefly spin the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge to bring any remaining ethanol to\nthe bottom of the tube. Then use the micropipette to remove any remaining ethanol. Use a fresh tip for each\ntube. Be careful not to disturb the nucleic acid pellet.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.3602195358131, "y": 512.3871160273013}, {"x": 1421.489265881037, "y": 512.3871160273013}, {"x": 1421.489265881037, "y": 582.47884820085}, {"x": 193.3602195358131, "y": 582.47884820085}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "19. Allow the tubes to dry by leaving the tube caps open for 3-5 minutes. Inspect each tube carefully to\nensure that the tube interior is completely dry.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 327.4487506504281, "y": 620.5721809038657}, {"x": 1371.2060667130563, "y": 620.5721809038657}, {"x": 1371.2060667130563, "y": 655.6180469906401}, {"x": 327.4487506504281, "y": 655.6180469906401}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "***Congratulations, you have just completed the miniprep plasmid DNA extraction!!!***", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.3602195358131, "y": 693.7113796936557}, {"x": 1080.1730048620173, "y": 693.7113796936557}, {"x": 1080.1730048620173, "y": 727.2335124723095}, {"x": 193.3602195358131, "y": 727.2335124723095}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Restriction Enzyme Digest Prep (switch to the 1- 20-\ufffdL micropipette):", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 255.83328516875872, "y": 762.2793785590839}, {"x": 1490.0572647464653, "y": 762.2793785590839}, {"x": 1490.0572647464653, "y": 925.3188425279908}, {"x": 255.83328516875872, "y": 925.3188425279908}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "20. Use a micropipette to add 10 \ufffdL of tris-EDTA solution (TE) to each tube. Use a new tip for each tube.\nDissolve the pellets by pipetting in and out. Rinse the sides of the tube several times, concentrating on\nthe area where the nucleic acid pellet or particles were observed. Check that no particles remain in the\npipet tip or on the side of the tube. Use the entire contents of each tube in the restriction digest that\nfollows.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 191.8364862276925, "y": 966.459641847248}, {"x": 1252.3548686796478, "y": 966.459641847248}, {"x": 1252.3548686796478, "y": 1006.076707858384}, {"x": 191.8364862276925, "y": 1006.076707858384}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "II. Set Up the Restriction Digests of the \"Suspect\" and \"Evidence\" DNA", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.8839528439337, "y": 1039.598840637038}, {"x": 1502.2471312114303, "y": 1039.598840637038}, {"x": 1502.2471312114303, "y": 1361.10656865049}, {"x": 194.8839528439337, "y": 1361.10656865049}], "category": "Table", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "ReagentsSupplies and EquipmentAt each student station: Resuspended DNA or ethanol precipitates from Part 1* To be shared by all groups: \"Evidence A\" DNA* \"Evidence B\" DNA* Restriction Buffer-RNase A* BamHI-HindIII restriction enzyme mixture* Sterile distilled or deionized waterMicrocentrifuge tube rack 3 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes Micropipet, 1- 20 \ufffdL Micropipet tips Beaker or similar container for waste Beaker or similar container filled with ice Permanent marker Water bath at 37\u00b0C", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 191.8364862276925, "y": 1397.6761680453849}, {"x": 338.11488380727246, "y": 1397.6761680453849}, {"x": 338.11488380727246, "y": 1429.674567515918}, {"x": 191.8364862276925, "y": 1429.674567515918}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "*Store on ice", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.8839528439337, "y": 1466.244166910813}, {"x": 1240.1650022146828, "y": 1466.244166910813}, {"x": 1240.1650022146828, "y": 1501.290032997587}, {"x": 194.8839528439337, "y": 1501.290032997587}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "NOTE: Your instructor will assign you to use either \"Evidence A\" DNA or \"Evidence B\" DNA", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.8839528439337, "y": 1604.9038979497896}, {"x": 1487.0097981302242, "y": 1604.9038979497896}, {"x": 1487.0097981302242, "y": 1708.5177629019925}, {"x": 194.8839528439337, "y": 1708.5177629019925}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 13, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1. Label the three 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes in which you will perform the restriction digests: \"S1\" for\nSuspect 1, \"S2\" for Suspect 2, and either \"EA\" for Evidence A or \"EB\" for Evidence B. All three samples will be\ndigested by the restriction enzymes BamHI and HindIII.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.8839528439337, "y": 1738.9924290644046}, {"x": 1487.0097981302242, "y": 1738.9924290644046}, {"x": 1487.0097981302242, "y": 1844.1300273247275}, {"x": 194.8839528439337, "y": 1844.1300273247275}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 14, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "2. Use the table below (next page) as a checklist while adding reagents to each reaction. Read down each\ncolumn, adding the same reagent to all appropriate tubes. To avoid cross contamination, use a fresh pipet tip\neach time you add a reagent to a tube.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 822.6620757896313, "y": 2028.5017576073235}, {"x": 883.6114081144565, "y": 2028.5017576073235}, {"x": 883.6114081144565, "y": 2072.6900235428216}, {"x": 822.6620757896313, "y": 2072.6900235428216}], "category": "Footer", "id": 15, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "132", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000122.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 195.56772719080632, "y": 105.36067596871524}, {"x": 678.4328445352587, "y": 105.36067596871524}, {"x": 678.4328445352587, "y": 145.8694945378807}, {"x": 195.56772719080632, "y": 145.8694945378807}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1353.5018068785191, "y": 107.87666670068823}, {"x": 1480.2224309650376, "y": 107.87666670068823}, {"x": 1480.2224309650376, "y": 145.8694945378806}, {"x": 1353.5018068785191, "y": 145.8694945378806}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 566.3828044630725, "y": 219.10830561460023}, {"x": 1040.506625698613, "y": 219.10830561460023}, {"x": 1040.506625698613, "y": 250.7165603636362}, {"x": 566.3828044630725, "y": 250.7165603636362}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "For use with CarolinaBLUTM stain:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.9157168607423, "y": 264.9402750007025}, {"x": 1438.7706355364676, "y": 264.9402750007025}, {"x": 1438.7706355364676, "y": 524.127963942798}, {"x": 232.9157168607423, "y": 524.127963942798}], "category": "Table", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "TubeBamHI-Hindlll restriction enzyme mixtureRestriction Buffer-RNaseSuspect 1 DNASuspect 2 DNAEvidence A or BH2OS13 \ufffdL3 \ufffdL10 \ufffdL2 \ufffdLS23 \ufffdL3 \ufffdL10 \ufffdL2 \ufffdLEA or EB3 \ufffdL3 \ufffdL10 \ufffdL2 \ufffdL", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.56772719080632, "y": 587.34447344087}, {"x": 782.8993494939693, "y": 587.34447344087}, {"x": 782.8993494939693, "y": 620.533140927358}, {"x": 195.56772719080632, "y": 620.533140927358}], "category": "List", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "3. Mix reagents by pipetting gently up and down.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 198.14663663680264, "y": 656.8826338887494}, {"x": 844.5354462545896, "y": 656.8826338887494}, {"x": 844.5354462545896, "y": 688.4908886377855}, {"x": 198.14663663680264, "y": 688.4908886377855}], "category": "List", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "4. Incubate all of the reaction tubes for 1 hour at 37 \u00b0C.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.56772719080632, "y": 725.718388675539}, {"x": 1415.4156473052349, "y": 725.718388675539}, {"x": 1415.4156473052349, "y": 764.350700035472}, {"x": 195.56772719080632, "y": 764.350700035472}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "NOTE: Your instructor will freeze your completed restriction digests at -20 \u00b0C until the next lab period.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.5677271908063, "y": 805.7415883718858}, {"x": 606.1117701092859, "y": 805.7415883718858}, {"x": 606.1117701092859, "y": 839.3242646073056}, {"x": 195.5677271908063, "y": 839.3242646073056}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "III. Electrophorese Digests", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 199.5215114018808, "y": 877.7044660192139}, {"x": 308.6652091669954, "y": 877.7044660192139}, {"x": 308.6652091669954, "y": 907.6889983722676}, {"x": 199.5215114018808, "y": 907.6889983722676}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Reagents:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 245.12536771159344, "y": 946.320209793723}, {"x": 707.9191627369709, "y": 946.320209793723}, {"x": 707.9191627369709, "y": 1007.506889424482}, {"x": 245.12536771159344, "y": 1007.506889424482}], "category": "List", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Restriction digests from Part II, on ice\n\u00b7 10\u00d7 loading dye, 10 \ufffdL", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.56772719080627, "y": 1048.66883753972}, {"x": 464.2849292981303, "y": 1048.66883753972}, {"x": 464.2849292981303, "y": 1075.368479560415}, {"x": 195.56772719080627, "y": 1075.368479560415}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Supplies and Equipment", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 244.01288262739777, "y": 1116.5304276756528}, {"x": 1060.576934426982, "y": 1116.5304276756528}, {"x": 1060.576934426982, "y": 1176.6046222222162}, {"x": 244.01288262739777, "y": 1176.6046222222162}], "category": "List", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Gel electrophoresis chamber with agarose gel in gel tray, power supply\n\u00b7 1-20 \ufffdL Micropipette and pipet tips", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.35298385505996, "y": 1216.3394430072235}, {"x": 378.1428743836251, "y": 1216.3394430072235}, {"x": 378.1428743836251, "y": 1246.305371201045}, {"x": 193.35298385505996, "y": 1246.305371201045}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Load the Gel", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 198.14663663680264, "y": 1291.007630337919}, {"x": 1494.0191644448, "y": 1291.007630337919}, {"x": 1494.0191644448, "y": 1385.0365202465146}, {"x": 198.14663663680264, "y": 1385.0365202465146}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 13, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1. Use a micropipette to add 2 \ufffdL of 10\u00d7 loading dye to a reaction tube. Use the pipet tip and gently pipet up\nand down a couple of times to mix the 10\u00d7 loading dye with the digested DNA. Use a new pipet tip and repeat\nfor each digest.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.5677271908063, "y": 1422.0314933253069}, {"x": 1463.190020212474, "y": 1422.0314933253069}, {"x": 1463.190020212474, "y": 1491.3970678480414}, {"x": 195.5677271908063, "y": 1491.3970678480414}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 14, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "2. Use a micropipette to load the contents of each reaction tube (20 \ufffdL total) into a separate well in the gel.\nUse a fresh pipet tip for each reaction tube and write down the order in which the samples are loaded.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.5677271908063, "y": 1600.8405298728003}, {"x": 1247.386010586188, "y": 1600.8405298728003}, {"x": 1247.386010586188, "y": 1634.7525885283594}, {"x": 195.5677271908063, "y": 1634.7525885283594}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 15, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "NOTE: Be careful not to punch the tip of the pipet through the bottom or side of the well.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.35298385506005, "y": 1741.3790524678643}, {"x": 371.2644081319607, "y": 1741.3790524678643}, {"x": 371.2644081319607, "y": 1777.9178058492198}, {"x": 193.35298385506005, "y": 1777.9178058492198}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 16, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "While loading,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 345.8461449101485, "y": 1816.0452006819376}, {"x": 1502.3771215026068, "y": 1816.0452006819376}, {"x": 1502.3771215026068, "y": 1954.2570069505423}, {"x": 345.8461449101485, "y": 1954.2570069505423}], "category": "List", "id": 17, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 steady the pipet over the well using two hands. You may wish to place one or both elbows on\nthe lab bench to steady your hands.\n\u00b7 be careful to expel any air in the pipet tip end before loading the gel. If an air bubble forms a\ncap over the well, the sample will flow into the buffer around the edges of the well.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 824.6673648261394, "y": 2031.7600205729675}, {"x": 876.9451317053213, "y": 2031.7600205729675}, {"x": 876.9451317053213, "y": 2063.500093321042}, {"x": 824.6673648261394, "y": 2063.500093321042}], "category": "Footer", "id": 18, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "133", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000123.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 152.11594596352856, "y": 173.10292002151775}, {"x": 747.1715755698975, "y": 173.10292002151775}, {"x": 747.1715755698975, "y": 238.64527922453811}, {"x": 152.11594596352856, "y": 238.64527922453811}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The Data Journey", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.11594596352862, "y": 299.0132416483727}, {"x": 943.7986531789584, "y": 299.0132416483727}, {"x": 943.7986531789584, "y": 378.35399226255527}, {"x": 152.11594596352862, "y": 378.35399226255527}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "To get started, let's consider the data visualization1 in Figure 1.1\nbelow.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 174.53833200666702, "y": 408.5379734744725}, {"x": 774.7683583922219, "y": 408.5379734744725}, {"x": 774.7683583922219, "y": 741.42416626876}, {"x": 174.53833200666702, "y": 741.42416626876}], "category": "Chart", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Fruit Production in British Columbia\n140,000\n120,000\n(Total)\n100,000\nProduced\n80,000\n60,000\nFruit\n40,000\n20,000\n0\n2016 2017 2018 2019 2020\nYear\n\u25a0 Apples \u25a0 Blueberries \u25a0 Cranberries \u25a0 Grapes \u25a0 Strawberries", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 804.952339604139, "y": 398.1891799161008}, {"x": 941.2114547893656, "y": 398.1891799161008}, {"x": 941.2114547893656, "y": 687.093000087309}, {"x": 804.952339604139, "y": 687.093000087309}], "category": "Caption", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.1.\nProduction\nof apples,\nblueberries,\ncranberries,\ngraphs,\nand\nstrawberrie\ns in British\nColumbia,\n2016-2020.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.11594596352862, "y": 883.2056670561772}, {"x": 943.7986531789584, "y": 883.2056670561772}, {"x": 943.7986531789584, "y": 986.8720737469848}, {"x": 152.11594596352862, "y": 986.8720737469848}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The underlying raw data went through many stages before it\nwas presented to you in this data visualization. The information\nhad to be:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 174.5383320066669, "y": 1035.2623099730663}, {"x": 679.8895281993998, "y": 1035.2623099730663}, {"x": 679.8895281993998, "y": 1258.9748600202183}, {"x": 174.5383320066669, "y": 1258.9748600202183}], "category": "List", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Collected via surveys\n\u00b7 Inputted into a database\n\u00b7 Stored on secure servers\n\u00b7 Cleaned for accuracy and consistency\n\u00b7 Analyzed to understand the trends\n\u00b7 Presented as a bar graph", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 135.91696123611007, "y": 1373.7949897150384}, {"x": 935.8571141662478, "y": 1373.7949897150384}, {"x": 935.8571141662478, "y": 1540.377450413109}, {"x": 135.91696123611007, "y": 1540.377450413109}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate\nvalue of marketed fruits. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as\nis\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved January\n9th, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/3210036401-eng. Statistics\nCanada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.50014075336736, "y": 1589.2141500712996}, {"x": 398.98294962766823, "y": 1589.2141500712996}, {"x": 398.98294962766823, "y": 1614.6445767759487}, {"x": 155.50014075336736, "y": 1614.6445767759487}], "category": "Footer", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "4 | The Data Journey", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000124.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 300.9029680620897, "y": 195.59708417534424}, {"x": 705.4467162529809, "y": 195.59708417534424}, {"x": 705.4467162529809, "y": 636.2048099181366}, {"x": 300.9029680620897, "y": 636.2048099181366}], "category": "Chart", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Television Viewing in 2004\n3%\n5%\n22%\n29%\n3%\n3%\n1%\n7%\n11% 14%\n1%\n\u25cf News and affairs \u25cf\n\u25cf \u25cf\n\u25cf \u25cf Sports\n\u25cf and \u25cf Music \n\u25cf \u25cf\n\u25cf (VCR) \u25cf Other", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 804.2941294603074, "y": 158.82142130359085}, {"x": 944.0777586051672, "y": 158.82142130359085}, {"x": 944.0777586051672, "y": 581.4043001634847}, {"x": 804.2941294603074, "y": 581.4043001634847}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 2.9.\nA pie chart\ndisplaying\n12\ncategories\nof television\nviewing in\nOntario in\n2004\nprovides\ntoo much\nvisual\ninformation\n, making it\nhard to\nread.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.4672174429971, "y": 836.2935670363552}, {"x": 481.4194810450216, "y": 836.2935670363552}, {"x": 481.4194810450216, "y": 873.3687060242632}, {"x": 155.4672174429971, "y": 873.3687060242632}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "False Causation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.36103505517414, "y": 944.0439860241833}, {"x": 625.0059736123593, "y": 944.0439860241833}, {"x": 625.0059736123593, "y": 974.4559622427464}, {"x": 154.36103505517414, "y": 974.4559622427464}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Correlation does not imply causation.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.36103505517414, "y": 982.9330602575866}, {"x": 944.0777586051672, "y": 982.9330602575866}, {"x": 944.0777586051672, "y": 1168.016246886932}, {"x": 154.36103505517414, "y": 1168.016246886932}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "If you've ever taken a statistics or data analysis course, you\nhave almost certainly come across this common phrase. It\nmeans that, just because two trends seem to fluctuate\nalongside each other, it doesn't prove that one causes the other\nor that they are related in a meaningful way.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 181.2249462095808, "y": 1166.6854680483382}, {"x": 943.2025596057812, "y": 1166.6854680483382}, {"x": 943.2025596057812, "y": 1208.169087077211}, {"x": 181.2249462095808, "y": 1208.169087077211}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Review Figure 2.1023 below, which shows a line graph of the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 130.0689358103666, "y": 1306.1106728618824}, {"x": 931.6794168974956, "y": 1306.1106728618824}, {"x": 931.6794168974956, "y": 1541.568758690196}, {"x": 130.0689358103666, "y": 1541.568758690196}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "2. Statistics Canada. Table 37-10-0079-01 Registered apprenticeship\ntraining, registrations by major trade groups and sex. Data is\nreproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of\nStatistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/\n10.25318/3710007901-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence:\nhttps://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence\n3. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.82800227319552, "y": 1586.8210735270395}, {"x": 555.7327540167597, "y": 1586.8210735270395}, {"x": 555.7327540167597, "y": 1613.0178034922883}, {"x": 156.82800227319552, "y": 1613.0178034922883}], "category": "Footer", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "46 | Misleading Data Visualizations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000125.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 154.99248187570737, "y": 152.7373139440251}, {"x": 946.5002082400548, "y": 152.7373139440251}, {"x": 946.5002082400548, "y": 388.7211670553782}, {"x": 154.99248187570737, "y": 388.7211670553782}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "ways. Review Figure 2.168 below, which is a line graph of the\npercentage of Canadian VS. foreign television programmes\nwatched in New Brunswick from 2000 to 2004. Because of\nthe similar colours of the lines, it is difficult for the reader to\nunderstand which line graph corresponds to which colour\nfrom the legend.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 131.472496515772, "y": 1340.9341339825194}, {"x": 939.348259541548, "y": 1340.9341339825194}, {"x": 939.348259541548, "y": 1541.6190451254452}, {"x": 131.472496515772, "y": 1541.6190451254452}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "8. Statistics Canada. Table 22-10-0097-01 Television viewing time of all\ntelevision stations, by province, content and type of programme. Data\nis reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission\nof Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/\n10.25318/2210009701-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence:\nhttps://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.41868969085536, "y": 1588.2801427056315}, {"x": 554.4518698546116, "y": 1588.2801427056315}, {"x": 554.4518698546116, "y": 1612.90161498325}, {"x": 156.41868969085536, "y": 1612.90161498325}], "category": "Footer", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "54 | Misleading Data Visualizations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000126.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 177.7407527190111, "y": 187.46605977088717}, {"x": 751.6173175883337, "y": 187.46605977088717}, {"x": 751.6173175883337, "y": 617.9908775498068}, {"x": 177.7407527190111, "y": 617.9908775498068}], "category": "Chart", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Area Harvested for Mushrooms in Ontario\n35,000,000\nFeet)\n33,250,000\n(Square\nHarvested\n31,500,000\nArea\nTatal\n29,750,000\n28,000,000\n2016 2017 2018 2019\nYear", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 804.7411245213079, "y": 156.95212452435044}, {"x": 944.1911177203658, "y": 156.95212452435044}, {"x": 944.1911177203658, "y": 398.8551739512874}, {"x": 804.7411245213079, "y": 398.8551739512874}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.3-\nOntario\narea (in\nsquare feet)\nused to\nharvest\nmushroom\nS over the\nyears.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.68792914828978, "y": 763.399267040048}, {"x": 313.83983008385337, "y": 763.399267040048}, {"x": 313.83983008385337, "y": 801.0312436159447}, {"x": 154.68792914828978, "y": 801.0312436159447}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Closure", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.68792914828978, "y": 870.8072001837536}, {"x": 946.6903740296506, "y": 870.8072001837536}, {"x": 946.6903740296506, "y": 1095.1453012719437}, {"x": 154.68792914828978, "y": 1095.1453012719437}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Closure refers to our mind completing missing portions of a\ndesign. There must be enough parts available for the image\nto be \"filled in\"; if the image is too abstract, there are minimal\nreference points for the mind to complete it. See Figure 4.44\nfor an example of how our mind automatically imagine a line\nconnecting the 2 broken ones.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 129.89488352880397, "y": 1340.4361167293762}, {"x": 939.243650494734, "y": 1340.4361167293762}, {"x": 939.243650494734, "y": 1538.8265676616008}, {"x": 129.89488352880397, "y": 1538.8265676616008}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "4. Statistics Canada. Table 18-10-0002-01 Monthly average retail prices for\nfood and other selected products. Data is reproduced and distributed\non an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved\nFebruary 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/1810000201-eng.\nStatistics Canada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/\nreference/licence", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 675.5063625534749, "y": 1588.531196786876}, {"x": 943.844874404498, "y": 1588.531196786876}, {"x": 943.844874404498, "y": 1613.932172423259}, {"x": 675.5063625534749, "y": 1613.932172423259}], "category": "Footer", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Gestalt's Principles | 89", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000127.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 146.34553264488005, "y": 143.63778313975197}, {"x": 1553.0739846473198, "y": 143.63778313975197}, {"x": 1553.0739846473198, "y": 598.1878426041096}, {"x": 146.34553264488005, "y": 598.1878426041096}], "category": "Table", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "Year3-Year5-Year7-Year133.0%20.00%14.29%244.45%32.00%24.49%314.81%19.20%17.49%47.41%11.52%12.49%511.52%8.93%65.76%8.93%78.93%84.46%", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.34553264488005, "y": 641.2661162134768}, {"x": 1560.501273200659, "y": 641.2661162134768}, {"x": 1560.501273200659, "y": 761.5881907775714}, {"x": 146.34553264488005, "y": 761.5881907775714}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Suppose your business just purchased a $100,000 asset that has a 3-year useful life, and falls into\n3-year class of assets. Using the SL method, the depreciation expense each year for the next 3 years\nwould be:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.34553264488005, "y": 803.1810066762707}, {"x": 1553.0739846473198, "y": 803.1810066762707}, {"x": 1553.0739846473198, "y": 1049.7669866471313}, {"x": 146.34553264488005, "y": 1049.7669866471313}], "category": "Table", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "YearRecovery RateUnadjusted BasisDepreciation ExpenseAccumulated Depreciation1.1667$100,000$16,670$16,6702.3333$100,000$33,330$50,0003.3333$100,000$33,330$88,3304.1667$100,000$16,670$100,000", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.34553264487988, "y": 1098.78709109917}, {"x": 1560.5012732006587, "y": 1098.78709109917}, {"x": 1560.5012732006587, "y": 1219.1091656632643}, {"x": 146.34553264487988, "y": 1219.1091656632643}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Note that the book value or basis of the asset (acquisition cost - accumulated depreciation) would\nbe $0 after it has been fully depreciated at the end of 4 years. Because of the half-year convention, it\ntakes 4 years to depreciate the asset, even though it falls into the 3-year classification.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.34553264488005, "y": 1253.274693008625}, {"x": 1423.839163819218, "y": 1253.274693008625}, {"x": 1423.839163819218, "y": 1290.4111357753204}, {"x": 146.34553264488005, "y": 1290.4111357753204}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Depreciation expense for the same asset using the MACRS method would be calculated as:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.34553264488005, "y": 1327.5475785420165}, {"x": 1553.0739846473198, "y": 1327.5475785420165}, {"x": 1553.0739846473198, "y": 1574.133558512877}, {"x": 146.34553264488005, "y": 1574.133558512877}], "category": "Table", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "YearRecovery RateUnadjusted BasisDepreciation ExpenseAccumulated Depreciation1.3333$100,000$33,333$33,3332.4445$100,000$44,450$77,7803.1481$100,000$14,810$92,9504.741$100,000$7,410$100,000", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.34553264488014, "y": 1623.1536629649158}, {"x": 1560.501273200659, "y": 1623.1536629649158}, {"x": 1560.501273200659, "y": 1743.47573752901}, {"x": 146.34553264488014, "y": 1743.47573752901}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Note again that the depreciation expense using MACRS is higher in the early years and lower in later\nyears than with the SL method and that the book value after 4 years is again zero. Businesses often\nuse MACRS for tax purposes and SL for profit reporting. Can you think of any reasons why?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.34553264488014, "y": 1780.6121802957064}, {"x": 1560.501273200659, "y": 1780.6121802957064}, {"x": 1560.501273200659, "y": 1988.576259789203}, {"x": 146.34553264488014, "y": 1988.576259789203}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Some businesses that invest small amounts in capital assets are allowed to deduct up to $1,000,000\nof the cost of acquired depreciable property as a current expenditure instead of a capital expenditure.\nThis is known as direct expensing, and is available only to businesses that don't make large capital\npurchases each year. The allowable expensing amount is reduced by one dollar for each dollar of\ncapital investment expenditure over $2,500,000 during the year. Other restrictions also apply.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.56758095587915, "y": 2089.9252417866683}, {"x": 534.1108703854106, "y": 2089.9252417866683}, {"x": 534.1108703854106, "y": 2117.3191070882403}, {"x": 148.56758095587915, "y": 2117.3191070882403}], "category": "Footer", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "42 | Ch. 3. The Federal Tax System", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000128.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 147.35718013770065, "y": 147.6555566038371}, {"x": 1370.88754885236, "y": 147.6555566038371}, {"x": 1370.88754885236, "y": 1014.7517847251733}, {"x": 147.35718013770065, "y": 1014.7517847251733}], "category": "Table", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "ABCDE1timeobservedForecast(observed)Lower Confidence Bound(observed)Upper Confidence Bound(observed)201331124213.55315641675188617.59717.917.9017.9017.9010819.7321445817.9921.4711921.5996299819.8123.39121021.6264585719.7823.47131122.8599311620.9624.76141224.7274165622.7826.68151324.7542451522.7526.75", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 547.6206401177105, "y": 1142.8554611136287}, {"x": 1149.8944232768386, "y": 1142.8554611136287}, {"x": 1149.8944232768386, "y": 1223.7892853775952}, {"x": 547.6206401177105, "y": 1223.7892853775952}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 13.3. Graph of Projection Estimates\nOpen Template in Microsoft Excel", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.7083339194333, "y": 1349.1799800915858}, {"x": 1392.354721008542, "y": 1349.1799800915858}, {"x": 1392.354721008542, "y": 1749.8512312461748}, {"x": 155.7083339194333, "y": 1749.8512312461748}], "category": "Chart", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "30\n25\n20\n15\n10\nobserved\n5\nForecast(observed)\nLower Confidence Bound(observed)\n0\n0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.35718013770065, "y": 1841.64588321348}, {"x": 1554.917796795521, "y": 1841.64588321348}, {"x": 1554.917796795521, "y": 2001.66629002135}, {"x": 147.35718013770065, "y": 2001.66629002135}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Having obtained price forecasts, our next step would be to re-estimate CR for GCS based on the\nforecasted prices. In addition, we may use the confidence interval forecasts to find a most optimistic\nforecast using the upper confidence interval forecasts and a pessimistic forecast using the lower\nbound forecasts.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.35718013770068, "y": 2090.6163293258305}, {"x": 663.5538746478951, "y": 2090.6163293258305}, {"x": 663.5538746478951, "y": 2116.550107080537}, {"x": 147.35718013770068, "y": 2116.550107080537}], "category": "Footer", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "298 | Ch. 13. Homogeneous Investment Types", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000129.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 150.81300780112628, "y": 212.92397594285416}, {"x": 226.44590189974247, "y": 212.92397594285416}, {"x": 226.44590189974247, "y": 245.20630878982445}, {"x": 150.81300780112628, "y": 245.20630878982445}], "category": "Caption", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(15.19)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 246.73765397498096, "y": 146.5146055148009}, {"x": 599.0762581904858, "y": 146.5146055148009}, {"x": 599.0762581904858, "y": 239.6721945874867}, {"x": 246.73765397498096, "y": 239.6721945874867}], "category": "Equation", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\\sigma_y^2=\\left(\\frac{1}{4}\\right)\\left(\\sigma_{x_1}^2+\\sigma_{x_2}^2\\right)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.12359833290105, "y": 306.08156501554004}, {"x": 1554.1291867619411, "y": 306.08156501554004}, {"x": 1554.1291867619411, "y": 509.92143813498126}, {"x": 147.12359833290105, "y": 509.92143813498126}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "n the case that the distributions were identically distributed with expected value and variance of \ufffdx\nand \ufffd2x, each partner would face the same expected value as before, \ufffdx. But, the variance of their\nindividual earnings would be (\ufffd2x + \ufffd2x)/4 = \ufffd2x/2, half of what it was before without combining\ntheir businesses. Furthermore, the standard deviation of the earnings each partner would face would\nbe:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.8130078011263, "y": 615.3298656068915}, {"x": 235.1352250688708, "y": 615.3298656068915}, {"x": 235.1352250688708, "y": 647.6121984538618}, {"x": 150.8130078011263, "y": 647.6121984538618}], "category": "Caption", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(15.20)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 257.659398794547, "y": 540.1915170950197}, {"x": 446.535859210757, "y": 540.1915170950197}, {"x": 446.535859210757, "y": 644.1760299112866}, {"x": 257.659398794547, "y": 644.1760299112866}], "category": "Equation", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\\sqrt{\\frac{\\sigma_x^2}{2}}=\\frac{\\sigma_x}{\\sqrt{}2}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.12359833290105, "y": 712.5568112982838}, {"x": 1554.1291867619411, "y": 712.5568112982838}, {"x": 1554.1291867619411, "y": 799.6133839728924}, {"x": 147.12359833290105, "y": 799.6133839728924}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "And if n partners joined together, then they would each face the same expected value as before, but\nthe variance each partner would receive is \ufffdx/\u221an. We now illustrate these important results.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.12359833290105, "y": 828.6925959504964}, {"x": 1554.1291867619411, "y": 828.6925959504964}, {"x": 1554.1291867619411, "y": 990.0220541584966}, {"x": 147.12359833290105, "y": 990.0220541584966}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Assume that business one's earnings are determined by outcomes associated with the toss of a fair\ncoin. If the outcome of the coin toss is tails, the firm pays (loses) $5,000. If the toss is a heads, the\nfirm wins $8,000. Thus, the firm wins either $8,000 or loses $5,000 and earns on average (.5) (-5,000) +\n(.5) (8,000) = $1500.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.12359833290097, "y": 1027.2037627397433}, {"x": 814.5431940377657, "y": 1027.2037627397433}, {"x": 814.5431940377657, "y": 1062.9445235912813}, {"x": 147.12359833290097, "y": 1062.9445235912813}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The standard deviation of this risky outcomes is:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.8130078011263, "y": 1135.4282020793764}, {"x": 225.02695425663313, "y": 1135.4282020793764}, {"x": 225.02695425663313, "y": 1167.7105349263468}, {"x": 150.8130078011263, "y": 1167.7105349263468}], "category": "Caption", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(15.21)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 250.1103432080629, "y": 1090.316109565557}, {"x": 1247.674636242312, "y": 1090.316109565557}, {"x": 1247.674636242312, "y": 1161.6173724980831}, {"x": 250.1103432080629, "y": 1161.6173724980831}], "category": "Equation", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\\sqrt{(.5)(-\\$5,000-\\$1,500)^2+(.5)(\\$8,000-\\$1,500)^2}=\\$6,500", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.12359833290105, "y": 1219.7723716252412}, {"x": 1554.1291867619411, "y": 1219.7723716252412}, {"x": 1554.1291867619411, "y": 1336.8625769730395}, {"x": 147.12359833290105, "y": 1336.8625769730395}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Furthermore, assuming a normal distribution, 68% of the time, the average outcome will be between\nthe mean and plus or minus one standard deviation: ($1,500 + $6,500) = $8,000 and\n($1,500 - $6,500) = -$5,000.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.123598332901, "y": 1376.9361180341914}, {"x": 1554.1291867619411, "y": 1376.9361180341914}, {"x": 1554.1291867619411, "y": 1624.8807435838366}, {"x": 147.123598332901, "y": 1624.8807435838366}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Now suppose that two persons decide to combine their operations and share the average of the\noutcomes. Then the possible outcomes of two coin tosses are two heads (H, H) which earns on\naverage $16,000 / 2 = $8,000 and occurs with a probability of .25; two tails (T, T) which earns on average\n-$10,000 / 2 = -$5,000 and occurs with a probability of .25, and one head and one tail (H, T) or one tail\nand one head (T, H) which both earn on average $3,000 / 2 = $1,500 and each occurs with a probability\nof .25. The expected value for each of the two players can now can be expressed as:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.81300780112625, "y": 1668.6871009050294}, {"x": 231.02123346026093, "y": 1668.6871009050294}, {"x": 231.02123346026093, "y": 1700.9694337519998}, {"x": 150.81300780112625, "y": 1700.9694337519998}], "category": "Caption", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(15.22)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 254.80009607827017, "y": 1651.6592297922182}, {"x": 1429.1296633588256, "y": 1651.6592297922182}, {"x": 1429.1296633588256, "y": 1696.80796953178}, {"x": 254.80009607827017, "y": 1696.80796953178}], "category": "Equation", "id": 13, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(.25)(\\$8,000)+(.25)(-\\$5,000)+(.25)(\\$1,500)+(.25)(\\$1,500)=\\$1,500", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.12359833290105, "y": 1736.8350541741909}, {"x": 1554.1291867619411, "y": 1736.8350541741909}, {"x": 1554.1291867619411, "y": 1813.8397080580808}, {"x": 147.12359833290105, "y": 1813.8397080580808}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 14, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The two players now receive on average the same as before, $1,500, but consider the standard\ndeviation of the average outcome:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.16052316430722, "y": 2091.2063568910953}, {"x": 625.7842316519523, "y": 2091.2063568910953}, {"x": 625.7842316519523, "y": 2115.2525653144608}, {"x": 148.16052316430722, "y": 2115.2525653144608}], "category": "Footer", "id": 15, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "340 | Ch. 15. Homogeneous Risk Measures", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000130.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 166.26501710981245, "y": 152.78293199361374}, {"x": 1532.64058072411, "y": 152.78293199361374}, {"x": 1532.64058072411, "y": 234.43140823017112}, {"x": 166.26501710981245, "y": 234.43140823017112}], "category": "Caption", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 15.6. Observations of Returns on the Firm's Portfolio of Investments rtp and on a Potential\nNew Investment (a Challenger).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.93238363383568, "y": 361.4731257615593}, {"x": 1400.0385176903233, "y": 361.4731257615593}, {"x": 1400.0385176903233, "y": 682.660491484626}, {"x": 146.93238363383568, "y": 682.660491484626}], "category": "Table", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "Time tObserved returns on the firm's portfolio over time rtpObserved returns on a potential new investment for the firm's rtj201210%7%20136%8%20147%5%20153%2%20165%3%", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.93238363383568, "y": 736.7927632033217}, {"x": 1552.2722406035523, "y": 736.7927632033217}, {"x": 1552.2722406035523, "y": 811.9914755314082}, {"x": 146.93238363383568, "y": 811.9914755314082}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Another way to represent the two rates of return measures and their relationship to each other is to\nrepresent them in a two dimensional scatter graph.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.93238363383568, "y": 850.8689112659124}, {"x": 1552.2722406035523, "y": 850.8689112659124}, {"x": 1552.2722406035523, "y": 968.9075426508524}, {"x": 146.93238363383568, "y": 968.9075426508524}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "We may visually observe how the two sets of rates of return move together by drawing a line through\nthe points on the graph in such a way as to minimize the squared distance from the point to the line.\nOur scatter graph is identified as Figure 15.3.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.93238363383566, "y": 1104.9432958170098}, {"x": 1552.2722406035518, "y": 1104.9432958170098}, {"x": 1552.2722406035518, "y": 1179.2253424887012}, {"x": 146.93238363383566, "y": 1179.2253424887012}], "category": "Caption", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 15.3. Scatter Graph of Returns on the Firm's Portfolio of Investments and Returns on the\nPotential New Investment", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.93238363383563, "y": 1330.337165109616}, {"x": 1193.5341269276446, "y": 1330.337165109616}, {"x": 1193.5341269276446, "y": 1790.6170778251458}, {"x": 146.93238363383563, "y": 1790.6170778251458}], "category": "Chart", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "potential\n10%\n8%\ninvestment\non\nreturns 6%\n4%\nnew\nObserved 2%\n0%\n0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%\nObserved returns on firm's portfolio of investments", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.93238363383568, "y": 1834.5246948049044}, {"x": 1552.2722406035523, "y": 1834.5246948049044}, {"x": 1552.2722406035523, "y": 1909.723407132991}, {"x": 146.93238363383568, "y": 1909.723407132991}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The relationship between the returns on the new investment and the firm's portfolio can be\nexpressed as:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.6830365334727, "y": 1962.222682710292}, {"x": 233.2197354168866, "y": 1962.222682710292}, {"x": 233.2197354168866, "y": 1993.465387937347}, {"x": 150.6830365334727, "y": 1993.465387937347}], "category": "Caption", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(15.42)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 255.32013905114633, "y": 1938.7578688857784}, {"x": 530.2521690094692, "y": 1938.7578688857784}, {"x": 530.2521690094692, "y": 1990.1582049214649}, {"x": 255.32013905114633, "y": 1990.1582049214649}], "category": "Equation", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "r_t^j=a+\\betar_t^j+\\epsilon_t", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1075.108834443712, "y": 2091.8665708332383}, {"x": 1551.3730168728898, "y": 2091.8665708332383}, {"x": 1551.3730168728898, "y": 2115.805775770155}, {"x": 1075.108834443712, "y": 2115.805775770155}], "category": "Footer", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Ch. 15. Homogeneous Risk Measures | 349", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000131.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 152.82903753232793, "y": 153.1131485810174}, {"x": 1404.1009132949573, "y": 153.1131485810174}, {"x": 1404.1009132949573, "y": 753.1810362235981}, {"x": 152.82903753232793, "y": 753.1810362235981}], "category": "Chart", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "20\n15\n10\n5\n0\n-5\n-10\n-15\n2004\n2005\n2008\n2002\n2006\n2003\n2007\n2010\n2009\n2000\n2001", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 484.9177503912739, "y": 899.9378889239968}, {"x": 1214.9408452522528, "y": 899.9378889239968}, {"x": 1214.9408452522528, "y": 935.5487716001423}, {"x": 484.9177503912739, "y": 935.5487716001423}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 17.2. Year-to-year changes in housing prices.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.452218907796, "y": 1066.1232374429303}, {"x": 1399.7240946704253, "y": 1066.1232374429303}, {"x": 1399.7240946704253, "y": 1656.184361498401}, {"x": 148.452218907796, "y": 1656.184361498401}], "category": "Chart", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "30.0%\n25.0%\n20.0%\nChange 15.0%\n10.0%\n5.0%\n%\nAnnual\n0.0%\n-5.0%\n-10.0%\n04\n94\n06\n96\n98\n93\n02\n09\n05\n08\n97\n00\n01\n-15.0% 92\nSep\nMay\nMay\nMay\nJan\nJan\nSep\nMay\nJan\nMay\nSep\nJan\nSep\n-20.0% Jan", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 142.02119717808284, "y": 1703.378156131423}, {"x": 1556.578011315742, "y": 1703.378156131423}, {"x": 1556.578011315742, "y": 2040.1283500123209}, {"x": 142.02119717808284, "y": 2040.1283500123209}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Inflationary, nominal, and real interest rates. To understand price volatility of durables, it is necessary\nto describe inflationary, nominal, and real interest rates. Recall from your earlier training that the\ninflation rate i is equal to the rate of change in average prices, changes often linked to monetary or\nfiscal policies of governments. The nominal interest rate r depends on the rate of inflation and a real\ncomponent that is dependent on factors other than the rate of inflation such as changing market\nconditions or changes in productivity. To describe the effects of inflation on the nominal interest, let\none plus the nominal interest rate r equal one plus the real rate r* times one plus the inflation rate i so\nthat:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1208.1182664030669, "y": 2090.918070294487}, {"x": 1550.5492433376207, "y": 2090.918070294487}, {"x": 1550.5492433376207, "y": 2116.3531084711935}, {"x": 1208.1182664030669, "y": 2116.3531084711935}], "category": "Footer", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Ch. 17. Land Investments | 385", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000132.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 155.0529403457508, "y": 155.51174247295222}, {"x": 636.5731102973903, "y": 155.51174247295222}, {"x": 636.5731102973903, "y": 389.5256446430798}, {"x": 155.0529403457508, "y": 389.5256446430798}], "category": "Table", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "Fish species on IUCN Red ListPotosi PupfishCyprinodon alvareziLa Palma PupfishCyprinodon longidorsalisButterfly SplitfinAmeca splendensGolden SkiffiaSkiffia francesae", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.7246445388025, "y": 431.02769358126295}, {"x": 1013.8759380420324, "y": 431.02769358126295}, {"x": 1013.8759380420324, "y": 459.5101546501077}, {"x": 153.7246445388025, "y": 459.5101546501077}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 6.1: Four fish species on IUCN Red List \"Extinct in the Wild\" held in public aquariums.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.0529403457508, "y": 555.7682884916771}, {"x": 651.2245284995779, "y": 555.7682884916771}, {"x": 651.2245284995779, "y": 1057.149981156516}, {"x": 155.0529403457508, "y": 1057.149981156516}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Public aquariums, because of their in-\nhouse expertise, can act quickly to collect\nand breed rare fish. Actions to prevent the\nextinction of the Barrens Topminnow\ninclude monitoring populations and\npropagating and stocking juveniles into\nexisting or newly created spring habitats.\nThe Tennessee Aquarium assisted with\npropagations and developed a program\ncalled \"Keeper Kids,\" where students on\nspring break help feed the Barrens\nTopminnows in a behind-the-scenes\nexperience.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 669.7375967854597, "y": 536.8394837262744}, {"x": 1443.8910454004745, "y": 536.8394837262744}, {"x": 1443.8910454004745, "y": 977.0569219775136}, {"x": 669.7375967854597, "y": 977.0569219775136}], "category": "Figure", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 670.4290420874839, "y": 988.822049434115}, {"x": 1377.662568743564, "y": 988.822049434115}, {"x": 1377.662568743564, "y": 1040.894794530783}, {"x": 670.4290420874839, "y": 1040.894794530783}], "category": "Caption", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 6.3: Photo of the critically endangered Butterfly Splitfin (Ameca\nspendens).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.0529403457508, "y": 1084.9520524004938}, {"x": 1447.3908030094397, "y": 1084.9520524004938}, {"x": 1447.3908030094397, "y": 1393.5177602358754}, {"x": 155.0529403457508, "y": 1393.5177602358754}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The breeding colonies of the Butterfly Splitfin (Figure 6.3) at the London Zoo and elsewhere serve as ark\npopulations essential to the survival of this species. Butterfly Splitfins are endemic to the Rio Ameca in\nwestern Mexico and almost extinct in the wild. Actions such as nonnative fish removal, stream restoration, and\nsanctuary designation may take decades before eventual introduction and survival in the wild. The Tennessee\nAquarium is part of a large partnership to guide hatchery augmentation and recovery of the rarest darter in\nNorth America (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2019). The Conasauga Logperch (Percina jenkinsi), a federally\nendangered darter (Percidae), is found only in a 30-mile (48 km) stretch of the Conasauga River in Georgia and\nTennessee (Moyer et al. 2015).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.60896625488877, "y": 1403.1544759925516}, {"x": 912.021446987822, "y": 1403.1544759925516}, {"x": 912.021446987822, "y": 1672.0410197380531}, {"x": 157.60896625488877, "y": 1672.0410197380531}], "category": "Figure", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "THE LAKE STURGEON.\nAcipenser rubicundus, Le S: (p.\nDrawing by H. L from No. National Museum by J. W.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.05294034575078, "y": 1680.0375877812812}, {"x": 644.0210196222475, "y": 1680.0375877812812}, {"x": 644.0210196222475, "y": 1709.724266592887}, {"x": 155.05294034575078, "y": 1709.724266592887}], "category": "Caption", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 6.4: Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 925.5545790136174, "y": 1424.3854083179442}, {"x": 1445.93473371417, "y": 1424.3854083179442}, {"x": 1445.93473371417, "y": 1769.1202631581634}, {"x": 925.5545790136174, "y": 1769.1202631581634}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The Banggai Cardinalfish (Pterapogon\nkauderni), a small, endangered tropical\ncardinalfish in the family Apogonidae, is\nnow bred and displayed in numerous public\naquariums after overharvest in the wild\ndrove wild populations to near extinction.\nConsequently, most Banggai Cardinalfish\nsold to hobbyists in the United States and\nEuropean Union today are captive bred.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.72464453880224, "y": 1869.0958418662783}, {"x": 977.547205955652, "y": 1869.0958418662783}, {"x": 977.547205955652, "y": 1898.7825206778843}, {"x": 153.72464453880224, "y": 1898.7825206778843}], "category": "Footer", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "132 | Public Aquariums and Their Role in Education, Science, and Conservation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000133.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 152.76673379241174, "y": 166.55884228882854}, {"x": 740.0156110777507, "y": 166.55884228882854}, {"x": 740.0156110777507, "y": 213.20196518571353}, {"x": 152.76673379241174, "y": 213.20196518571353}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "7.6 Examples of Women's Impact", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.76673379241174, "y": 282.4245941835036}, {"x": 1445.4686445102116, "y": 282.4245941835036}, {"x": 1445.4686445102116, "y": 625.8298422974278}, {"x": 152.76673379241174, "y": 625.8298422974278}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Sportfishing. Among those who fish for sport, only 27% of U.S. anglers are female (Burkett and Carter 2020).\nUnderrepresentation of females in sportfishing is ironic, as the first publication on fly-fishing, dating from the\n15th century, was written by Dame Juliana Berners, entitled Treatyse of Fysshynge with an Angle, a publication\nthat heavily influenced novelty of the sport for European enthusiasts. Though sometimes invisible, women are\nslowly changing the world of sportfishing by breaking stereotypes. Future growth of sportfishing will rely on\nfemale anglers, instructors, and guides. Here I share a few examples on women making a substantial impact\nthrough their passion toward fishing. These examples demonstrate women who loved and valued what they\ndid. If the paucity of female role models discourages females from seeing the relevance of fishing to them, these\nexamples should inspire.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.76673379241174, "y": 656.300126169773}, {"x": 922.9555625468234, "y": 656.300126169773}, {"x": 922.9555625468234, "y": 1500.36167688168}, {"x": 152.76673379241174, "y": 1500.36167688168}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Frederick Buller (2013) chronicled the very long list of large\nAtlantic Salmon caught by female anglers, which are\noutnumbered 200 to 1 by male salmon anglers. Georgina\nBallantine holds the British record for a 64-pound rod-caught\nAtlantic Salmon from River Tay, Scotland, in 1922 (Figure 7.5). Joan\nWulff was introduced to fly-fishing by her father when she was\nten and won several fly-fishing accuracy championships before\nwinning the 1951 Fishermen's Distance competition against all-\nmale competitors. She became the first female spokesperson for\nGarcia Corporation in 1959 and advocated for women anglers in\nher writings for Outdoor Life and Rod & Reel. Today, females make\nup 30% of participants in the sport of fly-fishing (Recreational\nFishing and Boating Foundation 2021). Joan Wulff participated in\nmany distance casting events and did trick casting. She snapped a\ncigarette from the mouth of Johnny Carson on the TV show \"Who\nDo You Trust?\" (Fogt 2017). Starting in 1978, Wulff opened a fly-\ncasting school on the Upper Beaverkill River in New York. Her Fly-\nCasting Techniques, published in 1987, and New Fly-Casting\nTechniques, published in 2012, are classic guides to learning her\ntechniques. When asked about her favorite fish, she would\nrespond, \"Whatever I'm fishing for,\" and her favorite place to fish\nwas \"Wherever I am.\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 940.4725079130294, "y": 636.4531524760737}, {"x": 1443.8018085588465, "y": 636.4531524760737}, {"x": 1443.8018085588465, "y": 1325.92340925081}, {"x": 940.4725079130294, "y": 1325.92340925081}], "category": "Figure", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 941.3119660807182, "y": 1336.3614421424295}, {"x": 1425.9329747066763, "y": 1336.3614421424295}, {"x": 1425.9329747066763, "y": 1417.2468315992587}, {"x": 941.3119660807182, "y": 1417.2468315992587}], "category": "Caption", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 7.5: Georgina Ballantine holds the British\nrecord for a 64-pound rod-caught salmon from\nRiver Tay, Scotland in 1922.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.76673379241174, "y": 1539.7894631574836}, {"x": 1445.4686445102116, "y": 1539.7894631574836}, {"x": 1445.4686445102116, "y": 1803.7195251761063}, {"x": 152.76673379241174, "y": 1803.7195251761063}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Most avid bass anglers can identify Roland Martin, Bill Dance, and Jimmy Houston, who dominated competitive\nbass fishing in the first decade of Bass Anglers Sportsman Society (B.A.S.S.) and have had TV fishing shows for\ndecades. Kim Bain-Moore began competing in bass tournaments at age 19 and in 2009 became the first woman\nto compete in the Bassmaster Classic tournament. Only three females have been inducted into the Bass Fishing\nHall of Fame. The first was Christine Houston, who organized the first-ever all women's bass club, the \"Tulsa\nBass Belles.\" But female participation in competitive bass fishing never took off as expected. Fewer that one in\nfive readers of Field & Stream, Outdoor Life, and Bassmaster magazines are female (Carini and Weber 2017).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1179.999749077822, "y": 1870.3322857716264}, {"x": 1443.8018085588465, "y": 1870.3322857716264}, {"x": 1443.8018085588465, "y": 1896.8011483072637}, {"x": 1179.999749077822, "y": 1896.8011483072637}], "category": "Footer", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Gender and Fishing | 155", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000134.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 151.366698202788, "y": 164.4333834777671}, {"x": 1444.6846395133423, "y": 164.4333834777671}, {"x": 1444.6846395133423, "y": 350.47345967395586}, {"x": 151.366698202788, "y": 350.47345967395586}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "What's unique about the growth of Alligator Gars is their fast growth in the first years of life followed by slower\ngrowth (Figure 8.6; Figure 8.7). Juvenile Alligator Gars quickly transition to fish-eating habits (Butler et al. 2018).\nA fish diet means the juveniles grow at 4-5 mm per day in the first three months of life, so that by the end of the\nfirst growing season they may reach 1.5 to 2 feet in length (~40-70 cm) and 8-10 pounds in weight (Sakaris et al.\n2019). Despite their fast growth, young Alligator Gars are preyed upon by many larger fish.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 337.6714581737133, "y": 397.7518873626332}, {"x": 1259.2844134719596, "y": 397.7518873626332}, {"x": 1259.2844134719596, "y": 946.2985611450816}, {"x": 337.6714581737133, "y": 946.2985611450816}], "category": "Chart", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "in cm Length of Gar Fish by Age\n120 300\n100 250\n80 200\nin)\nLength\nand\n60 150\n(cm\n40 100\n20 50\n0 0\n0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90\nAge (years)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 314.52788016792954, "y": 974.5198622552682}, {"x": 1276.8472767847725, "y": 974.5198622552682}, {"x": 1276.8472767847725, "y": 1029.1547536266432}, {"x": 314.52788016792954, "y": 1029.1547536266432}], "category": "Caption", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 8.6: Growth in length of Alligator Gar in Texas. Figure 8.7: Growth in weight of Alligator\nGar in Texas. Long description.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 357.29785027866365, "y": 1170.3590830851333}, {"x": 1249.873019386208, "y": 1170.3590830851333}, {"x": 1249.873019386208, "y": 1691.2839942529915}, {"x": 357.29785027866365, "y": 1691.2839942529915}], "category": "Chart", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Ibs kg Weight of Gar Fish by Age\n140\n300\n120\n250\n100 Texas rod & reel\n200 record alligator gar\n(279 lbs)\nlbs)\n80\nWeight\nand\n150\n60\n(kg\n100\n40\n50 20\n0\n0\n0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90\nAge (years)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 334.1071803921708, "y": 1717.026845798585}, {"x": 880.0501604419508, "y": 1717.026845798585}, {"x": 880.0501604419508, "y": 1743.5921679143798}, {"x": 334.1071803921708, "y": 1743.5921679143798}], "category": "Caption", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 8.7: Growth in weight of Alligator Gar in Texas.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 857.0328542088862, "y": 1870.0843597809103}, {"x": 1444.015754611544, "y": 1870.0843597809103}, {"x": 1444.015754611544, "y": 1896.7923785049952}, {"x": 857.0328542088862, "y": 1896.7923785049952}], "category": "Footer", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Angling and Conservation of Living Fishy Dinosaurs | 171", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000135.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 154.49489023288652, "y": 163.6512165856659}, {"x": 1445.2251014441945, "y": 163.6512165856659}, {"x": 1445.2251014441945, "y": 469.04208531800543}, {"x": 154.49489023288652, "y": 469.04208531800543}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Fly fishers targeting trout had an important influence in developing and sustaining conservation programs,\nalthough they were sometimes criticized for exclusive or single-interest advocacy. Here I review the history\nof trout fishing and fly-fishing with special focus on the Rocky Mountain West, where fly fishers first exerted\ntheir influence on conservation ethics and sportfishing policy. Although many individuals and organizations\nplayed roles, I concentrate on only two: Fly Fishers International (FFI) and Trout Unlimited (TU). These two\norganizations had similar interests in conservation, but important differences prevented them from working\ntogether on a unified goal of conservation. The legacy of fly-fishing demonstrates the importance of passion,\npersistence, and partnerships in fish conservation.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.49489023288652, "y": 498.8621682192568}, {"x": 1445.2251014441945, "y": 498.8621682192568}, {"x": 1445.2251014441945, "y": 843.9131776857542}, {"x": 154.49489023288652, "y": 843.9131776857542}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Trout and salmon are the only sport fish native to the Western states, and fly-fishing here became more than\na leisure activity. Norman Maclean's novel, A River Runs through It (1976), begins, \"In our family there was no\n\nclear line between religion and fly fishing.\" Later Maclean writes that \"Something within fishermen tries to\nmake fishing into a world perfect and apart.\" The iconography of Western fly-fishing that Maclean and others\nwrote about was created by anglers, fisheries managers, tourists, guides, businesses, and region promoters. The\nhistory of Rocky Mountain fly-fishing parallels the history of the expansion of our Western frontier as well as\nfisheries management (Brown 2015). Although Henry David Thoreau (1862) maintained that \"In wildness is the\npreservation of the world,\" humans are part of the trout fishing system and helped create, destroy, maintain,\nand restore the trout fishing we have today.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.49489023288675, "y": 874.4599814954488}, {"x": 1445.2251014441945, "y": 874.4599814954488}, {"x": 1445.2251014441945, "y": 1140.756610758874}, {"x": 154.49489023288675, "y": 1140.756610758874}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The first trout fishers were Native Americans. Native Americans used a variety of fishing methods, including\nweirs, spears, nets, traps, baskets, hook-and-line methods, and baits. They also caught fish by hand via tickling.\nTickling for trout involves rubbing the underbelly of a trout with fingers to get the trout to go into a trance, after\nwhich they can then easily be thrown onto the bank (Martindale 1901). Native Americans were more patient\nthan others. This method is different from noodling for catfish, where the noodler uses fingers as bait and grabs\nthe catfish by its mouth. Native Americans also caught fish by fly-fishing with deer-hair flies, according to the\nwritings of early American naturalist William Bartram (1739-1823) (Monahan, no date).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.49489023288652, "y": 1170.7933980505152}, {"x": 1445.2251014441945, "y": 1170.7933980505152}, {"x": 1445.2251014441945, "y": 1554.9848539268835}, {"x": 154.49489023288652, "y": 1554.9848539268835}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The story of Rocky Mountain trout fishing begins with displacement of Native Americans from their historical\nfishing and hunting grounds. Uninhabited wilderness had to be created through the dispossession of Native\npeople before it could be preserved (Spence 1999). Explorers, trappers, pioneers, soldiers, and homesteaders\nbrought fishing gear to frontier outposts. The Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806) included a designated\nangler named Silas Goodrich. The expedition first described several new species of fish, including the\nYellowstone Cutthroat Trout and Westslope Cutthroat Trout, caught by Goodrich. Later military expeditions\nspent time trout fishing in addition to fighting Native Americans. Custer's Last Stand at Little Bighorn might\nhave been avoided if he'd joined a column of reinforcements under General George Crook. Crook's soldiers\nwere comfortably camped close by on Goose Creek near the Tongue River-fishing, not fighting (Monnett 1993;\nOwens 2002a; Lessner 2010).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 131.90836584548322, "y": 1768.351156027727}, {"x": 1347.329013784872, "y": 1768.351156027727}, {"x": 1347.329013784872, "y": 1842.4944635272975}, {"x": 131.90836584548322, "y": 1842.4944635272975}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1. Although Maclean and other writers use the term fishermen, women are active anglers and contribute\nsignificantly to the sport.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 997.434072847902, "y": 1869.8306142646445}, {"x": 1443.830112126795, "y": 1869.8306142646445}, {"x": 1443.830112126795, "y": 1896.9596553257925}, {"x": 997.434072847902, "y": 1896.9596553257925}], "category": "Footer", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Fly-Fishing's Legacy for Conservation | 191", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000136.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 168.26486418059085, "y": 173.6265335505719}, {"x": 1428.6757316822489, "y": 173.6265335505719}, {"x": 1428.6757316822489, "y": 793.61081762593}, {"x": 168.26486418059085, "y": 793.61081762593}], "category": "Chart", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Getting away from the usual demands 34%\nBeing close to nature 33%\nEnjoying the sounds and smells of nature 32%\nCatching fish 31%\nSpending time with family or friends 29%\nThe scenic beauty 16%\nExperiencing solitude 14%\nExperiencing excitement/adventure 14%\nReliving my childhood memories of going fishing 12%\nCatching my own food 12%\n0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.10885626048707, "y": 814.4446528311339}, {"x": 1179.1098718214364, "y": 814.4446528311339}, {"x": 1179.1098718214364, "y": 844.3700033647879}, {"x": 155.10885626048707, "y": 844.3700033647879}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 10.2: Positive attributes reported by recreational anglers in the United States. Long description.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.2457616027201, "y": 964.7201927183492}, {"x": 1445.9292177942325, "y": 964.7201927183492}, {"x": 1445.9292177942325, "y": 1076.7295465480577}, {"x": 153.2457616027201, "y": 1076.7295465480577}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Over time, an angler's motivation may change from a catch orientation to emphasize noncatch motivations,\nsuch as being outdoors or passing on their passion for fishing (McKenna 2013). The progression often follows\nthese stages:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 171.26860671747977, "y": 1118.2418448865053}, {"x": 951.7092186637416, "y": 1118.2418448865053}, {"x": 951.7092186637416, "y": 1307.5033757868755}, {"x": 171.26860671747977, "y": 1307.5033757868755}], "category": "List", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Stage 1: I just want to catch a fish!\n\u00b7 Stage 2: I want to catch a lot of fish!\n\u00b7 Stage 3: I want to catch big fish.\n\u00b7 Stage 4: I'm just happy to be out fishing.\n\u00b7 Stage 5: I want to pass on my knowledge and passion for fishing.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.2457616027201, "y": 1347.4450350877785}, {"x": 1445.9292177942325, "y": 1347.4450350877785}, {"x": 1445.9292177942325, "y": 1499.8388938408116}, {"x": 153.2457616027201, "y": 1499.8388938408116}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Studies of angler characteristics confirm that there is no such thing as an \"average\" angler. Rather, anglers are\na heterogeneous and changing group. Therefore, we can segment anglers in distinct categories for analysis\n(Bryan 1977; Kyle et al. 2007; Beardmore et al. 2013; TenHarmsel et al. 2019). For example, Magee (2018)\ncategorized recreational anglers into five distinct fisher classes with differing motivations (Table 10.1).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.64969548417787, "y": 1868.8597632801627}, {"x": 627.8740452950575, "y": 1868.8597632801627}, {"x": 627.8740452950575, "y": 1897.2718196658184}, {"x": 156.64969548417787, "y": 1897.2718196658184}], "category": "Footer", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "216 | Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000137.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 161.06617271434624, "y": 151.60306649014092}, {"x": 1447.4725501526916, "y": 151.60306649014092}, {"x": 1447.4725501526916, "y": 835.2590259737858}, {"x": 161.06617271434624, "y": 835.2590259737858}], "category": "Chart", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "60\n50\nAnglers\n\u25a0 No Daily Limit\n40\n\u25a0 Daily Limit-4\nof\n30\nProporion\n20\n10\n0\n0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 >8\nCatch Per Day", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.374983645415, "y": 863.6685367412138}, {"x": 1419.358156078462, "y": 863.6685367412138}, {"x": 1419.358156078462, "y": 922.182347587748}, {"x": 150.374983645415, "y": 922.182347587748}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 10.5: Frequency distribution displays the number of angler days resulting in differing catch per day for a hypothetical 8\nfish per day creel limit and estimated change if creel limit is reduced to 4 fish per day. Long description.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.943491251875, "y": 1043.9723508967386}, {"x": 1445.7076775303972, "y": 1043.9723508967386}, {"x": 1445.7076775303972, "y": 1350.3714733555107}, {"x": 152.943491251875, "y": 1350.3714733555107}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Creel limits are one of many elements that may be used by anglers to define fishing success. When more\nfish are harvested per trip, anglers rate fishing higher. High creel limits may cause anglers to have unrealistic\nexpectations about the potential supply of fish compared to the demand (Cook et al. 2001). Creel limit\nreductions may be unsuccessful in reducing angler harvest or affecting fish populations. The hypothetical\nangler success graph (Figure 10.5) demonstrates that a reduction in creel from 8 to 4 would affect only a few\ntrips and result in a small harvest reduction. Furthermore, creel limits are applied on a per-angler basis, SO they\ncannot control total harvest if total fishing effort increases or if noncompliance is high. Finally, since anglers\nhave a variety of motivations, they likely respond differently to regulation changes (Beard et al. 2011).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.943491251875, "y": 1380.6360576263733}, {"x": 1445.7076775303972, "y": 1380.6360576263733}, {"x": 1445.7076775303972, "y": 1606.696296528561}, {"x": 152.943491251875, "y": 1606.696296528561}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The ethic of fairness is involved in setting creel limit regulations because many anglers do not harvest a single\nfish during an angling trip. In Wisconsin lakes, Walleye harvest was not equally distributed. Only 7.4% of Walleye\nangler trips were successful in harvesting at least one Walleye, and <1% harvested a limit during a fishing trip\n(Staggs 1989). In Minnesota, anglers were slightly more successful, where 27.2% of angler trips ended with a\nharvest of at least one Walleye and about 1% harvesting a limit. The ideal creel limit would distribute the catch\namong more anglers and prevent overuse by a few individuals.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.943491251875, "y": 1640.2338926867064}, {"x": 1445.7076775303972, "y": 1640.2338926867064}, {"x": 1445.7076775303972, "y": 1827.0380149765529}, {"x": 152.943491251875, "y": 1827.0380149765529}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Long-term trends in panfish populations (i.e., Bluegill, Yellow Perch, Black Crappie, Pumpkinseed, and Rock\nBass) in Wisconsin lakes showed significant declines due to overfishing (Rypel et al. 2016). The daily limit for\npanfish was 50 aggregate per day from 1967 through 1998, which was reduced to 25 in 1998. Further reduction\nin daily limits for panfish (10) to improve undesirable small sizes of Bluegill populations increased both mean\nlength and mean maximum length relative to sizes in control lakes (Jacobson 2005; Rypel et al. 2015).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.97313671930488, "y": 1870.111638098064}, {"x": 630.9901345022882, "y": 1870.111638098064}, {"x": 630.9901345022882, "y": 1896.9746034572447}, {"x": 154.97313671930488, "y": 1896.9746034572447}], "category": "Footer", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "226 | Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000138.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 318.2726371125125, "y": 154.8434318360694}, {"x": 1281.2417450846292, "y": 154.8434318360694}, {"x": 1281.2417450846292, "y": 484.3679579696655}, {"x": 318.2726371125125, "y": 484.3679579696655}], "category": "Figure", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 319.19442555993277, "y": 495.148024708237}, {"x": 989.9961470554204, "y": 495.148024708237}, {"x": 989.9961470554204, "y": 523.3521879983882}, {"x": 319.19442555993277, "y": 523.3521879983882}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 11.2: Arapaima gigas displayed in the Siam Centre, Bangkok.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.54309392013133, "y": 649.1275107787922}, {"x": 1444.686249288218, "y": 649.1275107787922}, {"x": 1444.686249288218, "y": 873.5150541752266}, {"x": 154.54309392013133, "y": 873.5150541752266}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Arapaima is an important flagship genus for flooded forest ecosystem and human floodplain communities.\nFlagship taxa are used as a symbol to promote conservation awareness (Caro 2010). Their large size makes them\na true freshwater megafauna like crocodiles, river dolphins, and other large fish. Freshwater megafauna face\nmany threats, and 71% of these species are in decline (He et al. 2017, 2018). Arapaima continue to face intense\nfishing throughout their range (Watson et al. 2021). However, freshwater megafauna like the Arapaima have\nfewer conservation resources and efforts than marine or terrestrial megafaunas.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.54309392013127, "y": 906.15021269136}, {"x": 1444.686249288218, "y": 906.15021269136}, {"x": 1444.686249288218, "y": 1174.187083888525}, {"x": 154.54309392013127, "y": 1174.187083888525}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Fishing, in general, and fishing for Arapaima in particular, is a central element of the local economy and\nculture in Amazonia. Because these fish are obligate breathers, they are traditionally harvested by fishers\nusing harpoons at the time when they surface to breathe. Men typically fish from canoes and search for\nsigns of Arapaima near the surface. As they near the Arapaima, the harpooner throws the harpoon by hand.\nThis is a specialized type of fishing, and the local fishers possess knowledge of the behavior that increases\ntheir likelihood of catching one. With appropriate training, fishers' participation in management processes can\ncontribute to the conservation and governance of these small-scale fisheries.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.54309392013127, "y": 1205.8366019659338}, {"x": 1444.686249288218, "y": 1205.8366019659338}, {"x": 1444.686249288218, "y": 1430.2241453623683}, {"x": 154.54309392013127, "y": 1430.2241453623683}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Many populations of Arapaima have been driven to local extinction due to overfishing (Castello et al. 2015a;\nGurdak 2019a; Watson et al. 2021; Freitas and Sousa 2021). Much of the catch is illegal, with most specimens\nbeing caught below the minimum size limit or during the closed season (Cavole et al. 2015). The small-scale\nfishers are geographically dispersed, and governments in these regions have insufficient resources to devote\nto enforcing fishing rules. The riverine fishers who target Arapaima are marginalized and have limited formal\neducation. Yet, compliance with regulations is essential to prevent overfishing and local extinction.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.54309392013127, "y": 1466.1764874646003}, {"x": 1444.686249288218, "y": 1466.1764874646003}, {"x": 1444.686249288218, "y": 1729.437333555124}, {"x": 154.54309392013127, "y": 1729.437333555124}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Arapaima represent only a small fraction of the fisheries harvest, but they are culturally important and symbolic\nas a flagship genus of tropical South American fisheries and floodplain management and conservation. Reducing\nthe threats to Arapaima will also provide protections for many of the highly migratory fish of the Amazon basin.\nCollectively, the migratory fish contribute most of the fishery's landings in the basin (Duponchelle et al. 2021).\nMigratory fish depend on multiple, distant, but interconnected habitats during their life cycle. Any threat to\none of the habitats or the corridor that connects them can influence these important food fish (Goulding et al.\n2019).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 850.2991934033204, "y": 1869.5984571933689}, {"x": 1444.686249288218, "y": 1869.5984571933689}, {"x": 1444.686249288218, "y": 1897.0495684169473}, {"x": 850.2991934033204, "y": 1897.0495684169473}], "category": "Footer", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Integrating Fishers in the Management of Arapaima | 251", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000139.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 305.2355869175458, "y": 182.2595671947946}, {"x": 1239.0008691308642, "y": 182.2595671947946}, {"x": 1239.0008691308642, "y": 762.3707986608915}, {"x": 305.2355869175458, "y": 762.3707986608915}], "category": "Chart", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Top 10 tuna fishing nations (2018)\nIndonesia\nJapan\nPapua New Guinea\nTaiwan, China\nSpain\nEcuador\nRepublic of Korea\nUSA\nKiribati\nPhilippines\n100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000\nCatch (metric tons)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 259.9192870006476, "y": 800.4096269537648}, {"x": 1296.643035905743, "y": 800.4096269537648}, {"x": 1296.643035905743, "y": 833.8108877611161}, {"x": 259.9192870006476, "y": 833.8108877611161}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 12.8: Top tuna fishing nations based on landings of seven tuna species in 2018. Long description.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.56660445088391, "y": 957.239964606313}, {"x": 1445.1112149432684, "y": 957.239964606313}, {"x": 1445.1112149432684, "y": 1220.5694729192792}, {"x": 155.56660445088391, "y": 1220.5694729192792}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Today most tuna are captured in purse seines, and longlines are the second-most-common gear. Indonesia\nand Japan are consistently the top-two fishing nations (Figure 12.8). Five of the top tuna fishing nations-Japan,\nTaiwan (Republic of China), Spain, Korea, and the USA-have large fishing fleets that operate far from their home\nwaters, whereas the others have large local or regional fleets. New technologies, such as sonar, have made tuna\nfishing much more effective. In response, the use of spotter planes is banned for fishing Atlantic Bluefin Tuna in\nthe Mediterranean (Di Natale 2020). Many recreational tuna boats also use spotter planes in the eastern Atlantic\nOcean, although the traditionalist harpoon fishers shun the technology (Whynott 1995; Decker 2016).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.56660445088391, "y": 1253.693756955495}, {"x": 1445.1112149432684, "y": 1253.693756955495}, {"x": 1445.1112149432684, "y": 1791.0037651524722}, {"x": 155.56660445088391, "y": 1791.0037651524722}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The Pacific Ocean has consistently had the highest landings, about 66% of the world's tuna catch. The western\nand central Pacific Ocean is where many artisanal and industrial fisheries overlap. For the small island nations,\nfishing provides a major source of income, jobs, and food security (Bell et al. 2019). Yet, Pacific island nations\nhave not fully realized the economic potential with the global tuna industry, despite the fact that 80% of it is\ncaught within their exclusive economic zones (EEZs, i.e., within 200 miles). The 1982 United Nations Convention\non the Law of the Sea awarded coastal states sovereign rights to (1) exploit and manage all living resources\nwithin their EEZ, (2) exclude distant water fleets in favor of developing their own fleets, and (3) charge distant\nwater fleets rent for access. Eight island nations-the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands,\nNauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu, which support 80% of the purse-seine catch in\ntheir waters-formed an alliance and require collective bargaining to set rents for access by foreign vessels. The\nalliance also prioritized domestic over foreign vessels and set limits on the number of purse-seine vessels. The\nissue of sovereignty over tuna that migrate freely among EEZs remains a concern for small island nations (Bailey\net al. 2012). Working to establish fair and equitable allocations of total allowable catches to the many parties will\nrequire more equitable sharing with the larger tuna-fishing nations.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.56660445088391, "y": 1868.9061550141776}, {"x": 892.8077200296971, "y": 1868.9061550141776}, {"x": 892.8077200296971, "y": 1896.6438690950297}, {"x": 155.56660445088391, "y": 1896.6438690950297}], "category": "Footer", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "282 | Conserving Tuna: The Most Commercially Valuable Fish on Earth", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000140.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 153.2997838748159, "y": 164.53518645081567}, {"x": 873.516512472791, "y": 164.53518645081567}, {"x": 873.516512472791, "y": 778.1942136248338}, {"x": 153.2997838748159, "y": 778.1942136248338}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "There is no question that fishing is the major factor driving\ngrouper stocks on the downward spiral, but those that have\nlarge spawning aggregations are most vulnerable to declines\n(Coleman et al. 1996; Asch and Erisman 2018; Sadovy de\nMitcheson et al. 2020). Because it takes a long time for\nscientists to obtain needed life history information, fisheries-\nindependent survey data, and catch history, grouper\npopulations may be overfished long before data are even\navailable for a stock assessment. Without formal stock\nassessments, general indicators of population status are\nbased on catch trends. Very few grouper stocks that have\nspawning aggregations are managed sustainably. In a recent\nglobal analysis of the status of populations that form\nspawning aggregations, 45% were unknown, 33% were\ndecreasing, and 5% were already gone (Figure 13.5). Only 12%\nhad stable populations, and 5% were increasing.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 936.0072167324498, "y": 185.08424580165348}, {"x": 1408.1837939720162, "y": 185.08424580165348}, {"x": 1408.1837939720162, "y": 569.2569259560903}, {"x": 936.0072167324498, "y": 569.2569259560903}], "category": "Chart", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Gone\nIncreasing\n5%\n5%\nSame\n12%\nUnknown\n45%\nDecreasing\n33%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 891.5571238104252, "y": 635.4146954051173}, {"x": 1442.4322262234125, "y": 635.4146954051173}, {"x": 1442.4322262234125, "y": 744.8712275004832}, {"x": 891.5571238104252, "y": 744.8712275004832}], "category": "Caption", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 13.5: Current known status reflecting changes\nof exploited grouper aggregations globally, as noted by\nfisher interviews, monitoring, or underwater surveys\n(N = 509). Long description.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.29978387481583, "y": 808.655718607683}, {"x": 1444.8794583663646, "y": 808.655718607683}, {"x": 1444.8794583663646, "y": 1033.7138588010707}, {"x": 153.29978387481583, "y": 1033.7138588010707}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Of the 167 species of grouper, 9.6% are vulnerable, 4.8% are near threatened, 1.2% are endangered, and 0.6%\nare critically endangered (Figure 13.6). The majority of species (68.9%) are classified as least concern and 15%\nare data deficient, with insufficient data for classification. The larger (>50 cm total length) and long-lived (>20\nyears) species of grouper that also had smaller geographic ranges were most likely to be endangered or critically\nendangered (Luiz et al. 2016). Market prices for grouper are escalating, and other lower-valued fish are often\nmislabeled or substituted.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.8643722369909, "y": 1063.3145571983173}, {"x": 719.5467761928412, "y": 1063.3145571983173}, {"x": 719.5467761928412, "y": 1662.3863397974144}, {"x": 195.8643722369909, "y": 1662.3863397974144}], "category": "Chart", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Critically Endangered\nendangered 1%\nVulnerable\n1%\nData deficient 9%\n15%\nNear\nthreatened\n5%\nLeast concern\n69%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.01728990554898, "y": 1691.278601391418}, {"x": 723.8649278604197, "y": 1691.278601391418}, {"x": 723.8649278604197, "y": 1771.6203061284878}, {"x": 155.01728990554898, "y": 1771.6203061284878}], "category": "Caption", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 13.6: Categories of all grouper species (N = 167)\naccording to the IUCN Red List (IUCN Red List\nAssessments, updated November 2018). Long description.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 775.6412888338328, "y": 1067.5822564765854}, {"x": 1444.8794583663646, "y": 1067.5822564765854}, {"x": 1444.8794583663646, "y": 1802.1608367145975}, {"x": 775.6412888338328, "y": 1802.1608367145975}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "To protect grouper from overfishing, many measures are\nbeing implemented, such as minimum and slot-size\nlimits, recreational bag limits, commercial fishing quotas,\ngear and seasonal controls, marine protected areas, and\nlimited entry (Rocklin et al. 2022). The effectiveness will\ndepend on traits of the species and the local context.\nRegulations to prevent marketing of undersize fish will\nmitigate growth overfishing. Allowing smaller fish to\nreach maturity at least once before harvest will mitigate\nrecruitment overfishing. Size-limit regulations focused\non protecting spawning-size fish may be ineffective for\ndeepwater recreational fishing. Grouper have a\nphysoclistous (i.e., closed) swim bladder, making them\nparticularly susceptible to ruptured swim bladders,\nbloating, stomach distention, and protruding eyes caused\nby rapid decompression when hauled to the surface\n(Brule et al. 2015). The proportion of grouper with\ndistended stomachs was 70% in one study of commercial\nhook-and-line fishing and as high as 95% for Red", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.0172899055489, "y": 1869.7704847967664}, {"x": 598.4600364459366, "y": 1869.7704847967664}, {"x": 598.4600364459366, "y": 1896.7965872123905}, {"x": 155.0172899055489, "y": 1896.7965872123905}], "category": "Footer", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "312 | Grouper and Spawning Aggregations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000141.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 66.78891197701023, "y": 54.069940734413706}, {"x": 1140.207789950185, "y": 54.069940734413706}, {"x": 1140.207789950185, "y": 112.72671002256531}, {"x": 66.78891197701023, "y": 112.72671002256531}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "10 THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 93.18445815667846, "y": 153.78644852427144}, {"x": 1118.2115014671278, "y": 153.78644852427144}, {"x": 1118.2115014671278, "y": 294.56269481583536}, {"x": 93.18445815667846, "y": 294.56269481583536}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "COPYRIGHT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 129.26878195497764, "y": 488.8764539404849}, {"x": 554.0600195909602, "y": 488.8764539404849}, {"x": 554.0600195909602, "y": 539.1960771315242}, {"x": 129.26878195497764, "y": 539.1960771315242}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "COPYRIGHT PROTECTS CREATIVE WORK -\nYOURS, MINE, EVERYONE'S!", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85.09343257112431, "y": 642.0164534035083}, {"x": 120.445593480098, "y": 642.0164534035083}, {"x": 120.445593480098, "y": 685.6174518579094}, {"x": 85.09343257112431, "y": 685.6174518579094}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 185.2578884798832, "y": 663.2277499488927}, {"x": 519.925011751501, "y": 663.2277499488927}, {"x": 519.925011751501, "y": 750.4297468576945}, {"x": 185.2578884798832, "y": 750.4297468576945}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "We're all both consumers and creators of creative\nwork. As consumers, we watch movies, listen to\nmusic, read books, and more! As creators, we\ntake photos, write songs, make videos, etc.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 90.98545938928652, "y": 850.5942027664533}, {"x": 125.15921493462788, "y": 850.5942027664533}, {"x": 125.15921493462788, "y": 893.0167958572217}, {"x": 90.98545938928652, "y": 893.0167958572217}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 179.36586166172088, "y": 883.5895529481621}, {"x": 516.3897956606036, "y": 883.5895529481621}, {"x": 516.3897956606036, "y": 941.3314157661524}, {"x": 179.36586166172088, "y": 941.3314157661524}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Copyright protects creative work, so people can't\ngenerally copy or share or perform other\npeople's work without permission.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 90.98545938928652, "y": 1048.566303856706}, {"x": 120.445593480098, "y": 1048.566303856706}, {"x": 120.445593480098, "y": 1092.167302311107}, {"x": 90.98545938928652, "y": 1092.167302311107}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 178.18745629808842, "y": 1076.848032583885}, {"x": 549.3851458423123, "y": 1076.848032583885}, {"x": 549.3851458423123, "y": 1159.3364080381568}, {"x": 178.18745629808842, "y": 1159.3364080381568}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Copyright comes from the Constitution. Its purpose is\nto promote more creativity. The idea is that letting\neach of us decide what happens to our own creations\nwill encourage us to keep creating.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 90.98545938928652, "y": 1259.5008639469156}, {"x": 122.80240420736294, "y": 1259.5008639469156}, {"x": 122.80240420736294, "y": 1299.5666463104194}, {"x": 90.98545938928652, "y": 1299.5666463104194}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 178.18745629808842, "y": 1291.317808764992}, {"x": 549.3851458423123, "y": 1291.317808764992}, {"x": 549.3851458423123, "y": 1390.3038593101187}, {"x": 178.18745629808842, "y": 1390.3038593101187}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "All creative work is protected by copyright as soon as\nit's written down or recorded or saved-and not just\nwork by professional artists or big studios. Copyright\nprotects all of us-our photos on Instagram and\neverything we write or create.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 86.27183793475677, "y": 1475.1490454916552}, {"x": 120.445593480098, "y": 1475.1490454916552}, {"x": 120.445593480098, "y": 1515.2148278551588}, {"x": 86.27183793475677, "y": 1515.2148278551588}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 179.36586166172088, "y": 1495.181936673407}, {"x": 515.2113902969711, "y": 1495.181936673407}, {"x": 515.2113902969711, "y": 1552.9237994913974}, {"x": 179.36586166172088, "y": 1552.9237994913974}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "If you copy or share other people's creative\nworks without permission, that's called copyright\ninfringement. Examples:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 200.57715820710513, "y": 1559.9942316731924}, {"x": 536.4226868423555, "y": 1559.9942316731924}, {"x": 536.4226868423555, "y": 1653.0882554001562}, {"x": 200.57715820710513, "y": 1653.0882554001562}], "category": "List", "id": 13, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Downloading music, movies, ebooks, or games\nfrom illegal sources that operate without artists'\npermission.\n\u00b7 Uploading your collection of music, movies,\nebooks, or games for your friends to copy.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 178.18745629808842, "y": 1655.4450661274211}, {"x": 477.5024186607326, "y": 1655.4450661274211}, {"x": 477.5024186607326, "y": 1694.3324431272922}, {"x": 178.18745629808842, "y": 1694.3324431272922}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 14, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Copyright infringement is illegal and carries\nserious penalties.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 749.3525945786114, "y": 488.8764539404849}, {"x": 1022.7768299925884, "y": 488.8764539404849}, {"x": 1022.7768299925884, "y": 541.4795121906238}, {"x": 749.3525945786114, "y": 541.4795121906238}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 15, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "BUT COPYRIGHT DOESN'T\nCOVER EVERYTHING", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 647.2010398613519, "y": 642.0164534035084}, {"x": 689.5493934142115, "y": 642.0164534035084}, {"x": 689.5493934142115, "y": 685.6174518579094}, {"x": 647.2010398613519, "y": 685.6174518579094}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 16, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 738.1715771230503, "y": 660.1604341635757}, {"x": 1113.0329289428078, "y": 660.1604341635757}, {"x": 1113.0329289428078, "y": 750.4297468576945}, {"x": 738.1715771230503, "y": 750.4297468576945}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 17, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Copyright gives a lot of protection, but it also has\nlimitations. Not everything gets copyright protection.\nFacts and ideas are not protected by copyright, neither\nare US Government documents, like NASA photos and\nreports by federal agencies.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 648.7694974003467, "y": 853.0807114599363}, {"x": 677.0017331022531, "y": 853.0807114599363}, {"x": 677.0017331022531, "y": 890.7236923958114}, {"x": 648.7694974003467, "y": 890.7236923958114}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 18, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 736.6031195840554, "y": 871.9022019278739}, {"x": 1078.5268630849223, "y": 871.9022019278739}, {"x": 1078.5268630849223, "y": 953.4619939556036}, {"x": 736.6031195840554, "y": 953.4619939556036}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 19, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Another limitation of copyright is \"fair use,\" which\nallows us to copy and re-use copyrighted work\nwithout the artist's permission in certain, limited\nways that are still fair to the creator.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 651.9064124783362, "y": 1048.566303856706}, {"x": 678.5701906412479, "y": 1048.566303856706}, {"x": 678.5701906412479, "y": 1089.9177998481512}, {"x": 651.9064124783362, "y": 1089.9177998481512}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 20, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 739.7400346620451, "y": 1076.848032583885}, {"x": 1089.506065857886, "y": 1076.848032583885}, {"x": 1089.506065857886, "y": 1151.0876438689484}, {"x": 739.7400346620451, "y": 1151.0876438689484}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 21, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "When you re-use portions of someone else's work\nfor a school project-like using images or songs for\na presentation in class-that's a fair use situation.\nYou don't need the author's permission.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 648.7694974003467, "y": 1257.7427565205949}, {"x": 684.844020797227, "y": 1257.7427565205949}, {"x": 684.844020797227, "y": 1301.659567612449}, {"x": 648.7694974003467, "y": 1301.659567612449}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 22, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "9", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 735.0346620450608, "y": 1291.317808764992}, {"x": 1067.547660311959, "y": 1291.317808764992}, {"x": 1067.547660311959, "y": 1390.303859310119}, {"x": 735.0346620450608, "y": 1390.303859310119}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 23, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Copyright protection doesn't last forever.\nEventually it expires, and the creative work falls\ninto the \"public domain.\" Works in the public\ndomain are free to re-use and share however\nyou want.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 645.632582322357, "y": 1472.6214393628825}, {"x": 692.6863084922012, "y": 1472.6214393628825}, {"x": 692.6863084922012, "y": 1515.2148278551588}, {"x": 645.632582322357, "y": 1515.2148278551588}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 24, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 651.9064124783362, "y": 1568.2973492415654}, {"x": 686.4124783362219, "y": 1568.2973492415654}, {"x": 686.4124783362219, "y": 1594.9611274044769}, {"x": 651.9064124783362, "y": 1594.9611274044769}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 25, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "cc", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 735.0346620450608, "y": 1532.2228258446848}, {"x": 1040.8838821490467, "y": 1532.2228258446848}, {"x": 1040.8838821490467, "y": 1631.0356508013574}, {"x": 735.0346620450608, "y": 1631.0356508013574}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 26, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Some creators are happy to share their\ncreative work. They use a licensing system\nfor sharing called Creative Commons. You\ncan find millions of CC work that are free to\nshare or re-use.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 411.2440936248548, "y": 1725.9961970853465}, {"x": 800.2898925974871, "y": 1725.9961970853465}, {"x": 800.2898925974871, "y": 1765.4273411446911}, {"x": 411.2440936248548, "y": 1765.4273411446911}], "category": "Footer", "id": 27, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u24b8opyrightand Creativity.org", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1099.3228693554051, "y": 1705.390482463732}, {"x": 1128.6481042886653, "y": 1705.390482463732}, {"x": 1128.6481042886653, "y": 1742.3961360699884}, {"x": 1099.3228693554051, "y": 1742.3961360699884}], "category": "Footer", "id": 28, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u24b8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000142.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 248.70916521440117, "y": 201.85660557631593}, {"x": 264.94480895812313, "y": 201.85660557631593}, {"x": 264.94480895812313, "y": 226.16970309560227}, {"x": 248.70916521440117, "y": 226.16970309560227}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 795.5678373868599, "y": 201.856605576316}, {"x": 1426.1725138627305, "y": 201.856605576316}, {"x": 1426.1725138627305, "y": 233.234838645933}, {"x": 795.5678373868599, "y": 233.234838645933}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Numerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 245.78122790895156, "y": 288.14428996453717}, {"x": 1427.5997052128732, "y": 288.14428996453717}, {"x": 1427.5997052128732, "y": 356.81133836315126}, {"x": 245.78122790895156, "y": 356.81133836315126}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "also plays an important role in error analysis (investigating the difference between the numerical\napproximation and the solution).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 245.7812279089516, "y": 367.9682990824553}, {"x": 1427.5997052128732, "y": 367.9682990824553}, {"x": 1427.5997052128732, "y": 533.8011794962489}, {"x": 245.7812279089516, "y": 533.8011794962489}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Calculating with only a finite subset of the rational numbers has many consequences. For exam-\nple: a computer cannot distinguish between two polynomials of sufficiently high degree. Conse-\nquently, methods based on the main theorem of algebra (i.e. that an nth degree polynomial has\nexactly n complex zeros) cannot be trusted. Errors that follow from the use of finitely many digits\nare called rounding errors (Section 1.4).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 245.7812279089515, "y": 547.0516952982338}, {"x": 1427.599705212873, "y": 547.0516952982338}, {"x": 1427.599705212873, "y": 749.7908422347238}, {"x": 245.7812279089515, "y": 749.7908422347238}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "An important aspect of numerical mathematics is the emphasis on efficiency. Contrary to or-\ndinary mathematics, numerical mathematics considers an increase in efficiency, i.e. a decrease\nof the number of operations and / or amount of storage required, as an essential improvement.\nProgress in this aspect is of great practical importance and the end of this development has not\nbeen reached yet. Here, the creative mind will meet many challenges. On top of that, revolutions\nin computer architecture will overturn much conventional wisdom.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 245.78122790895156, "y": 800.1852560280902}, {"x": 880.1071514260075, "y": 800.1852560280902}, {"x": 880.1071514260075, "y": 846.5168468116722}, {"x": 245.78122790895156, "y": 846.5168468116722}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1.3 Why numerical mathematics?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 245.78122790895156, "y": 870.9102715377775}, {"x": 1427.5997052128732, "y": 870.9102715377775}, {"x": 1427.5997052128732, "y": 938.3609321678694}, {"x": 245.78122790895156, "y": 938.3609321678694}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "A big advantage of numerical mathematics is that it can provide answers to problems that do not\nadmit closed-form solutions. Consider for example the integral", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 728.7223742381314, "y": 964.3240958801492}, {"x": 946.0318510222112, "y": 964.3240958801492}, {"x": 946.0318510222112, "y": 1060.8216607458069}, {"x": 728.7223742381314, "y": 1060.8216607458069}], "category": "Equation", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\\int_0^\\pi\\sqrt{1+\\cos^2x}dx\\text{.}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 245.78122790895168, "y": 1074.108006009314}, {"x": 1427.5997052128732, "y": 1074.108006009314}, {"x": 1427.5997052128732, "y": 1274.3462300953702}, {"x": 245.78122790895168, "y": 1274.3462300953702}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "This is an expression for the arc length of one arc of the curve y(x) = sin x, which does not have\na solution in closed form. A numerical method, however, can approximate this integral in a very\nsimple way (Chapter 5). An additional advantage is that a numerical method only uses stan-\ndard function evaluations and the operations addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.\nBecause these are exactly the operations a computer can perform, numerical mathematics and\ncomputers form a perfect combination.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 245.78122790895168, "y": 1288.1561049429229}, {"x": 1427.5997052128732, "y": 1288.1561049429229}, {"x": 1427.5997052128732, "y": 1455.8432356427618}, {"x": 245.78122790895168, "y": 1455.8432356427618}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "An advantage of analytical methods is that the solution is given by a mathematical formula.\nFrom this, insight in the behavior and the properties of the solution can be gained. For numerical\napproximations, however, this is not the case. In that case, visualization tools may be used to gain\ninsight in the behavior of the solution. Using a numerical method to draw a graph of a function\nis usually a more useful tool than evaluating the solution at a large number of points.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 245.78122790895156, "y": 1505.2913142387183}, {"x": 641.8413692119451, "y": 1505.2913142387183}, {"x": 641.8413692119451, "y": 1551.6229050223003}, {"x": 245.78122790895156, "y": 1551.6229050223003}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1.4 Rounding errors", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 245.78122790895156, "y": 1578.7572346582574}, {"x": 1427.599705212873, "y": 1578.7572346582574}, {"x": 1427.599705212873, "y": 1640.8003157023354}, {"x": 245.78122790895156, "y": 1640.8003157023354}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "A computer uses a finite representation of the all numbers in R. These are stored in a computer\nin the form", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 727.5033600104721, "y": 1644.0197116399916}, {"x": 949.3927319419548, "y": 1644.0197116399916}, {"x": 949.3927319419548, "y": 1677.736662197497}, {"x": 727.5033600104721, "y": 1677.736662197497}], "category": "Equation", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\\pm0.d_1d_2\\ldotsd_n\\cdot\\beta^e\\text{,}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1371.901419481549, "y": 1644.019711639991}, {"x": 1425.9453648544495, "y": 1644.019711639991}, {"x": 1425.9453648544495, "y": 1675.2146165437923}, {"x": 1371.901419481549, "y": 1675.2146165437923}], "category": "Caption", "id": 13, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(1.1)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 245.78122790895168, "y": 1691.0490418995994}, {"x": 1427.5997052128732, "y": 1691.0490418995994}, {"x": 1427.5997052128732, "y": 1923.3977375989348}, {"x": 245.78122790895168, "y": 1923.3977375989348}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 14, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "in which, by definition, d1 > 0 and 0 \u2264 di < \ufffd. The normalization is needed in order to prevent a\nwaste of digits and to make the representation unambiguous. We call the value in equation (1.1)\na floating point number (representation) in which 0.d1d2 . . . dn is called the mantissa, \ufffd the base and\ne (integer) the exponent, where L < e < U. Characteristic values for |L| and U are in the range\n[100,1000], often, \ufffd = 2 (binary representation) and n = 24 (single precision) or n = 53 (double\nprecision). Most computers and software packages (Matlab) satisfy the IEEE-754 standard, and\nhence provide single-1 and double-precision2 computations.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 245.7812279089515, "y": 1938.0096591607787}, {"x": 412.11834842915454, "y": 1938.0096591607787}, {"x": 412.11834842915454, "y": 1965.2592276202156}, {"x": 245.7812279089515, "y": 1965.2592276202156}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 15, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Let for x \u2208 R", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 574.9280137865419, "y": 1969.1744612260536}, {"x": 1100.8975755919623, "y": 1969.1744612260536}, {"x": 1100.8975755919623, "y": 2002.8914117835595}, {"x": 574.9280137865419, "y": 2002.8914117835595}], "category": "Equation", "id": 16, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "0.d_1\\ldotsd_n\\cdot\\beta^e\\leqx<0.d_1d_2\\ldots\\left(d_n+1\\right)\\cdot\\beta^e\\text{,}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 277.73434644797686, "y": 2020.3178829091648}, {"x": 1082.520451362605, "y": 2020.3178829091648}, {"x": 1082.520451362605, "y": 2080.264706366493}, {"x": 277.73434644797686, "y": 2080.264706366493}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 17, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-precision_floating-point_format\n2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000143.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 250.578820119072, "y": 474.400549126901}, {"x": 502.48555113096097, "y": 474.400549126901}, {"x": 502.48555113096097, "y": 537.0509278241584}, {"x": 250.578820119072, "y": 537.0509278241584}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Chapter 3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 250.578820119072, "y": 605.6912757310472}, {"x": 1064.4116993303303, "y": 605.6912757310472}, {"x": 1064.4116993303303, "y": 665.7021358129113}, {"x": 250.578820119072, "y": 665.7021358129113}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Numerical differentiation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 249.17022010085475, "y": 789.7115078347806}, {"x": 573.8602810335866, "y": 789.7115078347806}, {"x": 573.8602810335866, "y": 822.9684541968179}, {"x": 249.17022010085475, "y": 822.9684541968179}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "3.1 Introduction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 246.6928748618077, "y": 862.2544087729693}, {"x": 1429.3927608270285, "y": 862.2544087729693}, {"x": 1429.3927608270285, "y": 1354.9120694831147}, {"x": 246.6928748618077, "y": 1354.9120694831147}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Everyone who possesses a car and/or a driver's licence is familiar with speeding tickets. In\nThe Netherlands, speeding tickets are usually processed in a fully automated fashion, and the\nperpetrator will receive the tickets within a couple of weeks after the offence. The Dutch police\noptimized the procedures of speed control such that this effort has become very profitable to the\nDutch government. Various strategies for speed control are carried out by police forces, which\nare all based on the position of the vehicle at consecutive times. The actual velocity follows from\nthe first-order derivative of the position of the vehicle with respect to time. Since no explicit\nformula for this position is available, the velocity can only be estimated using an approximation\nof the velocity based on several discrete vehicle positions at discrete times. This motivates the use\nof approximate derivatives, also called numerical derivatives. If the police want to know whether\nthe offender drove faster before speed detection (in other words, whether the perpetrator hit the\nbrakes after having seen the police patrol), or whether the driver was already accelerating, then\nthey are also interested in the acceleration of the 'bad guy'. This acceleration can be estimated\nusing numerical approximations of the second-order derivative of the car position with respect\nto time.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 247.4545503264333, "y": 1376.7427941870556}, {"x": 1430.154436291654, "y": 1376.7427941870556}, {"x": 1430.154436291654, "y": 1680.002489066101}, {"x": 247.4545503264333, "y": 1680.002489066101}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Since the time-interval of recording is nonzero, the velocity is not determined exactly in general.\nIn this chapter, the resulting error, referred to as the truncation error, is estimated using Taylor se-\nries. In most cases, the truncation error increases with an increasing size of the recording interval\n(Sections 3.2 and 3.4). Next to the truncation error, the measurement of the position of the vehicle\nis also prone to measurement errors. Issues that influence the results are, for example, paral-\nlax, the measurement equipment, and in some cases even the performance of the police officer\n(in car-videoing and laser control). These measurement errors provide an additional deteriora-\ntion of the approximation of the speed and acceleration. The impact of measurement errors on\napproximations of derivatives is treated in Section 3.3.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 247.4545503264333, "y": 1734.6778958129178}, {"x": 1249.0811110957677, "y": 1734.6778958129178}, {"x": 1249.0811110957677, "y": 1778.3802976380705}, {"x": 247.4545503264333, "y": 1778.3802976380705}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "3.2 Simple difference formulae for the first derivative", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 246.69287486180775, "y": 1807.5019062298145}, {"x": 1302.8454125324406, "y": 1807.5019062298145}, {"x": 1302.8454125324406, "y": 1842.5754957912789}, {"x": 246.69287486180775, "y": 1842.5754957912789}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Suppose f is a continuously differentiable function. The forward difference is defined as", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 626.2775047906842, "y": 1867.4556513943048}, {"x": 1049.4543626246384, "y": 1867.4556513943048}, {"x": 1049.4543626246384, "y": 1932.1665402747933}, {"x": 626.2775047906842, "y": 1932.1665402747933}], "category": "Equation", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Q_f(h)=\\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h},h>0\\text{,}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 246.69287486180775, "y": 1956.4389101869472}, {"x": 810.2807970926117, "y": 1956.4389101869472}, {"x": 810.2807970926117, "y": 1991.512499748412}, {"x": 246.69287486180775, "y": 1991.512499748412}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "in which h is called the step size. By definition,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 658.0819053720473, "y": 2019.2493814417196}, {"x": 1016.0731877424496, "y": 2019.2493814417196}, {"x": 1016.0731877424496, "y": 2083.9602703222076}, {"x": 658.0819053720473, "y": 2083.9602703222076}], "category": "Equation", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\\lim_{h\\rightarrow0}\\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}=f^{\\prime}(x)\n\\end{aligned}\\text{,}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000144.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 248.66708250896912, "y": 201.2529785639863}, {"x": 667.2810205132103, "y": 201.2529785639863}, {"x": 667.2810205132103, "y": 232.73274670190523}, {"x": 248.66708250896912, "y": 232.73274670190523}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Chapter 3. Numerical differentiation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1396.30211652854, "y": 202.04221563541216}, {"x": 1426.8065835510567, "y": 202.04221563541216}, {"x": 1426.8065835510567, "y": 225.45287452793656}, {"x": 1396.30211652854, "y": 225.45287452793656}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "35", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 247.64669641934483, "y": 289.7682301354419}, {"x": 634.8507554407059, "y": 289.7682301354419}, {"x": 634.8507554407059, "y": 321.2103642514622}, {"x": 247.64669641934483, "y": 321.2103642514622}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Note that the exact error equals", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 584.2626583318984, "y": 348.3481507799642}, {"x": 1091.7994729979669, "y": 348.3481507799642}, {"x": 1091.7994729979669, "y": 380.8430287648604}, {"x": 584.2626583318984, "y": 380.8430287648604}], "category": "Equation", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "M-Q(h)=e-2.7525\\ldots=-0.0342\\ldots\\ldots", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 247.6466964193448, "y": 410.9193752201229}, {"x": 855.7811182260066, "y": 410.9193752201229}, {"x": 855.7811182260066, "y": 442.3615093361431}, {"x": 247.6466964193448, "y": 442.3615093361431}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "In this example the error estimate is very reliable.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 247.64669641934472, "y": 462.0541837395619}, {"x": 1326.4371704757737, "y": 462.0541837395619}, {"x": 1326.4371704757737, "y": 493.49631785558216}, {"x": 247.64669641934472, "y": 493.49631785558216}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "To receive a better approximation the error estimate can be added to the approximation:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 532.8450218888512, "y": 518.0263510420203}, {"x": 1143.0795500033928, "y": 518.0263510420203}, {"x": 1143.0795500033928, "y": 557.0817926218066}, {"x": 532.8450218888512, "y": 557.0817926218066}], "category": "Equation", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Q(h)+c_ph^p=2.7525\\ldots-0.0348\\ldots=2.7177\\ldots.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 247.64669641934472, "y": 598.6699864368073}, {"x": 1427.5394872572035, "y": 598.6699864368073}, {"x": 1427.5394872572035, "y": 732.9186741906973}, {"x": 247.64669641934472, "y": 732.9186741906973}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "In the above example, the value of p was computed using Richardson's extrapolation. However,\nusing Theorem 3.2.1, it is clear that p = 1, and this value could have been used immediately in\nequation (3.13b) in order to determine cphp. In practice, more complex situations are found, and\nthe following complications may occur:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 294.15898796522424, "y": 759.281883232207}, {"x": 1247.529508801326, "y": 759.281883232207}, {"x": 1247.529508801326, "y": 793.3601818952923}, {"x": 294.15898796522424, "y": 793.3601818952923}], "category": "List", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "- Itis not known whether higher-order derivatives exist and/or are bounded.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 294.15898796522424, "y": 816.1174319068386}, {"x": 1426.8065835510563, "y": 816.1174319068386}, {"x": 1426.8065835510563, "y": 883.265557263913}, {"x": 294.15898796522424, "y": 883.265557263913}], "category": "List", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "- The final resultis a combination of various approximation methods. The influence of these\napproximations on p is not always clear.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 294.1589879652243, "y": 904.0662800954096}, {"x": 1371.6174079637667, "y": 904.0662800954096}, {"x": 1371.6174079637667, "y": 938.1445787584952}, {"x": 294.1589879652243, "y": 938.1445787584952}], "category": "List", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "- During implementation of the algorithm in a computer program, errors may be made.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 247.6466964193449, "y": 962.9916982998614}, {"x": 1427.539487257204, "y": 962.9916982998614}, {"x": 1427.539487257204, "y": 1032.3079277688323}, {"x": 247.6466964193449, "y": 1032.3079277688323}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "To reveal any of these complications it is good practice to verify whether the calculated p is close\nto the p that follows from theory.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 248.66708250896912, "y": 1075.911350097407}, {"x": 1297.6251834685586, "y": 1075.911350097407}, {"x": 1297.6251834685586, "y": 1114.7569950890286}, {"x": 248.66708250896912, "y": 1114.7569950890286}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "3.7.3 Formulae of higher accuracy from Richardson's extrapolation *", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 247.6466964193449, "y": 1131.270519021252}, {"x": 1427.539487257204, "y": 1131.270519021252}, {"x": 1427.539487257204, "y": 1200.586748490223}, {"x": 247.6466964193449, "y": 1200.586748490223}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 13, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "In several applications the value of p in (3.10) is known. In that case Richardson's extrapolation\ncan be used to determine formulae of higher accuracy.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 246.9137927131979, "y": 1213.4526753875964}, {"x": 1322.7506945698483, "y": 1213.4526753875964}, {"x": 1322.7506945698483, "y": 1249.442963512938}, {"x": 246.9137927131979, "y": 1249.442963512938}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 14, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "This is done by making use of the fact that the error estimates for Q(h) and Q(2h) equal", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 627.0622742743784, "y": 1274.127277094041}, {"x": 1003.4062934364816, "y": 1274.127277094041}, {"x": 1003.4062934364816, "y": 1313.182718673827}, {"x": 627.0622742743784, "y": 1313.182718673827}], "category": "Equation", "id": 15, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "M-Q(h)=c_ph^p+\\mathcal{O}\\left(h^{p+1}\\right)\\text{,}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1344.603624328445, "y": 1280.2945270325351}, {"x": 1425.6425888370616, "y": 1280.2945270325351}, {"x": 1425.6425888370616, "y": 1309.0657570355943}, {"x": 1344.603624328445, "y": 1309.0657570355943}], "category": "Caption", "id": 16, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(3.15a)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 627.0622742743785, "y": 1321.774985341271}, {"x": 1047.7302631552527, "y": 1321.774985341271}, {"x": 1047.7302631552527, "y": 1360.830426921057}, {"x": 627.0622742743785, "y": 1360.830426921057}], "category": "Equation", "id": 17, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "M-Q(2h)=c_p(2h)^p+\\mathcal{O}\\left(h^{p+1}\\right)\\text{.}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1343.5741074749767, "y": 1328.38943895409}, {"x": 1425.6425888370616, "y": 1328.38943895409}, {"x": 1425.6425888370616, "y": 1357.1606689571493}, {"x": 1343.5741074749767, "y": 1357.1606689571493}], "category": "Caption", "id": 18, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(3.15b)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 247.64669641934495, "y": 1385.36845593759}, {"x": 1274.3859505572295, "y": 1385.36845593759}, {"x": 1274.3859505572295, "y": 1421.3587440629317}, {"x": 247.64669641934495, "y": 1421.3587440629317}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 19, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Multiplying equation (3.15a) by 2p and subtracting equation (3.15b) from this yields", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 443.8229063305205, "y": 1448.4257249495258}, {"x": 1230.074144298137, "y": 1448.4257249495258}, {"x": 1230.074144298137, "y": 1487.481166529312}, {"x": 443.8229063305205, "y": 1487.481166529312}], "category": "Equation", "id": 20, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "2^p(M-Q(h))-(M-Q(2h))=2^p\\left(c_ph^p\\right)-c_p(2h)^p+\\mathcal{O}\\left(h^{p+1}\\right)\\text{,}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 247.6466964193448, "y": 1511.1209633500416}, {"x": 365.07653973963056, "y": 1511.1209633500416}, {"x": 365.07653973963056, "y": 1540.4519665626628}, {"x": 247.6466964193448, "y": 1540.4519665626628}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 21, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "such that", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 583.3469633198144, "y": 1540.4519665626628}, {"x": 1092.6446183402436, "y": 1540.4519665626628}, {"x": 1092.6446183402436, "y": 1579.507408142449}, {"x": 583.3469633198144, "y": 1579.507408142449}], "category": "Equation", "id": 22, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\\left(2^p-1\\right)M-2^pQ(h)+Q(2h)=\\mathcal{O}\\left(h^{p+1}\\right)\\text{.}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 247.64669641934472, "y": 1595.2779833467107}, {"x": 446.4636753477647, "y": 1595.2779833467107}, {"x": 446.4636753477647, "y": 1624.608986559332}, {"x": 247.64669641934472, "y": 1624.608986559332}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 23, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "This means that", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 628.3788498860185, "y": 1620.1400485790928}, {"x": 1045.7636662331336, "y": 1620.1400485790928}, {"x": 1045.7636662331336, "y": 1686.511361106227}, {"x": 628.3788498860185, "y": 1686.511361106227}], "category": "Equation", "id": 24, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "M=\\frac{2^pQ(h)-Q(2h)}{2^p-1}+\\mathcal{O}\\left(h^{p+1}\\right)\\text{.}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1357.7396898571485, "y": 1641.2155334871622}, {"x": 1425.6425888370616, "y": 1641.2155334871622}, {"x": 1425.6425888370616, "y": 1669.9867634902212}, {"x": 1357.7396898571485, "y": 1669.9867634902212}], "category": "Caption", "id": 25, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(3.16)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 247.6466964193448, "y": 1702.2118896386653}, {"x": 1429.6813523610997, "y": 1702.2118896386653}, {"x": 1429.6813523610997, "y": 1769.1860433737534}, {"x": 247.6466964193448, "y": 1769.1860433737534}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 26, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The value (2pQ(h) - Q(2h))/(2p - 1) is a new approximation formula for M with an accuracy\nthatis one order higher than the order of Q(h).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 248.66708250896912, "y": 1806.9747792299304}, {"x": 928.5309616199364, "y": 1806.9747792299304}, {"x": 928.5309616199364, "y": 1842.1971864765885}, {"x": 248.66708250896912, "y": 1842.1971864765885}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 27, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Example 3.7.2 (Forward difference of higher accuracy)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 247.64669641934483, "y": 1864.299206433907}, {"x": 1429.6813523610997, "y": 1864.299206433907}, {"x": 1429.6813523610997, "y": 1931.2733601689952}, {"x": 247.64669641934483, "y": 1931.2733601689952}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 28, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "As an example, the forward-difference method is considered. The error in the forward-difference\nformula may be written as", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 653.8416382443695, "y": 1928.686399621305}, {"x": 1021.5857611913024, "y": 1928.686399621305}, {"x": 1021.5857611913024, "y": 1967.7418412010916}, {"x": 653.8416382443695, "y": 1967.7418412010916}], "category": "Equation", "id": 29, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "f^{\\prime}(x)-Q_f(h)=c_1h+\\mathcal{O}\\left(h^2\\right)\\text{,}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1357.7396898571485, "y": 1934.3098261239645}, {"x": 1425.6425888370616, "y": 1934.3098261239645}, {"x": 1425.6425888370616, "y": 1963.0810561270232}, {"x": 1357.7396898571485, "y": 1963.0810561270232}], "category": "Caption", "id": 30, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(3.17)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 247.6466964193448, "y": 1982.3104379570811}, {"x": 634.1912714911274, "y": 1982.3104379570811}, {"x": 634.1912714911274, "y": 2017.450660347741}, {"x": 247.6466964193448, "y": 2017.450660347741}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 31, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "and the difference for 2h equals", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 638.9616159260885, "y": 2041.9039607386624}, {"x": 1033.2204071526078, "y": 2041.9039607386624}, {"x": 1033.2204071526078, "y": 2080.959402318449}, {"x": 638.9616159260885, "y": 2080.959402318449}], "category": "Equation", "id": 32, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "f^{\\prime}(x)-Q_f(2h)=c_12h+\\mathcal{O}\\left(h^2\\right)\\text{.}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1357.7396898571485, "y": 2049.9398044083487}, {"x": 1425.6425888370616, "y": 2049.9398044083487}, {"x": 1425.6425888370616, "y": 2078.7110344114076}, {"x": 1357.7396898571485, "y": 2078.7110344114076}], "category": "Caption", "id": 33, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(3.18)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000145.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 248.7614119478771, "y": 475.591141923766}, {"x": 504.41731616582734, "y": 475.591141923766}, {"x": 504.41731616582734, "y": 535.2687449256507}, {"x": 248.7614119478771, "y": 535.2687449256507}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Chapter 4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 248.7614119478771, "y": 605.2609953599597}, {"x": 898.1129021523932, "y": 605.2609953599597}, {"x": 898.1129021523932, "y": 677.4414446575822}, {"x": 248.7614119478771, "y": 677.4414446575822}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Nonlinear equations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 248.7614119478771, "y": 786.3439570538065}, {"x": 572.3912758820683, "y": 786.3439570538065}, {"x": 572.3912758820683, "y": 821.5700711313145}, {"x": 248.7614119478771, "y": 821.5700711313145}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "4.1 Introduction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 248.76141194787712, "y": 857.4113087211668}, {"x": 1428.2984252672088, "y": 857.4113087211668}, {"x": 1428.2984252672088, "y": 920.3281077520772}, {"x": 248.76141194787712, "y": 920.3281077520772}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The pressure drop in a fluid in motion is examined. For a flow in a pipe with a circular cross\nsection of diameter D (meter), the Reynolds number, Re, is given by", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 775.9632737430148, "y": 942.828993975962}, {"x": 899.4519620189483, "y": 942.828993975962}, {"x": 899.4519620189483, "y": 1006.0709318131012}, {"x": 775.9632737430148, "y": 1006.0709318131012}], "category": "Equation", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\\operatorname{Re}=\\frac{Dv}{v}\\text{,}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 248.761411947877, "y": 1026.879662161189}, {"x": 1428.2984252672086, "y": 1026.879662161189}, {"x": 1428.2984252672086, "y": 1122.1201731796598}, {"x": 248.761411947877, "y": 1122.1201731796598}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "in which v (m/s) is the average flow velocity and v (m2/s) is the viscosity of the fluid. The flow is\ncalled laminar if Re < 2100 (low flow velocity) and turbulent if Re > 3000. For 2100 \u2264 Re \u2264 3000,\nthe flow is neither laminar nor turbulent.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 248.7614119478772, "y": 1143.3927286130463}, {"x": 1211.2452864112254, "y": 1143.3927286130463}, {"x": 1211.2452864112254, "y": 1177.2624974886453}, {"x": 248.7614119478772, "y": 1177.2624974886453}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "For turbulent flows, the pressure drop between inflow and outflow is given by", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 713.1121732089263, "y": 1196.4194805520167}, {"x": 962.645659580815, "y": 1196.4194805520167}, {"x": 962.645659580815, "y": 1269.4446381337516}, {"x": 713.1121732089263, "y": 1269.4446381337516}], "category": "Equation", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "P_{\\text{out}}-P_{\\text{in}}=\\frac{\\rhowLv^2}{2gD}\\text{,}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 248.7614119478771, "y": 1291.084230493989}, {"x": 1428.2984252672086, "y": 1291.084230493989}, {"x": 1428.2984252672086, "y": 1393.9160427444235}, {"x": 248.7614119478771, "y": 1393.9160427444235}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "in which w is a friction coefficient, p (kg/m3) is the fluid density, L (m) is the length and 8 (m/s2)\nis the acceleration of gravity. If the fluid contains particles (sand, paper fibers), then the friction\ncoefficient w satisfies the equation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 659.4086372121393, "y": 1412.3731145846782}, {"x": 1018.3424369447492, "y": 1412.3731145846782}, {"x": 1018.3424369447492, "y": 1491.3192115715103}, {"x": 659.4086372121393, "y": 1491.3192115715103}], "category": "Equation", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{w}}=\\frac{\\ln(\\operatorname{Re}\\sqrt{w})+14-\\frac{5.6}{k}}{k}\\text{,}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 248.76141194787704, "y": 1512.086301018457}, {"x": 883.5609507879861, "y": 1512.086301018457}, {"x": 883.5609507879861, "y": 1545.956069894056}, {"x": 248.76141194787704, "y": 1545.956069894056}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "in which k is a parameter known from experiments.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 248.7614119478771, "y": 1557.2772168101576}, {"x": 1428.2984252672086, "y": 1557.2772168101576}, {"x": 1428.2984252672086, "y": 1619.749545168543}, {"x": 248.7614119478771, "y": 1619.749545168543}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "In this chapter, numerical methods will be discussed that can be used to determine w if the values\nof Re and k are known.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 248.761411947877, "y": 1676.81648922372}, {"x": 546.7248973351277, "y": 1676.81648922372}, {"x": 546.7248973351277, "y": 1712.042603301228}, {"x": 248.761411947877, "y": 1712.042603301228}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "4.2 Definitions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 248.7614119478771, "y": 1749.4763673861228}, {"x": 1428.2984252672086, "y": 1749.4763673861228}, {"x": 1428.2984252672086, "y": 1844.6908186550104}, {"x": 248.7614119478771, "y": 1844.6908186550104}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 13, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "In this chapter, various iterative methods will be considered to solve nonlinear equations of the\nform f(p) = 0. The point p is called a zero of the function f, or a root of the equation f(x) = 0.\nFirst, some useful definitions and concepts are introduced.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 248.7614119478772, "y": 1863.966697355892}, {"x": 415.99821383376633, "y": 1863.966697355892}, {"x": 415.99821383376633, "y": 1894.2501065475287}, {"x": 248.7614119478772, "y": 1894.2501065475287}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 14, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Convergence", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 248.7614119478771, "y": 1894.250106547529}, {"x": 1428.2984252672086, "y": 1894.250106547529}, {"x": 1428.2984252672086, "y": 1996.6595189902816}, {"x": 248.7614119478771, "y": 1996.6595189902816}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 15, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Each numerical method generates a sequence {pn} = p0, p1, p2,... which should converge to p:\nlimn\u2192\u221e Pn = p. Assume that the sequence indeed converges, with Pn \u2260 p for all n. If there exist\npositive constants \ufffd and a satisfying", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 709.5108768965009, "y": 2015.4772833133425}, {"x": 965.9984257834972, "y": 2015.4772833133425}, {"x": 965.9984257834972, "y": 2088.5024408950767}, {"x": 709.5108768965009, "y": 2088.5024408950767}], "category": "Equation", "id": 16, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\\lim_{n\\rightarrow\\infty}\\frac{\\left|p-p_{n+1}\\right|}{\\left|p-p_n\\right|^\\alpha}=\\lambda\\text{,}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1372.0418456651926, "y": 2037.3180640589464}, {"x": 1425.286753975476, "y": 2037.3180640589464}, {"x": 1425.286753975476, "y": 2064.9566424184836}, {"x": 1372.0418456651926, "y": 2064.9566424184836}], "category": "Caption", "id": 17, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(4.1)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000146.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 61.55184287900245, "y": 70.86833348897984}, {"x": 211.6036150079736, "y": 70.86833348897984}, {"x": 211.6036150079736, "y": 169.1079989076708}, {"x": 61.55184287900245, "y": 169.1079989076708}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Circle", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1257.1381300724845, "y": 69.38864748997801}, {"x": 1512.4791645877312, "y": 69.38864748997801}, {"x": 1512.4791645877312, "y": 136.03828539214476}, {"x": 1257.1381300724845, "y": 136.03828539214476}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Co-funded by\nthe European Union", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 231.4283468758009, "y": 240.56360701300065}, {"x": 1432.4592820414368, "y": 240.56360701300065}, {"x": 1432.4592820414368, "y": 360.0616667812868}, {"x": 231.4283468758009, "y": 360.0616667812868}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "organizations to navigate successfully the global digital economy. Finally each of the identified\ncompetences, within the Framework will correspond to the different e-learning modules (PR2)\nand e-game levels (PR3)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 231.4283468758009, "y": 393.53671000566146}, {"x": 590.3880913802502, "y": 393.53671000566146}, {"x": 590.3880913802502, "y": 430.3004055431634}, {"x": 231.4283468758009, "y": 430.3004055431634}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Reference frameworks:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 284.84150095158014, "y": 493.9534396681263}, {"x": 1432.4592820414368, "y": 493.9534396681263}, {"x": 1432.4592820414368, "y": 604.3359960308682}, {"x": 284.84150095158014, "y": 604.3359960308682}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "GreenComp - \"The European Sustainability Competence Framework\"(1), responds to\nthe growing need for people to improve and develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes\nto live, work and act in a sustainable manner.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 231.42834687580097, "y": 644.454657865999}, {"x": 1438.5202563821365, "y": 644.454657865999}, {"x": 1438.5202563821365, "y": 1011.7557918911612}, {"x": 231.42834687580097, "y": 1011.7557918911612}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "GreenComp is a reference framework for sustainability competences. It provides a common\nground to learners and guidance to educators, providing a consensual definition of what\nsustainability as a competence entails. It is designed to support education and training\nprogrammes for lifelong learning. It is written for all learners, irrespective of their age and their\neducation level and in any learning setting - formal, non-formal and informal. Sustainability\ncompetences can help learners become systemic and critical thinkers, as well as develop agency,\nand form a knowledge basis for everyone who cares about our planet's present and future state.\nThe aim of GreenComp is to foster a sustainability mindset by helping users develop the\nknowledge, skills and attitudes to think, plan and act with empathy, responsibility, and care for\nour planet.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 231.4283468758009, "y": 1055.616826179963}, {"x": 1434.783607752849, "y": 1055.616826179963}, {"x": 1434.783607752849, "y": 1236.9369347893376}, {"x": 231.4283468758009, "y": 1236.9369347893376}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Green- Comp is the result of a robust research methodology that has involved a large and\ndiverse group of experts and stakeholders, to build a consensus on an agreed proposal. It\nprovides a general reference model that everyone involved in lifelong learning can use to design\nlearning opportunities aimed at developing sustainability competences and to assess progress in\nsupporting education and training for sustainability.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 234.16686290956545, "y": 1286.8967113236515}, {"x": 1258.1457480793483, "y": 1286.8967113236515}, {"x": 1258.1457480793483, "y": 1319.4523016388537}, {"x": 234.16686290956545, "y": 1319.4523016388537}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "GreenComp consists of 12 competences organised into the four main areas below:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 219.39101856004308, "y": 1363.801819460843}, {"x": 1448.4121437042886, "y": 1363.801819460843}, {"x": 1448.4121437042886, "y": 2015.7318449209256}, {"x": 219.39101856004308, "y": 2015.7318449209256}], "category": "Table", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "AreaCompetence1. Embodying sustainability values1.1 Valuing sustainability1.2 Supporting fairness1.3 Promoting nature2. Embracing complexity in sustainability2.1 Systems thinking2.2 Critical thinking2.3 Problem framing3. Envisioning sustainable futures3.1 Futures literacy3.2 Adaptability", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 250.52863657771425, "y": 2116.088166833668}, {"x": 1425.47807541563, "y": 2116.088166833668}, {"x": 1425.47807541563, "y": 2167.9195544994077}, {"x": 250.52863657771425, "y": 2167.9195544994077}], "category": "Footer", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 607.9051314836938, "y": 2195.7434468919896}, {"x": 1067.0293151531844, "y": 2195.7434468919896}, {"x": 1067.0293151531844, "y": 2220.7695533866245}, {"x": 607.9051314836938, "y": 2220.7695533866245}], "category": "Footer", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000147.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 62.132636673977174, "y": 67.8516972555162}, {"x": 214.01234260672223, "y": 67.8516972555162}, {"x": 214.01234260672223, "y": 168.7093144764797}, {"x": 62.132636673977174, "y": 168.7093144764797}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "ECO\nCircle", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1259.9839147759694, "y": 73.19313528799636}, {"x": 1512.274504089684, "y": 73.19313528799636}, {"x": 1512.274504089684, "y": 136.7431453577493}, {"x": 1259.9839147759694, "y": 136.7431453577493}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Co-funded by\nthe European Union", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 333.9204240833621, "y": 241.2718621653451}, {"x": 963.0865042106856, "y": 241.2718621653451}, {"x": 963.0865042106856, "y": 281.43139919474874}, {"x": 333.9204240833621, "y": 281.43139919474874}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "3. RECOLLECTION OF NATIONAL INITIATIVES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 234.1767726204004, "y": 292.99079255354746}, {"x": 1432.4409362051647, "y": 292.99079255354746}, {"x": 1432.4409362051647, "y": 365.89232838055534}, {"x": 234.1767726204004, "y": 365.89232838055534}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Partners were also asked to recollect initiatives from their respective countries that represented\nthe core values and practices of a Circular Economy or Social Entrepreneurship:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 216.946519827643, "y": 590.9307608708266}, {"x": 1423.6729694056185, "y": 590.9307608708266}, {"x": 1423.6729694056185, "y": 2067.5021581613173}, {"x": 216.946519827643, "y": 2067.5021581613173}], "category": "Table", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "Source (doc, report, etc.)YearDescription of the initiativeCircular Economy issues addressedEco-Ecole Program https://www.ec o-ecole.org/le- programme/2005Eco-Ecole is the French version of Eco-Schools, an international program for education in sustainable development (ESD), developed by the Foundation for Environmental Education. The Teragir association launched the Eco-School program in 2005. The program aims to help students better understand the world around them in order to flourish and participate in it.Eco-Ecole offers instructions for teaching teams to effectively deploy sustainable development from kindergarten to high school.Horsnormes https://horsnor mes.co/2020Horsnormes is a website which provide baskets of fruits and vegetables that are directly collected from farmers. It helps farmers to gain money while the consumers pay a faire price in exchange of the product, which foster the reduction of food waste.Waste reduction of fruits and vegetables.Fondation Terre Solidaire (Solidarity Earth Foundation) https://fondatio n- terresolidaire.o rg/quest-ce- que-2016The Terre Solidaire Foundation was created in 2016 by CCFD-Terre Solidaire to act, particularly in France, in the face of the two major challenges of our time: the massive degradation of our environment (including biodiversity and climate), and the need to building a fairer and more ecologically responsible society. The association remains mobilized on itsSupport and encourage initiatives carried out by citizen mobilizations and actors of the social and solidarity economy in the design, implementation, dissemination and experimentation of", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 248.4289928962054, "y": 2114.327231367202}, {"x": 1423.6729694056185, "y": 2114.327231367202}, {"x": 1423.6729694056185, "y": 2167.574290479544}, {"x": 248.4289928962054, "y": 2167.574290479544}], "category": "Footer", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 608.4312618086266, "y": 2197.9039544368907}, {"x": 1066.693497353379, "y": 2197.9039544368907}, {"x": 1066.693497353379, "y": 2219.395111797667}, {"x": 608.4312618086266, "y": 2219.395111797667}], "category": "Footer", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000148.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 63.81793422058871, "y": 71.38368131042067}, {"x": 212.5096049996951, "y": 71.38368131042067}, {"x": 212.5096049996951, "y": 168.5021149274046}, {"x": 63.81793422058871, "y": 168.5021149274046}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "ECO\nCircle", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1262.350317086432, "y": 72.49075949357238}, {"x": 1509.9299779509763, "y": 72.49075949357238}, {"x": 1509.9299779509763, "y": 134.95855551318056}, {"x": 1262.350317086432, "y": 134.95855551318056}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Co-funded by\nthe European Union", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.2705703867493, "y": 241.68912940349105}, {"x": 1433.2139913628534, "y": 241.68912940349105}, {"x": 1433.2139913628534, "y": 355.2215083162363}, {"x": 232.2705703867493, "y": 355.2215083162363}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "As seen in this chart of responses, we were very satisfied to reach diversity in age groups, with\nall groups being represented by over 10%. The main group reached was of ages 36-45, and the\nleast represented was the youngest age group of 18-25.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 269.8309676462851, "y": 481.3606251468769}, {"x": 462.3960621741795, "y": 481.3606251468769}, {"x": 462.3960621741795, "y": 545.971281863473}, {"x": 269.8309676462851, "y": 545.971281863473}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Education Level\n122 responses", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 482.6660721244841, "y": 591.5788042516584}, {"x": 1285.962332721423, "y": 591.5788042516584}, {"x": 1285.962332721423, "y": 894.7739372233609}, {"x": 482.6660721244841, "y": 894.7739372233609}], "category": "Chart", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Primary\nLower Secondary\nUpper Secondary\n76.2%\nNon-formal Training\nBachelor's Degree or Higher\nMaster degree\nBac+5\n18%\nPh. D.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.27057038674937, "y": 972.9083664417648}, {"x": 1398.617146753876, "y": 972.9083664417648}, {"x": 1398.617146753876, "y": 1051.454654999195}, {"x": 232.27057038674937, "y": 1051.454654999195}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Regarding the education level of responders, we were satisfied to receive a very high level of\nresponses with Bachelor's or higher degrees, with the significant share of others coming from", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.27057038674937, "y": 1329.142598425905}, {"x": 1398.617146753876, "y": 1329.142598425905}, {"x": 1398.617146753876, "y": 1407.6888869833354}, {"x": 232.27057038674937, "y": 1407.6888869833354}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Upper Secondary-educated participants. There was also a small representation of non-formal\ntraining, as well as >1% representation for other options.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 271.7064443653663, "y": 1468.3274203819656}, {"x": 409.20473943784344, "y": 1468.3274203819656}, {"x": 409.20473943784344, "y": 1532.9380770985615}, {"x": 271.7064443653663, "y": 1532.9380770985615}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Profession\n122 responses", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 482.6660721244841, "y": 1577.6896136011908}, {"x": 1268.605215252779, "y": 1577.6896136011908}, {"x": 1268.605215252779, "y": 1880.8847465728936}, {"x": 482.6660721244841, "y": 1880.8847465728936}], "category": "Chart", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Social Entrepreneur\n19.7% Youth Worker\nEducator/Trainer\nUniversity Professor\nExpert in Circular Economy\nYouth Leader\n12.3%\n18.9% Project Manager\nStudent\n19.7%\n1/3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.27057038674937, "y": 1940.784120435736}, {"x": 1424.5570898949138, "y": 1940.784120435736}, {"x": 1424.5570898949138, "y": 2054.20584667853}, {"x": 232.27057038674937, "y": 2054.20584667853}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "For responders' profession, the most common answers representing 19.7% equally, were Youth\nWorkers and Project Managers, although practising Social Entrepreneurs were also well\nrepresented, along with an 8% response rate from self-declared circular economy experts.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 249.1543430571964, "y": 2113.323165686188}, {"x": 1423.6964918691306, "y": 2113.323165686188}, {"x": 1423.6964918691306, "y": 2168.617649744414}, {"x": 249.1543430571964, "y": 2168.617649744414}], "category": "Footer", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 605.5617151653955, "y": 2196.773257335813}, {"x": 1066.713015533693, "y": 2196.773257335813}, {"x": 1066.713015533693, "y": 2220.2578142990133}, {"x": 605.5617151653955, "y": 2220.2578142990133}], "category": "Footer", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000149.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 63.29529044984423, "y": 70.62182167673657}, {"x": 212.17249092627415, "y": 70.62182167673657}, {"x": 212.17249092627415, "y": 167.7931680954843}, {"x": 63.29529044984423, "y": 167.7931680954843}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "ECO\nCircle", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1260.255574569181, "y": 71.63644054733548}, {"x": 1510.3195913979353, "y": 71.63644054733548}, {"x": 1510.3195913979353, "y": 134.85049409747995}, {"x": 1260.255574569181, "y": 134.85049409747995}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Co-funded by\nthe European Union", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 235.45501400041337, "y": 490.9464361552583}, {"x": 1375.1233558511203, "y": 490.9464361552583}, {"x": 1375.1233558511203, "y": 564.4935561510995}, {"x": 235.45501400041337, "y": 564.4935561510995}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "With this in mind, here we have the 7 key competence areas selected to form a part of Eco-\nCircle's Competence Framework:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 394.9529829797103, "y": 585.8202910155608}, {"x": 1280.3919114309876, "y": 585.8202910155608}, {"x": 1280.3919114309876, "y": 1124.4125939811115}, {"x": 394.9529829797103, "y": 1124.4125939811115}], "category": "Table", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "Eco-Circle Competence Framework#1: The 3 Rs: Recycle-Reuse-Reduce#2: Lifecycle of Circular Economy#3: Social Entrepreneurship and Circular Economy#4: Corporate Environmental Sustainability#5: Embodying Sustainable Values#6: Environmental Engagement#7: Supporting Local Eco-friendly and Green Activities", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 250.81074700357257, "y": 2115.1421695537933}, {"x": 1422.855736474751, "y": 2115.1421695537933}, {"x": 1422.855736474751, "y": 2168.6309840962235}, {"x": 250.81074700357257, "y": 2168.6309840962235}], "category": "Footer", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 607.1933538331798, "y": 2196.4383483813153}, {"x": 1067.928566767358, "y": 2196.4383483813153}, {"x": 1067.928566767358, "y": 2219.054883723184}, {"x": 607.1933538331798, "y": 2219.054883723184}], "category": "Footer", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000150.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 64.12860299963452, "y": 71.2400514539805}, {"x": 211.48070917712735, "y": 71.2400514539805}, {"x": 211.48070917712735, "y": 167.01892046935086}, {"x": 64.12860299963452, "y": 167.01892046935086}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "ECO\nCircle", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1259.351644326345, "y": 71.24005145398054}, {"x": 1511.8476779509062, "y": 71.24005145398054}, {"x": 1511.8476779509062, "y": 133.40284440590267}, {"x": 1259.351644326345, "y": 133.40284440590267}], "category": "Header", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Co-funded by\nthe European Union", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 236.19662703769563, "y": 364.0845853864592}, {"x": 1144.4176102373362, "y": 364.0845853864592}, {"x": 1144.4176102373362, "y": 404.5536607803119}, {"x": 236.19662703769563, "y": 404.5536607803119}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "6. ECO CIRCLE COMPETENCE FRAMEWORK", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.3682851783101, "y": 511.5827779140395}, {"x": 1450.498497392166, "y": 511.5827779140395}, {"x": 1450.498497392166, "y": 1682.0460161252588}, {"x": 194.3682851783101, "y": 1682.0460161252588}], "category": "Table", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "Competence Area#1 THE 3 Rs: RECYCLE-REUSE-REDUCECompetence StatementTo know the basics of the 3 Rs and their importance and implementation into daily life in relation to green entrepreneurship and circular economy.Learning OutcomesKnowledge\u00b7 To understand the meaning of reducing, reusing and recycling and how they connect \u00b7 To understand the importance of the 3 Rs as waste management \u00b7 To be familiar with the expansion of the 3 Rs - the 7 RsSkills\u00b7 To implement different ways of waste management into daily life \u00b7 To properly implement recycling in day-to-day activities \u00b7 To promote reducing and reusing before recyclingAttitudes and Values\u00b7 To acquire a proactive approach to implementing the 3 Rs into daily personal life \u00b7 To educate others on the importance of sustainable waste management", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 249.00765681537615, "y": 2114.4514505081243}, {"x": 1423.7022573889517, "y": 2114.4514505081243}, {"x": 1423.7022573889517, "y": 2169.2705318682247}, {"x": 249.00765681537615, "y": 2169.2705318682247}], "category": "Footer", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 606.3169411910881, "y": 2196.467632806517}, {"x": 1067.597361893438, "y": 2196.467632806517}, {"x": 1067.597361893438, "y": 2221.518138469197}, {"x": 606.3169411910881, "y": 2221.518138469197}], "category": "Footer", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000151.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 156.1921770788234, "y": 324.3511710361868}, {"x": 352.51631456262726, "y": 324.3511710361868}, {"x": 352.51631456262726, "y": 352.0217420478757}, {"x": 156.1921770788234, "y": 352.0217420478757}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "CHAPTER 1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.1921770788234, "y": 409.5474399405512}, {"x": 379.12241404524343, "y": 409.5474399405512}, {"x": 379.12241404524343, "y": 437.21801095224}, {"x": 156.1921770788234, "y": 437.21801095224}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "CALIFORNIA", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.19217707882325, "y": 668.8156817286562}, {"x": 512.2701126670934, "y": 668.8156817286562}, {"x": 512.2701126670934, "y": 693.2662869608889}, {"x": 156.19217707882325, "y": 693.2662869608889}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.1921770788234, "y": 826.795857973757}, {"x": 618.1216814879584, "y": 826.795857973757}, {"x": 618.1216814879584, "y": 854.4664289854459}, {"x": 156.1921770788234, "y": 854.4664289854459}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "COURSE MARKING DRIVERS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.1921770788234, "y": 891.915573915825}, {"x": 1547.2783051073372, "y": 891.915573915825}, {"x": 1547.2783051073372, "y": 1101.708813218769}, {"x": 156.1921770788234, "y": 1101.708813218769}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "SB1359 was passed in September 2016, going into force in January 2018. The law \"requires California\nCommunity Colleges and California State Universities and requests the University of California\nsystem to include a symbol/logo in the online campus course schedule by January 1, 2018 for courses\nthat exclusively use digital course materials that are free of charge to students and therefore not\nrequired to be purchased.\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.19217707882348, "y": 1136.5826269718675}, {"x": 1547.2783051073372, "y": 1136.5826269718675}, {"x": 1547.2783051073372, "y": 1346.3758662748114}, {"x": 156.19217707882348, "y": 1346.3758662748114}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The potential scale of impact is significant. With 114 colleges serving 2.1 million students, the\nCalifornia Community Colleges (CCCs) comprise the largest public system of higher education in the\nUS. The California State University (CSU) with 23 campuses serving nearly 500,000 students, is the\nlargest four-year public university system in the US. Notably, the law does not apply to the state's\nresearch-focused University of California.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 682.4452465534631, "y": 1361.7106492045623}, {"x": 1018.7788661060682, "y": 1361.7106492045623}, {"x": 1018.7788661060682, "y": 1601.0832252825423}, {"x": 682.4452465534631, "y": 1601.0832252825423}], "category": "Figure", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 685.4752791620454, "y": 1629.3635296293075}, {"x": 992.5185834983572, "y": 1629.3635296293075}, {"x": 992.5185834983572, "y": 1691.9842035400031}, {"x": 685.4752791620454, "y": 1691.9842035400031}], "category": "Caption", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.1: Zero Cost Textbook\nLogo", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.1921770788234, "y": 1743.8660132483485}, {"x": 455.7485150958955, "y": 1743.8660132483485}, {"x": 455.7485150958955, "y": 1771.5365842600372}, {"x": 156.1921770788234, "y": 1771.5365842600372}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "IMPLEMENTATION", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.1921770788231, "y": 1806.9804907555072}, {"x": 1547.2783051073368, "y": 1806.9804907555072}, {"x": 1547.2783051073368, "y": 2016.7737300584513}, {"x": 156.1921770788231, "y": 2016.7737300584513}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Between the passage of the law in 2016 and the implementation of the law in 2018, both the CCCs\nand CSU systems engaged in outreach to the field. The CCCs' system office issued a memo to college\nleadership explaining the requirements and created a sample logo that colleges could choose to adopt.\nThe CSU system's Affordable Learning Solutions team engaged the field with a series of webinars and\nFAQs.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1283.352915454857, "y": 2090.987462677561}, {"x": 1542.159160731494, "y": 2090.987462677561}, {"x": 1542.159160731494, "y": 2110.697872086047}, {"x": 1283.352915454857, "y": 2110.697872086047}], "category": "Footer", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "PRICE TRANSPARENCY 1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000152.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 155.00533054613322, "y": 158.30603902458665}, {"x": 1545.8744909849893, "y": 158.30603902458665}, {"x": 1545.8744909849893, "y": 239.42159378440323}, {"x": 155.00533054613322, "y": 239.42159378440323}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "should adopt two separate designators to mark no-cost VS. low-cost, but the council felt it was better\nto simplify the process and allow for some OER providers that have fees associated with their services.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.00533054613322, "y": 273.5257893153892}, {"x": 1545.8744909849893, "y": 273.5257893153892}, {"x": 1545.8744909849893, "y": 442.4333152943393}, {"x": 155.00533054613322, "y": 442.4333152943393}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "At this point in time, the application of the #NOLO designator was a manual process. It required the\naddition of the designator to the section title prior to registration and then its removal after add/drop\nto ensure the label didn't appear on the student transcript. This process severely hampered our long-\nterm reporting abilities. In total, four colleges adopted the #NOLO designator in this fashion.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.0053305461332, "y": 475.31204514211134}, {"x": 1545.8744909849893, "y": 475.31204514211134}, {"x": 1545.8744909849893, "y": 685.4839187684322}, {"x": 155.0053305461332, "y": 685.4839187684322}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "To assist in greater faculty and institutional adoption as well as improve data capture, the CSCU OER\nAdvisory Council made a formal recommendation to the provost's academic council in Spring 2018\nto implement the #NOLO designator as a course section attribute within the student information\nsystem. In addition to adding a course section attribute, a student-facing course search filter was\nadded as well as an additional column within the course search results page.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 574.8780001681855, "y": 702.3389863296677}, {"x": 1127.1714153147118, "y": 702.3389863296677}, {"x": 1127.1714153147118, "y": 1175.870557924863}, {"x": 574.8780001681855, "y": 1175.870557924863}], "category": "Figure", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Your materials for:\nLIB 100 - Lib & Resch Methods\n\u2611 Adoptions not Required\n\u25cb This course does not use books\n\u2299 Course uses OER/Zero cost course\n\u25cb Other non-bookstore materials\nContinue", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 575.9975612153675, "y": 1200.7918260695408}, {"x": 1106.416340831909, "y": 1200.7918260695408}, {"x": 1106.416340831909, "y": 1229.9188688808538}, {"x": 575.9975612153675, "y": 1229.9188688808538}], "category": "Caption", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 2.1: Filtered Search Option for NOLO Sections.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 608.0327640834562, "y": 1290.191900475793}, {"x": 1092.5961704595456, "y": 1290.191900475793}, {"x": 1092.5961704595456, "y": 1750.8109965101874}, {"x": 608.0327640834562, "y": 1750.8109965101874}], "category": "Figure", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "extbook NoLo Cred\ntextbook info 3.00 St\ntextbook info NoLo 3.00 Pu\ntextbook info NoLo 3.00 Pu\ntextbook info NoLo 3.00 TF\nbook info NoLo 3.00", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 584.4829545942988, "y": 1805.0573565860416}, {"x": 1049.875565775253, "y": 1805.0573565860416}, {"x": 1049.875565775253, "y": 1868.654694750545}, {"x": 584.4829545942988, "y": 1868.654694750545}], "category": "Caption", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 2.2: Added Column in Results for NOLO\nDesignator.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.0053305461332, "y": 1897.6036461575975}, {"x": 1545.8744909849893, "y": 1897.6036461575975}, {"x": 1545.8744909849893, "y": 2062.9814255707915}, {"x": 155.0053305461332, "y": 2062.9814255707915}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The request to implement the designator within the student information system was supported in\nFall 2018 by the president's cabinet. The ability to mark courses was enabled late Fall 2018 and the\nstudent-facing features were enabled in January 2019. Each institutional representative on the OER\ncouncil engaged with their local governance structures to request a vote for adoption.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.00533054613334, "y": 2090.6332982647373}, {"x": 1529.6306641809033, "y": 2090.6332982647373}, {"x": 1529.6306641809033, "y": 2112.399391625469}, {"x": 155.00533054613334, "y": 2112.399391625469}], "category": "Footer", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "4 BOYOUNG CHAE, KEVIN CORCORAN, MICHAEL DALY, ANN FIDDLER, JEFF GALLANT, JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG, AMY HOFER, AND", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000153.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 156.32938137866398, "y": 324.6985591544089}, {"x": 354.1428116468675, "y": 324.6985591544089}, {"x": 354.1428116468675, "y": 350.52770132318693}, {"x": 156.32938137866398, "y": 350.52770132318693}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "CHAPTER 7.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.32938137866395, "y": 408.4857764336161}, {"x": 273.50548975409663, "y": 408.4857764336161}, {"x": 273.50548975409663, "y": 436.204855834256}, {"x": 156.32938137866395, "y": 436.204855834256}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "TEXAS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.32938137866398, "y": 668.0371562759722}, {"x": 374.6457670713078, "y": 668.0371562759722}, {"x": 374.6457670713078, "y": 693.350861017879}, {"x": 156.32938137866398, "y": 693.350861017879}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "MICHELLE REED", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.32938137866395, "y": 826.7444473514983}, {"x": 619.1909697712747, "y": 826.7444473514983}, {"x": 619.1909697712747, "y": 854.4635267521381}, {"x": 156.32938137866395, "y": 854.4635267521381}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "COURSE MARKING DRIVERS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.55214254070424, "y": 892.2441071945525}, {"x": 1546.7515757817391, "y": 892.2441071945525}, {"x": 1546.7515757817391, "y": 1138.7733735181164}, {"x": 152.55214254070424, "y": 1138.7733735181164}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "I've worked at the University of Texas at Arlington (UTA) for the last three years as Open Education\nLibrarian and was recently promoted to the leadership team as Director of Open Educational\nResources following a half-million-dollar investment in OER from university administration. It was\nin my first year as Open Education Librarian that the Texas Legislature passed Senate Bill 810\n(SB810), which requires institutions of higher education across the state to provide searchable\ninformation to students about OER-only courses. A strong definition of OER was provided:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 182.57328650243085, "y": 1173.6057064786858}, {"x": 1518.1294100684615, "y": 1173.6057064786858}, {"x": 1518.1294100684615, "y": 1316.0862528461637}, {"x": 182.57328650243085, "y": 1316.0862528461637}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\"teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under an\nintellectual property license that allows for free use, reuse, modification, and sharing with others, including\nfull courses, course materials, modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests, software, and any other tools,\nmaterials, or techniques used to support access to knowledge.\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.55214254070424, "y": 1350.3119087849473}, {"x": 1546.7515757817391, "y": 1350.3119087849473}, {"x": 1546.7515757817391, "y": 1648.2200754979192}, {"x": 152.55214254070424, "y": 1648.2200754979192}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "However, Texas was not given a very long implementation window. The bill passed in June 2017,\neffective immediately, with a compliance deadline of Spring 2018. We in higher education know a\nchange of this scope, and impacting as many stakeholders as course marking does, takes longer. A\nrecent survey commissioned by the Digital Higher Education Consortium of Texas (DigiTex) and\nadministered in May 2019 shows only 59 respondents of the 158 two-and four-year institutions that\nreceived the statewide survey have a course marking solution in place. The findings were presented\nin Open Educational Resources (OER) in Texas Higher Education, 2019.1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 132.5139276434191, "y": 1981.5383368798937}, {"x": 1534.578710113135, "y": 1981.5383368798937}, {"x": 1534.578710113135, "y": 2081.048697234644}, {"x": 132.5139276434191, "y": 2081.048697234644}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1.Jimes, C., Karaglani, A., Petrides, L., Rios,J., Sebesta,J., & Torre, K. (2019). Open Educational Resources (OER) in Texas Higher Education,\n2019. Austin, TX: Digital Higher Education Consortium of Texas and Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board; Half Moon Bay,\nCA: Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1269.707834690846, "y": 2090.0199953388787}, {"x": 1543.6110837920423, "y": 2090.0199953388787}, {"x": 1543.6110837920423, "y": 2111.2528053467236}, {"x": 1269.707834690846, "y": 2111.2528053467236}], "category": "Footer", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "PRICE TRANSPARENCY 17", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000154.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 151.29562587072002, "y": 154.29942264120973}, {"x": 1550.0026062355537, "y": 154.29942264120973}, {"x": 1550.0026062355537, "y": 902.6730172756652}, {"x": 151.29562587072002, "y": 902.6730172756652}], "category": "Chart", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "66%\n24%\n18%\n12%\n8%\n6%\nNo textbook Affordable Zero cost Free Low cost OER\nrequired", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.54848069000576, "y": 933.0327059096088}, {"x": 981.3972016456564, "y": 933.0327059096088}, {"x": 981.3972016456564, "y": 962.720078231544}, {"x": 155.54848069000576, "y": 962.720078231544}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 7.1: Texas OER landscape survey results show terms used in course schedules", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.27977676146898, "y": 1014.864337200548}, {"x": 455.40080898242655, "y": 1014.864337200548}, {"x": 455.40080898242655, "y": 1041.9662492206353}, {"x": 157.27977676146898, "y": 1041.9662492206353}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "IMPLEMENTATION", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.67446395972286, "y": 1079.971545248659}, {"x": 1544.7667011215383, "y": 1079.971545248659}, {"x": 1544.7667011215383, "y": 1331.7365701555168}, {"x": 154.67446395972286, "y": 1331.7365701555168}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Locally, we implemented a quick and free solution that reflects the constraints of system capabilities,\nno financial support, and a local directive to vet every course to be tagged. Based on what was\nfeasible in the short term and conversations with key stakeholders (i.e., registrar, early OER adopters,\ncurriculum coordinators, student representatives, and the campus store), we incorporated an\n\"educational resources cost\" option into an existing \"course attribute\" drop-down menu under the\nsystem's advanced search options.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.54848069000565, "y": 2090.163718014167}, {"x": 1543.7340197863568, "y": 2090.163718014167}, {"x": 1543.7340197863568, "y": 2113.2125601309763}, {"x": 155.54848069000565, "y": 2113.2125601309763}], "category": "Footer", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "18 BOYOUNG CHAE, KEVIN CORCORAN, MICHAEL DALY, ANN FIDDLER, JEFF GALLANT, JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG, AMY HOFER, AND", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000155.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 158.2259424524363, "y": 172.59658221455285}, {"x": 397.9729932213791, "y": 172.59658221455285}, {"x": 397.9729932213791, "y": 220.89095215362045}, {"x": 158.2259424524363, "y": 220.89095215362045}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Contents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 186.87175043327568, "y": 402.16637781629095}, {"x": 951.5796946648452, "y": 402.16637781629095}, {"x": 951.5796946648452, "y": 884.651544119503}, {"x": 186.87175043327568, "y": 884.651544119503}], "category": "Index", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1. Front Matter 1\n2. Introduction to Researching Wicked Problems 3\n3. Our Mental Shortcuts 13\n4. Identifying a Topic 25\n5. Types of Sources 38\n6. Access & Searching 55\n7. SIFTing Information 67\n8. Evaluating News Sources 80\n9. Audience, Presentation & Citation 88\nInstructor Resources 97", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000156.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 155.1868474564696, "y": 151.44594228282443}, {"x": 409.4222092071328, "y": 151.44594228282443}, {"x": 409.4222092071328, "y": 206.7571078542728}, {"x": 155.1868474564696, "y": 206.7571078542728}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "2\nFact-Checking", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 215.28894883587333, "y": 355.428831812922}, {"x": 415.416326234587, "y": 355.428831812922}, {"x": 415.416326234587, "y": 1202.9371701750274}, {"x": 215.28894883587333, "y": 1202.9371701750274}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "In this\ncontext, we are\ntalking about\nfact-checking\nthat is done\nbefore a source\nis published.\nOver the last\ntwo decades\nthere has been\nan increase in\nfact checking as\nan activity that\ntakes place after\na source has\nbeen published,\na practice\ndiscussed in\nmore detail in\nthe chapter,\nSIFTing\nInformation.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 503.2399335921715, "y": 267.96249173336383}, {"x": 945.8660523019386, "y": 267.96249173336383}, {"x": 945.8660523019386, "y": 650.0051598214241}, {"x": 503.2399335921715, "y": 650.0051598214241}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Fact checkers verify that the names,\ndates, and facts in a work (usually an\narticle or book) are correct. For\nexample, they may contact a person\nwho is quoted in a proposed news\narticle and ask the person whether\nthis quotation is correct, or how to\nspell the person's name. Fact-\ncheckers are primarily useful in\ncatching accidental mistakes.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 503.2399335921718, "y": 657.9099496139179}, {"x": 945.8660523019388, "y": 657.9099496139179}, {"x": 945.8660523019388, "y": 1190.1455791407525}, {"x": 503.2399335921718, "y": 1190.1455791407525}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The number of people employed in\nfact-checking varies by publication.\nSome organizations have substantial\nfact-checking departments. Others\nmay hire freelancers per piece, or\nmay combine fact-checking with\nother duties. Magazines are more\nlikely to use fact checkers than\nnewspapers. Television and radio\nprograms rarely employ dedicated\nfact checkers, and instead expect\nothers, including senior staff, to\nengage in fact-checking in addition to\ntheir other duties.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 122.44001292812516, "y": 1412.062282342667}, {"x": 941.9788332159562, "y": 1412.062282342667}, {"x": 941.9788332159562, "y": 1541.7053131947555}, {"x": 122.44001292812516, "y": 1541.7053131947555}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "2. Content in this section is adapted from the Wikipedia\nentry \"Fact-checking\" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/\nFact-checking) and is used under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.28157136431162, "y": 1568.1941347988643}, {"x": 388.93535128602787, "y": 1568.1941347988643}, {"x": 388.93535128602787, "y": 1596.311415581643}, {"x": 152.28157136431162, "y": 1596.311415581643}], "category": "Footer", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "48 | Types of Sources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000157.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 157.2873294036635, "y": 167.57557801512746}, {"x": 240.39127767543584, "y": 167.57557801512746}, {"x": 240.39127767543584, "y": 213.83154922300065}, {"x": 157.2873294036635, "y": 213.83154922300065}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Stop", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.7193303796679, "y": 281.2555072548159}, {"x": 596.3270561224601, "y": 281.2555072548159}, {"x": 596.3270561224601, "y": 1008.4000581477204}, {"x": 155.7193303796679, "y": 1008.4000581477204}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Check your emotions. If a claim\ncauses strong emotion - anger, glee,\npride, vindication - STOP. You must\nfact-check this claim. Remember\nfrom the chapter, Our Mental\nShortcuts, that we more readily\naccept information that confirms our\nbeliefs (confirmation bias) and we\ntend to think less critically about that\nkind of information than we do about\ninformation that challenges our\nbeliefs (motivated reasoning.) A\nstrong emotional reaction is a sign\nthat these cognitive biases are at\nwork. Remember, these mental\nshortcuts don't make us bad people,\nwe all have them. But we do need to\naccount for them if we want to move\ntoward better information.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.7193303796679, "y": 1019.3717132279615}, {"x": 666.8272318875673, "y": 1019.3717132279615}, {"x": 666.8272318875673, "y": 1359.3086965991963}, {"x": 155.7193303796679, "y": 1359.3086965991963}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "In addition, if you get lost while\nworking on the other moves, or hit\ndead ends, or find yourself going\ndown an increasingly confusing\nrabbit hole during your investigation,\nSTOP. Back up and start over knowing\nwhat you know now. You're likely to\ntake a more informed path with\ndifferent search terms and better decisions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 679.8621922796419, "y": 252.136459371484}, {"x": 877.2259618103108, "y": 252.136459371484}, {"x": 877.2259618103108, "y": 1216.490542573446}, {"x": 679.8621922796419, "y": 1216.490542573446}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "In these\nchapters we're\nfocusing on\nresearching a\nwicked problem,\nbut the SIFT\nmethod is a\ngreat thing to\nuse before you\nshare\ninformation on\nsocial media.\nOften we feel\ncompelled to\nshare the things\nthat evoke the\nstrongest\nfeelings, but\nthose strong\nfeelings are a\ngood sign that\nthose things\nneed to be\nchecked before\nthey are shared.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 677.8062615452008, "y": 1568.666623196847}, {"x": 944.2876956732704, "y": 1568.666623196847}, {"x": 944.2876956732704, "y": 1596.2634060191715}, {"x": 677.8062615452008, "y": 1596.2634060191715}], "category": "Footer", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "SIFTing Information | 69", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000158.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 151.14561471846696, "y": 162.09129111991345}, {"x": 947.0113252872512, "y": 162.09129111991345}, {"x": 947.0113252872512, "y": 352.72579130640617}, {"x": 151.14561471846696, "y": 352.72579130640617}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "to expand this section to include notes, tips and feedback from\nTWP instructors. If you use these materials, please let me know\nhow it went, what worked for you, and any suggested changes or\nadditions. I'd love to hear from you at chwixson (at) plymouth (dot)\nedu or fill out as much of [this form] as you'd like.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.47872311137954, "y": 452.7089207748465}, {"x": 392.4382338356361, "y": 452.7089207748465}, {"x": 392.4382338356361, "y": 496.7014977409601}, {"x": 152.47872311137954, "y": 496.7014977409601}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Introduction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.47872311137957, "y": 571.3555677440622}, {"x": 947.0113252872512, "y": 571.3555677440622}, {"x": 947.0113252872512, "y": 799.3171029321059}, {"x": 152.47872311137957, "y": 799.3171029321059}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Throughout the chapters, I tried to generate Reflection &\nDiscussion Questions that could be used either as in class (whole\ngroup or think/pair/share) discussion prompts or as written\nreflections assigned out of class. If your students generate any\nwritten answers to any of the Reflection & Discussion Questions in\nthis chapter, I would be very interested to see them.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.14561471846696, "y": 901.9664491863714}, {"x": 557.7436745567906, "y": 901.9664491863714}, {"x": 557.7436745567906, "y": 945.959026152485}, {"x": 151.14561471846696, "y": 945.959026152485}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Our Mental Shortcuts", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.47872311137957, "y": 1016.6137709768497}, {"x": 951.0106504659888, "y": 1016.6137709768497}, {"x": 951.0106504659888, "y": 1128.5948759815024}, {"x": 152.47872311137957, "y": 1128.5948759815024}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "If you'd like to reinforce Kahneman's ideas about System 1 and\nSystem 2 thinking the video below (12 minutes) is very good, (thanks\nto Mike Davidson for this suggestion.)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 176.47467418380523, "y": 1133.9273095531526}, {"x": 713.7173565275574, "y": 1133.9273095531526}, {"x": 713.7173565275574, "y": 1171.2543445547035}, {"x": 176.47467418380523, "y": 1171.2543445547035}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "//www.youtbe.com/embed/UBVV8pch1dM", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 188.22764494594904, "y": 1299.2670267068158}, {"x": 825.037267665297, "y": 1299.2670267068158}, {"x": 825.037267665297, "y": 1367.2758213661632}, {"x": 188.22764494594904, "y": 1367.2758213661632}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Reflection & Discussion Question 1: Taking Stock of What You\nAlready Know", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.14561471846696, "y": 1562.8907921326916}, {"x": 434.02104625013766, "y": 1562.8907921326916}, {"x": 434.02104625013766, "y": 1599.52852662931}, {"x": 151.14561471846696, "y": 1599.52852662931}], "category": "Footer", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "98 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000159.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 153.09309071503827, "y": 162.54961608653096}, {"x": 946.2529453594808, "y": 162.54961608653096}, {"x": 946.2529453594808, "y": 311.33398828029283}, {"x": 153.09309071503827, "y": 311.33398828029283}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "be a starting point for asking questions too, but I would recommend\nagainst brainstorming as the only strategy towards topic and\nquestion identification since it does not enable students to get to\ntopics they didn't know existed.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.95230838131508, "y": 316.68594411460083}, {"x": 948.393727693204, "y": 316.68594411460083}, {"x": 948.393727693204, "y": 622.8178178370173}, {"x": 150.95230838131508, "y": 622.8178178370173}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "I struggle with getting students to actually read the sources we\nfind together in our research consultations. They seem to want\nto do all the searching first and all the reading later. No matter\nhow I tell them it's iterative and you need to go back and forth\nbetween reading and searching many many times, the messages\nwasn't landing. This chapter is my next iteration in how to talk\nabout the research process, but I really don't now what the secret\nrecipe is yet. Let me know if you think this one lands.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.95230838131505, "y": 725.5753698557304}, {"x": 456.01379093687, "y": 725.5753698557304}, {"x": 456.01379093687, "y": 781.2357105325336}, {"x": 150.95230838131505, "y": 781.2357105325336}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Types of Sources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.95230838131505, "y": 843.3183982105062}, {"x": 948.393727693204, "y": 843.3183982105062}, {"x": 948.393727693204, "y": 1148.379880766061}, {"x": 150.95230838131505, "y": 1148.379880766061}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "I am a big fan of Mike Caulfield's information literacy work (see\nthe next chapter, SIFTing Information.) Sometimes I have found\nmy attempts to use his strategies in the classroom were hard for\nstudents. For example, when I've tried the exercise about the\nAmerican Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of\nPediatricians (Reflection & Discussion Question 1) without first\ntalking about professional organizations, students rarely got how\nthey were different, and it did not build their confidence.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.81152604759194, "y": 1155.8726189340923}, {"x": 950.5345100269276, "y": 1155.8726189340923}, {"x": 950.5345100269276, "y": 1344.2614643017332}, {"x": 148.81152604759194, "y": 1344.2614643017332}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "It's hard to identify a legitimate professional association if you've\nnever heard of the concept of professional associations. This\nchapter may be long, but I felt it was important to enumerate at\nleast some of the dimensions of the sources they may find, SO that\nwhen we get to Caulfield's SIFT method they are set up for success.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.95230838131502, "y": 1565.8324358420837}, {"x": 441.0283146008076, "y": 1565.8324358420837}, {"x": 441.0283146008076, "y": 1597.9441708479312}, {"x": 150.95230838131502, "y": 1597.9441708479312}], "category": "Footer", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "102 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000160.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 191.8974401763802, "y": 203.21688899903796}, {"x": 904.2427617227728, "y": 203.21688899903796}, {"x": 904.2427617227728, "y": 593.0640558817}, {"x": 191.8974401763802, "y": 593.0640558817}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Other advice that might smooth the way for this exercise\nis to remind students right before they start that we aren't\ninterested in what these organizations' websites say about\nthemselves, but what they can learn about them from the\nrest of the internet. Encourage use of Wikipedia for this\ntype of source research. Encourage them to slow down and\nto practice \"click restraint\" once they have Googled one of\nthese orgs. What can they learn from looking at just the\nsearch results page, without clicking through to anything?\nWhat is the overall impression from a variety of results?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 231.91989449356612, "y": 615.8175327068518}, {"x": 906.6892002008108, "y": 615.8175327068518}, {"x": 906.6892002008108, "y": 1391.3225404509603}, {"x": 231.91989449356612, "y": 1391.3225404509603}], "category": "List", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Center for Consumer Freedom: Many of the Google\nsearch results (with or without including the search\nterm funding) indicate this is astroturing. A look at\nthe Wikipedia page tells us that this org was started\nby a pretty well known PR guy and the sidebar lists\ntheir focus as \"represents the interests of restaurant\nand food companies\" and their method as \"lobbying.\"\n\u00b7 National Consumers League: Students may note\nthat it has been around since 1899, has no critical\nresults on the first page of Google results, and even\nhas an entry in the Encyclopedia Britannica.\n\u00b7 One Fair Wage: a legitimately grass-roots effort to\nraise the minimum wage for restaurant workers.\n\u00b7 Save Our Tips: This is one case where adding the\nword funding to the search helps a bit. If we do that\nwe find sources indicating that this group is funded in\npart by the National Restaurant Association and a\nconservative strategy and consulting group. Not\nwhat you would expect for a grassroots effort lead by\nwaitstaff.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.77296582821845, "y": 1562.4133359738871}, {"x": 442.9851749517564, "y": 1562.4133359738871}, {"x": 442.9851749517564, "y": 1597.590882716919}, {"x": 148.77296582821845, "y": 1597.590882716919}], "category": "Footer", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "104 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000161.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 262.0277078085646, "y": 220.52896725440817}, {"x": 882.9345088161217, "y": 220.52896725440817}, {"x": 882.9345088161217, "y": 301.8891687657432}, {"x": 262.0277078085646, "y": 301.8891687657432}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "of any individual to color their decisions, even when\nthey're acting in good faith.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 227.7707808564236, "y": 308.31234256926956}, {"x": 895.250777972812, "y": 308.31234256926956}, {"x": 895.250777972812, "y": 1470.5794667710866}, {"x": 227.7707808564236, "y": 1470.5794667710866}], "category": "List", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Credentials: Academic credentials tend to\nrepresent a significant commitment of time towards\ngaining mastery of a subject, and therefore requiring\na particular degree may increase the likelihood of\naccurate information. However, not all groups are\nequally represented in higher education. Degree\ncompletion is uneven across race and income factors\n(among others), making academia not\ndemographically representative of our society as a\nwhole. Some perspectives are therefore\nsystematically underrepresented in groups with\nadvanced degrees.\n\u00b7 Peer Review: Peer review sometimes only results in\ncollaborative improvements to a work. It can also\nprevent the publication of very obviously flawed or\npoorly executed or analyzed research. Very new or\nradical ideas may be initially rejected because they\nare such a departure from existing dogma. Peer\nreview is largely a practice of academia, therefore has\nthe same exclusionary problems mentioned in the\ncredentials section. It is possible for individual\nreviewers to act in a biased or unethical way to\nprevent the publication of some works.\n\u00b7 Fact Checking: Not a lot of downside here. Let me\nknow if your students come up with anything good.\n\u00b7 Domains: For some top level domains (mostly just\n.gov and .edu) looking at the domain provides some\nassurance that the web content there is an official\ncommunication of a particular institution. There\nreally isn't any problem with domains excluding", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 142.12846347607092, "y": 1567.254408060454}, {"x": 452.581863979849, "y": 1567.254408060454}, {"x": 452.581863979849, "y": 1599.370277078086}, {"x": 142.12846347607092, "y": 1599.370277078086}], "category": "Footer", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "106 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000162.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 224.57390046558692, "y": 230.1119504440786}, {"x": 826.7157275606367, "y": 230.1119504440786}, {"x": 826.7157275606367, "y": 419.0638281336405}, {"x": 224.57390046558692, "y": 419.0638281336405}], "category": "List", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1. Edward Bernays\n2. Wikipedia. Public Relations\n3. Pinterest. Retrieved June 10, 2021.\n4. Bernays, Edward. Crystalizing Public Opinion.\n5. Encyclopedia of Propaganda", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 224.57390046558692, "y": 446.38217189598686}, {"x": 667.3587222802832, "y": 446.38217189598686}, {"x": 667.3587222802832, "y": 475.9770443051954}, {"x": 224.57390046558692, "y": 475.9770443051954}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Possible directions for the discussion:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 234.04547634502433, "y": 504.01947951242096}, {"x": 904.4880629901494, "y": 504.01947951242096}, {"x": 904.4880629901494, "y": 1444.2894962899202}, {"x": 234.04547634502433, "y": 1444.2894962899202}], "category": "List", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 What the sources suggest about the level of\nresearch. Do sources like Wikipedia and Pinterest\nindicate a deep engagement with the topic? What\nabout the Encyclopedia of Propaganda? Call back to\nthe chapter, Identifying a Topic, encyclopedias are\ngood preliminary sources, but if research stops with\nan overview source, how valuable is it?\n\u00b7 Ways in which the citations are ambiguous. Is\nenough information provided that readers can find\nthe original information? Is number 1 about that\nperson or written by that person? Is number 4 a book\nor an article? It has implications for how we would\nlook for it. For number 5, there is more than one\nbook with the title Encyclopedia of Propaganda, and\nalso it's unlikely they meant to refer to the whole\nencyclopedia.\n\u00b7 The difference between discovering a source on a\nsocial media platform and citing the content. Is\nenough information given to find the Pinterest\nsource? Revisit the creator concept from the chapter,\nTypes of Sources. Social media companies distribute\nbut do not create content, SO they are not the ones\nthat should be cited. Opportunity to talk about\nspecific sources students have found on social media", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.1919542198703, "y": 1567.54856388661}, {"x": 433.98095722091847, "y": 1567.54856388661}, {"x": 433.98095722091847, "y": 1595.8672888867163}, {"x": 154.1919542198703, "y": 1595.8672888867163}], "category": "Footer", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "114 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000163.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 107.61964735516383, "y": 53.52644836272042}, {"x": 625.7556675062974, "y": 53.52644836272042}, {"x": 625.7556675062974, "y": 199.11838790932}, {"x": 107.61964735516383, "y": 199.11838790932}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "HOW CAN\nYOU HELP?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 28.40050377833757, "y": 207.68261964735524}, {"x": 218.95465994962225, "y": 207.68261964735524}, {"x": 218.95465994962225, "y": 237.6574307304787}, {"x": 28.40050377833757, "y": 237.6574307304787}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "As a boater:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 45.528967254408144, "y": 246.22166246851393}, {"x": 625.7556675062978, "y": 246.22166246851393}, {"x": 625.7556675062978, "y": 509.5717884130984}, {"x": 45.528967254408144, "y": 509.5717884130984}], "category": "List", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Check tidal conditions beforehand\n\u00b7 Stay within marked channels\n\u00b7 Pay attention to buoys and markers\n\u00b7 Do not run aground\n\u00b7 If you run aground, call for help\n\u00b7 Wear polarized sunglasses\n\u00b7 Take a safe boating course", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 28.40050377833757, "y": 548.1108312342571}, {"x": 278.90428211586925, "y": 548.1108312342571}, {"x": 278.90428211586925, "y": 580.2267002518894}, {"x": 28.40050377833757, "y": 580.2267002518894}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "As a developer:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 39.10579345088169, "y": 580.2267002518896}, {"x": 600.0629722921916, "y": 580.2267002518896}, {"x": 600.0629722921916, "y": 732.2418136020153}, {"x": 39.10579345088169, "y": 732.2418136020153}], "category": "List", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Do careful mapping of seagrass in\npotential areas for development\n\u00b7 Avoid dredging and filling\n\u00b7 Learn about existing regulations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 28.40050377833757, "y": 772.9219143576829}, {"x": 317.4433249370279, "y": 772.9219143576829}, {"x": 317.4433249370279, "y": 805.0377833753151}, {"x": 28.40050377833757, "y": 805.0377833753151}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "As a homeowner:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 45.52896725440826, "y": 809.3198992443328}, {"x": 694.2695214105796, "y": 809.3198992443328}, {"x": 694.2695214105796, "y": 1031.9899244332498}, {"x": 45.52896725440826, "y": 1031.9899244332498}], "category": "List", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Diminish fertilizer use (use soaking,\nrain gardens, and native plants instead)\n\u00b7 Dispose of pet waste properly\n\u00b7 Keep seagrass in mind during\nconstruction (for example, build high\ndocks with grating instead of planks)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 28.400503778337573, "y": 1113.0574123718534}, {"x": 507.8587020645413, "y": 1113.0574123718534}, {"x": 507.8587020645413, "y": 1143.6342684570084}, {"x": 28.400503778337573, "y": 1143.6342684570084}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "As anyone who wants to help:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 45.52896725440815, "y": 1152.940268135099}, {"x": 664.73126806664, "y": 1152.940268135099}, {"x": 664.73126806664, "y": 1628.8756802431617}, {"x": 45.52896725440815, "y": 1628.8756802431617}], "category": "List", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Urge politicians to establish stricter\nwater quality regulations\n\u00b7 Mobilize to give seagrass an\n'endangered' status\n\u00b7 Follow established laws for seagrass\nprotection\n\u00b7 Reach out to environmental\norganizations and volunteer in\nrestoration projects\n\u00b7 Challenge the misconception that\nseagrass is 'ugly' and 'useless'\n\u00b7 Tell your friends and family about the\nimportance of this ecosystem", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 826.1993894653267, "y": 65.99739842476299}, {"x": 1346.9479507189, "y": 65.99739842476299}, {"x": 1346.9479507189, "y": 230.12437687433277}, {"x": 826.1993894653267, "y": 230.12437687433277}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "FURTHER\nRESOURCES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 912.9238556385878, "y": 1314.371398412004}, {"x": 1001.4974336490324, "y": 1314.371398412004}, {"x": 1001.4974336490324, "y": 1328.2110199761364}, {"x": 912.9238556385878, "y": 1328.2110199761364}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "FLOWCODE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1001.4974336490324, "y": 1369.729884668532}, {"x": 1191.100249077641, "y": 1369.729884668532}, {"x": 1191.100249077641, "y": 1401.6254446067635}, {"x": 1001.4974336490324, "y": 1401.6254446067635}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "PRIVACY.FLOWCODE.COM", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 968.3852812290636, "y": 1463.0386720405886}, {"x": 1403.01802456544, "y": 1463.0386720405886}, {"x": 1403.01802456544, "y": 1638.03553975234}, {"x": 968.3852812290636, "y": 1638.03553975234}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Scan this QR code and learn\nmore about seagrass, what you\ncan do to help, and what\norganizations are fighting for\nits restoration!", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1501.537558776037, "y": 214.9128747268753}, {"x": 2152.95753624238, "y": 214.9128747268753}, {"x": 2152.95753624238, "y": 361.1500125254421}, {"x": 1501.537558776037, "y": 361.1500125254421}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 13, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "SEAGRASS\nIN SOUTH FLORIDA", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1526.7967007594257, "y": 399.7034397632459}, {"x": 2146.310393615172, "y": 399.7034397632459}, {"x": 2146.310393615172, "y": 580.2267002518893}, {"x": 1526.7967007594257, "y": 580.2267002518893}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 14, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "WHY IT IS IMPORTANT\n&\nWHAT YOU CAN DO", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1758.1172641862497, "y": 587.1528618504997}, {"x": 1913.660401662907, "y": 587.1528618504997}, {"x": 1913.660401662907, "y": 617.7297179356544}, {"x": 1758.1172641862497, "y": 617.7297179356544}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 15, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "cco, 2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000164.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 147.8160412312838, "y": 196.1899581937104}, {"x": 1550.7172980179434, "y": 196.1899581937104}, {"x": 1550.7172980179434, "y": 393.9705415877675}, {"x": 147.8160412312838, "y": 393.9705415877675}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "3Btg2-26 to 31 in; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) crushed, silty clay; common coarse prominent dark yellowish brown\n(10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate coarse\nsubangular blocky; extremely hard, very firm; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine moderate\ncontinuity tubular pores; common distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), moist, clay films on vertical\nand horizontal faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 15 in thick)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.16825450914916, "y": 437.5493142000175}, {"x": 1547.365084740078, "y": 437.5493142000175}, {"x": 1547.365084740078, "y": 665.4998170948631}, {"x": 151.16825450914916, "y": 665.4998170948631}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "3Btg3-31 to 35 in; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) crushed, silty clay; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR\n4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, friable; common\nvery fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint continuous dark\ngrayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; common medium rounded very dark\ngrayish brown (10YR 3/2) soft clay bodies pedogenic throughout and few medium rounded white (10YR 8/1) soft nests\nof gypsum pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 10 in thick)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.8160412312838, "y": 705.7263764292475}, {"x": 1550.7172980179434, "y": 705.7263764292475}, {"x": 1550.7172980179434, "y": 975.5795452974104}, {"x": 147.8160412312838, "y": 975.5795452974104}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "3Btg4-35 to 42 in; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) crushed, silty clay loam; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown\n(10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) moist irregular\nmottles throughout; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; very hard, friable;\ncommon very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint\ndiscontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous very\ndark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/or pores; few medium rounded white (10YR 8/1)\nsoft nests of gypsum pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 10 in thick)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.8160412312838, "y": 1009.1016780760642}, {"x": 1552.393404656876, "y": 1009.1016780760642}, {"x": 1552.393404656876, "y": 1245.432714165573}, {"x": 147.8160412312838, "y": 1245.432714165573}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "3Btg5/E-42 to 54 in; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common fine prominent dark yellowish\nbrown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate\nmedium subangular blocky; hard, friable; common very and fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine moderate\ncontinuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist clay films on vertical faces of peds\nand few distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/or pores; strongly\nacid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 15 in thick)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.16825450914916, "y": 1289.0114867778232}, {"x": 1549.0411913790108, "y": 1289.0114867778232}, {"x": 1549.0411913790108, "y": 1563.892975562784}, {"x": 151.16825450914916, "y": 1563.892975562784}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "3Btg6/E-54 to 69 in; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common coarse prominent dark yellowish\nbrown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common coarse prominent dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)\nmoist irregular mottles throughout; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky;\nslightly hard, very friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine moderate continuity\ntubular pores; few faint continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct\ncontinuous dark grayish brown(10YR 4/2) moist silt coats in root channels and/or pores; common fine rounded black (N\n2/0) soft iron/manganese concretions pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 20 in thick)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.81604123128378, "y": 1597.415108341438}, {"x": 1547.365084740078, "y": 1597.415108341438}, {"x": 1547.365084740078, "y": 1909.170943182918}, {"x": 147.81604123128378, "y": 1909.170943182918}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "3Btg7/E-69 to 86 in; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common coarse prominent dark yellowish\nbrown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common fine prominent dark brown (7.5YR 3/4.) moist\nirregular mottles throughout; weak coarse prismatic structure; slightly hard, very friable; few very fine roots\nthroughout; common very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown\n(10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist, silt\ncoats in root channels and/ or pores; common fine rounded black (N 2/0) soft iron/manganese concretions pedogenic\nthroughout and few medium irregular brown (10YR 5/3) soft clay bodies pedogenic in cracks; very strongly acid; clear\nsmooth boundary. (0 to 20 in thick)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.16825450914916, "y": 1949.3975025173024}, {"x": 1549.0411913790108, "y": 1949.3975025173024}, {"x": 1549.0411913790108, "y": 2023.1461946303407}, {"x": 151.16825450914916, "y": 2023.1461946303407}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "3Btg8/E-86 to 97 in; 80% light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) exterior, and 15% yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), exterior, and\n5% strong brown (7.5 YR 4/6), exterior, silty clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1329.471221678829, "y": 2066.7249672425905}, {"x": 1554.069511295809, "y": 2066.7249672425905}, {"x": 1554.069511295809, "y": 2100.2471000212445}, {"x": 1329.471221678829, "y": 2100.2471000212445}], "category": "Footer", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Soil Formation | 27", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000165.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 242.46153489531883, "y": 162.48113428332258}, {"x": 702.0524946618506, "y": 162.48113428332258}, {"x": 702.0524946618506, "y": 197.83428503459425}, {"x": 242.46153489531883, "y": 197.83428503459425}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Record your observations in Table 13.2.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.02475391307897, "y": 283.271066016834}, {"x": 1158.697358532443, "y": 283.271066016834}, {"x": 1158.697358532443, "y": 330.408600351863}, {"x": 157.02475391307897, "y": 330.408600351863}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 13.2. Effect of cations on flocculation of a clay suspension.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.98244056261717, "y": 381.28249566724435}, {"x": 791.8544194107452, "y": 381.28249566724435}, {"x": 791.8544194107452, "y": 671.05719237435}, {"x": 153.98244056261717, "y": 671.05719237435}], "category": "Table", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "Added cationRelative Size & Settling Rates of FlocculesK+Na+Ca2+Al3+Check", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.53439194708642, "y": 749.022381145442}, {"x": 1114.3338707128344, "y": 749.022381145442}, {"x": 1114.3338707128344, "y": 798.5024400113476}, {"x": 151.53439194708642, "y": 798.5024400113476}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Activity 4. Determining CEC by replacing adsorbed cations.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 145.34938458884812, "y": 856.2291753549043}, {"x": 1545.222716670096, "y": 856.2291753549043}, {"x": 1545.222716670096, "y": 1006.731021072034}, {"x": 145.34938458884812, "y": 1006.731021072034}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "In this activity, you will titrate the filtrate with a 0.01 molar solution of NaOH using phenolphthalein as an indicator.\nPhenolphthalein changes from colorless to faint pink when the quantity of OH- ions added via the NaOH equals the\nquantity of H+ ions in the solution (that is, when the pH is raised to 7). For this activity, assume the soil samples have\nbeen extracted and the filtrates are now available for analysis.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 161.63173109216467, "y": 1046.866330003606}, {"x": 1542.4579890306295, "y": 1046.866330003606}, {"x": 1542.4579890306295, "y": 1279.937299365185}, {"x": 161.63173109216467, "y": 1279.937299365185}], "category": "List", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1. Place 10 ml of each filtrate into separate 125 ml flasks. This 10 ml quantity is the amount of filtrate from 1.0 gram of\nsoil.\n2. Add 10 drops of the phenolphthalein indicator.\n3. Titrate the extract with the NaOH solution to a faint pink endpoint. The titration must be done very carefully to\nobtain meaningful results. If you put too much NaOH in the flask and get a bright pink color, discard the solution\nand repeat the process. In the table below, record the milliliters of NaOH solution used to achieve the endpoint.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 245.51072842577273, "y": 1314.7603135448444}, {"x": 867.4121401928079, "y": 1314.7603135448444}, {"x": 867.4121401928079, "y": 1348.8168194273248}, {"x": 245.51072842577273, "y": 1348.8168194273248}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Calculate the CEC and record your data in Table 13.3.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.63347944691563, "y": 1382.3133771649757}, {"x": 1548.278304722071, "y": 1382.3133771649757}, {"x": 1548.278304722071, "y": 1453.632858707659}, {"x": 148.63347944691563, "y": 1453.632858707659}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Here is an example of how to calculate the CEC, assuming 2.5 mL of NaOH was required to achieve an end point.\nThe reaction occurring during titration is", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 610.4271224357886, "y": 1480.3776642861649}, {"x": 1088.2676487717654, "y": 1480.3776642861649}, {"x": 1088.2676487717654, "y": 1524.952340250342}, {"x": 610.4271224357886, "y": 1524.952340250342}], "category": "Equation", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\\mathrm{NaOH}+\\mathrm{H}^{+}\\rightarrow\\mathrm{Na}^{+}+\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.5343919470864, "y": 1553.4801328674146}, {"x": 1551.8442787992055, "y": 1553.4801328674146}, {"x": 1551.8442787992055, "y": 1626.5826014486647}, {"x": 151.5343919470864, "y": 1626.5826014486647}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Thus, one mole of NaOH reacts with one mole of H+. Therefore, at the phenolphthalein end point, moles of NaOH added\n= moles of H+ in solution.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.5343919470864, "y": 1656.893381104305}, {"x": 1444.8650564851807, "y": 1656.893381104305}, {"x": 1444.8650564851807, "y": 1692.5531218756466}, {"x": 151.5343919470864, "y": 1692.5531218756466}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The solution of 0.01 molar NaOH contains 1 cmol charge per liter (1 cmolc/L). Therefore 2.5 mL NaOH contains", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.98244056261686, "y": 1712.1659792998848}, {"x": 1555.4102528763397, "y": 1712.1659792998848}, {"x": 1555.4102528763397, "y": 1788.834421958269}, {"x": 153.98244056261686, "y": 1788.834421958269}], "category": "Equation", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1 L 0.01 mol NaOH 1 molc 100 cmolc\ncmolc of NaOH = 2.5 mL NaOH \u00d7 \u00d7 \u00d7 \u00d7 = 0.0025 molc NaOH\n1000 mL 1 L 1 mol NaOH 1 molc", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.024753913079, "y": 1815.5792275367753}, {"x": 353.67698888212954, "y": 1815.5792275367753}, {"x": 353.67698888212954, "y": 1851.238968308117}, {"x": 157.024753913079, "y": 1851.238968308117}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Thus, the CEC is", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 424.9964704248126, "y": 1872.6348127709211}, {"x": 1273.6983007827414, "y": 1872.6348127709211}, {"x": 1273.6983007827414, "y": 1981.3970221235136}, {"x": 424.9964704248126, "y": 1981.3970221235136}], "category": "Equation", "id": 13, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\\frac{\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{\\mathrm{kg}\\text{soil}}=\\frac{0.0025\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{1\\mathrm{~g}\\mathrm{soil}}\\times\\frac{1000\\mathrm{~g}\\mathrm{soil}}{1\\mathrm{~kg}\\text{soil}}=\\frac{2.5\\mathrm{\\textit{cmolc}}}{\\mathrm{kg}\\text{soil}}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.5343919470864, "y": 2065.197412936166}, {"x": 351.8940018435625, "y": 2065.197412936166}, {"x": 351.8940018435625, "y": 2100.8571537075077}, {"x": 151.5343919470864, "y": 2100.8571537075077}], "category": "Footer", "id": 14, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "114 | Soil Colloids", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000166.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 144.83627204030245, "y": 166.24685138539047}, {"x": 901.2594458438288, "y": 166.24685138539047}, {"x": 901.2594458438288, "y": 210.57934508816123}, {"x": 144.83627204030245, "y": 210.57934508816123}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Activity 5. Calculating versus estimating CEC", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 142.0654911838791, "y": 265.9949622166247}, {"x": 1355.6675062972297, "y": 265.9949622166247}, {"x": 1355.6675062972297, "y": 302.01511335012594}, {"x": 142.0654911838791, "y": 302.01511335012594}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "There are two ways you can calculate the CEC: the sum of cations method and the mineralogy method.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 144.83627204030245, "y": 388.4339155234506}, {"x": 627.2227657847075, "y": 388.4339155234506}, {"x": 627.2227657847075, "y": 432.15021754064566}, {"x": 144.83627204030245, "y": 432.15021754064566}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The Sum-of-Cations Method", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 144.83627204030245, "y": 494.6020775652101}, {"x": 1557.7554801507165, "y": 494.6020775652101}, {"x": 1557.7554801507165, "y": 569.5443095946872}, {"x": 144.83627204030245, "y": 569.5443095946872}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "If you have a soil analysis where the quantities of all cations in the soil are listed, simply summing all those exchangeable\nquantities will yield the CEC you found in the preceding problems.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.42517226304716, "y": 656.9769136290773}, {"x": 585.5881924349978, "y": 656.9769136290773}, {"x": 585.5881924349978, "y": 700.6932156462724}, {"x": 148.42517226304716, "y": 700.6932156462724}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The \"Mineralogy\" Method", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 144.83627204030245, "y": 767.3085330058079}, {"x": 1551.5102941482596, "y": 767.3085330058079}, {"x": 1551.5102941482596, "y": 838.0873077003141}, {"x": 144.83627204030245, "y": 838.0873077003141}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "As you know from your reading and class discussion, clay minerals have a range of values for CEC. If the mineralogy of\nthe clay fraction is known (that is, the type and amounts of each clay mineral), then the CEC can be approximated.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.42517226304716, "y": 867.2315090451108}, {"x": 1557.7554801507158, "y": 867.2315090451108}, {"x": 1557.7554801507158, "y": 935.9285550721316}, {"x": 148.42517226304716, "y": 935.9285550721316}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "To make these calculations easier, Table 13.4 contains representative values for CEC to use in all calculations for this\nclass unless otherwise noted. In nature, however, these soil colloids will have a range of values.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.67035826550358, "y": 1025.4428877740074}, {"x": 906.1744072277615, "y": 1025.4428877740074}, {"x": 906.1744072277615, "y": 1077.4861044611444}, {"x": 154.67035826550358, "y": 1077.4861044611444}], "category": "Caption", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 13.4. Typical CEC of various soil colloids.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.58862959801814, "y": 1131.6110498157666}, {"x": 687.5928971417864, "y": 1131.6110498157666}, {"x": 687.5928971417864, "y": 1454.278993276016}, {"x": 152.58862959801814, "y": 1454.278993276016}], "category": "Table", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "Mineral or colloid typeCEC of pure colloidcmolc/kgkaolinite10illite30montmorillonite/smectite100vermiculite150humus200", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.50690093053265, "y": 1487.5866519557835}, {"x": 1557.7554801507158, "y": 1487.5866519557835}, {"x": 1557.7554801507158, "y": 1606.2451860024555}, {"x": 150.50690093053265, "y": 1606.2451860024555}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "As an example of this mineralogy approach to CEC calculations, consider a soil having 100% clay where the clay is 100%\nkaolinite. The CEC would then be 10 cmolc/kg. If a soil contains only 10% kaolinite (or 10 kg clay in 100 kg soil), however,\nthis clay would contribute", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 329.5355663342839, "y": 1620.8172866748537}, {"x": 1362.0729854070814, "y": 1620.8172866748537}, {"x": 1362.0729854070814, "y": 1741.5575493890117}, {"x": 329.5355663342839, "y": 1741.5575493890117}], "category": "Equation", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\\text{TotalCECofthesoil}=\\frac{10\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{\\mathrm{kg}\\text{clay}}\\times\\frac{10\\mathrm{~kg}\\text{clay}}{100\\mathrm{~kg}\\text{soil}}=\\frac{1.0\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{\\mathrm{kg}\\mathrm{soil}}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.67035826550364, "y": 1758.2113787288954}, {"x": 1551.5102941482594, "y": 1758.2113787288954}, {"x": 1551.5102941482594, "y": 1837.3170680933436}, {"x": 154.67035826550364, "y": 1837.3170680933436}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "A prairie soil contains 30% clay. This clay sized fraction is dominantly montmorillonite. The soil also contains 5% humus\n(organic matter).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 240.02123363240827, "y": 1856.052626100713}, {"x": 1399.54410142182, "y": 1856.052626100713}, {"x": 1399.54410142182, "y": 1895.6054707829371}, {"x": 240.02123363240827, "y": 1895.6054707829371}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Using the mineralogy method, what is the cation exchange capacity (CEC) contributed by the clay?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.42517226304716, "y": 2066.3072215167463}, {"x": 353.7617352441611, "y": 2066.3072215167463}, {"x": 353.7617352441611, "y": 2095.451422861543}, {"x": 148.42517226304716, "y": 2095.451422861543}], "category": "Footer", "id": 13, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "120 | Soil Colloids", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000167.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 151.00372788147146, "y": 159.33170276092494}, {"x": 1550.3068524693465, "y": 159.33170276092494}, {"x": 1550.3068524693465, "y": 315.2096201816649}, {"x": 151.00372788147146, "y": 315.2096201816649}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The acidic cations adsorbed on the negative exchange sites are called the reserve (also residual or potential) and salt-\nreplaceable (also exchangeable) acidity. The reserve and salt-replaceable acidity controls the level of soluble or active\nacidity in the soil solution. Only the active acidity is measured in a routine pH determination. The reserve and salt-\nreplaceable acidity is always many times higher than the active acidity.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 149.0817023216195, "y": 345.3795396824533}, {"x": 1550.3068524693465, "y": 345.3795396824533}, {"x": 1550.3068524693465, "y": 450.97425793521273}, {"x": 149.0817023216195, "y": 450.97425793521273}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "A soil is acid when hydrogen ions predominate in the soil. The degree of acidity is expressed in terms of pH, which is\ndefined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity. Therefore, the pH of a 0.01-molar hydrogen ion solution\nis", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 581.5172151662531, "y": 472.76364424133754}, {"x": 1117.8713396247133, "y": 472.76364424133754}, {"x": 1117.8713396247133, "y": 581.7105757719625}, {"x": 581.5172151662531, "y": 581.7105757719625}], "category": "Equation", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\\mathrm{pH}=-\\log\\left(\\frac{10^{-2}\\mathrm{~mol}\\mathrm{H}^{+}}{\\mathrm{L}}\\right)=2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.0037278814715, "y": 601.8238554391548}, {"x": 1551.9829591082794, "y": 601.8238554391548}, {"x": 1551.9829591082794, "y": 796.2522255553466}, {"x": 151.0037278814715, "y": 796.2522255553466}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "At pH 7, the concentration of H+ ions and OH- ions are equal, and the soil or solution is neutral. At pH values less than 7,\nthe soil is acid; at values more than 7, the soil is alkaline. Most soils vary in pH from about 4 to 10. Soils in areas with high\nrainfall are generally acid with a pH less than 7. Soils developed in high-lime deposits often will be alkaline. Soils high in\ncalcium seldom have pH values higher than 7.5, but the presence of large amounts of calcium carbonate may cause the\npH to be as high as 8.5. Where the pH is higher than 8.5, an excess of sodium is highly probable.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.40559568268685, "y": 821.3938251393369}, {"x": 1546.9546391914814, "y": 821.3938251393369}, {"x": 1546.9546391914814, "y": 898.4947305302405}, {"x": 147.40559568268685, "y": 898.4947305302405}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The most desirable soil pH for most crops in Kansas is 6.8. However, crops like blueberries need a lower pH, and other\ncrops, like alfalfa, need a higher pH. At soil pH less than 5.8, several problems may occur:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 169.19498198881178, "y": 930.3407566699616}, {"x": 770.9172653656468, "y": 930.3407566699616}, {"x": 770.9172653656468, "y": 1208.574458732788}, {"x": 169.19498198881178, "y": 1208.574458732788}], "category": "List", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Al and Mn toxicity\n\u00b7 Inhibited growth of N-fixing bacteria\n\u00b7 Possible deficiencies in Mg and/ or Ca.\n\u00b7 P deficiency (P reacts with Fe and Al)\n\u00b7 At more than pH 7.5, other problems may occur:\n\u00b7 Deficiency of Fe, Mn, Cu, or Zn\n\u00b7 P deficiency (P reacts with Ca)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 144.05338240482138, "y": 1287.351470762624}, {"x": 462.5136438020322, "y": 1287.351470762624}, {"x": 462.5136438020322, "y": 1347.691309764201}, {"x": 144.05338240482138, "y": 1347.691309764201}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Buffering Capacity", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.40559568268685, "y": 1397.9745089321814}, {"x": 1546.954639191482, "y": 1397.9745089321814}, {"x": 1546.954639191482, "y": 1669.5037844392768}, {"x": 147.40559568268685, "y": 1669.5037844392768}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Buffering capacity is a measure of the soil's ability to resist a change in pH, directly related to the magnitude of the\nexchange capacity. Small fluctuations in acid or base content can occur without a noticeable pH change as cations are\nadsorbed or released from the exchange complex. Soils with the largest cation exchange capacity have the greatest\nbuffering of a pH change. In other words, two soils may have the same pH (active acidity in soil solution), but the one\nwith the largest cation exchange capacity will have the most acidity stored in reserve and therefore the highest buffering\ncapacity or ability to resist a change in pH. For this reason, it takes less lime to increase the pH of a sandy soil (low CEC)\nby a given amount than it takes to increase the pH of a clay soil (higher CEC) the same amount.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.00372788147146, "y": 1756.6613296637768}, {"x": 519.5012695257436, "y": 1756.6613296637768}, {"x": 519.5012695257436, "y": 1808.62063547069}, {"x": 151.00372788147146, "y": 1808.62063547069}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Sources of Soil Acidity", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 149.08170232161945, "y": 1860.5799412776032}, {"x": 1545.2785325525488, "y": 1860.5799412776032}, {"x": 1545.2785325525488, "y": 2014.7817520594108}, {"x": 149.08170232161945, "y": 2014.7817520594108}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Controlling soil pH is vital to optimal use and productivity of soils. Adding lime is the most effective and practical way\nto raise the pH of acid soils. Elemental sulfur, iron sulfate, or aluminum sulfate can be used to reduce soil pH. Because\nacidity is a concern in Kansas, we will focus on raising soil pH. Understanding the following equations should help you\nunderstand the sources of soil acidity and soil reactions to lime.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.1100222384175, "y": 2068.417164505257}, {"x": 564.756148776926, "y": 2068.417164505257}, {"x": 564.756148776926, "y": 2098.587084006045}, {"x": 154.1100222384175, "y": 2098.587084006045}], "category": "Footer", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "124 | Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000168.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 154.8681504896793, "y": 164.42600033555146}, {"x": 1546.941277396799, "y": 164.42600033555146}, {"x": 1546.941277396799, "y": 272.6824976569489}, {"x": 154.8681504896793, "y": 272.6824976569489}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Soils with the same pH may require different amounts of limestone due to differences in CEC, which would imply\ndifferences in buffering capacities. For example, consider the amount of limestone necessary to raise the base saturation\nof two soils from 70% to 90% when one soil has a CEC of 15 cmolc/kg, and the other has a CEC of 40 cmolc/kg.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.8167043938597, "y": 300.15715527246493}, {"x": 1427.7825067545646, "y": 300.15715527246493}, {"x": 1427.7825067545646, "y": 397.3315253127034}, {"x": 275.8167043938597, "y": 397.3315253127034}], "category": "Equation", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "15\\frac{\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{\\mathrm{kg}}\\times20\\%\\text{increase}=3\\frac{\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{\\mathrm{kg}}\\text{basiccationsrequiredfromlime}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.8167043938599, "y": 421.1057091766452}, {"x": 1427.7825067545648, "y": 421.1057091766452}, {"x": 1427.7825067545648, "y": 518.2800792168837}, {"x": 275.8167043938599, "y": 518.2800792168837}], "category": "Equation", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "40\\frac{\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{\\mathrm{kg}}\\times20\\%\\text{increase}=8\\frac{\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{\\mathrm{kg}}\\text{basiccationsrequiredfromlime}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.86815048967944, "y": 550.1175000077708}, {"x": 1546.9412773967993, "y": 550.1175000077708}, {"x": 1546.9412773967993, "y": 662.0744710807423}, {"x": 154.86815048967944, "y": 662.0744710807423}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Lastly, soil pH is governed by base saturation. If other factors are constant, the lower the pH, the more lime that is\nrequired to achieve a desired pH. This is because at a low pH, a larger percentage of the CEC is occupied by acid cations,\nwhich requires larger amounts of lime to neutralize.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.86815048967935, "y": 749.0106775390896}, {"x": 1188.5731445885194, "y": 749.0106775390896}, {"x": 1188.5731445885194, "y": 799.1494988388133}, {"x": 154.86815048967935, "y": 799.1494988388133}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Activity 1: Determining pH With Indicator Strips (Field Method)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.8681504896793, "y": 856.5205032316942}, {"x": 1546.941277396799, "y": 856.5205032316942}, {"x": 1546.941277396799, "y": 968.4774743046656}, {"x": 154.8681504896793, "y": 968.4774743046656}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Of the several techniques available for determining pH, one that can be used easily in the field is the indicator strip\nmethod. This technique uses the principle of pH sensitivity of certain dyes, which cause differences in color across a\nrange in pH. With the soils provided, complete the following pH determination:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.8681504896793, "y": 997.627149453238}, {"x": 1546.941277396799, "y": 997.627149453238}, {"x": 1546.941277396799, "y": 1071.9556815337976}, {"x": 154.8681504896793, "y": 1071.9556815337976}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Weigh 10.0 g of soil into a small plastic cup. Add 20 ml of distilled water and stir. Allow to stand for 5 minutes,\noccasionally stirring.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.86815048967938, "y": 1098.4176110400551}, {"x": 1546.941277396799, "y": 1098.4176110400551}, {"x": 1546.941277396799, "y": 1172.7461431206148}, {"x": 154.86815048967938, "y": 1172.7461431206148}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Using the pH indicator strips provided, dip the strip into the cup until the tip is wetted. Determine the pH by comparing\nthe color change of the pH test strip to the color chart.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 243.5637566860783, "y": 1203.2396910903449}, {"x": 614.7394499542418, "y": 1203.2396910903449}, {"x": 614.7394499542418, "y": 1239.9397841784926}, {"x": 243.5637566860783, "y": 1239.9397841784926}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Record the soil pH in Table 14.1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.86815048967935, "y": 1328.219863457998}, {"x": 937.2689270320558, "y": 1328.219863457998}, {"x": 937.2689270320558, "y": 1374.3270662942484}, {"x": 154.86815048967935, "y": 1374.3270662942484}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Activity 2: Determining Soil pH with a pH Meter", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.86815048967927, "y": 1429.4258519617083}, {"x": 1544.699442195272, "y": 1429.4258519617083}, {"x": 1544.699442195272, "y": 1583.9712263948277}, {"x": 154.86815048967927, "y": 1583.9712263948277}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Laboratory pH meters are more accurate than pH dyes and strips. The pH meter measures the hydrogen ion activity [H+]\nby measuring the electric potential across a thin, porous glass membrane at the base of the electrode. This potential\nchanges in response to [H+], and by standardizing the instrument with buffers of known pH, we can measure the pH of\nany solution, including soil solutions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.86815048967935, "y": 1614.8803012814517}, {"x": 1544.699442195272, "y": 1614.8803012814517}, {"x": 1544.699442195272, "y": 1721.0462541528984}, {"x": 154.86815048967935, "y": 1721.0462541528984}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Using the samples prepared in Activity 1, carefully place the electrode in the suspension. Gently swirl the electrode in\nthe solution, and note the pH reading. Wait for the pH meter to reach a steady reading, indicated by the word \"ready\"\non the screen.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 243.56375668607845, "y": 1751.5398021226288}, {"x": 981.6167301302552, "y": 1751.5398021226288}, {"x": 981.6167301302552, "y": 1788.2398952107765}, {"x": 243.56375668607845, "y": 1788.2398952107765}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Record the value for this 1:2 soil-water suspension in Table 14.1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1140.520856606152, "y": 2069.06690862798}, {"x": 1544.6994421952716, "y": 2069.06690862798}, {"x": 1544.6994421952716, "y": 2099.357054859931}, {"x": 1140.520856606152, "y": 2099.357054859931}], "category": "Footer", "id": 13, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH | 127", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000169.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 172.71627859249693, "y": 168.16914925793253}, {"x": 592.8079370937054, "y": 168.16914925793253}, {"x": 592.8079370937054, "y": 190.14317447184192}, {"x": 172.71627859249693, "y": 190.14317447184192}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Lime is recommended if pH < 5.8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.32743281551805, "y": 228.9208660257996}, {"x": 1347.6803326774143, "y": 228.9208660257996}, {"x": 1347.6803326774143, "y": 349.1317098430684}, {"x": 153.32743281551805, "y": 349.1317098430684}], "category": "Equation", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\\text{Target}\\mathrm{pH}\\text{of}5.5=[6,405-(1,590\\times\\text{buffer}\\mathrm{pH})+(98\\times\\text{buffer}\\mathrm{pH}\\times\\text{buffer}\\mathrm{pH})]\\times\\text{depth}\\\\", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 168.83850943710118, "y": 389.2019911154913}, {"x": 1315.365589715783, "y": 389.2019911154913}, {"x": 1315.365589715783, "y": 493.9017583111771}, {"x": 168.83850943710118, "y": 493.9017583111771}], "category": "List", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Depth is in inches\n\u00b7 Used if cash flow is limited or in lime availability problem areas in Central and Western Kansas\n\u00b7 Lime is recommended if pH < 5.5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.86448422319182, "y": 541.7275778943916}, {"x": 1545.6548649855577, "y": 541.7275778943916}, {"x": 1545.6548649855577, "y": 691.6679852363615}, {"x": 146.86448422319182, "y": 691.6679852363615}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "This buffer contains chromium (Cr), a toxic heavy metal. Therefore, your lab instructor will perform the SMP buffer\nanalysis. As a class, determine which soil-water mixtures from Activity 1 need lime (pH \u2264 6.4). To those solutions, add\n10 ml of the SMP buffer solution, and stir with a glass rod. Allow the mixtures to stand for 30 minutes, which should be\nenough time for the acid cations to be displaced from the CEC and forced into solution. Read the pH on meter.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 224.6281727140659, "y": 725.2753179164581}, {"x": 1540.4845061116966, "y": 725.2753179164581}, {"x": 1540.4845061116966, "y": 787.3196244027904}, {"x": 224.6281727140659, "y": 787.3196244027904}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Assuming the desired pH is 6.0 (i.e. use the middle equation), calculate the lime requirement, show your work\nbelow, and record your results in Table 14.1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.32743281551808, "y": 950.1859289294124}, {"x": 780.441751654126, "y": 950.1859289294124}, {"x": 780.441751654126, "y": 990.2562102018356}, {"x": 153.32743281551808, "y": 990.2562102018356}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Activity 5: Evaluating Liming Materials", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 149.65796904308104, "y": 1052.3005166881678}, {"x": 1552.1178135778844, "y": 1052.3005166881678}, {"x": 1552.1178135778844, "y": 1203.533513748603}, {"x": 149.65796904308104, "y": 1203.533513748603}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The type of liming material and the size or fineness of the material determine how efficiently liming materials raise soil\npH. This experiment was actually initiated earlier in the semester to allow time for the liming agents to react. Amending\nthe soil with several different liming agents allows us assess the effects of particle size and liming material based on the\nrelative changes in soil. The treatments included the following:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 165.1690456646641, "y": 1248.7741538948862}, {"x": 648.5976003706699, "y": 1248.7741538948862}, {"x": 648.5976003706699, "y": 1469.8069957524451}, {"x": 165.1690456646641, "y": 1469.8069957524451}], "category": "List", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Reagent grade CaCO3\n\u00b7 Reagent grade CaO\n\u00b7 Reagent grade CaSO4\n\u00b7 Coarse dolomitic limestone (35 mesh)\n\u00b7 Fine dolomitic limestone (120 mesh)\n\u00b7 Control (no amendments)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.82832791694204, "y": 1515.0476358987294}, {"x": 1557.2881724517451, "y": 1515.0476358987294}, {"x": 1557.2881724517451, "y": 1626.2103516867414}, {"x": 154.82832791694204, "y": 1626.2103516867414}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "When this experiment was initiated, each lab section was divided into six groups, with each group responsible for one\nof the six treatments. Your laboratory instructor assigned a treatment to your group, and you completed the following\nsteps:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.82832791694216, "y": 1663.6954535222333}, {"x": 1197.9482307184037, "y": 1663.6954535222333}, {"x": 1197.9482307184037, "y": 1889.8986542536531}, {"x": 154.82832791694216, "y": 1889.8986542536531}], "category": "List", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1. Label four plastic bags\n2. Weigh 20 g of air-dry soil into each plastic bag.\n3. Weigh 0.1 gram of designated liming material onto weighing paper.\n4. Add the liming material to the soil and mix thoroughly to distribute evenly in the soil.\n5. Add a few mL of water to each bag and mix.\n6. Close the bags to start incubation.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.32743281551816, "y": 1937.724473836868}, {"x": 1064.8114897164824, "y": 1937.724473836868}, {"x": 1064.8114897164824, "y": 1967.4540373615685}, {"x": 153.32743281551816, "y": 1967.4540373615685}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Now that the liming agents have had time to react, you will collect the results.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 149.6579690430811, "y": 2068.2760354018583}, {"x": 581.3829350104767, "y": 2068.2760354018583}, {"x": 581.3829350104767, "y": 2099.2981886450243}, {"x": 149.6579690430811, "y": 2099.2981886450243}], "category": "Footer", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "130 | Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000170.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 150.4044527137873, "y": 166.01936825026633}, {"x": 310.62348632936295, "y": 166.01936825026633}, {"x": 310.62348632936295, "y": 210.63732697865453}, {"x": 150.4044527137873, "y": 210.63732697865453}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "cropping.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.34827464757012, "y": 255.25528570704265}, {"x": 1549.7858855586887, "y": 255.25528570704265}, {"x": 1549.7858855586887, "y": 685.2101607260558}, {"x": 146.34827464757012, "y": 685.2101607260558}], "category": "Table", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "Contour FarmingContour FarmingContour Strip CroppingContour Strip CroppingContour Strip CroppingSlope Gradient (%)Max Slope Length (ft)P ValueStrip Width (ft)P Value, RGMMP Value, RRGM1- 24000.61300.300.453 - 53000.51000.250.386 - 82000.51000.250.389 - 121200.6800.300.4513 - 161000.7800.350.5217 - 201000.8600.400.60", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.4044527137873, "y": 713.6034071895756}, {"x": 1547.75779652558, "y": 713.6034071895756}, {"x": 1547.75779652558, "y": 827.1763930436546}, {"x": 150.4044527137873, "y": 827.1763930436546}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Table adapted from Jones et al. (1988) with permission. \u2020Strip cropping uses a four-year rotation of row crop followed\nby one year of a small grain and two years of meadow (forages) for RGMM, or uses two years of row crops followed by\none year of small grain and one year of meadow for RRGM. Meadow includes alfalfa, clover, grass, etc.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 247.7527263029978, "y": 855.5696395071743}, {"x": 1273.9657770559254, "y": 855.5696395071743}, {"x": 1273.9657770559254, "y": 890.0471530700197}, {"x": 247.7527263029978, "y": 890.0471530700197}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "How does the erosion rate under contour tillage compare to the tolerable erosion rate?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 247.7527263029978, "y": 983.3392485930134}, {"x": 1541.6735294262544, "y": 983.3392485930134}, {"x": 1541.6735294262544, "y": 1021.8729402220756}, {"x": 247.7527263029978, "y": 1021.8729402220756}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "How does the erosion rate under contour tillage compare to the erosion rate under conservation tillage alone?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.3763636806787, "y": 1109.080768645743}, {"x": 1547.75779652558, "y": 1109.080768645743}, {"x": 1547.75779652558, "y": 1299.7211377579476}, {"x": 148.3763636806787, "y": 1299.7211377579476}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Next we will test the impact of installing terraces on the landscape. Using Table 16.5, determine the Pt factor. When\nterraces are installed, contour tillage is usually used as well. Also, note that installing a terrace results in a shorter length\nof the slope (because the terrace stops water from continuing to run down slope), so this calculation is performed for\neach terrace individually. Also note that the net P factor is determined by multiplying the\nPc and Pt values together, or writing the RUSLE as follows:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 233.5561030712379, "y": 1326.0862951883585}, {"x": 730.4379161828333, "y": 1326.0862951883585}, {"x": 730.4379161828333, "y": 1382.872788115398}, {"x": 233.5561030712379, "y": 1382.872788115398}], "category": "Equation", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\\mathrm{~A}4=\\mathrm{R}\\times\\mathrm{K}\\times\\mathrm{LS}\\times\\mathrm{Pc}\\times\\mathrm{Pt}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.34827464757012, "y": 1453.8559042741977}, {"x": 1495.0274816647575, "y": 1453.8559042741977}, {"x": 1495.0274816647575, "y": 1561.344623028951}, {"x": 146.34827464757012, "y": 1561.344623028951}], "category": "Caption", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 16.5. Conservation practice (P) values for terraces with underground outlets or\nwaterways.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.37636368067876, "y": 1601.906403691122}, {"x": 1217.179284128886, "y": 1601.906403691122}, {"x": 1217.179284128886, "y": 2025.77701161081}, {"x": 148.37636368067876, "y": 2025.77701161081}], "category": "Table", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "Terrace IntervalUnderground OutletsWaterways with percent grade of:(ft)0.1-0.30.4-0.70.8Pt ValuesPt ValuesPt ValuesPt Values<1100.50.60.71.0110-1400.60.70.81.0140-1800.70.80.91.0180-2250.80.80.91.0225-3000.90.91.01.0300+1.01.01.01.0", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.34827464757018, "y": 2064.3107032398725}, {"x": 537.7694580375208, "y": 2064.3107032398725}, {"x": 537.7694580375208, "y": 2100.8163058358264}, {"x": 146.34827464757018, "y": 2100.8163058358264}], "category": "Footer", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "146 | Soil Erosion and Conservation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000171.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 157.41308017249418, "y": 172.86506499392607}, {"x": 398.1127456134289, "y": 172.86506499392607}, {"x": 398.1127456134289, "y": 221.8964783244868}, {"x": 157.41308017249418, "y": 221.8964783244868}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Contents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 229.42411278048667, "y": 406.4730823970052}, {"x": 1504.8830583495396, "y": 406.4730823970052}, {"x": 1504.8830583495396, "y": 2112.3268650379023}, {"x": 229.42411278048667, "y": 2112.3268650379023}], "category": "Index", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Acknowledgment of Country v\nAccessibility Information vi\nAcknowledgments vii\nAbout the Authors viii\nIntroduction 1\nPart I. Chapter One - Exploring Your Data\nSection 1.1: Data and Types of Statistical Variables 3\nSection 1.2: Descriptive Statistics 5\nSection 1.3: Missing Data 6\nSection 1.4: Checking Values 7\nSection 1.5: Normality 8\nSection 1.6: Outliers 9\nSection 1.7: Chapter One Self-Test 10\nPart II. Chapter Two - Test Statistics, p Values, Confidence Intervals and Effect Sizes\nSection 2.1: p Values 12\nSection 2.2: Significance 13\nSection 2.3: Confidence Intervals 14\nSection 2.4: Effect Sizes 16\nSection 2.5: Statistical Power 17\nSection 2.6: Chapter Two Self-Test 18\nPart III. Chapter Three - Comparing Two Group Means\nSection 3.1: Looking at Group Differences 20\nSection 3.2: Between Versus Within Groups Analysis 21\nSection 3.3: Independent T-test Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 22\nSection 3.4: Paired T-test Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 25\nSection 3.5: Chapter Three Self-Test 27\nPart IV. Chapter Four - Comparing Associations Between Two Variables\nSection 4.1: Examining Relationships 29\nSection 4.2: Correlation Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 31\nSection 4.3: Chapter Four Self-Test 33", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000172.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 226.06223332973943, "y": 157.97097971441733}, {"x": 1506.8734870646158, "y": 157.97097971441733}, {"x": 1506.8734870646158, "y": 2042.9598947505535}, {"x": 226.06223332973943, "y": 2042.9598947505535}], "category": "Index", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Part V. Chapter Five - Comparing Associations Between Multiple Variables\nSection 5.1: The Linear Model 35\nSection 5.2: Simple Regression Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 36\nSection 5.3: Multiple Regression Explanation, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 39\nSection 5.4: Hierarchical Regression Explanation, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 43\nSection 5.5: Chapter Five Self-Test 47\nPart VI. Chapter Six - Comparing Three or More Group Means\nSection 6.1: Between Versus Within Group Analyses 49\nSection 6.2: One-Way ANOVA Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 51\nSection 6.3 Repeated Measures ANOVA Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 54\nSection 6.4: Chapter Six Self-Test 62\nPart VII. Chapter Seven - Moderation and Mediation Analyses\nSection 7.1: Mediation and Moderation Models 64\nSection 7.2: Mediation Assumptions, The PROCESS Macro, Interpretation, and Write Up 66\nSection 7.3: Moderation Models, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 69\nSection 7.4: Chapter Seven Self-Test 73\nPart VIII. Chapter Eight - Factor Analysis and Scale Reliability\nSection 8.1: Factor Analysis Definitions 75\nSection 8.2: EFA versus CFA 76\nSection 8.3: EFA Steps with Factor Extraction 78\nSection 8.4: EFA Determining the Number of Factors 80\nSection 8.5: EFA Interpretation 84\nSection 8.6: EFA Write Up 86\nSection 8.7: Scale Reliability 87\nSection 8.8: Chapter Eight Self-Test 89\nPart IX. Chapter Nine - Nonparametric Statistics\nSection 9.1: Nonparametric Definitions 91\nSection 9.2: Choosing Appropriate Tests 93\nSection 9.3: Comparing Two Independent Conditions: The Mann-Whitney U Test 94\nSection 9.4: Comparing Two Dependent Conditions or Paired Samples - Wilcoxon Sign-Rank Test 96\nSection 9.5: Differences Between Several Independent Groups: The Kruskal-Wallis Test 98\nSection 9.6: Chapter Nine Self-Test 100\nReferences 101", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000173.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 361.51907640748306, "y": 164.31116026597752}, {"x": 735.7006616791848, "y": 164.31116026597752}, {"x": 735.7006616791848, "y": 207.07477001131485}, {"x": 361.51907640748306, "y": 207.07477001131485}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Humanity's Home Base.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.3003326688381, "y": 260.658195078147}, {"x": 943.8945117089464, "y": 260.658195078147}, {"x": 943.8945117089464, "y": 656.0267002885748}, {"x": 155.3003326688381, "y": 656.0267002885748}], "category": "Figure", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 167.7958091024915, "y": 672.4425957600415}, {"x": 932.6276406168369, "y": 672.4425957600415}, {"x": 932.6276406168369, "y": 896.9507546826394}, {"x": 167.7958091024915, "y": 896.9507546826394}], "category": "Caption", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 1. This image shows the Western hemisphere as viewed\nfrom space 35,400 kilometers (about 22,000 miles) above Earth.\nData about the land surface from one satellite was combined with\nanother satellite's data about the clouds to create the image.\n(credit: modification of work by R. Stockli, A. Nelson, F. Hasler,\nNASA/ GSFC/ NOAA/ USGS)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.25292085272122, "y": 904.6895046672934}, {"x": 947.0652851738104, "y": 904.6895046672934}, {"x": 947.0652851738104, "y": 1206.7596964000973}, {"x": 153.25292085272122, "y": 1206.7596964000973}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Our nearest astronomical neighbor is Earth's satellite, commonly\ncalled the Moon. Figure 2 shows Earth and the Moon drawn to scale\non the same diagram. Notice how small we have to make these\nbodies to fit them on the page with the right scale. The Moon's\ndistance from Earth is about 30 times Earth's diameter, or\napproximately 384,000 kilometers, and it takes about a month for\nthe Moon to revolve around Earth. The Moon's diameter is 3476\nkilometers, about one fourth the size of Earth.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 289.96733739994363, "y": 1300.302453848581}, {"x": 808.9908600828504, "y": 1300.302453848581}, {"x": 808.9908600828504, "y": 1342.4063761830776}, {"x": 289.96733739994363, "y": 1342.4063761830776}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Earth and Moon, Drawn to Scale.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.95993035495349, "y": 1401.1355148428097}, {"x": 943.8945117089464, "y": 1401.1355148428097}, {"x": 943.8945117089464, "y": 1478.816885001607}, {"x": 155.95993035495349, "y": 1478.816885001607}], "category": "Figure", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.30033266883817, "y": 1568.1092020000926}, {"x": 665.7459839366611, "y": 1568.1092020000926}, {"x": 665.7459839366611, "y": 1595.6492041711126}, {"x": 155.30033266883817, "y": 1595.6492041711126}], "category": "Footer", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "10 | Chapter 1 Section 1.6: A Tour of the Universe", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000174.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 157.14777463277088, "y": 162.34066209073677}, {"x": 582.859509647604, "y": 162.34066209073677}, {"x": 582.859509647604, "y": 205.46063525061857}, {"x": 157.14777463277088, "y": 205.46063525061857}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Tycho Brahe's Observatory", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.58860803770878, "y": 269.36299526752236}, {"x": 945.8426180549664, "y": 269.36299526752236}, {"x": 945.8426180549664, "y": 651.5864295438217}, {"x": 154.58860803770878, "y": 651.5864295438217}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Three years after the publication of Copernicus' De Revolutionibus,\nTycho Brahe was born to a family of Danish nobility. He developed\nan early interest in astronomy and, as a young man, made significant\nastronomical observations. Among these was a careful study of what\nwe now know was an exploding star that flared up to great brilliance\nin the night sky. His growing reputation gained him the patronage of\nthe Danish King Frederick II, and at the age of 30, Brahe was able to\nestablish a fine astronomical observatory on the North Sea island of\nHven (Figure1). Brahe was the last and greatest of the pre-telescopic\nobservers in Europe.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.9858961010097, "y": 741.6306440755166}, {"x": 904.6365425687662, "y": 741.6306440755166}, {"x": 904.6365425687662, "y": 837.3343127975354}, {"x": 193.9858961010097, "y": 837.3343127975354}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) and Johannes Kepler\n(1571-1630).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.5886080377088, "y": 887.6917194421283}, {"x": 944.5691467490672, "y": 887.6917194421283}, {"x": 944.5691467490672, "y": 1393.7684324003671}, {"x": 154.5886080377088, "y": 1393.7684324003671}], "category": "Figure", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "JOANNiS KEPPLERI\n(a) (b)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 167.07297696767205, "y": 1406.830767999643}, {"x": 932.6833667772742, "y": 1406.830767999643}, {"x": 932.6833667772742, "y": 1515.892185615236}, {"x": 167.07297696767205, "y": 1515.892185615236}], "category": "Caption", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 1. (a) A stylized engraving shows Tycho Brahe using his\ninstruments to measure the altitude of celestial objects above the\nhorizon. The large curved instrument in the foreground allowed", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 285.14173438009277, "y": 1556.0341003526223}, {"x": 944.5691467490674, "y": 1556.0341003526223}, {"x": 944.5691467490674, "y": 1610.2013449152023}, {"x": 285.14173438009277, "y": 1610.2013449152023}], "category": "Footer", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Chapter 3 Orbits and Gravity Section 3.1: The Laws of Planetary\nMotion | 99", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000175.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 153.5910071081736, "y": 161.8849733445012}, {"x": 946.1850395297902, "y": 161.8849733445012}, {"x": 946.1850395297902, "y": 621.5020546759469}, {"x": 153.5910071081736, "y": 621.5020546759469}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "radiation at other wavelengths, as shown in (Figure 1). Just as you\ncan catch more rain with a garbage can than with a coffee cup, large\ntelescopes gather much more light than your eye can. Second, there\nis an instrument attached to the telescope that sorts the incoming\nradiation by wavelength. Sometimes the sorting is fairly crude. For\nexample, we might simply want to separate blue light from red\nlight SO that we can determine the temperature of a star. But at\nother times, we want to see individual spectral lines to determine\nwhat an object is made of, or to measure its speed (as explained\nin the Radiation and Spectra chapter). Third, we need some type\nof detector, a device that senses the radiation in the wavelength\nregions we have chosen and permanently records the observations.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 237.94578629222792, "y": 714.0791666920195}, {"x": 860.9991672742449, "y": 714.0791666920195}, {"x": 860.9991672742449, "y": 759.1782499460644}, {"x": 237.94578629222792, "y": 759.1782499460644}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Orion Region at Different Wavelengths.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.5910071081736, "y": 813.1022723789259}, {"x": 946.1850395297896, "y": 813.1022723789259}, {"x": 946.1850395297896, "y": 1148.1964620234185}, {"x": 153.5910071081736, "y": 1148.1964620234185}], "category": "Figure", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "(a) (b) (c)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 158.67184880351795, "y": 1162.3837724381972}, {"x": 942.2146778024596, "y": 1162.3837724381972}, {"x": 942.2146778024596, "y": 1505.183760125234}, {"x": 158.67184880351795, "y": 1505.183760125234}], "category": "Caption", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 1. The same part of the sky looks different when observed\nwith instruments that are sensitive to different bands of the\nspectrum. (a) Visible light: this shows part of the Orion region as\nthe human eye sees it, with dotted lines added to show the figure\nof the mythical hunter, Orion. (b) X-rays: here, the view emphasizes\nthe point-like X-ray sources nearby. The colors are artificial,\nchanging from yellow to white to blue with increasing energy of\nthe X-rays. The bright, hot stars in Orion are still seen in this\nimage, but SO are many other objects located at very different", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.07100859672136, "y": 1569.2787158062133}, {"x": 841.3911520121545, "y": 1569.2787158062133}, {"x": 841.3911520121545, "y": 1596.6451013778676}, {"x": 155.07100859672136, "y": 1596.6451013778676}], "category": "Footer", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "276 | Chapter 6 Astronomical Instruments Section 6.1: Telescopes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000176.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 154.886478256793, "y": 163.81447165589816}, {"x": 946.2088812485548, "y": 163.81447165589816}, {"x": 946.2088812485548, "y": 271.66411613482404}, {"x": 154.886478256793, "y": 271.66411613482404}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "vapor and other gases, making it useless. Only in the vacuum of\nspace can optical elements be cooled to hundreds of degrees below\nfreezing and still remain operational.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.886478256793, "y": 280.0955893907006}, {"x": 946.2088812485548, "y": 280.0955893907006}, {"x": 946.2088812485548, "y": 934.5928797424745}, {"x": 154.886478256793, "y": 934.5928797424745}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The first orbiting infrared observatory, launched in 1983, was the\nInfrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), built as a joint project by\nthe United States, the Netherlands, and Britain. IRAS was equipped\nwith a 0.6-meter telescope cooled to a temperature of less than 10\nK. For the first time, the infrared sky could be seen as if it were\nnight, rather than through a bright foreground of atmospheric and\ntelescope emissions. IRAS carried out a rapid but comprehensive\nsurvey of the entire infrared sky over a 10-month period, cataloging\nabout 350,000 sources of infrared radiation. Since then, several\nother infrared telescopes have operated in space with much better\nsensitivity and resolution due to improvements in infrared\ndetectors. The most powerful of these infrared telescopes is the\n0.85-meter Spitzer Space Telescope, which launched in 2003. A\nfew of its observations are shown in Figure 2. With infrared\nobservations, astronomers can detect cooler parts of cosmic\nobjects, such as the dust clouds around star nurseries and the\nremnants of dying stars, that visible-light images don't reveal.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 182.97615267416515, "y": 1025.9397905713272}, {"x": 919.689518105378, "y": 1025.9397905713272}, {"x": 919.689518105378, "y": 1111.118506080582}, {"x": 182.97615267416515, "y": 1111.118506080582}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Observations from the Spitzer Space Telescope\n(SST).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.88647825679297, "y": 1172.1274697147471}, {"x": 944.5990122091276, "y": 1172.1274697147471}, {"x": 944.5990122091276, "y": 1436.563131785948}, {"x": 154.88647825679297, "y": 1436.563131785948}], "category": "Figure", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Flame nebula Cassiopeia A Helix nebula", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 188.08103046393887, "y": 1451.633065278858}, {"x": 931.7434402491276, "y": 1451.633065278858}, {"x": 931.7434402491276, "y": 1523.2768427148103}, {"x": 188.08103046393887, "y": 1523.2768427148103}], "category": "Caption", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 2. These infrared images-a region of star formation, the\nremnant of an exploded star, and a region where an old star is", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.88647825679294, "y": 1569.1288602738202}, {"x": 888.0407360131966, "y": 1569.1288602738202}, {"x": 888.0407360131966, "y": 1596.353495699482}, {"x": 154.88647825679294, "y": 1596.353495699482}], "category": "Footer", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "336 | Chapter 6 Section 6.5: Observations outside Earth's Atmosphere", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000177.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 700.0710353310069, "y": 163.65400909338808}, {"x": 990.4976897512124, "y": 163.65400909338808}, {"x": 990.4976897512124, "y": 442.64654326082945}, {"x": 700.0710353310069, "y": 442.64654326082945}], "category": "Figure", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "O", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 550.176904877809, "y": 475.52084670846386}, {"x": 1103.252651235461, "y": 475.52084670846386}, {"x": 1103.252651235461, "y": 601.3656179811471}, {"x": 550.176904877809, "y": 601.3656179811471}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 7.3. You can read more about KSU's\nmarketing approach in Marking Open and\nAffordable Courses (Hare, Kirschner, and Reed\n2020).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.97828265852223, "y": 650.7083789828378}, {"x": 1506.6775081229907, "y": 650.7083789828378}, {"x": 1506.6775081229907, "y": 862.2370220791407}, {"x": 193.97828265852223, "y": 862.2370220791407}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "For an even simpler graphic, we can look to Kansas State University. KSU's Open/Alternative\nTextbook Initiative developed their OER icon, a book with an \"O\" on the cover, to be recognizable\neven at a small scale. This was done because it would be used as a marking denoting the use of\nopen materials in their course schedule. This graphic is clear, easy to read, and emblematic of the\ninitiative itself, by representing open textbooks with a book icon.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.97828265852212, "y": 918.5696788041907}, {"x": 671.5599063722868, "y": 918.5696788041907}, {"x": 671.5599063722868, "y": 962.9405570510032}, {"x": 193.97828265852212, "y": 962.9405570510032}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Aligning with Your Identity", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.97828265852223, "y": 1000.91374749227}, {"x": 1506.6775081229907, "y": 1000.91374749227}, {"x": 1506.6775081229907, "y": 1172.9140295102193}, {"x": 193.97828265852223, "y": 1172.9140295102193}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Like KSU did with their OER icon, your branding should be reflective of your initiative's work\nin some way. Think about your audience and what you want them to feel when they see your\nprogram's marketing on campus. Does your program have a unique name or tagline that\ninfluences the way you present it (e.g., playful, bold, colorful, or innovative)?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.9782826585223, "y": 1185.7366268243336}, {"x": 604.8051612905214, "y": 1185.7366268243336}, {"x": 604.8051612905214, "y": 1732.5979819035078}, {"x": 193.9782826585223, "y": 1732.5979819035078}], "category": "Figure", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "penEd\nCVCC\nCC\nInnovation & Affordability", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.2336472763915, "y": 1755.7271342650956}, {"x": 568.8795626709459, "y": 1755.7271342650956}, {"x": 568.8795626709459, "y": 1912.7906827716556}, {"x": 195.2336472763915, "y": 1912.7906827716556}], "category": "Caption", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 7.4. You can read more\nabout CVCC's marketing\napproach in Marking Open and\nAffordable Courses (Hare,\nKirschner, and Reed 2020).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 628.2140554521235, "y": 1211.2727957316033}, {"x": 1506.6775081229907, "y": 1211.2727957316033}, {"x": 1506.6775081229907, "y": 1460.728342011103}, {"x": 628.2140554521235, "y": 1460.728342011103}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "A great example of a program whose name and messaging align\nclearly with their work is Central Virginia Community College\n(CVCC). CVCC uses the tagline \"OpenEd CVCC: Innovation and\nAffordability\" as their program's name and their icon features this\ntheme of innovation through graphics of light bulbs, gears, and\nrepresentations of various disciplines.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 628.2140554521235, "y": 1498.2588078068577}, {"x": 1506.6775081229907, "y": 1498.2588078068577}, {"x": 1506.6775081229907, "y": 1885.678729551369}, {"x": 628.2140554521235, "y": 1885.678729551369}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "CVCC's logo is more complex than the ones we shared in our\n\"simple\" section. However, this isn't a problem in their case. Keep\nin mind that the simplicity of any graphic will depend on where\nand how it's used. CVCC's logo might have more going on than\nKSU's icon, but it is meant to be used at a larger scale, SO it can\naccommodate this complexity. If your logo will be used in print\nmaterials or as a smaller icon, that's when you'll want to focus on\nsimpler designs. For graphics that will be displayed more\nprominently, though, a larger graphic works fine.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.2336472763916, "y": 2067.3022869431716}, {"x": 568.8795626709459, "y": 2067.3022869431716}, {"x": 568.8795626709459, "y": 2098.2928494331263}, {"x": 195.2336472763916, "y": 2098.2928494331263}], "category": "Footer", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "90 | PROGRAM MANAGEMENT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000178.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 194.03568774102473, "y": 165.73642332207504}, {"x": 650.600109433891, "y": 165.73642332207504}, {"x": 650.600109433891, "y": 203.5528703713831}, {"x": 194.03568774102473, "y": 203.5528703713831}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Promotional Materials", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.03568774102473, "y": 261.51554432907636}, {"x": 1507.2725614681551, "y": 261.51554432907636}, {"x": 1507.2725614681551, "y": 379.95161085908353}, {"x": 194.03568774102473, "y": 379.95161085908353}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "A good promotional strategy should include multiple facets, from physical materials to digital\ncommunications. Below, we've compiled a table of promotional materials you might use on\ncampus, and examples of each type.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 592.2320457162119, "y": 425.6673268697352}, {"x": 1107.3224876515742, "y": 425.6673268697352}, {"x": 1107.3224876515742, "y": 455.3757822719855}, {"x": 592.2320457162119, "y": 455.3757822719855}], "category": "Caption", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 7.1. Types of promotional materials", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.68388960033553, "y": 464.8332912013367}, {"x": 1504.634301060481, "y": 464.8332912013367}, {"x": 1504.634301060481, "y": 1054.4125157074673}, {"x": 195.68388960033553, "y": 1054.4125157074673}], "category": "Table", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "Communication ChannelMediumExamplesDirect communicationsPhysical or digitalmeetings, consultations, listening sessions, email listsIndirect communicationsPrimarily digitalwebsites, videos, news articles, newsletters, social media posts,MessagingPhysical or digitalbrochures, posters, signs, bookletsEventsPhysical or digitalpresentations, webinars, seminars, panels, training sessionsInteractivePhysical or digitalOER \"petting zoos,\" games, exhibits, surveysGoodiesPrimarily physicalpens, notepads, bookmarks, stickers, buttons, etc", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.0356877410247, "y": 1098.2884787282608}, {"x": 1507.2725614681551, "y": 1098.2884787282608}, {"x": 1507.2725614681551, "y": 1394.65326379732}, {"x": 194.0356877410247, "y": 1394.65326379732}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Get in contact with partners at your institution to learn more about the processes and options\navailable to you and how you can best leverage the support at your disposal. If you have a\nmarketing team available to you that orders pens and other materials for campus events, get in\ncontact with them about their vendors and how you can leverage their existing workflows for\nordering materials to support your OER Program. This might be as simple as ordering buttons and\nposters through your University Printing Office, or it may require you to browse a third party's\nmarketing catalog or to create materials yourself, if you lack funding for your work.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.03568774102465, "y": 1452.0602121461654}, {"x": 451.6880678991844, "y": 1452.0602121461654}, {"x": 451.6880678991844, "y": 1489.8766591954734}, {"x": 194.03568774102465, "y": 1489.8766591954734}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Annual Events", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.0356877410247, "y": 1539.014582180262}, {"x": 1507.2725614681551, "y": 1539.014582180262}, {"x": 1507.2725614681551, "y": 2010.666383173212}, {"x": 194.0356877410247, "y": 2010.666383173212}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Creating promotional materials and graphics can make your OER program recognizable on your\ncollege's campus, but just because you've created materials doesn't mean that people will find or\nlearn from them. As a program manager, you will need to find ways to implement your messaging\nand events on campus. Leveraging annual events like Open Education Week in March and\nInternational Open Access Week in October can ground your work in a given time of year and\nfocus your programming around a topic or theme (Open Education Global, n.d.; SPARC, n.d.).\nThe Open Education Week website lists past events and provides downloadable promotional\nmaterials to help you kickstart your event planning and coordination. If these weeks regularly\nconflict with other events at your institution, that's okay. You can celebrate Open Education Week\nthe week before or after it falls. So long as you are consistent in the general time you hold these\nevents, they will still gain recognition at your institution and faculty will come to expect them.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 197.50838391027625, "y": 2069.004660994283}, {"x": 568.4309451005922, "y": 2069.004660994283}, {"x": 568.4309451005922, "y": 2097.839630415438}, {"x": 197.50838391027625, "y": 2097.839630415438}], "category": "Footer", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "92 | PROGRAM MANAGEMENT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000179.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 194.34151667809456, "y": 155.59519963464106}, {"x": 1505.1168248575395, "y": 155.59519963464106}, {"x": 1505.1168248575395, "y": 1134.9462860302976}, {"x": 194.34151667809456, "y": 1134.9462860302976}], "category": "Figure", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.6052057638378, "y": 1160.2796446306852}, {"x": 1471.6397222681426, "y": 1160.2796446306852}, {"x": 1471.6397222681426, "y": 1224.5375105139867}, {"x": 195.6052057638378, "y": 1224.5375105139867}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 12.2. A set of open textbooks printed in bulk are featured in this photo. Open textbooks from the\nOpen Course Library, picture by Tom Caswell, CC BY 2.0.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.3415166780946, "y": 1289.5480317821125}, {"x": 1067.7888145833138, "y": 1289.5480317821125}, {"x": 1067.7888145833138, "y": 1333.819884743129}, {"x": 194.3415166780946, "y": 1333.819884743129}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "What tool(s) do you typically use in your course?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.34151667809456, "y": 1376.2685876929638}, {"x": 1503.795052223797, "y": 1376.2685876929638}, {"x": 1503.795052223797, "y": 1496.1727389520784}, {"x": 194.34151667809456, "y": 1496.1727389520784}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Ask whether the instructor utilizes your institution's course management system (Canvas,\nBlackboard, etc.), or a separate course website to communicate and share content with students.\nThis may affect the tools and practices you recommend.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.3415166780945, "y": 1553.5650865045395}, {"x": 1218.3367632175818, "y": 1553.5650865045395}, {"x": 1218.3367632175818, "y": 1597.8369394655565}, {"x": 194.3415166780945, "y": 1597.8369394655565}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "What supporting materials do you utilize for this course?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.34151667809456, "y": 1640.6376728959735}, {"x": 1503.795052223797, "y": 1640.6376728959735}, {"x": 1503.795052223797, "y": 1760.541824155088}, {"x": 194.34151667809456, "y": 1760.541824155088}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "If the instructor relies on self-grading homework platforms or ancillary presentations and lecture\nnotes from publishers, you will want to discuss the various free and low-cost options available to\nreplace that content (See Chapter 15, Finding Ancillaries for OER).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.34151667809456, "y": 1801.7201469487145}, {"x": 1503.795052223797, "y": 1801.7201469487145}, {"x": 1503.795052223797, "y": 2008.863417877246}, {"x": 194.34151667809456, "y": 2008.863417877246}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Alternatively, does the instructor already supplement their course materials with course notes or\nmaterials they have personally created? Often, when traditional materials are lacking or require\nsupplement, instructors will create notes, reading lists, or other content to \"back up\" any\ntraditional, commercial content used in their course. This instructor-created content can be\nreused with OER as well, or even adapted into a new open resource in the future.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 198.29630300931856, "y": 2070.7094145176884}, {"x": 624.2707266496755, "y": 2070.7094145176884}, {"x": 624.2707266496755, "y": 2097.6505176834867}, {"x": 198.29630300931856, "y": 2097.6505176834867}], "category": "Footer", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "164 | SUPPORTING OER ADOPTION", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000180.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 192.19407769763143, "y": 170.4713755124639}, {"x": 613.5240845873587, "y": 170.4713755124639}, {"x": 613.5240845873587, "y": 231.45335019387184}, {"x": 192.19407769763143, "y": 231.45335019387184}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Version History", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.45321453337385, "y": 381.6087371301062}, {"x": 1506.4507475646974, "y": 381.6087371301062}, {"x": 1506.4507475646974, "y": 547.2032142576729}, {"x": 194.45321453337385, "y": 547.2032142576729}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "This page provides a record of edits and changes made to this book since its initial publication.\nWhenever edits or updates are made in the text, we provide a record and description of those\nchanges here. If the change is minor, the version number increases by 0.1. If the edits involve\nsubstantial updates, the edition number increases to the next whole number.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.45321453337385, "y": 586.5563109647804}, {"x": 1506.4507475646974, "y": 586.5563109647804}, {"x": 1506.4507475646974, "y": 702.2901541203395}, {"x": 194.45321453337385, "y": 702.2901541203395}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The files posted alongside this book always reflect the most recent version. If you find an error in\nthis book, please let us know in the Rebus Community forum, where reported errors will be visible\nto others.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.45321453337385, "y": 748.1158967429476}, {"x": 1506.4507475646974, "y": 748.1158967429476}, {"x": 1506.4507475646974, "y": 863.8497398985066}, {"x": 194.45321453337385, "y": 863.8497398985066}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "We will contact the author, make the necessary changes, and replace all file types as soon as\npossible. Once we receive the updated files, this Version History page will be updated to reflect\nthe edits made.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.19407769763137, "y": 931.374908277564}, {"x": 507.9800613357016, "y": 931.374908277564}, {"x": 507.9800613357016, "y": 983.3960374254624}, {"x": 192.19407769763137, "y": 983.3960374254624}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Version History", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 749.0690908747029, "y": 1023.373265717636}, {"x": 948.2396955028146, "y": 1023.373265717636}, {"x": 948.2396955028146, "y": 1052.3402131542898}, {"x": 749.0690908747029, "y": 1052.3402131542898}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Version History", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.3198038252267, "y": 1062.3227064346388}, {"x": 1504.3768521707748, "y": 1062.3227064346388}, {"x": 1504.3768521707748, "y": 1313.2941103545843}, {"x": 195.3198038252267, "y": 1313.2941103545843}], "category": "Table", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "VersionDateChangeAffected Sections1.0April 30, 2022Original1.0June 3, 2022Small edits for clarity on Creative Commons licensing and attribution.1. Introduction to Open Educational Resources", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000181.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 182.75251106444105, "y": 140.7226787954831}, {"x": 1446.3148699101118, "y": 140.7226787954831}, {"x": 1446.3148699101118, "y": 301.34501254705145}, {"x": 182.75251106444105, "y": 301.34501254705145}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Upstage aims to enrich your business by providing\nEasy-to-Apply AI solutions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 177.30859525317692, "y": 639.2985190222144}, {"x": 383.2363909701397, "y": 639.2985190222144}, {"x": 383.2363909701397, "y": 672.6014097429334}, {"x": 177.30859525317692, "y": 672.6014097429334}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Our Purpose", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 188.9695284326127, "y": 735.5068699931801}, {"x": 608.9559836327903, "y": 735.5068699931801}, {"x": 608.9559836327903, "y": 787.3113666698541}, {"x": 188.9695284326127, "y": 787.3113666698541}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Making AI Beneficial", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 858.7276640381822, "y": 639.2985190222144}, {"x": 1051.1443659801134, "y": 639.2985190222144}, {"x": 1051.1443659801134, "y": 678.1518915297197}, {"x": 858.7276640381822, "y": 678.1518915297197}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Our Mission", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 867.9784670161596, "y": 735.5068699931801}, {"x": 1210.258177201326, "y": 735.5068699931801}, {"x": 1210.258177201326, "y": 865.0181116848648}, {"x": 867.9784670161596, "y": 865.0181116848648}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Easy-to-apply AI,\nEverywhere", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1506.410538934687, "y": 633.1292405379107}, {"x": 1709.9074394603415, "y": 633.1292405379107}, {"x": 1709.9074394603415, "y": 678.1518915297195}, {"x": 1506.410538934687, "y": 678.1518915297195}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "What We Do", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1503.744416781164, "y": 735.5068699931802}, {"x": 2395.869906613967, "y": 735.5068699931802}, {"x": 2395.869906613967, "y": 865.0181116848648}, {"x": 1503.744416781164, "y": 865.0181116848648}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Providing the world's best and easy-to-use\nAI solutions for everyone", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1511.288248306858, "y": 940.8149115651162}, {"x": 2423.537859505158, "y": 940.8149115651162}, {"x": 2423.537859505158, "y": 1161.4357388414803}, {"x": 1511.288248306858, "y": 1161.4357388414803}], "category": "List", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Plug-and-play to cross/multi-cloud system\n\u00b7 Ensuring performance tailored to customer data via retraining\n\u00b7 Providing a platform that allows easy distribution and management of\nAI solutions\n\u00b7 AI consulting service to help AI transformation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2587.7234557330876, "y": 1419.7598329880789}, {"x": 2609.198562770125, "y": 1419.7598329880789}, {"x": 2609.198562770125, "y": 1443.770083275358}, {"x": 2587.7234557330876, "y": 1443.770083275358}], "category": "Footer", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000182.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 194.06144672393924, "y": 110.1276802220874}, {"x": 304.33821230962457, "y": 110.1276802220874}, {"x": 304.33821230962457, "y": 144.27872756988648}, {"x": 194.06144672393924, "y": 144.27872756988648}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "AI Pack", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.06144672393924, "y": 164.73635488102613}, {"x": 2034.684104453937, "y": 164.73635488102613}, {"x": 2034.684104453937, "y": 311.1348236925693}, {"x": 194.06144672393924, "y": 311.1348236925693}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Upstage offers 3 AI packs that process unstructured information and data,\nmaking a tangible impact on your business", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 76.32121923554814, "y": 429.73705440146455}, {"x": 2586.917190892007, "y": 429.73705440146455}, {"x": 2586.917190892007, "y": 1418.846211652159}, {"x": 76.32121923554814, "y": 1418.846211652159}], "category": "Table", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "OCRRecommendationProduct semantic searchPackA solution that recognizes characters in an image and extracts necessary informationA solution that recommends the best products and contentsA solution that enables semantic search, analyzes and organizes key information in unstructured text data into a standardized form (DB)ApplicationApplicable to all fields that require text extraction from standardized documents, such as receipts, bills, credit cards, ID cards, certificates, and medical receiptsApplicable to all fields that use any form of recommendation including alternative products, products and contents that are likely to be purchased nextApplicable to all fields that deal with various types of unstructured data containing text information that require semantic search and conversion into a DBHighlightAchieved 1st place in the OCR World Competition The team includes specialists who have presented 14 papers in the world's most renowned AI conferencesTeam with specialists and technologies that received Kaggle's Gold Medal recommendation (Education platform) Proven superior performance of more than 170% compared to other global top-tier recommendation modelsCreation of the first natural language evaluation system in Korean (KLUE) World's No.1 in Kaggle text embedding competition in E-commerce subject (Shopee)", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2573.870336851778, "y": 1418.846211652159}, {"x": 2606.488083958462, 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when using commercial service data", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 170.44578802313546, "y": 417.1691580616311}, {"x": 675.0157706215417, "y": 417.1691580616311}, {"x": 675.0157706215417, "y": 498.3095510448885}, {"x": 170.44578802313546, "y": 498.3095510448885}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Comparison with Beauty Commerce\nRecommendation Models", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 173.71866078563897, "y": 508.759310766104}, {"x": 700.2382667139143, "y": 508.759310766104}, {"x": 700.2382667139143, "y": 542.4489192065403}, {"x": 173.71866078563897, "y": 542.4489192065403}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Recommendation model Hit Ratio comparison", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 188.04962447448696, "y": 662.1889757388992}, {"x": 757.2448651260106, "y": 662.1889757388992}, {"x": 757.2448651260106, "y": 1375.870967443529}, {"x": 188.04962447448696, "y": 1375.870967443529}], "category": "Chart", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Upstage\n0.4048\nGraph-RecSys\nUpstage\n0.3278\nAttn-RecSys\naws\n0.23496\nPersonalize\n1.7X\u2191\nCurrent Service\n0.159\nRecommendation\n2.6X\u2191\nAlgorithm", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 978.066758308922, "y": 417.1691580616311}, {"x": 1566.5123311116256, "y": 417.1691580616311}, {"x": 1566.5123311116256, "y": 498.3095510448885}, {"x": 978.066758308922, "y": 498.3095510448885}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Comparison Case of Domestic Subscription\nPlatform Recommendation Model", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 978.066758308922, "y": 508.759310766104}, {"x": 1513.9811232188404, "y": 508.759310766104}, {"x": 1513.9811232188404, "y": 583.959502034692}, {"x": 978.066758308922, "y": 583.959502034692}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Comparison of quantitative evaluations among\npersonalized content recommendations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 959.022352077424, "y": 662.1889757388991}, {"x": 1634.4938942669946, "y": 662.1889757388991}, {"x": 1634.4938942669946, "y": 1390.4680467415722}, {"x": 959.022352077424, "y": 1390.4680467415722}], "category": "Chart", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "0.03 0.06 0.09\nUpstage\nCustomerBERT\naws Personalize AWS Ready\n14.3%\u2191\nAutoEncoder\n_RecVAE\nAutoEncoder\n_CDAE\nAutoEncoder\n_MultiVAE\nGNN_LightGCN\nCF_BPR\nStatistic_\nMostPop\nStatistic_ : Recall@10, accuracy\nCotergoryPop : NDCG@10, Ranking", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1820.111120119745, "y": 417.1691580616311}, {"x": 2336.6817314485907, "y": 417.1691580616311}, {"x": 2336.6817314485907, "y": 449.4117615069797}, {"x": 1820.111120119745, "y": 449.4117615069797}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Education Content Platform PoC Case", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1820.1111201197452, "y": 460.4726403657578}, {"x": 2409.015313083125, "y": 460.4726403657578}, {"x": 2409.015313083125, "y": 535.6728316343459}, {"x": 1820.1111201197452, "y": 535.6728316343459}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Comparison of prediction rates of correct/incorrect\nanswers based on personalized questions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1847.881290333877, "y": 787.9548675763322}, {"x": 2470.7895897894587, "y": 787.9548675763322}, {"x": 2470.7895897894587, "y": 1274.7370579699607}, {"x": 1847.881290333877, "y": 1274.7370579699607}], "category": "Chart", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "0.882\n0.735\nCompared to\nregular model\n20%\u2191\nUpstage Traditional\nDKT Model Statistical Model(IRT)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2574.612283761049, "y": 1420.624837212588}, {"x": 2606.8811779575003, "y": 1420.624837212588}, {"x": 2606.8811779575003, "y": 1443.3002763776622}, {"x": 2574.612283761049, "y": 1443.3002763776622}], "category": "Footer", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000184.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 185.2706971521961, "y": 108.53360488798384}, {"x": 619.1854043051925, "y": 108.53360488798384}, {"x": 619.1854043051925, "y": 148.6644448558909}, {"x": 185.2706971521961, "y": 148.6644448558909}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Semantic Search Pack: Value", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 182.762519654202, "y": 186.287107325804}, {"x": 1720.2753259246454, "y": 186.287107325804}, {"x": 1720.2753259246454, "y": 256.5160772696414}, {"x": 182.762519654202, "y": 256.5160772696414}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "SS Pack allows businesses to access further data more rapidly", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 127.5826146983296, "y": 462.1866321051657}, {"x": 1710.2426159326683, "y": 462.1866321051657}, {"x": 1710.2426159326683, "y": 502.3174720730729}, {"x": 127.5826146983296, "y": 502.3174720730729}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The SS Pack can reduce the information acquisition time by returning all the information that matches the user's search intent.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 130.0907921963239, "y": 534.9237795469975}, {"x": 1885.8150407922624, "y": 534.9237795469975}, {"x": 1885.8150407922624, "y": 630.2345244707769}, {"x": 130.0907921963239, "y": 630.2345244707769}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The performance optimized for individual search systems is maintained by automatic updates of real-time search log records, augmented by\nUpstage's technological know-how.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 260.98185816382613, "y": 755.8647608576138}, {"x": 451.5865860362836, "y": 755.8647608576138}, {"x": 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intent", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1019.002199010445, "y": 783.7223749312806}, {"x": 1435.400219901044, "y": 783.7223749312806}, {"x": 1435.400219901044, "y": 843.8361737218248}, {"x": 1019.002199010445, "y": 843.8361737218248}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Optimal Attempt", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1020.4683892248484, "y": 861.430456294667}, {"x": 1599.6135239142384, "y": 861.430456294667}, {"x": 1599.6135239142384, "y": 905.4161627267724}, {"x": 1020.4683892248484, "y": 905.4161627267724}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Reduced Information Acquisition Time", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1020.468389224848, "y": 956.7328202308952}, {"x": 1618.6739967014842, "y": 956.7328202308952}, {"x": 1618.6739967014842, "y": 1144.405167674546}, {"x": 1020.468389224848, "y": 1144.405167674546}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "By returning all semantic-based information of the\nsearch keywords, the time required for information\nacquisition is reduced drastically compared to that\nof traditional keyword-matching search systems", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1838.6025288620117, "y": 757.3309510720172}, {"x": 2001.349642660802, "y": 757.3309510720172}, {"x": 2001.349642660802, "y": 824.775700934579}, {"x": 1838.6025288620117, "y": 824.775700934579}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "2\nSOTA", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1838.6025288620108, "y": 849.7009345794389}, {"x": 2212.4810335349084, "y": 849.7009345794389}, {"x": 2212.4810335349084, "y": 895.1528312259479}, {"x": 1838.6025288620108, "y": 895.1528312259479}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Cutting-Edge Technology", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1834.2039582188008, "y": 956.7328202308952}, {"x": 2430.9433754810325, "y": 956.7328202308952}, {"x": 2430.9433754810325, "y": 1081.3589884551948}, {"x": 1834.2039582188008, "y": 1081.3589884551948}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The analysis of user logs saved in real-time allows us\nto further optimize the individual search services\nover time", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 135.60571812582256, "y": 1338.9799067403974}, {"x": 1960.415650454347, "y": 1338.9799067403974}, {"x": 1960.415650454347, "y": 1459.585160888547}, {"x": 135.60571812582256, "y": 1459.585160888547}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 13, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1 Evaluated against 100 internal test queries. Comparison of the amount of information returned with at least one keyword included in the search term and the\namount of returned information against that of SS Pack\n2 State-of-the-art, current highest level of results and performance", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2569.9193458512564, "y": 1415.3734207578043}, {"x": 2608.373194999942, "y": 1415.3734207578043}, {"x": 2608.373194999942, "y": 1448.5835632043963}, {"x": 2569.9193458512564, "y": 1448.5835632043963}], "category": "Footer", "id": 14, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "22", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000185.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 47.15377726875132, "y": 1698.141521148204}, {"x": 47.15377726875138, "y": 720.4040486041313}, {"x": 98.57138604806605, "y": 720.4040486041313}, {"x": 98.571386048066, "y": 1698.141521148204}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "2023\nDec\n29\n[cs.CL]\narXiv:2312.15166v2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.79220281881143, "y": 191.44210228636763}, {"x": 1451.9092171241348, "y": 191.4421022863715}, {"x": 1451.9092171241346, "y": 279.77491736878306}, {"x": 196.79220281881123, "y": 279.7749173687792}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "SOLAR 10.7B: Scaling Large Language Models with Simple yet Effective\nDepth Up-Scaling", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 241.61781047257273, "y": 296.91412029521837}, {"x": 1420.2676117214787, "y": 296.91412029522513}, {"x": 1420.2676117214785, "y": 452.48534685827593}, {"x": 241.6178104725725, "y": 452.4853468582691}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Dahyun Kim*, Chanjun Park*\u2020, Sanghoon Kim*\u2020, Wonsung Lee*\u2020, Wonho Song\nYunsu Kim, Hyeonwoo Kim, Yungi Kim, Hyeonju Lee, Jihoo Kim\nChangbae Ahn, Seonghoon Yang, Sukyung Lee, Hyunbyung Park, Gyoungjin Gim\nMikyoung Cha, Hwalsuk Lee\u2020, Sunghun Kim\u2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 660.8690820577535, "y": 490.71895338648375}, {"x": 1003.653140586518, "y": 490.7189533864855}, {"x": 1003.6531405865176, "y": 530.2709601398019}, {"x": 660.8690820577534, "y": 530.2709601397999}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Upstage AI, South Korea", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 122.961790212615, "y": 535.5445610402454}, {"x": 1538.9236319814354, "y": 535.5445610402468}, {"x": 1538.923631981435, "y": 568.5045666680094}, {"x": 122.96179021261467, "y": 568.5045666680078}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "{kdahyun, chanjun . park, limerobot, wonsung . lee, hwalsuk . lee, hunkim} @upstage . ai", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 434.1042433387245, "y": 594.8725711702239}, {"x": 565.9442658497876, "y": 594.8725711702253}, {"x": 565.9442658497874, "y": 625.1957763477674}, {"x": 434.1042433387243, "y": 625.1957763477662}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Abstract", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 240.299410247462, "y": 654.2005813002002}, {"x": 763.7042996163806, "y": 654.2005813002322}, {"x": 763.7042996163806, "y": 1347.6790997083951}, {"x": 240.29941024746188, "y": 1347.679099708364}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "We introduce SOLAR 10.7B, a large language\nmodel (LLM) with 10.7 billion parameters,\ndemonstrating superior performance in various\nnatural language processing (NLP) tasks. In-\nspired by recent efforts to efficiently up-scale\nLLMs, we present a method for scaling LLMs\ncalled depth up-scaling (DUS), which encom-\npasses depthwise scaling and continued pre-\ntraining. In contrast to other LLM up-scaling\nmethods that use mixture-of-experts, DUS does\nnot require complex changes to train and infer-\nence efficiently. We show experimentally that\nDUS is simple yet effective in scaling up high-\nperformance LLMs from small ones. Building\non the DUS model, we additionally present SO-\nLAR 10.7B-Instruct, a variant fine-tuned for\ninstruction-following capabilities, surpassing\nMixtral-8x7B-Instruct. SOLAR 10.7B is pub-\nlicly available under the Apache 2.0 license,\npromoting broad access and application in the\nLLM field 1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.1554023685892, "y": 1381.9575055612704}, {"x": 428.83064243827937, "y": 1381.9575055612718}, {"x": 428.830642438279, "y": 1413.5991109639267}, {"x": 194.15540236858908, "y": 1413.599110963925}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1 Introduction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 191.51860191836855, "y": 1439.9671154661382}, {"x": 813.8035081705832, "y": 1439.9671154661664}, {"x": 813.8035081705832, "y": 2043.794418566809}, {"x": 191.5186019183684, "y": 2043.794418566781}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The field of natural language processing (NLP)\nhas been significantly transformed by the introduc-\ntion of large language models (LLMs), which have\nenhanced our understanding and interaction with\nhuman language (Zhang et al., 2023a). These ad-\nvancements bring challenges such as the increased\nneed to train ever larger models (Rae et al., 2021;\nWang et al., 2023; Pan et al., 2023; Lian, 2023;\nYao et al., 2023; Gesmundo and Maile, 2023) OW-\ning to the performance scaling law (Kaplan et al.,\n2020; Hernandez et al., 2021; Anil et al., 2023;\nKaddour et al., 2023). To efficiently tackle the\nabove, recent works in scaling language models\nsuch as a mixture of experts (MoE) (Shazeer et al.,\n2017; Komatsuzaki et al., 2022) have been pro-\nposed. While those approaches are able to effi-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 845.2884434957141, "y": 594.8725711702239}, {"x": 1467.573349747929, "y": 594.8725711702375}, {"x": 1467.573349747929, "y": 892.6343053327573}, {"x": 845.2884434957139, "y": 892.6343053327432}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "ciently and effectively scale-up LLMs, they often\nrequire non-trivial changes to the training and infer-\nence framework (Gale et al., 2023), which hinders\nwidespread applicability. Effectively and efficiently\nscaling up LLMs whilst also retaining the simplic-\nity for ease of use is an important problem (Alberts\net al., 2023; Fraiwan and Khasawneh, 2023; Sallam\net al., 2023; Bahrini et al., 2023).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 845.288443495714, "y": 901.9515755544428}, {"x": 1467.573349747929, "y": 901.9515755544828}, {"x": 1467.573349747929, "y": 1760.8798088792878}, {"x": 845.2884434957138, "y": 1760.8798088792464}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Inspired by Komatsuzaki et al. (2022), we\npresent depth up-scaling (DUS), an effective and\nefficient method to up-scale LLMs whilst also re-\nmaining straightforward to use. DUS consists of\nscaling the base model along the depth dimension\nand continually pretraining the scaled model. Un-\nlike (Komatsuzaki et al., 2022), DUS does not scale\nthe model using MoE and rather use a depthwise\nscaling method analogous to Tan and Le (2019)\nwhich is adapted for the LLM architecture. Thus,\nthere are no additional modules or dynamism as\nwith MoE, making DUS immediately compatible\nwith easy-to-use LLM frameworks such as Hug-\ngingFace (Wolf et al., 2019) with no changes to\nthe training or inference framework for maximal\nefficiency. Furthermore, DUS is applicable to all\ntransformer architectures, opening up new gate-\nways to effectively and efficiently scale-up LLMs\nin a simple manner. Using DUS, we release SO-\nLAR 10.7B, an LLM with 10.7 billion parameters,\nthat outperforms existing models like Llama 2 (Tou-\nvron et al., 2023) and Mistral 7B (Jiang et al., 2023)\nin various benchmarks.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 845.2884434957141, "y": 1771.7498621318268}, {"x": 1467.573349747929, "y": 1771.7498621318396}, {"x": 1467.573349747929, "y": 2032.631140192756}, {"x": 845.2884434957139, "y": 2032.6311401927433}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "We have also developed SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct,\na variant fine-tuned for tasks requiring strict adher-\nence to complex instructions. It significantly out-\nperforms the Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct model across\nvarious evaluation metrics, evidencing an advanced\nproficiency that exceeds the capabilities of even\nlarger models in terms of benchmark performance.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 845.2884434957141, "y": 2039.4249234755923}, {"x": 1467.573349747929, "y": 2039.424923475598}, {"x": 1467.573349747929, "y": 2153.5604826272493}, {"x": 845.2884434957139, "y": 2153.5604826272447}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "By releasing SOLAR 10.7B under the Apache\n2.0 license, we aim to promote collaboration and in-\nnovation in NLP. This open-source approach allows", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.79220281881135, "y": 2059.2928942807625}, {"x": 702.7477402751315, "y": 2059.2928942807625}, {"x": 702.7477402751315, "y": 2143.8644827890403}, {"x": 196.79220281881135, "y": 2143.8644827890403}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 13, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "*Equal Contribution \u2020 Corresponding Author\n1https://huggingface.co/upstage/\nSOLAR-10.7B-v1.0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000186.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 317.5219570943475, "y": 193.9208032544338}, {"x": 1333.9529617195387, "y": 193.9208032544338}, {"x": 1333.9529617195387, "y": 567.5401728333069}, {"x": 317.5219570943475, "y": 567.5401728333069}], "category": "Figure", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Step 1-1 Step 1-2\nOutput Output Output\nOutput Output Output\n24 Layers 24 Layers\nMerge\n8 Layers\n48 Layers\nCopy\n8 Layers Continued\n32 Layers 32 Layers Pretraining\n24 Layers\n24 Layers Input\nInput Input Input Input Input\nStep 1. Depthwise Scaling Step 2. Continued Pretraining", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.9821672347231, "y": 589.5267437036432}, {"x": 1458.5084678967146, "y": 589.5267437036432}, {"x": 1458.5084678967146, "y": 654.9739053829858}, {"x": 192.9821672347231, "y": 654.9739053829858}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 1: Depth up-scaling for the case with n = 32, s = 48, and m = 8. Depth up-scaling is achieved through a\ndual-stage process of depthwise scaling followed by continued pretraining.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.0183507544824, "y": 718.0345622382417}, {"x": 809.2607592541862, "y": 718.0345622382417}, {"x": 809.2607592541862, "y": 789.1808834671797}, {"x": 192.0183507544824, "y": 789.1808834671797}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "for wider access and application of these models\nby researchers and developers globally.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.0183507544824, "y": 816.1011131213722}, {"x": 501.6009917776984, "y": 816.1011131213722}, {"x": 501.6009917776984, "y": 855.5200208292973}, {"x": 192.0183507544824, "y": 855.5200208292973}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "2 Depth Up-Scaling", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.01835075448227, "y": 873.7873195232138}, {"x": 809.260759254186, "y": 873.7873195232138}, {"x": 809.260759254186, "y": 1250.6705346819112}, {"x": 192.01835075448227, "y": 1250.6705346819112}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "To efficiently scale-up LLMs, we aim to utilize pre-\ntrained weights of base models to scale up to larger\nLLMs (Komatsuzaki et al., 2022). While exist-\ning methods such as Komatsuzaki et al. (2022) use\nMoE (Shazeer et al., 2017) to scale-up the model ar-\nchitecture, we opt for a different depthwise scaling\nstrategy inspired by Tan and Le (2019). We then\ncontinually pretrain the scaled model as just scaling\nthe model without further pretraining degrades the\nperformance.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.9821672347232, "y": 1267.9922227221898}, {"x": 810.2245757344269, "y": 1267.9922227221898}, {"x": 810.2245757344269, "y": 1644.6617852645843}, {"x": 192.9821672347232, "y": 1644.6617852645843}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Base model. Any n-layer transformer architec-\nture can be used but we select the 32-layer Llama\n2 architecture as our base model. We initialize the\nLlama 2 architecture with pretrained weights from\nMistral 7B, as it is one of the top performers com-\npatible with the Llama 2 architecture. By adopting\nthe Llama 2 architecture for our base model, we\naim to leverage the vast pool of community re-\nsources while introducing novel modifications to\nfurther enhance its capabilities.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.9821672347231, "y": 1664.33882242559}, {"x": 810.2245757344268, "y": 1664.33882242559}, {"x": 810.2245757344268, "y": 1807.226315732432}, {"x": 192.9821672347231, "y": 1807.226315732432}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Depthwise scaling. From the base model with n\nlayers, we set the target layer count s for the scaled\nmodel, which is largely dictated by the available\nhardware.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.01835075448247, "y": 1814.950530312882}, {"x": 809.2607592541862, "y": 1814.950530312882}, {"x": 809.2607592541862, "y": 2148.084391477356}, {"x": 192.01835075448247, "y": 2148.084391477356}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "With the above, the depthwise scaling process\nis as follows. The base model with n layers is\nduplicated for subsequent modification. Then, we\nremove the final m layers from the original model\nand the initial m layers from its duplicate, thus\nforming two distinct models with n - m layers.\nThese two models are concatenated to form a scaled\nmodel with s = 2\u00b7(n-m) layers. Note that n = 32\nfrom our base model and we set s = 48 considering", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 845.7051532775187, "y": 718.0345622382418}, {"x": 1462.9475617772223, "y": 718.0345622382418}, {"x": 1462.9475617772223, "y": 938.7700706876526}, {"x": 845.7051532775187, "y": 938.7700706876526}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "our hardware constraints and the efficiency of the\nscaled model, i.e., fitting between 7 and 13 billion\nparameters. Naturally, this leads to the removal of\nm = 8 layers. The depthwise scaling process with\nn = 32, s = 48, and m = 8 is depicted in 'Step 1:\nDepthwise Scaling' of Fig. 1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 845.7051532775187, "y": 945.638382918705}, {"x": 1462.9475617772223, "y": 945.638382918705}, {"x": 1462.9475617772223, "y": 1093.0228970255969}, {"x": 845.7051532775187, "y": 1093.0228970255969}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "We note that a method in the community that also\n2\nscale the model in the same manner as 'Step 1:\nDepthwise Scaling' of Fig. 1 has been concurrently\ndeveloped.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 845.7051532775188, "y": 1120.607708615298}, {"x": 1462.9475617772223, "y": 1120.607708615298}, {"x": 1462.9475617772223, "y": 1572.8673102699036}, {"x": 845.7051532775188, "y": 1572.8673102699036}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Continued pretraining. The performance of the\ndepthwise scaled model initially drops below that\nof the base LLM. Thus, we additionally apply\nthe continued pretraining step as shown in 'Step\n2: Continued Pretraining' of Fig. 1. Experimen-\ntally, we observe rapid performance recovery of\nthe scaled model during continued pretraining, a\nphenomenon also observed in Komatsuzaki et al.\n(2022). We consider that the particular way of\ndepthwise scaling has isolated the heterogeneity\nin the scaled model which allowed for this fast\nperformance recovery.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 845.7051532775187, "y": 1574.0519800449506}, {"x": 1462.9475617772223, "y": 1574.0519800449506}, {"x": 1462.9475617772223, "y": 1831.660722852352}, {"x": 845.7051532775187, "y": 1831.660722852352}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Delving deeper into the heterogeneity of the\nscaled model, a simpler alternative to depthwise\nscaling could be to just repeat its layers once more,\ni.e., from n to 2n layers. Then, the 'layer distance',\nor the difference in the layer indices in the base\nmodel, is only bigger than 1 where layers n and\nn + 1 are connected, i.e., at the seam.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 845.7051532775187, "y": 1840.3954598652808}, {"x": 1462.9475617772223, "y": 1840.3954598652808}, {"x": 1462.9475617772223, "y": 2062.7852301344565}, {"x": 845.7051532775187, "y": 2062.7852301344565}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "However, this results in maximum layer distance\nat the seam, which may be too significant of a\ndiscrepancy for continued pretraining to quickly\nresolve. Instead, depthwise scaling sacrifices the\n2m middle layers, thereby reducing the discrep-\nancy at the seam and making it easier for continued", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 845.7051532775187, "y": 2086.9982737544865}, {"x": 1346.2715308870172, "y": 2086.9982737544865}, {"x": 1346.2715308870172, "y": 2148.084391477355}, {"x": 845.7051532775187, "y": 2148.084391477355}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 13, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "2https://huggingface.co/Undi95/\nMistral-11B-v0.1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000187.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 211.17178255908135, "y": 198.34349387802257}, {"x": 1449.3664374027587, "y": 198.34349387802257}, {"x": 1449.3664374027587, "y": 381.7797390400488}, {"x": 211.17178255908135, "y": 381.7797390400488}], "category": "Table", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "PropertiesTraining DatasetsInstructionAlignmentAlpaca-GPT4OpenOrcaSynth. Math-InstructOrca DPO PairsUltrafeedback CleanedSynth. Math-AlignmentTotal # Samples52K2.91M126K12.9K60.8K126KMaximum # Samples Used52K100K52K12.9K60.8K20.1KOpen SourceOOXOOX", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.4957602716244, "y": 406.79377247123415}, {"x": 1461.8734541183514, "y": 406.79377247123415}, {"x": 1461.8734541183514, "y": 642.3425872815634}, {"x": 194.4957602716244, "y": 642.3425872815634}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 1: Training datasets used for the instruction and alignment tuning stages, respectively. For the instruction\ntuning process, we utilized the Alpaca-GPT4 (Peng et al., 2023), OpenOrca (Mukherjee et al., 2023), and Synth.\nMath-Instruct datasets, while for the alignment tuning, we employed the Orca DPO Pairs (Intel, 2023), Ultrafeedback\nCleaned (Cui et al., 2023; Ivison et al., 2023), and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets. The 'Total # Samples' indicates\nthe total number of samples in the entire dataset. The 'Maximum # Samples Used' indicates the actual maximum\nnumber of samples that were used in training, which could be lower than the total number of samples in a given\ndataset. 'Open Source' indicates whether the dataset is open-sourced.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.5802630575565, "y": 698.6241625017306}, {"x": 811.508584907531, "y": 698.6241625017306}, {"x": 811.508584907531, "y": 1002.9615692478196}, {"x": 196.5802630575565, "y": 1002.9615692478196}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "pretraining to quickly recover performance. We\nattribute the success of DUS to reducing such dis-\ncrepancies in both the depthwise scaling and the\ncontinued pretraining steps. We also hypothesize\nthat other methods of depthwise scaling could also\nwork for DUS, as long as the discrepancy in the\nscaled model is sufficiently contained before the\ncontinued pretraining step.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.3267546997601, "y": 1019.6375915352768}, {"x": 813.5930876934631, "y": 1019.6375915352768}, {"x": 813.5930876934631, "y": 1392.7635902171255}, {"x": 190.3267546997601, "y": 1392.7635902171255}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Comparison to other up-scaling methods. Un-\nlike Komatsuzaki et al. (2022), depthwise scaled\nmodels do not require additional modules like gat-\ning networks or dynamic expert selection. Conse-\nquently, scaled models in DUS do not necessitate\na distinct training framework for optimal training\nefficiency, nor do they require specialized CUDA\nkernels for fast inference. A DUS model can seam-\nlessly integrate into existing training and inference\nframeworks while maintaining high efficiency.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 188.17334273082193, "y": 1426.3051350453052}, {"x": 484.4828296567095, "y": 1426.3051350453052}, {"x": 484.4828296567095, "y": 1465.927915273767}, {"x": 188.17334273082193, "y": 1465.927915273767}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "3 Training Details", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.32675469976013, "y": 1488.3233997507236}, {"x": 811.5085849075309, "y": 1488.3233997507236}, {"x": 811.5085849075309, "y": 1603.7462812858078}, {"x": 190.32675469976013, "y": 1603.7462812858078}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "After DUS, including continued pretraining, we\nperform fine-tuning of SOLAR 10.7B in two stages:\n1) instruction tuning and 2) alignment tuning.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.3267546997601, "y": 1622.6963066124636}, {"x": 811.5085849075307, "y": 1622.6963066124636}, {"x": 811.5085849075307, "y": 2151.5742861836698}, {"x": 190.3267546997601, "y": 2151.5742861836698}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Instruction tuning. In the instruction tuning\nstage, the model is trained to follow instructions in\na QA format (Zhang et al., 2023b). We mostly use\nopen-source datasets but also synthesize a math QA\ndataset to enhance the model's mathematical capa-\nbilities. A rundown of how we crafted the dataset is\nas follows. First, seed math data are collected from\nthe Math (Hendrycks et al., 2021) dataset only, to\navoid contamination with commonly used bench-\nmark datasets such as GSM8K (Cobbe et al., 2021).\nThen, using a process similar to MetaMath (Yu\net al., 2023), we rephrase the questions and an-\nswers of the seed math data. We use the resulting\nrephrased question-answer pairs as a QA dataset", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 848.24026018675, "y": 696.0236609888033}, {"x": 1263.9686405717086, "y": 696.0236609888033}, {"x": 1263.9686405717086, "y": 734.3795532267013}, {"x": 848.24026018675, "y": 734.3795532267013}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "and call it 'Synth. Math-Instruct'.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 846.4785266523932, "y": 760.2845040310307}, {"x": 1469.3650460253102, "y": 760.2845040310307}, {"x": 1469.3650460253102, "y": 1137.0714449051115}, {"x": 846.4785266523932, "y": 1137.0714449051115}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Alignment tuning. In the alignment tuning stage,\nthe instruction-tuned model is further fine-tuned to\nbe more aligned with human or strong AI (e.g.,\nGPT4 (OpenAI, 2023)) preferences using direct\npreference optimization (DPO) (Rafailov et al.,\n2023). Similar to the instruction tuning stage, we\nuse mostly open-source datasets but also synthe-\nsize a math-focused alignment dataset utilizing the\n'Synth. Math-Instruct' dataset mentioned in the\ninstruction tuning stage.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 846.4785266523933, "y": 1143.8603987947345}, {"x": 1461.8734541183514, "y": 1143.8603987947345}, {"x": 1461.8734541183514, "y": 1703.949094688638}, {"x": 846.4785266523933, "y": 1703.949094688638}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The alignment data synthesis process is as\nfollows. We take advantage of the fact that\nthe rephrased question-answer pairs in Synth.\nMath-Instruct data are beneficial in enhancing the\nmodel's mathematical capabilities (see Sec. 4.3.1).\nThus, we speculate that the rephrased answer to the\nrephrased question is a better answer than the orig-\ninal answer, possibly due to the interim rephrasing\nstep. Consequently, we set the rephrased question\nas the prompt and use the rephrased answer as the\nchosen response and the original answer as the re-\njected response and create the {prompt, chosen,\nrejected} DPO tuple. We aggregate the tuples from\nthe rephrased question-answer pairs and call the\nresulting dataset 'Synth. Math-Alignment'.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 841.8512036350122, "y": 1734.6802948934248}, {"x": 1007.4395516671474, "y": 1734.6802948934248}, {"x": 1007.4395516671474, "y": 1768.8493190905322}, {"x": 841.8512036350122, "y": 1768.8493190905322}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "4 Results", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 844.4795901117128, "y": 1800.3899568109389}, {"x": 1197.997571227938, "y": 1800.3899568109389}, {"x": 1197.997571227938, "y": 1834.558981008046}, {"x": 844.4795901117128, "y": 1834.558981008046}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "4.1 Experimental Details", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 846.4785266523932, "y": 1849.015106629899}, {"x": 1466.0929918513946, "y": 1849.015106629899}, {"x": 1466.0929918513946, "y": 2148.6511649737627}, {"x": 846.4785266523932, "y": 2148.6511649737627}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Training datasets. We present details regarding\nour training datasets for the instruction and align-\nment tuning stages in Tab. 1. We do not always\nuse the entire dataset and instead subsample a set\namount. Note that most of our training data is\nopen-source, and the undisclosed datasets can be\nsubstituted for open-source alternatives such as the\nMetaMathQA (Yu et al., 2023) dataset.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000188.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 291.6639464796956, "y": 192.11057581005585}, {"x": 1362.6496148917856, "y": 192.11057581005585}, {"x": 1362.6496148917856, "y": 534.2557477486936}, {"x": 291.6639464796956, "y": 534.2557477486936}], "category": "Table", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "ModelSizeTypeH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8KSOLAR 10.7B-Instruct~ 11BAlignment-tuned74.2071.0888.1666.2171.4383.5864.75Qwen 72B~ 72BPretrained73.6065.1985.9477.3760.1982.4870.43Mixtral 8x7B-Instruct-v0.1~ 47BInstruction-tuned72.6270.2287.6371.1664.5881.3760.73Yi 34B-200K~ 34BPretrained70.8165.3685.5876.0653.6482.5661.64Yi 34B~34BPretrained69.4264.5985.6976.3556.2383.0350.64Mixtral 8x7B-v0.1~ 47BPretrained68.4266.0486.4971.8246.7881.9357.47Llama 2 70B~ 70BPretrained67.8767.3287.3369.8344.9283.7454.06Falcon 180B~ 180BPretrained67.8569.4588.8670.5045.4786.9045.94SOLAR 10.7B~ 11BPretrained66.0461.9584.6065.4845.0483.6655.50Qwen 14B~ 14BPretrained65.8658.2883.9967.7049.4376.8058.98Mistral 7B-Instruct-v0.2~ 7BInstruction-tuned65.7163.1484.8860.7868.2677.1940.03Yi 34B-Chat~34BInstruction-tuned65.3265.4484.1674.9055.3780.1131.92Mistral 7B~ 7BPretrained60.9759.9883.3164.1642.1578.3737.83", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 184.74358024887127, "y": 555.6398209948585}, {"x": 1464.2239628110688, "y": 555.6398209948585}, {"x": 1464.2239628110688, "y": 721.3663886526361}, {"x": 184.74358024887127, "y": 721.3663886526361}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 2: Evaluation results for SOLAR 10.7B and SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct along with other top-performing models.\nWe report the scores for the six tasks mentioned in Sec. 4.1 along with the H6 score (average of six tasks). We also\nreport the size of the models in units of billions of parameters. The type indicates the training stage of the model\nand is chosen from {Pretrained, Instruction-tuned, Alignment-tuned}. Models based on SOLAR 10.7B are colored\npurple. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 191.8716046642595, "y": 780.1725900795893}, {"x": 815.5737410107347, "y": 780.1725900795893}, {"x": 815.5737410107347, "y": 1122.3177620182273}, {"x": 191.8716046642595, "y": 1122.3177620182273}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "We reformatted the instruction datasets with an\nAlpaca-styled chat template. For datasets such as\nOpenOrca, which are derived from FLAN (Long-\npre et al., 2023), we filter data that overlaps with\nthe benchmark datasets (see Tab. 8 in Appendix. C\nfor more information). The alignment datasets are\nin the {prompt, chosen, rejected} triplet format.\nWe preprocess the alignment datasets following\nZephyr (Tunstall et al., 2023).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 191.8716046642595, "y": 1140.1378230566977}, {"x": 813.7917349068877, "y": 1140.1378230566977}, {"x": 813.7917349068877, "y": 1482.2829949953357}, {"x": 191.8716046642595, "y": 1482.2829949953357}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Evaluation. In the HuggingFace Open LLM\nLeaderboard (Beeching et al., 2023), six types of\nevaluation methods are presented: ARC (Clark\net al., 2018), HellaSWAG (Zellers et al., 2019),\nMMLU (Hendrycks et al., 2020), TruthfulQA (Lin\net al., 2022), Winogrande (Sakaguchi et al., 2021),\nand GSM8K (Cobbe et al., 2021). We utilize these\ndatasets as benchmarks for evaluation and also re-\nport the average scores for the six tasks, e.g., H6.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 191.8716046642595, "y": 1496.5390438261124}, {"x": 812.0097288030406, "y": 1496.5390438261124}, {"x": 812.0097288030406, "y": 1769.1859777147142}, {"x": 191.8716046642595, "y": 1769.1859777147142}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Model merging. Model merging methods such\nas Yadav et al. (2023) can boost model perfor-\nmance without further training. We merge some\nof the models that we trained in both the instruc-\ntion and alignment tuning stages. We implement\nour own merging methods although popular open\nsource also exist such as MergeKit3.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 186.5255863527183, "y": 1790.5700509608791}, {"x": 436.0064408913084, "y": 1790.5700509608791}, {"x": 436.0064408913084, "y": 1826.2101730378208}, {"x": 186.5255863527183, "y": 1826.2101730378208}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "4.2 Main Results", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 186.5255863527183, "y": 1836.902209660903}, {"x": 808.4457165953464, "y": 1836.902209660903}, {"x": 808.4457165953464, "y": 2102.421119134117}, {"x": 186.5255863527183, "y": 2102.421119134117}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "We present evaluation results for our SOLAR\n10.7B and SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct models along\nwith other top-performing models in Tab. 2. SO-\nLAR 10.7B outperforms other pretrained models\nof similar sizes, such as Qwen 14B and Mistral\n7B, which shows that DUS is an effective method\nto up-scale base LLMs. Furthermore, despite the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 846.4675888021726, "y": 782.7915514692663}, {"x": 1464.2239628110683, "y": 782.7915514692663}, {"x": 1464.2239628110683, "y": 1086.4674294872575}, {"x": 846.4675888021726, "y": 1086.4674294872575}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "smaller size, SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct scores the\nhighest in terms of H6, even surpassing the recent\ntop-performing open-source LLM Mixtral 8\u00d77B-\nInstruct-v0.1 or Qwen 72B. The above results indi-\ncate DUS can up-scale models that are capable of\nachieving state-of-the-art performance when fine-\ntuned. We also report data contamination results\nfor SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct in Appendix C.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 844.56366480206, "y": 1119.786099489231}, {"x": 1137.7679608194303, "y": 1119.786099489231}, {"x": 1137.7679608194303, "y": 1150.2488834910357}, {"x": 844.56366480206, "y": 1150.2488834910357}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "4.3 Ablation Studies", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 838.8518928017214, "y": 1171.1920474922763}, {"x": 1464.2239628110683, "y": 1171.1920474922763}, {"x": 1464.2239628110683, "y": 1247.3490074967883}, {"x": 838.8518928017214, "y": 1247.3490074967883}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "We present ablation studies for both the instruction\nand alignment tuning stages.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 848.3715128022855, "y": 1275.9078674984803}, {"x": 1189.1739088224758, "y": 1275.9078674984803}, {"x": 1189.1739088224758, "y": 1310.1784995005107}, {"x": 848.3715128022855, "y": 1310.1784995005107}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "4.3.1 Instruction Tuning", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 842.659740801947, "y": 1328.2657775015823}, {"x": 1460.483078838549, "y": 1328.2657775015823}, {"x": 1460.483078838549, "y": 1695.723109523352}, {"x": 842.659740801947, "y": 1695.723109523352}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Ablation on the training datasets. We present\nablation studies using different training datasets\nfor the instruction tuning in Tab. 3. The ablated\nmodels are prefixed with SFT for supervised fine-\ntuning. 'SFT v1' only uses the Alpaca-GPT4\ndataset, whereas 'SFT v2' also uses the OpenOrca\ndataset. 'SFT v3' uses the Synth. Math-Instruct\ndataset along with the datasets used in 'SFT v2'.\nSimilarly, 'SFT v4' uses the Synth. Math-Instruct\ndataset along with the datasets used in 'SFT v1'.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 842.6597408019468, "y": 1703.338805523803}, {"x": 1461.4350408386056, "y": 1703.338805523803}, {"x": 1461.4350408386056, "y": 2148.8570215501977}, {"x": 842.6597408019468, "y": 2148.8570215501977}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "First, we analyze how Alpaca-GPT4 and\nOpenOrca affect the trained models. The first ab-\nlated model, 'SFT v1', which used only the Alpaca-\nGPT4 dataset for training, resulted in 69.15 for H6.\nWhen we add the OpenOrca dataset to train the\nsecond ablated model, 'SFT v2', the resulting H6\nscore is 69.21, which is little change from 69.15 of\n'SFT v1'. However, the task scores vary more as\n'SFT v2' gets a substantially higher GSM8K score\nof 57.32 compared to 52.24 of 'SFT v1' but also\ngets noticeably lower scores across the board for\nARC, HellaS wag, and TruthfulQA. This seems to", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 223.8179950809186, "y": 2115.2626011361526}, {"x": 737.0428935092009, "y": 2115.2626011361526}, {"x": 737.0428935092009, "y": 2153.9404195684283}, {"x": 223.8179950809186, "y": 2153.9404195684283}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 13, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "3https://github.com/cg123/mergekit", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000189.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 262.32308535736075, "y": 193.67041574980993}, {"x": 1391.7126600134975, "y": 193.67041574980993}, {"x": 1391.7126600134975, "y": 356.5527708339328}, {"x": 262.32308535736075, "y": 356.5527708339328}], "category": "Table", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "ModelAlpaca-GPT4OpenOrcaSynth. Math-InstructH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8KSFT v1OXX69.1567.6686.0365.8860.1282.9552.24SFT v2OOX69.2165.3685.3965.9358.4782.7957.32SFT v3OOO70.0365.8785.5565.3157.9381.3764.14SFT v4OXO70.8867.3285.8765.8758.9782.4864.75SFT v3 + v4OOO71.1167.3285.9665.9558.802.0866.57", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.0507821081142, "y": 380.28397488592424}, {"x": 1459.670198889655, "y": 380.28397488592424}, {"x": 1459.670198889655, "y": 475.2087910938899}, {"x": 190.0507821081142, "y": 475.2087910938899}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 3: Ablation studies on the different datasets used for instruction tuning. 'SFT v3+v4' indicates that the model\nis merged from 'SFT v3' and 'SFT v4' by simply averaging the model weights. The best scores for H6 and the\nindividual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 262.32308535736075, "y": 511.88428826514934}, {"x": 1391.7126600134975, "y": 511.88428826514934}, {"x": 1391.7126600134975, "y": 629.4616174318342}, {"x": 262.32308535736075, "y": 629.4616174318342}], "category": "Table", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "ModelUltrafeedback CleanSynth. Math-AlignmentH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8KDPO v1OX73.0671.4288.4966.1472.0481.4558.83DPO v2OO73.4271.5088.2865.9771.7182.7960.27DPO v1 + v2OO73.2171.3388.3665.9272.6582.7958.23", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.0507821081142, "y": 654.2715125770978}, {"x": 1461.8275810761995, "y": 654.2715125770978}, {"x": 1461.8275810761995, "y": 786.9505170495953}, {"x": 190.0507821081142, "y": 786.9505170495953}], "category": "Caption", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 4: Ablation studies on the different datasets used during the direct preference optimization (DPO) stage.\n'SFT v3' is used as the SFT base model for DPO. We name ablated models with the 'DPO' prefix to indicate the\nalignment tuning stage. 'DPO v1+v2' indicates that the model is merged from 'DPO v1' and 'DPO v2' by simply\naveraging the model weights. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 356.16921047205415, "y": 817.1538676612207}, {"x": 1297.8665348988045, "y": 817.1538676612207}, {"x": 1297.8665348988045, "y": 920.708212615365}, {"x": 356.16921047205415, "y": 920.708212615365}], "category": "Table", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "ModelBase SFT ModelH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8KDPO v2SFT v373.4271.5088.2865.9771.7182.7960.27DPO v3SFT v3 + v473.5871.3388.0865.3972.4581.9362.32", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.0507821081142, "y": 944.4394166673568}, {"x": 1461.8275810761995, "y": 944.4394166673568}, {"x": 1461.8275810761995, "y": 1045.836379434956}, {"x": 190.0507821081142, "y": 1045.836379434956}], "category": "Caption", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 5: Ablation studies on the different SFT base models used during the direct preference optimization (DPO)\nstage. Ultrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets are used. We name ablated models with the 'DPO'\nprefix to indicate the alignment tuning stage. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.0507821081142, "y": 1105.164389564935}, {"x": 811.3768518329803, "y": 1105.164389564935}, {"x": 811.3768518329803, "y": 1178.5153839074535}, {"x": 190.0507821081142, "y": 1178.5153839074535}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "indicate that using OpenOrca results in a model that\nbehaves differently from using only Alpaca-GPT4.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.0507821081142, "y": 1216.2695721719856}, {"x": 811.3768518329803, "y": 1216.2695721719856}, {"x": 811.3768518329803, "y": 1590.5753815374865}, {"x": 190.0507821081142, "y": 1590.5753815374865}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Second, we investigate whether Synth. Math-\nInstruct dataset is beneficial. For 'SFT v3', we\nadd the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset, which boosts\nGSM8K scores to 64.14 and achieves comparable\nscores for the other tasks. Interestingly, when we\nadd the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset to 'SFT v1'\nto train 'SFT v4', we get our highest H6 score of\n70.88 with higher scores than 'SFT v3' for all tasks.\nFrom the above, we can see that adding the Synth.\nMath-Instruct dataset is helpful.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.05078210811408, "y": 1629.4082608952908}, {"x": 811.3768518329802, "y": 1629.4082608952908}, {"x": 811.3768518329802, "y": 2151.4947500391013}, {"x": 190.05078210811408, "y": 2151.4947500391013}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Lastly, we see whether merging models trained\nwith and without OpenOrca can boost performance.\nIn the first analysis, we saw that using OpenOrca re-\nsulted in a model that behaved differently from the\nmodel that was trained without OpenOrca. Build-\ning on this intuition, we merge 'SFT v3' and 'SFT\nv4' as they are the best-performing models with\nand without OpenOrca. To our surprise, the result-\ning merged model 'SFT v3+v4' retains the high\nscores for non-GSM8K tasks from 'SFT v4' but\nalso achieves a higher GSM8K score than 'SFT v3'\nor 'SFT v4'. Thus, we see that merging models\nthat specialize in different tasks is a promising way\nto obtain a model that performs well generally.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 846.9736579109674, "y": 1105.164389564935}, {"x": 1180.2892057321196, "y": 1105.164389564935}, {"x": 1180.2892057321196, "y": 1140.7611956429218}, {"x": 846.9736579109674, "y": 1140.7611956429218}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "4.3.2 Alignment Tuning", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 844.8162757244228, "y": 1152.6267976689178}, {"x": 1466.1423454492888, "y": 1152.6267976689178}, {"x": 1466.1423454492888, "y": 1412.5913511475503}, {"x": 844.8162757244228, "y": 1412.5913511475503}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "As we utilize DPO for practical alignment tuning,\nthere are additional aspects to ablate such as the\nSFT base models used. Thus, we present ablations\nfor the different training datasets used for training,\nthe different SFT base models to initialize the DPO\nmodel, and finally, the model merging strategy to\nobtain the final alignment-tuned model.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 844.8162757244227, "y": 1436.3225551995424}, {"x": 1466.1423454492883, "y": 1436.3225551995424}, {"x": 1466.1423454492883, "y": 1660.690302600188}, {"x": 844.8162757244227, "y": 1660.690302600188}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Ablation on the training datasets. We ablate on\nthe different alignment datasets used during DPO\nin Tab. 4. We use 'SFT v3' as the SFT base model\nfor DPO. 'DPO v1' only uses the Ultrafeedback\nClean dataset while 'DPO v2' also used the Synth.\nMath-Alignment dataset.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 844.8162757244228, "y": 1665.005066973278}, {"x": 1466.1423454492888, "y": 1665.005066973278}, {"x": 1466.1423454492888, "y": 2151.4947500391013}, {"x": 844.8162757244228, "y": 2151.4947500391013}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "First, we test how Ultrafeedback Clean and\nSynth. Math-Alignment impacts model perfor-\nmance. For 'DPO v1', it achieves 73.06 in H6,\nwhich is a substantial boost from the SFT base\nmodel score of 70.03. However, we note that while\nscores for tasks like ARC, HellaSwag, and Truth-\nfulQA all improved by good margins, the score\nfor GSM8K is 58.83, which is lower than the\nSFT base model score of 64.14. Adding Synth.\nMath-Alignment to train 'DPO v2', we see that\nthe GSM8k score improves to 60.27, which is\nlower than the SFT base model but still higher\nthan 'DPO v1'. Other task scores are also not nega-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000190.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 422.1013204502687, "y": 196.77251386463712}, {"x": 1234.2877316915085, "y": 196.77251386463712}, {"x": 1234.2877316915085, "y": 298.4675975056722}, {"x": 422.1013204502687, "y": 298.4675975056722}], "category": "Table", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "ModelH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8KCand. 173.7370.4887.4765.7370.6281.5366.57Cand. 273.2871.5988.3966.1472.5081.9959.14", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 187.1032217662552, "y": 325.95275524649253}, {"x": 1462.4145409403168, "y": 325.95275524649253}, {"x": 1462.4145409403168, "y": 427.64783888752754}, {"x": 187.1032217662552, "y": 427.64783888752754}], "category": "Caption", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 6: Performance comparison amongst the merge candidates. 'Cand. 1' and 'Cand. 2' are trained using the\nsame setting as 'DPO v2' and 'DPO v3', respectively, but with slightly different hyper-parameters. The best scores\nfor H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 358.885457646382, "y": 456.5072545153889}, {"x": 1296.1293366083542, "y": 456.5072545153889}, {"x": 1296.1293366083542, "y": 604.9271063158184}, {"x": 358.885457646382, "y": 604.9271063158184}], "category": "Table", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "ModelMerge MethodH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8KMerge v1Average (0.5,0.5)74.0071.1688.0166.1471.7182.0864.90Merge v2Average (0.4, 0.6)73.9371.0888.0866.2771.8981.7764.52Merge v3Average (0.6, 0.4)74.0571.0887.8866.1371.6182.0865.50Merge v4SLERP73.9671.1688.0366.2571.7981.9364.59", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 191.22599542737828, "y": 631.0380061695977}, {"x": 1462.4145409403168, "y": 631.0380061695977}, {"x": 1462.4145409403168, "y": 725.8618003754278}, {"x": 191.22599542737828, "y": 725.8618003754278}], "category": "Caption", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 7: Ablation studies on the different merge methods used for obtaining the final model. We use 'Cand. 1'\nand 'Cand. 2' from Tab. 6 as our two models for merging. We name the merged models with the 'Merge' prefix to\nindicate they are merged. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.6002533144193, "y": 790.4519210663556}, {"x": 813.764818256958, "y": 790.4519210663556}, {"x": 813.764818256958, "y": 896.2697783685137}, {"x": 192.6002533144193, "y": 896.2697783685137}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "tively impacted by adding Synth. Math-Alignment.\nThus, we can conclude that adding Synth. Math-\nAlignment is beneficial for H6.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 191.22599542737825, "y": 907.2638414648416}, {"x": 811.0163024828759, "y": 907.2638414648416}, {"x": 811.0163024828759, "y": 1275.564955191834}, {"x": 191.22599542737825, "y": 1275.564955191834}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Then, we experiment whether merging 'DPO\nv1' and 'DPO v2' is beneficial. Unfortunately,\n'DPO v1+v2' scores 73.21 in H6, which is worse\nthan 'DPO v2'. More importantly, the gain in\nthe GSM8K score from adding Synth. Math-\nAlignment is gone, which is undesirable. One\nreason for this could be that 'DPO v2' is a strict\nimprovement over 'DPO v1', unlike the case for\nmerging 'SFT v3' and 'SFT v4' where the models\nhad different strengths and weaknesses.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.6002533144193, "y": 1303.0501129326542}, {"x": 808.267786708794, "y": 1303.0501129326542}, {"x": 808.267786708794, "y": 1634.2462637095389}, {"x": 192.6002533144193, "y": 1634.2462637095389}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Ablation on the SFT base models. When ap-\nplying DPO, we start from a model that is already\ninstruction tuned ,i.e., the SFT base model and ab-\nlate on using different SFT base models. We use\nUltrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment\ndatasets for this ablation. Each of the ablated mod-\nels is trained as follows. 'DPO v2' uses 'SFT v3'\nas the base SFT model, while 'DPO v3' uses 'SFT\nv3+v4' as the SFT base model instead.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 198.09728486258336, "y": 1642.491811031785}, {"x": 813.764818256958, "y": 1642.491811031785}, {"x": 813.764818256958, "y": 2010.7929247587767}, {"x": 198.09728486258336, "y": 2010.7929247587767}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Note that 'SFT v3+v4' has higher scores on all\ntasks compared to 'SFT v3', and the gap is espe-\ncially large for ARC (+1.45) and GSM8K (+2.43).\nSurprisingly, the two models perform similarly in\nterms of H6. A closer look at the scores for the\nindividual tasks shows only a small margin in the\nGSM8K scores, and other task scores show little\ndifference. Thus, the performance gaps in certain\ntasks in the SFT base models do not always carry\nover to the alignment-tuned models.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.6002533144193, "y": 2039.652340386638}, {"x": 820.6361076921631, "y": 2039.652340386638}, {"x": 820.6361076921631, "y": 2152.341487124001}, {"x": 192.6002533144193, "y": 2152.341487124001}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Ablation on different merge methods. From\nTab. 3, we saw that merging two models that have\ndifferent strengths can be beneficial to performance.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 844.1002886523814, "y": 785.5996030948281}, {"x": 1458.2748011324402, "y": 785.5996030948281}, {"x": 1458.2748011324402, "y": 1236.8991067403958}, {"x": 844.1002886523814, "y": 1236.8991067403958}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "To utilize this for the alignment-tuned model as\nwell, we train two models named 'Cand. 1' and\n'Cand. 2' using the same training dataset and SFT\nbase model as 'DPO v2' and 'DPO v3' but with dif-\nferent hyper-parameters to maximize each model's\nrespective strengths. We compare 'Cand. 1' and\n'Cand. 2' in Tab. 6 where we can see that 'Cand. 1'\nhas high GSM8K scores but relatively low scores\nfor the other tasks, whereas 'Cand. 2' has low\nscores for GSM8K but high scores for the other\ntasks. We merge these two models using various\nmethods and ablate the results in Tab.. 7.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 844.100288652381, "y": 1245.382180117192}, {"x": 1466.7578745092364, "y": 1245.382180117192}, {"x": 1466.7578745092364, "y": 1688.1986103859635}, {"x": 844.100288652381, "y": 1688.1986103859635}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "We use two merge methods: 1) Average (a, b),\nwhere a and b denote the weighting for 'Cand.\n1' and 'Cand. 2' when averaging weights and 2)\nSLERP (Shoemake, 1985). We use (0.5, 0.5), (0.4,\n0.6), and (0.6, 0.4) for Average (a, b). From Tab. 7,\nwe can see that the different merge methods have\nlittle effect on the H6 scores. The scores for the\nindividual tasks also do not differ by much, suggest-\ning that as long as the merge candidates have suffi-\nciently different strengths, the exact merge method\nmay not be as crucial. Thus, we chose 'Merge v1'\nas our SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct model.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 847.4935180031, "y": 1717.0410598670717}, {"x": 1076.5364991766028, "y": 1717.0410598670717}, {"x": 1076.5364991766028, "y": 1754.3665827249756}, {"x": 847.4935180031, "y": 1754.3665827249756}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "5 Conclusion", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 844.100288652381, "y": 1778.1191881800055}, {"x": 1466.7578745092362, "y": 1778.1191881800055}, {"x": 1466.7578745092362, "y": 2146.2845727329686}, {"x": 844.100288652381, "y": 2146.2845727329686}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "We introduce SOLAR 10.7B and its fine-tuned vari-\nant SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, which are depth up-\nscaled (DUS) models with 10.7 billion parameters.\nThey show superior performance over models like\nLlama 2, Mistral 7B, and Mixtral-7B-Instruct in es-\nsential NLP tasks while maintaining computational\nefficiency. Thus, DUS is effective in scaling-up\nhighly performant LLMs from smaller ones. With\nmore exploration, DUS could be further improved,\npaving a new path to efficiently scaling LLMs.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000191.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 192.84799159513773, "y": 201.6969949485876}, {"x": 473.2590496509067, "y": 201.6969949485876}, {"x": 473.2590496509067, "y": 235.7353314755884}, {"x": 192.84799159513773, "y": 235.7353314755884}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Acknowledgements", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.84799159513773, "y": 261.66930216282714}, {"x": 810.4006685850105, "y": 261.66930216282714}, {"x": 810.4006685850105, "y": 779.538279323626}, {"x": 192.84799159513773, "y": 779.538279323626}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "We would like to extend our gratitude to the teams\nat Hugging Face, particularly Clementine Four-\nrier, Lewis Tunstall, Omar Sanseviero, and Philipp\nSchmid. Our appreciation also extends to the teams\nat AWS, notably Ritesh Vajaria, Gal Oshri, Jay\nKwon, Brandon Lee, Effie Bae, and Rahul Sharma.\nWe are grateful to the teams at Korea Telecom\n(KT), especially Jin Hyoung Lee, Jungsuk Park,\nSungjoon Park, Hong-rae Wang, Kyeongsoo Jung,\nand Sunyoong Yoon, whose significant support has\nbeen instrumental in ensuring the broad compati-\nbility of our model. Additionally, we would like to\nextend our thanks to the open community for their\ninvaluable contributions and feedback.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.84799159513773, "y": 814.2093870901383}, {"x": 364.8466215168492, "y": 814.2093870901383}, {"x": 364.8466215168492, "y": 848.2477236171391}, {"x": 192.84799159513773, "y": 848.2477236171391}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Limitations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.84799159513787, "y": 874.1816943043779}, {"x": 810.4006685850106, "y": 874.1816943043779}, {"x": 810.4006685850106, "y": 1359.344019794721}, {"x": 192.84799159513787, "y": 1359.344019794721}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Our study on the Depth Up-Scaling (DUS) has im-\nportant limitations and considerations. One key\nlimitation is the need for more thorough explo-\nrations of hyperparameters used in the DUS ap-\nproach. Namely, we removed m = 8 layers from\nboth ends of our base model, primarily due to hard-\nware limitations. However, we have not yet deter-\nmined if this value is optimal for enhancing perfor-\nmance. The extended time and cost of continued\npretraining made it challenging to conduct more\ncomprehensive experiments, which we aim to ad-\ndress in future work through various comparative\nanalyses.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.8479915951376, "y": 1364.1916080176184}, {"x": 810.4006685850104, "y": 1364.1916080176184}, {"x": 810.4006685850104, "y": 1811.9226206548665}, {"x": 192.8479915951376, "y": 1811.9226206548665}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "In terms of the model's broader implications,\nthere are several points to note. The model's sig-\nnificant computational demands for training and\ninference might limit its use, especially for those\nwith restricted computational resources. Addition-\nally, like all machine learning models, it is vulnera-\nble to biases in its training data, which could lead\nto skewed outcomes in certain situations. Further-\nmore, the substantial energy consumption required\nfor training and operating the model raises environ-\nmental concerns, which are critical in the pursuit\nof sustainable AI development.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.84799159513773, "y": 1817.5940316932135}, {"x": 810.4006685850105, "y": 1817.5940316932135}, {"x": 810.4006685850105, "y": 2152.207282955728}, {"x": 192.84799159513773, "y": 2152.207282955728}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Lastly, while the fine-tuned variant of the model\nshows improved performance in following instruc-\ntions, it still requires task-specific fine-tuning for\noptimal performance in specialized applications.\nThis fine-tuning process can be resource-intensive\nand not always effective. Recognizing and address-\ning these limitations is essential for a comprehen-\nsive understanding of the proposed Large Language\nModel's capabilities and for guiding future research", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 847.6612907206726, "y": 201.6969949485876}, {"x": 1319.4745160124662, "y": 201.6969949485876}, {"x": 1319.4745160124662, "y": 235.7353314755884}, {"x": 847.6612907206726, "y": 235.7353314755884}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "and development in the field of LLMs.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 847.6612907206727, "y": 267.29759868611836}, {"x": 1092.8542485555415, "y": 267.29759868611836}, {"x": 1092.8542485555415, "y": 301.3359352131192}, {"x": 847.6612907206727, "y": 301.3359352131192}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Ethics Statement", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 844.0830759713526, "y": 330.37874645634014}, {"x": 1463.795844235034, "y": 330.37874645634014}, {"x": 1463.795844235034, "y": 664.5765850600606}, {"x": 844.0830759713526, "y": 664.5765850600606}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "We conscientiously address and emphasize the\ncommitment of SOLAR 10.7B in maintaining the\nhighest ethical standards. First, we highlight that\nSOLAR 10.7B-Instruct has shown low levels of\ndata contamination in our evaluations, a testament\nto our rigorous data handling and processing pro-\ntocols. This aspect is crucial, as it underpins the\nreliability and integrity of the results obtained from\nSOLAR.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 844.0830759713527, "y": 670.3091476417271}, {"x": 1463.795844235034, "y": 670.3091476417271}, {"x": 1463.795844235034, "y": 930.5572147595036}, {"x": 844.0830759713527, "y": 930.5572147595036}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Furthermore, during the course of our experi-\nments, we ensured that all setups and methodolo-\ngies employed steer clear of any potential ethical\npitfalls. This preemptive consideration and avoid-\nance of ethically questionable practices underscore\nour dedication to conducting research that is not\nonly innovative but also responsible.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 844.0830759713527, "y": 933.9043008416236}, {"x": 1463.795844235034, "y": 933.9043008416236}, {"x": 1463.795844235034, "y": 1232.3199919521453}, {"x": 844.0830759713527, "y": 1232.3199919521453}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Additionally, we ensure that SOLAR complies\nwith general ethical considerations in all aspects\nof its operation. This includes adherence to pri-\nvacy norms, respect for intellectual property, and\nensuring the absence of bias in our algorithms. Our\ncommitment to these ethical principles is unwaver-\ning, and we believe it significantly contributes to\nthe credibility and societal acceptance of SOLAR.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 844.0830759713529, "y": 1236.8598162840383}, {"x": 1463.7958442350343, "y": 1236.8598162840383}, {"x": 1463.7958442350343, "y": 1424.3508501656447}, {"x": 844.0830759713529, "y": 1424.3508501656447}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "In conclusion, the ethical framework within\nwhich SOLAR operates is robust and comprehen-\nsive, ensuring that our advancements in this field\nare not only scientifically sound but also ethically\nresponsible.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 844.0830759713527, "y": 1488.6582373658423}, {"x": 1007.3697906367596, "y": 1488.6582373658423}, {"x": 1007.3697906367596, "y": 1522.6965738928434}, {"x": 844.0830759713527, "y": 1522.6965738928434}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "References", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 844.0830759713526, "y": 1545.558666167707}, {"x": 1463.795844235034, "y": 1545.558666167707}, {"x": 1463.795844235034, "y": 1726.8056125876292}, {"x": 844.0830759713526, "y": 1726.8056125876292}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 13, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Ian L Alberts, Lorenzo Mercolli, Thomas Pyka, George\nPrenosil, Kuangyu Shi, Axel Rominger, and Ali\nAfshar-Oromieh. 2023. 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Self-instruct: Aligning lan-\nguage model with self generated instructions. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:2212.10560.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.3702492078278, "y": 584.2341532666873}, {"x": 811.0427388432439, "y": 584.2341532666873}, {"x": 811.0427388432439, "y": 740.8601000098306}, {"x": 192.3702492078278, "y": 740.8601000098306}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Jason Wei, Maarten Bosma, Vincent Y Zhao, Kelvin\nGuu, Adams Wei Yu, Brian Lester, Nan Du, An-\ndrew M Dai, and Quoc V Le. 2021. Finetuned lan-\nguage models are zero-shot learners. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2109.01652.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.37024920782767, "y": 761.743559575583}, {"x": 811.0427388432438, "y": 761.743559575583}, {"x": 811.0427388432438, "y": 918.3695063187264}, {"x": 192.37024920782767, "y": 918.3695063187264}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Jason Wei, Yi Tay, Rishi Bommasani, Colin Raffel,\nBarret Zoph, Sebastian Borgeaud, Dani Yogatama,\nMaarten Bosma, Denny Zhou, Donald Metzler, et al.\n2022a. 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Huggingface's transformers: State-of-\nthe-art natural language processing. arXiv preprint\narXiv:1910.03771.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.37024920782767, "y": 1321.6813191823207}, {"x": 811.0427388432438, "y": 1321.6813191823207}, {"x": 811.0427388432438, "y": 1478.307265925464}, {"x": 192.37024920782767, "y": 1478.307265925464}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Prateek Yadav, Derek Tam, Leshem Choshen, Colin\nRaffel, and Mohit Bansal. 2023. Ties-merging: Re-\nsolving interference when merging models. 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Fine-tuning lan-\nguage models from human preferences. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:1909.08593.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000195.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 189.30580793071405, "y": 201.24316006664537}, {"x": 458.6780687724299, "y": 201.24316006664537}, {"x": 458.6780687724299, "y": 235.69775156965557}, {"x": 189.30580793071405, "y": 235.69775156965557}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "A Contributions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 189.30580793071417, "y": 259.15675506572734}, {"x": 754.1884276722664, "y": 259.15675506572734}, {"x": 754.1884276722664, "y": 293.37262553106206}, {"x": 189.30580793071417, "y": 293.37262553106206}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "The contributions of this study are as follows:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 230.4524973121643, "y": 317.7359836847623}, {"x": 815.1887381177809, "y": 317.7359836847623}, {"x": 815.1887381177809, "y": 736.2428583750698}, {"x": 230.4524973121643, "y": 736.2428583750698}], "category": "List", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Introduction of the SOLAR 10.7 Billion-\nParameter Model: We have released the SO-\nLAR 10.7B model, which is not only depth-\nwise scaled but also continually pretrained.\nThe availability of SOLAR 10.7B under the\nApache 2.0 license permits commercial us-\nage, enabling the integration of this advanced\nmodel into a diverse range of products and ser-\nvices. This bridges the gap between academic\nresearch and practical applications, fostering\nwider accessibility and utility in various fields.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 226.5412181094511, "y": 763.6218127940617}, {"x": 815.1887381177809, "y": 763.6218127940617}, {"x": 815.1887381177809, "y": 947.45193532158}, {"x": 226.5412181094511, "y": 947.45193532158}], "category": "List", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Superior Performance Across Diverse\nBenchmarks: SOLAR 10.7B excels in var-\nious benchmarks, outperforming established\nmodels like Llama 2 and Mistral 7B in reason-\ning, mathematics, and the MMLU framework.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 228.4968577108077, "y": 974.830889740572}, {"x": 819.100017320494, "y": 974.830889740572}, {"x": 819.100017320494, "y": 1199.7294438965785}, {"x": 228.4968577108077, "y": 1199.7294438965785}], "category": "List", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Advancement in Instruction-Following Ca-\npabilities: The introduction of SOLAR 10.7B-\nInstruct, a variant fine-tuned for enhanced\ninstruction-following abilities, marks a sig-\nnificant improvement in the model's ability to\nunderstand and execute complex instructions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.6783493283549, "y": 1225.2476243636236}, {"x": 815.188738117781, "y": 1225.2476243636236}, {"x": 815.188738117781, "y": 1717.0301189668385}, {"x": 192.6783493283549, "y": 1717.0301189668385}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Dahyun Kim, Chanjun Park, Sanghoon Kim,\nand Wonsung Lee contributed equally to this pa-\nper. Sanghoon Kim led the Foundation Model part,\nwith Dahyun Kim, Wonho Song, Yunsu Kim, and\nHyeonwoo Kim. Chanjun Park led the Data and\nEvaluation (Data-Centric LLM) part, with Yungi\nKim, Jihoo Kim, Changbae Ahn, Seonghoon Yang,\nSukyung Lee, and Hyunbyung Park. Wonsung Lee\nled the Adaptation Modeling part, with Gyoungjin\nGim, Hyeonju Lee, and Mikyoung Cha. Hwalsuk\nLee performed the role of the overall project op-\neration. All these individuals contributed to the\ncreation of SOLAR 10.7B.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 189.30580793071408, "y": 1740.58317571284}, {"x": 712.5446159780747, "y": 1740.58317571284}, {"x": 712.5446159780747, "y": 1780.560075423167}, {"x": 189.30580793071408, "y": 1780.560075423167}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "B Related Works and Background", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.6783493283549, "y": 1802.2142294329285}, {"x": 590.9482126924946, "y": 1802.2142294329285}, {"x": 590.9482126924946, "y": 1837.194016679465}, {"x": 192.6783493283549, "y": 1837.194016679465}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "B.1 Large Language Models", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.6783493283549, "y": 1852.185354070838}, {"x": 815.1887381177809, "y": 1852.185354070838}, {"x": 815.1887381177809, "y": 2153.6778060528927}, {"x": 192.6783493283549, "y": 2153.6778060528927}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Following the advent of context-based language\nmodels, various studies have revealed a \"scaling\nlaw\" (Kaplan et al., 2020; Hernandez et al., 2021;\nAnil et al., 2023), demonstrating a positive corre-\nlation between the size of model and training data\nand model performance. This has led to the emer-\ngence of Large Language Models (LLMs). Un-\nlike previous language models, LLMs possess the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 843.8499173563923, "y": 201.2431600666454}, {"x": 1469.5174478937452, "y": 201.2431600666454}, {"x": 1469.5174478937452, "y": 463.9390860699406}, {"x": 843.8499173563923, "y": 463.9390860699406}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "ability for In-context learning, including Zero-shot\nlearning (Radford et al., 2019) and Few-shot learn-\ning (Brown et al., 2020), allowing them to perform\nnew tasks without updating model weights. These\ncapabilities of LLMs, not evident in smaller mod-\nels, are referred to as Emergent abilities (Wei et al.,\n2022a).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 847.0667169992582, "y": 502.32800081620394}, {"x": 1178.3970802144115, "y": 502.32800081620394}, {"x": 1178.3970802144115, "y": 539.5338776772813}, {"x": 847.0667169992582, "y": 539.5338776772813}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "B.2 Mixture of Experts", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 847.0667169992582, "y": 560.3721816998664}, {"x": 1469.5174478937452, "y": 560.3721816998664}, {"x": 1469.5174478937452, "y": 1046.2891158150046}, {"x": 847.0667169992582, "y": 1046.2891158150046}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "In the landscape of machine learning architectures,\nthe Mixture of Experts (MoE) models like (Shazeer\net al., 2017; Shen et al., 2019; Komatsuzaki et al.,\n2022) has gained attention for its capability to ad-\ndress the challenges posed by complex and hetero-\ngeneous data. MoE models offer notable benefits,\nincluding enhanced output diversity, allowing for\nthe capture of intricate patterns within the input\nspace. Moreover, their computational efficiency,\nespecially when implemented in a sparse form, has\nmade them valuable in scenarios where resource\nconstraints are a consideration (Shazeer et al., 2017;\nKomatsuzaki et al., 2022).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 843.8499173563923, "y": 1054.904354532487}, {"x": 1469.5174478937452, "y": 1054.904354532487}, {"x": 1469.5174478937452, "y": 1354.6178293328542}, {"x": 843.8499173563923, "y": 1354.6178293328542}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 12, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "However, efficient implementation of MoE mod-\nels poses a considerable challenge, primarily due to\nthe intricacies associated with dynamic routing and\nload-imbalanced computation (Gale et al., 2023).\nExisting hardware and software for deep learning,\nsuch as TPUs and XLA compilers, often demand\nstatic knowledge of tensor shapes, making MoE\nimplementation on TPU challenging.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 843.8499173563923, "y": 1358.7107507764354}, {"x": 1469.5174478937458, "y": 1358.7107507764354}, {"x": 1469.5174478937458, "y": 1955.90519777158}, {"x": 843.8499173563923, "y": 1955.90519777158}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 13, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "While GPU implementation offers more flexi-\nbility, sparse computation compatibility becomes\na hurdle. Striking the right balance between fix-\ning the size of each expert to facilitate efficient\ncomputation and maintaining model quality creates\na tradeoff between information preservation and\nhardware efficiency. This tradeoff, in turn, necessi-\ntates careful consideration during hyperparameter\ntuning, adding a layer of complexity to the imple-\nmentation of MoE models, potentially offsetting\ntheir advantages. Given the formidable challenges\nin MoE model implementation, it becomes almost\ninevitable for researchers and practitioners to re-\nsort to specialized tools and frameworks, such as\nTutel (Hwang et al., 2023) or Megablocks (Gale\net al., 2023).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 843.8499173563922, "y": 1963.6913951305787}, {"x": 1469.5174478937447, "y": 1963.6913951305787}, {"x": 1469.5174478937447, "y": 2153.6778060528923}, {"x": 843.8499173563922, "y": 2153.6778060528923}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 14, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Departing from the horizontal expansion char-\nacteristic of MoE models, the DUS method intro-\nduces model scaling in the vertical dimension. No-\ntably, DUS does not introduce dynamism in the\nscaled model, which significantly reduces the com-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000196.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 190.09582794908317, "y": 199.30612353390825}, {"x": 817.8557313431095, "y": 199.30612353390825}, {"x": 817.8557313431095, "y": 420.6317304997508}, {"x": 190.09582794908317, "y": 420.6317304997508}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "plexity when compared to MoE. This shift in ap-\nproach offers a unique and more straightforward\nway of working, moving away from conventional\nMoE challenges. Not only that, DUS also under-\ngoes continued pretraining to quickly recover per-\nformance of the scaled model.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.09582794908317, "y": 448.8004441135853}, {"x": 540.1926971495978, "y": 448.8004441135853}, {"x": 540.1926971495978, "y": 487.02941258950375}, {"x": 190.09582794908317, "y": 487.02941258950375}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "B.3 Prompt Engineering", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.09582794908317, "y": 501.1137693964208}, {"x": 813.8316293982759, "y": 501.1137693964208}, {"x": 813.8316293982759, "y": 915.5962697142714}, {"x": 190.09582794908317, "y": 915.5962697142714}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "A key research area to harness the emergent abil-\nities of LLMs is prompt engineering. Prompt en-\ngineering is the study of how to design inputs\n(prompts) that enable LLMs to better perform spe-\ncific tasks. A prime example of this research\nis Chain-of-Thought (CoT) (Wei et al., 2022b),\nwhich proposes CoT prompting that decomposes\nmulti-step problems into a series of intermedi-\nate reasoning steps. Moreover, efforts are under-\nway to replace even such prompt engineering with\nLLMs (Yang et al., 2023).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.09582794908317, "y": 933.7047284660222}, {"x": 518.0601364530136, "y": 933.7047284660222}, {"x": 518.0601364530136, "y": 975.957798886774}, {"x": 190.09582794908317, "y": 975.957798886774}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "B.4 Instruction Tuning", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.09582794908317, "y": 988.0301047212744}, {"x": 801.7593235637753, "y": 988.0301047212744}, {"x": 801.7593235637753, "y": 1283.8015976665365}, {"x": 190.09582794908317, "y": 1283.8015976665365}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "To enhance the steerability of LLMs, instruction\ntuning (Wei et al., 2021) has emerged as a learning\ntechnique. This involves fine-tuning LLMs using\ndata formatted as (instruction, input, output) for\nvarious tasks (Wang et al., 2022). Instruction tuning\nallows for targeted adjustments, providing a more\ncontrolled and task-oriented improvement to the\nmodel's capabilities.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.10787892149995, "y": 1287.8256996113707}, {"x": 809.8075274534424, "y": 1287.8256996113707}, {"x": 809.8075274534424, "y": 1891.4409913363957}, {"x": 192.10787892149995, "y": 1891.4409913363957}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Before instruction tuning, existing methods\nfaced challenges in effectively guiding and control-\nling the behavior of large language models (Zhang\net al., 2023b). The sheer complexity of these mod-\nels made it difficult to ensure precise and task-\noriented responses. The need for a more targeted\napproach arose from the limitations of existing\nmethods, leading to the development of instruc-\ntion tuning. This targeted approach enables better\ncontrol over the model's behavior, making it more\nsuitable for specific tasks and improving its overall\nperformance in alignment with user-defined objec-\ntives. Therefore, instruction tuning is computation-\nally efficient and facilitates the rapid adaptation\nof LLMs to a specific domain without requiring\nextensive retraining or architectural changes.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.1078789214999, "y": 1915.585603005397}, {"x": 516.0480854805969, "y": 1915.585603005397}, {"x": 516.0480854805969, "y": 1951.802520508898}, {"x": 192.1078789214999, "y": 1951.802520508898}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "B.5 Alignment Tuning", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.09582794908323, "y": 1961.862775370982}, {"x": 813.8316293982759, "y": 1961.862775370982}, {"x": 813.8316293982759, "y": 2148.983515805739}, {"x": 190.09582794908323, "y": 2148.983515805739}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "LLM has been observed to generate sentences that\nmay be perceived as linguistically incongruent by\nhuman readers since they learned not human inten-\ntion, but only vast knowledge across various do-\nmains in the pretraining step (Ziegler et al., 2019).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 846.024444956944, "y": 199.30612353390825}, {"x": 1461.7120425164692, "y": 199.30612353390825}, {"x": 1461.7120425164692, "y": 722.4393763622633}, {"x": 846.024444956944, "y": 722.4393763622633}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "To overcome this limitation and align with human\nintentions, previous research (Ziegler et al., 2019)\nhave proposed Reinforcement Learning with Hu-\nman Feedback (RLHF). RLHF operates by learning\na reward model based on human preferences, em-\nploying reinforcement learning to guide the LLM\ntowards prioritizing answers with the highest re-\nward scores. This process enhances the safety,\npropriety, and overall quality of the generated re-\nsponses. Despite demonstrating satisfactory per-\nformance, RLHF encounters challenges such as\nmanaging numerous hyperparameters and necessi-\ntating the incorporation of multiple models (policy,\nvalue, reward, and reference models).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 846.0244449569437, "y": 742.5598860864307}, {"x": 1473.78434835097, "y": 742.5598860864307}, {"x": 1473.78434835097, "y": 1305.9341583631206}, {"x": 846.0244449569437, "y": 1305.9341583631206}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "In response to these challenges, the supervised\nfine-tuning based approaches have proposed, such\nas Rank Responses to align Human Feedback\n(RRHF) (Yuan et al., 2023), Reward rAnked Fine-\nTuning (RAFT) (Dong et al., 2023), and Direct\nPolicy Optimization (DPO) (Intel, 2023). They\navoid the complexities associated with reinforce-\nment learning while achieving empirical perfor-\nmance comparable to RLHF. Among them, DPO\nthat we used directly guides the LLM to increase\nthe probability of positive responses and decrease\nthe probability of negative responses through a \"di-\nrect\" approach. Interestingly, DPO demonstrates\nmore stable learning results compared to RLHF,\ndespite its simple training approach.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 846.0244449569435, "y": 1368.3077385080403}, {"x": 1200.145416102292, "y": 1368.3077385080403}, {"x": 1200.145416102292, "y": 1400.5005540667084}, {"x": 846.0244449569435, "y": 1400.5005540667084}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 10, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "B.6 Data Contamination", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 848.0364959293606, "y": 1428.669267680543}, {"x": 1461.712042516469, "y": 1428.669267680543}, {"x": 1461.712042516469, "y": 2155.01966872299}, {"x": 848.0364959293606, "y": 2155.01966872299}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 11, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Recent researches (Zhou et al., 2023; Sainz et al.,\n2023; Golchin and Surdeanu, 2023; Deng et al.,\n2023) emphasize the need to measure whether a\nspecific benchmark was used to train the large lan-\nguage models. There are three types of the data\ncontamination: guideline, raw text and annota-\ntion (Sainz et al., 2023). Guideline contamination\noccurs when a model accesses detailed annotation\nguidelines for a dataset, providing advantages in\nspecific tasks, and its impact should be considered,\nespecially in zero and few-shot evaluations. Raw\ntext contamination occurs when a model has ac-\ncess to the original text. Wikipedia is widely used\nas a pretraining data, but also as a source for cre-\nating new datasets. The caution is advised in the\ndevelopment of automatically annotated datasets\nsourced from the web. Annotation contamina-\ntion occurs when the annotations of the specific\nbenchmark are exposed during model training.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000197.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 194.1212442665579, "y": 198.82782953332477}, {"x": 588.7682095576436, "y": 198.82782953332477}, {"x": 588.7682095576436, "y": 231.45823510481296}, {"x": 194.1212442665579, "y": 231.45823510481296}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "C Additional Information", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.1212442665579, "y": 261.23144649949296}, {"x": 806.8113017525734, "y": 261.23144649949296}, {"x": 806.8113017525734, "y": 333.93217084012696}, {"x": 194.1212442665579, "y": 333.93217084012696}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "We present additional information for the sake of\nspace in the main paper.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.1212442665579, "y": 356.0525268247096}, {"x": 806.8113017525734, "y": 356.0525268247096}, {"x": 806.8113017525734, "y": 465.22289744427314}, {"x": 194.1212442665579, "y": 465.22289744427314}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Filtered task names. We present task names\nwe use to filter FLAN dervied datasets such as\nOpenOrca in Table 8.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 198.47617822363168, "y": 491.9535762298254}, {"x": 678.9993680181815, "y": 491.9535762298254}, {"x": 678.9993680181815, "y": 928.1366433609296}, {"x": 198.47617822363168, "y": 928.1366433609296}], "category": "Table", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "Filtered Task Nametask228 _arc_answer_generation_easy ai2_arcARCChallenge:1.0.0 ai2_arcARCEasy:1.0.0 task229_arc_answer_generation_hard hellaswag:1.1.0 task1389_hellaswag_completion cot_gsm8k cot_gsm8k_ii drop:2.0.0 winogrande:1.1.0", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.22685307694405, "y": 949.7911218709844}, {"x": 806.8113017525732, "y": 949.7911218709844}, {"x": 806.8113017525732, "y": 1020.9415512611644}, {"x": 190.22685307694405, "y": 1020.9415512611644}], "category": "Caption", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 8: Task names that we use to filter data for FLAN\nderived datasets such as OpenOrca.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 197.2953673563561, "y": 1082.3590098676027}, {"x": 800.295190657672, "y": 1082.3590098676027}, {"x": 800.295190657672, "y": 1163.9715951917335}, {"x": 197.2953673563561, "y": 1163.9715951917335}], "category": "Table", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K0.06N/A0.150.28N/A0.70", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.22685307694465, "y": 1184.9774185762808}, {"x": 806.8113017525737, "y": 1184.9774185762808}, {"x": 806.8113017525737, "y": 1416.7236733936911}, {"x": 190.22685307694465, "y": 1416.7236733936911}], "category": "Caption", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 9: Data contamination test results for SOLAR\n10.7B-Instruct. We show 'result < 0.1, %' values where\na value higher than 0.9 indicates high probability of data\ncontamination. HellaSwag and Winogrande datasets are\nnot currently supported. We set SOLAR 10.7B as our\nreference model when performing the data contamina-\ntion tests.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.22685307694428, "y": 1477.740443520633}, {"x": 810.053958155817, "y": 1477.740443520633}, {"x": 810.053958155817, "y": 1887.096266804284}, {"x": 190.22685307694428, "y": 1887.096266804284}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Results on data contamination. To show the in-\ntegrity of SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, we also report\nthe data contamination test (Shi et al., 2023) results\nin Table. 9. All four tested benchmark datasets\nyield results well below the contamination thresh-\nold, affirming the absence of data contamination\nin our model. One interesting point is that the\nvalue for GSM8K is noticeably higher than for\nother datasets, even without contamination. One\npotential reason for this is the stronger data similar-\nity in math-related instruction datasets.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000198.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 114.48398176098333, "y": 137.3230045582387}, {"x": 447.59101955233854, "y": 137.3230045582387}, {"x": 447.59101955233854, "y": 207.66859017877343}, {"x": 114.48398176098333, "y": 207.66859017877343}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Contents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 647.5023850585538, "y": 378.7050108745908}, {"x": 1655.099449682095, "y": 378.7050108745908}, {"x": 1655.099449682095, "y": 825.6063783462229}, {"x": 647.5023850585538, "y": 825.6063783462229}], "category": "Index", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1. Overview of OCR Pack\n2. Introduction of Product Services and Key Features\n3. Product - Detail Specification\n4. Integration Policy\n5. FAQ", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1847.5153162323809, "y": 1057.333013331514}, {"x": 1953.0336946631828, "y": 1057.333013331514}, {"x": 1953.0336946631828, "y": 1102.850745203625}, {"x": 1847.5153162323809, "y": 1102.850745203625}], "category": "Footer", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "upstage |", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000199.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 97.88913265854092, "y": 75.56953005947716}, {"x": 426.99201438731126, "y": 75.56953005947716}, {"x": 426.99201438731126, "y": 108.06323230611524}, {"x": 97.88913265854092, "y": 108.06323230611524}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Overview of OCR Pack", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 90.83216706805312, "y": 136.9852934555511}, {"x": 1430.0012707008786, "y": 136.9852934555511}, {"x": 1430.0012707008786, "y": 190.2877819163618}, {"x": 90.83216706805312, "y": 190.2877819163618}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Base Model Performance Evaluation of Upstage OCR Pack", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 100.93449410321092, "y": 330.7954210954409}, {"x": 792.5876916269215, "y": 330.7954210954409}, {"x": 792.5876916269215, "y": 425.94348001404654}, {"x": 100.93449410321092, "y": 425.94348001404654}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Upstage universal OCR model E2E performance\nevaluation1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 136.31005447038478, "y": 478.39689711020094}, {"x": 819.4243236296052, "y": 478.39689711020094}, {"x": 819.4243236296052, "y": 929.7402535189718}, {"x": 136.31005447038478, "y": 929.7402535189718}], "category": "Chart", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "100\n95\n95.5\n90 92.4\n85\n82.07\n80.41\n80\n75.66\n75\n70.23\n70\n65\nCompany Company upstage Company Company upstage\nA2 B2 A2 B2\nScene (Photographed document image) Document (Scanned document image)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 139.74780485089383, "y": 1026.5819841792943}, {"x": 967.4290548209646, "y": 1026.5819841792943}, {"x": 967.4290548209646, "y": 1099.167915967169}, {"x": 139.74780485089383, "y": 1099.167915967169}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 4, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "1 Performance based on universal model, additional performance improvement is possible by implementing specialized\nmodels according to business requirements\n2 A: Universal model of global leading AI company / B: Universal model of leading AI company in Korea, 2022. 5 Test criteria", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1002.7795125533954, "y": 330.7954210954409}, {"x": 1904.856184092801, "y": 330.7954210954409}, {"x": 1904.856184092801, "y": 425.94348001404654}, {"x": 1002.7795125533954, "y": 425.94348001404654}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 5, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Upstage universal OCR model performance details: Document\ncriteria", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 957.2547080780412, "y": 532.5188629846222}, {"x": 979.3949294802552, "y": 532.5188629846222}, {"x": 979.3949294802552, "y": 551.7070548665411}, {"x": 957.2547080780412, "y": 551.7070548665411}], "category": "Paragraph", "id": 6, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "11", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1027.8229695995358, "y": 451.8286314275439}, {"x": 1912.2362578935392, "y": 451.8286314275439}, {"x": 1912.2362578935392, "y": 919.2347301432936}, {"x": 1027.8229695995358, "y": 919.2347301432936}], "category": "Chart", "id": 7, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "73.2\nOCR-Recall3 7 94.2\n94.1 4\n5\n89.0\nOCR-Precision4 90.6 9\n4 96.8\n9\n80.4\nOCR-F15 1 92.\n4 95.5\n\u25a0 Company A\n\u25a0 Company B\nParsing-F1 68.0\n82.65 \u25a0 upstage\n65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1107.240548147974, "y": 998.858190788092}, {"x": 1781.6050702894013, "y": 998.858190788092}, {"x": 1781.6050702894013, "y": 1119.73763975541}, {"x": 1107.240548147974, "y": 1119.73763975541}], "category": "Footnote", "id": 8, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "3 Recall: Percentage of what the OCR model predicted to be True from those that were actually True\n4 Precision: Percentage of what the OCR model classifies as True, which is actually True\n5 F1: Harmonic mean value of Recall and Precision\n6. Parsing-F1: Comparison of parsing model F1 of both companies for business registration document\nform. Company A is excluded from comparison due to the absence of the document parsing model.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1849.9619752961855, "y": 1069.271232400251}, {"x": 1926.0656794926877, "y": 1069.271232400251}, {"x": 1926.0656794926877, "y": 1091.076226299249}, {"x": 1849.9619752961855, "y": 1091.076226299249}], "category": "Footer", "id": 9, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "upstage", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000200.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 89.81099786413839, "y": 75.61104347305502}, {"x": 822.0924226573028, "y": 75.61104347305502}, {"x": 822.0924226573028, "y": 109.62900697200394}, {"x": 89.81099786413839, "y": 109.62900697200394}], "category": "Header", "id": 0, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Introduction of product services and key features", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 91.72909382744524, "y": 136.57041183271392}, {"x": 921.0394057979984, "y": 136.57041183271392}, {"x": 921.0394057979984, "y": 190.2829857784228}, {"x": 91.72909382744524, "y": 190.2829857784228}], "category": "Heading1", "id": 1, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "Key Functions by Main Service Flow", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 86.23015960109115, "y": 249.95012237328265}, {"x": 1922.0224906267108, "y": 249.95012237328265}, {"x": 1922.0224906267108, "y": 1071.018431898704}, {"x": 86.23015960109115, "y": 1071.018431898704}], "category": "Table", "id": 2, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "Service StageFunction NameExplanationExpected Benefit1. Project creationProject creation and managementSelect document type to automatically run project creation, Pipeline configuration with recommended Modelset and Endpoint deploymentThe intuitive UI environment allows the the person in charge to quickly proceed with the entire process from project creation to deployment, improving work efficiency2. Data labeling and fine-tuningData storage managementProvides convenient functions for uploading raw data, viewer, and data management (search using image metadata, sorting, filtering, hashtags settings on image data) Image data bookmark for Qualitative EvaluationConveniently manage raw data to be used for OCR Pack and actual date from live service3. Pipeline configuration and deploymentCreate and manage Labeling SpaceCreating a Labeling Space to manage raw data annotation, managing labeling resources (Ontology, Characters to be Recognized), data set dump, data set version management 3Labeling work can be outsourced within the pack. Labeled data is continuously supplied from which data sets can be created with ease. The Auto Labeling function increases both efficiency and convenience.Model trainingVarious basic models for each selected document, 5 information comparison between models, basic model training, training pause function, re-training, cancel function, and configuration support for Characters to be Recognized and Ontology that is frequently modified while developing specialized modelsProviding a foundation for customers to implement, manage, and upgrade their own OCR model specialized to the customers' needsPipeline, Endpoint Creation and managementChoose Detector, Recognizer, or Parser to create a Pipeline or an Endpoint Connect Pipelines to Endpoints, perform tasks such as deployment controllers, deployment recovery, and moreProviding a foundation for customers to implement, manage, and upgrade their own OCR model specialized to the customers' needs4. Monitoring and evaluationProject monitoringMonitoring of deployed Pipelines and Endpoints, notifying the customer of important issues such as suspicion of model performance degradation, and Qualitative Evaluation of actual incoming customer dataMonitor important indicators for each project and quickly identify and respond to issuesFull Pack MonitoringMonitoring traffic of all deployed Endpoints, quality monitoring of all deployed models, and monitoring of resources (GPU, CPU, Storage) connected to the PackMonitoring useful information about the overall OCR Pack at a glanceQuantitative / Qualitative EvaluationQuantitative evaluation leaderboard / Qualitative EvaluationViewing the model's performance to help the customer choose the appropriate modelGuide and helpProvides context-specific guides to help you troubleshoot yourself, download terminal logs for error situations and Pack documentationThe customer can diagnose, respond to, and solve problems occurring in the Pack on their own without external help", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1848.9395192115924, "y": 1071.018431898704}, {"x": 1926.251336331213, "y": 1071.018431898704}, {"x": 1926.251336331213, "y": 1091.2558818028456}, {"x": 1848.9395192115924, "y": 1091.2558818028456}], "category": "Footer", "id": 3, "page": 1, "content": {"text": "upstage", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/dataset/pdfs/01030000000001.pdf b/dataset/pdfs/01030000000001.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..837d3fccef23ad97be9c56009cd2b656e14264a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/dataset/pdfs/01030000000001.pdf @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:cd34bf0452e0bc9b7f26515c7426f9a197480478f52f464e67a0a5912221da69 +size 88466 diff --git a/dataset/pdfs/01030000000002.pdf b/dataset/pdfs/01030000000002.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0e56553e5231775db1c66668f0545a92fd7ee054 --- /dev/null +++ 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If these distributions are\nsymmetric, we can pretty much just read values straight out of them to form\nconfidence intervals (e.g., the 50th and 1950th values out of 1999 will give us a\nroughly 95% confidence interval). If they are not, we must do something more\ncomplicated, with the best choice being the bias-corrected and accelerated\n(BCa) approach. Because of the large number of fits that are required,\nbootstrapping is fairly slow. If the experiment contains many trials, the BCa\nmethod makes it even slower (because it incorporates additional \"jackknife\"\nresampling, implying one further fitting iteration for almost every trial).18", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 170.9176246670228, + "y": 505.32375733965745 + }, + { + "x": 1081.430103019359, + "y": 505.32375733965745 + }, + { + "x": 1081.430103019359, + "y": 838.9830464689194 + }, + { + "x": 170.9176246670228, + "y": 838.9830464689194 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The code accompanying this chapter offers options to generate confidence\nintervals on fitted parameters. Confidence intervals sometimes imply\nstatistical inference, as for example when they fail to overlap some value and\nthus imply that our statistic differs significantly from that value. However, in\nSJ experiments we are more likely to want to ask a question such as whether\na particular parameter differs between two conditions for a single observer.\nTo answer this kind of question, you will need to modify or develop the code.\nIf we take the example of whether parameters vary across conditions, my\nrecommendation would be to adopt a permutation test approach.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 170.91762466702298, + "y": 840.8005510046135 + }, + { + "x": 1081.4301030193592, + "y": 840.8005510046135 + }, + { + "x": 1081.4301030193592, + "y": 1320.2340302422144 + }, + { + "x": 170.91762466702298, + "y": 1320.2340302422144 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "To do so, take the trials from both conditions and think of each trial as a\ncard in a deck of cards. Making sure you keep each trial intact (i.e., without\nbreaking the link between SOAS and responses) shuffle the trials and then deal\nthem at random into two new piles, each representing a pseudo-condition.\nIf your original conditions contained different numbers of trials, make sure\nthe two pseudo-conditions match the size of the original conditions. For each\npseudo-condition, perform a model fit. Now calculate the difference between\nmodel parameters in the two pseudo-conditions. This is the value you want to\nretain. Now repeat this whole process many times. What you are forming is a\nnull distribution of the expected difference between model parameters that\nwould occur just by chance. You can then compare the difference you actually\nobtained against this null distribution to generate a p value for your difference\nof interest.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 170.9176246670228, + "y": 1404.6773873732511 + }, + { + "x": 640.8909060745979, + "y": 1404.6773873732511 + }, + { + "x": 640.8909060745979, + "y": 1436.8720016218997 + }, + { + "x": 170.9176246670228, + "y": 1436.8720016218997 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "7 Variants of SJ Observer Models", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 170.9176246670229, + "y": 1477.955245417958 + }, + { + "x": 1081.4301030193592, + "y": 1477.955245417958 + }, + { + "x": 1081.4301030193592, + "y": 1587.3808293267416 + }, + { + "x": 170.9176246670229, + "y": 1587.3808293267416 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "In this chapter, I have presented two variants of a latency-based observer mod-\nel applied to the SJ task. Both assume that a single SOA will generate an inter-\nnal response (△t) that is a Gaussian random variable. Both assume a simple", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 173.40739987552115, + "y": 1634.5605935031042 + }, + { + "x": 1079.872431445213, + "y": 1634.5605935031042 + }, + { + "x": 1079.872431445213, + "y": 1696.0426931217166 + }, + { + "x": 173.40739987552115, + "y": 1696.0426931217166 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "18 E.g., . Note that Matlab has inbuilt func-\ntions, which could have done most of this if you have the statistics toolbox extensions.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000002.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 171.98400289328498, + "y": 102.44602939288887 + }, + { + "x": 209.61694849154435, + "y": 102.44602939288887 + }, + { + "x": 209.61694849154435, + "y": 120.99748144836882 + }, + { + "x": 171.98400289328498, + "y": 120.99748144836882 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "316", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 982.8430242605386, + "y": 102.44602939288885 + }, + { + "x": 1081.2976460718562, + "y": 102.44602939288885 + }, + { + "x": 1081.2976460718562, + "y": 120.9974814483688 + }, + { + "x": 982.8430242605386, + "y": 120.9974814483688 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "YARROW", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 170.2887053021687, + "y": 169.16478699516415 + }, + { + "x": 1081.2976460718564, + "y": 169.16478699516415 + }, + { + "x": 1081.2976460718564, + "y": 279.3360554126384 + }, + { + "x": 170.2887053021687, + "y": 279.3360554126384 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "where SOAS below some threshold cannot be recovered, so that an observer\ncan only guess about order.19 However, either kind of model can easily be fitted\nand interpreted from either theoretical perspective.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 171.9840028932851, + "y": 357.74623743948945 + }, + { + "x": 1023.8679020501676, + "y": 357.74623743948945 + }, + { + "x": 1023.8679020501676, + "y": 391.49239172952656 + }, + { + "x": 171.9840028932851, + "y": 391.49239172952656 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "8 Choosing between Observer Models and Rejecting Participants", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 170.28870530216847, + "y": 430.20121576809856 + }, + { + "x": 1081.2976460718562, + "y": 430.20121576809856 + }, + { + "x": 1081.2976460718562, + "y": 613.8199964638891 + }, + { + "x": 170.28870530216847, + "y": 613.8199964638891 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Two further reasonable questions one might ask are: 1) could my observer\nmodel have generated these data? and 2) does another observer model de-\nscribe the data better? Model comparison is a large and complex topic, so once\nagain, what I have to say here should be treated as a brief introduction rather\nthan a comprehensive summary.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 170.28870530216835, + "y": 617.7901322627167 + }, + { + "x": 1081.2976460718562, + "y": 617.7901322627167 + }, + { + "x": 1081.2976460718562, + "y": 1249.0417242763533 + }, + { + "x": 170.28870530216835, + "y": 1249.0417242763533 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Let's begin by considering a metric I have not yet mentioned: Deviance. De-\nviance (sometimes called G2) is a measure based on log likelihood, but which\nlooks rather more like summed squared error, in that it is zero for a perfectly\nfitting model and large/positive for a poorly fitting model. Formally, deviance\nis two times the difference in log likelihood between the saturated model and\nthe model with our current set of parameters. A saturated model is one that\nexactly predicts the data (which can always be accomplished by a model that\nhas one parameter per data point). Hence it represents the situation with the\nmaximum possible log-likelihood when predicting this particular set of data.\nDeviance is closely related to a simpler calculation (-2 × log likelihood) that\nforms the basis of a couple of well-known metrics for model comparison (the\nAkaike information criterion, AIC, and the Bayesian information criterion,\nBIC) and indeed is occasionally defined this way. That's because we are of-\nten only really interested in differences (in Deviance, or AIC, or BIC) between\nmodels, and the log-likelihood of the saturated model gets subtracted out in a\ncomparison between two models (because it has contributed to the deviance\nin the same way for both) SO calculating it is not necessary.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 170.28870530216835, + "y": 1254.0588540495637 + }, + { + "x": 1081.2976460718562, + "y": 1254.0588540495637 + }, + { + "x": 1081.2976460718562, + "y": 1474.5814795562276 + }, + { + "x": 170.28870530216835, + "y": 1474.5814795562276 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "However, if you want to say something about the goodness of fit of a model\nwithout relating it to any other model, based on asymptotic statistical theory,\nyou do need to calculate deviance properly. Asymptotically, it turns out that\nthe deviance of a model fitted to data when that model actually generated those\ndata follows a chi-square (x2) distribution, with degrees of freedom equal to\nthe number of data points minus the number of model parameters (note: for", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 173.16477367023342, + "y": 1531.299174226926 + }, + { + "x": 1082.5629467130632, + "y": 1531.299174226926 + }, + { + "x": 1082.5629467130632, + "y": 1659.177357214504 + }, + { + "x": 173.16477367023342, + "y": 1659.177357214504 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "19 Garcia-Perez and Alcala-Quintana's commitment to this account is a little unclear, be-\ncause they often let � vary across experimental conditions, suggesting flexibility more\nakin to a criterion-based account. It may be that they believe a low-threshold exists, but\nthat synchrony is often additionally reported beyond this hard limit.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000003.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 140.3583041943155, + "y": 102.01383679477146 + }, + { + "x": 644.0747509855298, + "y": 102.01383679477146 + }, + { + "x": 644.0747509855298, + "y": 125.2948490414242 + }, + { + "x": 140.3583041943155, + "y": 125.2948490414242 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "INTERP RETING SIM ULTANEITY JUDGEMENTS", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1012.57746677176, + "y": 102.01383679477146 + }, + { + "x": 1050.0494273527804, + "y": 102.01383679477146 + }, + { + "x": 1050.0494273527804, + "y": 120.33435408579469 + }, + { + "x": 1012.57746677176, + "y": 120.33435408579469 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "321", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 140.3583041943155, + "y": 168.32912992425753 + }, + { + "x": 1051.1960826527652, + "y": 168.32912992425753 + }, + { + "x": 1051.1960826527652, + "y": 390.10238842557 + }, + { + "x": 140.3583041943155, + "y": 390.10238842557 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "model (discussed for a binary fit in Section 6.2). Because there are three pos-\nsible choices, the appropriate data model (applied at each SOA) is no longer\nthe binomial distribution, but rather the multinomial distribution, which can\nprovide an exact likelihood of obtaining any particular combination of prob-\nabilities that divide N choices into three bins when the actual probabilities of\nselecting each bin are known (or rather, for fitting purposes, predicted).22", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 140.3583041943156, + "y": 469.8762802197281 + }, + { + "x": 554.6661933119428, + "y": 469.8762802197281 + }, + { + "x": 554.6661933119428, + "y": 500.6105650166677 + }, + { + "x": 140.3583041943156, + "y": 500.6105650166677 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "11 Dual-Presentation SJ Data", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 140.3583041943155, + "y": 543.0231013471539 + }, + { + "x": 1051.1960826527652, + "y": 543.0231013471539 + }, + { + "x": 1051.1960826527652, + "y": 1025.6226948961337 + }, + { + "x": 140.3583041943155, + "y": 1025.6226948961337 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Several authors have investigated the use of a dual-presentation SJ task in\nwhich two bimodal stimuli are presented (one after another) and compared,\nfor example by reporting which one was (most) synchronous (Allan & Kristof-\nferson, 1974; Powers, Hillock, & Wallace, 2009; Roseboom, Nishida, Fujisaki, &\nArnold, 2011). This is a form of what would, in classical signal detection theory,\nbe described as a two-alternative forced choice (specifically the two-interval\nforced choice variant). However, that designation is ambiguous (about wheth-\ner there are two presentations or two response categories) and has been ap-\nplied to cases where either or both of the possible qualifying conditions are\nmet, which is probably why the dual-presentation SJ task has ended up being\ngiven a variety of names (e.g., temporal 2AFC; forced-choice successiveness\ndiscrimination; 2IFC SJ, where the classic SJ is referred to as 2AFC SJ in the\nsame paper). I will label it the 2xSJ.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 140.3583041943155, + "y": 1029.1125777876682 + }, + { + "x": 1051.1960826527652, + "y": 1029.1125777876682 + }, + { + "x": 1051.1960826527652, + "y": 1400.3166663190298 + }, + { + "x": 140.3583041943155, + "y": 1400.3166663190298 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The simplest form of the 2xSJ would have a synchronous standard on every\ntrial along with a non-synchronous test pair. Based on the kind of observer\nmodels discussed in this chapter, the resulting psychometric function (plotting\nthe probability ofjudging the standard more synchronous than the test against\nthe test's SOA) is U-shaped and centred over the PSS. This approach represents\na reasonable way to derive estimates of inverse precision (i.e., ��t) but a fairly\npoor way to estimate the PSS, because having a synchronous standard on every\ntrial provides feedback about objective synchrony. A simple solution is to also\ninclude a range of standards as well as a range of tests, in a roving standard\ndesign.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 140.3583041943155, + "y": 1404.551536757716 + }, + { + "x": 1051.1960826527652, + "y": 1404.551536757716 + }, + { + "x": 1051.1960826527652, + "y": 1587.2033400262728 + }, + { + "x": 140.3583041943155, + "y": 1587.2033400262728 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The observer model can be fitted to data even when both standard and test\nare non-zero, as described in detail by Yarrow et al. (2016; see also Garcia-Perez\n& Peli, 2014). To present all of the data, it is necessary to plot a function for\neach standard SOA (using several standard plots, or a single 3D plot), which is\nsomewhat cumbersome, but not a major obstacle to using the task. A simple", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 139.18896438156148, + "y": 1631.650900003098 + }, + { + "x": 474.1990763577861, + "y": 1631.650900003098 + }, + { + "x": 474.1990763577861, + "y": 1657.3643954398697 + }, + { + "x": 139.18896438156148, + "y": 1657.3643954398697 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "22 .", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000004.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 171.86183192005964, + "y": 102.54160299043242 + }, + { + "x": 211.01504846492276, + "y": 102.54160299043242 + }, + { + "x": 211.01504846492276, + "y": 120.04539391637124 + }, + { + "x": 171.86183192005964, + "y": 120.04539391637124 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "322", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 982.738899812849, + "y": 102.54160299043242 + }, + { + "x": 1081.080436067326, + "y": 102.54160299043242 + }, + { + "x": 1081.080436067326, + "y": 120.04539391637124 + }, + { + "x": 982.738899812849, + "y": 120.04539391637124 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "YARROW", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 170.20214713122283, + "y": 168.85813385174382 + }, + { + "x": 1081.080436067326, + "y": 168.85813385174382 + }, + { + "x": 1081.080436067326, + "y": 277.5078558401344 + }, + { + "x": 170.20214713122283, + "y": 277.5078558401344 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "observer model with three parameters captures PSS, sensory noise and an in-\nterval bias (i.e., a tendency to select one interval in preference to the other\nunder uncertainty).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 170.2021471312228, + "y": 283.14033579295096 + }, + { + "x": 1081.080436067326, + "y": 283.14033579295096 + }, + { + "x": 1081.080436067326, + "y": 838.4331024719543 + }, + { + "x": 170.2021471312228, + "y": 838.4331024719543 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The 2xSJ task provides estimates that correlate fairly well with equivalent\nparameters estimated using TOJs, SJs, and ternary tasks. However, each trial\ntakes longer than in those single-presentation tasks, which makes experi-\nments more onerous. There are a few reasons why the roving-standard 2xSJ is\nstill worth considering. Firstly, it asks about synchrony explicitly (unlike the\nTOJ) and by requiring relative judgements it reveals a point of maximal syn-\nchrony perception (whereas the SJ and ternary tasks often reveal a range of\nSOA values that are classified as synchronous). Secondly, it can be added in\nto a single-presentation task (as a follow-up question every two trials), which\nsomewhat mitigates the burden of additional experimental time. Finally, a case\ncan be made that it will be more resistant to some forms of decision-level bias\n(Morgan, Grant, Melmoth, & Solomon, 2015; Morgan, Melmoth, & Solomon,\n2013). As with the other tasks I have described, code to fit data from the 2xSJ\naccompanies this chapter.23 For further information, read the comments there\nand consult Yarrow et al. (2016).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 171.86183192005964, + "y": 917.7928489880404 + }, + { + "x": 407.94031175328973, + "y": 917.7928489880404 + }, + { + "x": 407.94031175328973, + "y": 945.9584852795618 + }, + { + "x": 171.86183192005964, + "y": 945.9584852795618 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "12 Conclusion", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 170.2021471312228, + "y": 991.6273405981102 + }, + { + "x": 1081.080436067326, + "y": 991.6273405981102 + }, + { + "x": 1081.080436067326, + "y": 1546.9201072771134 + }, + { + "x": 170.2021471312228, + "y": 1546.9201072771134 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "In this chapter, I have outlined the benefits of fitting formal observer models\nto judgements about simultaneity, and described how this can be achieved us-\ning Matlab code (see book's GitHub repository). In doing so, I have presented\none particular observer model in some detail, and highlighted the fundamen-\ntally subjective nature of the SJ task, which requires us to think carefully about\nhow both the strategic decisions and perceptual sensitivity of a participant\ncan affect their psychometric function. I have gone on to supply a brief over-\nview of appropriate models for several closely related timing tasks. I hope I\nhave also provided enough of a tutorial regarding bespoke model fitting and\nevaluation to allow the interested reader to go forward and explore their own\nmodels of perceived simultaneity. Modelling may seem intimidating, but in\nfact, a good understanding of just a few basic concepts (which is best gained\nthrough practical exploration) will take you a long way, providing tools to\nengage more fully with the timing literature. This is an endeavour I would very\nmuch encourage!", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 171.15998852676705, + "y": 1595.0394504386102 + }, + { + "x": 721.5788587402105, + "y": 1595.0394504386102 + }, + { + "x": 721.5788587402105, + "y": 1621.1669284550712 + }, + { + "x": 171.15998852676705, + "y": 1621.1669284550712 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "23 .", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000005.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 179.20165410756633, + "y": 109.25329972153122 + }, + { + "x": 201.6420900998883, + "y": 109.25329972153122 + }, + { + "x": 201.6420900998883, + "y": 137.92719015616478 + }, + { + "x": 179.20165410756633, + "y": 137.92719015616478 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "6", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 548.2221570924161, + "y": 115.48675416384287 + }, + { + "x": 682.8647730463478, + "y": 115.48675416384287 + }, + { + "x": 682.8647730463478, + "y": 139.17388104462714 + }, + { + "x": 548.2221570924161, + "y": 139.17388104462714 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "CHAPTER 1", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 179.20165410756633, + "y": 185.30144391773337 + }, + { + "x": 1054.3786578081224, + "y": 185.30144391773337 + }, + { + "x": 1054.3786578081224, + "y": 789.9465248219635 + }, + { + "x": 179.20165410756633, + "y": 789.9465248219635 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 342.5181604961316, + "y": 803.6601245950494 + }, + { + "x": 892.3088423080192, + "y": 803.6601245950494 + }, + { + "x": 892.3088423080192, + "y": 869.7347416835527 + }, + { + "x": 342.5181604961316, + "y": 869.7347416835527 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "FIGURE 1.5. The San Mateo Ixtatan men's jacket, lopil\n(Spanish capixay). Photo by Elizabeth Purdum.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 179.20165410756633, + "y": 968.8082817118312 + }, + { + "x": 1051.909097192584, + "y": 968.8082817118312 + }, + { + "x": 1051.909097192584, + "y": 1527.3335705295822 + }, + { + "x": 179.20165410756633, + "y": 1527.3335705295822 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 334.96152148449784, + "y": 1543.5227093358938 + }, + { + "x": 899.268645590217, + "y": 1543.5227093358938 + }, + { + "x": 899.268645590217, + "y": 1610.5919986763274 + }, + { + "x": 334.96152148449784, + "y": 1610.5919986763274 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "FIGURE 1.6. Vegetation along the trail from San Mateo\nIxtatan to Bulej, May 1965. Photo by author.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000006.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 507.9861524051348, + "y": 110.05064455165044 + }, + { + "x": 660.2822666952205, + "y": 110.05064455165044 + }, + { + "x": 660.2822666952205, + "y": 145.11162050332487 + }, + { + "x": 507.9861524051348, + "y": 145.11162050332487 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Chuj Country", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 992.2658827376372, + "y": 114.43326654560975 + }, + { + "x": 1019.6572701998832, + "y": 114.43326654560975 + }, + { + "x": 1019.6572701998832, + "y": 140.72899850936554 + }, + { + "x": 992.2658827376372, + "y": 140.72899850936554 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "19", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 166.9849597025443, + "y": 191.39705470273444 + }, + { + "x": 1004.3789600566064, + "y": 191.39705470273444 + }, + { + "x": 1004.3789600566064, + "y": 1497.120830330801 + }, + { + "x": 166.9849597025443, + "y": 1497.120830330801 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 280.0610670112652, + "y": 1516.0860572350723 + }, + { + "x": 883.8768122290073, + "y": 1516.0860572350723 + }, + { + "x": 883.8768122290073, + "y": 1612.5037411021767 + }, + { + "x": 280.0610670112652, + "y": 1612.5037411021767 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "FIGURE 1.15. On the trail in the Yolcultac (yol k'ultak,\n\"center of the brushland\") forest, municipio of Nenton.\nMay 1965, at the end of the dry season. Photo by the author.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000007.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 526.1241521798098, + "y": 263.6252091466815 + }, + { + "x": 704.8190768870044, + "y": 263.6252091466815 + }, + { + "x": 704.8190768870044, + "y": 297.7579475738985 + }, + { + "x": 526.1241521798098, + "y": 297.7579475738985 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "CHAPTER 2", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 473.9211404675956, + "y": 366.0234244283324 + }, + { + "x": 759.0298967419959, + "y": 366.0234244283324 + }, + { + "x": 759.0298967419959, + "y": 416.2186279977691 + }, + { + "x": 473.9211404675956, + "y": 416.2186279977691 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Narratives in Chuj", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 172.74991905097534, + "y": 516.6090351366425 + }, + { + "x": 1058.1933100158385, + "y": 516.6090351366425 + }, + { + "x": 1058.1933100158385, + "y": 819.7880646960401 + }, + { + "x": 172.74991905097534, + "y": 819.7880646960401 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "T broad variety of stories people tell one another and the variety of sources\nHIS COLLECTION OF SIX narratives told in Chuj demonstrates the\nof those stories: personal narratives, legendary events, mythological\ntales, and stories borrowed from other cultures. All were recorded by me during\nfield work on Chuj from 1964 to 1965. (See the Archive of the Indigenous Lan-\nguages of Latin America, www.ailla.utexas.org, for these and other samples of\nChuj speech recorded during field work; AILLA reference codes for each text\nare given below and at the head of each transcription.)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 443.8040183259335, + "y": 873.9988845510318 + }, + { + "x": 785.1314025981031, + "y": 873.9988845510318 + }, + { + "x": 785.1314025981031, + "y": 912.1472392638036 + }, + { + "x": 443.8040183259335, + "y": 912.1472392638036 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Introduction to the Texts", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 174.75772719375277, + "y": 930.2175125488008 + }, + { + "x": 1058.1933100158385, + "y": 930.2175125488008 + }, + { + "x": 1058.1933100158385, + "y": 1195.2481873954266 + }, + { + "x": 174.75772719375277, + "y": 1195.2481873954266 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Two of the stories are ultimately of foreign origin, but their origins are not the\nsame. In one case, the story known to the narrator as An Old Man Whose Son\nKilled Him [CAC 002 R022], the clearly comes from the European tra-\nstory\ndition, and must have been introduced to the Chuj by schoolteachers. It is the\nclassic Greek tale of a couple whose child is destined to kill his father and how\nthat came about, including the solution to a famous riddle: What animal walks\non four legs at dawn, on two legs at noon, and on three legs in the evening?", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 174.75772719375277, + "y": 1197.2559955382042 + }, + { + "x": 1058.1933100158385, + "y": 1197.2559955382042 + }, + { + "x": 1058.1933100158385, + "y": 1532.5599553820412 + }, + { + "x": 174.75772719375277, + "y": 1532.5599553820412 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The other tale, Coyote and Rabbit [CAC 002 R027], is probably ultimately\nof African origin, although some of its episodes are traditional in the American\nSouth and have been introduced secondhand to the Chuj. This is the series\nmay\nof incidents that make up stories, stories that reflected earlier\nthe Br'er Rabbit\nAfrican tales involving Hyena instead of Fox (Diarassouba 2007). Here the story\nfeatures Coyote instead of either Fox or Hyena. Coyote stories and stories of\nRabbit Trickster abound in the native New World, and some of the episodes may\nbe of American origin, adapted to the framework of the African stories. Some ep-\nisodes have a local flavor (such as misty mountains) and are likely of local origin.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 172.74991905097534, + "y": 1536.5755716675965 + }, + { + "x": 1054.177693730284, + "y": 1536.5755716675965 + }, + { + "x": 1054.177693730284, + "y": 1608.856664807585 + }, + { + "x": 172.74991905097534, + "y": 1608.856664807585 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "A third story, Friend of the Animals [CAC 002 R020], expresses such a\nuniversal theme that it could possibly be of foreign origin as well, but it has", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 601.0019636063083, + "y": 1657.88939928853 + }, + { + "x": 630.9749977391365, + "y": 1657.88939928853 + }, + { + "x": 630.9749977391365, + "y": 1679.4325175715007 + }, + { + "x": 601.0019636063083, + "y": 1679.4325175715007 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "22", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000008.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.0478657636573, + "y": 99.9550482522531 + }, + { + "x": 742.1260562422541, + "y": 99.9550482522531 + }, + { + "x": 742.1260562422541, + "y": 124.06882045931115 + }, + { + "x": 152.0478657636573, + "y": 124.06882045931115 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "CIRCULATING THINGS, CIRCULATING STEREOTYPES", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1335.041161098152, + "y": 97.11813387495216 + }, + { + "x": 1366.2472192484622, + "y": 97.11813387495216 + }, + { + "x": 1366.2472192484622, + "y": 124.06882045931115 + }, + { + "x": 1335.041161098152, + "y": 124.06882045931115 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "73", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.0478657636573, + "y": 162.36716455287393 + }, + { + "x": 744.9629706195551, + "y": 162.36716455287393 + }, + { + "x": 744.9629706195551, + "y": 464.4985457354246 + }, + { + "x": 152.0478657636573, + "y": 464.4985457354246 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "indicates the use of balsam, which is \"indigenous\nin various parts of Arabia,\" as an ingredient in the\n\"Myrabolan comfit.\"25 Such references emphasize\nArabia's exoticism and refined taste, as well as the\nsweetness and fragrance of its products, which\nwere much valued during a time when the con-\nsumption of sugar and spices was rising rapidly\namong European populations.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 149.2109513863565, + "y": 468.7539173013761 + }, + { + "x": 744.9629706195551, + "y": 468.7539173013761 + }, + { + "x": 744.9629706195551, + "y": 1402.0987474333874 + }, + { + "x": 149.2109513863565, + "y": 1402.0987474333874 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Coffee is another staple thing customarily asso-\nciated with the area. In his Dictionary, Johnson indi-\ncates the Arabic origin of coffee and rightly so, as\none the most popular types of coffee is called \"Ara-\nbica\" because it was first domesticated for commer-\ncial use in the southern part of Arabia the Happy\n(present-day Yemen). Given the Muslim prohibi-\ntion of alcohol, coffee became particularly attrac-\ntive to the Muslim world as \"the wine of Islam,\"26\nand spread through the ports of the Persian Gulf in\nWestern Europe, where it became immensely pop-\nular. Collections of travels published during the\ntime mention that coffee was \"the product of Ara-\nbia only.\"27 Imported largely from Yemen, which\nwas credited with producing the best coffee in the\nworld, coffee was considered to have stimulating\nand therapeutic properties.28 The former quality is\nfamously described by Pope in The Rape ofthe Lock:\n\"Coffee (which makes the politician wise), / And see\nthro' all things with his half-shut Eyes) / Sent up in\nvapours to the Baron's brain / New Stratagems, the\nradiant Lock to gain.\"29 According to Beawes, the\nproduct was brought to Mecca through the port of\nJeddah, whose \"[t]rade consists mainly of coffee\nbrought here by the Arabians and bought by the", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 772.2118461996396, + "y": 154.18064751634125 + }, + { + "x": 1335.041161098152, + "y": 154.18064751634125 + }, + { + "x": 1335.041161098152, + "y": 621.9810887907847 + }, + { + "x": 772.2118461996396, + "y": 621.9810887907847 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "TASTE in HIGH LIFE", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 772.2118461996398, + "y": 654.4672305459544 + }, + { + "x": 1337.4707127395918, + "y": 654.4672305459544 + }, + { + "x": 1337.4707127395918, + "y": 774.6659550400823 + }, + { + "x": 772.2118461996398, + "y": 774.6659550400823 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "FIGURE 4.2 William Hogarth, Taste in High Life [graphic].\nPRINT MADE BY ISAAC MILLS AFTER WILLIAM\nHOGARTH'S PAINTING, WITHOUT THE ARTIST'S\nPERMISSION, LONDON, 1798", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 772.2118461996398, + "y": 834.7653172871462 + }, + { + "x": 1363.4596261437275, + "y": 834.7653172871462 + }, + { + "x": 1363.4596261437275, + "y": 1170.9968844531525 + }, + { + "x": 772.2118461996398, + "y": 1170.9968844531525 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Turks ... [and] by the Merchants of Mogul, Persia,\nand several places on the coast of Ehiopia.\"30 From\nhere, coffee spread rapidly in England, France, and\nItaly, giving rise to the coffeehouse culture that is a\nhallmark of the eighteenth century. Coffee was also\nregularly paired in the visual culture of the time\nwith expensive china (fig. 4.2), was employed as a\nmark of the culture of sociability (fig. 4.3), or was\nused for its oracular properties 31 (fig. 4.4).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 770.5875391118809, + "y": 1174.2454986286696 + }, + { + "x": 1366.247219248463, + "y": 1174.2454986286696 + }, + { + "x": 1366.247219248463, + "y": 1477.9909240395064 + }, + { + "x": 770.5875391118809, + "y": 1477.9909240395064 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Arabian medicines were also much sought-after\nin the Western world. As indicated by Beawes,\n\"from Arabia, Medicinal drugs, Dragon's Blood,\nManna, Myrrh, [and] Incense,\"32 were brought to\nthe British metropolis. Pharmacopoia Reformata\n(1744) mentions gum Arabic, aloe, cassia, acacia,\ncardamom, saffron, myrrh, and spikenard, which\nwere all used for their therapeutic properties. 33 To", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 149.21095138635656, + "y": 1485.703837797694 + }, + { + "x": 747.5337486153245, + "y": 1485.703837797694 + }, + { + "x": 747.5337486153245, + "y": 1889.5789699278916 + }, + { + "x": 149.21095138635656, + "y": 1889.5789699278916 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "25 Wiliam Beckford, An Arabian Tale, from an Unpub-\nlished Manuscript: With Notes Critical and Explanatory\n(London: Printed for J,Johnson, 1786), 165.\n26 For the association between coffee and wine, see Ralph\nS. Hattox, Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a So-\ncial Beverage in the Medieval Middle East (Seattle: Uni-\nversity of Washington Press, 1985), 18-19.\n27 A Collection of Voyages and Travels, 1:440.\n28 Coffee was customarily used as a mild painkiller during\nthe eighteenth century. Poet Alexander Pope, for in-\nstance, used it as a palliative for his migraines.\n29 Pope, The Rape of the Lock, 69.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 770.5875391118811, + "y": 1520.222908321227 + }, + { + "x": 1368.3325474070032, + "y": 1520.222908321227 + }, + { + "x": 1368.3325474070032, + "y": 1885.6920030668855 + }, + { + "x": 770.5875391118811, + "y": 1885.6920030668855 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "30 Beawes, Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, 791.\n31 Again, the custom of reading one's fortune in coffee\ngrounds is of Turkish provenance, not Arabic. Such\nmistaken attributions were pervasive during the eigh-\nteenth century.\n32 Beawes, Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, 792.\n33 M.M., Pharmacopoia Reformata: Or, An Essay for a Ref-\normation of the London Pharmacopoia, by a Set of Re-\nmarks on the Draught for a New One, and a Brief Ac-\ncount of the Proceedings of the Committee Appointed by\nthe College of Physicians, to Thoroughly Reform Their", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000009.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.0282208483521, + "y": 100.53316518524656 + }, + { + "x": 184.02750220092025, + "y": 100.53316518524656 + }, + { + "x": 184.02750220092025, + "y": 121.10413176904036 + }, + { + "x": 152.0282208483521, + "y": 121.10413176904036 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "74", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1291.4312032951525, + "y": 101.675996662124 + }, + { + "x": 1364.5724178153082, + "y": 101.675996662124 + }, + { + "x": 1364.5724178153082, + "y": 122.24696324591778 + }, + { + "x": 1291.4312032951525, + "y": 122.24696324591778 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "BAIRD", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 176.37375885101278, + "y": 169.8386046376257 + }, + { + "x": 916.344519875312, + "y": 171.45426132108489 + }, + { + "x": 895.3409829903429, + "y": 1195.780598634198 + }, + { + "x": 165.0641620667986, + "y": 1189.317971900361 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The H O N E Y - M O O N .", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 946.0663360329812, + "y": 1062.4176971301472 + }, + { + "x": 1316.1407774919526, + "y": 1062.4176971301472 + }, + { + "x": 1316.1407774919526, + "y": 1206.3774085734535 + }, + { + "x": 946.0663360329812, + "y": 1206.3774085734535 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "FIGURE 4.3\nThe Honey-Moon [graphic]. Mezzotint,\nhand-colored.\nPRINTED FOR CARINGTON BOWLES,\nLONDON, JUNE 1777", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 147.90601661355646, + "y": 1249.014066558836 + }, + { + "x": 744.9889247607442, + "y": 1249.014066558836 + }, + { + "x": 744.9889247607442, + "y": 1474.5156874505292 + }, + { + "x": 147.90601661355646, + "y": 1474.5156874505292 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "this list, Richard Walker, apothecary to the Prince\nof Wales, adds Arabic henna, manna, and rhu-\nbarb.34 The influence of the Arabian medicine first\non the Greek, then on the French and English phy-\nsicians, although often decried, brought an influx\nof medicinal plants from or through the Arabian", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 773.3539085207055, + "y": 1250.432315746834 + }, + { + "x": 1370.4368166678933, + "y": 1250.432315746834 + }, + { + "x": 1370.4368166678933, + "y": 1511.3901663384788 + }, + { + "x": 773.3539085207055, + "y": 1511.3901663384788 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Peninsula to Europe, where they were customarily\nused in tinctures, purges, and other more or less\neffective elixirs.35 Alternately, incense was used for\nits love-inducing and rejuvenating properties, as\nseen in an 1787 etching by James Gillray represent-\ning a group of five elderly women of fashion at-\ntending an altar of Love (fig. 4.5).36", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.02822084835236, + "y": 1521.2377033017133 + }, + { + "x": 746.2746306195439, + "y": 1521.2377033017133 + }, + { + "x": 746.2746306195439, + "y": 1884.43994037342 + }, + { + "x": 152.02822084835236, + "y": 1884.43994037342 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Book. Interspersed with Some Occasional Observations\non Some of the Most Celebrated Modern Dispensatories,\nand the Present State of Pharmacy (London: Printed\nand Sold by R. Willock, 1744). This volume contains a\nwealth of detailed recipes for various afflictions, albeit\nproviding few specifics as to what was treated by using\nthem.\n34 Richard Walker, Memoirs of Medicine; Including a\nSketch of Medical History from the Earliest Accounts to\nthe Eighteenth Century (London: Printed for J. Johnson,\n1799).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 773.3539085207051, + "y": 1554.7780341053176 + }, + { + "x": 1367.6003182918969, + "y": 1554.7780341053176 + }, + { + "x": 1367.6003182918969, + "y": 1885.8079519699695 + }, + { + "x": 773.3539085207051, + "y": 1885.8079519699695 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "35 For the influence of the Arabian medicine on Western\nEurope, see volume 3 of John Astruc's Treatise on the\nDiseases of Women, in Which Is Attempted to Join a Just\nTheory to the Most Safe and Approved Practice... (Lon-\ndon: Printed for J. Nourse, 1767). For detailed recipes of\nmedicines containing ingredients of Arabic origin, see\nPharmacopoia Reformata cited above.\n36 Arabian incense is made by using frankincense or gum\nArabic resin mixed with sweet-smelling essential oils,\nsuch as myrrh and oud.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000010.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.537452241352, + "y": 98.26944642720936 + }, + { + "x": 739.51592594368, + "y": 98.26944642720936 + }, + { + "x": 739.51592594368, + "y": 126.1100526438358 + }, + { + "x": 153.537452241352, + "y": 126.1100526438358 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "CIRCULATING THINGS, CIRCULATING STEREOTYPES", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1333.2625548367512, + "y": 98.2694464272094 + }, + { + "x": 1367.4805451391412, + "y": 98.2694464272094 + }, + { + "x": 1367.4805451391412, + "y": 122.6099439821602 + }, + { + "x": 1333.2625548367512, + "y": 122.6099439821602 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "83", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 159.87903508263588, + "y": 169.57883770738715 + }, + { + "x": 1357.480687240557, + "y": 169.57883770738715 + }, + { + "x": 1357.480687240557, + "y": 1009.8316097859284 + }, + { + "x": 159.87903508263588, + "y": 1009.8316097859284 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The Three Pigeons\nJ G High-Change in Bond Street. on la Politesse du Grande Monde. 417", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.625768564832, + "y": 1035.4694164157015 + }, + { + "x": 1340.447349959131, + "y": 1035.4694164157015 + }, + { + "x": 1340.447349959131, + "y": 1128.5381665100856 + }, + { + "x": 151.625768564832, + "y": 1128.5381665100856 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "FIGURE 4.10 James Gillray, High Change in Bond Street; ou la politesse du grande monde [graphic]. Etching on wove paper,\nhand-colored.\nPUBLISHED BY H. HUMPHREY, LONDON, 1796", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.6257685648319, + "y": 1214.5828599935726 + }, + { + "x": 748.6705804910681, + "y": 1214.5828599935726 + }, + { + "x": 748.6705804910681, + "y": 1850.2599832797416 + }, + { + "x": 151.6257685648319, + "y": 1850.2599832797416 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "meant to bewilder the viewer. Satins, silks, ivory,\ngigantic eggs, and \"artificial\" apples describe, in\nfact, the things of the trade: expensive and rare\nfabrics, on the one hand, strange collectibles and\nexotica, on the other. Lavish dresses and embel-\nlishments become insignia of wealth, power, and\nnonconformity, of a way of life outside the eco-\nnomic constraints of the Western civilization. In-\nterestingly, such projections were internalized by\neighteenth-century British subjects in the fashion-\nable \"Turquerie\" that allowed the wearers to dis-\nplay their wealth by wearing Oriental dress, tur-\nbans, ostrichplumes,longcapes, veils,andflattering\nshalvars (figs. 4.9 and 4.10). Anotherinfusion ofOri-\nentalismin the West, the tradition ofpainting Euro-\npean figures in Middle Eastern dress, becomes a\nform of cultural cross-dressing meant to suggest", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 775.3155555687679, + "y": 1214.5828599935726 + }, + { + "x": 1367.4805451391412, + "y": 1214.5828599935726 + }, + { + "x": 1367.4805451391412, + "y": 1476.8094692958375 + }, + { + "x": 775.3155555687679, + "y": 1476.8094692958375 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "misuse of power or excessive wealth (fig. 4.11).\nSuch cultural imports are difficult to be under-\nstood, to use Said's qualification, as expressions of\nthe Occident's cultural \"antipathy\"84 toward the\nOrient;rather, they reflect the West's attraction to a\nspace that connotes difference understood as ex-\ntraordinariness rather than inferiority.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 773.8643042028799, + "y": 1481.1632233935009 + }, + { + "x": 1367.4805451391412, + "y": 1481.1632233935009 + }, + { + "x": 1367.4805451391412, + "y": 1658.2158900318109 + }, + { + "x": 773.8643042028799, + "y": 1658.2158900318109 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Besides their connotations of magic, exoticism,\nand wealth, the things in the Arabian Nights are also\nrich bearers of cultural information: as Marina War-\nner correctly pointed out, \"stories are lodged in\ngoods\"85 and as such, they expand the reader's", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 775.3155555687679, + "y": 1716.4812496176714 + }, + { + "x": 1371.911798891002, + "y": 1716.4812496176714 + }, + { + "x": 1371.911798891002, + "y": 1850.2599832797412 + }, + { + "x": 775.3155555687679, + "y": 1850.2599832797412 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "84 Said, Orientalism, 260.\n85 Marina Warner, introduction to Stranger Magic:\nCharmed States and the Arabian Nights (London: Chat-\nto & Windus, 2011), 8.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000011.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 150.24479532676156, + "y": 96.66235662955216 + }, + { + "x": 187.69206510713408, + "y": 96.66235662955216 + }, + { + "x": 187.69206510713408, + "y": 126.30811187234706 + }, + { + "x": 150.24479532676156, + "y": 126.30811187234706 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "84", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1286.1453119980602, + "y": 99.7829624445832 + }, + { + "x": 1367.2810631888674, + "y": 99.7829624445832 + }, + { + "x": 1367.2810631888674, + "y": 124.74780896483152 + }, + { + "x": 1286.1453119980602, + "y": 124.74780896483152 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "BAIRD", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 159.60661277185466, + "y": 162.19507874520397 + }, + { + "x": 735.3583856450817, + "y": 162.19507874520397 + }, + { + "x": 735.3583856450817, + "y": 914.261080167685 + }, + { + "x": 159.60661277185466, + "y": 914.261080167685 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 150.24479532676156, + "y": 945.4671383179952 + }, + { + "x": 743.1599001826593, + "y": 945.4671383179952 + }, + { + "x": 743.1599001826593, + "y": 1035.9647069538955 + }, + { + "x": 150.24479532676156, + "y": 1035.9647069538955 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "FIGURE 4.11 A. Birrell, Sir Robert Shirley [graphic]. Engraving\non wove paper.\nPUBLISHED BY EDWARD HARDING, LONDON, 1799", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.8050982342771, + "y": 1064.0501592891749 + }, + { + "x": 746.2805059976903, + "y": 1064.0501592891749 + }, + { + "x": 746.2805059976903, + "y": 1702.214048463023 + }, + { + "x": 151.8050982342771, + "y": 1702.214048463023 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "knowledge about remote civilizations. There is an\nobvious cultural coincidence, for instanvce, between\ncarpet-making and storytelling among nomadic\npeoples, which these stories convey through their\nintricate plot development. They also tell fascinat-\ning stories about the the traffic in diamonds, gold,\nand spices between the Indies, China, Arabia, and\nWestern Europe that wait to be unveiled. Rather\nthan looking at the things of the Nights as colorful\ndetails in Sheherazade's tales or protagonists in the\nfantasticstories they make for themselves, we could\nexplore, instead, their role as as bearers of cultural\nknowledge unintentionally embedded in the fabric\nof the text. In such a reading, \"historically and theo-\nretically overdetermined material charactersitics\nof objects are sought out beyond the immediate\ncontext in which they appear\"86 in order to", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 768.4457966838777, + "y": 162.19507874520394 + }, + { + "x": 1367.2810631888674, + "y": 162.19507874520394 + }, + { + "x": 1367.2810631888674, + "y": 242.5581696484756 + }, + { + "x": 768.4457966838777, + "y": 242.5581696484756 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "defetishize them and expose the power structures\nin which they are involved.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 766.3054634774091, + "y": 242.5581696484756 + }, + { + "x": 1369.8794277015195, + "y": 242.5581696484756 + }, + { + "x": 1369.8794277015195, + "y": 1631.6344206465178 + }, + { + "x": 766.3054634774091, + "y": 1631.6344206465178 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Thus, as Makdisi and Nussbaum sum up in their\nintroduction to The Arabian Nights in Historical\nContext: Between East and West, \"the Nights offered\na particularly powerful vision of an Asiatic culture\nseemingly saturated with references to sensuality,\nextravagance, indulgence, violence, supernatural-\nism, and eroticism ... [and] added a supernatural\ndimension to the Enlightenment; the tales offered\nan avenue into modernity through its magical op-\nposite, an alternative to European identity, and an\nantidote to neoclassicism.\"87 However, reading\nsuch imports as an expression of European pow-\ners' disavowal of the East in order to \"justify their\nconquest and rule over other peoples, particularly\nin Asia,\"88 is an oversimplification of a rather com-\nplicated process of cultural exchange. None of\nthese descriptions of Arabia were caused by colo-\nnial \"distortions,\" as Said feared, but by false attri-\nbutions: \"Arabian\" was a misnomer that rarely de-\nscribed Arabia itself. While fictional narratives like\nArabian Nights' Entertainments represented Ara-\nbia as a land of magic and exorbitant riches, they\nwere too far-fetched to be part of a Westerner's\nbelief system during the Age of Reason; rather,\nthey were popularized because their wild fiction-\nality turned them into bestsellers at the time. Such\nstories competed with descriptions of the Arabi-\nan Peninsula by travelers and traders who had vis-\nited the area and had unmediated contact with the\nlocal culture. However, while the Orientalist litera-\nture described Arabia in terms that emphasized\nits exoticism, magic, superstitions, extravagance,\nwealth, eroticism, excess, and myriads of other pe-\nculiarities that contrasted it with the European\nnormativity, travel narratives created an \"Arabian\"\nidentity that was generally congruent with the\nreality of the place.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.84551119657283, + "y": 1753.1749785756012 + }, + { + "x": 746.2805059976903, + "y": 1753.1749785756012 + }, + { + "x": 746.2805059976903, + "y": 1883.2091857348228 + }, + { + "x": 153.84551119657283, + "y": 1883.2091857348228 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "86 Elaine Freedgood, \"Introduction: Reading Things,\" in\nThe Idea in Things: Fugitive Meaning in the Victorian\nNovel (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006),\n5-6.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 768.4457966838777, + "y": 1785.738411512248 + }, + { + "x": 1372.0197609079885, + "y": 1785.738411512248 + }, + { + "x": 1372.0197609079885, + "y": 1883.2091857348228 + }, + { + "x": 768.4457966838777, + "y": 1883.2091857348228 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "87 Makdisi and Nussbaum, introduction to The Arabian\nNights in Historical Context, 5·\n88 Ibid.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000012.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.52189184334094, + "y": 101.7320431665352 + }, + { + "x": 185.6900230309073, + "y": 101.7320431665352 + }, + { + "x": 185.6900230309073, + "y": 121.47185958532722 + }, + { + "x": 154.52189184334094, + "y": 121.47185958532722 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "96", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1213.1994145143442, + "y": 101.73204316653516 + }, + { + "x": 1365.923257333419, + "y": 101.73204316653516 + }, + { + "x": 1365.923257333419, + "y": 121.4718595853272 + }, + { + "x": 1213.1994145143442, + "y": 121.4718595853272 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "MACDONALD", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.6070615413198, + "y": 166.3142741266806 + }, + { + "x": 742.703633492734, + "y": 166.3142741266806 + }, + { + "x": 742.703633492734, + "y": 893.2275915910236 + }, + { + "x": 152.6070615413198, + "y": 893.2275915910236 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.52189184334094, + "y": 914.2923234128084 + }, + { + "x": 738.6416660726536, + "y": 914.2923234128084 + }, + { + "x": 738.6416660726536, + "y": 971.9861072860764 + }, + { + "x": 154.52189184334094, + "y": 971.9861072860764 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "FIGURE 5.1 Mr. Bologna Jun-r as Kalim Azack in Aladdin, or\nThe Wonderful Lamp.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.52189184334063, + "y": 1027.816562374272 + }, + { + "x": 742.7036334927341, + "y": 1027.816562374272 + }, + { + "x": 742.7036334927341, + "y": 1847.512439164611 + }, + { + "x": 154.52189184334063, + "y": 1847.512439164611 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "theatrical prints, which are informed by intercul-\nturation and illustrate the Orientalized look of the\ntale's theatrical life: one of John (\"Jack\") Peter Bo-\nlogna as Kalim Azack, the vizier's son betrothed to\nBadroulboudour, and one of the extraordinary\npantomime clown Joseph Grimaldi as Kazrac, the\nmagician's Chinese slave, who, disillusioned by the\nmagician's cruel plans concerning the lamp, be-\nfriends Aladdin (figs. 5.1 and 5.2). The creation of\nthis non-speaking role (Kazrac's tongue had been\nremoved by the \"Tartarian Hord\" from whom the\nmagician rescued him) added much to the play,\nbesides giving both the magician and Aladdin an\nally and a confidant. Interestingly, these two prints\nlikely represent a notable scene in the play, cer-\ntainly a favorite with children playing with a toy\ntheater. The prints show Kalim Azack and Kazrac\nfighting while Aladdin follows the princess to the\nroyal baths. The wealthy Kalim Azack is depicted\nwearing an elaborate ensemble: long embroidered\ntunic with fringe, short jacket with embroidery\nand tassels, full trousers tucked into boots, a sash,", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 773.1645534857657, + "y": 166.3142741266806 + }, + { + "x": 1325.6241252948523, + "y": 166.3142741266806 + }, + { + "x": 1325.6241252948523, + "y": 893.2275915910236 + }, + { + "x": 773.1645534857657, + "y": 893.2275915910236 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 773.164553485766, + "y": 914.2923234128086 + }, + { + "x": 1335.1673085367634, + "y": 914.2923234128086 + }, + { + "x": 1335.1673085367634, + "y": 971.9861072860764 + }, + { + "x": 773.164553485766, + "y": 971.9861072860764 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "FIGURE 5.2 Mr. Grimaldi as Kazrac (the Chinese slave) in\nAladdin, or The Wonderful Lamp.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 773.1645534857659, + "y": 1027.8165623742718 + }, + { + "x": 1365.9232573334195, + "y": 1027.8165623742718 + }, + { + "x": 1365.9232573334195, + "y": 1698.8927606929255 + }, + { + "x": 773.1645534857659, + "y": 1698.8927606929255 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "necklace, earrings, and brooches. With his fanciful\nhat and long moustache, he depicts a theatrical\nversion of \"a Tartar,\" or \"a Man from Crimea.\" An\nillustration with the same title was included in an\n1804 edition of The Costume of Turkey that aptly as-\nsociates Kalim Azack with the \"Tartarian Hord\"\nresponsible for Kazrac's disfigurement.41 Kazrac's\n\"Chinese\" costume resembles contemporary Qing\nDynasty (1636-1912) fashion with its changshan tu-\nnic, long, loose trousers, and a cap with upturned\nbrim, topped with a knob. Despite his role as a\npoor peasant, Kazrac's theatrical costume is em-\nbellished with embroidery and a gold trim, and the\ncharacter wears white stockings. Additionally,\nGrimaldi sports a braided pigtail and long mous-\ntache and brandishes two curved swords. Taken\ntogether, these two cultural images exemplify the\nOrientalized look that contributed to the fantasy", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 779.2122584414068, + "y": 1753.4854359672977 + }, + { + "x": 1365.92325733342, + "y": 1753.4854359672977 + }, + { + "x": 1365.92325733342, + "y": 1846.48167601341 + }, + { + "x": 779.2122584414068, + "y": 1846.48167601341 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "41 \"A Tartar. A Man from Crimea,\" in Octavien Dalvimart,\nThe Costume of Turkey, 1802 (London: Printed for Will-\niam Miller, 1804), n.p.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000013.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.43274542512228, + "y": 100.27340552832202 + }, + { + "x": 195.67333353219004, + "y": 100.27340552832202 + }, + { + "x": 195.67333353219004, + "y": 121.9088287051128 + }, + { + "x": 153.43274542512228, + "y": 121.9088287051128 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "150", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1083.9778220610126, + "y": 100.273405528322 + }, + { + "x": 1369.4540440031212, + "y": 100.273405528322 + }, + { + "x": 1369.4540440031212, + "y": 121.90882870511282 + }, + { + "x": 1083.9778220610126, + "y": 121.90882870511282 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "AL-OGAYYEL AND OSKAY", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.43274542512228, + "y": 158.18096975969678 + }, + { + "x": 743.5173756679172, + "y": 158.18096975969678 + }, + { + "x": 743.5173756679172, + "y": 1321.3485610977916 + }, + { + "x": 153.43274542512228, + "y": 1321.3485610977916 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.43274542512236, + "y": 1342.408053913111 + }, + { + "x": 717.1173521302009, + "y": 1342.408053913111 + }, + { + "x": 717.1173521302009, + "y": 1374.4512382474938 + }, + { + "x": 153.43274542512236, + "y": 1374.4512382474938 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "FIGURE 8.7A-C A gazelle horn used in al-Sadu weaving.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 147.21763042463732, + "y": 1437.9626947507832 + }, + { + "x": 712.5373476090347, + "y": 1437.9626947507832 + }, + { + "x": 712.5373476090347, + "y": 1471.657247430648 + }, + { + "x": 147.21763042463732, + "y": 1471.657247430648 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "4 Al-Sadu Symbols and Social Significance", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 150.96146961128903, + "y": 1510.9675588904902 + }, + { + "x": 749.9757394755511, + "y": 1510.9675588904902 + }, + { + "x": 749.9757394755511, + "y": 1846.0411660958116 + }, + { + "x": 150.96146961128903, + "y": 1846.0411660958116 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Perhaps the main reason for the uniqueness of\nal-Sadu weaving is that it was never mass-pro-\nduced for export in the same way other carpets\nwere. Although it was traded among tribes, due\nto the length of time it takes to produce a tent,\nand due to its particular function in the harsh\nclimate of the desert, it was not replicable in\nother geographies. Al-Sadu weaving could not\nbe commercialized in the same way that other", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 778.5317368173545, + "y": 153.934593453463 + }, + { + "x": 1364.1685214479091, + "y": 153.934593453463 + }, + { + "x": 1364.1685214479091, + "y": 486.2834687313026 + }, + { + "x": 778.5317368173545, + "y": 486.2834687313026 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 769.7471850478962, + "y": 506.780756193372 + }, + { + "x": 1299.748475138548, + "y": 506.780756193372 + }, + { + "x": 1299.748475138548, + "y": 568.2726185795804 + }, + { + "x": 769.7471850478962, + "y": 568.2726185795804 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "FIGURE 8.8 Symbol of stars in contemporary al-Sadu\nweaving by Leila Yaser.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 773.5427655953756, + "y": 609.3603688647913 + }, + { + "x": 1369.4540440031217, + "y": 609.3603688647913 + }, + { + "x": 1369.4540440031217, + "y": 986.987993232995 + }, + { + "x": 773.5427655953756, + "y": 986.987993232995 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "objects-such as kilims, clothes, bags, blankets,\nand tablecloths-were in other parts of the\nworld. Therefore, although the weaving practice\nand the symbols used may have changed, they\ndid not change as much as in other textiles, so\nexamining the symbols embedded in these weav-\nings may yield a wealth of information about the\nlife of local populations. In the absence of writ-\nten records, al-Sadu weavings become, thus, re-\ncords of memories embodied in a thing.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 769.7471850478962, + "y": 991.8397961712628 + }, + { + "x": 1369.4540440031212, + "y": 991.8397961712628 + }, + { + "x": 1369.4540440031212, + "y": 1363.028946910576 + }, + { + "x": 769.7471850478962, + "y": 1363.028946910576 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The natural environment of the nomadic tribe\ncan be seen in al-Sadu designs, which contain\nsymbols that reflect astronomical elements and\nthe desert environment.24 Quite frequently, al-\nSadu symbols indicate constellations and stars\n(fig. 8.8). 25 In the vast sky of the pre-electric desert,\nthe stars, the moon, and the sun had a great signifi-\ncance, being the main sources of orientation. It is\nimportant to note that, currently, the weavers in\nKuwait explain these symbols simply as \"stars,\"", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 773.5427655953753, + "y": 1418.6364409124546 + }, + { + "x": 1374.27109404893, + "y": 1418.6364409124546 + }, + { + "x": 1374.27109404893, + "y": 1848.093127456367 + }, + { + "x": 773.5427655953753, + "y": 1848.093127456367 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "24 For more details on the symbols that appear in al-Sadu\nweavings, see also Altaf Salem Al-Ali Al-Sabah, Ibjad:\nOrnate Tent Dividers and Weavings of the Kuwait Desert\n(Kuwait: Al Sadu Society, 2006); Khawla Mohamed Ab-\ndel and Aziez Al Manai, Al Sadu (Doha: National Mu-\nseum of Qatar, 2013); and Ali S. Alnajadah, \"The Picto-\ngraphic Codes in Al-Sadu Weavings of Kuwait,\"\nInternational Design Journal 8, no. 3 (2018): 63-74. In\nthis latter study, Alnajadah tracks changes in the mean-\nings of some al-Sadu symbols.\n25 Khawlah M. Manna, Al-Sadu in Qatar: Traditional Tech-\nnical Values and Techniques (Doha: Qatar Museums\nAuthority, Qatar National Museum, 2013), 99-100.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000014.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.7117469876793, + "y": 96.58137768235626 + }, + { + "x": 195.5549691823303, + "y": 96.58137768235626 + }, + { + "x": 195.5549691823303, + "y": 124.95052145536572 + }, + { + "x": 151.7117469876793, + "y": 124.95052145536572 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "158", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1082.735465356444, + "y": 100.44989728776666 + }, + { + "x": 1369.0059161568124, + "y": 100.44989728776666 + }, + { + "x": 1369.0059161568124, + "y": 123.66101492022894 + }, + { + "x": 1082.735465356444, + "y": 123.66101492022894 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "AL-OGAYYEL AND OSKAY", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.2907600579529, + "y": 152.03015869323838 + }, + { + "x": 1362.5583834811284, + "y": 152.03015869323838 + }, + { + "x": 1362.5583834811284, + "y": 651.0691877911776 + }, + { + "x": 154.2907600579529, + "y": 651.0691877911776 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.7117469876793, + "y": 672.990798888503 + }, + { + "x": 679.1199198586279, + "y": 672.990798888503 + }, + { + "x": 679.1199198586279, + "y": 698.7809295912389 + }, + { + "x": 151.7117469876793, + "y": 698.7809295912389 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "FIGURE 8.15 Typical black-and-white Bedouin tent.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.00125352281609, + "y": 765.8352694183523 + }, + { + "x": 744.8847531506043, + "y": 765.8352694183523 + }, + { + "x": 744.8847531506043, + "y": 1192.6619325486308 + }, + { + "x": 153.00125352281609, + "y": 1192.6619325486308 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.00125352281609, + "y": 1212.0045305756826 + }, + { + "x": 635.2766976639768, + "y": 1212.0045305756826 + }, + { + "x": 635.2766976639768, + "y": 1237.7946612784183 + }, + { + "x": 153.00125352281609, + "y": 1237.7946612784183 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "FIGURE 8.16 Typical three-poled Bedouin tent", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 150.4222404525425, + "y": 1286.7959096136165 + }, + { + "x": 747.4637662208779, + "y": 1286.7959096136165 + }, + { + "x": 747.4637662208779, + "y": 1436.3786676894847 + }, + { + "x": 150.4222404525425, + "y": 1436.3786676894847 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "black and white, with a little red-dyed wool for\ndecoration. This wool comes from sheep and cam-\nels, whose wool is known for its softness and, when\nleft undyed, for its beautiful natural colors.49", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.7117469876793, + "y": 1441.5366938300317 + }, + { + "x": 746.1742596857412, + "y": 1441.5366938300317 + }, + { + "x": 746.1742596857412, + "y": 1699.4380008573903 + }, + { + "x": 151.7117469876793, + "y": 1699.4380008573903 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 8.16 indicates the complex nature of the\ninterior of a Bedouin tent. The inside area is divid-\ned into many parts, each of them with its specific\nuse. It is important to note that a \"well-to-do\" Bed-\nouin tent like the one shown in figure 8.16 indi-\ncates the higher status of the family living in it\nthan that of a family living in the humbler,", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 771.3050595613599, + "y": 763.1524753907786 + }, + { + "x": 1369.0059161568124, + "y": 763.1524753907786 + }, + { + "x": 1369.0059161568124, + "y": 1136.9698459733472 + }, + { + "x": 771.3050595613599, + "y": 1136.9698459733472 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "three-poled tent in figure 8.15. These images also\nshow that different areas are used by men and by\n50 For example, the tent contains a space\nwomen.\nwhich is allocated to female weavers, like a studio\nwhere they perform their craft and practice their\nskills. 51 Thus, in the Bedouin society, the tent is a\nnot only a signifier of social relationships and fam-\nily status but also of gender roles. It is, therefore,\nan extremely important space because here wom-\nen make items that support their family or tribe.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 771.3050595613599, + "y": 1140.7457790095343 + }, + { + "x": 1369.0059161568124, + "y": 1140.7457790095343 + }, + { + "x": 1369.0059161568124, + "y": 1478.6917857483213 + }, + { + "x": 771.3050595613599, + "y": 1478.6917857483213 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "While the function of the textile is to create and\ndemarcate the Bedouin space, the way the space is\nconstructed influences the way the nomads live\nand the way the family or the tribe is perceived\nby the outside world. The textile is, therefore,\nstructuring the formation of a private and a public\nidentity by delineating the space: the outside, non-\npatterned textiles are public, while the inside,\npatterned textiles are private.52 We can infer,", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.7117469876793, + "y": 1818.0726020899756 + }, + { + "x": 546.3007467395381, + "y": 1818.0726020899756 + }, + { + "x": 546.3007467395381, + "y": 1849.0207589332583 + }, + { + "x": 151.7117469876793, + "y": 1849.0207589332583 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "49 For details, see Al-Sabah, Ibjad, 17.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 773.1930260794538, + "y": 1544.7706138816034 + }, + { + "x": 1369.0059161568124, + "y": 1544.7706138816034 + }, + { + "x": 1369.0059161568124, + "y": 1852.5091563308897 + }, + { + "x": 773.1930260794538, + "y": 1852.5091563308897 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "50 See also Dickson, The Arab of the Desert, 66-67; and\nCanavan, \"Applications of Textile Products,\" 541. Here,\nCanavan explains that dividers were parts of women's\npossessions, accompanying them into marriage, as well\nas \"testimony of a tribe's wealth and prestige.\"\n51 Refah Al Raheel, interviewed by Rana Al-Ogayyel, Ri-\nyadh, 2017.\n52 While the outside of the traditional tents is black and\nwithout much pattern except for stripes, the inside of", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000015.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.9198128969057, + "y": 100.28334821297656 + }, + { + "x": 438.3940704234278, + "y": 100.28334821297656 + }, + { + "x": 438.3940704234278, + "y": 127.7088227351752 + }, + { + "x": 152.9198128969057, + "y": 127.7088227351752 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "FROM CRADLE TO GRAVE", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1318.4977354292862, + "y": 97.96823626520109 + }, + { + "x": 1366.0342800371084, + "y": 97.96823626520109 + }, + { + "x": 1366.0342800371084, + "y": 124.94843725882968 + }, + { + "x": 1318.4977354292862, + "y": 124.94843725882968 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "207", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 159.95751425999873, + "y": 153.0496471765819 + }, + { + "x": 1355.2889219478795, + "y": 153.0496471765819 + }, + { + "x": 1355.2889219478795, + "y": 1353.753330854071 + }, + { + "x": 159.95751425999873, + "y": 1353.753330854071 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.91981289690577, + "y": 1373.1755474368902 + }, + { + "x": 1355.2889219478795, + "y": 1373.1755474368902 + }, + { + "x": 1355.2889219478795, + "y": 1498.266574260888 + }, + { + "x": 152.91981289690577, + "y": 1498.266574260888 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "FIGURE 11.12 A Bahraini bride in traditional green thobe. She wears a circular gold plate (hama or taasa) on her head, with\nthe chains of discs talaat suspended from the rim. Sweet basil (mishmun), jasmine, and rosebuds adorn her\nhair. Around her wrists she wears gold bangles, including the shmelat, studded with turquoise and pink glass.\nShe wears a murta'asha choker and a long murtahish necklace ending in a crescent element.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 148.80400360731812, + "y": 1551.0735961631178 + }, + { + "x": 747.6480989630962, + "y": 1551.0735961631178 + }, + { + "x": 747.6480989630962, + "y": 1773.151329734954 + }, + { + "x": 148.80400360731812, + "y": 1773.151329734954 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "central element. As seen in figure 11.11, a seytemi\nmay be added to this; it can be identified by the\nrow of gold coins running up the chain and \"it is\namong the most sought after pieces of jewellery by\nwomen in the U.A.E.\"72 All these pieces may vary in\nsize and weight. At her waist, the bride will wear a", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 773.6847987611736, + "y": 1552.6051667394756 + }, + { + "x": 1367.9341823878792, + "y": 1552.6051667394756 + }, + { + "x": 1367.9341823878792, + "y": 1845.1351468237565 + }, + { + "x": 773.6847987611736, + "y": 1845.1351468237565 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "gold belt (hizam), which is usually composed of\narticulated square or round elements with smaller\ndangling bells or tassels. On her hands, she will of-\nten have rings on each finger, especially the shahi-\nda ring, worn on both forefingers, and the marami\non the middle finger. The back of her hand may\nbe covered in the kaf or chef ornament, which runs\nfrom rings and is anchored to a bracelet. She also", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.91981289690574, + "y": 1820.1983161736352 + }, + { + "x": 697.2685122207973, + "y": 1820.1983161736352 + }, + { + "x": 697.2685122207973, + "y": 1845.1351468237567 + }, + { + "x": 152.91981289690574, + "y": 1845.1351468237567 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "72 Gubash and Lootah, Traditional Emirati Jewels, 62.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000016.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 416.74604607779514, + "y": 262.59521759049164 + }, + { + "x": 808.5719386555304, + "y": 262.59521759049164 + }, + { + "x": 808.5719386555304, + "y": 312.74213225879186 + }, + { + "x": 416.74604607779514, + "y": 312.74213225879186 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Table of contents", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 145.36843225974633, + "y": 379.6635696709329 + }, + { + "x": 1076.7203269114823, + "y": 379.6635696709329 + }, + { + "x": 1076.7203269114823, + "y": 1624.1330307041933 + }, + { + "x": 145.36843225974633, + "y": 1624.1330307041933 + } + ], + "category": "Index", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Introduction 7\n1. Changing Practices, Shifting Sites 7\n2. Core and Periphery of Play 12\nPart I: New Children, Different Toys 21\n3. The Child as Consumer 26\n4. Domesticating Play 30\n5. The Child in the City 35\n6. Toys as Containers, Mediators and Promoters 39\nPart II: From Solitary to Networked Geographies of Play 45\n7. LEGO Toys: from Wooden Blocks to Plastic Bricks 50\n8. Brand Extension & Product Differentiation 58\n9. Bringing the Fans into the Company 62\n10. Many-to-Many Geographies of Play 66\nPart III: Commercial Geographies of Play 71\n11. Toy Towns and Simulated Cities 73\n12. A 21st-century Dollhouse: The Sims 83\n13. Unwanted Play Practices in The Sims Online 94\n14. Commodified Geographies of Play 103\nPart IV: Serious Geographies of Play 107\n15. Participation Tools 111\n16. Participation Processes 119\n17. Purposeful Play 122\n18. Serious Geographies of Play 124\nConclusion 127\n19. Changing Geographies of Play 127\n20. Making Do 132\nNotes 137\nBibliography 139\nIndex 153", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1058.0918890976834, + "y": 1746.0679219373608 + }, + { + "x": 1072.9056752969093, + "y": 1746.0679219373608 + }, + { + "x": 1072.9056752969093, + "y": 1769.9379181195932 + }, + { + "x": 1058.0918890976834, + "y": 1769.9379181195932 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "5", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000017.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.17873511373506, + "y": 164.70530998354994 + }, + { + "x": 1067.3778475325512, + "y": 164.70530998354994 + }, + { + "x": 1067.3778475325512, + "y": 853.0647207178758 + }, + { + "x": 153.17873511373506, + "y": 853.0647207178758 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 148.35874787117427, + "y": 882.3735496931859 + }, + { + "x": 352.87310551938504, + "y": 882.3735496931859 + }, + { + "x": 352.87310551938504, + "y": 907.7396715720334 + }, + { + "x": 148.35874787117427, + "y": 907.7396715720334 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "16 Face Your World", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 156.74466086174496, + "y": 912.4958194243176 + }, + { + "x": 1079.7859660184884, + "y": 912.4958194243176 + }, + { + "x": 1079.7859660184884, + "y": 1125.3985559085845 + }, + { + "x": 156.74466086174496, + "y": 1125.3985559085845 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "A girl at work with the Interactor during the Face Your World participation process (image\ncourtesy of Van Heeswijk). On top of the workstation we see the drawing the girl made in an\nearlier stage of the process. The drawing depicts a large tree with a little house inside the tree\nand a rope ladder leading up to the little house. On the screen we see the girl working on a new\nobject for the library. She is digitally redrawing her design for a tree house. Once this drawing\nis finished, she can save it to the library of the Interactor and use it when designing the park.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.61665361087418, + "y": 1214.535387828133 + }, + { + "x": 1077.674433621071, + "y": 1214.535387828133 + }, + { + "x": 1077.674433621071, + "y": 1676.0560404065052 + }, + { + "x": 151.61665361087418, + "y": 1676.0560404065052 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "ticipating in Face Your World Slotervaart made a total of 1216 sketches in this phase\nof the planning project and Kaspori considered this the most creative part of the\nprocess (interview with Kaspori, 2007). In the third phase of the game, children\nwould discuss each other's sketches, vote for the best sketch and write down why\nthey had voted for that particular sketch. In the final stage, children entered the\nmulti-player mode and had to start designing the park together. This final design-\ning phase was directed at cooperation between the children: they had to agree on\nhow to design the park and work together in order to be able to realize their ideas\n(interview with Heeswijk, 2007). To realize their ideas, players thus needed to\ncommunicate and cooperate. The discussion option of the game was facilitated\nthrough a chat function. This chat function was one of the few aspects of the\ngame that did not work as it had been intended and projected by the designers.\nChildren working with the Interactor did not use the chat function for communi-", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.6166536108741, + "y": 1745.0825489332192 + }, + { + "x": 573.004139440651, + "y": 1745.0825489332192 + }, + { + "x": 573.004139440651, + "y": 1766.612609870715 + }, + { + "x": 151.6166536108741, + "y": 1766.612609870715 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "PART IV: SERIOUS GEOGRAPHIES OF PLAY", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1036.8509938269867, + "y": 1744.1085922835894 + }, + { + "x": 1073.374368188115, + "y": 1744.1085922835894 + }, + { + "x": 1073.374368188115, + "y": 1770.3305020813232 + }, + { + "x": 1036.8509938269867, + "y": 1770.3305020813232 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "115", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000018.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 463.69760685285286, + "y": 387.8044392483162 + }, + { + "x": 710.8274057377511, + "y": 387.8044392483162 + }, + { + "x": 710.8274057377511, + "y": 438.2521242920035 + }, + { + "x": 463.69760685285286, + "y": 438.2521242920035 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Contents", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 148.54901310624143, + "y": 563.979003358099 + }, + { + "x": 1024.2038748931614, + "y": 563.979003358099 + }, + { + "x": 1024.2038748931614, + "y": 1650.1008578130263 + }, + { + "x": 148.54901310624143, + "y": 1650.1008578130263 + } + ], + "category": "Index", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Author's Note to the 2021 Edition ................................. ix\nForeword to the 2021 Edition .................................... xi\nForeword and Acknowledgements ................................. xv\n1. A Fountain in the Square ....................................\n1\n2. The Lost Homeland ......................................... 5\n3. Steinkirche .............................................. 13\n4. A Jewel in the Austrian Crown ............................... 19\n5. Meeting the Relatives ...................................... 37\n6. For the Love of Iran. ....................................... 41\n7. To the Bottom of the World 53\n................................\n8. Das Lager ............................................... 65\n9. His Majesty's Guests ....................................... 79\n10. The Imaginary Homeland .................................. 91\n11. Shadows and Flames ....................................... 119\n12. After the War ............................................ 123\n13. Stranded in Exile ....................................... 127\n14. Swimming for the Eucharist ................................ 139\n15. Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam. .................................. 155\n16. Mirror Without Identity ................................... 173\n17. The Wreck ofthe Deutschland ................................ 191\n18. Intelligence Testing ....................................... 209\n19. A Banquet of Life ........................................ 223\n20. Marriage in Rome ........................................ 249\n21. Integration ............................................ 257", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000019.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 294.9682080789578, + "y": 375.38404907975456 + }, + { + "x": 878.3964289378534, + "y": 375.38404907975456 + }, + { + "x": 878.3964289378534, + "y": 522.3717791411043 + }, + { + "x": 294.9682080789578, + "y": 522.3717791411043 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Author's Note to the\n2021 Edition", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 145.68514861446556, + "y": 630.1129442782537 + }, + { + "x": 1025.7596347934991, + "y": 630.1129442782537 + }, + { + "x": 1025.7596347934991, + "y": 820.3993196683152 + }, + { + "x": 145.68514861446556, + "y": 820.3993196683152 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "This book is a minimally amended, reprinted version of Sing me that\nlovely song again (Pandanus Press, 2006). The title was chosen by Ian\nTempleman, the publisher, because he was more interested in its literary\nmerits than in academic history. For that reason, many of my dates were\nremoved from the original manuscript during editing.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 149.08311960357378, + "y": 839.0881601084105 + }, + { + "x": 1025.7596347934991, + "y": 839.0881601084105 + }, + { + "x": 1025.7596347934991, + "y": 1212.8649689103167 + }, + { + "x": 149.08311960357378, + "y": 1212.8649689103167 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "My original intention was to get my parents and the elder of my two\nbrothers to write their own memories of how they experienced their\ninternment in Persia and five years behind barbed wire in Australia\nduring World War II, focusing on individual memory by gender and age.\nIt seemed a remarkable opportunity to make this anecdotal and analytical\ncontribution to social science: they had each lived in the same space with\nthe same people for the same period. It was to be an experiment made in\nheaven, that is, within an impeccable laboratory. But my parents had been\ntoo distressed by their loss of freedom and the congested and pressured\natmosphere of life in camp to collaborate.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 149.08311960357378, + "y": 1229.9280575521752 + }, + { + "x": 1017.685717128299, + "y": 1229.9280575521752 + }, + { + "x": 1017.685717128299, + "y": 1381.573043842956 + }, + { + "x": 149.08311960357378, + "y": 1381.573043842956 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Because I wanted to keep the focus on my own memories, and the tone\nof voice my own, I wrote my own book with only minimal research in\nvarious archives in Australia and abroad. I did some research as a check on\nsome important facts.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 149.08311960357378, + "y": 1401.2307272510202 + }, + { + "x": 1020.4939576151654, + "y": 1401.2307272510202 + }, + { + "x": 1020.4939576151654, + "y": 1703.1165795891488 + }, + { + "x": 149.08311960357378, + "y": 1703.1165795891488 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Asked to speak about my at an academic conference at the\nbook\nUniversity of Queensland in 2006, I did some further research to validate\nmy contribution. My speech was then published in National Socialism in\nOceania (edited by Emily Turner-Graham and Christine Winter, Peter\nLang, 2010) with the title I had originally suggested to Pandanus Press,\n'At Home in Exile: Ambiguities of wartime patriotism'. When in 2015\nI was asked by Japanese scholars to speak at Cowra, NSW, at a conference\non internment, I suggested that my younger brother, Peter, also be invited", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1069.6381661353262, + "y": 1710.1371808063147 + }, + { + "x": 1099.1246912474226, + "y": 1710.1371808063147 + }, + { + "x": 1099.1246912474226, + "y": 1739.623705918411 + }, + { + "x": 1069.6381661353262, + "y": 1739.623705918411 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "ix", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000020.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 184.4141006391286, + "y": 156.95777902362727 + }, + { + "x": 342.79335622033295, + "y": 156.95777902362727 + }, + { + "x": 342.79335622033295, + "y": 179.58338696379928 + }, + { + "x": 184.4141006391286, + "y": 179.58338696379928 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "At Home in Exile", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 186.6766614331458, + "y": 218.0469204620918 + }, + { + "x": 1052.106165144727, + "y": 218.0469204620918 + }, + { + "x": 1052.106165144727, + "y": 363.9820916762015 + }, + { + "x": 186.6766614331458, + "y": 363.9820916762015 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "my allocated 20 minutes because he had a different\nto speak, using half\nmemory of our internment. As a young boy he had a wonderful time in\ncamp, getting up to mischief, playing games, feeling adventurous. Girls\nare more vulnerable. Puberty can be a greater problem for them.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 186.6766614331458, + "y": 386.6076996163737 + }, + { + "x": 1052.106165144727, + "y": 386.6076996163737 + }, + { + "x": 1052.106165144727, + "y": 828.9383348467372 + }, + { + "x": 186.6766614331458, + "y": 828.9383348467372 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Another interesting matter associated with this book is that the Iranian-\nborn anthropologist Dr Pedram Khosronejad contacted me in 2019 after\nreading my book in the house of a friend. Pandanus Press having ceased\nto exist, Pedram took considerable trouble to locate and invite me to join\nparents had also been\na small group for a project he was devising. Their\ninterned from Persia during the period covered by my book. The group is\nnow aged between 64 and 85 years of age - the 'children of internees from\nPersia'. The group works collectively and individually in association with\nDr Khosronejad's experiment of a reciprocal anthropology of the aged.\nOutcomes of their work will include a publication as well as documentary\nfilm. This book remains one of several unique contributions within the\ndevelopment of the project.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 186.67666143314565, + "y": 850.4326623899005 + }, + { + "x": 1052.1061651447264, + "y": 850.4326623899005 + }, + { + "x": 1052.1061651447264, + "y": 961.2981412967436 + }, + { + "x": 186.67666143314565, + "y": 961.2981412967436 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "With the literary title used in its initial hard this book has not been\ncopy,\npart of bibliographies on civilian or refugee internment in Australia,\nalthough it is unusual as an account of a female's personal experiences.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 108.44400851887367, + "y": 1720.987039125721 + }, + { + "x": 120.33921485150572, + "y": 1720.987039125721 + }, + { + "x": 120.33921485150572, + "y": 1733.675259213862 + }, + { + "x": 108.44400851887367, + "y": 1733.675259213862 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "x", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000021.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 558.8617867455437, + "y": 387.1548702074024 + }, + { + "x": 607.2259284637968, + "y": 387.1548702074024 + }, + { + "x": 607.2259284637968, + "y": 455.8007487752455 + }, + { + "x": 558.8617867455437, + "y": 455.8007487752455 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "2", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 302.9998757199462, + "y": 502.6047568896841 + }, + { + "x": 866.2081066970235, + "y": 502.6047568896841 + }, + { + "x": 866.2081066970235, + "y": 569.6905018537127 + }, + { + "x": 302.9998757199462, + "y": 569.6905018537127 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The Lost Homeland", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 148.54664894229904, + "y": 680.4599877245505 + }, + { + "x": 1023.7816006823, + "y": 680.4599877245505 + }, + { + "x": 1023.7816006823, + "y": 1092.3352591316095 + }, + { + "x": 148.54664894229904, + "y": 1092.3352591316095 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Since the death of mother, Elfriede, ten years ago, I have been haunted\nmy\nby the desire to visit the homeland, the Heimat, that she never saw again\nafter her fifty years in Australia. In more ways than one, Germany had\nbecome her lost homeland, the spiritual place of her ancestors from\nwhich she was exiled. I sensed the pain she felt over the tangible loss\nof connection to her own past. For me to be able to go so far away and\npay tribute to her German home in what is now Poland, to savour the\nenvironment of her childhood, at first seemed impossible. I nevertheless\nhoped for the opportunity to do so, although I expected to find all the\nnames of the places changed, and that people spoke a language I did not\nunderstand. It would be confronting to go there, I thought.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 145.42638173466975, + "y": 1111.0568623773852 + }, + { + "x": 1022.2214670784854, + "y": 1111.0568623773852 + }, + { + "x": 1022.2214670784854, + "y": 1446.4855871975285 + }, + { + "x": 145.42638173466975, + "y": 1446.4855871975285 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "When in 1997 I visited Vienna, my father's Austrian birth city, and after\nthat my German cousins in Germany, I was not regarded as a stranger.\nDespite being an almost lifelong Australian, I spoke their language and\nsomehow belonged. I was accepted by people as someone who had come\nhome to reclaim my heritage. I could merge with crowds unobtrusively,\nlike a 'local'. The only subtle tremors of feeling generated by what people\nare used to were shown up in my too-German ways for the Austrians,\nand my too-Austrian ways for the Germans. The Austrians reacted more\nfirmly. This suggests that my mother's influence on me was strongest.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 148.546648942299, + "y": 1458.9666560280452 + }, + { + "x": 1020.6613334746708, + "y": 1458.9666560280452 + }, + { + "x": 1020.6613334746708, + "y": 1621.2205508247653 + }, + { + "x": 148.546648942299, + "y": 1621.2205508247653 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "I was born in Turkey, north of Ankara, in 1935, and when I also went\nthere on my trip home, I was treated to a special welcome by each Turk\nwho found this out, from my passport or my conversation. My birth\nin Turkey entitled me to Turkish citizenship. Naturally I was delighted,", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1076.8261432119969, + "y": 1711.7082998460132 + }, + { + "x": 1100.2281472692162, + "y": 1711.7082998460132 + }, + { + "x": 1100.2281472692162, + "y": 1738.230571110862 + }, + { + "x": 1076.8261432119969, + "y": 1738.230571110862 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "5", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000022.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 183.10692511127365, + "y": 156.9199031669287 + }, + { + "x": 347.9867173237848, + "y": 156.9199031669287 + }, + { + "x": 347.9867173237848, + "y": 180.70064242834852 + }, + { + "x": 183.10692511127365, + "y": 180.70064242834852 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "At Home in Exile", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 178.3507772589897, + "y": 213.99367739433637 + }, + { + "x": 1055.0673646966688, + "y": 213.99367739433637 + }, + { + "x": 1055.0673646966688, + "y": 580.2170620202023 + }, + { + "x": 178.3507772589897, + "y": 580.2170620202023 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "home in Canberra, Australia,\nTo prepare myself for the journey from my\nI visited the National Library's vast collection of maps. But I could not\nfind Steinkirche, even in old German records of Silesia. The Polish-\nGerman Gazeteer, which has a remarkable list of old German place-names\nin relation to their Polish replacements, and vice versa, gave the names\nfor many places, including Marzdorf where my mother had worked as\na young woman, on an estate near the Oder River. But there was nothing\nfor Steinkirche. The people assembling the directory must have thought it\nsimply the description of a stone church, as the name suggests, rather than\nthe actual name for the place where the church stood.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 184.69230772870168, + "y": 605.5831838990501 + }, + { + "x": 1051.896599461813, + "y": 605.5831838990501 + }, + { + "x": 1051.896599461813, + "y": 898.8789681232286 + }, + { + "x": 184.69230772870168, + "y": 898.8789681232286 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Obviously it was not an important village. No one in our extended family\ncould give me the Polish names for rural Steinkirche or of Neumarkt Platz\nin the Silesian metropolis. Had Steinkirche been north, east, west or south\nof Breslau? In mind's eye I assumed it to be east-towards Posen-\nmy\nmistakenly, SO I was to discover. In answer to one of my many questions,\nI recalled that my mother had once told me that it had taken her about an\nhour by train to travel to the school she attended briefly in Breslau. It was\nan important clue.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 183.10692511127365, + "y": 922.6597073846484 + }, + { + "x": 1048.7258342269563, + "y": 922.6597073846484 + }, + { + "x": 1048.7258342269563, + "y": 1211.1993437565427 + }, + { + "x": 183.10692511127365, + "y": 1211.1993437565427 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "I then rang my cousin, Peter Erlanger, but neither he nor his older sister\ncould help me. Peter advised me to try to find Steinkirche using my\ncomputer's Internet search engine. It was enlightened advice, and was to\nprovide me with a key clue. The website yielded a huge list of entries,\nmostly concerning stone churches in present-day Germany. But there was\nalso a reference to a 1928 visit by a church official inspecting a number of\ncommunities overseen by the Lutheran Church at Strehlen. I had often\nheard my mother and her sister refer to acquaintances in Strehlen.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 183.10692511127365, + "y": 1236.5654656353904 + }, + { + "x": 1058.2381299315246, + "y": 1236.5654656353904 + }, + { + "x": 1058.2381299315246, + "y": 1570.991053929843 + }, + { + "x": 183.10692511127365, + "y": 1570.991053929843 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The article about Steinkirche described it as having a 1264 Polish Catholic\nfoundation, on a site where sacrifices had taken place. This\npagan\nseemed to have the ring of truth. The description offered a brief history\nof the church and illustrations of it in various stages of alteration.\ngave\nBy the seventeenth century, the place had become Lutheran and in the\nfollowing 200 years the community's religious confidence expressed itself\narchitecturally, through continual improvements. A church tower with\nbaroque spire was raised and the interior refurbished with an upper-storey\nbalcony with pews on three sides.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 110.35129408016024, + "y": 1716.5352351690613 + }, + { + "x": 120.74226577872923, + "y": 1716.5352351690613 + }, + { + "x": 120.74226577872923, + "y": 1733.038543160906 + }, + { + "x": 110.35129408016024, + "y": 1733.038543160906 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "8", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000023.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 813.9304507811682, + "y": 155.6861664760255 + }, + { + "x": 1023.712565589519, + "y": 155.6861664760255 + }, + { + "x": 1023.712565589519, + "y": 184.06845259715536 + }, + { + "x": 813.9304507811682, + "y": 184.06845259715536 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "2. The Lost Homeland", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 150.86675928355797, + "y": 214.60264288033855 + }, + { + "x": 1019.9203541378936, + "y": 214.60264288033855 + }, + { + "x": 1019.9203541378936, + "y": 543.8538422316559 + }, + { + "x": 150.86675928355797, + "y": 543.8538422316559 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "This description told me that Steinkirche was somewhere in the vicinity\nof Strehlen. Then, according to Elfriede's stories about walking her\nanimals, ducks, geese and a goat to the railway station to meet visitors,\na station once existed near the village. I wondered whether it had survived\nthe bombing. I have seen films of the utter devastation along the Oder\nRiver in early May 1945, just before the War in Europe ended. Did the\nrailway still Steinkirche? My mother's father had been a railway line\npass\npointsman, a signal attendant. From a station close to home he would\nhave undertaken the long journeys his work demanded.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.10604511211568, + "y": 570.7026524791881 + }, + { + "x": 1018.5072588617074, + "y": 570.7026524791881 + }, + { + "x": 1018.5072588617074, + "y": 786.9062297356325 + }, + { + "x": 155.10604511211568, + "y": 786.9062297356325 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "I went back to the old German maps in the National Library and located\nSteinkirche on one of several contiguous contour maps perhaps designed\nfor military purposes. They covered Lower Silesia in 1938 in·remarkable\ndetail, although such detail also helped obscure the printed names\nof villages, which were lost in the depictions of miniature hills, rivers,\nquarries, castles, lakes and even houses.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 150.86675928355794, + "y": 813.7550399831648 + }, + { + "x": 1023.7125655895188, + "y": 813.7550399831648 + }, + { + "x": 1023.7125655895188, + "y": 1109.0919527060205 + }, + { + "x": 150.86675928355794, + "y": 1109.0919527060205 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Eventually I did locate the village through this superb map. Steinkirche\nwas off the main road near the second railway station south of Strehlen,\nprobably on a hill, something my mother had never mentioned. If one\npassed it, one could also locate it as station number two of the seven\nbetween Strehlen and Milnsterberg, on the railway running south of\nBreslau towards the Carpathian Mountains. Then I noted the Polish\nnames for the two townships south of Wroclaw (Breslau). In the German-\nto-Polish Gazeteer they are given as Strzelin and Ziebice.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.69294983592977, + "y": 1131.7014771249949 + }, + { + "x": 1023.7125655895188, + "y": 1131.7014771249949 + }, + { + "x": 1023.7125655895188, + "y": 1349.318149657625 + }, + { + "x": 153.69294983592977, + "y": 1349.318149657625 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "My intention was to take a train or a car to the new Polish ex-Steinkirche,\nvisit it discreetly, and search the old cemetery for family connections.\nI wanted to photograph my two-year-old granddaughter beside my own\ngrandfather Friedrich's grave. I wanted to look for other evidence of family\nhistory, and just savour the atmosphere of the place. I also wanted to see\nwhat had happened to Neumarkt Platz.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.69294983592977, + "y": 1374.7538646289718 + }, + { + "x": 1021.3334494140792, + "y": 1374.7538646289718 + }, + { + "x": 1021.3334494140792, + "y": 1557.0431552569544 + }, + { + "x": 153.69294983592977, + "y": 1557.0431552569544 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "It was difficult to achieve anything in a hurry. In London, my daughter,\ngranddaughter and I visited the office of the Polish Consulate. Tourist\nbrochures were generously given to us, but none of the authoritative road\nofPoland showed the villages between Strzelin and Ziebice. Did our\nmaps\nvillage still exist? And by what name?", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.69294983592977, + "y": 1581.081328004877 + }, + { + "x": 1018.5072588617074, + "y": 1581.081328004877 + }, + { + "x": 1018.5072588617074, + "y": 1692.7003017708016 + }, + { + "x": 153.69294983592977, + "y": 1692.7003017708016 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "After flying to Berlin, we set out in a hire car for Wroclaw on 13 September\n2003. Beside the Hitler-era Autobahn, there are still extensive forests,\nbetween flat farmlands. It was raining when we entered Poland.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1080.031402785184, + "y": 1715.5674218365443 + }, + { + "x": 1098.3774779992332, + "y": 1715.5674218365443 + }, + { + "x": 1098.3774779992332, + "y": 1735.5088079387715 + }, + { + "x": 1080.031402785184, + "y": 1735.5088079387715 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "9", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000024.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 182.77767523830312, + "y": 157.00851617363838 + }, + { + "x": 343.1279960511054, + "y": 157.00851617363838 + }, + { + "x": 343.1279960511054, + "y": 183.3819242020598 + }, + { + "x": 182.77767523830312, + "y": 183.3819242020598 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "At Home in Exile", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 182.77767523830303, + "y": 214.05064832297472 + }, + { + "x": 1054.482121227905, + "y": 214.05064832297472 + }, + { + "x": 1054.482121227905, + "y": 509.9023219842789 + }, + { + "x": 182.77767523830303, + "y": 509.9023219842789 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "We received the clear impression from grim customs officials and money-\nchangers at the border that we had entered a part of the world still not\nentirely recovered from post-War economic depression. Roadside stands\nsold plaster garden statues, especially gnomes, and other wares were also\nfor sale, judging by the surreptitious lifting of skirts to reveal totally bare\nflesh, from women sheltering under their umbrellas. I wondered where\nthey would take their truck driver customers in a place where there seemed\nto be only road and forest.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 184.61388508244028, + "y": 534.0206649457982 + }, + { + "x": 1052.874231697137, + "y": 534.0206649457982 + }, + { + "x": 1052.874231697137, + "y": 752.6936411302403 + }, + { + "x": 184.61388508244028, + "y": 752.6936411302403 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Anthea's navigation skills took us promptly to the clean and pleasant\nTumski Hotel on the Sand Island near the oldest part of Wroclaw. I was\nimmensely moved when I found that my room overlooked a canal of the\nOder. This was a place of which mother had often spoken. Maria on the\nSand (die Sandkirche) is still there, one of the large old Gothic red-brick\nchurches that escaped bombing.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 182.777675238303, + "y": 776.8119840917595 + }, + { + "x": 1054.482121227905, + "y": 776.8119840917595 + }, + { + "x": 1054.482121227905, + "y": 995.4849602762016 + }, + { + "x": 182.777675238303, + "y": 995.4849602762016 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "That Saturday afternoon, too late for lunch, we sampled Polish beer and\nvodka. We explored the famous Rynek, the central seventeenth-century\nmarket square with its famed Gothic town hall where American soldiers\nhad stolen the gold from the astrological clock. The bombed-out buildings\nhad been restored, but they were too garishly painted to revive a sense\nof their history. The adjoining salt now mostly sells flowers.\nsquare", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 179.79021649013643, + "y": 1016.3875241761856 + }, + { + "x": 1054.482121227905, + "y": 1016.3875241761856 + }, + { + "x": 1054.482121227905, + "y": 1172.3528086606775 + }, + { + "x": 179.79021649013643, + "y": 1172.3528086606775 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "We wondered at how few smiling faces there were, and were puzzled\nby how little German or English anyone spoke. Why was there so little\ntourism? Only a pair of elegant teenagers had fluent German. We turned\ndown their offers of pornographic pictures and sexual experiences.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 182.7776752383031, + "y": 1186.8238144375891 + }, + { + "x": 1051.2663421663692, + "y": 1186.8238144375891 + }, + { + "x": 1051.2663421663692, + "y": 1302.5918606528817 + }, + { + "x": 182.7776752383031, + "y": 1302.5918606528817 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "We covered enough of the area to get a strong impression of a once-\nlively city devastated by War and hastily repaired. These were convenient\nreconstructions, done without an eye to matching styles.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 182.7776752383031, + "y": 1321.8865350220972 + }, + { + "x": 1051.2663421663692, + "y": 1321.8865350220972 + }, + { + "x": 1051.2663421663692, + "y": 1513.225389183484 + }, + { + "x": 182.7776752383031, + "y": 1513.225389183484 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "I was especially anxious to find out where Neumarkt Platz had been.\nThat evening at the hotel, I kept going to the window and trying to\nimagine my mother as a young woman taking an evening stroll with\na companion along the banks of the Oder. But this was autumn. Thick\nmists hung above the water. Few people were out walking.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 179.79021649013643, + "y": 1529.3042844911638 + }, + { + "x": 1056.090010758673, + "y": 1529.3042844911638 + }, + { + "x": 1056.090010758673, + "y": 1682.0537899141195 + }, + { + "x": 179.79021649013643, + "y": 1682.0537899141195 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "On Sunday we set out seriously to find the location of the old\nsquare.\nWe walked through once-stately streets, past the Metropole Hotel from\nwhere Hitler had addressed the crowds, to the Ethnographic Museum.\nThis proved disappointing. The contents of two rooms were a mere", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 104.21940854404248, + "y": 1714.2115805294789 + }, + { + "x": 139.5929782209375, + "y": 1714.2115805294789 + }, + { + "x": 139.5929782209375, + "y": 1736.7220339602304 + }, + { + "x": 104.21940854404248, + "y": 1736.7220339602304 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "10", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000025.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 816.6279337524779, + "y": 157.59554738030164 + }, + { + "x": 1027.5755382201696, + "y": 157.59554738030164 + }, + { + "x": 1027.5755382201696, + "y": 178.55928447025855 + }, + { + "x": 816.6279337524779, + "y": 178.55928447025855 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "2. The Lost Homeland", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 157.58044898695755, + "y": 215.2458243776831 + }, + { + "x": 1019.7141368114358, + "y": 215.2458243776831 + }, + { + "x": 1019.7141368114358, + "y": 322.6849769637123 + }, + { + "x": 157.58044898695755, + "y": 322.6849769637123 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "gesture in honour of local culture. Few of the artefacts were authentically\npart of this area. It told us nothing of any interest or with any authority.\nWe wondered whose culture we were looking at.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.95998185071295, + "y": 352.82034903052534 + }, + { + "x": 1019.7141368114362, + "y": 352.82034903052534 + }, + { + "x": 1019.7141368114362, + "y": 492.4271527403232 + }, + { + "x": 154.95998185071295, + "y": 492.4271527403232 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "At the central railway station, we tried to question officials, in German and\nEnglish, about the location of Steinkirche. But only Polish was spoken at\nthe information office and other counters. Nor could we locate the correct\ntrain line on the information screens.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.33951471446835, + "y": 519.2200121820583 + }, + { + "x": 1018.4039032433134, + "y": 519.2200121820583 + }, + { + "x": 1018.4039032433134, + "y": 890.016111960671 + }, + { + "x": 152.33951471446835, + "y": 890.016111960671 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "On our walk back to the centre of town, past the dilapidated theatre where\nmy mother had attended performances, John spotted another bookshop.\nSurprisingly it was trading busily on a Polish Catholic Sunday. It sold old\nand books. We found old pictures of Breslau labelled in Polish and\nmaps\nEnglish. We found descriptions in both Polish and English of Neumarkt\nPlatz (Novi Targ). Various maps showed clear plans of its location. They\nalso showed the Neptune fountain I had been seeking. For centuries it had\na conspicuous place in town maps as a well drawing water from the Oder,\nwhose tributaries flowed together and separated the town into different\nquarters, spanned by a multitude of bridges.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.95998185071304, + "y": 912.2900826187504 + }, + { + "x": 1019.7141368114362, + "y": 912.2900826187504 + }, + { + "x": 1019.7141368114362, + "y": 1018.4190016366572 + }, + { + "x": 154.95998185071304, + "y": 1018.4190016366572 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "I was thrilled. Before this find, my family had begun to question whether\nthe fountain had actually existed. 'You and your fountain!' they cried.\nand beyond.\nBut I always knew it was there, in my memory", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.33951471446832, + "y": 1045.9339065672257 + }, + { + "x": 1019.7141368114362, + "y": 1045.9339065672257 + }, + { + "x": 1019.7141368114362, + "y": 1296.1885180785862 + }, + { + "x": 152.33951471446832, + "y": 1296.1885180785862 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "When we walked to Novi Targ, we found the old houses by the\nsquare\nhad been destroyed totally by the War. So, to my disappointment, had\nthe Neptune fountain . In Microcosm, his history of Wroclaw, Norman\nDavies tells how, after the War, the rubble of Breslau had been removed\nin trainloads to rebuild Warsaw in its original style. Some fine Breslau\nbuildings left standing by War were even knocked down for their\nold bricks.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.64974828259062, + "y": 1326.3238901453992 + }, + { + "x": 1022.33460394768, + "y": 1326.3238901453992 + }, + { + "x": 1022.33460394768, + "y": 1435.0732762995508 + }, + { + "x": 153.64974828259062, + "y": 1435.0732762995508 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "I viewed this horrible information as being akin to the punishment Dante\ndished out to sinners in his Purgatory. Atonement was to be made only\nby suffering punishment that fitted the spirit of a crime.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.02928114634602, + "y": 1459.9677140938743 + }, + { + "x": 1024.9550710839246, + "y": 1459.9677140938743 + }, + { + "x": 1024.9550710839246, + "y": 1570.0273338161485 + }, + { + "x": 151.02928114634602, + "y": 1570.0273338161485 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "We then looked for the air-raid shelters in which grandmother and\nmy\naunt Else had sheltered from the fire-bombs that rained down on the city\nin early 1945.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1072.2949925606686, + "y": 1713.8278577264557 + }, + { + "x": 1094.260895497814, + "y": 1713.8278577264557 + }, + { + "x": 1094.260895497814, + "y": 1735.793760663601 + }, + { + "x": 1072.2949925606686, + "y": 1735.793760663601 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "11", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000026.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 184.4658027573419, + "y": 159.39538835209908 + }, + { + "x": 340.8561807059391, + "y": 159.39538835209908 + }, + { + "x": 340.8561807059391, + "y": 179.7941333019161 + }, + { + "x": 184.4658027573419, + "y": 179.7941333019161 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "At Home in Exile", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 186.16569816982664, + "y": 218.04178008282304 + }, + { + "x": 1053.7879484471673, + "y": 218.04178008282304 + }, + { + "x": 1053.7879484471673, + "y": 473.87603966177824 + }, + { + "x": 186.16569816982664, + "y": 473.87603966177824 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Else had told us how phosphorenscence burning on human skin could not\nbe out, and how a seventeen-year-old soldier, weak from starvation,\nput\nhad been fed at a stranger mother's breast in the bunker before he returned\nto fight Russian soldiers in the final Breslau street battles. She had told us\nhow a fat man had wedged himself into the shelter's entrance, and had\nbeen mown down by the hysterical mob. She had told us how she herself\nhad carried her sick mother across a burning rooftop.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 186.16569816982664, + "y": 496.0974498589802 + }, + { + "x": 1053.7879484471673, + "y": 496.0974498589802 + }, + { + "x": 1053.7879484471673, + "y": 828.1306831474533 + }, + { + "x": 186.16569816982664, + "y": 828.1306831474533 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Beneath the reconstructed Novi Targ square, John identified shelters in\ntwo places, downstairs bolted against public entry. Plain and ugly high-\nrise public housing of cheap materials now stood around the bare square,\nwhere once interesting seventeenth-century merchant houses had stood\namid a lively marketplace. People had lived in apartments even before\nthe Communist-style transformations. Before their destruction, the old\nbuildings of Breslau were of stately proportions, made of good material\nby experienced artisans who valued their talents and who took pride in\na town with depth to its history.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 186.16569816982664, + "y": 851.7920404167917 + }, + { + "x": 1053.7879484471673, + "y": 851.7920404167917 + }, + { + "x": 1053.7879484471673, + "y": 1066.4641143841595 + }, + { + "x": 186.16569816982664, + "y": 1066.4641143841595 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Novi Targ now looks much sadder and more neglected than glossy\nmy\nphotos show. Breslau's lively markets that were once a feature of the city,\nas shown in my photographs of 1905, were relocated by the council in the\nsecond half of the twentieth century to a large new market hall. This was\nallegedly because of the congestion caused in the city's central squares by\ntraders with their cars, animals and stalls.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 186.16569816982664, + "y": 1095.542140545241 + }, + { + "x": 1053.7879484471673, + "y": 1095.542140545241 + }, + { + "x": 1053.7879484471673, + "y": 1240.70029706857 + }, + { + "x": 186.16569816982664, + "y": 1240.70029706857 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "I was nevertheless deeply moved. This ugly restoration was on ground\nwhere my grandmother and her children had walked so many times.\nGrandmother Emma and beloved aunt Else had lived there for fifteen\nmy\nyears before 1945. My mother had corresponded with them from far away.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 186.16569816982664, + "y": 1264.3616543379076 + }, + { + "x": 1053.7879484471673, + "y": 1264.3616543379076 + }, + { + "x": 1053.7879484471673, + "y": 1447.43649310344 + }, + { + "x": 186.16569816982664, + "y": 1447.43649310344 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Had we stayed longer, we would have enjoyed other moments of pleasure\nin a city that remains drab, and in which not even the theatre has been\nrestored. The original buildings, and what they stood for, were German.\nThe culture ofSilesia before 1945 has not yet been generally acknowledged.\nIt is also of Polish history. I am sure this will change.\npart", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 110.01611368381452, + "y": 1715.535796821742 + }, + { + "x": 136.4781905802173, + "y": 1715.535796821742 + }, + { + "x": 136.4781905802173, + "y": 1735.3823544940435 + }, + { + "x": 110.01611368381452, + "y": 1735.3823544940435 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "12", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000027.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 205.45454404617, + "y": 54.771511978878245 + }, + { + "x": 619.865868717498, + "y": 54.771511978878245 + }, + { + "x": 619.865868717498, + "y": 83.86545771778997 + }, + { + "x": 205.45454404617, + "y": 83.86545771778997 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 308.55075940612244, + "y": 151.4155983067134 + }, + { + "x": 1104.7977624350965, + "y": 151.4155983067134 + }, + { + "x": 1104.7977624350965, + "y": 611.7521766217408 + }, + { + "x": 308.55075940612244, + "y": 611.7521766217408 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "■ single-frequence ■ multi-frequence\n0,3\n0.25\ndamage\n0,2\n0.15\nof\nLevel\n0,1\n0.05\n0\n1 2 3 4 5 6\nNumber of impellers", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 204.29017331190707, + "y": 639.3580339060247 + }, + { + "x": 661.6273548034088, + "y": 639.3580339060247 + }, + { + "x": 661.6273548034088, + "y": 691.4711115612449 + }, + { + "x": 204.29017331190707, + "y": 691.4711115612449 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 7.\nEstimated cumulative damage for impeller blades.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 308.5507594061223, + "y": 744.4264819695643 + }, + { + "x": 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"y": 1368.8849124933238 + }, + { + "x": 1104.7977624350965, + "y": 1829.221490808351 + }, + { + "x": 308.5507594061223, + "y": 1829.221490808351 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "■ single-frequence ■ multi-frequence\n12\n10\nyears\n8\nResource,\n6\n4\n2\n0\n1 2 3 4 5 6\nNumber of impellers", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 204.29017331190707, + "y": 1857.9920720504467 + }, + { + "x": 884.3998571029872, + "y": 1857.9920720504467 + }, + { + "x": 884.3998571029872, + "y": 1910.105149705667 + }, + { + "x": 204.29017331190707, + "y": 1910.105149705667 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 9.\nEstimated residual life of impeller blades at the stage of crack development.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 208.712570662554, + "y": 1963.874280805992 + }, + { + "x": 235.67832602314172, + "y": 1963.874280805992 + }, 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"category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "between this and the fact that the development of the underlying wave function for\nthe whole universe is unique.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 246.05749348910172, + "y": 217.19814987083083 + }, + { + "x": 416.9506601090345, + "y": 217.19814987083083 + }, + { + "x": 416.9506601090345, + "y": 249.82669551745377 + }, + { + "x": 246.05749348910172, + "y": 249.82669551745377 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Summarizing:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 205.0987431050104, + "y": 250.7761019986756 + }, + { + "x": 1190.6660106833206, + "y": 250.7761019986756 + }, + { + "x": 1190.6660106833206, + "y": 351.2731331316731 + }, + { + "x": 205.0987431050104, + "y": 351.2731331316731 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Definition 1. A universe U is a chain of states (one state Ut for each moment of\ntime t), with the property that the transition between adjacent states is always\npossible.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 205.09874310501033, + "y": 351.27313313167315 + }, + { + "x": 1200.440795171976, + "y": 351.27313313167315 + }, + { + "x": 1200.440795171976, + "y": 416.7686858795644 + }, + { + "x": 205.09874310501033, + "y": 416.7686858795644 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Definition 2. A multiverse M is the set of all possible universes U in the sense of\nDefinition 1 together with a probability measure on this set.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 205.09874310501033, + "y": 416.7686858795645 + }, + { + "x": 1200.440795171976, + "y": 416.7686858795645 + }, + { + "x": 1200.440795171976, + "y": 649.0706833935025 + }, + { + "x": 205.09874310501033, + "y": 649.0706833935025 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "It may of course be said that quantum mechanics should allow for transitions\nbetween all kinds of states, although the probability for most such transitions may be\nextremely small. In this extremely simplified treatment, I will assume that for a given\nstate at a given moment of time t, the dynamical laws will only permit transitions to a\nvery limited number of states at the previous and next moments, which will make the\nprobabilistic part of the investigation particularly simple. However, modifications are\ncalled for near the endpoints (the Big Bang and the Big Crunch); see Section 5.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 205.09874310501033, + "y": 649.0706833935025 + }, + { + "x": 1200.440795171976, + "y": 649.0706833935025 + }, + { + "x": 1200.440795171976, + "y": 781.0960390758222 + }, + { + "x": 205.09874310501033, + "y": 781.0960390758222 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "As it stands, the model presented so far is too simple to generate any results. In\nfact, there are no observable differences at all between the states, which mean that\nthere are no measurable variables which could be related to the (so far non-\nspecified) dynamics.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 205.09874310501033, + "y": 782.0037195075108 + }, + { + "x": 1200.440795171976, + "y": 782.0037195075108 + }, + { + "x": 1200.440795171976, + "y": 914.0290751898306 + }, + { + "x": 205.09874310501033, + "y": 914.0290751898306 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "There are of course many different variables which we can choose to enrich this\nstructure, and which ones to choose must depend on what properties we want to\nexplain. For explaining the second law of thermodynamics, the obvious choice is the\nentropy.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 206.94733870881876, + "y": 990.5770640102436 + }, + { + "x": 358.7920178524827, + "y": 990.5770640102436 + }, + { + "x": 358.7920178524827, + "y": 1023.476744491371 + }, + { + "x": 206.94733870881876, + "y": 1023.476744491371 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "4. Entropy", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 205.0987431050102, + "y": 1054.659796852172 + }, + { + "x": 1188.7038203070583, + "y": 1054.659796852172 + }, + { + "x": 1188.7038203070583, + "y": 1122.1125716544943 + }, + { + "x": 205.0987431050102, + "y": 1122.1125716544943 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "According to Boltzmann, the total entropy of a certain macro-state at a certain\ntime is given by", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 632.5389939990077, + "y": 1152.0516141913874 + }, + { + "x": 774.9256016714766, + "y": 1152.0516141913874 + }, + { + "x": 774.9256016714766, + "y": 1181.6686467634424 + }, + { + "x": 632.5389939990077, + "y": 1181.6686467634424 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "S=k_B\\ln\\Omega,", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1141.4446063634243, + "y": 1153.1173561564992 + }, + { + "x": 1174.1515502936495, + "y": 1153.1173561564992 + }, + { + "x": 1174.1515502936495, + "y": 1180.749084649276 + }, + { + "x": 1141.4446063634243, + "y": 1180.749084649276 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(2)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 247.3435202495609, + "y": 1216.8036184308464 + }, + { + "x": 390.242705317953, + "y": 1216.8036184308464 + }, + { + "x": 390.242705317953, + "y": 1246.8824120225388 + }, + { + "x": 247.3435202495609, + "y": 1246.8824120225388 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "or inversely", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 529.6865698632813, + "y": 1278.499594452369 + }, + { + "x": 878.4892128328422, + "y": 1278.499594452369 + }, + { + "x": 878.4892128328422, + "y": 1312.8289663213282 + }, + { + "x": 529.6865698632813, + "y": 1312.8289663213282 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 13, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\\Omega=W^S,\\text{with}W=e^{1/k_B},", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1141.4446063634243, + "y": 1284.405450494456 + }, + { + "x": 1174.1515502936495, + "y": 1284.405450494456 + }, + { + "x": 1174.1515502936495, + "y": 1312.037178987233 + }, + { + "x": 1141.4446063634243, + "y": 1312.037178987233 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 14, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(3)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 205.09874310501044, + "y": 1342.360906859713 + }, + { + "x": 1075.061936537169, + "y": 1342.360906859713 + }, + { + "x": 1075.061936537169, + "y": 1409.8136816620354 + }, + { + "x": 205.09874310501044, + "y": 1409.8136816620354 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 15, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "where � denotes the number of corresponding micro-states and kB is\nBoltzmann's constant.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 205.09874310501056, + "y": 1412.8731349178745 + }, + { + "x": 1207.2883364943075, + "y": 1412.8731349178745 + }, + { + "x": 1207.2883364943075, + "y": 1711.0301548930815 + }, + { + "x": 205.09874310501056, + "y": 1711.0301548930815 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 16, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "This formula was from the beginning derived for simple cases, like an ideal gas.\nNevertheless, it does represent a kind of universal truth in statistical mechanics: the\nnumber of possible micro-states corresponding to a given macro-state grows expo-\nnentially with the entropy. Although there are many complications when one tries\nto consider the entropy of the universe as a whole, I will still take it as the starting\npoint for the discussion that the entropy (at a given time t) is an exponential\nfunction of the total entropy as in (3). A more difficult question is if and how the\nconstant W may vary with time, but for the purpose of the present paper, I will\nsimply let it be constant.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 205.09874310501056, + "y": 1712.5863081540551 + }, + { + "x": 1207.2883364943075, + "y": 1712.5863081540551 + }, + { + "x": 1207.2883364943075, + "y": 1912.174557252123 + }, + { + "x": 205.09874310501056, + "y": 1912.174557252123 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 17, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "One may of course argue that this can only be true when the universe is still\nquite ordered and the entropy is very far from reaching its maximum. But this is\ncertainly what the situation is like in our universe today, and according to the\ncomputations in [10, 11], it would take an almost incredibly long time to reach such\na state of maximal entropy. Thus, it will in the following be taken for granted that\nthis time is much longer than the life-span of our universe.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 207.40057899134425, + "y": 1963.3417692532717 + }, + { + "x": 243.2980009533497, + "y": 1963.3417692532717 + }, + { + "x": 243.2980009533497, + "y": 1982.3161208617605 + }, + { + "x": 207.40057899134425, + "y": 1982.3161208617605 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 18, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "312", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000029.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 204.01234142573236, + "y": 52.40364736386741 + }, + { + "x": 695.1465298358688, + "y": 52.40364736386741 + }, + { + "x": 695.1465298358688, + "y": 115.68439856286572 + }, + { + "x": 204.01234142573236, + "y": 115.68439856286572 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Combinatorial Cosmology\nDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90696", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 205.9013190734637, + "y": 150.63048504589466 + }, + { + "x": 438.2455697444127, + "y": 150.63048504589466 + }, + { + "x": 438.2455697444127, + "y": 187.4655491766549 + }, + { + "x": 205.9013190734637, + "y": 187.4655491766549 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "5. The dynamics", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 205.90131907346384, + "y": 220.4358193425665 + }, + { + "x": 1206.91041817022, + "y": 220.4358193425665 + }, + { + "x": 1206.91041817022, + "y": 517.9505873685791 + }, + { + "x": 205.90131907346384, + "y": 517.9505873685791 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The next step is to construct a model for the dynamics. The idea, which essen-\ntially goes back to Boltzmann (see [12]), is that any given macro-state at any given\ntime is extremely likely to develop into a state with higher entropy at the next\nmoment of time, simply because there are so many more states with higher entropy\nthan with lower entropy (compare with (3)). The problem with this in the present\nsituation, however, is that this way of thinking in fact presupposes a preferred\ndirection of time. Otherwise, given that the dynamical laws are time symmetric,\nwhy can we not similarly argue that the entropy should also grow when we go\nbackward in time? (compare [9]).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 205.90131907346367, + "y": 517.950587368579 + }, + { + "x": 1206.9104181702198, + "y": 517.950587368579 + }, + { + "x": 1206.9104181702198, + "y": 617.9385209815059 + }, + { + "x": 205.90131907346367, + "y": 617.9385209815059 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "There have been many attempts to avoid this problem by looking for defects in\nthe symmetries. But my conclusion here is that we must actually accept Boltzmann's\nargument in both directions of time and hence we are led to the following:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 205.90131907346372, + "y": 617.9385209815059 + }, + { + "x": 1206.9104181702198, + "y": 617.9385209815059 + }, + { + "x": 1206.9104181702198, + "y": 779.9217418433141 + }, + { + "x": 205.90131907346372, + "y": 779.9217418433141 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Principle 1. At every moment of time t and for every state with entropy S, there\nare very many \"accessible states\" with higher entropy, both at the previous moment\nof time t - 1 and at the next one t + 1. On the other hand, the chance for finding\nsuch accessible states with lower entropy, both at times t - 1 and t + 1, is extremely\nsmall.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 205.90131907346372, + "y": 781.9774581329673 + }, + { + "x": 1206.9104181702198, + "y": 781.9774581329673 + }, + { + "x": 1206.9104181702198, + "y": 912.4784587333838 + }, + { + "x": 205.90131907346372, + "y": 912.4784587333838 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "This principle also implies a shift of perspective in the search for time's arrow.\nRather than trying to find the reason for the asymmetry, we must concentrate on\nunderstanding why we cannot observe the symmetric structure of the multiverse as\na whole.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 205.90131907346372, + "y": 914.5260335883822 + }, + { + "x": 1208.951029406741, + "y": 914.5260335883822 + }, + { + "x": 1208.951029406741, + "y": 1150.3098848525478 + }, + { + "x": 205.90131907346372, + "y": 1150.3098848525478 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "As still one more simplification, let us assume that the entropy can only change\nby ±1 during each unit of time. This assumption, however, has to be modified near\nthe endpoints (BB and BC) for the following reason: it is a very important aspect of\nthis approach to assume that physics during the first and last moments is very\ndifferent from the rest of the time, since at these moments quantum phenomena\ncan be expected to become global. To model this in a simple way, we can split the\nlife-span of our multiverse up into three parts:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 514.2043906464061, + "y": 1178.2909052682428 + }, + { + "x": 900.3999978708955, + "y": 1178.2909052682428 + }, + { + "x": 900.3999978708955, + "y": 1209.5437289742708 + }, + { + "x": 514.2043906464061, + "y": 1209.5437289742708 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "{\\left[-T_0,-T_1\\right]\\cup\\left[-T_1,T_1\\right]\\cup\\left[T_1,T_0\\right]\\text{.}}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1140.0177950613136, + "y": 1179.245422436934 + }, + { + "x": 1175.1068297000606, + "y": 1179.245422436934 + }, + { + "x": 1175.1068297000606, + "y": 1207.3509895295356 + }, + { + "x": 1140.0177950613136, + "y": 1207.3509895295356 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(4)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 205.901319073464, + "y": 1241.28845368516 + }, + { + "x": 1184.401085901577, + "y": 1241.28845368516 + }, + { + "x": 1184.401085901577, + "y": 1374.867934528765 + }, + { + "x": 205.901319073464, + "y": 1374.867934528765 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Here the first and last parts may be called \"the extreme phases,\" which are\ncharacterized by the property that transition between very different states can be\npossible. During the \"normal phase\" in between on the other hand, physics is\nsupposed to behave more or less as we are used to.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 204.0123414257329, + "y": 1451.2002535829847 + }, + { + "x": 570.3210431071166, + "y": 1451.2002535829847 + }, + { + "x": 570.3210431071166, + "y": 1488.035317713745 + }, + { + "x": 204.0123414257329, + "y": 1488.035317713745 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "6. Modeling the dynamics", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 205.9013190734637, + "y": 1518.0357424211495 + }, + { + "x": 1207.6662863768547, + "y": 1518.0357424211495 + }, + { + "x": 1207.6662863768547, + "y": 1650.141580556582 + }, + { + "x": 205.9013190734637, + "y": 1650.141580556582 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "To construct a miniature multiverse for computational purposes, one can pro-\nceed as follows: first of all, in the very small multiverses studied here, the extreme\nphases will only last for one single unit of time. Also, for ease of notation, let us put\nT1 = m, so that the moments of time can in this context be denoted as", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 444.33860036783216, + "y": 1681.5549196235454 + }, + { + "x": 967.5239246540824, + "y": 1681.5549196235454 + }, + { + "x": 967.5239246540824, + "y": 1712.8077433295734 + }, + { + "x": 444.33860036783216, + "y": 1712.8077433295734 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "-m-1,-m,-m+1,\\ldots,m-1,m,m+1\\text{.}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1140.0177950613136, + "y": 1681.5549196235454 + }, + { + "x": 1175.1068297000606, + "y": 1681.5549196235454 + }, + { + "x": 1175.1068297000606, + "y": 1709.660486716147 + }, + { + "x": 1140.0177950613136, + "y": 1709.660486716147 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 13, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(5)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 205.90131907346375, + "y": 1744.631116204022 + }, + { + "x": 1207.6662863768547, + "y": 1744.631116204022 + }, + { + "x": 1207.6662863768547, + "y": 1912.1067857150515 + }, + { + "x": 205.90131907346375, + "y": 1912.1067857150515 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 14, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The dynamics is specified by randomly choosing for each state at time t with\nentropy S, K edges to states at time t + 1 with entropy S + 1, and similarly K edges to\nstates at time t - 1 with entropy S + 1 (with obvious modifications at the end-\npoints). In this section, again to make everything as simple as possible, K will be set\nequal to 2. These random choices are in practice carried out by the random number", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 206.70723588154604, + "y": 1963.4134952985355 + }, + { + "x": 242.1507052136137, + "y": 1963.4134952985355 + }, + { + "x": 242.1507052136137, + "y": 1982.4984403234944 + }, + { + "x": 206.70723588154604, + "y": 1982.4984403234944 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 15, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "313", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000030.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 205.54295881755877, + "y": 55.26827326696685 + }, + { + "x": 695.1727773504633, + "y": 55.26827326696685 + }, + { + "x": 695.1727773504633, + "y": 115.90753933033052 + }, + { + "x": 205.54295881755877, + "y": 115.90753933033052 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Combinatorial Cosmology\nDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90696", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 205.54295881755877, + "y": 151.38796096314968 + }, + { + "x": 1206.5311009294803, + "y": 151.38796096314968 + }, + { + "x": 1206.5311009294803, + "y": 583.3701400000158 + }, + { + "x": 205.54295881755877, + "y": 583.3701400000158 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "As for the normal phase, the choice will, to start with, be the simplest possible\none: each path is either possible or not, corresponding to the probability weights 1\nand 0. During the extreme phases, this assumption is no longer reasonable. Again\nthe model will be extremely simplified, but still it is based on physical intuition and,\nmost importantly, completely time symmetric. Assume that the only types of edges\nhaving a non-neglectable chance of occurring during the extreme phase\n[-m - 1, -m] are of the following two kinds: The first scenario is that the universe\npasses through the extreme phase into a state of zero entropy. The other scenario is\nthat it passes into a state with high entropy (equal to 2m). Universes of one of these\ntwo types will be given the (un-normalized) probability 1 or p, respectively. Here\np> 0 should be thought of as a very small number, at least when the size of the\nmodel becomes large. During the other extreme phase [m, m + 1], near the Big\nCrunch, we make the completely symmetric assumption.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 205.54295881755868, + "y": 583.3701400000158 + }, + { + "x": 1206.5311009294803, + "y": 583.3701400000158 + }, + { + "x": 1206.5311009294803, + "y": 947.6069240090789 + }, + { + "x": 205.54295881755868, + "y": 947.6069240090789 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Remark 3. These assumptions may perhaps seem somewhat arbitrary. And to a\ncertain extent, this may be so. However, they do represent the following viewpoint\nof what may happen at the full cosmological scale: we may think of the Big Bang and\nthe Big Crunch as states of complete order with zero volume and entropy. Such\nstates can very well be metastable, very much like an oversaturated gas at a tem-\nperature below the point of condensation. If no disturbance takes place, such meta-\nstable states can very well continue to exist for a substantial period of time. In\nparticular, a low-entropy state can have a very good chance of surviving the intense\nbut extremely short extreme phase. On the other hand, if a sufficiently large dis-\nturbance occurs, then the metastable state may almost immediately decay into a\nvery disordered state of high entropy.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 205.54295881755883, + "y": 947.6069240090789 + }, + { + "x": 1206.5311009294808, + "y": 947.6069240090789 + }, + { + "x": 1206.5311009294808, + "y": 1048.0999519763564 + }, + { + "x": 205.54295881755883, + "y": 1048.0999519763564 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "It is not my intension to further argue in favor of this viewpoint here. The main\nthing in this chapter is to show that completely symmetric boundary conditions at\nthe endpoints may give rise to a broken time symmetry.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 247.14745962432312, + "y": 1048.0999519763564 + }, + { + "x": 1005.3951335942544, + "y": 1048.0999519763564 + }, + { + "x": 1005.3951335942544, + "y": 1080.773441534864 + }, + { + "x": 247.14745962432312, + "y": 1080.773441534864 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The multiverse now splits up into four different kinds of paths:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 239.65630467568, + "y": 1114.669055624849 + }, + { + "x": 915.689331198648, + "y": 1114.669055624849 + }, + { + "x": 915.689331198648, + "y": 1147.258530080209 + }, + { + "x": 239.65630467568, + "y": 1147.258530080209 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· LL: The entropy is low (=0) at both ends ( -m and m).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 239.65630467568, + "y": 1181.3637940451208 + }, + { + "x": 755.0156431861756, + "y": 1181.3637940451208 + }, + { + "x": 755.0156431861756, + "y": 1213.9532685004808 + }, + { + "x": 239.65630467568, + "y": 1213.9532685004808 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· LH: The entropy is 0 at -m and 2m at m.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 239.65630467568, + "y": 1248.8164272201682 + }, + { + "x": 755.0156431861756, + "y": 1248.8164272201682 + }, + { + "x": 755.0156431861756, + "y": 1281.4059016755282 + }, + { + "x": 239.65630467568, + "y": 1281.4059016755282 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· HL: The entropy is 2m at -m and 0 at m.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 239.65630467568, + "y": 1313.9953761308882 + }, + { + "x": 967.984069278179, + "y": 1313.9953761308882 + }, + { + "x": 967.984069278179, + "y": 1346.5848505862482 + }, + { + "x": 239.65630467568, + "y": 1346.5848505862482 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· HH: The entropy is high (= 2m) at both ends (-m and m).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 205.54295881755868, + "y": 1379.7190694722085 + }, + { + "x": 1166.6851007472562, + "y": 1379.7190694722085 + }, + { + "x": 1166.6851007472562, + "y": 1480.212097439486 + }, + { + "x": 205.54295881755868, + "y": 1480.212097439486 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "If we now denote by NLL, NLH, NHL and NHH the number of paths of the\nindicated kinds, then with the above assumptions we also get the corresponding\nprobability weights for the corresponding types as", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 308.81180065673504, + "y": 1500.6805419539064 + }, + { + "x": 1020.8455496735476, + "y": 1500.6805419539064 + }, + { + "x": 1020.8455496735476, + "y": 1537.3874204902377 + }, + { + "x": 308.81180065673504, + "y": 1537.3874204902377 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "P_{LL}=N_{LL},\\quadP_{LH}=pN_{LH},\\quadP_{HL}=pN_{HL},\\quadP_{HH}=p^2N_{HH}.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1125.8621432858313, + "y": 1505.358655813502 + }, + { + "x": 1175.5316839311215, + "y": 1505.358655813502 + }, + { + "x": 1175.5316839311215, + "y": 1532.795163979472 + }, + { + "x": 1125.8621432858313, + "y": 1532.795163979472 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(10)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 245.4807048851239, + "y": 1568.807351447979 + }, + { + "x": 1171.0678451565202, + "y": 1568.807351447979 + }, + { + "x": 1171.0678451565202, + "y": 1639.1822690817758 + }, + { + "x": 245.4807048851239, + "y": 1639.1822690817758 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "We can now consider the following two types of broken time symmetry:\nDefinition 4. A multiverse is said to exhibit a weak broken time symmetry if", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 601.9121164094513, + "y": 1658.5692574036748 + }, + { + "x": 809.9092265827987, + "y": 1658.5692574036748 + }, + { + "x": 809.9092265827987, + "y": 1690.2361052152337 + }, + { + "x": 601.9121164094513, + "y": 1690.2361052152337 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 13, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "P_{LL}\\llP_{LH}+P_{HL}.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1128.4590525407552, + "y": 1660.4110470336338 + }, + { + "x": 1175.531683931122, + "y": 1660.4110470336338 + }, + { + "x": 1175.531683931122, + "y": 1687.847555199604 + }, + { + "x": 1128.4590525407552, + "y": 1687.847555199604 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 14, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(11)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 245.4807048851239, + "y": 1721.023418438474 + }, + { + "x": 1173.9041693861568, + "y": 1721.023418438474 + }, + { + "x": 1173.9041693861568, + "y": 1757.3624453166324 + }, + { + "x": 245.4807048851239, + "y": 1757.3624453166324 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 15, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Definition 5. A multiverse is said to exhibit a strong broken time symmetry if", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 560.0029930564446, + "y": 1779.5857578681678 + }, + { + "x": 848.591347437624, + "y": 1779.5857578681678 + }, + { + "x": 848.591347437624, + "y": 1811.252605679727 + }, + { + "x": 560.0029930564446, + "y": 1811.252605679727 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 16, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "P_{LL}+P_{HH}\\llP_{LH}+P_{HL}.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1127.7487284161282, + "y": 1780.4558240956371 + }, + { + "x": 1175.5316839311215, + "y": 1780.4558240956371 + }, + { + "x": 1175.5316839311215, + "y": 1807.8923322616072 + }, + { + "x": 1127.7487284161282, + "y": 1807.8923322616072 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 17, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(12)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 206.6402832797661, + "y": 1841.874763750275 + }, + { + "x": 1182.0828473860065, + "y": 1841.874763750275 + }, + { + "x": 1182.0828473860065, + "y": 1912.2496813840717 + }, + { + "x": 206.6402832797661, + "y": 1912.2496813840717 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 18, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Both these definitions should of course be made more precise when applied to\nspecific models for the multiverse, e.g., by showing that the corresponding limits", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 206.64028327976615, + "y": 1962.0506527177045 + }, + { + "x": 242.69218147948803, + "y": 1962.0506527177045 + }, + { + "x": 242.69218147948803, + "y": 1984.16572105568 + }, + { + "x": 206.64028327976615, + "y": 1984.16572105568 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 19, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "317", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000031.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 204.56089896379623, + "y": 55.07066991380176 + }, + { + "x": 617.4239870547831, + "y": 55.07066991380176 + }, + { + "x": 617.4239870547831, + "y": 84.10010579519925 + }, + { + "x": 204.56089896379623, + "y": 84.10010579519925 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 481.953286274928, + "y": 151.83545618512676 + }, + { + "x": 936.1026831750136, + "y": 151.83545618512676 + }, + { + "x": 936.1026831750136, + "y": 218.28060942476995 + }, + { + "x": 481.953286274928, + "y": 218.28060942476995 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\\lim\\frac{P_{LL}}{P_{LH}+P_{HL}}\\quad\\text{and}\\quad\\lim\\frac{P_{LL}+P_{HH}}{P_{LH}+P_{HL}}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1128.3420585673791, + "y": 169.25311771396528 + }, + { + "x": 1175.4342545527572, + "y": 169.25311771396528 + }, + { + "x": 1175.4342545527572, + "y": 197.6374550202206 + }, + { + "x": 1128.3420585673791, + "y": 197.6374550202206 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(13)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 204.56089896379623, + "y": 248.8890390388376 + }, + { + "x": 1185.8579758049443, + "y": 248.8890390388376 + }, + { + "x": 1185.8579758049443, + "y": 315.21602651009925 + }, + { + "x": 204.56089896379623, + "y": 315.21602651009925 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "equal zero when certain parameters tend to infinity in some well-defined way.\nHowever, it is worthwhile at this stage to note their implications for cosmology.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 204.56089896379623, + "y": 316.13723466942236 + }, + { + "x": 1207.9669716286985, + "y": 316.13723466942236 + }, + { + "x": 1207.9669716286985, + "y": 713.1779513376694 + }, + { + "x": 204.56089896379623, + "y": 713.1779513376694 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The strong broken symmetry in Definition 5 actually means that a monotonic\nbehavior of the entropy is far more probable than a non-monotonic one. In the case\nof a weak broken symmetry, this is not necessarily so; it could very well be that the\nmost probable scenario would be high entropy at both ends. Thus, this is definitely a\nweaker statement, but it can nevertheless be argued that it can be used to explain\nthe time asymmetry that we observe, referring to a kind of anthropic principle: it is\nan obvious observational fact that we live in a universe with low entropy at at least\none end. If the statement in Definition 4 is fulfilled, then clearly among such\nscenarios, the monotonic ones (LH and HL) are the by far most probable ones.\nThus, since universes with high entropy at both ends would seem to be quite\nuninhabitable, one can argue that given the existence of an observer, then with\nalmost certainty he must live in a universe with monotonic entropy.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 204.56089896379623, + "y": 713.1779513376694 + }, + { + "x": 1206.1245553100523, + "y": 713.1779513376694 + }, + { + "x": 1206.1245553100523, + "y": 814.5108488632081 + }, + { + "x": 204.56089896379623, + "y": 814.5108488632081 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Summing up, both limits above can be used to argue in favor of time asymmetry.\nNevertheless, at least to the mind of the author, the strong broken symmetry is the\npreferable one. This alternative will be further studied in Section 9.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 204.56089896379623, + "y": 878.8227919548882 + }, + { + "x": 1036.6103610811667, + "y": 878.8227919548882 + }, + { + "x": 1036.6103610811667, + "y": 915.0914107805556 + }, + { + "x": 204.56089896379623, + "y": 915.0914107805556 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "8. Numerical computations in the combinatorial multiverse", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 204.56089896379623, + "y": 946.6306214473168 + }, + { + "x": 1206.1245553100523, + "y": 946.6306214473168 + }, + { + "x": 1206.1245553100523, + "y": 1111.7341163085991 + }, + { + "x": 204.56089896379623, + "y": 1111.7341163085991 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "With the setup in Sections 6 and 7, we can now use Mathematica or MATLAB to\ngenerate instances of the combinatorial multiverse for small values of m and W and\nthen compute the corresponding probability weights PLL, PLH, PHL and PHH. It is\nimportant to note that the matrices here can be treated as sparse, rather than as full\nmatrices, which make the computations considerably faster.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 204.56089896379623, + "y": 1113.2441453429988 + }, + { + "x": 1158.233928265999, + "y": 1113.2441453429988 + }, + { + "x": 1158.233928265999, + "y": 1246.3810920149936 + }, + { + "x": 204.56089896379623, + "y": 1246.3810920149936 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "In particular, in the case m = 2 in Section 6 and with a randomly generated\ndynamics which is manifested by an adjacency matrix A, we can compute the\npower A4 and read of the first row, which contains all the information we need\nabout the paths from the state at t = -2 with S = 0. So what do we find?", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 204.56089896379623, + "y": 1246.3810920149936 + }, + { + "x": 1206.1245553100523, + "y": 1246.3810920149936 + }, + { + "x": 1206.1245553100523, + "y": 1379.5180386869883 + }, + { + "x": 204.56089896379623, + "y": 1379.5180386869883 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "In Figure 3, I have plotted the ratio NLL/(NLH + NHL) for the cases m = 2 (light\ngray) and m = 3 (dark gray) for values of W ranging from 3 to 30. What is actually\ndisplayed are the mean values of 1000 randomly generated matrices as above for\neach value of W. Although the picture clearly supports the claim that", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 387.5925645107772, + "y": 1443.561954919961 + }, + { + "x": 1023.69458403499, + "y": 1443.561954919961 + }, + { + "x": 1023.69458403499, + "y": 1831.0352663052684 + }, + { + "x": 387.5925645107772, + "y": 1831.0352663052684 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "0.10\n0.08\n0.06\n0.04\n0.02\n0.00\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 206.77168586430065, + "y": 1855.790505643774 + }, + { + "x": 1195.904944650682, + "y": 1855.790505643774 + }, + { + "x": 1195.904944650682, + "y": 1910.682558090026 + }, + { + "x": 206.77168586430065, + "y": 1910.682558090026 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 3·\nThe ratio NLL/(NLH + NHL) as a function of W for the cases m = 2 (light gray) and m = 3 (dark gray) [4].", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 206.77168586430065, + "y": 1962.2926628639336 + }, + { + "x": 242.75298879927377, + "y": 1962.2926628639336 + }, + { + "x": 242.75298879927377, + "y": 1982.8765117183464 + }, + { + "x": 206.77168586430065, + "y": 1982.8765117183464 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "318", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000032.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 398.9394138066693, + "y": 286.9640156617304 + }, + { + "x": 610.9882229929116, + "y": 286.9640156617304 + }, + { + "x": 610.9882229929116, + "y": 335.6642206423029 + }, + { + "x": 398.9394138066693, + "y": 335.6642206423029 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Prologue", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 398.9394138066692, + "y": 386.0597245190183 + }, + { + "x": 950.644863298734, + "y": 386.0597245190183 + }, + { + "x": 950.644863298734, + "y": 420.92159489501233 + }, + { + "x": 398.9394138066692, + "y": 420.92159489501233 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Programming and Understanding", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 396.89167916977135, + "y": 454.6644460356022 + }, + { + "x": 1265.8808871108358, + "y": 454.6644460356022 + }, + { + "x": 1265.8808871108358, + "y": 812.7984521902214 + }, + { + "x": 396.89167916977135, + "y": 812.7984521902214 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "One way to become aware of the precision required to unam-\nbiguously communicate a mathematical idea is to program it for\na computer. Rather than using canned programs purely as an\naid to visualization or numerical computation, we use computer\nprogramming in a functional style to encourage clear thinking.\nProgramming forces us to be precise and unambiguous, without\nforcing us to be excessively rigorous. The computer does not toler-\nate vague descriptions or incomplete constructions. Thus the act\nof programming makes us keenly aware of our errors of reasoning\nor unsupported conclusions.1", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 396.89167916977135, + "y": 812.7984521902215 + }, + { + "x": 1265.8808871108358, + "y": 812.7984521902215 + }, + { + "x": 1265.8808871108358, + "y": 1027.115025866413 + }, + { + "x": 396.89167916977135, + "y": 1027.115025866413 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Although this book is about differential geometry, we can show\nhow thinking about programming can help in understanding in a\nmore elementary context. The traditional use of Leibniz's notation\nand Newton's notation is convenient in simple situations, but in\nmore complicated situations it can be a serious handicap to clear\nreasoning.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 396.8916791697712, + "y": 1028.5010086904783 + }, + { + "x": 1265.8808871108358, + "y": 1028.5010086904783 + }, + { + "x": 1265.8808871108358, + "y": 1242.8175823666695 + }, + { + "x": 396.8916791697712, + "y": 1242.8175823666695 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "A mechanical system is described by a Lagrangian function of\nthe system state (time, coordinates, and velocities). A motion of\nthe system is described by a path that gives the coordinates for\neach moment of time. A path is allowed if and only if it satisfies\nthe Lagrange equations. Traditionally, the Lagrange equations are\nwritten", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 400.5711388216955, + "y": 1259.2149642290717 + }, + { + "x": 622.0815519086493, + "y": 1259.2149642290717 + }, + { + "x": 622.0815519086493, + "y": 1335.6577734512362 + }, + { + "x": 400.5711388216955, + "y": 1335.6577734512362 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\\frac{d}{dt}\\frac{\\partialL}{\\partial\\dot{q}}-\\frac{\\partialL}{\\partialq}=0.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 396.8916791697714, + "y": 1358.59495760437 + }, + { + "x": 972.4237726420016, + "y": 1358.59495760437 + }, + { + "x": 972.4237726420016, + "y": 1393.60823607041 + }, + { + "x": 396.8916791697714, + "y": 1393.60823607041 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "What could this expression possibly mean?", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 396.89167916977135, + "y": 1395.6455003638575 + }, + { + "x": 1265.880887110836, + "y": 1395.6455003638575 + }, + { + "x": 1265.880887110836, + "y": 1573.2182158423857 + }, + { + "x": 396.89167916977135, + "y": 1573.2182158423857 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Let's try to write a program that implements Lagrange equa-\ntions. What are Lagrange equations for? Our program must take\na proposed path and give a result that allows us to decide if the\npath is allowed. This is already a problem; the equation shown\nabove does not have a slot for a path to be tested.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 396.8916791697712, + "y": 1619.1897545943857 + }, + { + "x": 1267.8692111167056, + "y": 1619.1897545943857 + }, + { + "x": 1267.8692111167056, + "y": 1709.0242371244412 + }, + { + "x": 396.8916791697712, + "y": 1709.0242371244412 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1The idea of using computer programming to develop skills of clear thinking\nwas originally advocated by Seymour Papert. An extensive discussion of this\nidea, applied to the education of young children, can be found in Papert [13].", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000033.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 399.5202574247547, + "y": 228.71142536259023 + }, + { + "x": 504.6684272691723, + "y": 228.71142536259023 + }, + { + "x": 504.6684272691723, + "y": 260.0714058425043 + }, + { + "x": 399.5202574247547, + "y": 260.0714058425043 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Prologue", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1219.8123727569664, + "y": 230.2099143165384 + }, + { + "x": 1266.8620242625357, + "y": 230.2099143165384 + }, + { + "x": 1266.8620242625357, + "y": 256.3062521201929 + }, + { + "x": 1219.8123727569664, + "y": 256.3062521201929 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "xvii", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 399.5202574247546, + "y": 291.9382631341931 + }, + { + "x": 776.9761709229836, + "y": 291.9382631341931 + }, + { + "x": 776.9761709229836, + "y": 321.8957596448232 + }, + { + "x": 399.5202574247546, + "y": 321.8957596448232 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Functional Abstraction", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 396.7751463023969, + "y": 361.2523189737296 + }, + { + "x": 1266.8620242625357, + "y": 361.2523189737296 + }, + { + "x": 1266.8620242625357, + "y": 640.4845405605985 + }, + { + "x": 396.7751463023969, + "y": 640.4845405605985 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "But this corrected use of Leibniz notation is ugly. We had to\nintroduce extraneous symbols (q and q) in order to indicate the ar-\ngument position specifying the partial derivative. Nothing would\nchange here if we replaced q and q by a and b.3 We can sim-\nplify the notation by admitting that the partial derivatives of the\nLagrangian are themselves new functions, and by specifying the\nparticular partial derivative by the position of the argument that\nis varied", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 396.775146302397, + "y": 663.5050350474821 + }, + { + "x": 1122.1910803776543, + "y": 663.5050350474821 + }, + { + "x": 1122.1910803776543, + "y": 734.9479489722933 + }, + { + "x": 396.775146302397, + "y": 734.9479489722933 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\\frac{d}{dl}\\left(\\left(\\partial_2L\\right)\\left(t,w(t),\\frac{d}{dl}w(t)\\right)\\right)-\\left(\\partial_1L\\right)\\left(t,w(t),\\frac{d}{dl}w(t)\\right)=0,", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 396.775146302397, + "y": 756.9091389990621 + }, + { + "x": 1266.8620242625357, + "y": 756.9091389990621 + }, + { + "x": 1266.8620242625357, + "y": 824.0141610682815 + }, + { + "x": 396.775146302397, + "y": 824.0141610682815 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "where aiL is the function which is the partial derivative of the\n4\nfunction L with respect to the ith argument.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 396.7751463023971, + "y": 826.4009370553692 + }, + { + "x": 1266.8620242625357, + "y": 826.4009370553692 + }, + { + "x": 1266.8620242625357, + "y": 1041.1127746396005 + }, + { + "x": 396.7751463023971, + "y": 1041.1127746396005 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Two different notions of derivative appear in this expression.\nThe functions �2L and �1L, constructed from the Lagrangian\nL, have the same arguments as L. The derivative d/dt is an\nexpression derivative. It applies to an expression that involves\nthe variable t and it gives the rate of change of the value of the\nexpression as the value of the variable t is varied.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 396.7751463023972, + "y": 1043.7855361033046 + }, + { + "x": 1266.8620242625357, + "y": 1043.7855361033046 + }, + { + "x": 1266.8620242625357, + "y": 1402.826492727558 + }, + { + "x": 396.7751463023972, + "y": 1402.826492727558 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "These are both useful interpretations of the idea of a derivative.\nBut functions give us more power. There are many equivalent\nways to write expressions that compute the same value. For\nexample 1/(1/r1 + 1/r2) = (r1r2)/(r1 + r2). These expressions\ncompute the same function of the two variables r1 and r2. The\nfirst expression fails if r1 = 0 but the second one gives the right\nvalue of the function. If we abstract the function, say as II(r1, r2),\nwe can ignore the details of how it is computed. The ideas become\nclearer because they do not depend on the detailed shape of the\nexpressions.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 396.77514630239693, + "y": 1449.4004601014735 + }, + { + "x": 1266.8620242625357, + "y": 1449.4004601014735 + }, + { + "x": 1266.8620242625357, + "y": 1637.0183822094227 + }, + { + "x": 396.77514630239693, + "y": 1637.0183822094227 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "3 That the symbols q and q can be replaced by other arbitrarily chosen non-\nconflicting symbols without changing the meaning of the expression tells us\nthat the partial derivative symbol is a logical quantifier, like forall and exists\n(∀ and ∃).\n4The argument positions of the Lagrangian are indicated by indices starting\nwith zero for the time argument.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000034.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 397.77727027092976, + "y": 231.41295294940204 + }, + { + "x": 453.4233221677145, + "y": 231.41295294940204 + }, + { + "x": 453.4233221677145, + "y": 255.0434681384476 + }, + { + "x": 397.77727027092976, + "y": 255.0434681384476 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "xviii", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1159.2896791050116, + "y": 231.41295294940204 + }, + { + "x": 1266.770409480993, + "y": 231.41295294940204 + }, + { + "x": 1266.770409480993, + "y": 260.37939092307084 + }, + { + "x": 1159.2896791050116, + "y": 260.37939092307084 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Prologue", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 398.53954495444736, + "y": 294.6817516813628 + }, + { + "x": 1264.4835854304404, + "y": 294.6817516813628 + }, + { + "x": 1264.4835854304404, + "y": 399.11338332327387 + }, + { + "x": 398.53954495444736, + "y": 399.11338332327387 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "So let's get rid of the expression derivative d/dt and replace it\nwith an appropriate functional derivative. If f is a function then\nwe will write Df as the new function that is the derivative of f:5", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 400.06409432148257, + "y": 423.5061731958371 + }, + { + "x": 708.7853411461103, + "y": 423.5061731958371 + }, + { + "x": 708.7853411461103, + "y": 505.06956433222024 + }, + { + "x": 400.06409432148257, + "y": 505.06956433222024 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(Df)(t)=\\left.\\frac{d}{dx}f(x)\\right|_{x=t}.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 398.53954495444736, + "y": 525.6509807871954 + }, + { + "x": 1264.4835854304404, + "y": 525.6509807871954 + }, + { + "x": 1264.4835854304404, + "y": 593.4934276202617 + }, + { + "x": 398.53954495444736, + "y": 593.4934276202617 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "To do this for the Lagrange equation we need to construct a\nfunction to take the derivative of.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 398.53954495444736, + "y": 598.0670757213672 + }, + { + "x": 1264.4835854304404, + "y": 598.0670757213672 + }, + { + "x": 1264.4835854304404, + "y": 700.2118833127256 + }, + { + "x": 398.53954495444736, + "y": 700.2118833127256 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Given a configuration-space path w, there is a standard way\nto make the state-space path. We can abstract this method as a\nmathematical function �:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 400.06409432148246, + "y": 721.5555744512186 + }, + { + "x": 749.9481740560607, + "y": 721.5555744512186 + }, + { + "x": 749.9481740560607, + "y": 791.6848453348375 + }, + { + "x": 400.06409432148246, + "y": 791.6848453348375 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\\Gamma[w](t)=\\left(t,w(t),\\frac{d}{dl}w(t)\\right).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 398.5395449544473, + "y": 813.7908111568479 + }, + { + "x": 689.840989716273, + "y": 813.7908111568479 + }, + { + "x": 689.840989716273, + "y": 848.0824400106784 + }, + { + "x": 398.5395449544473, + "y": 848.0824400106784 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Using � we can write:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 400.06409432148257, + "y": 872.375303999011 + }, + { + "x": 936.1706259330724, + "y": 872.375303999011 + }, + { + "x": 936.1706259330724, + "y": 942.50457488263 + }, + { + "x": 400.06409432148257, + "y": 942.50457488263 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\\frac{d}{dt}\\left(\\left(\\partial_2L\\right)(\\Gamma[w](t))\\right)-\\left(\\partial_1L\\right)(\\Gamma[w(t))=0.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 397.7772702709301, + "y": 966.05711541839 + }, + { + "x": 1263.721310746923, + "y": 966.05711541839 + }, + { + "x": 1263.721310746923, + "y": 1067.5995451775784 + }, + { + "x": 397.7772702709301, + "y": 1067.5995451775784 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "If we now define composition of functions (f ○ g)(x) = f(g(x)),\nwe can express the Lagrange equations entirely in terms of func-\ntions:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 400.06409432148257, + "y": 1099.4951866002095 + }, + { + "x": 917.9610707699142, + "y": 1099.4951866002095 + }, + { + "x": 917.9610707699142, + "y": 1136.127095962423 + }, + { + "x": 400.06409432148257, + "y": 1136.127095962423 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "D\\left(\\left(\\partial_2L\\right)\\circ(\\Gamma[w])\\right)-\\left(\\partial_1L\\right)\\circ(\\Gamma[w])=0.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 397.77727027092976, + "y": 1165.9980465461938 + }, + { + "x": 1266.1989413807416, + "y": 1165.9980465461938 + }, + { + "x": 1266.1989413807416, + "y": 1523.07911224544 + }, + { + "x": 397.77727027092976, + "y": 1523.07911224544 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The functions �1L and �2L are partial derivatives of the func-\ntion L. Composition with �[w] evaluates these partials with coor-\ndinates and velocites appropriate for the path w, making functions\nof time. Applying D takes the time derivative. The Lagrange\nequation states that the difference of the resulting functions of\ntime must be zero. This statement of the Lagrange equation is\ncomplete, unambiguous, and functional. It is not encumbered\nwith the particular choices made in expressing the Lagrangian.\nFor example, it doesn't matter if the time is named t or �, and it\nhas an explicit place for the path to be tested.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 431.50201546551546, + "y": 1523.0791122454402 + }, + { + "x": 1152.9252338179087, + "y": 1523.0791122454402 + }, + { + "x": 1152.9252338179087, + "y": 1559.4671758975703 + }, + { + "x": 431.50201546551546, + "y": 1559.4671758975703 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "This expression is equivalent to a computer program:6", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 398.5395449544473, + "y": 1606.5427377363817 + }, + { + "x": 1266.1989413807416, + "y": 1606.5427377363817 + }, + { + "x": 1266.1989413807416, + "y": 1764.9030660924786 + }, + { + "x": 398.5395449544473, + "y": 1764.9030660924786 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 13, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "5An explanation of functional derivatives is in Appendix B, page 202.\n6The programs in this book are written in Scheme, a dialect of Lisp. The\ndetails of the language are not germane to the points being made. What is\nimportant is that it is mechanically interpretable, and thus unambiguous. In\nthis book we require that the mathematical expressions be explicit enough", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000035.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 399.6373551042444, + "y": 288.25179667073513 + }, + { + "x": 678.7393372892975, + "y": 288.25179667073513 + }, + { + "x": 678.7393372892975, + "y": 407.8205265671869 + }, + { + "x": 399.6373551042444, + "y": 407.8205265671869 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "4\nBasis Fields", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 395.9532787199938, + "y": 463.9439198170111 + }, + { + "x": 1267.3640069974265, + "y": 463.9439198170111 + }, + { + "x": 1267.3640069974265, + "y": 747.4597769957929 + }, + { + "x": 395.9532787199938, + "y": 747.4597769957929 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "A vector field may be written as a linear combination of basis\nvector fields. If n is the dimension, then any set of n linearly\nindependent vector fields may be used as a basis. The coordinate\nbasis X is an example of a basis.1 We will see later that not every\nbasis is a coordinate basis: in order to be a coordinate basis,\nthere must be a coordinate system such that each basis element is\nthe directional derivative operator in a corresponding coordinate\ndirection.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 395.9532787199938, + "y": 752.5155246306815 + }, + { + "x": 1267.3640069974265, + "y": 752.5155246306815 + }, + { + "x": 1267.3640069974265, + "y": 858.7222858186531 + }, + { + "x": 395.9532787199938, + "y": 858.7222858186531 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Let e be a tuple of basis vector fields, such as the coordinate\nbasis X. The general vector field v applied to an arbitrary manifold\nfunction f can be expressed as a linear combination", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 398.427384233273, + "y": 884.379370538915 + }, + { + "x": 986.5930090456092, + "y": 884.379370538915 + }, + { + "x": 986.5930090456092, + "y": 956.1868675769126 + }, + { + "x": 398.427384233273, + "y": 956.1868675769126 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\\mathrm{v}(\\mathrm{f})(\\mathrm{m})=\\mathrm{e}(\\mathrm{f})(\\mathrm{m})\\mathrm{b}(\\mathrm{m})=\\sum_i\\mathrm{e}_i(\\mathrm{f})(\\mathrm{m})\\mathrm{b}^i(\\mathrm{~m})\\text{,}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1202.076747418434, + "y": 893.3642286972994 + }, + { + "x": 1260.9176196175065, + "y": 893.3642286972994 + }, + { + "x": 1260.9176196175065, + "y": 927.6880708134248 + }, + { + "x": 1202.076747418434, + "y": 927.6880708134248 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(4.1)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 395.9532787199939, + "y": 983.0674495306896 + }, + { + "x": 1267.3640069974265, + "y": 983.0674495306896 + }, + { + "x": 1267.3640069974265, + "y": 1266.5833067094716 + }, + { + "x": 395.9532787199939, + "y": 1266.5833067094716 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "where b is a tuple-valued coefficient function on the manifold.\nWhen expressed in a coordinate basis, the coefficients that specify\nthe direction of the vector are naturally expressed as functions\nbi of the coordinates of the manifold point. Here, the coefficient\nfunction b is more naturally expressed as a tuple-valued function\non the manifold. If b is the coefficient function expressed as a\nfunction of coordinates, then b = b ○ X is the coefficient function\nas a function on the manifold.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 395.9532787199939, + "y": 1266.5833067094711 + }, + { + "x": 1267.3640069974265, + "y": 1266.5833067094711 + }, + { + "x": 1267.3640069974265, + "y": 1450.1803914557213 + }, + { + "x": 395.9532787199939, + "y": 1450.1803914557213 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The coordinate-basis forms have a simple definition in terms of\nthe coordinate-basis vectors and the coordinates (equation 3.40).\nWith this choice, the dual property, equation (3.41), holds without\nfurther fuss. More generally, we can define a basis of one-forms e\nthat is dual to e in that the property", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 398.427384233273, + "y": 1471.726951451672 + }, + { + "x": 587.3361983432517, + "y": 1471.726951451672 + }, + { + "x": 587.3361983432517, + "y": 1518.3743053444682 + }, + { + "x": 398.427384233273, + "y": 1518.3743053444682 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\\tilde{\\mathbf{e}}^i\\left(\\mathbf{e}_j\\right)(\\mathrm{m})=\\delta_j^i", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1202.076747418434, + "y": 1477.4121040993105 + }, + { + "x": 1260.9176196175065, + "y": 1477.4121040993105 + }, + { + "x": 1260.9176196175065, + "y": 1511.735946215436 + }, + { + "x": 1202.076747418434, + "y": 1511.735946215436 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(4.2)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 395.95327871999376, + "y": 1542.7217217077657 + }, + { + "x": 1267.3640069974265, + "y": 1542.7217217077657 + }, + { + "x": 1267.3640069974265, + "y": 1612.6060247090036 + }, + { + "x": 395.95327871999376, + "y": 1612.6060247090036 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "is satisfied, analogous to property (3.41). Figure 4.1 illustrates\nthe duality of basis fields.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 395.95327871999353, + "y": 1658.0216929462902 + }, + { + "x": 1267.3640069974265, + "y": 1658.0216929462902 + }, + { + "x": 1267.3640069974265, + "y": 1716.003198454327 + }, + { + "x": 395.95327871999353, + "y": 1716.003198454327 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1We cannot say if the basis vectors are orthogonal or normalized until we\nintroduce a metric.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000036.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 442.7623159958516, + "y": 202.04668531097136 + }, + { + "x": 1389.3967626167282, + "y": 202.04668531097136 + }, + { + "x": 1389.3967626167282, + "y": 266.85147388414845 + }, + { + "x": 442.7623159958516, + "y": 266.85147388414845 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "2. General Profile of MSMEs", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 109.05438229183244, + "y": 342.29281411928025 + }, + { + "x": 742.7197904750913, + "y": 342.29281411928025 + }, + { + "x": 742.7197904750913, + "y": 674.3254396245648 + }, + { + "x": 109.05438229183244, + "y": 674.3254396245648 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "In July 2020, the survey established a general profile\nof the MSMEs interviewed. The respondents updated\nthe interviewers on the status of their business in each\nsubsequent phase. Respondents whose business\nhad permanently closed were only asked the reasons\nfor closing (Section 2.4) and about government\nassistance programs (Section 7). The demographics\nof respondents and business characteristics (i.e., the\nproportions) remained roughly the same across all\nthree survey phases.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 761.098428069355, + "y": 342.29281411928025 + }, + { + "x": 1394.7638362526138, + "y": 342.29281411928025 + }, + { + "x": 1394.7638362526138, + "y": 540.6825628310834 + }, + { + "x": 761.098428069355, + "y": 540.6825628310834 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Business characteristics. Business size was\ndetermined by the number of staff at the time of\ninterview. Following Government Decree number 25/\nGOV, firms with five or less staff are microenterprises,\nthose with six - 50 staff are small, and those with 51\n- 99 staff are medium.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 761.0984280693549, + "y": 576.4474491585545 + }, + { + "x": 1394.7638362526136, + "y": 576.4474491585545 + }, + { + "x": 1394.7638362526136, + "y": 676.6433186603393 + }, + { + "x": 761.0984280693549, + "y": 676.6433186603393 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Micro and small enterprises made up most of\nthe respondents. Approximately 58% were\nmicroenterprises, 40% were small, and only two", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 111.00753218551752, + "y": 708.3178164804657 + }, + { + "x": 795.209571457119, + "y": 708.3178164804657 + }, + { + "x": 795.209571457119, + "y": 739.9534430268689 + }, + { + "x": 111.00753218551752, + "y": 739.9534430268689 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 2.1: Surveyed MSMEs by size across sectors (%)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 326.97959035717537, + "y": 766.8668496825056 + }, + { + "x": 1175.061368009172, + "y": 766.8668496825056 + }, + { + "x": 1175.061368009172, + "y": 1305.5209502014077 + }, + { + "x": 326.97959035717537, + "y": 1305.5209502014077 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "2 1 4 1\n100\n37\n80 40\n40\n50\n60\n40\n62\n58 56\n49\n20\n0\nAll MSMEs Tourism Handicraft/Textile Agriculture\n■ Micro ■ Small ■ Medium", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 109.05438229183235, + "y": 1342.7859726066322 + }, + { + "x": 742.7197904750911, + "y": 1342.7859726066322 + }, + { + "x": 742.7197904750911, + "y": 1570.2663738799197 + }, + { + "x": 109.05438229183235, + "y": 1570.2663738799197 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "percent were medium. The tourism MSME sample\nincluded a higher percentage of microenterprises than\nthe othertwo sectors. All of the tourism and handicraft/\ntextile MSMEs interviewed were registered, orformal,\nconstituting approximately 71 % of the sample. The\nremainder (agriculture MSMEs) were informal, as they\nwere individual farmers.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 109.05438229183272, + "y": 1608.5678012441006 + }, + { + "x": 742.7197904750915, + "y": 1608.5678012441006 + }, + { + "x": 742.7197904750915, + "y": 1873.7833854064952 + }, + { + "x": 109.05438229183272, + "y": 1873.7833854064952 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The geographic focus of sampling sought to emulate\nthe concentration of businesses nationwide.\nInterviewed MSMEs in the tourism and handicraft/\ntextile sectors were mainly based in Vientiane Capital,\nLuang Prabang, and Champasack provinces. For the\nagriculture sector, MSMEs were based in 12 provinces\nand the capital. Annex 1 provides the locations of\nrespondents who participated in all three phases.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 109.05438229183248, + "y": 1908.7449253523 + }, + { + "x": 742.7197904750913, + "y": 1908.7449253523 + }, + { + "x": 742.7197904750913, + "y": 2040.5484543554949 + }, + { + "x": 109.05438229183248, + "y": 2040.5484543554949 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The tourism sub-sectors interviewed included\nlodging, restaurants and bars, and tour operators.\nMost handicraft/textile respondents were involved\nin production, with the remaining in sales. The", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 761.0984280693549, + "y": 1342.7859726066324 + }, + { + "x": 1394.7638362526136, + "y": 1342.7859726066324 + }, + { + "x": 1394.7638362526136, + "y": 1570.26637387992 + }, + { + "x": 761.0984280693549, + "y": 1570.26637387992 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "main products are silk and cotton products such as\nbags, clothes, and scarves, bamboo wicker, pottery,\ncarvings, and mulberry paper products. MSMEs\ninterviewed in the agriculture sector focused on the\ncultivation and trade of cash crops such as vegetables,\ncassava, banana, sugar cane, tea and coffee, livestock\nor fish, and rice.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 761.0984280693552, + "y": 1608.5678012441008 + }, + { + "x": 1394.7638362526138, + "y": 1608.5678012441008 + }, + { + "x": 1394.7638362526138, + "y": 2007.3636572740409 + }, + { + "x": 761.0984280693552, + "y": 2007.3636572740409 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Demographics of respondents. The overall gender\nratio of interviewees was slightly skewed towards\nmen (52%). Within the handicraft/textile sector,\n80% were women, while the agriculture sector\nwas dominated by male representatives (74%). The\ntourism sector respondents were 51% men. Most\nof the interviewees were MSME owners (80%),\nfollowed by managers (17%), while the other three\npercent comprised positions such as accountant,\nassistant, and deputy manager. More than half (58%)\nof interviewees were 36 to 55 years old; the youngest\nrespondent was 23 and the eldest was 83.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1533.4736395638124, + "y": 2198.2493028217814 + }, + { + "x": 1545.4349215690306, + "y": 2198.2493028217814 + }, + { + "x": 1545.4349215690306, + "y": 2217.7473395153343 + }, + { + "x": 1533.4736395638124, + "y": 2217.7473395153343 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "6", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000037.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 258.379447330065, + "y": 205.1492711251667 + }, + { + "x": 1401.7488585550118, + "y": 205.1492711251667 + }, + { + "x": 1401.7488585550118, + "y": 287.2200120143925 + }, + { + "x": 258.379447330065, + "y": 287.2200120143925 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "3. Impact on Business Operations", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 259.9328397790024, + "y": 340.72063851866415 + }, + { + "x": 892.6723147072978, + "y": 340.72063851866415 + }, + { + "x": 892.6723147072978, + "y": 470.4445835734711 + }, + { + "x": 259.9328397790024, + "y": 470.4445835734711 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "This section investigates the impact of public health\nmeasures on business operations. MSMEs were\nasked about their expectations for recovery and the\nmain effects of COVID-19 on their businesses.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 259.9328397790024, + "y": 508.0049332747247 + }, + { + "x": 692.4686264493623, + "y": 508.0049332747247 + }, + { + "x": 692.4686264493623, + "y": 540.0002056433757 + }, + { + "x": 259.9328397790024, + "y": 540.0002056433757 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "3.1. Status of Business Operations", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 259.9328397790024, + "y": 575.339492170246 + }, + { + "x": 892.6723147072978, + "y": 575.339492170246 + }, + { + "x": 892.6723147072978, + "y": 642.0541464694002 + }, + { + "x": 259.9328397790024, + "y": 642.0541464694002 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "As shown in Figure 3.1.1, the number of MSMEs\n\"working as usual\" gradually increased over the", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 912.2363790793644, + "y": 340.72063851866415 + }, + { + "x": 1544.97585400766, + "y": 340.72063851866415 + }, + { + "x": 1544.97585400766, + "y": 504.2287212301301 + }, + { + "x": 912.2363790793644, + "y": 504.2287212301301 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "course of the research period. The impacts of the\nlockdown from March 30 to May 4, 2020, were starkly\nfelt, with only 30% of the MSMEs \"working as usual,\"\nwhile over half (58%) were temporarily completely\nclosed.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 912.2363790793644, + "y": 544.2086155743458 + }, + { + "x": 1544.97585400766, + "y": 544.2086155743458 + }, + { + "x": 1544.97585400766, + "y": 642.0541464694002 + }, + { + "x": 912.2363790793644, + "y": 642.0541464694002 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "In the agriculture sector, a large majority of MSMEs\n(93% in July 2020, 98% in October 2020, and 99%\nin January 2021) were operating normally, though", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 259.93283977900234, + "y": 675.4702026873379 + }, + { + "x": 1049.9371973614063, + "y": 675.4702026873379 + }, + { + "x": 1049.9371973614063, + "y": 707.4654750559888 + }, + { + "x": 259.93283977900234, + "y": 707.4654750559888 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 3. 1. 1: Status of operations during each survey phase (%)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 378.4200688657552, + "y": 730.233207727434 + }, + { + "x": 1424.137789255385, + "y": 730.233207727434 + }, + { + "x": 1424.137789255385, + "y": 1501.4147466817417 + }, + { + "x": 378.4200688657552, + "y": 1501.4147466817417 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "2 2 1\n100 1\n6 2\n5\n7 13\n13\n21\n80\n60 58\n85\n40 83\n71\n20\n30\n0\nLockdown Period July 2020 October 2020 January 2021\nBusiness premises closed to customers, but some business operations continue\nBusiness premises still open, but reduced operations\nTemporarily closed\nWorking as usual", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 258.379447330065, + "y": 1542.1007250750688 + }, + { + "x": 891.1189222583604, + "y": 1542.1007250750688 + }, + { + "x": 891.1189222583604, + "y": 1908.2003635597105 + }, + { + "x": 258.379447330065, + "y": 1908.2003635597105 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "during the first lockdown period, just over three\nquarters (77%) were working as usual. In contrast,\n63% of firms from the tourism sector and 62%\nfrom the handicraft/textile sector were working as\nusual as of July 2020, rising to 80% of tourism and\n82% of handicraft/textile firms as of January 2021.\nDuring the lockdown period, tourism and handicraft/\ntextile MSMEs were the hardest hit with just 12%\nand 15% respectively working as usual. As shown\nin Table 3.1.1., a majority of tourism and handicraft/\ntextile MSMEs were temporarily closed during the", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 910.2705171922328, + "y": 1542.100725075069 + }, + { + "x": 1543.009992120528, + "y": 1542.100725075069 + }, + { + "x": 1543.009992120528, + "y": 1908.2003635597105 + }, + { + "x": 910.2705171922328, + "y": 1908.2003635597105 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "lockdown period. In the handicraft/textile sector, 30%\nof MSMEs were temporarily closed as of July 2020,\nreducing to 12% in January 2021. Similarly, in tourism,\n27% of businesses were temporarily closed as of July\n2020 and that reduced to 18% in January 2021. Figure\n3.1.1 and Table 3.1.1 do not reflect those MSMEs who\nwere permanently closed; this was four in July 2020,\n22 in October 2020, and 24 in January 2021. Of these\n50 businesses who permanently closed during the\nresearch period, 30 were in the tourism sector, 18 in\nhandicraft/textile, and two in agriculture.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 107.6561156395906, + "y": 2198.620053303076 + }, + { + "x": 119.89669578313124, + "y": 2198.620053303076 + }, + { + "x": 119.89669578313124, + "y": 2217.8552506714973 + }, + { + "x": 107.6561156395906, + "y": 2217.8552506714973 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "7", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000038.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 259.77648812463536, + "y": 175.72784431515817 + }, + { + "x": 1316.4795421517094, + "y": 175.72784431515817 + }, + { + "x": 1316.4795421517094, + "y": 209.6040935253638 + }, + { + "x": 259.77648812463536, + "y": 209.6040935253638 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 6.1.1: Will they fire more staff in the next 2 months - across survey phases (%)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 427.8789856098789, + "y": 231.0399744150358 + }, + { + "x": 1374.060709083024, + "y": 231.0399744150358 + }, + { + "x": 1374.060709083024, + "y": 831.6987885775494 + }, + { + "x": 427.8789856098789, + "y": 831.6987885775494 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "100\n18\n26\n1\n80\n45\n1\n60\n5\n40 81 73\n51\n20\n0\nJ uly 2020 October 2020 J anuary 2021\n■ Will not terminate employment ■ Will terminate employment ■ Don't know", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 259.7764881246351, + "y": 873.590416081908 + }, + { + "x": 1473.6620265785568, + "y": 873.590416081908 + }, + { + "x": 1473.6620265785568, + "y": 907.4666652921136 + }, + { + "x": 259.7764881246351, + "y": 907.4666652921136 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 6.1.2: Will they fire more staff in the next 2 months - across sectors and survey phases (%)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 307.14860613856746, + "y": 929.603538257234 + }, + { + "x": 1496.5292475777765, + "y": 929.603538257234 + }, + { + "x": 1496.5292475777765, + "y": 1603.5118795934732 + }, + { + "x": 307.14860613856746, + "y": 1603.5118795934732 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "100\n6 9\n16\n26\n32 2\n80\n45\n2 59\n59\n62\n8\n60\n91\n94\n82\n40\n1\n71\n59\n55\n41 41\n20 37\n0\nJ ul 2020 Oct 2020 J an 2021 J ul 2020 Oct 2020 J an 2021 J ul 2020 Oct 2020 J an 2021\nTourism Handicraft/Textile Agriculture\n■ Will not terminate employment ■ Will terminate employment ■ Don't know", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 259.7764881246351, + "y": 1644.0377717370504 + }, + { + "x": 785.8528282192871, + "y": 1644.0377717370504 + }, + { + "x": 785.8528282192871, + "y": 1672.706016141492 + }, + { + "x": 259.7764881246351, + "y": 1672.706016141492 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "6.2. Expectations for Re-Hiring Employees", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 259.7764881246351, + "y": 1710.486588887156 + }, + { + "x": 890.8609394151752, + "y": 1710.486588887156 + }, + { + "x": 890.8609394151752, + "y": 1906.6202977900384 + }, + { + "x": 259.7764881246351, + "y": 1906.6202977900384 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "In July 2020, 81% of the MSMEs that had laid off\nemployees expected to re-hire all of them when the\nsituation improved. This number reduced to 23% in\nOctober 2020 and further to just 7% in January 2021.5\nIn July 2020, all MSMEs had plans to re-hire at least\nsome of their staff. But in October 2020, 17% said", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 912.7423000304124, + "y": 1644.0377717370504 + }, + { + "x": 1543.8267513209523, + "y": 1644.0377717370504 + }, + { + "x": 1543.8267513209523, + "y": 1906.6202977900384 + }, + { + "x": 912.7423000304124, + "y": 1906.6202977900384 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "they had no plans to re-hire and another 36% said\nthey didn't know whether they would re-hire or not. In\nJanuary 2021, 20% said they had no plans to re-hire\nand another 27% said they did not know. This question\nwas only posed to those who had let staff go since the\nlast survey round, and in October 2020 and January\n2021, the base numbers reduced as fewer MSMEs\nreported letting staff go. In July 2020, 195 MSMEs", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 259.77648812463497, + "y": 1977.7797183197824 + }, + { + "x": 1516.8501288403654, + "y": 1977.7797183197824 + }, + { + "x": 1516.8501288403654, + "y": 2068.7938570231727 + }, + { + "x": 259.77648812463497, + "y": 2068.7938570231727 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "5. The question on re-hiring was asked to those who had laid-off employees since the last survey. In the latter two survey rounds,\nrespondents were asked about plans to re-hire staff whom they had let go since the previous interview, whereas in July 2020, they\nwere asked about plans to re-hire staff they had let go since their business was first affected by the pandemic.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 107.08886082819004, + "y": 2197.5950822498585 + }, + { + "x": 133.3092496618454, + "y": 2197.5950822498585 + }, + { + "x": 133.3092496618454, + "y": 2219.1883436422804 + }, + { + "x": 107.08886082819004, + "y": 2219.1883436422804 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "23", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000039.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 259.6232212003042, + "y": 176.7447744509576 + }, + { + "x": 1494.0475911092012, + "y": 176.7447744509576 + }, + { + "x": 1494.0475911092012, + "y": 206.16362244929408 + }, + { + "x": 259.6232212003042, + "y": 206.16362244929408 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 9.4.1: Challenges in importing amongst tourism MSMEs who import - all survey phases (%)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 368.7366835745463, + "y": 232.6027174551689 + }, + { + "x": 1436.5944885337008, + "y": 232.6027174551689 + }, + { + "x": 1436.5944885337008, + "y": 801.640900181272 + }, + { + "x": 368.7366835745463, + "y": 801.640900181272 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "100\n22\n32 37\n80\n20\n60\n17\n30\n40\n57\n46\n20 38\n0\nJuly 2020 October 2020 January 2021\n■ Big Challenge ■ Small Challenge ■ No Challenge", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 258.1393840873781, + "y": 843.4227452659411 + }, + { + "x": 891.497832082217, + "y": 843.4227452659411 + }, + { + "x": 891.497832082217, + "y": 940.2812497857592 + }, + { + "x": 258.1393840873781, + "y": 940.2812497857592 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "There were very few tourism MSMEs that exported\nin each survey round. The base is too small for any\nconclusive analysis.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 258.1393840873781, + "y": 976.7210905890662 + }, + { + "x": 891.497832082217, + "y": 976.7210905890662 + }, + { + "x": 891.497832082217, + "y": 1037.735872316928 + }, + { + "x": 258.1393840873781, + "y": 1037.735872316928 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "9.5. Adapting to the New Normal: Changing\nBusiness Models", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 258.1393840873781, + "y": 1076.69484958141 + }, + { + "x": 891.497832082217, + "y": 1076.69484958141 + }, + { + "x": 891.497832082217, + "y": 1341.5321011928877 + }, + { + "x": 258.1393840873781, + "y": 1341.5321011928877 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "In all survey phases, several MSMEs in the tourism\nsector reported changing their business models. In\nJuly 2020, 167 tourism MSMEs mentioned that they\nchanged their business model, in October 2020, 223\nmentioned the same, and in January 2021, it was 183\nMSMEs. Some changed models in more ways than\none. The main ways across all phases that MSMEs\nmade changes were:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 300.3581432244557, + "y": 1375.8411361786557 + }, + { + "x": 681.6534100789763, + "y": 1375.8411361786557 + }, + { + "x": 681.6534100789763, + "y": 1408.9562642342355 + }, + { + "x": 300.3581432244557, + "y": 1408.9562642342355 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Adapting to social distancing;", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 949.357266685857, + "y": 843.4227452659411 + }, + { + "x": 1543.9689219902034, + "y": 843.4227452659411 + }, + { + "x": 1543.9689219902034, + "y": 907.3081472324056 + }, + { + "x": 949.357266685857, + "y": 907.3081472324056 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Devising new ways to reach customers through\nonline markets or social media;", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 949.357266685857, + "y": 942.22171590521 + }, + { + "x": 1543.9689219902034, + "y": 942.22171590521 + }, + { + "x": 1543.9689219902034, + "y": 1006.1071178716744 + }, + { + "x": 949.357266685857, + "y": 1006.1071178716744 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Moving into new products and services in high\ndemand during COVID-19;", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 949.3572666858568, + "y": 1042.7693408920763 + }, + { + "x": 1324.5417047443402, + "y": 1042.7693408920763 + }, + { + "x": 1324.5417047443402, + "y": 1074.5503161379768 + }, + { + "x": 949.3572666858568, + "y": 1074.5503161379768 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Reducing employee salaries.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 910.6104739953646, + "y": 1111.003884567178 + }, + { + "x": 1543.9689219902034, + "y": 1111.003884567178 + }, + { + "x": 1543.9689219902034, + "y": 1439.935722025913 + }, + { + "x": 910.6104739953646, + "y": 1439.935722025913 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Compared to previous survey round results, in\nJanuary 2021, tourism MSMEs had increasingly\nshifted towards adapting to social distancing to\noperate (57%).6 Starting online marketing remained a\npopular choice, as nearly a quarter (24%) mentioned\nit in January 2021, compared to 28% in July 2020 and\n31 % in October 2020. Reducing employee salaries as\nan approach reduced considerably in January 2021 at\n8% of responses compared to 21 % in July 2020 and\n24% in October 2020.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 259.66972445755573, + "y": 2010.775560128979 + }, + { + "x": 870.3389970750145, + "y": 2010.775560128979 + }, + { + "x": 870.3389970750145, + "y": 2038.5740145359407 + }, + { + "x": 259.66972445755573, + "y": 2038.5740145359407 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "6. Compared to 38% in July 2020 and 22% in October 2020.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 106.57390018875336, + "y": 2197.075009910795 + }, + { + "x": 133.6631052478526, + "y": 2197.075009910795 + }, + { + "x": 133.6631052478526, + "y": 2219.4236040845517 + }, + { + "x": 106.57390018875336, + "y": 2219.4236040845517 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "39", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000040.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.7590519500097, + "y": 198.5738179714754 + }, + { + "x": 767.0541900082022, + "y": 198.5738179714754 + }, + { + "x": 767.0541900082022, + "y": 524.4863088194996 + }, + { + "x": 192.7590519500097, + "y": 524.4863088194996 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Thailand, Philippines and Indonesia in\nparticular, identifying known experts at\nthe national, subnational and community\nlevel. The survey and interviews with\nkey informants asked key questions to\nregional experts on violent extremism to\nascertain if hostile sentiments espoused\nare exacerbating insecurities for women.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.7590519500097, + "y": 586.7996341034651 + }, + { + "x": 767.0541900082022, + "y": 586.7996341034651 + }, + { + "x": 767.0541900082022, + "y": 1120.7182296856963 + }, + { + "x": 192.7590519500097, + "y": 1120.7182296856963 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The survey was made available in\nEnglish, Bahasa, Thai and Tagalog. We\nused the Qualtrics platform to facilitate\nthe ease of dissemination and response\nfrom home computers, iPads or mobile\nphone survey options. Qualtrics, one of\nthe most widely used research platforms,\nsupports the implementation of both\nlarge-scale survey and experimental\nstudy designs. It is administered online\nwith responses gathered into a central\nand privacy protected database that only\nthe approved researchers have access to.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.7590519500097, + "y": 1185.9485836157328 + }, + { + "x": 767.0541900082022, + "y": 1185.9485836157328 + }, + { + "x": 767.0541900082022, + "y": 1552.0802476101296 + }, + { + "x": 192.7590519500097, + "y": 1552.0802476101296 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The platform allows for the easy\nmigration of data into various statistical\npackages, including STATA, the main\nstatistical analysis package that we will\nuse to analyse the data. A limitation\nof this study is that we were unable\nto translate the survey in all ASEAN\nlanguages, and there is a selection bias in\nthat we are focussing the survey in areas", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 872.9020528183605, + "y": 198.57381797147545 + }, + { + "x": 1452.2274653934724, + "y": 198.57381797147545 + }, + { + "x": 1452.2274653934724, + "y": 401.59548009438333 + }, + { + "x": 872.9020528183605, + "y": 401.59548009438333 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "of the region that most experience violent\nextremism and terrorism. However,\nthrough our networks, where possible,\nwe disseminated the survey throughout\nall ASEAN countries.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 872.9020528183605, + "y": 464.5384174928061 + }, + { + "x": 1452.2274653934724, + "y": 464.5384174928061 + }, + { + "x": 1452.2274653934724, + "y": 959.2271404353244 + }, + { + "x": 872.9020528183605, + "y": 959.2271404353244 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "It is important to note the limitations\nof this six-month study. Although the\nsurvey was disseminated among all\nmember states, the majority of expert\nrespondents came from Indonesia, the\nPhilippines and Thailand. While this can\nbe regarded as highly selective rather\nthan representative, it is important to\nnote that Indonesia, the Philippines and\nThailand are the countries that continue\nto face the most pressing threat of\nongoing violent extremism and conflict.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 872.9020528183605, + "y": 1022.1700778337472 + }, + { + "x": 1452.2274653934724, + "y": 1022.1700778337472 + }, + { + "x": 1452.2274653934724, + "y": 1554.8537435650271 + }, + { + "x": 872.9020528183605, + "y": 1554.8537435650271 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "This is with the exception of Myanmar.\nGiven the current political circumstances\nand challenges posed by COVID-19, on\ntop of the short project time span, it was\nunfeasible to include Myanmar within the\nscope of this study. It is also important\nto note that the data derived from the\nsurveys and interviews were based on the\nperceptions of experts and key informants,\nwho are involved in peacebuilding, and\non P/CVE strategies throughout the\nregion. As a result, it is important to note\nthe subjectivity of responses.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 541.0788790662857, + "y": 1638.942873661824 + }, + { + "x": 1114.287483345917, + "y": 1638.942873661824 + }, + { + "x": 1114.287483345917, + "y": 1673.8430285349382 + }, + { + "x": 541.0788790662857, + "y": 1673.8430285349382 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 1: Age by gender of respondents", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 180.44394537744017, + "y": 1705.5704420559514 + }, + { + "x": 1470.6920952319608, + "y": 1705.5704420559514 + }, + { + "x": 1470.6920952319608, + "y": 2185.711966673945 + }, + { + "x": 180.44394537744017, + "y": 2185.711966673945 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "■ Male\nOVER 50\n■ Female\n41-50\n31-40\n25-30\n0 5 10 15 20", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 51.23370102253008, + "y": 2279.8264716927924 + }, + { + "x": 1185.4389480637658, + "y": 2279.8264716927924 + }, + { + "x": 1185.4389480637658, + "y": 2306.7990497513115 + }, + { + "x": 51.23370102253008, + "y": 2306.7990497513115 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1531.2814462407557, + "y": 2281.3811951875377 + }, + { + "x": 1565.5219302931014, + "y": 2281.3811951875377 + }, + { + "x": 1565.5219302931014, + "y": 2302.940018479756 + }, + { + "x": 1531.2814462407557, + "y": 2302.940018479756 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "26", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000041.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 173.18533159899818, + "y": 196.0069086002636 + }, + { + "x": 799.6891185715717, + "y": 196.0069086002636 + }, + { + "x": 799.6891185715717, + "y": 524.9213967608647 + }, + { + "x": 173.18533159899818, + "y": 524.9213967608647 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "tweets, videos) inciting violence towards\nreligious minorities, ethnic minorities, the\nLGBTI community, and women and girls.\nForty-four per cent of respondents had\n\"sometimes\" seen extremist social media\ncontent inciting violence towards religious\nminorities, with 31% seeing this content\n\"very often\".", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 173.18533159899818, + "y": 586.2665592352625 + }, + { + "x": 799.6891185715717, + "y": 586.2665592352625 + }, + { + "x": 799.6891185715717, + "y": 1079.638291476164 + }, + { + "x": 173.18533159899818, + "y": 1079.638291476164 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Both men and women acknowledged that\nthey had \"sometimes\" seen this content on\nsocial media (62% and 41%, respectively).\nIndonesia was the country from which most\nrespondents had viewed this content \"very\noften\" (50%). When collapsing the \"always\"\nand \"very often\" categories, 41% of Instagram\nusers had often seen intolerant content,\nfollowed by 36% of WhatsApp users and\n34% of Facebook users. Among the Twitter\nusers in the sample, 48% had seen intolerant\ncontent towards religious minorities.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 173.18533159899818, + "y": 1142.2886701734217 + }, + { + "x": 799.6891185715717, + "y": 1142.2886701734217 + }, + { + "x": 799.6891185715717, + "y": 1552.1265641513132 + }, + { + "x": 173.18533159899818, + "y": 1552.1265641513132 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "When asked about how often social media\ncontent was inciting violence towards\nethnic minorities, 46% of respondents had\n\"sometimes\" seen this type of extremist\nsocial media content inciting violence\ntowards ethnic minorities whereas only\n27% have seen this content rarely or\nnever. Women have seen such content\nmore frequently than men (90%), and\nIndonesia was the country from which most", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 862.1987570800393, + "y": 196.0069086002636 + }, + { + "x": 1488.702544052613, + "y": 196.0069086002636 + }, + { + "x": 1488.702544052613, + "y": 402.6719478093314 + }, + { + "x": 862.1987570800393, + "y": 402.6719478093314 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "respondents had seen this content \"very\noften\" (58%). Users of Facebook, WhatsApp\nand Instagram acknowledged that they had\nseen this content \"very often\" (26%, 31% and\n35% respectively).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 862.1987570800394, + "y": 464.957823174352 + }, + { + "x": 1488.702544052613, + "y": 464.957823174352 + }, + { + "x": 1488.702544052613, + "y": 1000.1866085383627 + }, + { + "x": 862.1987570800394, + "y": 1000.1866085383627 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Thirty-nine per cent of respondents\nacknowledged that they had \"sometimes\"\nseen social media content inciting violence\ntowards the LGBTI community. Women saw\nthis type of content more frequently than\nmen (84%), and Indonesia was the country\nfrom which more respondents saw this\ncontent with a higher frequency (53% saw\nsuch content \"always\" and \"very often\").\nParticipantsin thesurvey observed intolerant\ncontent directed towards the LGBTI\ncommunity. For example, one participant\nfrom the Philippines observed that,", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 903.7489655764598, + "y": 1059.6997940624135 + }, + { + "x": 1466.6050032933665, + "y": 1059.6997940624135 + }, + { + "x": 1466.6050032933665, + "y": 1579.6787853010892 + }, + { + "x": 903.7489655764598, + "y": 1579.6787853010892 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\"\nThere were instances when women\nwere humiliated in public and on\nsocial media after they were labelled\nas part of the LGBTQ+ community. The\ncomments on posts regarding them\nwere mostly commending their public\nhumiliation (cutting their hair) instead\nof condemning the act\".\n\"", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 123.17799136987838, + "y": 1635.218166717602 + }, + { + "x": 1528.9923435535948, + "y": 1635.218166717602 + }, + { + "x": 1528.9923435535948, + "y": 1672.3018450805337 + }, + { + "x": 123.17799136987838, + "y": 1672.3018450805337 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 3: Frequency of viewing extremist social media inciting violence toward women and girls", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 233.08784104469032, + "y": 1688.0830692455286 + }, + { + "x": 1473.269878726861, + "y": 1688.0830692455286 + }, + { + "x": 1473.269878726861, + "y": 2202.3796515092035 + }, + { + "x": 233.08784104469032, + "y": 2202.3796515092035 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "53,9%\n■ Male\n■ Female\n35,7%\n30,4% 30,8%\n28,6%\n7,7% 7,7%\n5,4%\n· · · · · OFTEN · · · · · · · · · · · · SOMETIMES · · · · · · . · · · · · RARELY · · · · · · · · · · · · · · NEVER · · · · ·", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 53.16771504911035, + "y": 2278.169683949142 + }, + { + "x": 1188.0102281661227, + "y": 2278.169683949142 + }, + { + "x": 1188.0102281661227, + "y": 2308.146477780303 + }, + { + "x": 53.16771504911035, + "y": 2308.146477780303 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1533.1988649971306, + "y": 2282.0864473781435 + }, + { + "x": 1562.904752442911, + "y": 2282.0864473781435 + }, + { + "x": 1562.904752442911, + "y": 2302.6641701582707 + }, + { + "x": 1533.1988649971306, + "y": 2302.6641701582707 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "29", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000042.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.73607566759577, + "y": 196.04839519810685 + }, + { + "x": 785.3042408458216, + "y": 196.04839519810685 + }, + { + "x": 785.3042408458216, + "y": 983.0937775824024 + }, + { + "x": 192.73607566759577, + "y": 983.0937775824024 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "this content \"very often\", 71% were from\nIndonesia and 28.6% were from Thailand.\nWhen asked about how often participants\nhad heard of groups expressing the\nimportance of men accompanying women\nwhen travelling to conflict zones, more\nrespondents had heard this message\nwith a higher frequency (\"always\" or \"very\noften\", 37.1%) than those who had rarely or\nnever heard it (34%). Forty-six per cent of\nrespondents from Indonesia heard this\nmessage with a higher frequency, followed\nby the Philippines (38%) and Thailand\n(15%). When grouping the answer options\nof \"always\", \"very often\" and \"sometimes\",\n66% of respondents said they had heard\ngroups stress the importance of women\nbeing accompanied by men when\ntravelling to conflict areas.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.73607566759577, + "y": 1068.8090544912247 + }, + { + "x": 764.2274159137196, + "y": 1068.8090544912247 + }, + { + "x": 764.2274159137196, + "y": 1186.7075083484883 + }, + { + "x": 192.73607566759577, + "y": 1186.7075083484883 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 5: Importance of a male\nguardian accompanying women when\ntravelling to conflict zones", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 201.1988273788811, + "y": 1240.9017612120992 + }, + { + "x": 770.8538716460255, + "y": 1240.9017612120992 + }, + { + "x": 770.8538716460255, + "y": 1778.1164036522546 + }, + { + "x": 201.1988273788811, + "y": 1778.1164036522546 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "34.3%\n65,7%\n■ Yes\n■ No", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.73607566759577, + "y": 1863.4464328825609 + }, + { + "x": 785.3042408458216, + "y": 1863.4464328825609 + }, + { + "x": 785.3042408458216, + "y": 2148.1569004765197 + }, + { + "x": 192.73607566759577, + "y": 2148.1569004765197 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "In the second part of the survey, using\na five-point Likert scale from \"strong-\nly agree\" to \"strongly disagree\", partic-\nipants were presented with a series of\nstatements regarding how worried they\nwere about intolerant content being es-\npoused in the offline space by violent ex-", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 868.6972212573904, + "y": 196.04839519810676 + }, + { + "x": 1461.2653864356164, + "y": 196.04839519810676 + }, + { + "x": 1461.2653864356164, + "y": 695.1710228704096 + }, + { + "x": 868.6972212573904, + "y": 695.1710228704096 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "tremist groups. Most respondents (77%)\nagreed (combining both \"strongly agree\"\nand \"agree\") that they were worried about\nintolerance in their communities, partic-\nularly respondents from Indonesia and\nthe Philippines. Almost all respondents in\nthe sample (93%) agreed that they were\nworried about violent extremism in their\ncountries. This appeared to be a general\nconcern among both men and women\nas 85% of men and 95% of women agreed\nthat they were concerned.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 868.6972212573905, + "y": 757.2913710277037 + }, + { + "x": 1461.2653864356166, + "y": 757.2913710277037 + }, + { + "x": 1461.2653864356166, + "y": 1292.9600529400736 + }, + { + "x": 868.6972212573905, + "y": 1292.9600529400736 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Significantly, 89% of respondents agreed\nthat religious extremism would impede\nwomen's rights. Half of the participants\nin Indonesia agreed they were concerned\nthat religious extremism would hamper\nwomen's rights, 27% in Philippines and 16%\nin Thailand. Both men (84.6%) and women\n(89.2%) expressed their concerns on this\nissue. Furthermore, 91% of respondents\nagreed that religious extremism prioritizes\nmen's rights over women's rights - 93.1%\nof women strongly agreed with the\nstatement compared to 6.90% of men.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 868.6972212573905, + "y": 1352.9999991916118 + }, + { + "x": 1461.2653864356166, + "y": 1352.9999991916118 + }, + { + "x": 1461.2653864356166, + "y": 1850.287380101092 + }, + { + "x": 868.6972212573905, + "y": 1850.287380101092 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "For example, one interviewee from\nIndonesia observed that the teachings\nof extremism have entered schools, such\nas high schools, and have also begun to\npenetrate student organizations. She\nobserved that the teachings \"spread from\nthe Middle East, bringing misogynistic\nteachings towards women as part of their\nsubjugation strategy\". She acknowledged\nthat it was part of the organizational\nstrategy where women appeared to look\nempowered:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 894.1447000192934, + "y": 1917.5508618810736 + }, + { + "x": 946.1179981496877, + "y": 1917.5508618810736 + }, + { + "x": 946.1179981496877, + "y": 1962.6597621451897 + }, + { + "x": 894.1447000192934, + "y": 1962.6597621451897 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\"", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 972.0861828008798, + "y": 1944.946446048806 + }, + { + "x": 1454.083440254297, + "y": 1944.946446048806 + }, + { + "x": 1454.083440254297, + "y": 2145.056619734876 + }, + { + "x": 972.0861828008798, + "y": 2145.056619734876 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\"However, this is just\nmanipulation; behind it is the\npractice of misogyny, women's\nconsciousness, their bodies and\nminds are controlled, even though", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 51.905351527452694, + "y": 2281.058092658608 + }, + { + "x": 1186.0656941664147, + "y": 2281.058092658608 + }, + { + "x": 1186.0656941664147, + "y": 2308.0123570266596 + }, + { + "x": 51.905351527452694, + "y": 2308.0123570266596 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1535.5127499628557, + "y": 2281.737187029934 + }, + { + "x": 1558.5711716194062, + "y": 2281.737187029934 + }, + { + "x": 1558.5711716194062, + "y": 2301.6151367338566 + }, + { + "x": 1535.5127499628557, + "y": 2301.6151367338566 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "31", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000043.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 191.88449246515597, + "y": 199.72687769950377 + }, + { + "x": 763.0686854103508, + "y": 199.72687769950377 + }, + { + "x": 763.0686854103508, + "y": 396.4229624844348 + }, + { + "x": 191.88449246515597, + "y": 396.4229624844348 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 7: Respondents' reaction to\nthe statement \"I am worried that\nmisogynistic and hostile beliefs\nespoused by extremist groups result in\nviolence towards women.\"", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 215.61569651714728, + "y": 445.55949916517613 + }, + { + "x": 763.0686854103509, + "y": 445.55949916517613 + }, + { + "x": 763.0686854103509, + "y": 1060.413422330408 + }, + { + "x": 215.61569651714728, + "y": 1060.413422330408 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "36%\n56%\nSTRONGLY\nAGREE\nAGREE\n3%\n4%\nUNDECIDED\nDISAGREE\n1%\nSTRONGLY\nDISAGREE", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 196.749320857861, + "y": 1122.3721172244384 + }, + { + "x": 782.3495627523475, + "y": 1122.3721172244384 + }, + { + "x": 782.3495627523475, + "y": 1368.0696100192993 + }, + { + "x": 196.749320857861, + "y": 1368.0696100192993 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, 70%\nof respondents agreed that online\nradicalization and the proliferation of\nextremist propaganda had increased.\nAltogether, 76.9% and 92.9% of women\nagreed with the statement.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 196.749320857861, + "y": 1427.9026782128662 + }, + { + "x": 651.1102990550455, + "y": 1427.9026782128662 + }, + { + "x": 651.1102990550455, + "y": 1501.3920366324314 + }, + { + "x": 196.749320857861, + "y": 1501.3920366324314 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "One interviewee from Indonesia\nnoted that:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 291.6489648012363, + "y": 1574.8813950519964 + }, + { + "x": 779.5720121979073, + "y": 1574.8813950519964 + }, + { + "x": 779.5720121979073, + "y": 2148.329853270807 + }, + { + "x": 291.6489648012363, + "y": 2148.329853270807 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\"COVID has managed to restrict\ndirect meetings to disseminate\npropaganda, misinformation\nand disinformation through\nmost government's large-scale\nrestrictions to prevent the virus'\nspread. However, the tendency to\nutilize online spaces to disseminate\nthese has increased since the use\nofonline activities is mandatory in\nvarious sectors, such as working\nand education. Most people\ncertainly use online platforms to\ndisseminate false information", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 969.0377748824646, + "y": 195.54287830558448 + }, + { + "x": 1460.2587312260612, + "y": 195.54287830558448 + }, + { + "x": 1460.2587312260612, + "y": 360.18215450278626 + }, + { + "x": 969.0377748824646, + "y": 360.18215450278626 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "regarding the outbreak, as well as\nradical ideas targeted at people,\nincluding recruiting them as a\npart of groups.\"", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 889.614989652796, + "y": 338.99015366937374 + }, + { + "x": 943.8164210835164, + "y": 338.99015366937374 + }, + { + "x": 943.8164210835164, + "y": 385.748430111875 + }, + { + "x": 889.614989652796, + "y": 385.748430111875 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\"", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 873.0999112886175, + "y": 474.9076220079642 + }, + { + "x": 1382.173129074596, + "y": 474.9076220079642 + }, + { + "x": 1382.173129074596, + "y": 674.6853354802367 + }, + { + "x": 873.0999112886175, + "y": 674.6853354802367 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 8: Respondents' view to the\nstatement, \"Online radicalization\nand the proliferation of extremist\npropaganda has increased\nduring COVID-1\".", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 885.443671408918, + "y": 711.415634299828 + }, + { + "x": 1455.486036358985, + "y": 711.415634299828 + }, + { + "x": 1455.486036358985, + "y": 1329.940157185195 + }, + { + "x": 885.443671408918, + "y": 1329.940157185195 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "23%\n47%\nSTRONGLY\nAGREE\nAGREE\n6%\n21%\nDISAGREE\nUNDECIDED\n3%\nSTRONGLY\nDISAGREE", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 873.0999112886172, + "y": 1395.9130862246398 + }, + { + "x": 1382.173129074596, + "y": 1395.9130862246398 + }, + { + "x": 1382.173129074596, + "y": 1470.3324983243328 + }, + { + "x": 873.0999112886172, + "y": 1470.3324983243328 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Another interviewee from Indonesia\nobserved that:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 889.614989652796, + "y": 1516.1674609961583 + }, + { + "x": 943.8164210835164, + "y": 1516.1674609961583 + }, + { + "x": 943.8164210835164, + "y": 1562.9257374386596 + }, + { + "x": 889.614989652796, + "y": 1562.9257374386596 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\"", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 969.0377748824648, + "y": 1534.0599318608106 + }, + { + "x": 1460.2587312260614, + "y": 1534.0599318608106 + }, + { + "x": 1460.2587312260614, + "y": 2150.019317500932 + }, + { + "x": 969.0377748824648, + "y": 2150.019317500932 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\"(Based on my experience),\nduring 2020-2021 one of the\ninteresting things has been\nthe impact of misinformation\nand disinformation related to\nCOVID, affecting people's views\nand attitudes in responding to,\npreventing and handling of (the\nvirus). At the beginning of the\nIndonesian government's policy\non limiting religious activities\nin places of worship, this issue\ncaused a strong, adverse reaction\namong extremist groups, giving\nrise to a narrative that the", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 52.72032976536599, + "y": 2279.2577802244577 + }, + { + "x": 1188.2071435495366, + "y": 2279.2577802244577 + }, + { + "x": 1188.2071435495366, + "y": 2306.2756681766573 + }, + { + "x": 52.72032976536599, + "y": 2306.2756681766573 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1533.5554397225676, + "y": 2282.016114949125 + }, + { + "x": 1562.215698411808, + "y": 2282.016114949125 + }, + { + "x": 1562.215698411808, + "y": 2301.392064485513 + }, + { + "x": 1533.5554397225676, + "y": 2301.392064485513 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 13, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "36", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000044.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 186.93475131614855, + "y": 156.74750246598268 + }, + { + "x": 514.9324765650379, + "y": 156.74750246598268 + }, + { + "x": 514.9324765650379, + "y": 191.07284580598272 + }, + { + "x": 186.93475131614855, + "y": 191.07284580598272 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Table of Contents", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 182.58723917060897, + "y": 295.0699931334186 + }, + { + "x": 1038.0862346334095, + "y": 295.0699931334186 + }, + { + "x": 1038.0862346334095, + "y": 914.710182133006 + }, + { + "x": 182.58723917060897, + "y": 914.710182133006 + } + ], + "category": "Index", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Executive Summary 4\nLegal Framework 6\nElection Administration 11\nCivil Society Engagement 15\nPolitical Parties, Candidates Registration and Election 18\nCampaign\nMedia Freedom and Access to Information 25\nVoter Education and Awareness 29\nParticipation of Marginalized Sectors 31\nRecommendations 39", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000045.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 777.662857668408, + "y": 93.92663804866078 + }, + { + "x": 1041.2393444021122, + "y": 93.92663804866078 + }, + { + "x": 1041.2393444021122, + "y": 124.9356364879201 + }, + { + "x": 777.662857668408, + "y": 124.9356364879201 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Civil Society Engagement", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 144.75911908358594, + "y": 154.2858861102384 + }, + { + "x": 1041.2393444021125, + "y": 154.2858861102384 + }, + { + "x": 1041.2393444021125, + "y": 264.00265938912975 + }, + { + "x": 144.75911908358594, + "y": 264.00265938912975 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "election integrity. The registration of local election observers runs until\n25 May, and the NEC is still reviewing the application of nearly 5,000\nobservers.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 143.07116872544916, + "y": 314.64117013323346 + }, + { + "x": 981.9824967194338, + "y": 314.64117013323346 + }, + { + "x": 981.9824967194338, + "y": 388.9109858912522 + }, + { + "x": 143.07116872544916, + "y": 388.9109858912522 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Table: The number of accredited observers as of 28 April\n202215", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.51092051613318, + "y": 429.4217944865352 + }, + { + "x": 1035.996908179811, + "y": 429.4217944865352 + }, + { + "x": 1035.996908179811, + "y": 1005.0128666111806 + }, + { + "x": 151.51092051613318, + "y": 1005.0128666111806 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "No.Name of organizationNumber of accredited observers1Union of Youth Federations of Cambodia (UYFC)17,2662Cambodian Women for Peace and Development9,8353Association of Democratic Students of Cambodia7114Association of Intellectual and Youth Volunteer465Our Friends Association276COMFREL267Traditional and Modern Mental Health Organization15Total27,926", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 146.16555437932325, + "y": 1486.0384292807355 + }, + { + "x": 517.0226821723865, + "y": 1486.0384292807355 + }, + { + "x": 517.0226821723865, + "y": 1510.0421268725192 + }, + { + "x": 146.16555437932325, + "y": 1510.0421268725192 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "15 https://www.nec.gov.kh/khmer/content/5524", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1008.8005884079184, + "y": 1533.789327060558 + }, + { + "x": 1037.491573166898, + "y": 1533.789327060558 + }, + { + "x": 1037.491573166898, + "y": 1556.7421148677415 + }, + { + "x": 1008.8005884079184, + "y": 1556.7421148677415 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "17", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000046.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 885.1950458606573, + "y": 97.53983023119751 + }, + { + "x": 1524.3334821170022, + "y": 97.53983023119751 + }, + { + "x": 1524.3334821170022, + "y": 121.87432836413788 + }, + { + "x": 885.1950458606573, + "y": 121.87432836413788 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Political Parties, Candidates Registration and Election Campaign", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 143.49882710726047, + "y": 154.0807651926036 + }, + { + "x": 1526.6156504638757, + "y": 154.0807651926036 + }, + { + "x": 1526.6156504638757, + "y": 229.4990145674531 + }, + { + "x": 143.49882710726047, + "y": 229.4990145674531 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Table: Provisional Results of Registration of Candidates on 8 March 202221 and Official Results\nof Registration of Candidates on 29 April 202222", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 148.88584491974973, + "y": 253.7405947236547 + }, + { + "x": 1524.3334821170022, + "y": 253.7405947236547 + }, + { + "x": 1524.3334821170022, + "y": 867.8606253474293 + }, + { + "x": 148.88584491974973, + "y": 867.8606253474293 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "No.Political partyProvisional registration result on 7 MarchOfficial registration result on 29 AprilDifference in the number of candidatesNumber of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidatesNumber of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidates1Cambodian People's Party1,65228,0081,65228,00802Candlelight Party1,64923,6791,62323,939+2603Funcinpec Party7159,4076809,952+5454Khmer National United Party6508,3405968,815+4755Cambodian National Love Party3884,6343155,050+4166Cambodian National's Party3103,9802453,956-247Cambodian Youth Party1161,8241141,82408Khmer Will Party671,000581,050+509Cambodian Reform Party5882359978+15510Kampucheaniyum Party3964238658+16", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 148.88584491974973, + "y": 959.4399281597466 + }, + { + "x": 519.2433195283857, + "y": 959.4399281597466 + }, + { + "x": 519.2433195283857, + "y": 1022.2422034916732 + }, + { + "x": 148.88584491974973, + "y": 1022.2422034916732 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "21 https://www.nec.gov.kh/khmer/content/5393\n22 https://www.nec.gov.kh/khmer/content/5525", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1495.1772488139604, + "y": 1047.394169664229 + }, + { + "x": 1524.3334821170029, + "y": 1047.394169664229 + }, + { + "x": 1524.3334821170029, + "y": 1068.6510695038855 + }, + { + "x": 1495.1772488139604, + "y": 1068.6510695038855 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "23", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000047.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 126.41538075922168, + "y": 95.9147545466976 + }, + { + "x": 631.5944317642812, + "y": 95.9147545466976 + }, + { + "x": 631.5944317642812, + "y": 123.41733898536847 + }, + { + "x": 126.41538075922168, + "y": 123.41733898536847 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "ANFREL Pre-Election Assessment Mission Report", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 119.17785853851882, + "y": 158.65091151293882 + }, + { + "x": 1503.798307323831, + "y": 158.65091151293882 + }, + { + "x": 1503.798307323831, + "y": 716.4394010410242 + }, + { + "x": 119.17785853851882, + "y": 716.4394010410242 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "No.Political partyProvisional registration result on 7 MarchOfficial registration result on 29 AprilDifference in the number of candidatesNumber of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidatesNumber of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidates11Khmer United Party3549830457-4112Grassroots Democracy Party3243532481+4613Beehive Social Democratic Party2542523392-3314Cambodian Indigeneous Peoples Democracy Party1919419202+815Ekpheap Cheat Khmer Party1517514178+316Reaksmey Khemara Party779688+917Khmer Economic Development Party465464-1Total84,20886,092+1,884", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 123.52037187094056, + "y": 1039.6876521263505 + }, + { + "x": 159.70798297445484, + "y": 1039.6876521263505 + }, + { + "x": 159.70798297445484, + "y": 1078.7702721181458 + }, + { + "x": 123.52037187094056, + "y": 1078.7702721181458 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "24", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000048.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 122.12004686308396, + "y": 103.28256560428852 + }, + { + "x": 491.14484390078894, + "y": 103.28256560428852 + }, + { + "x": 491.14484390078894, + "y": 129.69538338817335 + }, + { + "x": 122.12004686308396, + "y": 129.69538338817335 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "8 Encinas Franco and Laguna", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 124.41417253533444, + "y": 199.71056198296108 + }, + { + "x": 697.3261007699616, + "y": 199.71056198296108 + }, + { + "x": 697.3261007699616, + "y": 239.1849406508963 + }, + { + "x": 124.41417253533444, + "y": 239.1849406508963 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Filipino Women in Electoral Politics", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 122.120046863084, + "y": 280.7930695170983 + }, + { + "x": 1028.05738150131, + "y": 280.7930695170983 + }, + { + "x": 1028.05738150131, + "y": 1086.2837693628028 + }, + { + "x": 122.120046863084, + "y": 1086.2837693628028 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The nature and extent of Filipino women's political participation\nis a product of the country's colonial history, martial law, and\ndemocratization post-1986. Historians argue that Spain's strong\nCatholic traditions ushered in patriarchal norms and practices that were\nnot present in the pre-Hispanic period. National hero, Jose Rizal, has\ndocumented this in his \"Letter to the Women of Malolos,\" praising the\nwomen for advocating their right to education. Historians also found\nproof of women's contribution to the Philippine revolution (Camagay\n1998). Decades later, the suffragist movement ushered in one of the first\nnational issues to have brought Filipino women together. It was a hard-\nfought battle; the movement had to contend with staunch opposition\nfrom antisuffragists in the Constitutional Convention that drafted the\n1935 Constitution. The reluctance was expected because only 21-year-\nold Filipino men had been allowed to vote during the time. They framed\ntheir opposition based on traditional notions of womanhood and their\nrole in the private sphere, foremost of which is motherhood. Another\nkey argument against female suffrage was the idea that politics is\nsupposed to be \"dirty\" and that this would taint families if women took\npart in politics. The assumptions catered to the age-old public-private\ndivide, strongly suggesting that only men are qualified to occupy the\nformer.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 122.120046863084, + "y": 1123.6243978324712 + }, + { + "x": 1028.05738150131, + "y": 1123.6243978324712 + }, + { + "x": 1028.05738150131, + "y": 1622.9219442268948 + }, + { + "x": 122.120046863084, + "y": 1622.9219442268948 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Eventually, the 1935 Constitution granted women suffrage on the\ncondition that more than 300,000 women would vote affirmatively in a\nplebiscite. When signing the law paving the way for the said plebiscite,\nPresident Manuel Quezon had this to say to Filipino men: \"Are you\ngoing to deprive our women of the opportunity to say how their lives\nare going to be regulated and is it fair for us to presume that men can\nalways speak in this country for women?\" (Official Gazette 1936). In\nApril 1937, more than 400,000 women voted in favor of their right to\nvote and participate in political life. In 1946 and 1947, Filipinos elected\nthe first woman member of the House of Representatives, and senator,\nrespectively. Nonetheless, data from 1946 to 1992 indicate an uphill\nclimb. For instance, in the 1949 and 1953 elections for the House of\nRepresentatives, only one woman was elected out of the 100 positions.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000049.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 281.10252965268904, + "y": 101.06510921350804 + }, + { + "x": 1090.468724664615, + "y": 101.06510921350804 + }, + { + "x": 1090.468724664615, + "y": 130.2314585833072 + }, + { + "x": 281.10252965268904, + "y": 130.2314585833072 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 9", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 161.71781291843206, + "y": 195.5887774570071 + }, + { + "x": 1083.736713684622, + "y": 195.5887774570071 + }, + { + "x": 1083.736713684622, + "y": 615.6802292853896 + }, + { + "x": 161.71781291843206, + "y": 615.6802292853896 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The post-World War II period saw women participating in formal\npolitics and even attempting to form a political party and an alliance\nsupporting President Ramon Magsaysay's candidacy for the presidency\n(He served as president from 1953 to 1957), while the advent of the\nmartial law period in 1972 witnessed feminist movements. Roces (2012,\n6) attributes this to the burgeoning student movement and activism, so\nmuch so that by the time Marcos declared martial law, women were\nprepared to take on the resistance. Though inspired by North America's\nsecond-wave feminists, Filipino women were also drawn to the era's\ndiscourses and contexts, such as the Vietnam War and the civil rights\nmovement.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 163.53639063197485, + "y": 644.777472702074 + }, + { + "x": 1081.9181359710792, + "y": 644.777472702074 + }, + { + "x": 1081.9181359710792, + "y": 1072.1432353846276 + }, + { + "x": 163.53639063197485, + "y": 1072.1432353846276 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The women's movement continued to flourish in the Cory Aquino\nregime (1986-1992). The democratic transition provided political\nopportunity structures and venues ensuring women's access to the\nstate and nonstate spheres. The drafting of the 1987 Constitution\nwas one such opportunity. The movement managed to advocate for\nimportant provisions paving the way for women's rights legislation\nfrom the 1980s to the present. The provision in the 1987 Constitution\nmandates the state to recognize \"the role of women in nation building\nand shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of men and\nwomen\" (Article 2, Section 14). This provision is said to be unique and\nis not even found in other countries' charters (Masilungan n.d.).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 163.5363906319748, + "y": 1097.6033233742266 + }, + { + "x": 1083.736713684622, + "y": 1097.6033233742266 + }, + { + "x": 1083.736713684622, + "y": 1532.243396910951 + }, + { + "x": 163.5363906319748, + "y": 1532.243396910951 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The post-Marcos period advanced the participation of women\nnot only in civil society and nongovernment organizations but also in\nformal politics and bureaucracy. Several women from the movement\njoined formal politics, while others were invited by the Aquino and\nRamos governments (1992-1998) to executive posts. The entry of\nwomen activists, NGO leaders, and those from the academe ensured that\nthe new democracy would significantly help push measures promoting\nwomen's rights and gender equality. The House of Representative\n(HOR) and Philippine Commission on Women (PCW)'s \"How to Be\na Gender-Responsive Legislator\" (2021, 52) listed several recent laws\nresponding to women's empowerment and gender equality.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 236.4683003569785, + "y": 1551.1915830352275 + }, + { + "x": 999.1257118147118, + "y": 1551.1915830352275 + }, + { + "x": 999.1257118147118, + "y": 1589.448664912912 + }, + { + "x": 236.4683003569785, + "y": 1589.448664912912 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Republic Act No. 11313: Safe Spaces Act (April 17, 2019)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 236.4683003569785, + "y": 1615.4088276156265 + }, + { + "x": 1079.7388486284035, + "y": 1615.4088276156265 + }, + { + "x": 1079.7388486284035, + "y": 1690.5566670182202 + }, + { + "x": 236.4683003569785, + "y": 1690.5566670182202 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Republic Act No. 11210: 105-Day Expanded Maternity Leave\nLaw (March 11, 2019)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000050.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 281.712466267269, + "y": 98.46624486121068 + }, + { + "x": 1090.2036707981013, + "y": 98.46624486121068 + }, + { + "x": 1090.2036707981013, + "y": 130.54922916798972 + }, + { + "x": 281.712466267269, + "y": 130.54922916798972 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 11", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 228.7755421610836, + "y": 194.71519778154783 + }, + { + "x": 1078.9746262907286, + "y": 194.71519778154783 + }, + { + "x": 1078.9746262907286, + "y": 271.7143601178176 + }, + { + "x": 228.7755421610836, + "y": 271.7143601178176 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Republic Act No. 9501: Magna Carta for Micro, Small, and\nMedium Enterprises (May 23, 2008)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 228.77554216108368, + "y": 298.98489677857975 + }, + { + "x": 1082.1829247214068, + "y": 298.98489677857975 + }, + { + "x": 1082.1829247214068, + "y": 371.1716114688326 + }, + { + "x": 228.77554216108368, + "y": 371.1716114688326 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Republic Act No. 9262: Anti-Violence Against Women and\ntheir Children Act of 2004 (March 8, 2004)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 228.77554216108368, + "y": 401.6504465602727 + }, + { + "x": 1080.578775506068, + "y": 401.6504465602727 + }, + { + "x": 1080.578775506068, + "y": 510.7325932033215 + }, + { + "x": 228.77554216108368, + "y": 510.7325932033215 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Republic Act No. 9208 (May 26, 2003), as amended by\nRepublic Act No. 10364 (February 6, 2013): Anti-Trafficking in\nPersons Act of 2003", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 227.17139294574463, + "y": 539.6072790794228 + }, + { + "x": 1078.9746262907286, + "y": 539.6072790794228 + }, + { + "x": 1078.9746262907286, + "y": 619.8147398463706 + }, + { + "x": 227.17139294574463, + "y": 619.8147398463706 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Republic Act No. 9178: Barangay Micro Business Enterprises\nAct of 2002 (November 13, 2002)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 227.17139294574463, + "y": 645.4811272917937 + }, + { + "x": 1077.37047707539, + "y": 645.4811272917937 + }, + { + "x": 1077.37047707539, + "y": 720.8761404127243 + }, + { + "x": 227.17139294574463, + "y": 720.8761404127243 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Republic Act No. 8972: Solo Parent's Welfare Act (November\n7, 2000)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 231.9838405917616, + "y": 748.1466770734864 + }, + { + "x": 1077.37047707539, + "y": 748.1466770734864 + }, + { + "x": 1077.37047707539, + "y": 823.5416901944172 + }, + { + "x": 231.9838405917616, + "y": 823.5416901944172 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Republic Act No. 8505: Rape Victim Assistance and Protection\nAct (February 13, 1998)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 231.9838405917616, + "y": 849.2080776398404 + }, + { + "x": 1077.37047707539, + "y": 849.2080776398404 + }, + { + "x": 1077.37047707539, + "y": 926.2072399761104 + }, + { + "x": 231.9838405917616, + "y": 926.2072399761104 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Republic Act No. 8504: Philippine AIDS Prevention and\nControl Act of 1998 (February 13, 1998)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 233.6542769647592, + "y": 953.4777766368724 + }, + { + "x": 1080.5787755060685, + "y": 953.4777766368724 + }, + { + "x": 1080.5787755060685, + "y": 1028.8727897578033 + }, + { + "x": 233.6542769647592, + "y": 1028.8727897578033 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Republic Act No. 8353: Anti-Rape Law of 1997 (September 30,\n1997)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 231.9838405917616, + "y": 1054.5391772032265 + }, + { + "x": 1078.9746262907286, + "y": 1054.5391772032265 + }, + { + "x": 1078.9746262907286, + "y": 1129.9341903241573 + }, + { + "x": 231.9838405917616, + "y": 1129.9341903241573 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Republic Act No. 7877: Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995\n(February 14, 1995)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 157.78231162481987, + "y": 1161.1579950484534 + }, + { + "x": 1082.182924721407, + "y": 1161.1579950484534 + }, + { + "x": 1082.182924721407, + "y": 1350.4476024584496 + }, + { + "x": 157.78231162481987, + "y": 1350.4476024584496 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "During the first Aquino administration (1986-1992), three women\nsectoral representatives were appointed in Congress. Yet feminist\nactivists such as Teresita Quintos-Deles and Jurgette Honculada's\nappointments were blocked by the House Committee on Appointments\n(Abao and Yang 2001, 19).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 160.99061005549774, + "y": 1377.718139119212 + }, + { + "x": 1082.182924721407, + "y": 1377.718139119212 + }, + { + "x": 1082.182924721407, + "y": 1648.819356511495 + }, + { + "x": 160.99061005549774, + "y": 1648.819356511495 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "While reliable electoral data during the Marcos regime is\nunavailable, it is safe to argue that the repressive regime hampered\nthe participation of women in formal politics given the widespread\nmilitarization and electoral fraud characterizing the dictatorship. And\neven with the legal framework guaranteed by the transition, women\nfound it difficult to enter formal politics, despite women's consistently\nhigh voter turnout during elections (Table 1).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000051.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 112.91723639620665, + "y": 96.3747908533185 + }, + { + "x": 496.22606365372343, + "y": 96.3747908533185 + }, + { + "x": 496.22606365372343, + "y": 132.88039344927245 + }, + { + "x": 112.91723639620665, + "y": 132.88039344927245 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "12 Encinas Franco and Laguna", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 118.39307678559992, + "y": 193.11463773259652 + }, + { + "x": 1029.2078615546516, + "y": 193.11463773259652 + }, + { + "x": 1029.2078615546516, + "y": 264.3005627947067 + }, + { + "x": 118.39307678559992, + "y": 264.3005627947067 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Table 1: Percentage of Government Positions Held by Women During the\nPresidencies of Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 120.610565868908, + "y": 316.7660528065777 + }, + { + "x": 1029.2078615546516, + "y": 316.7660528065777 + }, + { + "x": 1029.2078615546516, + "y": 927.7069226975428 + }, + { + "x": 120.610565868908, + "y": 927.7069226975428 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "Government PositionNo. of SeatsAquino Administration (1986-1992)Ramos Administration (1992-1998)Senate248.316.7House of Representatives2029.410.4Cabinet2015.05.0Governor735.45.4Provincial Board Member6269.910.9City/Municipal Mayor1,5787.411.2City/Municipal Vice Mayor1,5786.514.9City Municipal Councilor12,40610.5N/A", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 116.08507794378971, + "y": 950.334362323134 + }, + { + "x": 665.1776128581384, + "y": 950.334362323134 + }, + { + "x": 665.1776128581384, + "y": 982.0127777989618 + }, + { + "x": 116.08507794378971, + "y": 982.0127777989618 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Source: Tancangco 1991 as cited in Valte (1992).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 116.08507794378971, + "y": 1063.4715604510905 + }, + { + "x": 612.3802537317588, + "y": 1063.4715604510905 + }, + { + "x": 612.3802537317588, + "y": 1107.2179437272334 + }, + { + "x": 116.08507794378971, + "y": 1107.2179437272334 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Current Situation: 2001-2019", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 118.39307678559992, + "y": 1144.930343103219 + }, + { + "x": 1029.2078615546516, + "y": 1144.930343103219 + }, + { + "x": 1029.2078615546516, + "y": 1457.189009936379 + }, + { + "x": 118.39307678559992, + "y": 1457.189009936379 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Filipino women are still very much a minority in the formal\npolitical sphere. It can also be observed that in executive positions such\nas the cabinet, few women are appointed, especially during President\nFidel Ramos's time, compared to Cory Aquino's administration\n(Table 1). As mentioned above, the Philippines has made significant\nstrides in legislating for women's rights. However, 35 years after re-\ndemocratization and 84 years after the grant of suffrage, participation\nof women in politics is still a work in progress, as in most countries.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 116.08507794378971, + "y": 1481.3249455370096 + }, + { + "x": 1029.2078615546516, + "y": 1481.3249455370096 + }, + { + "x": 1029.2078615546516, + "y": 1605.021615490242 + }, + { + "x": 116.08507794378971, + "y": 1605.021615490242 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "In 2019, the overall percentage of women in all elective posts in\nthe country was only about 20 percent (PCW 2021), barely reaching\nthe 30 percent international requirement for women's political", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000052.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 279.7510313137943, + "y": 100.94189144981128 + }, + { + "x": 1091.4505342753043, + "y": 100.94189144981128 + }, + { + "x": 1091.4505342753043, + "y": 132.70404591352258 + }, + { + "x": 279.7510313137943, + "y": 132.70404591352258 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 15", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 165.05436241705917, + "y": 194.4637907040722 + }, + { + "x": 1087.9214060015586, + "y": 194.4637907040722 + }, + { + "x": 1087.9214060015586, + "y": 850.8816496207717 + }, + { + "x": 165.05436241705917, + "y": 850.8816496207717 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "the way for women to enter the House of Representatives. In 2019,\n20 women from party lists have contributed to the increase in female\nlegislators. However, the Party-List Law's implementation has been\ncontroversial owing to the entry of political dynasties and traditional\npoliticians. The ideal that it serve as the gateway to political power of\ndisadvantaged groups has been lost due to vague provisions in the\nlaw and subsequent Supreme Court decisions. The party list system\nhas also been \"co-opted by the traditional political system or have\nbecome the training ground for future influence-peddling traditional\npoliticians\" (Tigno 2019). In other words, it has deviated from the idea\nof proportional representation practiced in other countries. Dynastic\nfamilies took advantage of the system's flaws and used them to field\nrelatives, including some women, to expand their political power.\nHowever, recent interviews with legislators from progressive party\nlists demonstrate a better understanding of women's issues than some\nrepresentatives elected from single-member districts (Encinas-Franco\n2022, 157).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 279.7510313137943, + "y": 910.7349757570591 + }, + { + "x": 971.4601729679504, + "y": 910.7349757570591 + }, + { + "x": 971.4601729679504, + "y": 979.6948316124896 + }, + { + "x": 279.7510313137943, + "y": 979.6948316124896 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Table 2. Women-Members of the House of Representatives\nper Region, 2007-2019", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 169.961023300104, + "y": 1014.01018553144 + }, + { + "x": 1077.4313023579518, + "y": 1014.01018553144 + }, + { + "x": 1077.4313023579518, + "y": 1657.7866961255845 + }, + { + "x": 169.961023300104, + "y": 1657.7866961255845 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "REGIONS2007-20102010-20132016-2019National Capital Region985Cordillera Autonomous Region121I - Ilocos Region154II - Cagayan Valley135III - Central Luzon8911IVA - CALABARZON4211IVB - MIMAROPA111V - Bicol Region204VI - Western Visayas233VII - Central Visayas223VIII - Eastern Visayas323", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000053.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 118.03616663790564, + "y": 96.79113574242928 + }, + { + "x": 495.1601603977604, + "y": 96.79113574242928 + }, + { + "x": 495.1601603977604, + "y": 132.99503914337538 + }, + { + "x": 118.03616663790564, + "y": 132.99503914337538 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "16 Encinas Franco and Laguna", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 118.03616663790564, + "y": 194.84337411999152 + }, + { + "x": 1030.6762315367546, + "y": 194.84337411999152 + }, + { + "x": 1030.6762315367546, + "y": 725.8339573338673 + }, + { + "x": 118.03616663790564, + "y": 725.8339573338673 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "IX - Zamboanga Peninsula424X - Northern Mindanao222XI - Davao Region135XII - SOCCSKSARGEN221XIII - Caraga133ARMM122Party-List101520TOTAL (w/ Party- List)556688TOTAL (w/o Party- List)455168", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 121.05315858798446, + "y": 752.9868848845769 + }, + { + "x": 747.0789882293436, + "y": 752.9868848845769 + }, + { + "x": 747.0789882293436, + "y": 783.1568043853653 + }, + { + "x": 121.05315858798446, + "y": 783.1568043853653 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Source: HOR 2022. Computations made by the authors.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 118.03616663790564, + "y": 851.0391232621391 + }, + { + "x": 1029.167735561715, + "y": 851.0391232621391 + }, + { + "x": 1029.167735561715, + "y": 1160.2807981452202 + }, + { + "x": 118.03616663790564, + "y": 1160.2807981452202 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Overall, the abovementioned situation indicates that Filipino\nwomen have gradually increased their presence in formal politics.\nIn Asia, the Philippines and Taiwan are the only countries above the\nglobal average of 24.5 percent of women in parliament (Liu 2021).\nHowever, challenges remain as the increased participation of women\ncomes from dysfunctional features of the country's political system:\npolitical dynasties and the Party-List law. Nonetheless, not all women\nfrom these groups are necessarily averse to women's issues.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 118.03616663790564, + "y": 1241.7395807973485 + }, + { + "x": 802.8933393058021, + "y": 1241.7395807973485 + }, + { + "x": 802.8933393058021, + "y": 1280.9604761483731 + }, + { + "x": 118.03616663790564, + "y": 1280.9604761483731 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Barriers to Filipino Women's Participation", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 112.00218273774787, + "y": 1323.1983634494773 + }, + { + "x": 1027.6592395866755, + "y": 1323.1983634494773 + }, + { + "x": 1027.6592395866755, + "y": 1513.268856304444 + }, + { + "x": 112.00218273774787, + "y": 1513.268856304444 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Previous studies have identified political, economic, and cultural\nfactors that impede women's participation in politics. However, context\nstill matters since the perception of women's role in societies and the\nevolution of political systems differ. The following section examines\nsome of these barriers.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 115.0191746878267, + "y": 1540.4217838551535 + }, + { + "x": 1030.6762315367546, + "y": 1540.4217838551535 + }, + { + "x": 1030.6762315367546, + "y": 1695.7968692842137 + }, + { + "x": 115.0191746878267, + "y": 1695.7968692842137 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The Philippine electoral system's \"first-past-the-post\" electoral\ntype, coupled with the lack of well-developed political parties, inhibits\nwomen's entry into politics. Encinas-Franco (2021) argues that \"[w]\nithout party discipline and institutionalized rules within parties, one", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000054.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 233.96582535476293, + "y": 240.29954887438151 + }, + { + "x": 490.9186716642753, + "y": 240.29954887438151 + }, + { + "x": 490.9186716642753, + "y": 293.8821329389244 + }, + { + "x": 233.96582535476293, + "y": 293.8821329389244 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "EFB = empty fruit bunch.\nSource: Murdiyatmo (2021).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 233.96582535476293, + "y": 303.7549411377994 + }, + { + "x": 1345.16818341138, + "y": 303.7549411377994 + }, + { + "x": 1345.16818341138, + "y": 595.1931324160258 + }, + { + "x": 233.96582535476293, + "y": 595.1931324160258 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "However, the main obstacle with producing second-generation bioethanol is the cost of\nenzymes. Murdiyatmo (2021) stated that, at the pilot scale, the cost of enzymes is very\nhigh, i.e. Rp18,000 per litre of ethanol produced. Some studies provided the cost of\nenzymes in the US. NREL (2011), for instance, estimated that the cost of enzymes to\nproduce second-generation bioethanol in the US was equivalent to around $0.34 per\ngallon or Rp1,5292 per litre of ethanol produced, i.e. less than one-tenth of the cost of\nenzymes in Indonesia.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 233.96582535476293, + "y": 619.6098374371782 + }, + { + "x": 1345.16818341138, + "y": 619.6098374371782 + }, + { + "x": 1345.16818341138, + "y": 947.6767329403408 + }, + { + "x": 233.96582535476293, + "y": 947.6767329403408 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "In the next sub-sections, we analyse biodiesel and bioethanol introduction in Indonesia.\nIn each sub-section, we first discuss the current supply and demand of the biofuels and\nthe related conventional transport fuel. Second, we estimate the conventional transport\nfuel, i.e. gasoline and diesel fuel demand in road transportation during the period of\n2020-50. Third, we estimate the volume of pure biofuel (fatty acid methyl ester\n[FAME]/biodiesel and bioethanol) needs in scenarios, and in the amount of feedstock, i.e.\nCPO in biodiesel and molasses in bioethanol needed to meet the demand required in each\nscenario.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 233.9658253547629, + "y": 979.854690167141 + }, + { + "x": 620.5449894976782, + "y": 979.854690167141 + }, + { + "x": 620.5449894976782, + "y": 1007.8549257725354 + }, + { + "x": 233.9658253547629, + "y": 1007.8549257725354 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "2.1. Diesel and biodiesel use", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 233.96582535476304, + "y": 1039.0459576852836 + }, + { + "x": 1345.16818341138, + "y": 1039.0459576852836 + }, + { + "x": 1345.16818341138, + "y": 1416.486447391787 + }, + { + "x": 233.96582535476304, + "y": 1416.486447391787 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The consumption of diesel fuel in Indonesia, used primarily for road freight transport,\nfluctuated between 2010 and 2019 as it correlated with the economic condition (Table\n2.8). Diesel consumption in the industry sector decreased significantly, around 10% per\nyear between 2010 and 2019, resulting from the shift to another energy type. During the\nsame period, with some fluctuations, diesel production increased at 3.6% annual growth\nrate, while imports were cut by half from nearly 13 billion litres in 2010 to nearly 6.5 billion\nlitres in 2018. The biodiesel blending rate increased from only 1% in 2010 to nearly 20%\nin 2019, representing a growing level of mandatory biodiesel programmes. Apparently,\ndiesel imports dropped with the increase of the biodiesel (B100) blending rate.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 232.3711062165451, + "y": 2036.0110201533607 + }, + { + "x": 1286.526178822533, + "y": 2036.0110201533607 + }, + { + "x": 1286.526178822533, + "y": 2102.541275578727 + }, + { + "x": 232.3711062165451, + "y": 2102.541275578727 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "2 Assuming average inflation rate of 2% between 2011 and 2021 and an exchange rate of $1 =\nRp14,131.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 772.2347080144273, + "y": 2210.4079280168003 + }, + { + "x": 803.2879236674153, + "y": 2210.4079280168003 + }, + { + "x": 803.2879236674153, + "y": 2233.6978397565413 + }, + { + "x": 772.2347080144273, + "y": 2233.6978397565413 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "11", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000055.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 232.1761136079435, + "y": 239.54763797112847 + }, + { + "x": 1344.011500888604, + "y": 239.54763797112847 + }, + { + "x": 1344.011500888604, + "y": 359.52807515540536 + }, + { + "x": 232.1761136079435, + "y": 359.52807515540536 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "pharmaceutical products (Casson, Muliastra, and Obidzinski, 2014). The development of\nbiofuels from biomass has raised interest in expanding the palm oil plantation area. This\nis because palm oil is the main raw material for biodiesel in Indonesia.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 232.17611360794348, + "y": 386.2496266561663 + }, + { + "x": 1344.011500888604, + "y": 386.2496266561663 + }, + { + "x": 1344.011500888604, + "y": 635.6729950331237 + }, + { + "x": 232.17611360794348, + "y": 635.6729950331237 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "CPO is the primary product derived from the red fruit of the oil palm, while palm kernel\noil, derived from the fruit's nut, is considered a secondary product. Oil palm biomass\nincludes EFBs, palm mesocarps fibres (PMFs), PKS, oil palm fronds, oil palm trunks, as well\nas palm oil mill effluent (POME). Oil palm fronds account for 70% of the total oil palm\nbiomass produced, while EFB accounts for 10% and oil palm trunks account for only about\n5% of the total biomass produced.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 232.17611360794348, + "y": 658.0797821607953 + }, + { + "x": 1344.011500888604, + "y": 658.0797821607953 + }, + { + "x": 1344.011500888604, + "y": 867.5915800866761 + }, + { + "x": 232.17611360794348, + "y": 867.5915800866761 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "According to Harahap et al. (2019), Indonesia housed 11 million hectares (Mha) of oil palm\nplantations and produced 31 million tonnes (Mt) of CPO in 2015. Oil extraction from palm\nfruits occurs in palm oil mills. One tonne (t) of CPO production results in nearly 5 t of solid\nbiomass waste, including EFBs, PKSs, PMFs, and POME; see Figure 3.3. This implies that,\nin 2015, Indonesia produced around 155 Mt of palm biomass residue.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 508.21230142346025, + "y": 931.234354589744 + }, + { + "x": 1068.052978831803, + "y": 931.234354589744 + }, + { + "x": 1068.052978831803, + "y": 966.8311606677312 + }, + { + "x": 508.21230142346025, + "y": 966.8311606677312 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 3.3. Biomass Use in Oil Palm Industry", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 234.22476373228668, + "y": 986.2476003466332 + }, + { + "x": 1347.4339719893385, + "y": 986.2476003466332 + }, + { + "x": 1347.4339719893385, + "y": 1540.6948222886144 + }, + { + "x": 234.22476373228668, + "y": 1540.6948222886144 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "~2 t\nEffluent\nMesocarp Crude palm oil\nOne hectare of oil\nFresh fruit Palm\npalm plantation\nbunch fruits\n~8 t\nShell\nPalm kernel\n~15 t\n~1 t\nLegend:\nEmpty fruit bunch\nResidue production\n~3 t", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 233.4846798634012, + "y": 1567.5401578369522 + }, + { + "x": 539.1489662315889, + "y": 1567.5401578369522 + }, + { + "x": 539.1489662315889, + "y": 1594.331449869224 + }, + { + "x": 233.4846798634012, + "y": 1594.331449869224 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Source: Harahap et al. (2019).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 232.17611360794348, + "y": 1658.7028471263252 + }, + { + "x": 1344.011500888604, + "y": 1658.7028471263252 + }, + { + "x": 1344.011500888604, + "y": 1902.92270239349 + }, + { + "x": 232.17611360794348, + "y": 1902.92270239349 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Regarding the potential for biodiesel, the previous Table 2.10 projected the demand of\nFAME for both B30 and B40 mandates using the volume of diesel fuel needed for the road\ntransport sector. As shown, the FAME demand will reach 19.1 million kL in 2040 for the\nB30 mandate and 25.4 million kL for the B40 mandate. The current FAME production\ncapacity is 12.85 million kL, indicating a shortage of supply to meet the 2040 demand for\nboth the B30 and B40 mandates.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 232.17611360794356, + "y": 1933.9150264288744 + }, + { + "x": 1344.011500888604, + "y": 1933.9150264288744 + }, + { + "x": 1344.011500888604, + "y": 2094.821038598753 + }, + { + "x": 232.17611360794356, + "y": 2094.821038598753 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Increasing the capacity for FAME production implies that the demand for domestic CPO\nwill continue to increase. The estimated CPO required to produce FAME in 2040 is also\ncalculated above (Table 2.11). The estimated CPO consumption for B30 and B40 mandate\nin 2040 will be 17.5 and 23.4 million tonnes, respectively. This was calculated based on", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 772.0373039335893, + "y": 2210.8112230703423 + }, + { + "x": 804.3263642210845, + "y": 2210.8112230703423 + }, + { + "x": 804.3263642210845, + "y": 2232.5137062143967 + }, + { + "x": 772.0373039335893, + "y": 2232.5137062143967 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "24", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000056.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 233.75331719593385, + "y": 241.6946902929273 + }, + { + "x": 1341.8818904036732, + "y": 241.6946902929273 + }, + { + "x": 1341.8818904036732, + "y": 315.77430911979104 + }, + { + "x": 233.75331719593385, + "y": 315.77430911979104 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "scheme helped the biomass power capacity to increase by more than double in 7 years.\nUnder the FIT scheme, biomass fuels for power generation are grouped into six categories.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 233.75331719593385, + "y": 343.882174381876 + }, + { + "x": 1341.8818904036732, + "y": 343.882174381876 + }, + { + "x": 1341.8818904036732, + "y": 728.9044015200943 + }, + { + "x": 233.75331719593385, + "y": 728.9044015200943 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· General wood: sawmill residues, import wood such as pellets and chips, palm kernel\nshell (PKS) and palm trunk\n· Liquid biomass: palm oil\n· Unutilised wood: domestic thinned wood\n· Construction wood waste: wood waste salvaged from construction and other wood\nmaterials\n· Waste materials and other biomass: pruned branched, paper, food waste, waste\ncooking oil, and black liquor\n· Biogas: methane derived from sewage sludge, manure, and food waste.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 233.75331719593385, + "y": 754.6423108723741 + }, + { + "x": 1341.8818904036732, + "y": 754.6423108723741 + }, + { + "x": 1341.8818904036732, + "y": 876.2319497760441 + }, + { + "x": 233.75331719593385, + "y": 876.2319497760441 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "While inexpensive biomass sources such as wood waste from construction and waste\nmaterials, were the main fuels under the RPS, the domestic unutilised wood and the\ngeneral wood whose tariff rates are set higher increased specifically (Figure 4.1, 4.2).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 454.4999265470721, + "y": 944.7620796746818 + }, + { + "x": 1121.150317884832, + "y": 944.7620796746818 + }, + { + "x": 1121.150317884832, + "y": 976.8069369564772 + }, + { + "x": 454.4999265470721, + "y": 976.8069369564772 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 4.1. Approved Capacity under the FIT Scheme", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 288.1402876438452, + "y": 1006.7002646670994 + }, + { + "x": 1290.840288351916, + "y": 1006.7002646670994 + }, + { + "x": 1290.840288351916, + "y": 1403.1352791237205 + }, + { + "x": 288.1402876438452, + "y": 1403.1352791237205 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "MW\n700\n■ Waste materials\n600\n■ Biogas\n500\n■ Construction wood waste\n400\n300 ■ General wood (10MW≤)\n200 ■ General wood (<10MW)\n100 (2MW≤)\n■ Unutilised wood\n0\n■ Unutilised wood (<2MW)\n2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 233.75331719593385, + "y": 1435.8703544697184 + }, + { + "x": 1341.8818904036732, + "y": 1435.8703544697184 + }, + { + "x": 1341.8818904036732, + "y": 1568.9872186781608 + }, + { + "x": 233.75331719593385, + "y": 1568.9872186781608 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "FIT = feed-in-tariff.\nNote: Liquid biomass approved under the FIT scheme between FY2012 and FY2017 is included in general wood\nand no liquid biomass has been approved since FY2018.\nSource: METI (2021a).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 771.4170829643435, + "y": 2210.0616467815303 + }, + { + "x": 803.6976739901245, + "y": 2210.0616467815303 + }, + { + "x": 803.6976739901245, + "y": 2233.1192117999453 + }, + { + "x": 771.4170829643435, + "y": 2233.1192117999453 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "30", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000057.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 452.708728793747, + "y": 241.32914852235632 + }, + { + "x": 1121.4972066225955, + "y": 241.32914852235632 + }, + { + "x": 1121.4972066225955, + "y": 273.6898813205264 + }, + { + "x": 452.708728793747, + "y": 273.6898813205264 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 4.2. Operating Capacity under the FIT Scheme", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 249.7186776052256, + "y": 290.3605618529172 + }, + { + "x": 1332.154966200325, + "y": 290.3605618529172 + }, + { + "x": 1332.154966200325, + "y": 723.8194777822164 + }, + { + "x": 249.7186776052256, + "y": 723.8194777822164 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "MW\n400\n■ Waste materials\n350\n■ Biogas\n300\n250\n■ Construction wood waste\n200\n■ General wood (10MW≤)\n150\n■ General wood (<10MW)\n100\n50 ■ Unutilised wood (2MW≤)\n0\n■ Unutilised wood (<2MW)\n12-13 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 234.45451791993497, + "y": 746.6527469221669 + }, + { + "x": 460.1142252586603, + "y": 746.6527469221669 + }, + { + "x": 460.1142252586603, + "y": 809.0955700487732 + }, + { + "x": 234.45451791993497, + "y": 809.0955700487732 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "FIT = feed-in-tariff.\nSource: METI (2021a).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 234.45451791993503, + "y": 880.669341634925 + }, + { + "x": 1341.73960854418, + "y": 880.669341634925 + }, + { + "x": 1341.73960854418, + "y": 1129.1005519545938 + }, + { + "x": 234.45451791993503, + "y": 1129.1005519545938 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The newly approved capacity has stagnated lately because some strict measures reduced\nthe accumulated idle capacity in the revised FIT Act of 2017. For instance, developers are\nrequired to have entered into the grid connection agreement with a utility company for\nan FIT approval and to submit a business plan for assessment of feasibility and\nsustainability. As a result, the approved biomass power capacity is about 160MW on\naverage in FY2018 and FY2019.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 234.45451791993497, + "y": 1157.0785682299886 + }, + { + "x": 1341.73960854418, + "y": 1157.0785682299886 + }, + { + "x": 1341.73960854418, + "y": 1614.9107077883418 + }, + { + "x": 234.45451791993497, + "y": 1614.9107077883418 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "A recent change in the FIT scheme is that new projects of biomass co-firing with coal in\nthe category of unutilised wood, general wood, and construction wood waste are no\nlonger eligible for the FIT scheme from FY2019.4 The data collected after implementation\nof the FIT scheme revealed that the generation costs of these biomass co-firing with coal\nare lower than the estimated costs of conventional biomass power plants in terms of\ncapital expenditures, operation and maintenance, and fuels. Hence, biomass co-firing\nwith coal does not have a rationale to receive support through the FIT scheme since it\ncould make profits without it. For reference, Figure 4.3 illustrates a biomass co-firing ratio\nof the major power utilities' coal-fired power plants. Nearly half of the coal-fired power\nplants co-combusted biomass in FY2019 and most of them are less than 1% ratio of\nbiomass.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 234.45451791993497, + "y": 2070.4369748939557 + }, + { + "x": 1293.0046878839755, + "y": 2070.4369748939557 + }, + { + "x": 1293.0046878839755, + "y": 2102.687399673413 + }, + { + "x": 234.45451791993497, + "y": 2102.687399673413 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "4 Biomass of waste materials co-firing with coal is not eligible for the FIT scheme from FY2021.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 772.2022175109327, + "y": 2210.022890971227 + }, + { + "x": 803.3299302857927, + "y": 2210.022890971227 + }, + { + "x": 803.3299302857927, + "y": 2233.132859546502 + }, + { + "x": 772.2022175109327, + "y": 2233.132859546502 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "31", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000058.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 232.51686751667933, + "y": 241.94588371140935 + }, + { + "x": 1340.645440724419, + "y": 241.94588371140935 + }, + { + "x": 1340.645440724419, + "y": 330.6370254615521 + }, + { + "x": 232.51686751667933, + "y": 330.6370254615521 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "3. Perspective of supply and demand balance of wood pellets and cost\nstructure in Japan", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 232.51686751667933, + "y": 359.28182011200545 + }, + { + "x": 1340.645440724419, + "y": 359.28182011200545 + }, + { + "x": 1340.645440724419, + "y": 521.1872207267814 + }, + { + "x": 232.51686751667933, + "y": 521.1872207267814 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "According to a survey taken by the Japan Woody Bioenergy Association in FY2018 (from\nApril 2018 to March 2019) with 55 biomass power generators, more than half of fuel for\nbiomass power generation is domestically produced wood biomass at present in Japan in\nterms of weight (Figure 4.5).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 364.8824887942228, + "y": 590.1472155137535 + }, + { + "x": 1212.0354078984997, + "y": 590.1472155137535 + }, + { + "x": 1212.0354078984997, + "y": 623.7092847132399 + }, + { + "x": 364.8824887942228, + "y": 623.7092847132399 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 4.5. Breakdown of Biomass Power Generation Fuel in Japan", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 480.39790806995666, + "y": 651.9233241592935 + }, + { + "x": 1024.7567514640657, + "y": 651.9233241592935 + }, + { + "x": 1024.7567514640657, + "y": 1098.6307683479044 + }, + { + "x": 480.39790806995666, + "y": 1098.6307683479044 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Waste\nOthers\nmaterials\nConstruction\nwood waste\nPKS\nDomestic logs\nImport pellets, and wood\nchips chips\nDomestic\nwood pellets", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 232.51686751667933, + "y": 1135.842458498563 + }, + { + "x": 1340.645440724419, + "y": 1135.842458498563 + }, + { + "x": 1340.645440724419, + "y": 1268.365082465751 + }, + { + "x": 232.51686751667933, + "y": 1268.365082465751 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "PKS = palm kernel shell.\nNote: The share of fuel calculated in terms of biomass fuel weight ('Wood pellets', 'Construction wood waste',\n'Waste materials', 'Others': tonne; others: dry tonne).\nSource: Depicted by IEEJ based on Japan Woody Bioenergy Association (JWBA), 2020.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 232.51686751667935, + "y": 1336.0137294879462 + }, + { + "x": 1340.645440724419, + "y": 1336.0137294879462 + }, + { + "x": 1340.645440724419, + "y": 1497.0683340656233 + }, + { + "x": 232.51686751667935, + "y": 1497.0683340656233 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "When translating the survey result into energy form, it is estimated that, within biomass\npower generation using wood biomass ('Unutilised wood', 'General wood', and\n'Construction wood waste'), around 30% of input fuel is met by import biomass fuel\n(Figure 4.6).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 771.4186144575434, + "y": 2210.464501026932 + }, + { + "x": 803.3996757149118, + "y": 2210.464501026932 + }, + { + "x": 803.3996757149118, + "y": 2233.5619341572537 + }, + { + "x": 771.4186144575434, + "y": 2233.5619341572537 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "38", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000059.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 314.279000407715, + "y": 242.1149903566144 + }, + { + "x": 1259.072105513556, + "y": 242.1149903566144 + }, + { + "x": 1259.072105513556, + "y": 274.47572315478453 + }, + { + "x": 314.279000407715, + "y": 274.47572315478453 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 4.6. Input Biomass Fuel for Each Type of Biomass Power Generation", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 358.7277238516942, + "y": 311.46236718993987 + }, + { + "x": 1223.3028288086978, + "y": 311.46236718993987 + }, + { + "x": 1223.3028288086978, + "y": 824.3474928819115 + }, + { + "x": 358.7277238516942, + "y": 824.3474928819115 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "100% 2%\n8%\n90%\n80% 27%\n70%\n60%\n50% 98% 33% 100% 100%\n40%\n30%\n20%\n31%\n10%\n0%\nBiogas Unutilised wood General wood Construction Waste materials\nwood waste and other\nbiomass\n■ Domestic logs and wood chips ■ Domestic wood pellets\n■ Import pellets, chips ■ PKS\n■ Construction wood waste ■ Other waste\n■ Others", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 233.7796121601997, + "y": 868.0939141143456 + }, + { + "x": 1340.92905325661, + "y": 868.0939141143456 + }, + { + "x": 1340.92905325661, + "y": 1018.9424551763632 + }, + { + "x": 233.7796121601997, + "y": 1018.9424551763632 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "PKS = palm kernel shell.\nHeat value used: Domestic logs and wood chips: 19.4 MJ/kg; Domestic wood pellets, Import pellets, chips:\n15.5 MJ/kg; PKS: 18 MJ/kg; Construction wood waste, Other waste, and Others: assuming the same with wood\npellets.\nSource: Depicted by IEEJ based on Japan Woody Bioenergy Association, 2020.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 233.77961216019975, + "y": 1082.4358835530716 + }, + { + "x": 1340.92905325661, + "y": 1082.4358835530716 + }, + { + "x": 1340.92905325661, + "y": 1242.753346959772 + }, + { + "x": 233.77961216019975, + "y": 1242.753346959772 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "According to Japan's trade statistics, its import of wood pellets has increased around 16\ntimes from 2014 to 2019. Viet Nam and Canada are the largest suppliers of Japan's wood\npellet imports (Figure 4.7). On the other hand, domestic wood pellet production stayed\nalmost the same over the same period (Figure 4.8).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 584.1178470487498, + "y": 1318.212544483222 + }, + { + "x": 991.0219254557388, + "y": 1318.212544483222 + }, + { + "x": 991.0219254557388, + "y": 1350.5732772813924 + }, + { + "x": 584.1178470487498, + "y": 1350.5732772813924 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 4.7. Wood Pellets Import", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 375.36945393900817, + "y": 1384.0226978565684 + }, + { + "x": 1201.8509515100072, + "y": 1384.0226978565684 + }, + { + "x": 1201.8509515100072, + "y": 1896.90782354854 + }, + { + "x": 375.36945393900817, + "y": 1896.90782354854 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1,800\n1,614\n1,600\n1,400\n1,200\n1,060\n1,000tonne\n1,000\n800\n600 506\n400 347\n232\n200\n97\n0\n2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019\n■ China ■ Viet Nam ■ Malaysia ■ Indonesia\n■ Canada ■ US ■ Australia ■ Others", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 233.77961216019975, + "y": 1942.0567631664376 + }, + { + "x": 601.2819642766556, + "y": 1942.0567631664376 + }, + { + "x": 601.2819642766556, + "y": 1971.4639218982188 + }, + { + "x": 233.77961216019975, + "y": 1971.4639218982188 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Source: Trade Statistics of Japan.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 772.9027602709432, + "y": 2210.4465735859476 + }, + { + "x": 803.063226134374, + "y": 2210.4465735859476 + }, + { + "x": 803.063226134374, + "y": 2233.904713701949 + }, + { + "x": 772.9027602709432, + "y": 2233.904713701949 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "39", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000060.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 493.5964870730769, + "y": 241.2624147896408 + }, + { + "x": 1080.0121905065832, + "y": 241.2624147896408 + }, + { + "x": 1080.0121905065832, + "y": 273.6231475878109 + }, + { + "x": 493.5964870730769, + "y": 273.6231475878109 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 4.8. Domestic Wood Pellets Production", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 382.7854929460097, + "y": 305.00325211936973 + }, + { + "x": 1207.4938651660418, + "y": 305.00325211936973 + }, + { + "x": 1207.4938651660418, + "y": 810.0268094241455 + }, + { + "x": 382.7854929460097, + "y": 810.0268094241455 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1,800\n1,600\n1,400\n1,200\n1,000tonne\n1,000\n800\n600\n400\n200 126 120 120 127 131 147\n0\n2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019\nDomestic production", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 232.7493681544938, + "y": 838.4650291558709 + }, + { + "x": 1090.7991014393072, + "y": 838.4650291558709 + }, + { + "x": 1090.7991014393072, + "y": 864.9419923543736 + }, + { + "x": 232.7493681544938, + "y": 864.9419923543736 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Source: Forestry Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (MAFF), 2020.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 232.7493681544938, + "y": 933.5859710171588 + }, + { + "x": 1340.859309425167, + "y": 933.5859710171588 + }, + { + "x": 1340.859309425167, + "y": 1097.3508915412317 + }, + { + "x": 232.7493681544938, + "y": 1097.3508915412317 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Applications of wood pellets in Japan include power generation, boilers, stoves,\nagriculture use, and others. Although the trade statistics do not specify the usage of the\nimported wood pellets, according to the Japan Wood Pellet Association (JPA), most are\nused for power generation.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 232.74936815449377, + "y": 1122.5766696124342 + }, + { + "x": 1340.859309425167, + "y": 1122.5766696124342 + }, + { + "x": 1340.859309425167, + "y": 1330.5822337799768 + }, + { + "x": 232.74936815449377, + "y": 1330.5822337799768 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The price of domestic wood pellets for power generation has a wide range. According to\na survey of domestic wood pellet manufacturers undertaken by JPA in 2020, the average\nprice of domestic wood pellets for power generation is around 14,000~29,000 ¥/tonne,\nwhile according to the Trade Statistics of Japan, the average cost, insurance, and freight\n(CIF) price of imported wood pellets is around 18,000 ¥/tonne in 2020 (Figure 4.9).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 338.5405146025497, + "y": 1397.5285055986026 + }, + { + "x": 1236.454813565717, + "y": 1397.5285055986026 + }, + { + "x": 1236.454813565717, + "y": 1475.1508924957498 + }, + { + "x": 338.5405146025497, + "y": 1475.1508924957498 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 4-9. Average Cost, Insurance, and Freight Prices of Wood Pellets\nand Wood Chips", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 376.4511148365395, + "y": 1505.8035443840754 + }, + { + "x": 1207.4938651660416, + "y": 1505.8035443840754 + }, + { + "x": 1207.4938651660416, + "y": 1971.4223187072253 + }, + { + "x": 376.4511148365395, + "y": 1971.4223187072253 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "30,000\n25,000\n20,000\nYen/tonne\n15,000\n10,000\n5,000\n-\n2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020\nWood pellets Wood chips, coniferous Wood chips, non-coniferous", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 232.7493681544938, + "y": 2008.002251305913 + }, + { + "x": 845.2295110969138, + "y": 2008.002251305913 + }, + { + "x": 845.2295110969138, + "y": 2070.1921853218237 + }, + { + "x": 232.7493681544938, + "y": 2070.1921853218237 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Average price = import value/import tonne.\nSource: Estimated by IEEJ based on Trade Statistics of Japan.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 772.6140045429008, + "y": 2209.716451087793 + }, + { + "x": 802.8597654558066, + "y": 2209.716451087793 + }, + { + "x": 802.8597654558066, + "y": 2232.5434404560237 + }, + { + "x": 772.6140045429008, + "y": 2232.5434404560237 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "40", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000061.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 350.86799815549927, + "y": 240.97709420453117 + }, + { + "x": 1344.01888773134, + "y": 240.97709420453117 + }, + { + "x": 1344.01888773134, + "y": 662.205966127379 + }, + { + "x": 350.86799815549927, + "y": 662.205966127379 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "iii. Looking at cost items, the cost of raw woods procurement will be highest\nshare at 42%, followed by labour cost at 35%, electricity cost of the\nfabrication department at 10% (refer to figure 5-2). For this analysis, $35 per\ntonne is assumed for raw wood costs and this assumption will be crucial to\nmaintain the economics of this business model.\niv. This business model will be operating cost-oriented not capital cost-oriented\n(refer to figure 5.1); thus, management of raw wood cost, labour cost, and\nelectricity cost is essential. Few variations of capital cost will not affect this\nbusiness seriously.\nv. Assumed selling price of wood pellet is $100 per tonne and appropriate.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 294.46341529362803, + "y": 746.6292299349932 + }, + { + "x": 1281.629220628427, + "y": 746.6292299349932 + }, + { + "x": 1281.629220628427, + "y": 778.2757035289733 + }, + { + "x": 294.46341529362803, + "y": 778.2757035289733 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 5.1. Operating Cost Structure by the Three Departments of A Company", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 400.167928473852, + "y": 797.0236611590792 + }, + { + "x": 1273.6378588633806, + "y": 797.0236611590792 + }, + { + "x": 1273.6378588633806, + "y": 1324.7199777254427 + }, + { + "x": 400.167928473852, + "y": 1324.7199777254427 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "■ Cutting raw woods ■ Fabrication ■ Transportation", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 234.8038139383144, + "y": 1350.1026922779115 + }, + { + "x": 396.9121834784929, + "y": 1350.1026922779115 + }, + { + "x": 396.9121834784929, + "y": 1371.497705516717 + }, + { + "x": 234.8038139383144, + "y": 1371.497705516717 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Source: Author.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 354.51593040020384, + "y": 1437.8748259053648 + }, + { + "x": 1220.816589801094, + "y": 1437.8748259053648 + }, + { + "x": 1220.816589801094, + "y": 1469.5212994993449 + }, + { + "x": 354.51593040020384, + "y": 1469.5212994993449 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 5.2. Operating Cost Structure by the Cost Items of a Company", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 412.4008482177842, + "y": 1488.2692571294508 + }, + { + "x": 1273.6378588633806, + "y": 1488.2692571294508 + }, + { + "x": 1273.6378588633806, + "y": 2015.965573695814 + }, + { + "x": 412.4008482177842, + "y": 2015.965573695814 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "■ Raw woods ■ Electricity ■ Diesel oil ■ Labour ■ Depreciation ■ Interest payment", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 234.80381393831436, + "y": 2038.8862279294508 + }, + { + "x": 396.91218347849286, + "y": 2038.8862279294508 + }, + { + "x": 396.91218347849286, + "y": 2060.281241168256 + }, + { + "x": 234.80381393831436, + "y": 2060.281241168256 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Source: Author.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 772.4774977904973, + "y": 2209.824108514704 + }, + { + "x": 803.2457863950751, + "y": 2209.824108514704 + }, + { + "x": 803.2457863950751, + "y": 2232.76995086388 + }, + { + "x": 772.4774977904973, + "y": 2232.76995086388 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "50", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000062.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 198.134535251652, + "y": 265.9834200394549 + }, + { + "x": 792.3176195187858, + "y": 265.9834200394549 + }, + { + "x": 792.3176195187858, + "y": 363.3342074432521 + }, + { + "x": 198.134535251652, + "y": 363.3342074432521 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1. Shipping as a vector for marine IAS\nList of Philippine Ports is in Appendix 3", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 198.134535251652, + "y": 386.8115801238297 + }, + { + "x": 760.9768239681064, + "y": 386.8115801238297 + }, + { + "x": 760.9768239681064, + "y": 1218.0100786105688 + }, + { + "x": 198.134535251652, + "y": 1218.0100786105688 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Shipping remains as the only scientifically\ndocumented pathway for marine\nbiological invasion in the Philippines with\nthe introduction and invasion of the\nSouth American mussel Mytella strigata\n(Vallejo et al. 2017). This invasive was first\nrecorded from the South Harbor of\nManila in 2014 and has been known to\nhave spread throughout Manila Bay, to\nLingayen Gulf, Aparri, Cagayan and\nBatangas Port in the Philippines. It has\nsince then reported in Singapore, Taiwan,\nHong Kong, India, Malaysia, the Gulf of\nThailand, and Sri Lanka.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 779.9810362520134, + "y": 382.0583040412649 + }, + { + "x": 1526.7174080564223, + "y": 382.0583040412649 + }, + { + "x": 1526.7174080564223, + "y": 1128.3898480412845 + }, + { + "x": 779.9810362520134, + "y": 1128.3898480412845 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 775.932758208113, + "y": 1129.9713828267338 + }, + { + "x": 1454.2442348971767, + "y": 1129.9713828267338 + }, + { + "x": 1454.2442348971767, + "y": 1198.560000802222 + }, + { + "x": 775.932758208113, + "y": 1198.560000802222 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 2. Foulers from the South Harbor of Manila Bay.\nPhoto by SAILS-PORTEC Manila Bay", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 198.134535251652, + "y": 1300.252206483116 + }, + { + "x": 1503.7239274216756, + "y": 1300.252206483116 + }, + { + "x": 1503.7239274216756, + "y": 1645.30979871756 + }, + { + "x": 198.134535251652, + "y": 1645.30979871756 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Mytella was likely spread through hull fouling and ballast water release. In the Philippines its\nspread to other ports was likely through small vessel hull fouling as the first adult samples were\nrecorded from the fishing boat FV Ocean in 2015 which was docked in Manila Bay. An intensive\nmonitoring of the South Harbor area in 2014 resulted in the detection of the first cohort of\nrecruits in Manila Bay. The likely first introduction by ballast water release or by biofouling was\nin December 2013 and the first cohort of recruits was detected in July 2014.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 198.134535251652, + "y": 1731.836075841877 + }, + { + "x": 1503.7239274216756, + "y": 1731.836075841877 + }, + { + "x": 1503.7239274216756, + "y": 1949.7318004539677 + }, + { + "x": 198.134535251652, + "y": 1949.7318004539677 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "There are at least 15 marine non-indigenous species ship hull fouling recorded from Manila Bay's\nSouth Harbor (Vallejo et al. 2019; Trinidad et al 2017.) Only Mytella is considered invasive enough\nto have wide scale ecological and economic impacts. The most numerous species is the well-\nstudied Hydroides elegans, which is a known ship fouler with a present pantropical distribution.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1482.8278984066678, + "y": 2028.685780053167 + }, + { + "x": 1500.5661084382427, + "y": 2028.685780053167 + }, + { + "x": 1500.5661084382427, + "y": 2053.8149109312308 + }, + { + "x": 1482.8278984066678, + "y": 2053.8149109312308 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "6", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000063.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 196.73467651588516, + "y": 205.7901462994619 + }, + { + "x": 1503.9374619035798, + "y": 205.7901462994619 + }, + { + "x": 1503.9374619035798, + "y": 420.16256401583973 + }, + { + "x": 196.73467651588516, + "y": 420.16256401583973 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The other potentially invasive fouler is the tropical American Mytilopsis sallei and M. adamsi\nwhich has been recorded invasive in Singapore, Australia, Thailand among other regions. While\nthey are recorded from the Manila South Harbor, there is no evidence that it is invasive as it exists\nin low abundances.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 250.088388999872, + "y": 542.6311758203133 + }, + { + "x": 1434.20835001154, + "y": 542.6311758203133 + }, + { + "x": 1434.20835001154, + "y": 920.9125589909142 + }, + { + "x": 250.088388999872, + "y": 920.9125589909142 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "A B C D E F G\nH I J K L", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 199.05866276385223, + "y": 963.402602678722 + }, + { + "x": 1474.8210981055722, + "y": 963.402602678722 + }, + { + "x": 1474.8210981055722, + "y": 1050.7250204685083 + }, + { + "x": 199.05866276385223, + "y": 1050.7250204685083 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 3. Non-indigenous macrofoulers from Manila Bay with IAS, Mytilopsis sallei and Mytella strigata\n(=charruana). (From Trinidad et aL 2019)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 199.05866276385223, + "y": 1138.9140278873415 + }, + { + "x": 1472.487447230119, + "y": 1138.9140278873415 + }, + { + "x": 1472.487447230119, + "y": 1355.628155458891 + }, + { + "x": 199.05866276385223, + "y": 1355.628155458891 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Newer estimates (2021) on the number of possible IAS in Manila Bay is likely more than 30\nspecies based on more intensive biofouling ecological monitoring and the use environmental\nDNA in detecting species. When research started in 2006 on IAS in Manila Bay, 3 species were\ninitially observed.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1482.8903224480969, + "y": 2029.0272517938704 + }, + { + "x": 1500.7221523257354, + "y": 2029.0272517938704 + }, + { + "x": 1500.7221523257354, + "y": 2053.382921870645 + }, + { + "x": 1482.8903224480969, + "y": 2053.382921870645 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "7", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000064.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 196.12851535129423, + "y": 204.5625932900128 + }, + { + "x": 1501.685716936182, + "y": 204.5625932900128 + }, + { + "x": 1501.685716936182, + "y": 423.1442621895526 + }, + { + "x": 196.12851535129423, + "y": 423.1442621895526 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "estuarine influenced areas. Batangas, Cebu and Iloilo are located very near to protected areas\nand tourism areas. Batangas is within the center of the center of global marine biodiversity while\nCebu is in the Mactan key biodiversity area. Manila has the highest number of foreign shipcalls\nwhile Cebu has the highest domestic shipcalls and second to Manila in international shipcalls.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 213.53691676355743, + "y": 511.39504832238 + }, + { + "x": 286.2650106185107, + "y": 511.39504832238 + }, + { + "x": 286.2650106185107, + "y": 538.1885019085174 + }, + { + "x": 213.53691676355743, + "y": 538.1885019085174 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "PORT", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 595.3332711362622, + "y": 511.3950483223801 + }, + { + "x": 734.6019070647234, + "y": 511.3950483223801 + }, + { + "x": 734.6019070647234, + "y": 538.1885019085175 + }, + { + "x": 595.3332711362622, + "y": 538.1885019085175 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "SHIPCALLS", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 199.09452818170007, + "y": 545.1961843539102 + }, + { + "x": 845.7218452214066, + "y": 545.1961843539102 + }, + { + "x": 845.7218452214066, + "y": 1011.379238853183 + }, + { + "x": 199.09452818170007, + "y": 1011.379238853183 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "ForeignDomesticMANILA24546,125CEBU113879,500BATANGAS95813,196SUBIC313136CAGAYAN DE ORO1373,159DAVAO75017,807ILOILO21224,381GENERAL SANTOS112704ZAMBOANGA4041,27LUCENA744,428", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 196.1285153512943, + "y": 1076.0400480613905 + }, + { + "x": 1395.6496924236765, + "y": 1076.0400480613905 + }, + { + "x": 1395.6496924236765, + "y": 1113.4367105165102 + }, + { + "x": 196.1285153512943, + "y": 1113.4367105165102 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Table 1. Top 10 ports in the Philippines in shipcalls (2020 data from PPA, CPA and SBMA)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 196.12851535129423, + "y": 1196.8928417730108 + }, + { + "x": 1501.685716936182, + "y": 1196.8928417730108 + }, + { + "x": 1501.685716936182, + "y": 1479.4188465321297 + }, + { + "x": 196.12851535129423, + "y": 1479.4188465321297 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The port of Manila has been documented to have a significant number of possible IAS. The on-\ngoing SAILS-PORTEC research program has detected IAS in Davao, Cebu and Matnog ports. These\nports are adjacent to specific oil tanker pathways/routes. In Luzon where the refineries and oil\nstorage facilities are located such as Batangas, are at higher risk. These loading ports are at high\nrisk for IAS/MNIS and these are located near to international ports.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 196.1285153512943, + "y": 1564.056087934466 + }, + { + "x": 1501.685716936182, + "y": 1564.056087934466 + }, + { + "x": 1501.685716936182, + "y": 1966.156329949231 + }, + { + "x": 196.1285153512943, + "y": 1966.156329949231 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The shipcall statistics in Table 1 represent the year 2020, when the COVID 19 pandemic caused a\nglobal and domestic maritime transport slowdown. The average reduction in shipcalls is around\n40%. Nonetheless, Manila and Cebu are likely the main ports that need to be closely monitored\nfor potential IAS bioinvasion. In 2018, before the COVID-19 pandemic, Manila was experiencing\nport congestion with a report that ships may stay at berth for five days (Wallis, 2019). This will\nincrease the risks for biofouling. Based on the 2021 statistics from the PPA, the average berthing\ntime has been reduced to 1 day. This is a result of less shipping traffic due to the pandemic.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1467.188511894048, + "y": 2029.6176944383592 + }, + { + "x": 1500.6024480811757, + "y": 2029.6176944383592 + }, + { + "x": 1500.6024480811757, + "y": 2054.05212730328 + }, + { + "x": 1467.188511894048, + "y": 2054.05212730328 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "10", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000065.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 197.40966458340583, + "y": 196.575495880422 + }, + { + "x": 1501.6866816996248, + "y": 196.575495880422 + }, + { + "x": 1501.6866816996248, + "y": 933.902686811911 + }, + { + "x": 197.40966458340583, + "y": 933.902686811911 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 196.2616039602944, + "y": 935.7162794620326 + }, + { + "x": 1469.008981695179, + "y": 935.7162794620326 + }, + { + "x": 1469.008981695179, + "y": 1007.578837718406 + }, + { + "x": 196.2616039602944, + "y": 1007.578837718406 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 6. Mytella strigata biofouling green mussel farms in Bacoor City, Cavite, Manila Bay Photo from\nhttps://businessmirror.com.ph/2020/02/17/fake-tahong-invades-bacoor-mussel-farms/", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 249.8330922964326, + "y": 1102.4585639467778 + }, + { + "x": 537.0070681075509, + "y": 1102.4585639467778 + }, + { + "x": 537.0070681075509, + "y": 1134.1321642200628 + }, + { + "x": 249.8330922964326, + "y": 1134.1321642200628 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "5. Natural dispersal", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 197.40966458340577, + "y": 1223.060512763478 + }, + { + "x": 1505.2685763016375, + "y": 1223.060512763478 + }, + { + "x": 1505.2685763016375, + "y": 1805.7904381462615 + }, + { + "x": 197.40966458340577, + "y": 1805.7904381462615 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Dispersal by purely natural means is not included as a pathway of biological invasions (Gaston\n1996). Examples include range expansion by flight or any other medium of natural locomotion or\ntransport. However if human created or crafted material is involved in rafting dispersal of IAS,\nthen this may be considered as a case of biological invasion. The 2011 Great East Japan\nearthquake generated a large tsunami that caused an unprecedented biological transoceanic\nrafting event from the northwestern Pacific coastline of Japan towards North America on the\neastern Pacific(Carlton et al. 2017). Millions of human made objects from small plastics to large\ndocks and whole ships were cast adrift in the Pacific (Murray et al. 2018). This provided a\nsubstrate for biofoulers. Large debris could carry up to 20 to 30 mega-species of biofoulers\n(Carlton et al. 2017). These biofouled debris can constitute an IAS risk (Therriault 2017).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 197.40966458340577, + "y": 1893.633413753074 + }, + { + "x": 1505.2685763016375, + "y": 1893.633413753074 + }, + { + "x": 1505.2685763016375, + "y": 1988.1545882669 + }, + { + "x": 197.40966458340577, + "y": 1988.1545882669 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "While a tsunami is a relatively rare event, a more common one is fouler dispersal by rafting on\ncoastal currents of floating plastic debris, wood and, bamboo. Marine litter often originate from", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1466.3382309842204, + "y": 2029.7315458046169 + }, + { + "x": 1501.5355994052732, + "y": 2029.7315458046169 + }, + { + "x": 1501.5355994052732, + "y": 2053.744703699354 + }, + { + "x": 1466.3382309842204, + "y": 2053.744703699354 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "14", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000066.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 267.50255470306126, + "y": 228.21218277560297 + }, + { + "x": 1376.0714082014538, + "y": 228.21218277560297 + }, + { + "x": 1376.0714082014538, + "y": 346.12439549571616 + }, + { + "x": 267.50255470306126, + "y": 346.12439549571616 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "consumption onsite or offsite. Food Service Establishments (FSE) refers to the business\nengaged in the Food Service Industry. For purposes of the survey, the FSE is segmented\ninto:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 272.5029378456224, + "y": 360.7903450396951 + }, + { + "x": 1353.6199679885428, + "y": 360.7903450396951 + }, + { + "x": 1353.6199679885428, + "y": 617.289241901215 + }, + { + "x": 272.5029378456224, + "y": 617.289241901215 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· full-service restaurants, with full menu and waiting service;\n· limited-service restaurants or quick service restaurants (QSR), with full menu but\npay-as-you-order such as fast food or turo-turo type8;\n· cafes/bars/pop-ups (selected menu with few chairs and tables);\n· kiosks and stalls (purely retail, to be consumed elsewhere); and\n· catering or 100% home delivery.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 267.50255470306126, + "y": 670.2463834538743 + }, + { + "x": 1346.9561358175138, + "y": 670.2463834538743 + }, + { + "x": 1346.9561358175138, + "y": 751.8936538818767 + }, + { + "x": 267.50255470306126, + "y": 751.8936538818767 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Full-service restaurants, limited-service restaurants and cafes/bars/pop-ups may also\noffer \"to go\" or\"take away\" services.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 226.40892298171445, + "y": 830.1783555585754 + }, + { + "x": 1381.385935367831, + "y": 830.1783555585754 + }, + { + "x": 1381.385935367831, + "y": 1051.7661015781914 + }, + { + "x": 226.40892298171445, + "y": 1051.7661015781914 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Red\nJollibee\nMax's\nLimited Cafes, bars Kiosks and\nFull service catering\nService and Pop ups stalls", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 650.5798328699296, + "y": 1069.8183611810025 + }, + { + "x": 927.6136771952112, + "y": 1069.8183611810025 + }, + { + "x": 927.6136771952112, + "y": 1099.023736335776 + }, + { + "x": 650.5798328699296, + "y": 1099.023736335776 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 1. FSI Segmentation", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.0839871206312, + "y": 1186.3894058068224 + }, + { + "x": 1390.50832528605, + "y": 1186.3894058068224 + }, + { + "x": 1390.50832528605, + "y": 1619.801259328785 + }, + { + "x": 194.0839871206312, + "y": 1619.801259328785 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "b. Plastic. The Baseline Study looked into the extent of Plastic use of FSEs in Dasmarinas\nCity. Plastics are categorized by food grade.° The six food grades are 1) Polyethylene\nTerephthalate: clear, tough plastic such as soft drinks, juice and water, (2) High Density\nPolyethylene: white or colored plastic such as milk containers, (3) Polyvinyl Chloride:\nhard rigid clear plastic such as cordial bottles; (4) Low Density Polyethylene: soft,\nflexible such as squeezable bottles; 5) Polypropylene: hard but flexible plastics such as\nmicrowave ware; takeaway containers, some yogurt or jam containers and hinged lunch\nboxes, and (6) Polystyrene: rigid, brittle plastics such as small tubes and margarine or\nbutter container. See Figure 1. Plastic litter found in the rivers are of categories 1-6. There\nare also other plastics that do not fall under food grade 1-6.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 200.57218852066043, + "y": 1813.149661049661 + }, + { + "x": 1401.758744284078, + "y": 1813.149661049661 + }, + { + "x": 1401.758744284078, + "y": 1948.104250170272 + }, + { + "x": 200.57218852066043, + "y": 1948.104250170272 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "8 Filipino word for restaurants where a menu of cooked or ready-to-eat food are on display and clients point to their choice of food and\npay as they take their food to their tables or ask for take-out packaging.\n9 Food grade plastics refer to plastic containers, tools or other supplies made of plastics that are cleared to be used for food\npreparation, handling, and service.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 51.443339476949006, + "y": 2077.9590434234433 + }, + { + "x": 963.3614112582768, + "y": 2077.9590434234433 + }, + { + "x": 963.3614112582768, + "y": 2115.044345612673 + }, + { + "x": 51.443339476949006, + "y": 2115.044345612673 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "18 Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000067.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 369.43044011932415, + "y": 178.98206916849307 + }, + { + "x": 1475.4212265165577, + "y": 178.98206916849307 + }, + { + "x": 1475.4212265165577, + "y": 340.39373340334475 + }, + { + "x": 369.43044011932415, + "y": 340.39373340334475 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "very much interested to know more about plastics as well as the plastics types that can\nbe reused or recycled. Almost all respondents (87.8%) are interested in approaches to\nrecycle plastics. 87% (20) are interested in improving waste management systems in\ntheir LGUs.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 296.27837082207844, + "y": 397.00392276028424 + }, + { + "x": 1502.2759620217057, + "y": 397.00392276028424 + }, + { + "x": 1502.2759620217057, + "y": 612.1383933628413 + }, + { + "x": 296.27837082207844, + "y": 612.1383933628413 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "d. Awareness of Plastics Ordinance. About 68% of respondents know that there is a city\nordinance on plastics, while 52% are aware of the provincial plastic ordinance. 9% do not\nknow of any ordinance and 17% do not know whether or not there is a plastic ordinance.\nIn the same way, only 70% knows of the implementation of an ordinance regulating or\nprohibiting Single Use Plastics. 30% of the respondents are not aware of the ordinance.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 297.3560224373646, + "y": 662.1062201207008 + }, + { + "x": 721.4106838359381, + "y": 662.1062201207008 + }, + { + "x": 721.4106838359381, + "y": 704.9084427375726 + }, + { + "x": 297.3560224373646, + "y": 704.9084427375726 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "6.2 Waste Management", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 296.27837082207844, + "y": 755.4356553869757 + }, + { + "x": 1479.1043081397593, + "y": 755.4356553869757 + }, + { + "x": 1479.1043081397593, + "y": 880.2930910062149 + }, + { + "x": 296.27837082207844, + "y": 880.2930910062149 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "a. Waste Management Fee Collection. At the Barangay level, only 5 respondent\nbarangays - Sampaloc II, H-2, Salitran-ll, San Roque-Sta. Cristina II, and Salawag - collect\nwaste management fees.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 296.27837082207844, + "y": 933.3047011561474 + }, + { + "x": 1502.2759620217057, + "y": 933.3047011561474 + }, + { + "x": 1502.2759620217057, + "y": 1190.8239994594342 + }, + { + "x": 296.27837082207844, + "y": 1190.8239994594342 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "b. Waste Management Budget. Majority of the respondents (44%) do not know the\nbudget allocation of their LGUS for waste management. 12% of respondents replied that\ntheir LGUs have no allocation for waste management while 32% of respondents replied\nthat their budget allocation is below 5% of their LGU budget. Only 8% of respondents\nreplied that their budget allocation for waste management is between 10-20% if the LGU\nbudget. See Figure 20.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 433.4763939469908, + "y": 1270.415143882459 + }, + { + "x": 1355.778446651664, + "y": 1270.415143882459 + }, + { + "x": 1355.778446651664, + "y": 1750.6848855612548 + }, + { + "x": 433.4763939469908, + "y": 1750.6848855612548 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "44%\n■ Below 5% of the LGU budget\n■ 5% to below 10%\n■ 10% to below 20%\n12%\n■ 20% and over\n8% ■ No Allocation\n32% ■ I don't know", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 538.6062906648608, + "y": 1762.627707362513 + }, + { + "x": 1250.6128864601064, + "y": 1762.627707362513 + }, + { + "x": 1250.6128864601064, + "y": 1792.2329712209432 + }, + { + "x": 538.6062906648608, + "y": 1792.2329712209432 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 20. Percentage of LGU Budget Allocated for Waste Management", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 298.41782964122535, + "y": 1869.9006827552955 + }, + { + "x": 1467.505913524934, + "y": 1869.9006827552955 + }, + { + "x": 1467.505913524934, + "y": 1949.537812835812 + }, + { + "x": 298.41782964122535, + "y": 1949.537812835812 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "c. Waste Collection and Segregation. For 70% of the respondents, wastes are collected\nby the city government. 35% responded that barangays collect their wastes and still,", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 704.4791237040422, + "y": 2078.9000526520795 + }, + { + "x": 1635.0023735907337, + "y": 2078.9000526520795 + }, + { + "x": 1635.0023735907337, + "y": 2113.685855845026 + }, + { + "x": 704.4791237040422, + "y": 2113.685855845026 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry 49", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000068.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 264.6046986096917, + "y": 196.99861338464535 + }, + { + "x": 1311.716273610056, + "y": 196.99861338464535 + }, + { + "x": 1311.716273610056, + "y": 275.59332305999413 + }, + { + "x": 264.6046986096917, + "y": 275.59332305999413 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The World Bank/PEMSEA Assessment of Policies and Regulations to Guide Country\nDialogue at National Level to Reduce Plastic Waste in the Philippines indicated:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 323.38569580712357, + "y": 330.888662556573 + }, + { + "x": 1309.2492525283456, + "y": 330.888662556573 + }, + { + "x": 1309.2492525283456, + "y": 675.9012743259617 + }, + { + "x": 323.38569580712357, + "y": 675.9012743259617 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\"Despite these efforts, there seemed to be very limited information that shows the\neffectiveness of the bans on reducing plastics and litter, or even diversion from\nlandfills in the country. For the majority of LGUs in the country, however, there\nseemed to be no clear documentation and reporting of progress and updated\nwaste data possibly due to the difficulty and complexity of data generation and\nassessment. Another possible constraint is that the scope of the LGU ordinances\nvary and covered different kinds of SUPP, including the exemptions, which makes\nintegration of the various reports, if available, a challenge.\"", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 264.6046986096918, + "y": 729.2931991169428 + }, + { + "x": 1397.4207483244927, + "y": 729.2931991169428 + }, + { + "x": 1397.4207483244927, + "y": 899.0513562791742 + }, + { + "x": 264.6046986096918, + "y": 899.0513562791742 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The World Bank/PEMSEA report also recommended that a baseline assessment be\nconducted to obtain a better understanding which SUPP are the most prevalent and\nproblematic in the Philippines and to also identify the sources and extent and impacts of\nmismanagement.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 197.85299070283304, + "y": 952.4432810701554 + }, + { + "x": 1397.4207483244927, + "y": 952.4432810701554 + }, + { + "x": 1397.4207483244927, + "y": 1433.5825751259813 + }, + { + "x": 197.85299070283304, + "y": 1433.5825751259813 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "b. Extended producer responsibility (EPR). EPR schemes use a combination of regulatory\napproaches to extend manufacturers' responsibility for single-use plastic products\nthroughout their life cycle, including to the end-of-life stage. These schemes are aimed\nat decreasing the overall environmental impact from a product and its packaging.\nThe primary responsibility under EPR lies with the producer, who makes design and\nmarketing decisions. In most European countries, product manufacturers are charged\na fee for every piece of packaging they put onto the market based on the reusability or\nrecyclability of the packaging, supported by technical analysis. These fees are intended\nto cover some or all of the costs of collection, sorting and recycling. Since the recycling\nof plastic packaging costs more than it yields, companies will benefit from a more cost-\neffective system of packaging.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 197.85299070283304, + "y": 1486.3012850751106 + }, + { + "x": 954.4839193389532, + "y": 1486.3012850751106 + }, + { + "x": 954.4839193389532, + "y": 1967.4405791309364 + }, + { + "x": 197.85299070283304, + "y": 1967.4405791309364 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "c. Regulated Storage, Manufacture and Use of\nplastics. India required its states to enforce existing\nrules on the storage, manufacture, and use of some\nsingle-use plastics in lieu of a nationwide ban.\nMeanwhile, the Department of Environment and\nNatural Resources (DENR) is yet to issue a list of\nnon-environmentally accepted products (NEAP) as\nprovided in Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid\nWaste Management Act, passed a decade ago. This\nwill include single use plastics in all product forms per\ntechnical advice of the Department of Science and", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1017.5817155858072, + "y": 1488.812657674613 + }, + { + "x": 1400.9791304521375, + "y": 1488.812657674613 + }, + { + "x": 1400.9791304521375, + "y": 1907.109898756922 + }, + { + "x": 1017.5817155858072, + "y": 1907.109898756922 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Co Coc\nME\nME\nRECYCLE\nRECYCLE", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1057.7130756090214, + "y": 1924.6155617362872 + }, + { + "x": 1367.5089505961191, + "y": 1924.6155617362872 + }, + { + "x": 1367.5089505961191, + "y": 1982.07143830031 + }, + { + "x": 1057.7130756090214, + "y": 1982.07143830031 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 27. Soft drinks can with\nthe message \"Recycle Me\"", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 52.69876832063365, + "y": 2078.961186694581 + }, + { + "x": 962.7025422482034, + "y": 2078.961186694581 + }, + { + "x": 962.7025422482034, + "y": 2114.9455187040194 + }, + { + "x": 52.69876832063365, + "y": 2114.9455187040194 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "64 Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000069.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 197.77646925600175, + "y": 197.92027420569187 + }, + { + "x": 306.61404856864453, + "y": 197.92027420569187 + }, + { + "x": 306.61404856864453, + "y": 231.71191092602703 + }, + { + "x": 197.77646925600175, + "y": 231.71191092602703 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Replace", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 197.7764692560017, + "y": 242.36088825476793 + }, + { + "x": 1401.4860568900174, + "y": 242.36088825476793 + }, + { + "x": 1401.4860568900174, + "y": 721.3258136549861 + }, + { + "x": 197.7764692560017, + "y": 721.3258136549861 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "l. Replace Plastics with Recyclable Materials. Plastics can be replaced by material\nmade from polypropylene, a material type that is 100% recyclable. However, recyclable\nmaterials should have a forward linkage - link to a recycler who is willing to take on\nthe recyclables. Paper-based wrappers are another alternative for bagels and sandwich\npapers. Containers and packaging can use plastics with a certain percentage of recycled\ncontent and designed to be recyclable or reusable. Highly recyclable packaging is of\nlittle benefit if it is not disposed of correctly. The success of a recyclable package is an\nequal demand from recycling companies through improved recyclability of packaging\nand investments in efficient recycling facilities and systems. This requires investment and\ninnovation since quality and availability are still often a stumbling block for companies\nto use recycled plastic. The recyclability of plastic packaging can often be improved by:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 274.2791709006401, + "y": 731.3923729236977 + }, + { + "x": 1368.3003142230843, + "y": 731.3923729236977 + }, + { + "x": 1368.3003142230843, + "y": 944.0669192004384 + }, + { + "x": 274.2791709006401, + "y": 944.0669192004384 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· choosing a common type of plastic (such as PE, PP or PET);\n· choosing a common color (white or transparent); and\n· avoiding combinations of materials, such as plastic windows in cardboard\npackaging. Watermarking technology is also being developed so that packaging\ncan be more easily recognized by sorters.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 197.77646925600172, + "y": 998.897892695677 + }, + { + "x": 274.2791709006401, + "y": 998.897892695677 + }, + { + "x": 274.2791709006401, + "y": 1024.506437524219 + }, + { + "x": 197.77646925600172, + "y": 1024.506437524219 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Trash", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 197.7764692560017, + "y": 1040.3868445044727 + }, + { + "x": 1401.4860568900174, + "y": 1040.3868445044727 + }, + { + "x": 1401.4860568900174, + "y": 1386.3607629387277 + }, + { + "x": 197.7764692560017, + "y": 1386.3607629387277 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "m. Waste Segregation and Segregated Bins. Shakey's Philippines implementation of\nwaste segregation and 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) in its corporate office is one good\ntestament of compliance to RA 9003. The country's premier pizza restaurant has installed\n\"Stop Before You Drop\" trash bins for the implementation of company-wide proper\nwaste management. The bins are labeled to indicate the different types of waste to aid in\nproper disposal and culture development of its employees. Waste collected are weighed\non a daily basis to aid in monitoring wastages and to map out more waste management\ninitiatives.56", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 197.7764692560017, + "y": 1442.3398602393995 + }, + { + "x": 856.0089476110563, + "y": 1442.3398602393995 + }, + { + "x": 856.0089476110563, + "y": 1834.0208105632448 + }, + { + "x": 197.7764692560017, + "y": 1834.0208105632448 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "n. In-store Sorting and Recycling Bins.\nMcDonalds has installed sorting and\nrecycling points in select restaurants in\nits markets. It also improved its recycling\nbin signage to make the recycling process\neasier to understand. McDonald's Germany,\nAustria, Czech Republic and Slovakia on the\nother hand, collect customer waste to sort for\nrecycling. initiatives.57", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 914.6045284948176, + "y": 1441.6035902211408 + }, + { + "x": 1381.6336649404225, + "y": 1441.6035902211408 + }, + { + "x": 1381.6336649404225, + "y": 1705.94612120921 + }, + { + "x": 914.6045284948176, + "y": 1705.94612120921 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "You", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 918.2360103499184, + "y": 1714.0769521159232 + }, + { + "x": 1378.4915875645602, + "y": 1714.0769521159232 + }, + { + "x": 1378.4915875645602, + "y": 1769.7287702758638 + }, + { + "x": 918.2360103499184, + "y": 1769.7287702758638 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 32. In-store Sorting and Recycling Bins,\nMcDonalds", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 197.7764692560017, + "y": 1916.7000634295623 + }, + { + "x": 1178.5137396426344, + "y": 1916.7000634295623 + }, + { + "x": 1178.5137396426344, + "y": 1982.1741253144305 + }, + { + "x": 197.7764692560017, + "y": 1982.1741253144305 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "56 https://www.shakeyspizza.ph/images/asm-2021/PIZZA_ASM_2020_Report.pdf\n57 https://corporate.mcdonalds.com/corpmcd/our-purpose-and-impact/our-planet/packaging-and-waste.html", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 50.574218989680155, + "y": 2078.4011556603728 + }, + { + "x": 963.5058728203128, + "y": 2078.4011556603728 + }, + { + "x": 963.5058728203128, + "y": 2113.5003388119726 + }, + { + "x": 50.574218989680155, + "y": 2113.5003388119726 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "76 Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000070.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 215.41595361888648, + "y": 203.2126770033927 + }, + { + "x": 1452.7609328897192, + "y": 203.2126770033927 + }, + { + "x": 1452.7609328897192, + "y": 281.5256503749644 + }, + { + "x": 215.41595361888648, + "y": 281.5256503749644 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "two meetings are related to the initial meeting of VNR and as particular human rights\nfocus.73", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 261.09852141896994, + "y": 329.81865062076696 + }, + { + "x": 1394.0262028610402, + "y": 329.81865062076696 + }, + { + "x": 1394.0262028610402, + "y": 1018.9728162905976 + }, + { + "x": 261.09852141896994, + "y": 1018.9728162905976 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "180\n160\n160\nInstitutions\n140\n120\nParticipating\n100\n80\nof 60\nNumber 43\n40\n18\n20\n9\n4 2 1 1 1\n1\n0\nMeeting Participation Frequency\n■ 1x ■ 2x ■ 3x ■ 4x ■ 5x ■ 7x ■ 8x ■ 11x ■ 23x ■ 24x", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 368.16939933718226, + "y": 1073.3496343024567 + }, + { + "x": 1285.758110452049, + "y": 1073.3496343024567 + }, + { + "x": 1285.758110452049, + "y": 1153.6615544012575 + }, + { + "x": 368.16939933718226, + "y": 1153.6615544012575 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Participation of Institutions in the VNR Meeting of\nDiagram 2\nIndonesia 2021.74", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 215.4159536188867, + "y": 1200.5335760794303 + }, + { + "x": 1436.25405467906, + "y": 1200.5335760794303 + }, + { + "x": 1436.25405467906, + "y": 1240.5299020207303 + }, + { + "x": 215.4159536188867, + "y": 1240.5299020207303 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The distribution of participating institutions in VNR-related meetings are as follows:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 261.09852141896994, + "y": 1259.3512537288375 + }, + { + "x": 1394.0262028610402, + "y": 1259.3512537288375 + }, + { + "x": 1394.0262028610402, + "y": 1861.2246301793532 + }, + { + "x": 261.09852141896994, + "y": 1861.2246301793532 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "16 (7%) ■ Government\n7 (3%)\n57 (24%)\n■ Other State Institutions\n31 (13%)\n■ Civil Society Organizations\n■ Philanthropic Foundation\n19 (8%)\n20 (8%)\n■ Educational Institution\n■ Private and State-Owned\nCompanies\n■ Other Institutions\n90 (37%)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 315.2706018340485, + "y": 1918.598638500756 + }, + { + "x": 1285.758110452049, + "y": 1918.598638500756 + }, + { + "x": 1285.758110452049, + "y": 1998.910558599557 + }, + { + "x": 315.2706018340485, + "y": 1998.910558599557 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Distribution of Participating Institutions within VNR\nDiagram 3\nMeeting of Indonesia 2021.75", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 196.98251094744143, + "y": 2042.3630298913724 + }, + { + "x": 1453.8432346479713, + "y": 2042.3630298913724 + }, + { + "x": 1453.8432346479713, + "y": 2141.1061551797925 + }, + { + "x": 196.98251094744143, + "y": 2141.1061551797925 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "74 Data is processed based on: ibid., 332-345.\n75 Data is processed based on: Kementerian PPN / Bappenas, \"Annexes Indonesia's VNR 2021\" (n.\n68), 332-345.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 810.2202835738954, + "y": 2178.0278966403384 + }, + { + "x": 842.9873095710252, + "y": 2178.0278966403384 + }, + { + "x": 842.9873095710252, + "y": 2205.2307106756916 + }, + { + "x": 810.2202835738954, + "y": 2205.2307106756916 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "14", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000071.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 195.8834889990737, + "y": 200.36234015127368 + }, + { + "x": 1460.7685305722428, + "y": 200.36234015127368 + }, + { + "x": 1460.7685305722428, + "y": 287.1592189714323 + }, + { + "x": 195.8834889990737, + "y": 287.1592189714323 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "be used as a good opportunity to learn from each other and increase the capacity of\nhuman rights institutions in various countries.94", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 195.8834889990737, + "y": 289.35435534624145 + }, + { + "x": 1460.7685305722428, + "y": 289.35435534624145 + }, + { + "x": 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SDGs Dissemination in Social Media", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 195.8834889990737, + "y": 597.8600080221298 + }, + { + "x": 1460.7685305722428, + "y": 597.8600080221298 + }, + { + "x": 1460.7685305722428, + "y": 984.85661809998 + }, + { + "x": 195.8834889990737, + "y": 984.85661809998 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Information dissemination in the digital era is closely related to the use of social\nmedia. Therefore, the dissemination of the SDGs through social media platforms\nowned by the Komnas HAM needs to be optimized as a way to increase public\nparticipation to be active as \"agents\" of the Komnas HAM in Indonesia. To be able to\nachieve this, the community needs to first receive education about the SDGs to clearly\nunderstand the focus of each goal and its derivatives. Once there is a fairly good\nunderstanding at the level of the general public, especially those who interact with the\nKomnas HAM's social media, an easier way to report SDGs related to human rights\nviolations can be formulated.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 195.8834889990737, + "y": 992.9845554877868 + }, + { + "x": 1460.7685305722428, + "y": 992.9845554877868 + }, + { + "x": 1460.7685305722428, + "y": 1211.489616796498 + }, + { + "x": 195.8834889990737, + "y": 1211.489616796498 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The Komnas HAM, for example, has used social media Instagram, Twitter, and\nYouTube. There has been an increase in the frequency of Instagram social media\nuploads from 2019-2020 from 111 uploads in 2019 to 198 uploads in 2020. The variety\nof content uploaded by the Komnas HAM on Instagram is also increasingly diverse\nwith the following details:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 195.8834889990736, + "y": 1218.07151677773 + }, + { + "x": 1467.8833448647342, + "y": 1218.07151677773 + }, + { + "x": 1467.8833448647342, + "y": 1706.8267988495086 + }, + { + "x": 195.8834889990736, + "y": 1706.8267988495086 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "90\n81\n76\n80\n70\n56\n60\n47\n50\n40\n30\n21\n16\n20\n9\n10 3\n0 0\n0\nEvents Information Celebration Infographics Videographic\nGreetings\n■ 2019 ■ 2020", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 195.88348899907368, + "y": 1754.8770542139368 + }, + { + "x": 1474.0569146670066, + "y": 1754.8770542139368 + }, + { + "x": 1474.0569146670066, + "y": 1805.9377599555637 + }, + { + "x": 195.88348899907368, + "y": 1805.9377599555637 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Diagram 4 Distribution of @ komnas.ham Instagram Content (2019-2020)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 195.8834889990737, + "y": 1848.92076487826 + }, + { + "x": 1460.7685305722428, + "y": 1848.92076487826 + }, + { + "x": 1460.7685305722428, + "y": 1934.3522407091496 + }, + { + "x": 195.8834889990737, + "y": 1934.3522407091496 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "If observed from the Komnas HAM's Instagram account within the 2019-2020\nperiod, the SDGs have only been mentioned explicitly twice in the following contents:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 195.88348899907376, + "y": 2010.5742238898783 + }, + { + "x": 1453.9920651280818, + "y": 2010.5742238898783 + }, + { + "x": 1453.9920651280818, + "y": 2139.538817748813 + }, + { + "x": 195.88348899907376, + "y": 2139.538817748813 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "94 See also Komnas HAM, \"The NHRI Practice and Experience in Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, and Palestine\nin Supporting Sustainable Development Goals Achievements\" (n. 93).\n95 Ibid.\n96 Ibid.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 811.2796728073165, + "y": 2179.136058539545 + }, + { + "x": 842.0559885967905, + "y": 2179.136058539545 + }, + { + "x": 842.0559885967905, + "y": 2202.917757104138 + }, + { + "x": 811.2796728073165, + "y": 2202.917757104138 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "18", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000072.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 296.8455597518549, + "y": 214.7821160862902 + }, + { + "x": 1344.5782186472763, + "y": 214.7821160862902 + }, + { + "x": 1344.5782186472763, + "y": 789.0772541444826 + }, + { + "x": 296.8455597518549, + "y": 789.0772541444826 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "35\n31\n30\n25 23\n20\n15\n10\n5\n2 2 2 2\n1\n0\n0\nEvent Celebration Information Videograph\n■ 2019 ■ 2020", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 306.33804137265156, + "y": 826.4476389503576 + }, + { + "x": 1347.0811398696796, + "y": 826.4476389503576 + }, + { + "x": 1347.0811398696796, + "y": 905.3601539992404 + }, + { + "x": 306.33804137265156, + "y": 905.3601539992404 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Distribution of Komnas HAM's YouTube Content (2019-\nDiagram 5\n2020)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 196.4460397175654, + "y": 951.4453556640138 + }, + { + "x": 1459.5093772672888, + "y": 951.4453556640138 + }, + { + "x": 1459.5093772672888, + "y": 1253.00186912972 + }, + { + "x": 196.4460397175654, + "y": 1253.00186912972 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "As of 1 December 2021, the Komnas HAM's YouTube channel has 2,290\nsubscribers with 185,676 total views. In the 2019-2020 period, content thatspecifically\ndiscusses the SDGs explicitly cannot be found on the Komnas HAM's YouTube.\nNevertheless, on 15 December 2021, the Tanggap Rasa Podcast with the title of\n\"Podcast #EP32: SDGs dan Anak Muda\" (Translation: \"Podcast #EP32: SDGs and\nYouth\") has been broadcast and can increase the awareness and understanding of\nthe citizen on the SDGs, especially towards young generations.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 196.4460397175654, + "y": 1280.2293222023288 + }, + { + "x": 1456.3094838835132, + "y": 1280.2293222023288 + }, + { + "x": 1456.3094838835132, + "y": 1818.3276523320324 + }, + { + "x": 196.4460397175654, + "y": 1818.3276523320324 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Komnas HAM\nSUBSCRIBE\n2.29K subscribers\nHOME VIDEOS PLAYLISTS COMMUNITY CHANNELS ABOUT\nUploads ▷ PLAY ALL\n38:36 2:43:37 1:23:19 1:13:35 0:46\nPodcast #EPS30 : Upaya Diskusi Paralel 7 Festival Paralel Event 1 Festival HAM Konferensi Pers Festival Menjemput Festival HAM\nMerawat Warisan Ingatan HAM 2021 \"Pelindungan.. 2021 HAM Tahun 2021 2021 Semarang\n26 views · 2 days ago 180 views · Streamed 13 days ago 19 views · streamed 2 weeks ago 118 viewn · 2 weeks ago 60 views · 2 weeks. ago", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 349.4596725217967, + "y": 1893.9724074377057 + }, + { + "x": 1317.9403343853328, + "y": 1893.9724074377057 + }, + { + "x": 1317.9403343853328, + "y": 1962.9249421777329 + }, + { + "x": 349.4596725217967, + "y": 1962.9249421777329 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Komnas HAM's YouTube channel as of 1 December\nFigure 4\n2021", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 810.9323247278762, + "y": 2178.8268871847135 + }, + { + "x": 841.3080488795523, + "y": 2178.8268871847135 + }, + { + "x": 841.3080488795523, + "y": 2203.347050054139 + }, + { + "x": 810.9323247278762, + "y": 2203.347050054139 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "21", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000073.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 198.47237946448536, + "y": 199.44371817948704 + }, + { + "x": 1455.6044366738688, + "y": 199.44371817948704 + }, + { + "x": 1455.6044366738688, + "y": 504.71758292108393 + }, + { + "x": 198.47237946448536, + "y": 504.71758292108393 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "In this content, DPN Argentina provides a brief explanation of the SDGs and\nthe 2030 Agenda action plans, and most importantly, their role in advancing the 2030\nAgenda through the SDGs Monitoring and Evaluation Program with a focus on certain\nthematic areas. These focuses allow DPN Argentina to investigate through monitoring\nand preparing reports on the development of public policies and actions of\norganizations responsible for compliance with the SDGs, as well as proposals, and\nrecommendations to strengthen related processes.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 198.47237946448547, + "y": 511.5819807873624 + }, + { + "x": 1455.6044366738688, + "y": 511.5819807873624 + }, + { + "x": 1455.6044366738688, + "y": 638.0830271802092 + }, + { + "x": 198.47237946448547, + "y": 638.0830271802092 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Furthermore, DPN Argentina also regularly uploads commemorations of\ndays related to the SDGs by also including the SDGs logo in each of these uploads.\nExamples of such greetings are as follows:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 197.17257082597996, + "y": 680.55441496406 + }, + { + "x": 873.8898474386729, + "y": 680.55441496406 + }, + { + "x": 873.8898474386729, + "y": 1408.6079532468543 + }, + { + "x": 197.17257082597996, + "y": 1408.6079532468543 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Defensoria del Pueblo ···\n@DPNArgentina\nDia Mundial de la #Salud\nLa cobertura sanitaria universal es el objetivo\nprimordial de la @opsoms. Para lograrlo es crucial que\ntodas las personas puedan tener la atencion que\nnecesitan, en el seno mismo de la comunidad.\nTranslate Tweet\n7 de Abril\nDia Mundial de la Salud\n7:00 PM · Apr 7, 2021 Buffer", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 939.5620452178168, + "y": 1083.72812138242 + }, + { + "x": 1455.6044366738688, + "y": 1083.72812138242 + }, + { + "x": 1455.6044366738688, + "y": 1217.4574387872967 + }, + { + "x": 939.5620452178168, + "y": 1217.4574387872967 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "DPN Argentina\nContent: World Health\nFigure 6\nDay Celebration\n(7 April 2021).98", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 197.17257082597996, + "y": 2074.882616957021 + }, + { + "x": 1453.39611107367, + "y": 2074.882616957021 + }, + { + "x": 1453.39611107367, + "y": 2141.4221950194215 + }, + { + "x": 197.17257082597996, + "y": 2141.4221950194215 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "98 DPN Argentina, \"Dia Mundial de la #Salud\", accessed on 5 December 2021,https://twitter.com/D\nPNArgentina/status/1379765916259483648.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 810.699321403042, + "y": 2179.5746884274217 + }, + { + "x": 841.786600173925, + "y": 2179.5746884274217 + }, + { + "x": 841.786600173925, + "y": 2202.7965111237445 + }, + { + "x": 810.699321403042, + "y": 2202.7965111237445 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "23", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000074.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 311.08678328627025, + "y": 196.12078614302968 + }, + { + "x": 1457.7354154347645, + "y": 196.12078614302968 + }, + { + "x": 1457.7354154347645, + "y": 273.7865448586379 + }, + { + "x": 311.08678328627025, + "y": 273.7865448586379 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore. In these three countries, per capita GDP\nfell between 4 percent to 7 percent.3", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 312.16547437954256, + "y": 303.9898954702634 + }, + { + "x": 969.088350182396, + "y": 303.9898954702634 + }, + { + "x": 969.088350182396, + "y": 343.9014659213398 + }, + { + "x": 312.16547437954256, + "y": 343.9014659213398 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 1.2. Per capita GDP growth in 2020", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 311.08678328627025, + "y": 369.7900521598759 + }, + { + "x": 1462.050179807854, + "y": 369.7900521598759 + }, + { + "x": 1462.050179807854, + "y": 1025.6342368694568 + }, + { + "x": 311.08678328627025, + "y": 1025.6342368694568 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "4.0%\n2.5%\n2.0%\n2.0%\n0.2%\n0.0%\n-2.0% -1.0%\n-4.0% -3.1%\n-3.8%\n-4.4%\n-6.0%\n-6.4%\n-8.0% -6.9%\n-10.0%\n-12.0% -10.7%\nIndonesia\nCambodia\nPhilippines\nThailand\nMyanmar\nMalaysia\nSingapore\nLao PDR\nViet Nam\nBrunei Darussalam", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 312.1654743795427, + "y": 1046.0104544919463 + }, + { + "x": 679.1942999814679, + "y": 1046.0104544919463 + }, + { + "x": 679.1942999814679, + "y": 1075.6092967966902 + }, + { + "x": 312.1654743795427, + "y": 1075.6092967966902 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Source: World Bank (2022a)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 312.16547437954256, + "y": 1112.527677574428 + }, + { + "x": 1460.419926906204, + "y": 1112.527677574428 + }, + { + "x": 1460.419926906204, + "y": 1469.5792300572166 + }, + { + "x": 312.16547437954256, + "y": 1469.5792300572166 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "It is also noteworthy that in two of these major destination countries - Thailand\nand Malaysia - the most-affected sectors were also ones heavily reliant\non migrant workers. In Thailand, affected sectors include manufacturing,\nconstruction, agriculture, fishing, seafood processing, domestic work, and\nhospitality (United Nations Thematic Working Group, 2019; ILO, 2020). In\nMalaysia, migrant workers were, in 2019, especially prevalent in manufacturing\n(705,000), construction (435,000), services (306,000), plantation (282,000),\nagriculture (160,000), and domestic work (127,000) (Wahab, 2020a; Theng,\nNoor and Khalidi, 2020).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 311.08678328627025, + "y": 1503.428588971745 + }, + { + "x": 1459.3412358129317, + "y": 1503.428588971745 + }, + { + "x": 1459.3412358129317, + "y": 2022.2227842726816 + }, + { + "x": 311.08678328627025, + "y": 2022.2227842726816 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The construction sector in Malaysia crashed in the second quarter of 2020\nand did not experience growth again until the second quarter of 2021,\nbefore suffering negative growth again the next quarter after a COVID-19\nresurgence. Accommodation and dining establishments which includes many\ntourism-related jobs, fared even worse. Furthermore, wholesale trade and\nrelated activities in Malaysia have not recovered to pre-pandemic levels, even\nafter growing in the first two quarters of 2021. In Thailand, the construction\nsector avoided a massive output decline similar to Malaysia's, although it did\ndecline in the first quarter of 2020. However, manufacturing, accommodation,\nand wholesale trade in Thailand all suffered large contractions due to travel\nrestrictions, supply chain disruptions, and weak aggregate demand, and,\ndespite some recovery in the second quarter of 2021, remain well below pre-\npandemic levels (Table 1.1).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 233.19219353843465, + "y": 2095.7312646584164 + }, + { + "x": 1459.3412358129317, + "y": 2095.7312646584164 + }, + { + "x": 1459.3412358129317, + "y": 2150.0087406819675 + }, + { + "x": 233.19219353843465, + "y": 2150.0087406819675 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "3 The Philippine economy was hit hardest because of the length and severity of the movement restrictions\nimposed in the country (Olanday and Rigby, 2020).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 233.19219353843465, + "y": 2226.9276812558633 + }, + { + "x": 695.537461289296, + "y": 2226.9276812558633 + }, + { + "x": 695.537461289296, + "y": 2261.5140287834856 + }, + { + "x": 233.19219353843465, + "y": 2261.5140287834856 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1537.4275567229004, + "y": 2227.9768738395956 + }, + { + "x": 1574.2067419195623, + "y": 2227.9768738395956 + }, + { + "x": 1574.2067419195623, + "y": 2255.416272563602 + }, + { + "x": 1537.4275567229004, + "y": 2255.416272563602 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "13", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000075.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 312.45747874184264, + "y": 195.42928228817485 + }, + { + "x": 1461.047754858227, + "y": 195.42928228817485 + }, + { + "x": 1461.047754858227, + "y": 354.4283494365173 + }, + { + "x": 312.45747874184264, + "y": 354.4283494365173 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "2020 and 2021, and, for approximately half of AMS, working hours lost were\nhigher in 2021 compared to 2020 (Figure 1.3). The disruptions in global supply\nchains because of travel and transport restrictions hit some AMS particularly\nhard because of supply needs from other countries.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 312.4574787418426, + "y": 386.4654749067057 + }, + { + "x": 1461.047754858227, + "y": 386.4654749067057 + }, + { + "x": 1461.047754858227, + "y": 942.9622099259044 + }, + { + "x": 312.4574787418426, + "y": 942.9622099259044 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Despite these tremendous job losses, many countries also experienced labour\nshortages due to previously unprecedented demand for certain products,\nsuch as rubber gloves in Malaysia and for fishery products in Thailand. The\nreturn of migrant workers to their home countries contributed to significant\nlabour shortages (Lee and David, 2021; Sriring and Staporncharnchai, 2021).4\nCOVID-related movement restrictions caused many workers to withdraw\nfrom the labour force (especially women) and labour force participation rates\ndeclined in most countries.5 This was the case for Indonesia, Malaysia, the\nPhilippines, and Viet Nam (Figure 1.4). According to the ILO (2021c), female\nemployment in AMS in 2020 was 3.9 percent lower than the expected level,\nwhich is markedly less than the 2.7 percent figure for male employment.6\nThe impact of the pandemic on employment is evident in lower labour force\nparticipation, lower working hours, and higher unemployment rates in most\ncountries (Figure 1.5).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 312.45747874184264, + "y": 976.1858955986924 + }, + { + "x": 1405.2794253360478, + "y": 976.1858955986924 + }, + { + "x": 1405.2794253360478, + "y": 1015.3423822844786 + }, + { + "x": 312.45747874184264, + "y": 1015.3423822844786 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 1.3. Decline in weekly working hours compared to 2019 (percent)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 312.4574787418425, + "y": 1045.006387349467 + }, + { + "x": 1461.047754858227, + "y": 1045.006387349467 + }, + { + "x": 1461.047754858227, + "y": 1601.5031223686665 + }, + { + "x": 312.4574787418425, + "y": 1601.5031223686665 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "18\n16\n14\n12\n10\n8\n6\n4\n2\n0\nBrunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam\nDarussalam\n2020 2021", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 313.1489720359302, + "y": 1627.0740764071272 + }, + { + "x": 568.3360286433157, + "y": 1627.0740764071272 + }, + { + "x": 568.3360286433157, + "y": 1657.214279943433 + }, + { + "x": 313.1489720359302, + "y": 1657.214279943433 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Source: ILO (2022a)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 231.55564674641735, + "y": 1854.484988504243 + }, + { + "x": 1459.9499972251594, + "y": 1854.484988504243 + }, + { + "x": 1459.9499972251594, + "y": 2148.6908619195287 + }, + { + "x": 231.55564674641735, + "y": 2148.6908619195287 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "4 There are of course long-standing reasons for the labour shortages in these sectors, which accounts for\ntheir high reliance for migrant workers, including poor working conditions, that is prone to abuse, and lack\nof attractiveness for local workers (Looi, 2020; Ng, 2020; ILO, 2015).\n5 McKinsey Global Institute (2020) estimates that at the beginning of the pandemic, women accounted for\nmore than half of total job losses from COVID-19 though they made up only two-fifths of the global labour\nforce. This is because they are overrepresented in sectors hardest hit by the pandemic: accommodation\nand food services; retail and wholesale trade; and other services, such as arts, recreation, and public\nadministration.\n6 This is equivalent to saying there is greater increase in unemployment or inactivity for women compared\nto men. According to the report, one reason is the increase in unpaid care responsibilities for women as\nschools closed (ILO, 2021c).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 232.5047436358101, + "y": 2226.3817663443665 + }, + { + "x": 696.7204419157549, + "y": 2226.3817663443665 + }, + { + "x": 696.7204419157549, + "y": 2262.3117739511727 + }, + { + "x": 232.5047436358101, + "y": 2262.3117739511727 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1537.7346941246144, + "y": 2228.283888276525 + }, + { + "x": 1574.595789950885, + "y": 2228.283888276525 + }, + { + "x": 1574.595789950885, + "y": 2255.091957968358 + }, + { + "x": 1537.7346941246144, + "y": 2255.091957968358 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "15", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000076.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 312.4791812542525, + "y": 194.703931479394 + }, + { + "x": 1088.489553754372, + "y": 194.703931479394 + }, + { + "x": 1088.489553754372, + "y": 230.9033782012258 + }, + { + "x": 312.4791812542525, + "y": 230.9033782012258 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 1.6. Alien temporary work permits, Thailand", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 310.05491677897606, + "y": 256.3758881660062 + }, + { + "x": 1303.6861306974915, + "y": 256.3758881660062 + }, + { + "x": 1303.6861306974915, + "y": 718.0287466875083 + }, + { + "x": 310.05491677897606, + "y": 718.0287466875083 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "140000\n120000\n100000\n80000\n60000\n40000\n20000\n0\n07/2020\n03/2019\n11/2020\n03/2020\n09/2020\n11/2019\n05/2020\n09/2019\n05/2019\n07/2019\n01/2019\n01/2020\n01/2022\n11/2021\n09/2021\n03/2021\n01/2021\n07/2021\n05/2021", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 312.47918125425247, + "y": 741.3305336178676 + }, + { + "x": 971.5842442354568, + "y": 741.3305336178676 + }, + { + "x": 971.5842442354568, + "y": 771.5450040086275 + }, + { + "x": 312.47918125425247, + "y": 771.5450040086275 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Source: Department of Employment, Thailand (2022)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 312.4791812542525, + "y": 808.4340242238493 + }, + { + "x": 1236.5486808055489, + "y": 808.4340242238493 + }, + { + "x": 1236.5486808055489, + "y": 844.6334709456811 + }, + { + "x": 312.4791812542525, + "y": 844.6334709456811 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 1.7. Non-citizen population in Malaysia (in thousands)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 310.05491677897606, + "y": 870.1059809104615 + }, + { + "x": 1303.6861306974915, + "y": 870.1059809104615 + }, + { + "x": 1303.6861306974915, + "y": 1386.968637148779 + }, + { + "x": 310.05491677897606, + "y": 1386.968637148779 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "3,500 3,230 3,288 3,323\n3,140\n2,907\n3,000\n2,693\n2,500\n2,000\n1,500\n1,000\n500\n0\n2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 312.47918125425247, + "y": 1408.6296782157085 + }, + { + "x": 1330.1436348740758, + "y": 1408.6296782157085 + }, + { + "x": 1330.1436348740758, + "y": 1438.8441486064685 + }, + { + "x": 312.47918125425247, + "y": 1438.8441486064685 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Source: Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2022). Figure for 2021 is an estimate.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 312.47918125425235, + "y": 1476.1577622950774 + }, + { + "x": 1236.5486808055484, + "y": 1476.1577622950774 + }, + { + "x": 1236.5486808055484, + "y": 1512.357209016909 + }, + { + "x": 312.47918125425235, + "y": 1512.357209016909 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 1.8. Singapore foreign workforce stock (in thousands)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 310.05491677897595, + "y": 1537.7245796832522 + }, + { + "x": 1303.6861306974913, + "y": 1537.7245796832522 + }, + { + "x": 1303.6861306974913, + "y": 2054.5872359215696 + }, + { + "x": 310.05491677897595, + "y": 2054.5872359215696 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1,450 1,427\n1,393 1,386\n1,400 1,368\n1,350\n1,300\n1,250 1,232\n1,200\n1,200\n1,150\n1,100\n1,050\n2016 (Dec) 2017 (Dec) 2018 (Dec) 2019 (Dec) 2020 (Dec) 2021 (Dec)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 312.4791812542526, + "y": 2076.962876374021 + }, + { + "x": 1457.2764261057284, + "y": 2076.962876374021 + }, + { + "x": 1457.2764261057284, + "y": 2142.0335640642165 + }, + { + "x": 312.4791812542526, + "y": 2142.0335640642165 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Source: Compilation by Manpower Research & Statistics Department (Ministry of Manpower,\nSingapore, 2022).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 232.163471886724, + "y": 2225.2595553874135 + }, + { + "x": 695.6443067174891, + "y": 2225.2595553874135 + }, + { + "x": 695.6443067174891, + "y": 2261.4567003826855 + }, + { + "x": 232.163471886724, + "y": 2261.4567003826855 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1538.2553525419708, + "y": 2227.6957423848576 + }, + { + "x": 1574.9003185660383, + "y": 2227.6957423848576 + }, + { + "x": 1574.9003185660383, + "y": 2254.9666032840764 + }, + { + "x": 1538.2553525419708, + "y": 2254.9666032840764 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "19", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000077.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 312.26295474924694, + "y": 194.5074417789579 + }, + { + "x": 1458.4801104604326, + "y": 194.5074417789579 + }, + { + "x": 1458.4801104604326, + "y": 274.0069753531291 + }, + { + "x": 312.26295474924694, + "y": 274.0069753531291 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "decline in 2020 in absolute numbers and as a percentage of 2019 deployment\n(Figure 1.9b).9", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 312.2629547492469, + "y": 306.04410082331754 + }, + { + "x": 1458.4801104604326, + "y": 306.04410082331754 + }, + { + "x": 1458.4801104604326, + "y": 385.54363439748874 + }, + { + "x": 312.2629547492469, + "y": 385.54363439748874 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 1.9b. Deployment of Overseas Foreign Workers by sex, new hires only\n(in thousands)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 312.26295474924694, + "y": 409.27483844948017 + }, + { + "x": 1458.4801104604326, + "y": 409.27483844948017 + }, + { + "x": 1458.4801104604326, + "y": 955.0925316452827 + }, + { + "x": 312.26295474924694, + "y": 955.0925316452827 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "400 374\n331 335\n350 319\n300\n250\n187\n200\n128\n150\n102 102\n100\n55\n50 22\n0\nMale Female\n■ 2016 ■ 2017 ■ 2018 ■ 2019 ■ 2020 (to September)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 312.2629547492469, + "y": 981.1968561024732 + }, + { + "x": 870.5010324025035, + "y": 981.1968561024732 + }, + { + "x": 870.5010324025035, + "y": 1014.4205417752614 + }, + { + "x": 312.2629547492469, + "y": 1014.4205417752614 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Source: Philippine Statistics Authority (2022)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 234.49948759231063, + "y": 1065.750050450447 + }, + { + "x": 1147.1624976298483, + "y": 1065.750050450447 + }, + { + "x": 1147.1624976298483, + "y": 1102.7798810560714 + }, + { + "x": 234.49948759231063, + "y": 1102.7798810560714 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1.5. Migrant Workers More at Risk of COVID-19 Infection", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 312.26295474924694, + "y": 1136.0505905184243 + }, + { + "x": 1458.4801104604326, + "y": 1136.0505905184243 + }, + { + "x": 1458.4801104604326, + "y": 1536.559620701804 + }, + { + "x": 312.26295474924694, + "y": 1536.559620701804 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "COVID-19 infection among migrants appears to be higher than among\nnon-migrant groups (Hintermeier et al., 2020). Migrant workers are\ndisproportionately exposed to COVID-19 because of the nature of their\nwork and their living conditions. Many migrant workers performed essential\nservices, including jobs in healthcare, selected manufacturing, transportation,\nlogistics, construction, and maintenance, which continued during periods of\nmovement restrictions (OECD, ADBI and ILO, 2021). Many migrant workers\nalso have less access to personal protective equipment and testing and\ntreatment facilities (OECD, ADBI and ILO, 2021). The lack of access was\nespecially true for undocumented migrants.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 312.26295474924706, + "y": 1568.50765609397 + }, + { + "x": 1458.4801104604326, + "y": 1568.50765609397 + }, + { + "x": 1458.4801104604326, + "y": 1808.1936505531107 + }, + { + "x": 312.26295474924706, + "y": 1808.1936505531107 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Additionally, migrant workers employed in plantations far away from urban\ncentres had limited access to information and testing. High rates of infection\nwere also linked to overcrowded housing conditions, including shared facilities\nand sleeping areas, which increase the risk of transmission (ASEAN MP, 2021).\nMany workers in processing or assembly plants worked in conditions where\nphysical distancing was rarely observed.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 312.26295474924706, + "y": 1841.122314211888 + }, + { + "x": 1458.4801104604326, + "y": 1841.122314211888 + }, + { + "x": 1458.4801104604326, + "y": 2079.4149829984135 + }, + { + "x": 312.26295474924706, + "y": 2079.4149829984135 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "In Malaysia, out of 2,188 positive cases recorded nationwide on 25 November\n2020, 1,511 were foreign workers employed by Top Glove Corporation Bhd.,\none of the world's largest personal protective equipment (PPE) manufacturers\n(The Straits Times, 2020; Ngui, 2020). Many other migrant workers were\nemployed as delivery agents, public transport drivers, or restaurant waiters,\nand are in constant contact with the general public. Infection risk is also higher", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 232.52578835694996, + "y": 2120.8786202107653 + }, + { + "x": 1127.0722956073146, + "y": 2120.8786202107653 + }, + { + "x": 1127.0722956073146, + "y": 2150.1121661993393 + }, + { + "x": 232.52578835694996, + "y": 2150.1121661993393 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "9 Keeping in mind that for 2020 the figures are only up to October of the year.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 232.52578835694987, + "y": 2226.1193857696317 + }, + { + "x": 696.0863033186233, + "y": 2226.1193857696317 + }, + { + "x": 696.0863033186233, + "y": 2262.870129298125 + }, + { + "x": 232.52578835694987, + "y": 2262.870129298125 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1535.3417454814394, + "y": 2226.8201583593404 + }, + { + "x": 1571.3124086686832, + "y": 2226.8201583593404 + }, + { + "x": 1571.3124086686832, + "y": 2256.0463221989767 + }, + { + "x": 1535.3417454814394, + "y": 2256.0463221989767 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "21", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000078.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 271.96684777699693, + "y": 193.86492557603407 + }, + { + "x": 1098.6364765302517, + "y": 193.86492557603407 + }, + { + "x": 1098.6364765302517, + "y": 231.12879970726024 + }, + { + "x": 271.96684777699693, + "y": 231.12879970726024 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 1.10. Migrant remittances inflows (in US$ billion)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 271.966847776997, + "y": 259.5670194389855 + }, + { + "x": 1421.0684713573885, + "y": 259.5670194389855 + }, + { + "x": 1421.0684713573885, + "y": 843.5328105067017 + }, + { + "x": 271.966847776997, + "y": 843.5328105067017 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "800 90\n694 719\n702\n700 640 80\n610 597\n602\n70\n600\n60\n78 75\n500 75\n69\n66 50\n63\n400\n61\n40\n300\n30\n200\n20\n100\n10\n0 0\n2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020\nASEAN (right axis) World (left axis)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 271.96684777699693, + "y": 879.5122608824455 + }, + { + "x": 798.0313277151658, + "y": 879.5122608824455 + }, + { + "x": 798.0313277151658, + "y": 909.88477619525 + }, + { + "x": 271.96684777699693, + "y": 909.88477619525 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Source: World Bank and KNOMAD (2021)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 271.96684777699704, + "y": 947.1245471549296 + }, + { + "x": 1013.791897755478, + "y": 947.1245471549296 + }, + { + "x": 1013.791897755478, + "y": 984.3884212861556 + }, + { + "x": 271.96684777699704, + "y": 984.3884212861556 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Table 1.4. Growth in migrant remittance inflows", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 271.966847776997, + "y": 997.5231561499496 + }, + { + "x": 1421.0684713573885, + "y": 997.5231561499496 + }, + { + "x": 1421.0684713573885, + "y": 1492.7497440470702 + }, + { + "x": 271.966847776997, + "y": 1492.7497440470702 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "AMSAverage Annual GrowthRemittance inflows in 2020 (US$ Million)2000-20042004-20092009-20142014-20192019-2020Cambodia7.5%-0.7%50.6%6.7%-16.6%1,272Indonesia9.4%29.5%4.7%6.4%-17.3%9,651Lao PDR4.0%115.7%38.0%9.5%-10.6%265Malaysia18.6%7.1%6.9%0.7%-11.2%1,454Myanmar2.7%-14.1%102.7%5.4%-7.1%2,250Philippines10.6%11.7%7.5%4.2%-0.7%34,913Thailand-0.9%18.6%11.4%4.6%-1.2%8,067Viet Nam11.5%21.1%14.8%7.2%1.2%17,200", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 284.32691648874754, + "y": 1511.7103525233672 + }, + { + "x": 810.3913964269165, + "y": 1511.7103525233672 + }, + { + "x": 810.3913964269165, + "y": 1542.0828678361715 + }, + { + "x": 284.32691648874754, + "y": 1542.0828678361715 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Source: World Bank and KNOMAD (2021)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 271.9668477769968, + "y": 1577.80325670395 + }, + { + "x": 1421.068471357388, + "y": 1577.80325670395 + }, + { + "x": 1421.068471357388, + "y": 1937.24272126485 + }, + { + "x": 271.9668477769968, + "y": 1937.24272126485 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "In the Philippines, of the returning Filipino migrant workers in 2020, 55 percent\nearned a monthly income of between PHP20,000 and PHP50,000, and 19\npercent earned between PHP5000 and PHP20,000. Before their return, 50\npercent reported remitting amounts ranging from PHP10,000 to PHP20,000\n(US$200 to US$400) monthly. It is highly unlikely that the families of these\nmigrant workers would have savings to rely on after they lost their jobs.\nAdditionally, 83 percent of these workers were still unemployed after three\nmonths, resulting in a 60 percent drop in household income for 48 percent of\nthe returned migrant workers.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 77.40603767086708, + "y": 2226.308411453557 + }, + { + "x": 118.551856472536, + "y": 2226.308411453557 + }, + { + "x": 118.551856472536, + "y": 2256.1592996037875 + }, + { + "x": 77.40603767086708, + "y": 2256.1592996037875 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "26", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 956.7970669614382, + "y": 2226.308411453557 + }, + { + "x": 1419.889223670418, + "y": 2226.308411453557 + }, + { + "x": 1419.889223670418, + "y": 2261.8067649295067 + }, + { + "x": 956.7970669614382, + "y": 2261.8067649295067 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000079.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 264.9981136658222, + "y": 260.0749224209034 + }, + { + "x": 714.4169143127867, + "y": 260.0749224209034 + }, + { + "x": 714.4169143127867, + "y": 482.4913696798604 + }, + { + "x": 264.9981136658222, + "y": 482.4913696798604 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Executive\nSummary", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 833.6504736681038, + "y": 262.3678754854288 + }, + { + "x": 1386.252162218708, + "y": 262.3678754854288 + }, + { + "x": 1386.252162218708, + "y": 753.0598312938492 + }, + { + "x": 833.6504736681038, + "y": 753.0598312938492 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "I ndia suffers from 'regulatory\ncholesterol' that is getting in\nthe way of doing business. The\nlegislations, rules and regulations\nenacted by the Union and State\ngovernments have over time created\nbarriers to the smooth flow of ideas,\norganisation, money, entrepreneurship\nand through them the creation of jobs,\nwealth and GDP.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 842.822285926205, + "y": 794.3329864553051 + }, + { + "x": 1383.959209154183, + "y": 794.3329864553051 + }, + { + "x": 1383.959209154183, + "y": 1285.0249422637253 + }, + { + "x": 842.822285926205, + "y": 1285.0249422637253 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The presence of hostile clauses in these\nlaws, rules and regulations has grown\nsince Independence, surviving three\ndecades of economic reforms initiated in\n1991. The biggest challenges come from\nthe continuance of impriscoment as a tool\nof control. As automation increases in\nthe coming years, the pre-Independence\n1940s-style administrative controls\nmeant to protect labour will prove\ncounter-productive in 21st-century India.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 842.822285926205, + "y": 1333.1769566187572 + }, + { + "x": 1386.2521622187085, + "y": 1333.1769566187572 + }, + { + "x": 1386.2521622187085, + "y": 1780.3028042011963 + }, + { + "x": 842.822285926205, + "y": 1780.3028042011963 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "There are 1,536 laws that govern\ndoing business in India, of which 678\nare implemented at the Union level.\nWithin these laws is a web of 69,233\ncompliances, of which 25,537 are at the\nUnion level. These compliances need to\nbe communicated to the governments\nthrough 6,618 annual filings, 2,282\n(34.5 percent) at the Union level and at\nthe states, 4,336.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 842.822285926205, + "y": 1824.7473802405511 + }, + { + "x": 1388.844840699816, + "y": 1824.7473802405511 + }, + { + "x": 1388.844840699816, + "y": 2046.2185836575131 + }, + { + "x": 842.822285926205, + "y": 2046.2185836575131 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "These changes in compliance\nrequirements occur constantly and\nadd to business uncertainty. In the 12\nmonths up to 31 December 2021, there\nhave been 3,577 regulatory changes;", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000080.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 272.486684747014, + "y": 269.2229129683102 + }, + { + "x": 750.228452719173, + "y": 269.2229129683102 + }, + { + "x": 750.228452719173, + "y": 594.0873151893783 + }, + { + "x": 272.486684747014, + "y": 594.0873151893783 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "III.\nRegulatory\ncholesterol", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 845.7768063136048, + "y": 270.96015576093623 + }, + { + "x": 1383.5810274842336, + "y": 270.96015576093623 + }, + { + "x": 1383.5810274842336, + "y": 1422.752127271996 + }, + { + "x": 845.7768063136048, + "y": 1422.752127271996 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "T his report defines\n'regulatory cholesterol'\nas the policy actions of\nthe three arms of the State, i.e. the\nexecutive, the legislature, and the\njudiciary, using the instruments of\nlegislations, rules, regulations or\norders, to create or raise barriers to\na smooth flow of ideas, organisation,\nmoney and most importantly, the flow\nof the entrepreneurial spirit. In India,\na wrong political choice in the early\ndecades of Independence has created a\npolicy fraternity that shuns data and\ncausalities and leans on rhetoric and\nideologies to frame economic policies.\nInflation in the 1970s, for instance, was\nnot caused by hoarders and speculators;\nit was a matter of supply and demand.\n\"Excoriating, coercing, or imprisoning\nthe hoarders and speculators changes\nnothing in terms of creating new\nsupply,\" write Vijay Kelkar and Ajay\nShah.28 \"The economic theory of people\nhostile to economic forces is wrong.\"", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 845.7768063136047, + "y": 1469.2289177724665 + }, + { + "x": 1383.5810274842336, + "y": 1469.2289177724665 + }, + { + "x": 1383.5810274842336, + "y": 2041.424616907412 + }, + { + "x": 845.7768063136047, + "y": 2041.424616907412 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "By taking one policy tool -\nimprisonment - this report highlights\nthe excesses of overregulation and\nthe resultant regulatory cholesterol\nwhile doing business in India.\nAlthough the biggest constituency\nat the receiving end of these laws\nis that of entrepreneurs running for-\nprofit firms and corporations, this\nregulatory overreach also impacts\nnot-for-profits such as schools and\nhospitals-both necessary institutions\nfor India with a huge demand. Step", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000081.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 274.19067746509154, + "y": 97.8339672838988 + }, + { + "x": 639.6975768383628, + "y": 97.8339672838988 + }, + { + "x": 639.6975768383628, + "y": 129.0357757669829 + }, + { + "x": 274.19067746509154, + "y": 129.0357757669829 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Jailed for Doing Business", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 271.9976402208763, + "y": 270.67672068603633 + }, + { + "x": 1286.2244335846651, + "y": 270.67672068603633 + }, + { + "x": 1286.2244335846651, + "y": 349.5844068917253 + }, + { + "x": 271.9976402208763, + "y": 349.5844068917253 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "TABLE 22: COMMERCIAL LAWS WITH MORE THAN 100\nIMPRISONMENT CLAUSES", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 276.20605015184645, + "y": 401.1374285461088 + }, + { + "x": 1379.8615545487494, + "y": 401.1374285461088 + }, + { + "x": 1379.8615545487494, + "y": 731.4976081272597 + }, + { + "x": 276.20605015184645, + "y": 731.4976081272597 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "LawUnion/State ruleImprisonment clausesArms Act, 1959 and Arms Rules 2016Union152Food Safety & Standards Act, 2006 & Food Safety and Standards (Licensing and Registration of Food Businesses) Regulations, 2011Union123", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 274.1906774650915, + "y": 744.9054065513034 + }, + { + "x": 587.4814639761635, + "y": 744.9054065513034 + }, + { + "x": 587.4814639761635, + "y": 773.649412636749 + }, + { + "x": 274.1906774650915, + "y": 773.649412636749 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Source: TeamLease Regtech", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 271.99764022087646, + "y": 915.68328667433 + }, + { + "x": 1337.391812275472, + "y": 915.68328667433 + }, + { + "x": 1337.391812275472, + "y": 994.5909728800189 + }, + { + "x": 271.99764022087646, + "y": 994.5909728800189 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "TABLE 23: IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN ENVIRONMENT,\nHEALTH AND SAFETY LAWS", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 276.2060501518466, + "y": 1046.1439945344025 + }, + { + "x": 1374.6500853186271, + "y": 1046.1439945344025 + }, + { + "x": 1374.6500853186271, + "y": 1447.554795718796 + }, + { + "x": 276.2060501518466, + "y": 1447.554795718796 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "Imprisonment termNumber of clausesNumber of lawsLess than 3 months150353 months to less than 1 year199141 year to less than 3 years326163 years to less than 5 years357225 years to less than 10 years14727More than 10 years00", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 274.19067746509137, + "y": 1459.32311231982 + }, + { + "x": 587.4814639761634, + "y": 1459.32311231982 + }, + { + "x": 587.4814639761634, + "y": 1488.0671184052658 + }, + { + "x": 274.19067746509137, + "y": 1488.0671184052658 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Source: TeamLease Regtech", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 274.1906774650915, + "y": 1541.9100316816168 + }, + { + "x": 1384.1027207916843, + "y": 1541.9100316816168 + }, + { + "x": 1384.1027207916843, + "y": 1668.4216274419114 + }, + { + "x": 274.1906774650915, + "y": 1668.4216274419114 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "NOTE: The inconsistency in number of laws is because a single law could have\nmultiple clauses on criminality; it could have a few clauses of less than\nthree months and few of between three and five years.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 803.080633862664, + "y": 2223.133707853517 + }, + { + "x": 852.4319779412147, + "y": 2223.133707853517 + }, + { + "x": 852.4319779412147, + "y": 2257.492238541116 + }, + { + "x": 803.080633862664, + "y": 2257.492238541116 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "78", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000082.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1213.5488141968808, + "y": 97.008223564173 + }, + { + "x": 1380.2556195207871, + "y": 97.008223564173 + }, + { + "x": 1380.2556195207871, + "y": 131.77595301675245 + }, + { + "x": 1213.5488141968808, + "y": 131.77595301675245 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Appendices", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 271.8376351095965, + "y": 270.07276903433785 + }, + { + "x": 1351.3789506020414, + "y": 270.07276903433785 + }, + { + "x": 1351.3789506020414, + "y": 352.82062930203705 + }, + { + "x": 271.8376351095965, + "y": 352.82062930203705 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "TABLE 28: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN\nSTATE LAWS", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 275.7641436930874, + "y": 400.6134677420467 + }, + { + "x": 1378.5218613328109, + "y": 400.6134677420467 + }, + { + "x": 1378.5218613328109, + "y": 821.2252603641782 + }, + { + "x": 275.7641436930874, + "y": 821.2252603641782 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "Imprisonment termsNumber of clausesPercentage of all statesPercentage of totalLess than 3 months4,44821.3%17.0%3 months to less than 1 year4,80623.0%18.4%1 year to less than 3 years9,76646.7%37.4%3 years to less than 5 years8344.0%3.2%5 years to less than 10 years1,0214.9%3.9%More than 10 years200.1%0.1%", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 275.7641436930874, + "y": 835.2204395954527 + }, + { + "x": 587.5346014400891, + "y": 835.2204395954527 + }, + { + "x": 587.5346014400891, + "y": 862.5750962763904 + }, + { + "x": 275.7641436930874, + "y": 862.5750962763904 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Source: TeamLease Regtech", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 271.83763510959665, + "y": 1001.4935110577215 + }, + { + "x": 1076.0668451676786, + "y": 1001.4935110577215 + }, + { + "x": 1076.0668451676786, + "y": 1084.241371325421 + }, + { + "x": 271.83763510959665, + "y": 1084.241371325421 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "TABLE 29: STATES WITH MORE THAN 1,000\nIMPRISONMENT CLAUSES", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 275.7641436930874, + "y": 1133.316439966824 + }, + { + "x": 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years5058683 years to less than 5 years840805 years to 10 years191919", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 275.89947744713817, + "y": 1327.3578997244845 + }, + { + "x": 440.0984496901421, + "y": 1327.3578997244845 + }, + { + "x": 440.0984496901421, + "y": 1357.1882094308885 + }, + { + "x": 275.89947744713817, + "y": 1357.1882094308885 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "* In table 38", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 802.3603662027563, + "y": 2222.419618226867 + }, + { + "x": 851.3226867769191, + "y": 2222.419618226867 + }, + { + "x": 851.3226867769191, + "y": 2256.343511767537 + }, + { + "x": 802.3603662027563, + "y": 2256.343511767537 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "86", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000085.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 189.99455207758757, + "y": 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"The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate\n(202) 707-5080 · law@loc.gov · http://www.law.gov", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000086.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 310.74423242533584, + "y": 203.14638343710615 + }, + { + "x": 1391.049609555268, + "y": 203.14638343710615 + }, + { + "x": 1391.049609555268, + "y": 314.9021121057199 + }, + { + "x": 310.74423242533584, + "y": 314.9021121057199 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in\nSelected Jurisdictions", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 565.4401148210808, + "y": 331.6256254590194 + }, + { + "x": 1134.0366227373668, + "y": 331.6256254590194 + }, + { + "x": 1134.0366227373668, + "y": 366.978776210291 + }, + { + "x": 565.4401148210808, + "y": 366.978776210291 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Staff of the Global Legal Research Directorate", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 193.59679770485317, + "y": 465.935294218957 + }, + { + "x": 435.79821054481664, + "y": 465.935294218957 + }, + { + "x": 435.79821054481664, + "y": 505.3634311929045 + }, + { + "x": 193.59679770485317, + "y": 505.3634311929045 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "I. Introduction", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 198.43789458869333, + "y": 541.6192186273526 + }, + { + "x": 1511.0141299583147, + "y": 541.6192186273526 + }, + { + "x": 1511.0141299583147, + "y": 697.7093655361724 + }, + { + "x": 198.43789458869333, + "y": 697.7093655361724 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "This report, prepared by the research staff of the Law Library of Congress, surveys 39\njurisdictions regarding whether, and if so how, they restrict ownership of land by foreigners.1\nThe jurisdictions surveyed were among those with the highest gross domestic product according\nto 2021 World Bank data, selected to ensure broadly representative coverage.2", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 193.59679770485317, + "y": 733.1843989245406 + }, + { + "x": 1507.466626619478, + "y": 733.1843989245406 + }, + { + "x": 1507.466626619478, + "y": 846.7045057673186 + }, + { + "x": 193.59679770485317, + "y": 846.7045057673186 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "We identified 10 countries that do not restrict land ownership by foreigners: Belgium, France,\nGermany, Ireland, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, and the\nUnited Kingdom.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 193.59679770485317, + "y": 882.296811993334 + }, + { + "x": 1504.6960558300557, + "y": 882.296811993334 + }, + { + "x": 1504.6960558300557, + "y": 999.569649640832 + }, + { + "x": 193.59679770485317, + "y": 999.569649640832 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "We found that the following countries do not permit foreign ownership of land, although\nexceptions may apply in some cases or other rights to land may be acquired: China, Indonesia,\nNigeria, Philippines, and Thailand.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 193.59679770485323, + "y": 1038.7410295683576 + }, + { + "x": 1507.466626619479, + "y": 1038.7410295683576 + }, + { + "x": 1507.466626619479, + "y": 1225.750184253154 + }, + { + "x": 193.59679770485323, + "y": 1225.750184253154 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Among the other jurisdictions surveyed, some have restrictions that apply to different types of\nland, including agricultural, residential, and commercial land. Other types of restriction are based\non the location of the land, such as near the border or military establishments. Some jurisdictions\nrestrict particular categories of foreigners from land ownership. Some require special permission\nor approval for foreigners before they can acquire land.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 193.5967977048532, + "y": 1262.235406834954 + }, + { + "x": 1507.4666266194786, + "y": 1262.235406834954 + }, + { + "x": 1507.4666266194786, + "y": 1452.426100995859 + }, + { + "x": 193.5967977048532, + "y": 1452.426100995859 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Ownership of agricultural land by foreigners is restricted by some provinces of Canada, and by\nEgypt, India (restricted for diplomatic personnel, nonresidents of Indian origin and nonresident\ncitizens without registration), Iran, Poland (permit required), and Russia. Argentina, Brazil, and\nTurkey restrict ownership of rural or local land to a percentage of the total land of the local\njurisdiction.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 198.43789458869335, + "y": 1489.6920622524526 + }, + { + "x": 1507.4666266194786, + "y": 1489.6920622524526 + }, + { + "x": 1507.4666266194786, + "y": 1607.5330748746555 + }, + { + "x": 198.43789458869335, + "y": 1607.5330748746555 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Article XVII of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) obligates members to provide\nnational treatment to other members, i.e., \"treatment no less favourable than that it accords to its\nown.\"3 If land ownership restrictions result in less favorable treatment of foreigners, GATS", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 193.59679770485317, + "y": 1657.5077685127462 + }, + { + "x": 1493.2310507067218, + "y": 1657.5077685127462 + }, + { + "x": 1493.2310507067218, + "y": 1820.7602152901752 + }, + { + "x": 193.59679770485317, + "y": 1820.7602152901752 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1 The surveyed jurisdictions are Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Egypt,\nFinland, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands,\nNew Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South\nKorea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and the United\nKingdom.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 193.59679770485312, + "y": 1836.071073587168 + }, + { + "x": 1354.2213533274153, + "y": 1836.071073587168 + }, + { + "x": 1354.2213533274153, + "y": 1870.104389249523 + }, + { + "x": 193.59679770485312, + "y": 1870.104389249523 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "2 World Bank Databank, Gross Domestic Product 2021 (Jan. 15, 2023), https://perma.cc/GP7Y-Z8K8.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 193.59679770485312, + "y": 1887.90087936184 + }, + { + "x": 1498.5337654614375, + "y": 1887.90087936184 + }, + { + "x": 1498.5337654614375, + "y": 1982.609802947876 + }, + { + "x": 193.59679770485312, + "y": 1982.609802947876 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "3 General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World\nTrade Organization, Annex 1B, art. XVII, 1869 U.N.T.S. 183, 33 I.L.M. 1167 (1994), https://perma.cc/Z89Y-\nSEVS.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 193.59679770485312, + "y": 2065.0323042682235 + }, + { + "x": 581.7450918414414, + "y": 2065.0323042682235 + }, + { + "x": 581.7450918414414, + "y": 2103.6362915363507 + }, + { + "x": 193.59679770485312, + "y": 2103.6362915363507 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The Law Library of Congress", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1467.6806932555198, + "y": 2068.9123198578186 + }, + { + "x": 1489.6011677410108, + "y": 2068.9123198578186 + }, + { + "x": 1489.6011677410108, + "y": 2095.216889240408 + }, + { + "x": 1467.6806932555198, + "y": 2095.216889240408 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 13, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000087.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 380.3207940411715, + "y": 97.1779141104296 + }, + { + "x": 1317.007910605589, + "y": 97.1779141104296 + }, + { + "x": 1317.007910605589, + "y": 145.76687116564432 + }, + { + "x": 380.3207940411715, + "y": 145.76687116564432 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 185.9649658203126, + "y": 202.4539877300615 + }, + { + "x": 1508.6643523233802, + "y": 202.4539877300615 + }, + { + "x": 1508.6643523233802, + "y": 318.5276073619634 + }, + { + "x": 185.9649658203126, + "y": 318.5276073619634 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "members should specify this in their schedule of specific commitments.4 Reservation of the ability\nto lease or own land to nationals is one such treatment; therefore, it should be listed in the\nschedule as a limitation on national treatment.5 This applies to services that the GATS covers.6", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 183.26557931724503, + "y": 348.22085889570576 + }, + { + "x": 1503.2655793172448, + "y": 348.22085889570576 + }, + { + "x": 1503.2655793172448, + "y": 661.3496932515338 + }, + { + "x": 183.26557931724503, + "y": 661.3496932515338 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Some jurisdictions do not list foreign land ownership on their schedules, but restrictit for national\nsecurity or similar interests.7 Such jurisdictions include Australia and Finland (national interest),\nChile and Greece (border area), Russia (national security), and Spain (zones of interest to\nnational defense and the military). Several other jurisdictions that also restrict ownership for\nnational security purposes have entered restrictions on their GATS schedules. Such jurisdictions\ninclude Argentina and Mexico (border area), Iran (sensitive areas), South Korea (military bases\nand installation protection zones), Taiwan (lands within fortified and military areas and adjacent\nto the national frontiers), and Turkey (designated military zones).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 185.9649658203126, + "y": 691.0429447852762 + }, + { + "x": 1508.6643523233802, + "y": 691.0429447852762 + }, + { + "x": 1508.6643523233802, + "y": 920.4907975460123 + }, + { + "x": 185.9649658203126, + "y": 920.4907975460123 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "There are other various restrictions on foreigners' land ownership. Figure 1 below shows in\nsimplified format the surveyed jurisdictions that impose particular categories of restrictions. On\npage 4, a color-coded map sets forth which jurisdictions permit foreign acquisition, prohibit it, or\nimpose restrictions. A Comparative Summary Table beginning on page 5 presents the essential\nfindings of our study for each jurisdiction. Lastly, the textual surveys for each jurisdiction provide\nfurther detail.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 195.8536757016801, + "y": 1703.9637809800815 + }, + { + "x": 342.1341084872814, + "y": 1703.9637809800815 + }, + { + "x": 342.1341084872814, + "y": 1735.763875063908 + }, + { + "x": 195.8536757016801, + "y": 1735.763875063908 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "4 Id. art. XX.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 193.309668174974, + "y": 1754.8439315142036 + }, + { + "x": 1470.4014465814414, + "y": 1754.8439315142036 + }, + { + "x": 1470.4014465814414, + "y": 1818.4441196818568 + }, + { + "x": 193.309668174974, + "y": 1818.4441196818568 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "5 Julia Nielson & Daria Taglioni, A Quick Guide to the GATS and Mode 4, OECD, World Bank, IOM Seminar on\nTrade and Migration (Nov. 12-14, 2003), at 11, https://perma.cc/B8XW-LNZ4.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.58167193832705, + "y": 1837.524176132152 + }, + { + "x": 1479.3054729249127, + "y": 1837.524176132152 + }, + { + "x": 1479.3054729249127, + "y": 1935.468465910338 + }, + { + "x": 194.58167193832705, + "y": 1935.468465910338 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "6 World Trade Organization, The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS): Objectives, Coverage and\nDisciplines, Question 3, https://perma.cc/4J7Y-WAG7. It states, \"[t]he GATS applies in principle to all service\nsectors, with two exceptions.\"", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.58167193832705, + "y": 1948.188503543868 + }, + { + "x": 667.7670719056636, + "y": 1948.188503543868 + }, + { + "x": 667.7670719056636, + "y": 1986.34861644446 + }, + { + "x": 194.58167193832705, + "y": 1986.34861644446 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "7 See GATS art. XIV General Exceptions.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.58167193832705, + "y": 2065.2128497723493 + }, + { + "x": 581.2708159976557, + "y": 2065.2128497723493 + }, + { + "x": 581.2708159976557, + "y": 2108.460977726353 + }, + { + "x": 194.58167193832705, + "y": 2108.460977726353 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The Law Library of Congress", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1465.3134315280292, + "y": 2067.7568572990554 + }, + { + "x": 1493.2975143217964, + "y": 2067.7568572990554 + }, + { + "x": 1493.2975143217964, + "y": 2100.828955146235 + }, + { + "x": 1465.3134315280292, + "y": 2100.828955146235 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "2", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000088.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 388.001261449862, + "y": 104.46082764245412 + }, + { + "x": 1313.2036973203608, + "y": 104.46082764245412 + }, + { + "x": 1313.2036973203608, + "y": 135.7101258383214 + }, + { + "x": 388.001261449862, + "y": 135.7101258383214 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 529.7391496954028, + "y": 207.13709314316097 + }, + { + "x": 1165.88557725413, + "y": 207.13709314316097 + }, + { + "x": 1165.88557725413, + "y": 258.47522589351433 + }, + { + "x": 529.7391496954028, + "y": 258.47522589351433 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Comparative Summary Table", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.9252404539677, + "y": 291.9566168176578 + }, + { + "x": 1501.8155328597031, + "y": 291.9566168176578 + }, + { + "x": 1501.8155328597031, + "y": 1977.6596413547777 + }, + { + "x": 194.9252404539677, + "y": 1977.6596413547777 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "JurisdictionGATS XVII Reservation (1994)Foreign Ownership PermittedRestrictions on Foreign OwnershipForeign Ownership Reporting RequirementsArgentinaYYProhibition on ownership of property that contains or borders large and permanent bodies of water and of land in border security zones. Rural land can only be acquired upon certificate being granted (total percentage must not exceed 15% of the territory, in which shares of nationals of one country must not exceed 30%; maximum limit per foreigner; certain long-term residents exempted).AustraliaNYApproval is needed from the Treasurer if the acquisition constitutes a \"significant action,\" including acquiring an interest in different types of land where the monetary threshold is met for that type of land. The Treasurer may prohibit a significant action that is found to be contrary to the national interest.Acquisitions of residential and agricultural land by foreign persons must be reported to the relevant government agency.AustriaYYPrior authorization required with exceptions; authorization may be refused if the acquisition contradicts national public policy interests.BelgiumNYNone.BrazilYYAcquisition of rural property by an alien individual or company, including Brazilian companies controlled by foreigners, may not exceed 50 modules; foreign ownership of rural areas may not exceed a quarter of the surface of the municipalities, and ownership", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.9252404539677, + "y": 2067.039305426204 + }, + { + "x": 578.2684577459995, + "y": 2067.039305426204 + }, + { + "x": 578.2684577459995, + "y": 2103.2875870312864 + }, + { + "x": 194.9252404539677, + "y": 2103.2875870312864 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The Law Library of Congress", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1469.531235095307, + "y": 2068.8061298015605 + }, + { + "x": 1487.7804223705905, + "y": 2068.8061298015605 + }, + { + "x": 1487.7804223705905, + "y": 2095.3504022019715 + }, + { + "x": 1469.531235095307, + "y": 2095.3504022019715 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "5", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000089.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 383.020180544239, + "y": 97.1779141104296 + }, + { + "x": 1314.308524102521, + "y": 97.1779141104296 + }, + { + "x": 1314.308524102521, + "y": 143.06748466257682 + }, + { + "x": 383.020180544239, + "y": 143.06748466257682 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 191.3637388264476, + "y": 194.35582822085905 + }, + { + "x": 1505.9649658203125, + "y": 194.35582822085905 + }, + { + "x": 1505.9649658203125, + "y": 2000.2453987730064 + }, + { + "x": 191.3637388264476, + "y": 2000.2453987730064 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "JurisdictionGATS XVII Reservation (1994)Foreign Ownership PermittedRestrictions on Foreign OwnershipForeign Ownership Reporting Requirementsby persons of same nationality must not exceed 40% of the quarter.CanadaYYProhibition on ownership of residential property with exceptions; some provinces also restrict ownership, including of agricultural land.ChileNYProhibition on acquisition of public lands within 10 kilometers from the border and favorable military report required for acquisition of land 5 kilometers from the coast; nationals of bordering countries and legal persons with their principal place of business in one of those countries cannot obtain rights to real estate located totally or partially in the border area.ChinaN (2001)NNo individuals, domestic or foreign, can privately own land. The state grants land use rights to land users for a certain number of years. Foreigners can obtain such land use rights, own residential houses and apartments, or incorporate foreign-invested enterprises to invest in real estate.EgyptYYProhibition on ownership of agriculture lands, land in Sinai Peninsula; otherwise, permitted to own up to two properties, up to 4,000 square meters, for residential purposes; no disposition for 5 years; approval required to acquire land in tourist areas; joint ownership with an Egyptian who has majority", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 182.52938299822677, + "y": 2060.122699386503 + }, + { + "x": 582.5293829982268, + "y": 2060.122699386503 + }, + { + "x": 582.5293829982268, + "y": 2104.294478527608 + }, + { + "x": 182.52938299822677, + "y": 2104.294478527608 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The Law Library of Congress", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1463.5109780902512, + "y": 2057.668711656442 + }, + { + "x": 1495.412818581049, + "y": 2057.668711656442 + }, + { + "x": 1495.412818581049, + "y": 2104.294478527608 + }, + { + "x": 1463.5109780902512, + "y": 2104.294478527608 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "6", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000090.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 387.583030964233, + "y": 103.01506030715151 + }, + { + "x": 1312.7854668347325, + "y": 103.01506030715151 + }, + { + "x": 1312.7854668347325, + "y": 138.72854395957128 + }, + { + "x": 387.583030964233, + "y": 138.72854395957128 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 195.38577056749727, + "y": 195.1992818915112 + }, + { + "x": 1504.145872048739, + "y": 195.1992818915112 + }, + { + "x": 1504.145872048739, + "y": 1996.7756938619916 + }, + { + "x": 195.38577056749727, + "y": 1996.7756938619916 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "JurisdictionGATS XVII Reservation (1994)Foreign Ownership PermittedRestrictions on Foreign OwnershipForeign Ownership Reporting Requirementsright required to acquire desert lands. No restrictions on lands in Investment Zones, Technological Zones, or Free Zones.FinlandNYPrior approval for a foreigner's purchase of certain businesses may be required when it includes land purchase and the purchase of business or land interferes with vital interests for Finland; prior approval from the Government of Aland is required for acquisitions within the autonomous region of �land.FranceNYNone.GermanyNYNone.GreeceNYPrior approval required for purchase by non-European Union and non-European Free Trade Association natural and legal persons of real estate located in border areas.IndiaNYProhibition on acquisition of land by citizens of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, China, Iran, Nepal, and Bhutan, except for one residential property for self-occupation and one property for carrying out self- employment for long-term visa holders residing in India who are citizens of Afghanistan, Bangladesh or Pakistan and belong to minority religions in those countries, subject to conditions; nonresident foreign nationals not of Indian origin, except for inheritance from a resident; and of agricultural land by diplomatic personnel,", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 195.38577056749733, + "y": 2067.8042502158632 + }, + { + "x": 577.1630036377976, + "y": 2067.8042502158632 + }, + { + "x": 577.1630036377976, + "y": 2103.4290970021852 + }, + { + "x": 195.38577056749733, + "y": 2103.4290970021852 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The Law Library of Congress", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1470.4560368048262, + "y": 2068.6948713855213 + }, + { + "x": 1487.3778390283296, + "y": 2068.6948713855213 + }, + { + "x": 1487.3778390283296, + "y": 2094.522885305605 + }, + { + "x": 1470.4560368048262, + "y": 2094.522885305605 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "7", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000091.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.27315657867982, + "y": 165.97224505268292 + }, + { + "x": 603.7774945375811, + "y": 165.97224505268292 + }, + { + "x": 603.7774945375811, + "y": 196.88569959907767 + }, + { + "x": 153.27315657867982, + "y": 196.88569959907767 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "THIS BOOK'S APPROACH", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.2731565786799, + "y": 413.0983914637864 + }, + { + "x": 1546.667871814023, + "y": 413.0983914637864 + }, + { + "x": 1546.667871814023, + "y": 710.4958732686308 + }, + { + "x": 153.2731565786799, + "y": 710.4958732686308 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "This book's approach is premised on a simple assumption: because behavioral economics is foremost\na \"test-and-learn\" field of scientific inquiry that evolves according to experimental outcomes and\npractical, policy-orientated applications of the knowledge garnered from these outcomes, so too\nshould students test-and-learn. Studying and practicing behavioral economics should occur\nsimultaneously, which, in turn, suggests a course taught more according to a practicum approach than\nin a traditionally styled lecture format. As such, the book's information and lessons are presented in a\nsuccinct and precise format.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.2731565786799, + "y": 712.6452355984572 + }, + { + "x": 1546.667871814023, + "y": 712.6452355984572 + }, + { + "x": 1546.667871814023, + "y": 1010.0427174033016 + }, + { + "x": 153.2731565786799, + "y": 1010.0427174033016 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The goal of this textbook is to help students experience behavioral economics through actual\nparticipation in the same experiments and economic games that have served as the foundations for,\nand shaped the contours of, the field. With the help of this book, students have the opportunity to\nlearn behavioral economics firsthand and, in the process, create their own data and experiences. They\nwill learn about themselves-about how they make private and public choices under experimental\nconditions-at the same time as they learn about the field of behavioral economics itself. They will be\nboth the subjects and students of behavioral economics. What better way to learn?", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.27315657867976, + "y": 1048.8988446496307 + }, + { + "x": 798.6852137937736, + "y": 1048.8988446496307 + }, + { + "x": 798.6852137937736, + "y": 1082.4323751014565 + }, + { + "x": 153.27315657867976, + "y": 1082.4323751014565 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "HOMO ECONOMICUS VS. HOMO SAPIENS", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.2731565786798, + "y": 1117.770065780594 + }, + { + "x": 1546.667871814023, + "y": 1117.770065780594 + }, + { + "x": 1546.667871814023, + "y": 1366.7117049747171 + }, + { + "x": 153.2731565786798, + "y": 1366.7117049747171 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "For ease of reference and exposition, we henceforth refer to the type of individual construed by the\ntraditional rational-choice model as Homo economicus, a peculiar subspecies of human beings that is\nunfailingly omniscient, dispassionate, and self-interested when it comes to making choices. Homo\nsapiens, on the other hand, represents the rest of us-the often-flawed reasoners and sometimes-\naltruistic competitors who are prone to making decisions based primarily on emotion and\nheuristics.1,2", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.27315657867976, + "y": 1408.265773902105 + }, + { + "x": 811.140291217555, + "y": 1408.265773902105 + }, + { + "x": 811.140291217555, + "y": 1441.7993043539302 + }, + { + "x": 153.27315657867976, + "y": 1441.7993043539302 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "THE TEXTBOOK'S DIFFERENT SECTIONS", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.27315657867985, + "y": 1476.0209486689298 + }, + { + "x": 1546.667871814023, + "y": 1476.0209486689298 + }, + { + "x": 1546.667871814023, + "y": 1559.787725970612 + }, + { + "x": 153.27315657867985, + "y": 1559.787725970612 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The textbook consists of four sections that, taken together, portray in full the eclectic methodologies\ncomprising the field of behavioral economics. Sections 1 and 2 present the thought and actual", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 128.31583506238795, + "y": 1615.0052924652632 + }, + { + "x": 1535.3003740903514, + "y": 1615.0052924652632 + }, + { + "x": 1535.3003740903514, + "y": 1751.1554086770043 + }, + { + "x": 128.31583506238795, + "y": 1751.1554086770043 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1. Homo economicus is Latin for \"economic man.\" Persky (1995) traces its use back to the late 1800s when it was used by critics\nofJohn Stuart Mill's work on political economy. In contrast (and, as we will see, with no small touch of irony) Homo sapiens\nis Latin for \"wise man.\" For a deep dive into evolution of Homo sapiens, particularly from the start of the Cognitive\nRevolution 70,000 years ago, see Harari (2015).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 128.31583506238795, + "y": 1766.8328425979864 + }, + { + "x": 1535.3003740903516, + "y": 1766.8328425979864 + }, + { + "x": 1535.3003740903516, + "y": 2081.620406739955 + }, + { + "x": 128.31583506238795, + "y": 2081.620406739955 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "2. We have all heard the saying that \"words matter.\" The titles and descriptions we use to distinguish people and their\nbehaviors (e.g., Homo economicus vs. Homo sapiens) can reinforce or diminish behaviors such as pride in cultural heritage,\nrespect for the living world, and trust in community, a process known as \"crowding out\" of \"intrinsic motivation and\ncommitment.\" As an example of this phenomenon, Bauer et al. (2012) asked participants in an online survey to imagine\nthemselves as one of four households facing a water shortage due to a drought affecting their shared well. The survey\nassigned the label \"consumers\" to half of the participants and \"individuals\" to the other half. Those imagining themselves as\nconsumers reported feeling less personal responsibility to reduce their water demand, and less trust in others to do the\nsame, than did those referred to as individuals. As we are about to learn, behavioral economics is all about exposing these\ntypes of \"framing effects\" existing in the \"real world\" inhabited by Homo sapiens.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1090.9797408246714, + "y": 2090.355169806759 + }, + { + "x": 1545.2327270751025, + "y": 2090.355169806759 + }, + { + "x": 1545.2327270751025, + "y": 2110.9795959702287 + }, + { + "x": 1090.9797408246714, + "y": 2110.9795959702287 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM XIX", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000092.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 150.2590957620813, + "y": 154.6964364671668 + }, + { + "x": 1546.841871600659, + "y": 154.6964364671668 + }, + { + "x": 1546.841871600659, + "y": 750.6175062557821 + }, + { + "x": 150.2590957620813, + "y": 750.6175062557821 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "laboratory experiments that have formed key pillars of the field, such as those experiments depicted in\nExamples 1 and 2 in the book's Introduction section. The thought experiments in Section 1 are, for the\nmost part, re-castings of the simple cognitive tests devised by psychologists and economists over the\npast three-to-four decades to illustrate the fallacies, miscalculations, and biases distinguishing Homo\nsapiens from Homo economicus. Similarly, the laboratory experiments presented in Section 2 are, for the\nmost part, re-castings of the seminal experiments conducted by Kahneman and Tversky (among many\nothers). These experiments helped motivate the revised theories of human choice behavior, such as\nKahneman and Tversky's (1979) Prospect Theory, which form another pillar of behavioral economics.\nAlongside these experiments, Section 2 presents the revised theories of human choice behavior with\nvarying degrees of rigor. This is where the theoretical bases of Homo economicus' rational choice\nbehavior are examined, and where key refinements to this theory are developed-theoretical\nrefinements underpinning the myriad departures from rational choice behavior we witness Homo\nsapiens make in this section's laboratory and field experiments (and which are examined further in\nSections 3 and 4).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 150.2590957620813, + "y": 754.3757142637718 + }, + { + "x": 1546.841871600659, + "y": 754.3757142637718 + }, + { + "x": 1546.841871600659, + "y": 1181.9944254337215 + }, + { + "x": 150.2590957620813, + "y": 1181.9944254337215 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Section 3 submerses the student in the world of behavioral game theory. Here we explore games\nsuch as Ultimatum Bargaining presented in Example 5. We follow Camerer (2003)'s lead, first by\ncharacterizing the games analytically (i.e., identifying solution, or equilibrium, concepts that are\npredicted to result when members of Homo economicus play the games), and then by discussing\nempirical results obtained from corresponding field experiments conducted with Homo sapiens. It\nis within the context of these games and field experiments that theories of social interaction are\ntested concerning inter alia trust and trustworthiness, honesty, fairness, reciprocity, etc. As with the\nthought and laboratory experiments presented in Sections 1 and 2, the games and field experiments\npresented in Section 3 are meant to be replicated with students as subjects and the instructor as the\nexperimenter, or researcher.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 150.2590957620813, + "y": 1181.9944254337215 + }, + { + "x": 1546.841871600659, + "y": 1181.9944254337215 + }, + { + "x": 1546.841871600659, + "y": 1565.9852436413566 + }, + { + "x": 150.2590957620813, + "y": 1565.9852436413566 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Finally, Section 4 wades into the vast sea of empirical research and choice architecture. Here the\nstudent explores studies reporting on (1) the outcomes of actual policy nudges, such as the SMarT\nretirement-savings plan presented in Example 3 of the Introduction, (2) analyses of secondary datasets\nto test for choice behavior consistent with the revised theories discussed in Section 2, such as the test\nfor loss aversion in Example 4 of the Introduction, and (3) analyses of primary datasets obtained from\nnovel field experiments to further test the revised theories. The main purpose of this section is not\nonly to introduce the student to interesting empirical studies and policy adaptations in the field of\nbehavioral economics, but also, in the process, to incubate in the student an abiding appreciation for\nthe obscure settings that sometimes lend themselves to such study.3", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.40760574897175, + "y": 1603.5828469115909 + }, + { + "x": 941.7567614757494, + "y": 1603.5828469115909 + }, + { + "x": 941.7567614757494, + "y": 1639.093413043258 + }, + { + "x": 152.40760574897175, + "y": 1639.093413043258 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "THE TEXTBOOK'S DIFFERENT LEVELS OF RIGOR", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 150.25909576208142, + "y": 1674.6039791749256 + }, + { + "x": 1546.8418716006593, + "y": 1674.6039791749256 + }, + { + "x": 1546.8418716006593, + "y": 1927.178430580602 + }, + { + "x": 150.25909576208142, + "y": 1927.178430580602 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Because the mathematical and computational rigor of material presented in this textbook varies\nthroughout, particularly in Sections 2 - 4, the extent of the rigor used in the presentation of a\ngiven topic is indicated with superscripts. Topics without a superscript are considered basic and\nuniversal enough that backgrounds in economics, mathematics, or statistics are not required for the\nreader to understand the material. Topics with a single asterisk (*) indicate that higher mathematical\nreasoning skills are recommended for the reader to fully grasp the material. Topics with a double", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 130.861366686929, + "y": 1975.2687798397883 + }, + { + "x": 1518.4570706631275, + "y": 1975.2687798397883 + }, + { + "x": 1518.4570706631275, + "y": 2082.431854312127 + }, + { + "x": 130.861366686929, + "y": 2082.431854312127 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "3. Our approach to studying behavioral economics is focused on the underlying laboratory experimentation and behavioral\ngames that form the bedrock of the field. As such, we eschew delving into related fields such as neuroeconomics and\nauction theory. See Cartwright (2018) and Just (2013) for introductions to the former and latter fields, respectively.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.83390512791684, + "y": 2089.202369882134 + }, + { + "x": 395.68287289850053, + "y": 2089.202369882134 + }, + { + "x": 395.68287289850053, + "y": 2112.070610387662 + }, + { + "x": 153.83390512791684, + "y": 2112.070610387662 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "XX ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000093.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.1734122319624, + "y": 158.29810093392865 + }, + { + "x": 1549.3697887825006, + "y": 158.29810093392865 + }, + { + "x": 1549.3697887825006, + "y": 325.57001394458564 + }, + { + "x": 152.1734122319624, + "y": 325.57001394458564 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "survey responses and outcomes from the experiments and games. This spreadsheet is linked to the\nstudents' randomly assigned course ID (CID) numbers. The other spreadsheet, which is linked to their\nuniversity student ID numbers and their names, compiles their performances on quizzes, homework,\nand exams assigned throughout the semester.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.1734122319624, + "y": 325.57001394458564 + }, + { + "x": 1549.3697887825006, + "y": 325.57001394458564 + }, + { + "x": 1549.3697887825006, + "y": 665.7860618228955 + }, + { + "x": 152.1734122319624, + "y": 665.7860618228955 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "At the risk of sounding draconian, this is a course where it may make sense to base upwards of\n50% of a student's grade upon their in-person attendance, which would entail carefully taking role at\nthe beginning of each class. If the class meets 30 times face-to-face during the semester, for example,\ntheir grade attributable to attendance would then drop by 3.33 percentage points for each missed\nclass (excused absences withstanding). Granted, students who foresee having difficulty attending class\nin-person throughout the semester would likely choose to drop the course immediately. For those\nstudents who remain, the remaining 50% of their course grade would then be based upon their\nquizzes, homework, and exam scores.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.1734122319624, + "y": 669.2126171256471 + }, + { + "x": 1549.3697887825006, + "y": 669.2126171256471 + }, + { + "x": 1549.3697887825006, + "y": 1181.2499665944877 + }, + { + "x": 152.1734122319624, + "y": 1181.2499665944877 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The issue of how best to convey written information to the student a priori (i.e., before conducting a\ngiven experiment or game) also looms large in a participatory-learning setting such as this, especially\nif the instructor desires to obtain unbiased responses from the students (or more practically, to\ncontrol for potential biases). For example, the first set of thought experiments presented in Section 1\nis meant to demonstrate firsthand to the students the extent to which automatic, knee-jerk responses\nfrom what Kahneman (2011) identifies as the System 1 portion of the brain can result in\nmiscalculations. Students who choose to read ahead (small in number though these types of students\nmay be) potentially skew the distribution of responses away from its otherwise true representation\nof these miscalculations. Such skewness may be tolerable for strictly educational purposes, where the\ngoal is to demonstrate that at least a certain percentage of students are prone to miscalculation. But if\nthe instructor also hopes to compile student responses into a dataset amenable for statistical analysis,\n2\nthen this type of potential bias draws into question the validity of the data.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.1734122319625, + "y": 1184.37399025977 + }, + { + "x": 1549.3697887825006, + "y": 1184.37399025977 + }, + { + "x": 1549.3697887825006, + "y": 1390.559552168407 + }, + { + "x": 152.1734122319625, + "y": 1390.559552168407 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "To help control for potential biases associated with students having read ahead about the game or\nexperiment they are now participating in, I recommend including the following question on each\nResponse Card: \"Did you read about this topic ahead of time?\" (see Appendix A). Answers to this\nquestion provide a control for the level of student foreknowledge, which is the potential bias of\nconcern.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.1734122319625, + "y": 1398.369611331613 + }, + { + "x": 1549.3697887825006, + "y": 1398.369611331613 + }, + { + "x": 1549.3697887825006, + "y": 1698.275883198721 + }, + { + "x": 152.1734122319625, + "y": 1698.275883198721 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "I am personally unaware of any studies that have looked at how well students learn the lessons\nof behavioral economics in a cumulative sense over a span of time (e.g., an entire semester) and\nacross a variety of experiments and games. In other words, I know of no studies that estimate the\nextent to which individuals who begin a course in behavioral economics as bona fide Homo sapiens\nevolve toward \"Homo economism\" in their individual and social choices. The pedagogy promoted in\nthis textbook-in particular, the data it generates-offers instructors the opportunity to empirically\ntest the hypothesis that students make this evolution.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 126.37700924637808, + "y": 2045.0425100450648 + }, + { + "x": 1543.1217414519358, + "y": 2045.0425100450648 + }, + { + "x": 1543.1217414519358, + "y": 2082.1306091787683 + }, + { + "x": 126.37700924637808, + "y": 2082.1306091787683 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "2. Note that this potential biasedness problem also extends to the laboratory experiments of Section 2 and of Section 3.\ngames", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1081.3600616703216, + "y": 2088.8944530266444 + }, + { + "x": 1543.121741451936, + "y": 2088.8944530266444 + }, + { + "x": 1543.121741451936, + "y": 2114.403580927554 + }, + { + "x": 1081.3600616703216, + "y": 2114.403580927554 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM XXV", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000094.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 345.5415776790844, + "y": 162.09293593853698 + }, + { + "x": 1422.4984179132648, + "y": 162.09293593853698 + }, + { + "x": 1422.4984179132648, + "y": 812.7234132110488 + }, + { + "x": 345.5415776790844, + "y": 812.7234132110488 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Score\nLiking\nMean\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8\nExposures", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 289.09418467370665, + "y": 879.5690101911015 + }, + { + "x": 1524.9949999493454, + "y": 879.5690101911015 + }, + { + "x": 1524.9949999493454, + "y": 1091.9894628166016 + }, + { + "x": 289.09418467370665, + "y": 1091.9894628166016 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "6. Warning: This question concerns a politically charged event that occurred on January\n18, 2019, at the Indigenous People's March in Washington, D.C. After reading this\naccount of what happened at the march, and viewing this video of the event, which of\nthe effects presented in this chapter do you think best describes this episode in our\nnation's history?", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 289.09418467370665, + "y": 1143.980482689976 + }, + { + "x": 1532.4222885026848, + "y": 1143.980482689976 + }, + { + "x": 1532.4222885026848, + "y": 1310.3517462847735 + }, + { + "x": 289.09418467370665, + "y": 1310.3517462847735 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "7. Think of a situation in your own life when you framed information (either wittingly or\nunwittingly) in such a way that helped pre-determine an outcome. Describe the\nsituation and how you framed the information. Was the outcome improved or\nworsened as a result of how you framed the information?", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 289.0941846737066, + "y": 1360.8573084474797 + }, + { + "x": 1524.9949999493454, + "y": 1360.8573084474797 + }, + { + "x": 1524.9949999493454, + "y": 1444.0429402448783 + }, + { + "x": 289.0941846737066, + "y": 1444.0429402448783 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "8. After having learned about the Anchoring Effect in this chapter, do you think you will\never fall for something like this again?", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 289.0941846737066, + "y": 1497.5194178289205 + }, + { + "x": 1544.3059501880273, + "y": 1497.5194178289205 + }, + { + "x": 1544.3059501880273, + "y": 1625.2687809463546 + }, + { + "x": 289.0941846737066, + "y": 1625.2687809463546 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "9. When someone admonishes you \"not to judge a book by its cover,\" or as British\nmanagement journalist Robert Heller once noted, \"Never ignore a gut feeling, but never\nbelieve that it's enough,\" what heuristic(s) is he unwittingly advising you to avoid using?", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 275.72506527769633, + "y": 1672.8034276877247 + }, + { + "x": 1492.3149303146529, + "y": 1672.8034276877247 + }, + { + "x": 1492.3149303146529, + "y": 1800.552790805159 + }, + { + "x": 275.72506527769633, + "y": 1800.552790805159 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "10. Browse the internet for information about an effect that was not discussed in this\nchapter. Can you classify this effect as a special case of a Priming or Framing Effect?\nExplain.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 275.72506527769633, + "y": 1848.0874375465291 + }, + { + "x": 1481.916726339978, + "y": 1848.0874375465291 + }, + { + "x": 1481.916726339978, + "y": 1934.243984765264 + }, + { + "x": 275.72506527769633, + "y": 1934.243984765264 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "11. Browse the internet for a heuristic other than the Affect and Availability Heuristics\ndescribed in this chapter. Explain the heuristic.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 275.72506527769633, + "y": 1981.7786315066344 + }, + { + "x": 1495.285845735989, + "y": 1981.7786315066344 + }, + { + "x": 1495.285845735989, + "y": 2024.856905116002 + }, + { + "x": 275.72506527769633, + "y": 2024.856905116002 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "12. It's one thing to detect the existence of a Silo Effect and quite another to measure its", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 156.0597738225297, + "y": 2089.427125276879 + }, + { + "x": 393.8894750800208, + "y": 2089.427125276879 + }, + { + "x": 393.8894750800208, + "y": 2112.2953657824073 + }, + { + "x": 156.0597738225297, + "y": 2112.2953657824073 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "24 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000095.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 568.2526850491305, + "y": 174.2188129497294 + }, + { + "x": 1136.421743155808, + "y": 174.2188129497294 + }, + { + "x": 1136.421743155808, + "y": 586.5103210238935 + }, + { + "x": 568.2526850491305, + "y": 586.5103210238935 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1\nW\n0.8\nM\n0.6\n0.4\n0.2\n0\n4 3 2 1\n4=Worst quartile 1=Best", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 538.478415828716, + "y": 636.5807712155645 + }, + { + "x": 854.0467806224174, + "y": 636.5807712155645 + }, + { + "x": 854.0467806224174, + "y": 663.2961776026228 + }, + { + "x": 538.478415828716, + "y": 663.2961776026228 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(Niederle and Vesterlund 2007)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.91791524484233, + "y": 693.2037177799629 + }, + { + "x": 1240.685750865474, + "y": 693.2037177799629 + }, + { + "x": 1240.685750865474, + "y": 734.5122344541473 + }, + { + "x": 151.91791524484233, + "y": 734.5122344541473 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "In other words, while women shy away from competition, men are drawn to it.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.91791524484242, + "y": 737.0955481594227 + }, + { + "x": 1547.654239581821, + "y": 737.0955481594227 + }, + { + "x": 1547.654239581821, + "y": 1163.1433905035594 + }, + { + "x": 151.91791524484242, + "y": 1163.1433905035594 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Turning to Task 4, recall that although this choice is very similar to that of Task 3, Task 4's choice\neliminates the prospect of having to subsequently participate in a competition. Thus, only in Task 3\ncould a gender gap in preference for competition have played a role in the choice of compensation\nscheme. As the figure below shows, there is no statistically significant gender gap in the choice of\ncompensation scheme in Task 4 based upon perceived ranking in Task 1. A higher percentage of\nwomen than men who guessed their Task 1 ranking to be low (i.e., at level \"3\") chose the tournament\nscheme in Task 4, while the percentages were reversed for those participants who guessed their Task 1\nrankings to be high (at levels \"1\" and \"2\"). But because the two lines in the figure remain close together,\nthese differences are not statistically significant (i.e., we should treat the groups' respective choices as\nbeing no different from one another).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 558.906535052319, + "y": 1205.2854730982192 + }, + { + "x": 1112.2444248747508, + "y": 1205.2854730982192 + }, + { + "x": 1112.2444248747508, + "y": 1625.5855446306375 + }, + { + "x": 558.906535052319, + "y": 1625.5855446306375 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1\nW\n0.8\nM\n0.6\n0.4\n0.2\n0\n4 3 2 1\n4 = Worst rank 1 = Best rank", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 542.4681322060176, + "y": 1662.061828435832 + }, + { + "x": 858.0364969997189, + "y": 1662.061828435832 + }, + { + "x": 858.0364969997189, + "y": 1688.7772348228905 + }, + { + "x": 542.4681322060176, + "y": 1688.7772348228905 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(Niederle and Vesterlund 2007)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.91791524484208, + "y": 1717.5666012542133 + }, + { + "x": 1549.2275552592546, + "y": 1717.5666012542133 + }, + { + "x": 1549.2275552592546, + "y": 1843.2861002956151 + }, + { + "x": 151.91791524484208, + "y": 1843.2861002956151 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "This result from Task 4 cements the authors' finding that women shy away from actual competition\nslated to occur at a future point in time, not implicit competition based upon their interpretations of\n10\nhow their past performance compares with others.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 114.78147247814636, + "y": 1906.2197305090283 + }, + { + "x": 1531.645056462342, + "y": 1906.2197305090283 + }, + { + "x": 1531.645056462342, + "y": 2079.575639428458 + }, + { + "x": 114.78147247814636, + "y": 2079.575639428458 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "10. In a related study of the performances of men and women in professional judo fights for bronze medals (of all things!),\nCohen-Zada et al. (2017) find that men's performances are significantly affected by what the authors' call \"psychological\nmomentum\", while women's is not. Psychological momentum is defined as the tendency of an outcome (such as a win in an\ninitial judo match) to be followed by a similar outcome (a win in a subsequent match) that is not caused by any strategic\nincentives of the players. The authors point out that this result is consistent with evidence in the biological literature that", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1087.9196614536877, + "y": 2090.7790094367297 + }, + { + "x": 1543.417185942275, + "y": 2090.7790094367297 + }, + { + "x": 1543.417185942275, + "y": 2111.0498416783685 + }, + { + "x": 1087.9196614536877, + "y": 2111.0498416783685 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 111", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000096.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 260.96040535699376, + "y": 166.1582299182208 + }, + { + "x": 1130.6283741479806, + "y": 166.1582299182208 + }, + { + "x": 1130.6283741479806, + "y": 706.3246701610698 + }, + { + "x": 260.96040535699376, + "y": 706.3246701610698 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Percentile\n100\n80\n60\nPerceived Ability\nActual Test Score\n40\n20\nQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Quartile", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 198.84126472906615, + "y": 775.195891292033 + }, + { + "x": 1541.154868732546, + "y": 775.195891292033 + }, + { + "x": 1541.154868732546, + "y": 989.9120512885656 + }, + { + "x": 198.84126472906615, + "y": 989.9120512885656 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "8. Suppose Evelyn the Environmental Economist is presenting her case in a public meeting for\nwhy raising the price of municipal water in the face of persistent drought conditions would be\na good thing for the community, when someone in the audience yells out, \"That's unfair for\nseniors and others living on fixed incomes.\" How might Evelyn frame her response in a way\nthat dispels the audience's concerns about the fairness of a price increase?", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 198.84126472906607, + "y": 1039.877447011029 + }, + { + "x": 1530.351539927689, + "y": 1039.877447011029 + }, + { + "x": 1530.351539927689, + "y": 1120.9024130474563 + }, + { + "x": 198.84126472906607, + "y": 1120.9024130474563 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "9. How would the indifference curve in Figure 6.1 change when drawn for a person who suffers\nfrom guilt but not envy? Draw the curve.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 186.68751982360212, + "y": 1173.5686409711343 + }, + { + "x": 1538.4540365313317, + "y": 1173.5686409711343 + }, + { + "x": 1538.4540365313317, + "y": 1254.5936070075616 + }, + { + "x": 186.68751982360212, + "y": 1254.5936070075616 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "10. Can you recall an example from your own life where you exhibited an Endowment Effect that\nultimately led to regret?", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 186.68751982360212, + "y": 1307.2598349312393 + }, + { + "x": 1524.9498755252605, + "y": 1307.2598349312393 + }, + { + "x": 1524.9498755252605, + "y": 1435.549364488916 + }, + { + "x": 186.68751982360212, + "y": 1435.549364488916 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "11. The Gender Gap experiment discussed in this chapter measured gender differences in terms\nof how males and females deal with competitive situations. Think of another situation where\na gender gap may exist and design an experiment to test for it.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 186.68751982360212, + "y": 1482.8139280101652 + }, + { + "x": 1524.9498755252605, + "y": 1482.8139280101652 + }, + { + "x": 1524.9498755252605, + "y": 1657.017604988484 + }, + { + "x": 186.68751982360212, + "y": 1657.017604988484 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "12. It was shown in this chapter that a Homo economicus who exhibits convex-shaped indifference\ncurves exhibits an Endowment Effect. Does this result still hold if Homo economicus exhibits\nlinearly shaped indifference curves, as depicted in the figure below? Show your result using\nthis graph.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1087.6914192232884, + "y": 2090.213349733377 + }, + { + "x": 1543.9789099683512, + "y": 2090.213349733377 + }, + { + "x": 1543.9789099683512, + "y": 2111.639023211841 + }, + { + "x": 1087.6914192232884, + "y": 2111.639023211841 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 117", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000097.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 376.6263165449949, + "y": 152.3908158143054 + }, + { + "x": 1323.1452379705324, + "y": 152.3908158143054 + }, + { + "x": 1323.1452379705324, + "y": 982.28289218741 + }, + { + "x": 376.6263165449949, + "y": 982.28289218741 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Nature\nPlayer 2 Player 2\nStrong\nweak\n(1 - p )\np\n1 1\nConcede\nConcede\nInvade\nInvade\n2 0, 1 2 0, 1\nConcede\nFight\n1, 0 -0.2, 0.8", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 182.26439689300744, + "y": 984.8220070730374 + }, + { + "x": 1045.432135610528, + "y": 984.8220070730374 + }, + { + "x": 1045.432135610528, + "y": 1031.2137585024807 + }, + { + "x": 182.26439689300744, + "y": 1031.2137585024807 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Now, how do we solve for the game's analytical equilibrium?12", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 237.09101221871313, + "y": 1035.431190450612 + }, + { + "x": 1550.1181587368962, + "y": 1035.431190450612 + }, + { + "x": 1550.1181587368962, + "y": 1459.9860065624869 + }, + { + "x": 237.09101221871313, + "y": 1459.9860065624869 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Here, Player 2 applies backward induction to find what's known as a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium\n(PBE). As we already know, if Player 2 is the weak type and Player 1 has chosen to invade, then Player\n2 should concede. If he is the strong type, then Player 2 should fight. We also know that Player 1\nrecognizes that she gets a payoff of $0 if she concedes in the first round, regardless of Player 2's type.\nIf she instead chooses to invade in the first round, then Player 1's expected payoff from invading is\np - 0.2(1 - p) = 1.2p - 0.2. This is merely the weighted average of Player 1's expected payoff\nwhen Player 2 is weak and her expected payoff when Player 2is strong. Thus, invade is a better strategy\nthan concede for Player 1 when 1.2p - 0.2 > 0 ⇒ p > 1/6. In other words, if the probability that\nPlayer 1 assigns to Player 2 being weak is greater than one-sixth, Player 1 should choose to invade in the\nfirst round. Otherwise, Player 1 should concede and be done with it.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 156.95980520422015, + "y": 1461.391817211864 + }, + { + "x": 1548.712348087519, + "y": 1461.391817211864 + }, + { + "x": 1548.712348087519, + "y": 1538.7114029276026 + }, + { + "x": 156.95980520422015, + "y": 1538.7114029276026 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "What's the outcome when you and your classmates play this more complicated version of the\nEscalation Game?", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.45876921640593, + "y": 1585.241037294858 + }, + { + "x": 578.754850147159, + "y": 1585.241037294858 + }, + { + "x": 578.754850147159, + "y": 1618.005518401814 + }, + { + "x": 153.45876921640593, + "y": 1618.005518401814 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "BURNING BRIDGES GAME", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.53839403796573, + "y": 1649.5885846989918 + }, + { + "x": 1544.0871478855097, + "y": 1649.5885846989918 + }, + { + "x": 1544.0871478855097, + "y": 1779.3170333907815 + }, + { + "x": 151.53839403796573, + "y": 1779.3170333907815 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "This game shares starkly similar features with the Escalation Game, but there is no uncertainty\n(thus, the analytical equilibrium is an SPE rather than a PBE). The SPE has much to say about the\nrelationship between two tenacious competitors. Spaniel (2011) portrays the game as follows:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 114.97503313880613, + "y": 1904.1258278816024 + }, + { + "x": 1521.0031266578976, + "y": 1904.1258278816024 + }, + { + "x": 1521.0031266578976, + "y": 2080.557002745296 + }, + { + "x": 114.97503313880613, + "y": 2080.557002745296 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "12. This equilibrium is known as a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium (PBE) rather than an SPE because of the uncertainty that at\nleast one of the players is forced to contend with. Similar to Nash, Thomas Bayes is considered a towering figure. He was\nan 18th-century English statistician, philosopher, and Presbyterian minister who is known for formulating a specific case\nof the theorem that bears his name: Bayes Theorem. Bayes never published his theory himself-his notes were edited and\npublished posthumously.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 156.29046988786655, + "y": 2088.8049326601536 + }, + { + "x": 407.5543453075422, + "y": 2088.8049326601536 + }, + { + "x": 407.5543453075422, + "y": 2113.0784663168847 + }, + { + "x": 156.29046988786655, + "y": 2113.0784663168847 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "132 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000098.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 244.5504431580842, + "y": 156.08899959444034 + }, + { + "x": 1537.0471972101673, + "y": 156.08899959444034 + }, + { + "x": 1537.0471972101673, + "y": 329.29336865830993 + }, + { + "x": 244.5504431580842, + "y": 329.29336865830993 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "one of the two players is allowed to communicate with the other player (i.e., there is \"one-way\ncommunication \") the players coordinate their choices 96% of the time! However, with\nsimultaneous two-way communication between the two players, they coordinate only 42% of\nthe time! Explain what happened.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 184.09231433390332, + "y": 376.67946962861384 + }, + { + "x": 1537.0471972101675, + "y": 376.67946962861384 + }, + { + "x": 1537.0471972101675, + "y": 549.8838386924834 + }, + { + "x": 184.09231433390332, + "y": 549.8838386924834 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "10. We demonstrated how to solve for the Penalty Kick game's mixed-strategy equilibrium.\nSuppose you were new to the game of soccer (or football) and assigned to play the goalie\nposition. After watching the following YouTube video, what strategy might make the most\nsense for you to adopt on penalty kicks: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3yWZZR9ZodI.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 184.09231433390332, + "y": 595.0417530967856 + }, + { + "x": 1533.333552933498, + "y": 595.0417530967856 + }, + { + "x": 1533.333552933498, + "y": 721.751295816752 + }, + { + "x": 184.09231433390332, + "y": 721.751295816752 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "11. The map below identifies (with red markers) the locations of gas stations in Salt Lake City,\nUtah (Utah's capital city). Do these gas station locations depict a pure strategy equilibrium for\nthe Hotelling Game? Explain.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 288.0743540806518, + "y": 764.3839321129187 + }, + { + "x": 991.7349358459894, + "y": 764.3839321129187 + }, + { + "x": 991.7349358459894, + "y": 1587.6454008978676 + }, + { + "x": 288.0743540806518, + "y": 1587.6454008978676 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Ave\nNTS\nChevron\n900\n600 N W\nTHE AVENUES\nUtah State 11th\nAve\nAIRPARK Capitol Building 1ST\nN\n300 N Virginia\n400 3rd Ave\nMaverik\nM\n2nd Ave 와\nSUNBURST\nClark Planetarium S Temple Sinclair\nS\n1300\n15\nStateSt\nSinclair 1100\nE\nrove Blvd S E\nMain\n900\nMaverik CENTRAL CITY 500 S\nE\nW 600 S 500 1300\nSt\n89\n300 Chevron Salt Lake City\nE\nE\nW\n800 S\nS 15 W 900 S 900 S\nB\n900\nW Tracy Aviary &\nBotanical Gardens\n1100\n1300 S 1300 S\nE\nMaverik Shell\n1700 S\n1300\nS\nS\n90 W Chevron C\n300\n89\nE\nSmith's Fuel Center\nE\n15\nS\n2100S", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 504.6414130782435, + "y": 1613.562740137466 + }, + { + "x": 776.0112004105088, + "y": 1613.562740137466 + }, + { + "x": 776.0112004105088, + "y": 1646.3405515287227 + }, + { + "x": 504.6414130782435, + "y": 1646.3405515287227 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Source: Google Maps", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 184.0923143339033, + "y": 1719.216388571822 + }, + { + "x": 1536.922218896602, + "y": 1719.216388571822 + }, + { + "x": 1536.922218896602, + "y": 2019.7390365761992 + }, + { + "x": 184.0923143339033, + "y": 2019.7390365761992 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "12. In this chapter, we learned that when an individual acquires private information about\nsomething, this added information does not necessarily make the individual better off. In\nparticular, when an individual (say, Player 1) acquires private information about something of\ncommon interest to both himself and another individual (say, Player 2), and Player 2 knows\nPlayer 1 has acquired this private information, Player 1 could actually be made worse off as a\nresult of Player 2 changing her strategy in response to the fact that she knows Player 1 now\nhas additional information. Whew! Can you think of a real-life example where the acquisition", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1087.8174481620788, + "y": 2091.2566407472405 + }, + { + "x": 1542.815205357301, + "y": 2091.2566407472405 + }, + { + "x": 1542.815205357301, + "y": 2113.313318727619 + }, + { + "x": 1087.8174481620788, + "y": 2113.313318727619 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 175", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000099.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 389.0250811810066, + "y": 186.51718812718812 + }, + { + "x": 1311.494319505732, + "y": 186.51718812718812 + }, + { + "x": 1311.494319505732, + "y": 1111.957341873249 + }, + { + "x": 389.0250811810066, + "y": 1111.957341873249 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1\n0.8\nmade\nputts\nPutt for par\n0.6\nPutt for birdie\nof\nFraction\n0.4\n0.2\n0\n0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200\nDistance to hole (inches)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 356.56598872641354, + "y": 1138.80606925532 + }, + { + "x": 642.5714693855724, + "y": 1138.80606925532 + }, + { + "x": 642.5714693855724, + "y": 1169.497344269118 + }, + { + "x": 356.56598872641354, + "y": 1169.497344269118 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(Pope and Schweitzer 2011)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.71269878245877, + "y": 1199.170392976588 + }, + { + "x": 1544.99866313433, + "y": 1199.170392976588 + }, + { + "x": 1544.99866313433, + "y": 1405.4208973799143 + }, + { + "x": 152.71269878245877, + "y": 1405.4208973799143 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "To reiterate, this study's main econometric results reveal a negative effect on sinking a putt when\nthe typical golfer is putting for birdie, and a positive effect on putting for bogey. Consistent with the\nprevious graphs, these numerical results suggest that the typical professional golfer is more likely to\nsink a put for bogey and less likely to sink the putt for birdie (i.e., the typical golfer is indeed loss\naverse).10", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.71269878245872, + "y": 1449.8664935228298 + }, + { + "x": 1169.686413526318, + "y": 1449.8664935228298 + }, + { + "x": 1169.686413526318, + "y": 1480.557768536628 + }, + { + "x": 152.71269878245872, + "y": 1480.557768536628 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "ARE CIGARETTE SMOKERS HYPERBOLIC TIME DISCOUNTERS?", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.71269878245872, + "y": 1516.350038705098 + }, + { + "x": 1544.99866313433, + "y": 1516.350038705098 + }, + { + "x": 1544.99866313433, + "y": 1642.1058542821029 + }, + { + "x": 152.71269878245872, + "y": 1642.1058542821029 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Recall from Chapter 4 the distinction between time-consistent exponential time discounters (Homo\neconomicus) and potentially time-inconsistent hyperbolic discounters (Homo sapiens). The discounting\ntime paths for exponential versus hyperbolic discounting looked like this:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 118.63325708533466, + "y": 2011.8126910709784 + }, + { + "x": 1539.1619319573165, + "y": 2011.8126910709784 + }, + { + "x": 1539.1619319573165, + "y": 2079.631726367655 + }, + { + "x": 118.63325708533466, + "y": 2079.631726367655 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "10. A negative effect associated with putting for double bogey suggests that the typical golfer suppresses his inclination for loss\naversion when putting for a score worse than bogey.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1087.9379697215395, + "y": 2091.2682654945056 + }, + { + "x": 1542.5811447802764, + "y": 2091.2682654945056 + }, + { + "x": 1542.5811447802764, + "y": 2111.60850450055 + }, + { + "x": 1087.9379697215395, + "y": 2111.60850450055 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 193", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000100.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 195.14731369150775, + "y": 171.57712305025996 + }, + { + "x": 1525.8232235701907, + "y": 171.57712305025996 + }, + { + "x": 1525.8232235701907, + "y": 918.8908145580588 + }, + { + "x": 195.14731369150775, + "y": 918.8908145580588 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "A 14%\n■ Anonymous\n12%\n■ Observable\nin\n10%\ngood\nParticipation\n8%\npublic\n6%\n4%\n2%\n0%\nHouse Apartment", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 185.04798224999288, + "y": 974.1767764298093 + }, + { + "x": 1520.5190278716964, + "y": 974.1767764298093 + }, + { + "x": 1520.5190278716964, + "y": 1707.838881963336 + }, + { + "x": 185.04798224999288, + "y": 1707.838881963336 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "B 14%\n■ Anonymous\n12%\n■ Observable\nin\ngood 10%\nParticipation\n8%\npublic\n6%\n4%\n2%\n0%\nRenter Owner", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 172.04458008704694, + "y": 1730.1584365090707 + }, + { + "x": 351.2816261676287, + "y": 1730.1584365090707 + }, + { + "x": 351.2816261676287, + "y": 1763.3050135239728 + }, + { + "x": 172.04458008704694, + "y": 1763.3050135239728 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(Yoeli et al. 2013)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.49523388701374, + "y": 1786.9382363899776 + }, + { + "x": 1546.7013817684792, + "y": 1786.9382363899776 + }, + { + "x": 1546.7013817684792, + "y": 2045.0956677852164 + }, + { + "x": 154.49523388701374, + "y": 2045.0956677852164 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "On a final note, Yoeli et al. provide evidence that indirect reciprocity among Homo sapiens is unique\nto public goods. Their hypothesis is that choosing not to participate in a demand response program\nshould carry the threat of social sanctions only if participation is considered to be for the public good.\nTo test their hypothesis, the authors solicited an additional 1,000 customers with exactly the same\ntreatments as described above, except that the informational materials the customers received ahead\nof time to entice them to participate in the demand response program were stripped of any language", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1087.4570066564115, + "y": 2091.115645465439 + }, + { + "x": 1541.9474374485796, + "y": 2091.115645465439 + }, + { + "x": 1541.9474374485796, + "y": 2110.920256416159 + }, + { + "x": 1087.4570066564115, + "y": 2110.920256416159 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 213", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000101.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 232.8917750747132, + "y": 154.22265836824374 + }, + { + "x": 1546.182796296302, + "y": 154.22265836824374 + }, + { + "x": 1546.182796296302, + "y": 283.1999768625107 + }, + { + "x": 232.8917750747132, + "y": 283.1999768625107 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "[markets] build loyalty and-more important-make people want to extend themselves to the\ndegree that corporations need today: to be flexible, concerned, and willing to pitch in. That's\nwhat a social relationship delivers.\" (page 90)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.43664287762954, + "y": 284.7488996633292 + }, + { + "x": 1546.182796296302, + "y": 284.7488996633292 + }, + { + "x": 1546.182796296302, + "y": 367.2656465628395 + }, + { + "x": 155.43664287762954, + "y": 367.2656465628395 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Hence, in the less-predictable world of Homo sapiens, businesses must decide the extent to which\nthey participate with their employees and customers in monetary and/or social markets.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.43664287762954, + "y": 369.8251140015779 + }, + { + "x": 1546.182796296302, + "y": 369.8251140015779 + }, + { + "x": 1546.182796296302, + "y": 625.0725878399419 + }, + { + "x": 155.43664287762954, + "y": 625.0725878399419 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "As a follow-on to Heyman and Ariely's (2004) experiments exploring the payment-effort trade-off,\nVohs et al. (2006) sought to understand the behavioral psychology underscoring the trade-off. In its\nmost general terms, the authors' hypothesis is that money makes Homo sapiens feel self-sufficient and\nbehave accordingly. When reminded of money, people desire to be free from dependency upon others\nand prefer that others not depend upon them. Vohs et al. designed several experiments to test this\nhypothesis from a variety of angles.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.43664287762954, + "y": 627.7545892175383 + }, + { + "x": 1546.182796296302, + "y": 627.7545892175383 + }, + { + "x": 1546.182796296302, + "y": 1267.8706517289322 + }, + { + "x": 155.43664287762954, + "y": 1267.8706517289322 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "In one experiment, the authors found that participants (a sample of University of Minnesota\nstudents) who were reminded about money-both Monopoly money and real money-in the context\nof a series of word descrambling tasks worked longer at the tasks than participants in a non-money-\nprimed control group before requesting help from the experimenter.25 In subsequent experiments\nwith different groups of students, Vohs et al. found that (1) participants in a high-money treatment\nworked significantly longer than participants in a low-money treatment before asking for help from\nanother available participant, (2) participants in a money-primed treatment volunteered to help code\nfewer data sheets than did participants in the non-money-primed control condition, (3) participants\nin a high-money treatment volunteered to gather fewer pencils that had spilled onto the floor than\ndid participants in a low-money treatment, and (4) participants in a money-primed treatment donated\nsignificantly less money to a university student fund than participants in the non-money primed\ncontrol. Three final experiments tested the effects of money on social intimacy, desire to engage in\nleisure activities alone, and preference to work alone. As expected, participants who were primed with\nmoney ahead of time were subsequently less socially intimate and exhibited a stronger preference for\nengaging in leisure activities and working alone.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.43664287762965, + "y": 1267.8706517289324 + }, + { + "x": 1546.182796296302, + "y": 1267.8706517289324 + }, + { + "x": 1546.182796296302, + "y": 1350.387398628443 + }, + { + "x": 155.43664287762965, + "y": 1350.387398628443 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "So yes, Vohs et al.'s experiments suggest that money makes Homo sapiens feel self-sufficient and\nbehave accordingly.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.43664287762954, + "y": 1393.0182816518916 + }, + { + "x": 715.1658131534498, + "y": 1393.0182816518916 + }, + { + "x": 715.1658131534498, + "y": 1423.8276096244829 + }, + { + "x": 155.43664287762954, + "y": 1423.8276096244829 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "PRICE AND THE PLACEBO EFFECT", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.43664287762954, + "y": 1458.923600801116 + }, + { + "x": 1546.182796296302, + "y": 1458.923600801116 + }, + { + "x": 1546.182796296302, + "y": 1840.3098004219792 + }, + { + "x": 155.43664287762954, + "y": 1840.3098004219792 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Is it possible that the magnitudes of placebo effects experienced by Homo sapiens (e.g., through medical\ntherapies or medications) are somehow influenced by the prices we pay for them? To investigate\nthis possibility, Waber et al. (2008) studied the effect of price on a group of Homo sapiens' analgesic\nresponses to placebo pills. Over 80 healthy volunteers in Boston, MA were recruited via an online\nadvertisement to participate in a field experiment where each participant was informed by a brochure\nabout a purported new opioid analgesic recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The\nopioid was described as similar to codeine but with a faster onset time. In reality, and not disclosed\nto the participants, the pill was a placebo. After randomization, half of the participants were informed\nthat the drug had a regular price of $2.50 per pill (\"regular price\"), and half of the participants that", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 114.21591562419248, + "y": 1871.1308733354865 + }, + { + "x": 1546.1827962963025, + "y": 1871.1308733354865 + }, + { + "x": 1546.1827962963025, + "y": 2079.56695846365 + }, + { + "x": 114.21591562419248, + "y": 2079.56695846365 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "25. The descrambling task consisted of 30 sets of five jumbled words. Participants created sensible phrases using four of the\nfive words. In the control and play-money treatment, the phrases primed neutral concepts (e.g., \"cold it desk outside is\"\nbecame \"it is cold outside\"). In the real-money treatment, 15 of the phrases primed the concept of money (e.g., \"high a salary\ndesk paying\" became \"a high-paying salary\"), whereas the remaining 15 were neutral phrases. Participants in the play-\nmoney treatment were primed with money by a stack of Monopoly money in their visual periphery while completing the\nneutral descrambling task.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.4722010113867, + "y": 2090.578788997355 + }, + { + "x": 405.9916447856783, + "y": 2090.578788997355 + }, + { + "x": 405.9916447856783, + "y": 2112.379028747653 + }, + { + "x": 153.4722010113867, + "y": 2112.379028747653 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "220 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000102.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 199.61435120257735, + "y": 163.279121455152 + }, + { + "x": 1495.6857547190243, + "y": 163.279121455152 + }, + { + "x": 1495.6857547190243, + "y": 837.6769220983492 + }, + { + "x": 199.61435120257735, + "y": 837.6769220983492 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "800\n714\n700 661\n602\nyear\n600\nper 516\n490\n500 466 468\n440\ntonnes\n396 392\n400 369\n342 334\nof\n290 289\n269\n300 255\nMillions\n231\n177 174\n200\n129\n100\n0\nMiddle East Sub-Saharan Latin America North South Europe and East Asia\nand Africa and America Asia Central Asia and\nNorth Africa Caribbean Pacific\n■ 2016 ■ 2030 ■ 2050", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 190.21026156911228, + "y": 875.4494415093911 + }, + { + "x": 371.48469816331306, + "y": 875.4494415093911 + }, + { + "x": 371.48469816331306, + "y": 903.8996805280492 + }, + { + "x": 190.21026156911228, + "y": 903.8996805280492 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(Kaza et al. 2018)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.03278549955883, + "y": 933.5999631753878 + }, + { + "x": 1545.3397300932995, + "y": 933.5999631753878 + }, + { + "x": 1545.3397300932995, + "y": 1181.486422884555 + }, + { + "x": 155.03278549955883, + "y": 1181.486422884555 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Canada is currently the world's largest producer of MSW per capita. At slightly more than 36 metric\ntons per person per year, Canadians generate roughly 10 tons more MSW per person annually than\nthe next highest garbage producers, Bulgarians and Americans (Tiseo, 2021). Summiting a list like this\nis obviously not in any country's best interest-there are no kudos for reaching the top of the heap,\nso to speak. Is it therefore possible that those nations reaching the top will take the lead in reversing\ncourse?", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.0327854995589, + "y": 1187.957317010986 + }, + { + "x": 1545.3397300932995, + "y": 1187.957317010986 + }, + { + "x": 1545.3397300932995, + "y": 1696.6957216570208 + }, + { + "x": 155.0327854995589, + "y": 1696.6957216570208 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Halifax is one Canadian city that apparently has. On August 1st, 2015, the city began providing a\n\"green nudge\" to citizens living in its urban core area with the introduction of the Clear Bag Policy, a\npolicy designed to nudge households toward more responsible sorting of their waste, which, in turn,\nwould result in an overall reduction in the total amount of waste generated. As Akbulut-Yuksel and\nBoulatoff point out, under the new policy, households were mandated to replace their black garbage\nbags, traditionally used for the disposal of their refuse, with clear, transparent bags. The Clear Bag\nPolicy allowed households to put out the same number of garbage bags at the curb (six every other\nweek), but all waste destined for the landfill was required to be disposed of in a clear bag (except for\none dark bag permitted for privacy's sake). This allowed waste collectors to screen and refuse any bags\ncontaining materials that should otherwise have been diverted from the landfill, such as recyclables,\nfood waste, and hazardous waste. Clear bags also made apparent to everyone, neighbors and passersby\nalike, a given household's waste-generation and disposal habits.33", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.03278549955883, + "y": 1700.6089117160295 + }, + { + "x": 1545.3397300932995, + "y": 1700.6089117160295 + }, + { + "x": 1545.3397300932995, + "y": 1874.0936709987716 + }, + { + "x": 155.03278549955883, + "y": 1874.0936709987716 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "To test the Clear Bag Policy's impact on a typical household's generation of MSW, Akbulut-Yuksel\nand Boulatoff designed a quasi-experiment spanning the period from January 6, 2014, to July 28,\n2017, with January 6, 2014, to July 31, 2015, serving as the pre-treatment period and August 1, 2015,\nto July 28, 2017, serving as the post-treatment period. MSW data collected during this time span", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 115.90088490946678, + "y": 1906.703588157181 + }, + { + "x": 1539.5038593186302, + "y": 1906.703588157181 + }, + { + "x": 1539.5038593186302, + "y": 2080.1883474399233 + }, + { + "x": 115.90088490946678, + "y": 2080.1883474399233 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "33. As Akbulut-Yuksel and Boulatoff point out, Halifax households are required to sort waste in four ways: (1) recyclable\ncontainers (plastics, glass, and aluminum) are put in a transparent blue bag, (2) paper and cardboard are put in a separate\nbag, (3) organic food waste goes in a green bin provided by the city, and (4) the remaining waste (refuse) goes into garbage\nbags. Recyclable materials are collected each week, while garbage and organic waste are each collected every other week on\nopposite weeks (except in the summer months when, thank goodness, organic waste is collected on a weekly basis).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.03278549955897, + "y": 2091.7508255016437 + }, + { + "x": 405.4916583742123, + "y": 2091.7508255016437 + }, + { + "x": 405.4916583742123, + "y": 2110.861078290146 + }, + { + "x": 155.03278549955897, + "y": 2110.861078290146 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "234 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000103.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 690.5996654335761, + "y": 32.683075685485356 + }, + { + "x": 1066.2608716024663, + "y": 32.683075685485356 + }, + { + "x": 1066.2608716024663, + "y": 75.65086070480288 + }, + { + "x": 690.5996654335761, + "y": 75.65086070480288 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "WITH CHATGPT", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 290.385439253647, + "y": 146.8546187368148 + }, + { + "x": 1406.320198755351, + "y": 146.8546187368148 + }, + { + "x": 1406.320198755351, + "y": 240.15609477876143 + }, + { + "x": 290.385439253647, + "y": 240.15609477876143 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "CREATING SLIDES", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 209.89727981527977, + "y": 355.90150202799066 + }, + { + "x": 391.9387758763454, + "y": 355.90150202799066 + }, + { + "x": 391.9387758763454, + "y": 418.899720275777 + }, + { + "x": 209.89727981527977, + "y": 418.899720275777 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "O E R", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 212.96225425104245, + "y": 427.1621576594731 + }, + { + "x": 390.7307715252781, + "y": 427.1621576594731 + }, + { + "x": 390.7307715252781, + "y": 454.9131698959885 + }, + { + "x": 212.96225425104245, + "y": 454.9131698959885 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "COMMONS", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 518.829044651228, + "y": 324.1554722326065 + }, + { + "x": 1202.960558977284, + "y": 324.1554722326065 + }, + { + "x": 1202.960558977284, + "y": 360.2437194569373 + }, + { + "x": 518.829044651228, + "y": 360.2437194569373 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "01 - Find Open Educational Resources", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 518.829044651228, + "y": 376.70990357284455 + }, + { + "x": 1579.2502873733888, + "y": 376.70990357284455 + }, + { + "x": 1579.2502873733888, + "y": 491.6297978075325 + }, + { + "x": 518.829044651228, + "y": 491.6297978075325 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Start by searching for information on platforms like OER\nCommons, where authors share their materials freely, ensuring\nno copyright issues.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 518.829044651228, + "y": 587.98037265578 + }, + { + "x": 984.3466444247008, + "y": 587.98037265578 + }, + { + "x": 984.3466444247008, + "y": 624.0686198801109 + }, + { + "x": 518.829044651228, + "y": 624.0686198801109 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "02- Prepare Your Content", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 518.8290446512281, + "y": 639.3190210447592 + }, + { + "x": 1579.250287373389, + "y": 639.3190210447592 + }, + { + "x": 1579.250287373389, + "y": 718.2166894297817 + }, + { + "x": 518.8290446512281, + "y": 718.2166894297817 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Summarize or extract the key points from the materials you've\nfound. This will be the content for your slides.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 518.8290446512278, + "y": 816.948831992825 + }, + { + "x": 1156.9697772668917, + "y": 816.948831992825 + }, + { + "x": 1156.9697772668917, + "y": 847.882867493777 + }, + { + "x": 518.8290446512278, + "y": 847.882867493777 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "03- Generate Slides with ChatGPT", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 518.829044651228, + "y": 869.4380756548546 + }, + { + "x": 1579.2502873733888, + "y": 869.4380756548546 + }, + { + "x": 1579.2502873733888, + "y": 984.803704986784 + }, + { + "x": 518.829044651228, + "y": 984.803704986784 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Provide the summarized content to ChatGPT and instruct it to\ncreate a structured outline for Google Slides, including titles,\nmain points, and any specific instructions for slide design.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 231.40647129273424, + "y": 1138.2983420203907 + }, + { + "x": 365.1361969729249, + "y": 1138.2983420203907 + }, + { + "x": 365.1361969729249, + "y": 1234.5728366588796 + }, + { + "x": 231.40647129273424, + "y": 1234.5728366588796 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 518.8290446512282, + "y": 1093.879672265049 + }, + { + "x": 1031.921132774008, + "y": 1093.879672265049 + }, + { + "x": 1031.921132774008, + "y": 1129.71552820629 + }, + { + "x": 518.8290446512282, + "y": 1129.71552820629 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "04 - Create App Script Code", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 518.8290446512281, + "y": 1145.0245914597376 + }, + { + "x": 1579.250287373389, + "y": 1145.0245914597376 + }, + { + "x": 1579.250287373389, + "y": 1260.390220791667 + }, + { + "x": 518.8290446512281, + "y": 1260.390220791667 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "After finalizing the slide structure, ask ChatGPT to generate a\nGoogle Apps Script code that can create these slides\nautomatically.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 518.8290446512278, + "y": 1337.2024008537508 + }, + { + "x": 1163.664930573416, + "y": 1337.2024008537508 + }, + { + "x": 1163.664930573416, + "y": 1373.0382567949916 + }, + { + "x": 518.8290446512278, + "y": 1373.0382567949916 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 13, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "05 - Execute in Google Apps Script", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 518.8290446512281, + "y": 1385.6586711137577 + }, + { + "x": 1614.013627132615, + "y": 1385.6586711137577 + }, + { + "x": 1614.013627132615, + "y": 1501.024300445687 + }, + { + "x": 518.8290446512281, + "y": 1501.024300445687 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 14, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Open Google Apps Script, start a new project, and paste the\ncode provided by ChatGPT. Run the script to auto-generate your\nslide deck.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 518.8290446512282, + "y": 1607.4116187892705 + }, + { + "x": 962.0162604722816, + "y": 1607.4116187892705 + }, + { + "x": 962.0162604722816, + "y": 1643.2474747305114 + }, + { + "x": 518.8290446512282, + "y": 1643.2474747305114 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 15, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "06 - Edit and Customize", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 518.8290446512281, + "y": 1661.245186918641 + }, + { + "x": 1597.8817335245244, + "y": 1661.245186918641 + }, + { + "x": 1597.8817335245244, + "y": 1738.6945119117145 + }, + { + "x": 518.8290446512281, + "y": 1738.6945119117145 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 16, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Once the slides are created, you can further edit and customize\nthem in Google Slides according to your needs.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 290.29388520327615, + "y": 1946.2419739949105 + }, + { + "x": 1405.6433346947765, + "y": 1946.2419739949105 + }, + { + "x": 1405.6433346947765, + "y": 2059.9880596061885 + }, + { + "x": 290.29388520327615, + "y": 2059.9880596061885 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 17, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "INTERESTED IN FREE AI-CONSULTANCE OR\nCOLLABORATION WITH US?", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 265.16312632296086, + "y": 2079.7491305465855 + }, + { + "x": 1434.734768078349, + "y": 2079.7491305465855 + }, + { + "x": 1434.734768078349, + "y": 2111.380357457342 + }, + { + "x": 265.16312632296086, + "y": 2111.380357457342 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 18, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "EMAIL REBECCA.ALLEN@MSJ.EDU FOR MORE INFORMATION", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000104.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 204.96009109896153, + "y": 235.67279603159375 + }, + { + "x": 1497.964758793308, + "y": 235.67279603159375 + }, + { + "x": 1497.964758793308, + "y": 780.238394571971 + }, + { + "x": 204.96009109896153, + "y": 780.238394571971 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "PUBLISHERS READERS\nAGGREGATORS\nLIBRARIANS", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 145.00987591704393, + "y": 997.5608576426752 + }, + { + "x": 1249.596229569646, + "y": 997.5608576426752 + }, + { + "x": 1249.596229569646, + "y": 1036.7769412043062 + }, + { + "x": 145.00987591704393, + "y": 1036.7769412043062 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "An overview of each actor's role in this ecosystem is described below.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.92646165415348, + "y": 1153.5523320278064 + }, + { + "x": 412.18847377116253, + "y": 1153.5523320278064 + }, + { + "x": 412.18847377116253, + "y": 1205.1136740509874 + }, + { + "x": 151.92646165415348, + "y": 1205.1136740509874 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Publishers", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 145.00987591704398, + "y": 1288.5141447734825 + }, + { + "x": 1553.903904284457, + "y": 1288.5141447734825 + }, + { + "x": 1553.903904284457, + "y": 1569.7260212149104 + }, + { + "x": 145.00987591704398, + "y": 1569.7260212149104 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Publishers work to \"make public\" scholarly work in the form of textbooks, journals, and\nmonographs, and represent a wide range of publishing approaches, business models,\nbudgets, and institutional affiliations. With our focus on monographs, the two most\nsignificant groups are large commercial publishers and university presses. These publish\nthe vast majority of monographs in circulation, although in recent years, smaller open\naccess publishers have also begun to emerge.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 145.0098759170438, + "y": 1607.7034049169845 + }, + { + "x": 994.0950480327772, + "y": 1607.7034049169845 + }, + { + "x": 994.0950480327772, + "y": 1646.9194884786152 + }, + { + "x": 145.0098759170438, + "y": 1646.9194884786152 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The role of publishers includes (among other things):", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 178.15645293194586, + "y": 1702.232531959483 + }, + { + "x": 1521.9849782701067, + "y": 1702.232531959483 + }, + { + "x": 1521.9849782701067, + "y": 1931.8830663777296 + }, + { + "x": 178.15645293194586, + "y": 1931.8830663777296 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· acquisitions and list curation\n· editorial work and coordinating peer review\n· design and production (for various formats, typically: print, digital PDF, and EPUB)\n· distribution and marketing of finished products into various channels (libraries,\naggregators, stores) where readers can access books", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 147.28040508086053, + "y": 2060.091890103289 + }, + { + "x": 593.3635498753597, + "y": 2060.091890103289 + }, + { + "x": 593.3635498753597, + "y": 2088.600963266847 + }, + { + "x": 147.28040508086053, + "y": 2088.600963266847 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "6 | The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000105.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 145.25295068011127, + "y": 187.9459609066584 + }, + { + "x": 909.5884636237428, + "y": 187.9459609066584 + }, + { + "x": 909.5884636237428, + "y": 241.96260493094331 + }, + { + "x": 145.25295068011127, + "y": 241.96260493094331 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The Scholarly Publishing Cycle", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 145.25295068011127, + "y": 321.6371548667636 + }, + { + "x": 1553.73694361334, + "y": 321.6371548667636 + }, + { + "x": 1553.73694361334, + "y": 410.7646175068336 + }, + { + "x": 145.25295068011127, + "y": 410.7646175068336 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Having explored the scholarly publishing ecosystem and its primary relationships, we\ncan update the cycle as follows:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 351.8666140730011, + "y": 462.08042932990435 + }, + { + "x": 1340.3711997174146, + "y": 462.08042932990435 + }, + { + "x": 1340.3711997174146, + "y": 1188.6042914565362 + }, + { + "x": 351.8666140730011, + "y": 1188.6042914565362 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "RETAILERS\nContent\n$\nValidation\nPUBLISHERS READERS\nContent\nContent\n$\nContent\nServices\n+ Tools\nContent\nS\nAGGREGATORS Content Tools\n+ Tools\n+\nLIBRARIES\nS\n$\nINSTITUTIONS", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 145.25295068011127, + "y": 1373.75625827278 + }, + { + "x": 1553.73694361334, + "y": 1373.75625827278 + }, + { + "x": 1553.73694361334, + "y": 1462.88372091285 + }, + { + "x": 145.25295068011127, + "y": 1462.88372091285 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Our project set out to explore and address the shortfall in serving the scholarly reader\nidentified in this section. This shortfall is made clear in two connected points:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 179.42527497676247, + "y": 1517.1916882673795 + }, + { + "x": 1499.0312309270766, + "y": 1517.1916882673795 + }, + { + "x": 1499.0312309270766, + "y": 1697.5081811535824 + }, + { + "x": 179.42527497676247, + "y": 1697.5081811535824 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Scholarly readers are not just content consumers; scholarly reading is an act of\ncreation as well.\n· Publishers and aggregators are not incentivized to create better tools to support\nscholarly reading.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 145.25295068011135, + "y": 1754.5121269857168 + }, + { + "x": 1553.73694361334, + "y": 1754.5121269857168 + }, + { + "x": 1553.73694361334, + "y": 1981.771124233789 + }, + { + "x": 145.25295068011135, + "y": 1981.771124233789 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "From here, this report will consider the experiences of publishers, librarians and readers\nthrough a synthesis of interviews conducted with several members of each group, as\nwell as a short online survey aimed at readers. We will then share some of our own\nphilosophy on the future of scholarly reading, then detail the path forward we see for our\nown work in the area.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 146.09792313902662, + "y": 2060.1905935050863 + }, + { + "x": 601.9340308821944, + "y": 2060.1905935050863 + }, + { + "x": 601.9340308821944, + "y": 2087.718884203608 + }, + { + "x": 146.09792313902662, + "y": 2087.718884203608 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "10 | The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000106.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 146.51110473222573, + "y": 176.8358437618159 + }, + { + "x": 1553.2395567346657, + "y": 176.8358437618159 + }, + { + "x": 1553.2395567346657, + "y": 971.5188894390913 + }, + { + "x": 146.51110473222573, + "y": 971.5188894390913 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "RC ASHATERIALS\nART/SCI Bodies\nPeRFORMINg\nMeTHODS enGAGe suBtectiviTy\ncompicates INTERVeNe Mess incorpoates\ntrad.confines activalio keeps open tRad.undeR\nparticipant ended queries\nvalued\nart/sel (antological?) episienus.\n&- engages\nmathods\naudience (i.e. thebody)\nhub. camplexity\nintergration ( drail ) to eat is to plukatility making Run\nartscientist thRu for situated\nthink\nknew prod\ncaubinatoRy subjectivities\n&-\nSAVE FOR? to remain\ndistinct.\neNDING\nwhat is the what u potential\nRole of exploration of RC as an (scal?) How does\nintervention. the oreator\nperform", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 142.80359871055884, + "y": 982.5677484440585 + }, + { + "x": 1131.7205429432188, + "y": 982.5677484440585 + }, + { + "x": 1131.7205429432188, + "y": 1016.9419764595124 + }, + { + "x": 142.80359871055884, + "y": 1016.9419764595124 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "An example of a conceptual map created by one of our interviewees", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 146.5111047322257, + "y": 1180.044800030682 + }, + { + "x": 1553.2395567346657, + "y": 1180.044800030682 + }, + { + "x": 1553.2395567346657, + "y": 1601.3537766784552 + }, + { + "x": 146.5111047322257, + "y": 1601.3537766784552 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "It seemed at times that the remarkable freedom of writing freeform allowed these\nlanguages to form, but it was difficult, if not impossible, to replicate that freedom on\navailable digital tools. Printing out articles or chapters of interest and annotating them\nwith pen or pencil is still seen as the way to go by many. Having physical copies on hand\nalso means easier management as this benefits from the very natural use of space for\narranging things, e.g.: \"The pile on the right contains my primary sources; on the left are\nthings I've flagged as potentially interesting and to revisit.\" Often mentioned was the\nuse of digital editions for quick consultation and search, but print versions for in-depth\nreading and annotation. Most collect important works in print.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 146.5111047322257, + "y": 1641.1719262116671 + }, + { + "x": 1553.2395567346657, + "y": 1641.1719262116671 + }, + { + "x": 1553.2395567346657, + "y": 1920.6102230102365 + }, + { + "x": 146.5111047322257, + "y": 1920.6102230102365 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "While some note taking did take place alongside annotation, each of our researchers\nwould reach a point where they needed to take the texts they had read and turn the\nnotes, quotes, and other takeaways into something they could then begin to incorporate\ninto their writing. Again, the approaches to this varied widely, and depended on the\ntools used initially. Some would take handwritten annotations and highlighting and type\nthem into a word processor. Others would export annotations from tools in whatever", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 146.5111047322257, + "y": 2061.593663744799 + }, + { + "x": 544.7399583064127, + "y": 2061.593663744799 + }, + { + "x": 544.7399583064127, + "y": 2086.263582027342 + }, + { + "x": 146.5111047322257, + "y": 2086.263582027342 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "32 | Considering Scholarly Readers", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000107.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 150.37459502195688, + "y": 182.62769762882647 + }, + { + "x": 391.1085628236498, + "y": 182.62769762882647 + }, + { + "x": 391.1085628236498, + "y": 220.4441446781346 + }, + { + "x": 150.37459502195688, + "y": 220.4441446781346 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Print VS. Digital", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 143.55824356390542, + "y": 275.7603762106795 + }, + { + "x": 1552.0692448191462, + "y": 275.7603762106795 + }, + { + "x": 1552.0692448191462, + "y": 360.2535679283025 + }, + { + "x": 143.55824356390542, + "y": 360.2535679283025 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Why do some researchers abhor digital and favor print, or vice-versa? The classic print\nVS. digital debate was necessary for us to understand readers' preferences with each", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 286.4472419591745, + "y": 386.9930098220742 + }, + { + "x": 1413.9073827595842, + "y": 386.9930098220742 + }, + { + "x": 1413.9073827595842, + "y": 433.3847612515175 + }, + { + "x": 286.4472419591745, + "y": 433.3847612515175 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Q11 What factors influence your choice of print? 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(select all that apply)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 286.44724195917445, + "y": 1206.250104025244 + }, + { + "x": 1160.7099970657046, + "y": 1206.250104025244 + }, + { + "x": 1160.7099970657046, + "y": 1858.2210960067237 + }, + { + "x": 286.44724195917445, + "y": 1858.2210960067237 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Answered: 80 Skipped: 24\nConvenience\nReading\nexperience\nWorkflow\n(managing...\nHabit/personal\npreference\nAccess options\nvia my library\nOther (please\nspecify)\n0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1338.0065233045143, + "y": 2060.1038425133243 + }, + { + "x": 1551.0539930780278, + "y": 2060.1038425133243 + }, + { + "x": 1551.0539930780278, + "y": 2087.5938386131324 + }, + { + "x": 1338.0065233045143, + "y": 2087.5938386131324 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Online Survey | 39", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000108.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 224.6162866132957, + "y": 313.0010647467426 + }, + { + "x": 437.5656350896938, + "y": 313.0010647467426 + }, + { + "x": 437.5656350896938, + "y": 361.67520154134786 + }, + { + "x": 224.6162866132957, + "y": 361.67520154134786 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "CONTENTS", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 134.2186174291603, + "y": 560.0260983036103 + }, + { + "x": 1559.494691048792, + "y": 560.0260983036103 + }, + { + "x": 1559.494691048792, + "y": 1709.539778944578 + }, + { + "x": 134.2186174291603, + "y": 1709.539778944578 + } + ], + "category": "Index", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "About the Publisher vii\nAbout This Project ix\nAcknowledgments xi\nLABMANUAL\nExperiment #1: Hydrostatic Pressure 3\nExperiment #2: Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration 13\nExperiment #3: Energy Loss in Pipe Fittings 24\nExperiment #4: Energy Loss in Pipes 33\nExperiment #5: Impact of a Jet 43\nExperiment #6: Orifice and Free Jet Flow 50\nExperiment #7: Osborne Reynolds' Demonstration 59\nExperiment #8: Free and Forced Vortices 66\nExperiment #9: Flow Over Weirs 76\nExperiment #10: Pumps 84\nReferences 101\nLinks by Chapter 102\nImage Credits 104", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000109.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 148.69470458614356, + "y": 157.89577327039547 + }, + { + "x": 1550.5428799906836, + "y": 157.89577327039547 + }, + { + "x": 1550.5428799906836, + "y": 244.16335329529028 + }, + { + "x": 148.69470458614356, + "y": 244.16335329529028 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "the jet velocity can be assumed to remain constant. Therefore, the horizontal distance traveled by jet\n(x) in time (t) is equal to:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.17846298309186, + "y": 277.2185492477293 + }, + { + "x": 275.32527143335494, + "y": 277.2185492477293 + }, + { + "x": 275.32527143335494, + "y": 309.6256041030617 + }, + { + "x": 152.17846298309186, + "y": 309.6256041030617 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "x=v.t", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 343.3800866295529, + "y": 267.4964327911297 + }, + { + "x": 391.9906689125515, + "y": 267.4964327911297 + }, + { + "x": 391.9906689125515, + "y": 319.34772055966147 + }, + { + "x": 343.3800866295529, + "y": 319.34772055966147 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(7)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.17846298309183, + "y": 344.9332904114948 + }, + { + "x": 1547.5822354730358, + "y": 344.9332904114948 + }, + { + "x": 1547.5822354730358, + "y": 428.9515807771713 + }, + { + "x": 152.17846298309183, + "y": 428.9515807771713 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The vertical component of the trajectory of the jet will have a constant acceleration downward due to\nthe force of gravity. Therefore, at any time, t, the y-position of the jet may be calculated as:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 148.69470458614353, + "y": 453.15843978273705 + }, + { + "x": 299.64755143583346, + "y": 453.15843978273705 + }, + { + "x": 299.64755143583346, + "y": 513.4194921996774 + }, + { + "x": 148.69470458614353, + "y": 513.4194921996774 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "y=\\frac{1}{2}gt^2", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 367.92155164001025, + "y": 462.9039250893872 + }, + { + "x": 417.035734014552, + "y": 462.9039250893872 + }, + { + "x": 417.035734014552, + "y": 509.4331504968477 + }, + { + "x": 367.92155164001025, + "y": 509.4331504968477 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(8)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.1784629830918, + "y": 540.9783642199436 + }, + { + "x": 593.6407887547442, + "y": 540.9783642199436 + }, + { + "x": 593.6407887547442, + "y": 579.074749591113 + }, + { + "x": 152.1784629830918, + "y": 579.074749591113 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Rearranging Equation (8) gives:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.1784629830918, + "y": 612.775398188686 + }, + { + "x": 325.5008455653593, + "y": 612.775398188686 + }, + { + "x": 325.5008455653593, + "y": 668.4547306542413 + }, + { + "x": 152.1784629830918, + "y": 668.4547306542413 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "t=\\left(\\frac{2y}{g}\\right)^{0.5}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 400.2283707164994, + "y": 615.7058893710837 + }, + { + "x": 442.7204928612653, + "y": 615.7058893710837 + }, + { + "x": 442.7204928612653, + "y": 661.1285026982473 + }, + { + "x": 400.2283707164994, + "y": 661.1285026982473 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(9)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.1784629830918, + "y": 696.294396887019 + }, + { + "x": 1159.2255869574906, + "y": 696.294396887019 + }, + { + "x": 1159.2255869574906, + "y": 732.9255366669895 + }, + { + "x": 152.1784629830918, + "y": 732.9255366669895 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Substitution of t and v from Equations 9 and 2 into Equation 7 results in:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.53235698629564, + "y": 762.2304484909662 + }, + { + "x": 464.69917672924765, + "y": 762.2304484909662 + }, + { + "x": 464.69917672924765, + "y": 823.7707633213167 + }, + { + "x": 155.53235698629564, + "y": 823.7707633213167 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "x=C_v\\sqrt{2gh}\\left(\\frac{2y}{g}\\right)^{0.5}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 537.9614562891888, + "y": 769.5566764469603 + }, + { + "x": 602.4322623019372, + "y": 769.5566764469603 + }, + { + "x": 602.4322623019372, + "y": 814.9792897741238 + }, + { + "x": 537.9614562891888, + "y": 814.9792897741238 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(10)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.53235698629564, + "y": 850.1451839628957 + }, + { + "x": 768.0050141074042, + "y": 850.1451839628957 + }, + { + "x": 768.0050141074042, + "y": 888.241569334065 + }, + { + "x": 155.53235698629564, + "y": 888.241569334065 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Equations (10) can be rearranged to find Cv:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.1784629830918, + "y": 921.942217931638 + }, + 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"category": "Paragraph", + "id": 15, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Therefore, for steady flow conditions (i.e., constant h in the head tank), the value of Cv can be\ndetermined from the x, y coordinates of the jet trajectory. A graph of x plotted against √ will have\nyh\na slope of 2Cv.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.17846298309183, + "y": 1164.861445512843 + }, + { + "x": 1144.9469797148615, + "y": 1164.861445512843 + }, + { + "x": 1144.9469797148615, + "y": 1205.0602271643884 + }, + { + "x": 152.17846298309183, + "y": 1205.0602271643884 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 16, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "7.2. DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 148.69470458614347, + "y": 1239.2291915682017 + }, + { + "x": 1550.5428799906826, + "y": 1239.2291915682017 + }, + { + "x": 1550.5428799906826, + "y": 1325.6565721190243 + }, + { + "x": 148.69470458614347, + "y": 1325.6565721190243 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 17, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "If Cd is assumed to be constant, then a graph of Q plotted against √h (Equation 6) will be linear, and\nthe slope of this graph will be:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.17846298309183, + "y": 1355.805658357683 + }, + { + "x": 387.1999455832336, + "y": 1355.805658357683 + }, + { + "x": 387.1999455832336, + "y": 1404.0441963395372 + }, + { + "x": 152.17846298309183, + "y": 1404.0441963395372 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 18, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "s=C_dA_o\\sqrt{2g}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 450.05622234746806, + "y": 1355.8056583576831 + }, + { + "x": 519.4904815637736, + "y": 1355.8056583576831 + }, + { + "x": 519.4904815637736, + "y": 1401.6688137874007 + }, + { + "x": 450.05622234746806, + "y": 1401.6688137874007 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 19, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(12)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1011.300726865266, + "y": 2066.39488273457 + }, + { + "x": 1547.5822354730358, + "y": 2066.39488273457 + }, + { + "x": 1547.5822354730358, + "y": 2094.977459042884 + }, + { + "x": 1011.300726865266, + "y": 2094.977459042884 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 20, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "EXPERIMENT #6: ORIFICE AND FREE JET FLOW 53", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000110.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 145.14228615442312, + "y": 155.33651143909904 + }, + { + "x": 1554.4725940420922, + "y": 155.33651143909904 + }, + { + "x": 1554.4725940420922, + "y": 276.07677415325685 + }, + { + "x": 145.14228615442312, + "y": 276.07677415325685 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "in the flow. There is also a transitional stage between laminar and turbulent flows, in which the\ndye stream will wander about and show intermittent bursts of mixing, followed by a more laminar\nbehavior.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 149.3057434893941, + "y": 313.54789016799543 + }, + { + "x": 1448.3044320003332, + "y": 313.54789016799543 + }, + { + "x": 1448.3044320003332, + "y": 361.42764952016154 + }, + { + "x": 149.3057434893941, + "y": 361.42764952016154 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The Reynolds number (Re), provides a useful way of characterizing the flow. It is defined as:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 149.3057434893941, + "y": 380.16320752753086 + }, + { + "x": 301.27193621583405, + "y": 380.16320752753086 + }, + { + "x": 301.27193621583405, + "y": 440.53333888460975 + }, + { + "x": 149.3057434893941, + "y": 440.53333888460975 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Re=\\frac{vd}{\\nu}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 357.47861023794206, + "y": 392.6535795324436 + }, + { + "x": 409.521826925079, + "y": 392.6535795324436 + }, + { + "x": 409.521826925079, + "y": 434.2881528821533 + }, + { + "x": 357.47861023794206, + "y": 434.2881528821533 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(1)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.46920082436498, + "y": 467.595811561921 + }, + { + "x": 1544.063950704665, + "y": 467.595811561921 + }, + { + "x": 1544.063950704665, + "y": 550.86495826134 + }, + { + "x": 153.46920082436498, + "y": 550.86495826134 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "where (v) is the kinematic viscosity of the water (Figure 7.2), v is the mean flow velocity and d is the\ndiameter of the pipe.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 140.9788288194522, + "y": 580.0091596061369 + }, + { + "x": 1556.5543227095782, + "y": 580.0091596061369 + }, + { + "x": 1556.5543227095782, + "y": 706.9946083227511 + }, + { + "x": 140.9788288194522, + "y": 706.9946083227511 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The Reynolds number is a dimensionless parameter thatis the ratio of the inertial (destabilizing) force\nto the viscosity (stabilizing) force. As Re increases, the inertial force becomes relatively larger, and the\nflow destabilizes and becomes fully turbulent.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 147.2240148219086, + "y": 734.0570810000623 + }, + { + "x": 1548.2274080396362, + "y": 734.0570810000623 + }, + { + "x": 1548.2274080396362, + "y": 944.3116764160958 + }, + { + "x": 147.2240148219086, + "y": 944.3116764160958 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The Reynolds experiment determines the critical Reynolds number for pipe flow at which laminar\nflow (Re<2000) becomes transitional (20004000). The advantage of using a critical Reynolds number, instead of critical velocity, is that the\nresults of the experiments are applicable to all Newtonian fluid flows in pipes with a circular cross-\nsection.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.46920082436492, + "y": 967.2106917584356 + }, + { + "x": 1544.0639507046646, + "y": 967.2106917584356 + }, + { + "x": 1544.0639507046646, + "y": 1741.613756063034 + }, + { + "x": 153.46920082436492, + "y": 1741.613756063034 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "Temperature (degree C)Kinematic viscosity v (m2/s)Temperature (degree C)Kinematic viscosity v (m2/s)01.793E-06258.930E-0711.732E-06268.760E-0721.674E-06278.540E-0731.619E-06288.360E-0741.522E-06298.180E-0751.520E-06308.020E-0761.474E-06317.850E-0771.429E-06327.690E-0781.386E-06337.530E-0791.346E-06347.380E-07101.307E-06357.240E-07111.270E-06367.110E-07121.235E-06376.970E-07131.201E-06386.840E-07141.169E-06396.710E-07151.138E-06406.580E-07161.108E-06456.020E-07171.080E-06505.540E-07181.053E-06555.110E-07191.027E-06604.760E-07201.002E-06654.430E-07219.780E-07704.130E-07229.550E-07753.860E-07239.330E-07803.630E-07249.110E-07853.420E-07", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 145.14228615442312, + "y": 1766.5945000728598 + }, + { + "x": 811.2954597497762, + "y": 1766.5945000728598 + }, + { + "x": 811.2954597497762, + "y": 1814.4742594250256 + }, + { + "x": 145.14228615442312, + "y": 1814.4742594250256 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 7.2: Kinematic Viscosity of Water atAtmospheric Pressure.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 902.8915211191372, + "y": 2070.52688552574 + }, + { + "x": 1544.0639507046635, + "y": 2070.52688552574 + }, + { + "x": 1544.0639507046635, + "y": 2097.5893582030512 + }, + { + "x": 902.8915211191372, + "y": 2097.5893582030512 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "EXPERIMENT #7: OSBORNE REYNOLDS' DEMONSTRATION 61", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000111.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 157.7331488795569, + "y": 169.14367145022686 + }, + { + "x": 1541.136472453998, + "y": 169.14367145022686 + }, + { + "x": 1541.136472453998, + "y": 909.1035887109743 + }, + { + "x": 157.7331488795569, + "y": 909.1035887109743 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "b)\n24 mm ⌀\n8 mm ⌀ 16 mm ⌀\na)\nCylindrical vessel\n3-way valve\nOutlet valve\nc) d)\nInlet pipe\n15-degree angled tubes 60-degree angled tubes", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 146.378265238727, + "y": 967.7704875219288 + }, + { + "x": 1454.0823645409691, + "y": 967.7704875219288 + }, + { + "x": 1454.0823645409691, + "y": 1034.0073087601031 + }, + { + "x": 146.378265238727, + "y": 1034.0073087601031 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 8.1:a) P6238 CUSSONS free and forced vortex apparatus, b) push-in orifices, c) free vortex measuring caliper, d) force vortex\nmeasuring probes", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 148.27074584553196, + "y": 1075.641882109813 + }, + { + "x": 337.5188065260301, + "y": 1075.641882109813 + }, + { + "x": 337.5188065260301, + "y": 1111.5990136391076 + }, + { + "x": 148.27074584553196, + "y": 1111.5990136391076 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "7. THEORY", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.94818766594688, + "y": 1143.7711839547924 + }, + { + "x": 1556.276317308438, + "y": 1143.7711839547924 + }, + { + "x": 1556.276317308438, + "y": 1272.4598652175307 + }, + { + "x": 153.94818766594688, + "y": 1272.4598652175307 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Two types of vortices are distinguished in the dynamics of the motion: forced and free vortices. The\nforced vortex is caused by external forces on the fluid, such as the impeller of a pump, and the free\nvortex naturally occurs in the flow and can be observed in a drain or in the atmosphere of a tornado.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.94818766594688, + "y": 1308.4169967468254 + }, + { + "x": 477.5623714295987, + "y": 1308.4169967468254 + }, + { + "x": 477.5623714295987, + "y": 1355.7290119169502 + }, + { + "x": 153.94818766594688, + "y": 1355.7290119169502 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "7.1. FREE VORTEX", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 150.16322645233691, + "y": 1376.546298591805 + }, + { + "x": 1548.706394881218, + "y": 1376.546298591805 + }, + { + "x": 1548.706394881218, + "y": 1505.2349798545438 + }, + { + "x": 150.16322645233691, + "y": 1505.2349798545438 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "A free vortex is formed when water flows out of a vessel through a central hole in the base (Figure 8.2).\nThe degree of the rotation depends on the initial disturbance. In a free cylindrical vortex, the velocity\nvaries inversely with the distance from the axis of rotation (Figure 8.3).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 150.16322645233691, + "y": 1529.8372277430085 + }, + { + "x": 263.71206286063585, + "y": 1529.8372277430085 + }, + { + "x": 263.71206286063585, + "y": 1590.396607160768 + }, + { + "x": 150.16322645233691, + "y": 1590.396607160768 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "v=\\frac{k}{r}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 324.2714422783952, + "y": 1537.4071501702283 + }, + { + "x": 373.4759380553248, + "y": 1537.4071501702283 + }, + { + "x": 373.4759380553248, + "y": 1584.719165340353 + }, + { + "x": 324.2714422783952, + "y": 1584.719165340353 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(1)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 144.485784631922, + "y": 1611.2138938356225 + }, + { + "x": 1293.2215129625454, + "y": 1611.2138938356225 + }, + { + "x": 1293.2215129625454, + "y": 1662.3108702193572 + }, + { + "x": 144.485784631922, + "y": 1662.3108702193572 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The equation governing the surface profile is derived from the Bernoulli's theorem:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 136.91586220470208, + "y": 1685.020637501017 + }, + { + "x": 343.19624834644486, + "y": 1685.020637501017 + }, + { + "x": 343.19624834644486, + "y": 1749.364978132386 + }, + { + "x": 136.91586220470208, + "y": 1749.364978132386 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\\frac{v^2}{2g}+z=C", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 405.6481083710094, + "y": 1692.5905599282369 + }, + { + "x": 464.31500718196384, + "y": 1692.5905599282369 + }, + { + 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"id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\\frac{k^2}{2gr^2}+z=C", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 432.14283686627925, + "y": 1855.3438921134652 + }, + { + "x": 481.34733264320863, + "y": 1855.3438921134652 + }, + { + "x": 481.34733264320863, + "y": 1900.7634266767848 + }, + { + "x": 432.14283686627925, + "y": 1900.7634266767848 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 13, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(3)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.05570705914192, + "y": 1938.6130388128845 + }, + { + "x": 199.3677222292665, + "y": 1938.6130388128845 + }, + { + "x": 199.3677222292665, + "y": 1972.677689735374 + }, + { + "x": 152.05570705914192, + "y": 1972.677689735374 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 14, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "or:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 146.37826523872695, + "y": 2065.409239468818 + }, + { + "x": 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581.4623446725462, + "y": 252.90230292955303 + }, + { + "x": 213.79688247142408, + "y": 252.90230292955303 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Record the reading as h.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 210.2628301840745, + "y": 268.85894037029703 + }, + { + "x": 1511.1779975774375, + "y": 268.85894037029703 + }, + { + "x": 1511.1779975774375, + "y": 355.7557379653793 + }, + { + "x": 210.2628301840745, + "y": 355.7557379653793 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Turn on the pump, and slightly adjust the flow until the water level coincides with the point\ngauge. Check that the level has stabilized before taking readings.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 210.2628301840745, + "y": 372.79432572912094 + }, + { + "x": 925.0505785047252, + "y": 372.79432572912094 + }, + { + "x": 925.0505785047252, + "y": 413.6869363621008 + }, + { + "x": 210.2628301840745, + "y": 413.6869363621008 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Measure the flow rate using the volumetric tank.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 210.2628301840745, + "y": 430.72552412584247 + }, + { + "x": 994.908788336066, + "y": 430.72552412584247 + }, + { + "x": 994.908788336066, + "y": 473.3219935351965 + }, + { + "x": 210.2628301840745, + "y": 473.3219935351965 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Observe the shape of the nappe and take pictures of it.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 150.7344673966661, + "y": 502.7554791089742 + }, + { + "x": 1549.9386070850271, + "y": 502.7554791089742 + }, + { + "x": 1549.9386070850271, + "y": 670.6599758715776 + }, + { + "x": 150.7344673966661, + "y": 670.6599758715776 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Note: The surface of the water will fall as it approaches the weir. This is particularly noticeable at high\nflow rates by high heads. To obtain an accurate measurement of the undisturbed water level above the\ncrest of the weir, it is necessary to place the measuring gauge at a distance of at least three times the\nhead above the weir.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 208.25730425052097, + "y": 701.7534011979856 + }, + { + "x": 1543.7199220197454, + "y": 701.7534011979856 + }, + { + "x": 1543.7199220197454, + "y": 875.8765830258706 + }, + { + "x": 208.25730425052097, + "y": 875.8765830258706 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Increase the flow by opening the bench regulating valve to set the heads above the datum level\nin 10 mm increments until the regulating valve is fully open. Take care not to allow spillage to\noccur over the plate top that is adjacent to the notch. At each condition, measure the flow rate\nand observe the shape of the nappe.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 149.17979613034572, + "y": 908.5246796185992 + }, + { + "x": 1545.2745932860655, + "y": 908.5246796185992 + }, + { + "x": 1545.2745932860655, + "y": 994.031599266221 + }, + { + "x": 149.17979613034572, + "y": 994.031599266221 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Note: To obtain a sufficiently accurate result, collect around 25 liters of water each time, or collect the\nwater for at least 120 seconds.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 202.03861918523933, + "y": 1025.125024592629 + }, + { + "x": 1432.5347115643622, + "y": 1025.125024592629 + }, + { + "x": 1432.5347115643622, + "y": 1060.738420940881 + }, + { + "x": 202.03861918523933, + "y": 1060.738420940881 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Close the regulating valve, stop the pump, and then replace the weir with the V-notch.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 202.03861918523933, + "y": 1081.5998690752444 + }, + { + "x": 1449.919251676332, + "y": 1081.5998690752444 + }, + { + "x": 1449.919251676332, + "y": 1165.0456616127 + }, + { + "x": 202.03861918523933, + "y": 1165.0456616127 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Repeat the experiment with the V-notch weir plate, but with 5 mm increments in water\nsurface elevation.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 202.03861918523933, + "y": 1185.9071097470635 + }, + { + "x": 1029.2133809666625, + "y": 1185.9071097470635 + }, + { + "x": 1029.2133809666625, + "y": 1224.1530979933973 + }, + { + "x": 202.03861918523933, + "y": 1224.1530979933973 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Collect seven head and discharge readings for each weir.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 618.6905185591066, + "y": 1252.1070294754077 + }, + { + "x": 1078.8732133899457, + "y": 1252.1070294754077 + }, + { + "x": 1078.8732133899457, + "y": 1861.5381658730048 + }, + { + "x": 618.6905185591066, + "y": 1861.5381658730048 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 309.31093656134703, + "y": 1886.4129061341312 + }, + { + "x": 1057.10781566146, + "y": 1886.4129061341312 + }, + { + "x": 1057.10781566146, + "y": 1922.1703452595011 + }, + { + "x": 309.31093656134703, + "y": 1922.1703452595011 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 9.3: Position of the notch and Vernier height gauge to set the datum.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 147.62512486402528, + "y": 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"y": 101.35220524234576 + }, + { + "x": 1483.2226387704063, + "y": 101.35220524234576 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "BIO181", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 90.71203369539272, + "y": 209.34380760687128 + }, + { + "x": 419.43841731425647, + "y": 209.34380760687128 + }, + { + "x": 419.43841731425647, + "y": 241.81061092725287 + }, + { + "x": 90.71203369539272, + "y": 241.81061092725287 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Table of Contents", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 83.65633461127823, + "y": 300.7312978788684 + }, + { + "x": 1617.077273995356, + "y": 300.7312978788684 + }, + { + "x": 1617.077273995356, + "y": 2101.8535053443647 + }, + { + "x": 83.65633461127823, + "y": 2101.8535053443647 + } + ], + "category": "Index", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Measurement Lab worksheet...................................................................................... 3\nScientific Method Lab.................................................................................................. 6\nChemistry of the Cell ~ But this is biology!........................................... 9\nBiological Macromolecules and Their Indicators............................. 10\nWorksheet for Chemistry of the Cell ....................................................... 12\nHow molecules move in a liquid............................................................................. 12\nHow molecules move in a solid.............................................................................. 12\nIntroduction to Light Microscopes:........................................................................... 16\nCellularBiology.........................................................................................................32\nA cell is the smallest unit of life known to our planet................... 33\nCellular Microscopy ......................................................................................... 34\nViewing prepared slides under a microscope. ................................ 34\nViewing live cells under a microscope. .............................................. 34\nCellular Biology Worksheet ....................................................................................... 35\nOsmosis and Diffusion ............................................................................................... 39\nEnzymatic Activity Lab.............................................................................................. 45\nCellular Respiration Lab............................................................................................ 49\nPhotosynthesis Lab ................................................................................................... 61\nObserving Stomata, Guard Cells and Chloroplasts............................................. 65\nCellular Replication ................................................................................................... 66\nGrowth and the Creation of Life......................................................................... 66\nVisualizing the Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis............................................. 67\nWhen it all goes wrong........................................................................................ 68\nCellular Replication Worksheet ......................................................................... 69\nMammalian Gametogenesis ..............................................................................\n72\nGenetic Crosses......................................................................................................... 75\nMENDELIAN GENETICS, PROBABILITY, PEDIGREES AND CHI-SQUARE STATISTICS . 80\nChi-Square Data Table................................................................................................... 92", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 842.1535377630814, + "y": 2130.671545580281 + }, + { + "x": 855.8985358129855, + "y": 2130.671545580281 + }, + { + "x": 855.8985358129855, + "y": 2156.443416923851 + }, + { + "x": 842.1535377630814, + "y": 2156.443416923851 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000114.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 126.50757412580248, + "y": 61.06662282142516 + }, + { + "x": 604.1754179769168, + "y": 61.06662282142516 + }, + { + "x": 604.1754179769168, + "y": 100.12824556625928 + }, + { + "x": 126.50757412580248, + "y": 100.12824556625928 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1484.9813203084211, + "y": 67.52726587864998 + }, + { + "x": 1606.7745852118946, + "y": 67.52726587864998 + }, + { + "x": 1606.7745852118946, + "y": 100.12824556625928 + }, + { + "x": 1484.9813203084211, + "y": 100.12824556625928 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "BIO181", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 113.96414717026096, + "y": 163.0990171304622 + }, + { + "x": 1620.9346200886544, + "y": 163.0990171304622 + }, + { + "x": 1620.9346200886544, + "y": 805.5127247092196 + }, + { + "x": 113.96414717026096, + "y": 805.5127247092196 + } + ], + "category": "Index", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Genetics Lab - Blood Disorders .............................................................................. 94\nHuman Traits Governed by Mendelian Genetics................................................... 97\n1. Record your phenotype and genotype for the following Mendelian traits:.. 97\nHuman Traits not Governed by Mendelian Genetics ............................................ 98\nHuman Genetics Problems ................................................................................... 100\nPedigree Analysis ................................................................................................. 102\nPractice Problems................................................................................................. 102\nLab Materials......................................................................................................... 104\nContributors and Attributions .............................................................................. 104\nFrom Gene to Protein via Transcription and Translation.................................... 105", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 839.584358239737, + "y": 2130.263545535073 + }, + { + "x": 859.3212003450002, + "y": 2130.263545535073 + }, + { + "x": 859.3212003450002, + "y": 2156.2503876403366 + }, + { + "x": 839.584358239737, + "y": 2156.2503876403366 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "2", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000115.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 221.824843349918, + "y": 106.79892582800755 + }, + { + "x": 706.8676228740344, + "y": 106.79892582800755 + }, + { + "x": 706.8676228740344, + "y": 150.51522784520262 + }, + { + "x": 221.824843349918, + "y": 150.51522784520262 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1377.184253804359, + "y": 113.044111830464 + }, + { + "x": 1506.2514311884588, + "y": 113.044111830464 + }, + { + "x": 1506.2514311884588, + "y": 150.51522784520262 + }, + { + "x": 1377.184253804359, + "y": 150.51522784520262 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "BIO181", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 242.64213002477285, + "y": 202.55844453233956 + }, + { + "x": 1435.472656493952, + "y": 202.55844453233956 + }, + { + "x": 1435.472656493952, + "y": 281.82349154679855 + }, + { + "x": 242.64213002477285, + "y": 281.82349154679855 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "5. Sample problem: If the ocular has a 10x lens and the objective has a 45x lens the total\nmagnification is 10 x 45 = 450x", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.7623706726068, + "y": 306.6448779066135 + }, + { + "x": 504.9399421279431, + "y": 306.6448779066135 + }, + { + "x": 504.9399421279431, + "y": 350.36117992380866 + }, + { + "x": 194.7623706726068, + "y": 350.36117992380866 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Changing objectives:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 242.64213002477285, + "y": 371.17846659866336 + }, + { + "x": 1410.4919124841267, + "y": 371.17846659866336 + }, + { + "x": 1410.4919124841267, + "y": 448.2024272956262 + }, + { + "x": 242.64213002477285, + "y": 448.2024272956262 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1. When changing objectives from scanning power to lower power to high power the\nfollowing changes will occur:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 344.64683473156134, + "y": 454.44761329808256 + }, + { + "x": 1377.184253804359, + "y": 454.44761329808256 + }, + { + "x": 1377.184253804359, + "y": 718.8271540687385 + }, + { + "x": 344.64683473156134, + "y": 718.8271540687385 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "a. The size of the field of view decreases\nb. The field of view becomes darker\nc. The size of the image increases\nd. The resolution (ability to see detail) increases\ne. The working distance between the slide and the objective lens decreases\nf. The depth of focus (thickness of the specimen that is visible) is reduced", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 240.5604013572874, + "y": 722.9906114037093 + }, + { + "x": 1479.1889585111476, + "y": 722.9906114037093 + }, + { + "x": 1479.1889585111476, + "y": 804.178029435643 + }, + { + "x": 240.5604013572874, + "y": 804.178029435643 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "2. When changing from scanning to low power the field of view gets smaller. In fact, every\ntime you increase the power of the objective, the field gets smaller.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 186.43545600266492, + "y": 889.5289048025477 + }, + { + "x": 667.3147781918105, + "y": 889.5289048025477 + }, + { + "x": 667.3147781918105, + "y": 933.2452068197427 + }, + { + "x": 186.43545600266492, + "y": 933.2452068197427 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Steps for Using the Microscope:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 236.3969440223164, + "y": 954.0624934945976 + }, + { + "x": 1487.5158731810895, + "y": 954.0624934945976 + }, + { + "x": 1487.5158731810895, + "y": 1033.1681828590458 + }, + { + "x": 236.3969440223164, + "y": 1033.1681828590458 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1. Place the slide on the stage lining it up with the rectangle and using the stage clip to hold\nit in place.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 296.7670753793953, + "y": 1043.5768261964731 + }, + { + "x": 865.0790016029312, + "y": 1043.5768261964731 + }, + { + "x": 865.0790016029312, + "y": 1472.4129316984818 + }, + { + "x": 296.7670753793953, + "y": 1472.4129316984818 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Plan", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 245.44644219667455, + "y": 1559.4498352423584 + }, + { + "x": 1497.9245165185168, + "y": 1559.4498352423584 + }, + { + "x": 1497.9245165185168, + "y": 1960.311636501959 + }, + { + "x": 245.44644219667455, + "y": 1960.311636501959 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "2. Click the nosepiece to the lowest (shortest) setting, the scanning objective lens or 4x.\n3. Look into the eyepiece.\n4. Use the coarse adjustment knob to bring the specimen into view. The specimen must be\nin focus before moving to the next steps.\n5. Rotate the nosepiece to the low-power objective or 10x.\n6. Refocus using the coarse adjustment knob.\n7. Move the slide to get a centered view.\n8. Now use the fine adjustment knob to get the specimen in perfect focus.\n9. Your slide MUST be focused on low power before attempting this next step.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 830.8672052580081, + "y": 2031.6585830013703 + }, + { + "x": 870.3926759879374, + "y": 2031.6585830013703 + }, + { + "x": 870.3926759879374, + "y": 2063.706261971583 + }, + { + "x": 830.8672052580081, + "y": 2063.706261971583 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "20", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000116.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 218.5855519913428, + "y": 110.73488292796816 + }, + { + "x": 692.4588382043877, + "y": 110.73488292796816 + }, + { + "x": 692.4588382043877, + "y": 146.33676194397412 + }, + { + "x": 218.5855519913428, + "y": 146.33676194397412 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1377.4711289708862, + "y": 115.55599172446894 + }, + { + "x": 1500.3271860820762, + "y": 115.55599172446894 + }, + { + "x": 1500.3271860820762, + "y": 147.12295978288603 + }, + { + "x": 1377.4711289708862, + "y": 147.12295978288603 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "BIO181", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 237.25330937859496, + "y": 205.0081358970254 + }, + { + "x": 1255.6375378757552, + "y": 205.0081358970254 + }, + { + "x": 1255.6375378757552, + "y": 625.0900386262773 + }, + { + "x": 237.25330937859496, + "y": 625.0900386262773 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Transfer pipettes\n· Test tube rack\n· 4 large (20 ml) test tubes or small Erlenmeyer flasks for larger volumes\n· Large plastic tray\n· Masking tape or lab tape\n· Large weigh boat (4/group)\n· Metric ruler\n· Electronic balance\n· Spatula\n· Weigh paper\n· Red food coloring (optional)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 196.9915810252338, + "y": 657.0166452759548 + }, + { + "x": 675.1023652439939, + "y": 657.0166452759548 + }, + { + "x": 675.1023652439939, + "y": 1293.183247560055 + }, + { + "x": 196.9915810252338, + "y": 1293.183247560055 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 674.2073490101868, + "y": 1267.9923175414033 + }, + { + "x": 1003.9216411286168, + "y": 1267.9923175414033 + }, + { + "x": 1003.9216411286168, + "y": 1302.2158263435697 + }, + { + "x": 674.2073490101868, + "y": 1302.2158263435697 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 3. Saccharometer", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 294.71114326813756, + "y": 1426.741860008785 + }, + { + "x": 1402.052345765978, + "y": 1426.741860008785 + }, + { + "x": 1402.052345765978, + "y": 1499.6643294415696 + }, + { + "x": 294.71114326813756, + "y": 1499.6643294415696 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Table 2. Contents of Saccharometers when testing fermentation with various yeast\nconcentrations.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 202.88284842685331, + "y": 1509.1172421458195 + }, + { + "x": 1438.5135804823703, + "y": 1509.1172421458195 + }, + { + "x": 1438.5135804823703, + "y": 1734.636730947209 + }, + { + "x": 202.88284842685331, + "y": 1734.636730947209 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "SaccharometerDI WaterGlucose SolutionYeast Suspension1*8 ml*6 ml0 ml2*12 ml0 ml*2 ml3*6 ml*6 ml*2 ml4*2 ml*6 ml*6 ml", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.61830189113755, + "y": 1777.4314171754486 + }, + { + "x": 1470.626475354808, + "y": 1777.4314171754486 + }, + { + "x": 1470.626475354808, + "y": 1857.646133551512 + }, + { + "x": 194.61830189113755, + "y": 1857.646133551512 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "*Double these amounts if using saccharometers that have a 15-cm vertical tube. See table\nbelow", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 202.88284842685331, + "y": 1902.763535472796 + }, + { + "x": 1071.03835118516, + "y": 1902.763535472796 + }, + { + "x": 1071.03835118516, + "y": 1985.3954966689455 + }, + { + "x": 202.88284842685331, + "y": 1985.3954966689455 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "SaccharometerDI WaterGlucose SolutionYeast Suspension116 ml12 ml0 ml", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 843.85543464951, + "y": 2140.4959549226433 + }, + { + "x": 869.0104992055908, + "y": 2140.4959549226433 + }, + { + "x": 869.0104992055908, + "y": 2169.4623928963124 + }, + { + "x": 843.85543464951, + "y": 2169.4623928963124 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "58", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000117.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 216.4588784557644, + "y": 110.87745023254836 + }, + { + "x": 691.2222320863839, + "y": 110.87745023254836 + }, + { + "x": 691.2222320863839, + "y": 151.3862688017138 + }, + { + "x": 216.4588784557644, + "y": 151.3862688017138 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1378.8035177867705, + "y": 114.25590555825696 + }, + { + "x": 1503.0148225844468, + "y": 114.25590555825696 + }, + { + "x": 1503.0148225844468, + "y": 147.79295785362962 + }, + { + "x": 1378.8035177867705, + "y": 147.79295785362962 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "BIO181", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 202.0625743794064, + "y": 205.89254766031195 + }, + { + "x": 1075.9098786828422, + "y": 205.89254766031195 + }, + { + "x": 1075.9098786828422, + "y": 390.0215761081053 + }, + { + "x": 202.0625743794064, + "y": 390.0215761081053 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "SaccharometerDI WaterGlucose SolutionYeast Suspension224 ml0 ml4 ml312 ml12 ml4 ml44 ml12 ml12 ml", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 197.23784383116055, + "y": 509.2408569727099 + }, + { + "x": 801.370643833423, + "y": 509.2408569727099 + }, + { + "x": 801.370643833423, + "y": 549.2202334434478 + }, + { + "x": 197.23784383116055, + "y": 549.2202334434478 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Employing Steps in the Scientific Method:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 246.6771113168384, + "y": 586.2304177453209 + }, + { + "x": 1182.6499302102714, + "y": 586.2304177453209 + }, + { + "x": 1182.6499302102714, + "y": 630.3160939975477 + }, + { + "x": 246.6771113168384, + "y": 630.3160939975477 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1. Record the Question that is being investigated in this experiment.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 246.6771113168384, + "y": 699.835814241444 + }, + { + "x": 992.74240173914, + "y": 699.835814241444 + }, + { + "x": 992.74240173914, + "y": 743.921490493671 + }, + { + "x": 246.6771113168384, + "y": 743.921490493671 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "2. Record a Hypothesis for the question stated above.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 241.5903025185045, + "y": 815.1368136703452 + }, + { + "x": 1257.2564592525016, + "y": 815.1368136703452 + }, + { + "x": 1257.2564592525016, + "y": 857.5268869897942 + }, + { + "x": 241.5903025185045, + "y": 857.5268869897942 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "3. Predict the results of the experiment based on your hypothesis (if/then).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 244.9815083840604, + "y": 932.1334160320245 + }, + { + "x": 1006.3072252013636, + "y": 932.1334160320245 + }, + { + "x": 1006.3072252013636, + "y": 971.1322834859174 + }, + { + "x": 244.9815083840604, + "y": 971.1322834859174 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "4. Perform the experiment below and collect your data.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 193.12659350534457, + "y": 1014.0030786175064 + }, + { + "x": 366.12964755880415, + "y": 1014.0030786175064 + }, + { + "x": 366.12964755880415, + "y": 1047.8634612874723 + }, + { + "x": 193.12659350534457, + "y": 1047.8634612874723 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Procedure:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 246.6771113168384, + "y": 1086.579255850672 + }, + { + "x": 1508.3346016504686, + "y": 1086.579255850672 + }, + { + "x": 1508.3346016504686, + "y": 1473.8643589461074 + }, + { + "x": 246.6771113168384, + "y": 1473.8643589461074 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1. Prepare yeast suspension: Add 7 grams yeast to 50 ml warm tap water. Stir to mix.\nAlternatively, you can use the yeast suspension from Part 2. Optional: Add a few drops of\nred food coloring to the yeast to increase contrast, allowing easier measuring of the\nheight of yeast in saccharometers.\n2. Label 4 test tubes and 4 saccharometers # 1- 4. Use a transfer pipette to add the\nappropriate amount of glucose and distilled water listed in Table 2 to the corresponding\nlabeled test tubes.\n3. Use a transfer pipette to add the appropriate amount of yeast solution listed in Table 1 to\nthe corresponding labeled test tubes. It is important to work carefully and quickly after\nadding the yeast solution to the glucose and water.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 246.6771113168384, + "y": 1508.7780852642572 + }, + { + "x": 1327.4282099507038, + "y": 1508.7780852642572 + }, + { + "x": 1327.4282099507038, + "y": 1587.7933606158597 + }, + { + "x": 246.6771113168384, + "y": 1587.7933606158597 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "4. Carefully pour the contents of the test tubes into the correspondingly labeled\nsaccharometer, ensuring that the solutions are well mixed.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 246.6771113168384, + "y": 1619.0319578478882 + }, + { + "x": 1481.7836315677869, + "y": 1619.0319578478882 + }, + { + "x": 1481.7836315677869, + "y": 1705.3974913717325 + }, + { + "x": 246.6771113168384, + "y": 1705.3974913717325 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "5. Carefully tilt the saccharometers to allow any air bubbles that are trapped in the arms of\nthe vertical tube to escape.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 246.6771113168384, + "y": 1738.473653146822 + }, + { + "x": 1503.0148225844473, + "y": 1738.473653146822 + }, + { + "x": 1503.0148225844473, + "y": 1857.9153484457556 + }, + { + "x": 246.6771113168384, + "y": 1857.9153484457556 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "6. Begin the timer for the experiment and measure the size of any bubbles (in mm) that are\ntrapped in the vertical arms of the saccharometers. Record this measurement as the 0 time\npoint.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 246.6771113168384, + "y": 1892.8290747639053 + }, + { + "x": 1461.5704215941214, + "y": 1892.8290747639053 + }, + { + "x": 1461.5704215941214, + "y": 1973.681914658568 + }, + { + "x": 246.6771113168384, + "y": 1973.681914658568 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 13, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "7. Position the saccharometers on the large plastic tray, positioning them around a plastic\nweigh boat to catch any fermentation overflow that may occur.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 838.400242678484, + "y": 2138.7119728803004 + }, + { + "x": 874.3937740746446, + "y": 2138.7119728803004 + }, + { + "x": 874.3937740746446, + "y": 2170.3426519860172 + }, + { + "x": 838.400242678484, + "y": 2170.3426519860172 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 14, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "59", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000118.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 214.05510515924797, + "y": 107.90539886519235 + }, + { + "x": 695.2653211968228, + "y": 107.90539886519235 + }, + { + "x": 695.2653211968228, + "y": 153.9983314358413 + }, + { + "x": 214.05510515924797, + "y": 153.9983314358413 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1377.4407232424264, + "y": 111.59283347084428 + }, + { + "x": 1504.6572171374175, + "y": 111.59283347084428 + }, + { + "x": 1504.6572171374175, + "y": 153.9983314358413 + }, + { + "x": 1377.4407232424264, + "y": 153.9983314358413 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "BIO181", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 669.4532789572593, + "y": 205.62241591496803 + }, + { + "x": 1025.2907184026687, + "y": 205.62241591496803 + }, + { + "x": 1025.2907184026687, + "y": 253.55906578844292 + }, + { + "x": 669.4532789572593, + "y": 253.55906578844292 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Cellular Replication", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 105.2757842925165, + "y": 271.9962388167025 + }, + { + "x": 1233.630773622002, + "y": 271.9962388167025 + }, + { + "x": 1233.630773622002, + "y": 970.76509658774 + }, + { + "x": 105.2757842925165, + "y": 970.76509658774 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 191.93049752533648, + "y": 1015.0143118555628 + }, + { + "x": 842.762705422899, + "y": 1015.0143118555628 + }, + { + "x": 842.762705422899, + "y": 1064.7946790318638 + }, + { + "x": 191.93049752533648, + "y": 1064.7946790318638 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Growth and the Creation of Life", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 212.21138785642196, + "y": 1094.2941558770794 + }, + { + "x": 1111.9454316354884, + "y": 1094.2941558770794 + }, + { + "x": 1111.9454316354884, + "y": 1995.871916958972 + }, + { + "x": 212.21138785642196, + "y": 1995.871916958972 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "One of the characteristics of living things is the ability\nto replicate and passon genetic information to the next\ngeneration. Cell division in individual bacteria and\narchaea usually occurs by binary fission. Mitochondria\nand chloroplasts also replicate by binary fission, which\nis evidence of the evolutionary relationship between\nthese organelles and prokaryotes.\nCell division in eukaryotes is more complex. It requires\nthe cell to manage acomplicated process of duplicating\nthe nucleus, other organelles, and multiple linear\nchromosomes. It is controlled in the cell cycle, which is\ndivided into three parts: interphase, mitosis, and\ncytokinesis. We spilt those further for ease of study.\nLet's start with interphase, which is broken into three\nstages. In the first growth phase (G1), the cell grows and\nprepares to duplicate its DNA. In the synthesis phase\n(S), the chromosomes are replicated. In the second\ngrowth phase (G2), the cell prepares to divide.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1308.8879617100802, + "y": 298.3568250471894 + }, + { + "x": 1551.1615577012594, + "y": 298.3568250471894 + }, + { + "x": 1551.1615577012594, + "y": 546.7253542708513 + }, + { + "x": 1308.8879617100802, + "y": 546.7253542708513 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Growth\nM\nand\nand G2 G1 normal\npreparation metabolic\nfor maosis S\nrolea\nDNA\nreplication", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1272.318362315185, + "y": 674.7189521529839 + }, + { + "x": 1534.400491311933, + "y": 674.7189521529839 + }, + { + "x": 1534.400491311933, + "y": 752.4293508671358 + }, + { + "x": 1272.318362315185, + "y": 752.4293508671358 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Cellular Cycle\nand Replication", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1301.269295169477, + "y": 819.4736164244432 + }, + { + "x": 1543.5428911606564, + "y": 819.4736164244432 + }, + { + "x": 1543.5428911606564, + "y": 1063.2709457237431 + }, + { + "x": 1301.269295169477, + "y": 1063.2709457237431 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1275.3658289314262, + "y": 1134.8864112054123 + }, + { + "x": 1555.7327576256212, + "y": 1134.8864112054123 + }, + { + "x": 1555.7327576256212, + "y": 1308.592008331164 + }, + { + "x": 1275.3658289314262, + "y": 1308.592008331164 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "A step by step\nguide to growing a\nhuman!", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1299.7455618613565, + "y": 1349.732807650421 + }, + { + "x": 1548.1140910850183, + "y": 1349.732807650421 + }, + { + "x": 1548.1140910850183, + "y": 1588.9589370253589 + }, + { + "x": 1299.7455618613565, + "y": 1588.9589370253589 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1272.318362315185, + "y": 1599.6250701822032 + }, + { + "x": 1474.9748922952283, + "y": 1599.6250701822032 + }, + { + "x": 1474.9748922952283, + "y": 1665.1456024313904 + }, + { + "x": 1272.318362315185, + "y": 1665.1456024313904 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Mitosis and\nMeiosis", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1273.8420956233058, + "y": 1692.5728019775618 + }, + { + "x": 1551.16155770126, + "y": 1692.5728019775618 + }, + { + "x": 1551.16155770126, + "y": 1825.1375997840555 + }, + { + "x": 1273.8420956233058, + "y": 1825.1375997840555 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Similiar processes\nwith VERY different\nresults!", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 835.0069028845658, + "y": 2137.5029279487844 + }, + { + "x": 874.6239688957019, + "y": 2137.5029279487844 + }, + { + "x": 874.6239688957019, + "y": 2172.548794035559 + }, + { + "x": 835.0069028845658, + "y": 2172.548794035559 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 13, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "66", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000119.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 189.1687657430732, + "y": 99.74811083123426 + }, + { + "x": 685.1385390428211, + "y": 99.74811083123426 + }, + { + "x": 685.1385390428211, + "y": 149.6221662468514 + }, + { + "x": 189.1687657430732, + "y": 149.6221662468514 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1352.8967254408062, + "y": 105.28967254408062 + }, + { + "x": 1494.206549118388, + "y": 105.28967254408062 + }, + { + "x": 1494.206549118388, + "y": 149.6221662468514 + }, + { + "x": 1352.8967254408062, + "y": 149.6221662468514 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "BIO181", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 247.3551637279597, + "y": 196.72544080604536 + }, + { + "x": 1100.7556675062972, + "y": 196.72544080604536 + }, + { + "x": 1100.7556675062972, + "y": 235.51637279596977 + }, + { + "x": 247.3551637279597, + "y": 235.51637279596977 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "chromosome. Meiosis and mitosis are both nuclear divisions", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 251.8475341923937, + "y": 282.60507525449134 + }, + { + "x": 1373.899285967067, + "y": 282.60507525449134 + }, + { + "x": 1373.899285967067, + "y": 359.6290359514541 + }, + { + "x": 251.8475341923937, + "y": 359.6290359514541 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "that result in new daughter cells. However, the two processes have significant\ndifferences. Fill out the following chart comparing the two forms of nuclear division.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 283.0734642046757, + "y": 451.2250973208151 + }, + { + "x": 1699.999999999999, + "y": 451.2250973208151 + }, + { + "x": 1699.999999999999, + "y": 965.4120781897284 + }, + { + "x": 283.0734642046757, + "y": 965.4120781897284 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "Mitosis (begins with a single cell)Meiosis (begins with a single cell)# chromosomes in parent cells# DNA replications# nuclear divisions# daughter cells producedpurpose", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 212.2946895101694, + "y": 1046.599496221662 + }, + { + "x": 1475.9039906738549, + "y": 1046.599496221662 + }, + { + "x": 1475.9039906738549, + "y": 1215.219518287986 + }, + { + "x": 212.2946895101694, + "y": 1215.219518287986 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "5. Using your beads, strings, and magnets recreate the process of meiosis. Ensuring you\nhave two different colored beads, demonstrate the process of crossing over. When you\nthink you have it down, flag your instructor over. Have them sign off on your handiwork.\nInstructor signature:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 216.4581468451405, + "y": 1321.3876803297455 + }, + { + "x": 1482.149176676312, + "y": 1321.3876803297455 + }, + { + "x": 1482.149176676312, + "y": 1585.7672211004017 + }, + { + "x": 216.4581468451405, + "y": 1585.7672211004017 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "6. By now hopefully you've noticed that these processes are denoted with \"2n\" and \"n\" in\nvarious places. This is a reference to the number of sets of chromosomes that cell has at\nany given moment. Autosomal human cells are 2n. Gametes are 1n. Mitosis begins with\none 2n cell and ends with two 2n cells. Meiosis begins with one 2n cell and ends with 4 1n\ncells. Sketch those two processes here to show every time the \"n\" classification changes.\n(Hint: draw every step, it'll make your life easier, evenif it takes a little bit longer!)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 829.846890394042, + "y": 2034.167977506997 + }, + { + "x": 866.0394025110693, + "y": 2034.167977506997 + }, + { + "x": 866.0394025110693, + "y": 2061.312361594767 + }, + { + "x": 829.846890394042, + "y": 2061.312361594767 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "71", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000120.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.99552428336497, + "y": 106.12444573974226 + }, + { + "x": 673.7931178050253, + "y": 106.12444573974226 + }, + { + "x": 673.7931178050253, + "y": 143.59556175448088 + }, + { + "x": 194.99552428336497, + "y": 143.59556175448088 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1348.2732060703202, + "y": 110.2879030747132 + }, + { + "x": 1475.2586547869344, + "y": 110.2879030747132 + }, + { + "x": 1475.2586547869344, + "y": 143.59556175448088 + }, + { + "x": 1348.2732060703202, + "y": 143.59556175448088 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "BIO181", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.99552428336472, + "y": 203.96569311155977 + }, + { + "x": 1475.2586547869334, + "y": 203.96569311155977 + }, + { + "x": 1475.2586547869334, + "y": 316.3790411557756 + }, + { + "x": 194.99552428336472, + "y": 316.3790411557756 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Sickle cell hemoglobin and normal hemoglobin differ in only a single amino acid out of more than 100\namino acids in the complete hemoglobin protein. This difference in a single amino acid results in the\ndifferent properties of sickle cell hemoglobin compared to normal hemoglobin.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 190.8320669483942, + "y": 397.5664591877093 + }, + { + "x": 1475.2586547869334, + "y": 397.5664591877093 + }, + { + "x": 1475.2586547869334, + "y": 472.50869121718654 + }, + { + "x": 190.8320669483942, + "y": 472.50869121718654 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Hemoglobin is carried inside red blood cells. Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the watery cytosol of red\nblood cells. Sickle cell hemoglobin is less soluble in the cytosol because:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 244.95701230301665, + "y": 505.81634989695425 + }, + { + "x": 1339.9462914003782, + "y": 505.81634989695425 + }, + { + "x": 1339.9462914003782, + "y": 576.5951245914606 + }, + { + "x": 244.95701230301665, + "y": 576.5951245914606 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Valine (Val) is much less water-soluble than glutamic acid (Glu).\n· Amino acid 6 is in a crucial location on the outer surface of the hemoglobin protein.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.99552428336472, + "y": 574.5133959239752 + }, + { + "x": 1410.725066094885, + "y": 574.5133959239752 + }, + { + "x": 1410.725066094885, + "y": 659.8642712908796 + }, + { + "x": 194.99552428336472, + "y": 659.8642712908796 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The chart on the next page shows how the lower solubility of sickle cell hemoglobin results in the\nsymptoms of sickle cell anemia.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 136.7071215937717, + "y": 741.0516893228133 + }, + { + "x": 1560.6095301538396, + "y": 741.0516893228133 + }, + { + "x": 1560.6095301538396, + "y": 1819.3871390802913 + }, + { + "x": 136.7071215937717, + "y": 1819.3871390802913 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "Genes in DNA→Protein→Characteristics2 copies of the allele that codes for normal hemoglobin (SS)→Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the cytosol of red blood cells.→Disk-shaped red blood cells can squeeze through the smallest blood vessels → normal health2 copies of the allele that codes for sickle cell hemoglobin (ss)→Sickle cell hemoglobin can clump in long rods in red blood cells.→If sickle cell hemoglobin clumps in long rods → sickle-shaped red blood cells → clogged small blood vessels + fragile red blood cells → pain, damage to body organs + anemia = sickle cell anemia", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 707.1007764847931, + "y": 907.5899827216516 + }, + { + "x": 890.2928992235153, + "y": 907.5899827216516 + }, + { + "x": 890.2928992235153, + "y": 1113.681120802714 + }, + { + "x": 707.1007764847931, + "y": 1113.681120802714 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1252.513687365988, + "y": 951.3062847388468 + }, + { + "x": 1416.9702520973417, + "y": 951.3062847388468 + }, + { + "x": 1416.9702520973417, + "y": 1119.9263068051705 + }, + { + "x": 1252.513687365988, + "y": 1119.9263068051705 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 682.1200324749674, + "y": 1490.4740096175858 + }, + { + "x": 904.8649998959136, + "y": 1490.4740096175858 + }, + { + "x": 904.8649998959136, + "y": 1698.6468763661337 + }, + { + "x": 682.1200324749674, + "y": 1698.6468763661337 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1227.5329433561628, + "y": 1598.7239003268307 + }, + { + "x": 1427.3788954347683, + "y": 1598.7239003268307 + }, + { + "x": 1427.3788954347683, + "y": 1794.4063950704658 + }, + { + "x": 1227.5329433561628, + "y": 1794.4063950704658 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 190.83206694839416, + "y": 1877.675541769885 + }, + { + "x": 1196.3070133438807, + "y": 1877.675541769885 + }, + { + "x": 1196.3070133438807, + "y": 1913.064929117138 + }, + { + "x": 190.83206694839416, + "y": 1913.064929117138 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "29a. Circle the arrows in the chart that represent transcription + translation.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 825.7593105314653, + "y": 2029.641734496325 + }, + { + "x": 879.8842558860878, + "y": 2029.641734496325 + }, + { + "x": 879.8842558860878, + "y": 2065.031121843578 + }, + { + "x": 825.7593105314653, + "y": 2065.031121843578 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "115", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000121.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.8839528439337, + "y": 104.02658945097376 + }, + { + "x": 674.8599449019306, + "y": 104.02658945097376 + }, + { + "x": 674.8599449019306, + "y": 146.69112207835127 + }, + { + "x": 194.8839528439337, + "y": 146.69112207835127 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1354.4450003237298, + "y": 105.5503227590944 + }, + { + "x": 1479.3911315896212, + "y": 105.5503227590944 + }, + { + "x": 1479.3911315896212, + "y": 145.16738877023062 + }, + { + "x": 1354.4450003237298, + "y": 145.16738877023062 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "BIO181", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 193.3602195358131, + "y": 204.59298778693503 + }, + { + "x": 1299.5906012313872, + "y": 204.59298778693503 + }, + { + "x": 1299.5906012313872, + "y": 235.06765394934752 + }, + { + "x": 193.3602195358131, + "y": 235.06765394934752 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "16. Place the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge and spin for 3 minutes.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 196.4076861520543, + "y": 274.6847199604838 + }, + { + "x": 1435.202865654123, + "y": 274.6847199604838 + }, + { + "x": 1435.202865654123, + "y": 347.82391875027383 + }, + { + "x": 196.4076861520543, + "y": 347.82391875027383 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "17. Carefully pour off the supernatant from both tubes. Do not disturb the nucleic acid pellets. Invert the\ntubes and tap them gently on the surface of a clean paper towel to drain them thoroughly.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 193.3602195358131, + "y": 381.34605152892755 + }, + { + "x": 1497.6759312870686, + "y": 381.34605152892755 + }, + { + "x": 1497.6759312870686, + "y": 481.91244986488897 + }, + { + "x": 193.3602195358131, + "y": 481.91244986488897 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "18. Briefly spin the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge to bring any remaining ethanol to\nthe bottom of the tube. Then use the micropipette to remove any remaining ethanol. Use a fresh tip for each\ntube. Be careful not to disturb the nucleic acid pellet.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 193.3602195358131, + "y": 512.3871160273013 + }, + { + "x": 1421.489265881037, + "y": 512.3871160273013 + }, + { + "x": 1421.489265881037, + "y": 582.47884820085 + }, + { + "x": 193.3602195358131, + "y": 582.47884820085 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "19. Allow the tubes to dry by leaving the tube caps open for 3-5 minutes. Inspect each tube carefully to\nensure that the tube interior is completely dry.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 327.4487506504281, + "y": 620.5721809038657 + }, + { + "x": 1371.2060667130563, + "y": 620.5721809038657 + }, + { + "x": 1371.2060667130563, + "y": 655.6180469906401 + }, + { + "x": 327.4487506504281, + "y": 655.6180469906401 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "***Congratulations, you have just completed the miniprep plasmid DNA extraction!!!***", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 193.3602195358131, + "y": 693.7113796936557 + }, + { + "x": 1080.1730048620173, + "y": 693.7113796936557 + }, + { + "x": 1080.1730048620173, + "y": 727.2335124723095 + }, + { + "x": 193.3602195358131, + "y": 727.2335124723095 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Restriction Enzyme Digest Prep (switch to the 1- 20-�L micropipette):", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 255.83328516875872, + "y": 762.2793785590839 + }, + { + "x": 1490.0572647464653, + "y": 762.2793785590839 + }, + { + "x": 1490.0572647464653, + "y": 925.3188425279908 + }, + { + "x": 255.83328516875872, + "y": 925.3188425279908 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "20. Use a micropipette to add 10 �L of tris-EDTA solution (TE) to each tube. Use a new tip for each tube.\nDissolve the pellets by pipetting in and out. Rinse the sides of the tube several times, concentrating on\nthe area where the nucleic acid pellet or particles were observed. Check that no particles remain in the\npipet tip or on the side of the tube. Use the entire contents of each tube in the restriction digest that\nfollows.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 191.8364862276925, + "y": 966.459641847248 + }, + { + "x": 1252.3548686796478, + "y": 966.459641847248 + }, + { + "x": 1252.3548686796478, + "y": 1006.076707858384 + }, + { + "x": 191.8364862276925, + "y": 1006.076707858384 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "II. Set Up the Restriction Digests of the \"Suspect\" and \"Evidence\" DNA", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.8839528439337, + "y": 1039.598840637038 + }, + { + "x": 1502.2471312114303, + "y": 1039.598840637038 + }, + { + "x": 1502.2471312114303, + "y": 1361.10656865049 + }, + { + "x": 194.8839528439337, + "y": 1361.10656865049 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "ReagentsSupplies and EquipmentAt each student station: Resuspended DNA or ethanol precipitates from Part 1* To be shared by all groups: \"Evidence A\" DNA* \"Evidence B\" DNA* Restriction Buffer-RNase A* BamHI-HindIII restriction enzyme mixture* Sterile distilled or deionized waterMicrocentrifuge tube rack 3 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes Micropipet, 1- 20 �L Micropipet tips Beaker or similar container for waste Beaker or similar container filled with ice Permanent marker Water bath at 37°C", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 191.8364862276925, + "y": 1397.6761680453849 + }, + { + "x": 338.11488380727246, + "y": 1397.6761680453849 + }, + { + "x": 338.11488380727246, + "y": 1429.674567515918 + }, + { + "x": 191.8364862276925, + "y": 1429.674567515918 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "*Store on ice", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.8839528439337, + "y": 1466.244166910813 + }, + { + "x": 1240.1650022146828, + "y": 1466.244166910813 + }, + { + "x": 1240.1650022146828, + "y": 1501.290032997587 + }, + { + "x": 194.8839528439337, + "y": 1501.290032997587 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "NOTE: Your instructor will assign you to use either \"Evidence A\" DNA or \"Evidence B\" DNA", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.8839528439337, + "y": 1604.9038979497896 + }, + { + "x": 1487.0097981302242, + "y": 1604.9038979497896 + }, + { + "x": 1487.0097981302242, + "y": 1708.5177629019925 + }, + { + "x": 194.8839528439337, + "y": 1708.5177629019925 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 13, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1. Label the three 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes in which you will perform the restriction digests: \"S1\" for\nSuspect 1, \"S2\" for Suspect 2, and either \"EA\" for Evidence A or \"EB\" for Evidence B. All three samples will be\ndigested by the restriction enzymes BamHI and HindIII.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.8839528439337, + "y": 1738.9924290644046 + }, + { + "x": 1487.0097981302242, + "y": 1738.9924290644046 + }, + { + "x": 1487.0097981302242, + "y": 1844.1300273247275 + }, + { + "x": 194.8839528439337, + "y": 1844.1300273247275 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 14, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "2. Use the table below (next page) as a checklist while adding reagents to each reaction. Read down each\ncolumn, adding the same reagent to all appropriate tubes. To avoid cross contamination, use a fresh pipet tip\neach time you add a reagent to a tube.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 822.6620757896313, + "y": 2028.5017576073235 + }, + { + "x": 883.6114081144565, + "y": 2028.5017576073235 + }, + { + "x": 883.6114081144565, + "y": 2072.6900235428216 + }, + { + "x": 822.6620757896313, + "y": 2072.6900235428216 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 15, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "132", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000122.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 195.56772719080632, + "y": 105.36067596871524 + }, + { + "x": 678.4328445352587, + "y": 105.36067596871524 + }, + { + "x": 678.4328445352587, + "y": 145.8694945378807 + }, + { + "x": 195.56772719080632, + "y": 145.8694945378807 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1353.5018068785191, + "y": 107.87666670068823 + }, + { + "x": 1480.2224309650376, + "y": 107.87666670068823 + }, + { + "x": 1480.2224309650376, + "y": 145.8694945378806 + }, + { + "x": 1353.5018068785191, + "y": 145.8694945378806 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "BIO181", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 566.3828044630725, + "y": 219.10830561460023 + }, + { + "x": 1040.506625698613, + "y": 219.10830561460023 + }, + { + "x": 1040.506625698613, + "y": 250.7165603636362 + }, + { + "x": 566.3828044630725, + "y": 250.7165603636362 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "For use with CarolinaBLUTM stain:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 232.9157168607423, + "y": 264.9402750007025 + }, + { + "x": 1438.7706355364676, + "y": 264.9402750007025 + }, + { + "x": 1438.7706355364676, + "y": 524.127963942798 + }, + { + "x": 232.9157168607423, + "y": 524.127963942798 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "TubeBamHI-Hindlll restriction enzyme mixtureRestriction Buffer-RNaseSuspect 1 DNASuspect 2 DNAEvidence A or BH2OS13 �L3 �L10 �L2 �LS23 �L3 �L10 �L2 �LEA or EB3 �L3 �L10 �L2 �L", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 195.56772719080632, + "y": 587.34447344087 + }, + { + "x": 782.8993494939693, + "y": 587.34447344087 + }, + { + "x": 782.8993494939693, + "y": 620.533140927358 + }, + { + "x": 195.56772719080632, + "y": 620.533140927358 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "3. Mix reagents by pipetting gently up and down.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 198.14663663680264, + "y": 656.8826338887494 + }, + { + "x": 844.5354462545896, + "y": 656.8826338887494 + }, + { + "x": 844.5354462545896, + "y": 688.4908886377855 + }, + { + "x": 198.14663663680264, + "y": 688.4908886377855 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "4. Incubate all of the reaction tubes for 1 hour at 37 °C.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 195.56772719080632, + "y": 725.718388675539 + }, + { + "x": 1415.4156473052349, + "y": 725.718388675539 + }, + { + "x": 1415.4156473052349, + "y": 764.350700035472 + }, + { + "x": 195.56772719080632, + "y": 764.350700035472 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "NOTE: Your instructor will freeze your completed restriction digests at -20 °C until the next lab period.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 195.5677271908063, + "y": 805.7415883718858 + }, + { + "x": 606.1117701092859, + "y": 805.7415883718858 + }, + { + "x": 606.1117701092859, + "y": 839.3242646073056 + }, + { + "x": 195.5677271908063, + "y": 839.3242646073056 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "III. Electrophorese Digests", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 199.5215114018808, + "y": 877.7044660192139 + }, + { + "x": 308.6652091669954, + "y": 877.7044660192139 + }, + { + "x": 308.6652091669954, + "y": 907.6889983722676 + }, + { + "x": 199.5215114018808, + "y": 907.6889983722676 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Reagents:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 245.12536771159344, + "y": 946.320209793723 + }, + { + "x": 707.9191627369709, + "y": 946.320209793723 + }, + { + "x": 707.9191627369709, + "y": 1007.506889424482 + }, + { + "x": 245.12536771159344, + "y": 1007.506889424482 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Restriction digests from Part II, on ice\n· 10× loading dye, 10 �L", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 195.56772719080627, + "y": 1048.66883753972 + }, + { + "x": 464.2849292981303, + "y": 1048.66883753972 + }, + { + "x": 464.2849292981303, + "y": 1075.368479560415 + }, + { + "x": 195.56772719080627, + "y": 1075.368479560415 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Supplies and Equipment", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 244.01288262739777, + "y": 1116.5304276756528 + }, + { + "x": 1060.576934426982, + "y": 1116.5304276756528 + }, + { + "x": 1060.576934426982, + "y": 1176.6046222222162 + }, + { + "x": 244.01288262739777, + "y": 1176.6046222222162 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Gel electrophoresis chamber with agarose gel in gel tray, power supply\n· 1-20 �L Micropipette and pipet tips", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 193.35298385505996, + "y": 1216.3394430072235 + }, + { + "x": 378.1428743836251, + "y": 1216.3394430072235 + }, + { + "x": 378.1428743836251, + "y": 1246.305371201045 + }, + { + "x": 193.35298385505996, + "y": 1246.305371201045 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Load the Gel", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 198.14663663680264, + "y": 1291.007630337919 + }, + { + "x": 1494.0191644448, + "y": 1291.007630337919 + }, + { + "x": 1494.0191644448, + "y": 1385.0365202465146 + }, + { + "x": 198.14663663680264, + "y": 1385.0365202465146 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 13, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1. Use a micropipette to add 2 �L of 10× loading dye to a reaction tube. Use the pipet tip and gently pipet up\nand down a couple of times to mix the 10× loading dye with the digested DNA. Use a new pipet tip and repeat\nfor each digest.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 195.5677271908063, + "y": 1422.0314933253069 + }, + { + "x": 1463.190020212474, + "y": 1422.0314933253069 + }, + { + "x": 1463.190020212474, + "y": 1491.3970678480414 + }, + { + "x": 195.5677271908063, + "y": 1491.3970678480414 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 14, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "2. Use a micropipette to load the contents of each reaction tube (20 �L total) into a separate well in the gel.\nUse a fresh pipet tip for each reaction tube and write down the order in which the samples are loaded.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 195.5677271908063, + "y": 1600.8405298728003 + }, + { + "x": 1247.386010586188, + "y": 1600.8405298728003 + }, + { + "x": 1247.386010586188, + "y": 1634.7525885283594 + }, + { + "x": 195.5677271908063, + "y": 1634.7525885283594 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 15, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "NOTE: Be careful not to punch the tip of the pipet through the bottom or side of the well.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 193.35298385506005, + "y": 1741.3790524678643 + }, + { + "x": 371.2644081319607, + "y": 1741.3790524678643 + }, + { + "x": 371.2644081319607, + "y": 1777.9178058492198 + }, + { + "x": 193.35298385506005, + "y": 1777.9178058492198 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 16, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "While loading,", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 345.8461449101485, + "y": 1816.0452006819376 + }, + { + "x": 1502.3771215026068, + "y": 1816.0452006819376 + }, + { + "x": 1502.3771215026068, + "y": 1954.2570069505423 + }, + { + "x": 345.8461449101485, + "y": 1954.2570069505423 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 17, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· steady the pipet over the well using two hands. You may wish to place one or both elbows on\nthe lab bench to steady your hands.\n· be careful to expel any air in the pipet tip end before loading the gel. If an air bubble forms a\ncap over the well, the sample will flow into the buffer around the edges of the well.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 824.6673648261394, + "y": 2031.7600205729675 + }, + { + "x": 876.9451317053213, + "y": 2031.7600205729675 + }, + { + "x": 876.9451317053213, + "y": 2063.500093321042 + }, + { + "x": 824.6673648261394, + "y": 2063.500093321042 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 18, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "133", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000123.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.11594596352856, + "y": 173.10292002151775 + }, + { + "x": 747.1715755698975, + "y": 173.10292002151775 + }, + { + "x": 747.1715755698975, + "y": 238.64527922453811 + }, + { + "x": 152.11594596352856, + "y": 238.64527922453811 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The Data Journey", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.11594596352862, + "y": 299.0132416483727 + }, + { + "x": 943.7986531789584, + "y": 299.0132416483727 + }, + { + "x": 943.7986531789584, + "y": 378.35399226255527 + }, + { + "x": 152.11594596352862, + "y": 378.35399226255527 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "To get started, let's consider the data visualization1 in Figure 1.1\nbelow.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 174.53833200666702, + "y": 408.5379734744725 + }, + { + "x": 774.7683583922219, + "y": 408.5379734744725 + }, + { + "x": 774.7683583922219, + "y": 741.42416626876 + }, + { + "x": 174.53833200666702, + "y": 741.42416626876 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Fruit Production in British Columbia\n140,000\n120,000\n(Total)\n100,000\nProduced\n80,000\n60,000\nFruit\n40,000\n20,000\n0\n2016 2017 2018 2019 2020\nYear\n■ Apples ■ Blueberries ■ Cranberries ■ Grapes ■ Strawberries", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 804.952339604139, + "y": 398.1891799161008 + }, + { + "x": 941.2114547893656, + "y": 398.1891799161008 + }, + { + "x": 941.2114547893656, + "y": 687.093000087309 + }, + { + "x": 804.952339604139, + "y": 687.093000087309 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 1.1.\nProduction\nof apples,\nblueberries,\ncranberries,\ngraphs,\nand\nstrawberrie\ns in British\nColumbia,\n2016-2020.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.11594596352862, + "y": 883.2056670561772 + }, + { + "x": 943.7986531789584, + "y": 883.2056670561772 + }, + { + "x": 943.7986531789584, + "y": 986.8720737469848 + }, + { + "x": 152.11594596352862, + "y": 986.8720737469848 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The underlying raw data went through many stages before it\nwas presented to you in this data visualization. The information\nhad to be:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 174.5383320066669, + "y": 1035.2623099730663 + }, + { + "x": 679.8895281993998, + "y": 1035.2623099730663 + }, + { + "x": 679.8895281993998, + "y": 1258.9748600202183 + }, + { + "x": 174.5383320066669, + "y": 1258.9748600202183 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Collected via surveys\n· Inputted into a database\n· Stored on secure servers\n· Cleaned for accuracy and consistency\n· Analyzed to understand the trends\n· Presented as a bar graph", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 135.91696123611007, + "y": 1373.7949897150384 + }, + { + "x": 935.8571141662478, + "y": 1373.7949897150384 + }, + { + "x": 935.8571141662478, + "y": 1540.377450413109 + }, + { + "x": 135.91696123611007, + "y": 1540.377450413109 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate\nvalue of marketed fruits. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as\nis\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved January\n9th, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/3210036401-eng. Statistics\nCanada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.50014075336736, + "y": 1589.2141500712996 + }, + { + "x": 398.98294962766823, + "y": 1589.2141500712996 + }, + { + "x": 398.98294962766823, + "y": 1614.6445767759487 + }, + { + "x": 155.50014075336736, + "y": 1614.6445767759487 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "4 | The Data Journey", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000124.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 300.9029680620897, + "y": 195.59708417534424 + }, + { + "x": 705.4467162529809, + "y": 195.59708417534424 + }, + { + "x": 705.4467162529809, + "y": 636.2048099181366 + }, + { + "x": 300.9029680620897, + "y": 636.2048099181366 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Television Viewing in 2004\n3%\n5%\n22%\n29%\n3%\n3%\n1%\n7%\n11% 14%\n1%\n● News and affairs ●\n● ●\n● ● Sports\n● and ● Music \n● ●\n● (VCR) ● Other", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 804.2941294603074, + "y": 158.82142130359085 + }, + { + "x": 944.0777586051672, + "y": 158.82142130359085 + }, + { + "x": 944.0777586051672, + "y": 581.4043001634847 + }, + { + "x": 804.2941294603074, + "y": 581.4043001634847 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 2.9.\nA pie chart\ndisplaying\n12\ncategories\nof television\nviewing in\nOntario in\n2004\nprovides\ntoo much\nvisual\ninformation\n, making it\nhard to\nread.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.4672174429971, + "y": 836.2935670363552 + }, + { + "x": 481.4194810450216, + "y": 836.2935670363552 + }, + { + "x": 481.4194810450216, + "y": 873.3687060242632 + }, + { + "x": 155.4672174429971, + "y": 873.3687060242632 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "False Causation", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.36103505517414, + "y": 944.0439860241833 + }, + { + "x": 625.0059736123593, + "y": 944.0439860241833 + }, + { + "x": 625.0059736123593, + "y": 974.4559622427464 + }, + { + "x": 154.36103505517414, + "y": 974.4559622427464 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Correlation does not imply causation.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.36103505517414, + "y": 982.9330602575866 + }, + { + "x": 944.0777586051672, + "y": 982.9330602575866 + }, + { + "x": 944.0777586051672, + "y": 1168.016246886932 + }, + { + "x": 154.36103505517414, + "y": 1168.016246886932 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "If you've ever taken a statistics or data analysis course, you\nhave almost certainly come across this common phrase. It\nmeans that, just because two trends seem to fluctuate\nalongside each other, it doesn't prove that one causes the other\nor that they are related in a meaningful way.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 181.2249462095808, + "y": 1166.6854680483382 + }, + { + "x": 943.2025596057812, + "y": 1166.6854680483382 + }, + { + "x": 943.2025596057812, + "y": 1208.169087077211 + }, + { + "x": 181.2249462095808, + "y": 1208.169087077211 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Review Figure 2.1023 below, which shows a line graph of the", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 130.0689358103666, + "y": 1306.1106728618824 + }, + { + "x": 931.6794168974956, + "y": 1306.1106728618824 + }, + { + "x": 931.6794168974956, + "y": 1541.568758690196 + }, + { + "x": 130.0689358103666, + "y": 1541.568758690196 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "2. Statistics Canada. Table 37-10-0079-01 Registered apprenticeship\ntraining, registrations by major trade groups and sex. Data is\nreproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of\nStatistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/\n10.25318/3710007901-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence:\nhttps://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence\n3. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 156.82800227319552, + "y": 1586.8210735270395 + }, + { + "x": 555.7327540167597, + "y": 1586.8210735270395 + }, + { + "x": 555.7327540167597, + "y": 1613.0178034922883 + }, + { + "x": 156.82800227319552, + "y": 1613.0178034922883 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "46 | Misleading Data Visualizations", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000125.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.99248187570737, + "y": 152.7373139440251 + }, + { + "x": 946.5002082400548, + "y": 152.7373139440251 + }, + { + "x": 946.5002082400548, + "y": 388.7211670553782 + }, + { + "x": 154.99248187570737, + "y": 388.7211670553782 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "ways. Review Figure 2.168 below, which is a line graph of the\npercentage of Canadian VS. foreign television programmes\nwatched in New Brunswick from 2000 to 2004. Because of\nthe similar colours of the lines, it is difficult for the reader to\nunderstand which line graph corresponds to which colour\nfrom the legend.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 131.472496515772, + "y": 1340.9341339825194 + }, + { + "x": 939.348259541548, + "y": 1340.9341339825194 + }, + { + "x": 939.348259541548, + "y": 1541.6190451254452 + }, + { + "x": 131.472496515772, + "y": 1541.6190451254452 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "8. Statistics Canada. Table 22-10-0097-01 Television viewing time of all\ntelevision stations, by province, content and type of programme. Data\nis reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission\nof Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/\n10.25318/2210009701-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence:\nhttps://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 156.41868969085536, + "y": 1588.2801427056315 + }, + { + "x": 554.4518698546116, + "y": 1588.2801427056315 + }, + { + "x": 554.4518698546116, + "y": 1612.90161498325 + }, + { + "x": 156.41868969085536, + "y": 1612.90161498325 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "54 | Misleading Data Visualizations", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000126.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 177.7407527190111, + "y": 187.46605977088717 + }, + { + "x": 751.6173175883337, + "y": 187.46605977088717 + }, + { + "x": 751.6173175883337, + "y": 617.9908775498068 + }, + { + "x": 177.7407527190111, + "y": 617.9908775498068 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Area Harvested for Mushrooms in Ontario\n35,000,000\nFeet)\n33,250,000\n(Square\nHarvested\n31,500,000\nArea\nTatal\n29,750,000\n28,000,000\n2016 2017 2018 2019\nYear", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 804.7411245213079, + "y": 156.95212452435044 + }, + { + "x": 944.1911177203658, + "y": 156.95212452435044 + }, + { + "x": 944.1911177203658, + "y": 398.8551739512874 + }, + { + "x": 804.7411245213079, + "y": 398.8551739512874 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 4.3-\nOntario\narea (in\nsquare feet)\nused to\nharvest\nmushroom\nS over the\nyears.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.68792914828978, + "y": 763.399267040048 + }, + { + "x": 313.83983008385337, + "y": 763.399267040048 + }, + { + "x": 313.83983008385337, + "y": 801.0312436159447 + }, + { + "x": 154.68792914828978, + "y": 801.0312436159447 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Closure", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.68792914828978, + "y": 870.8072001837536 + }, + { + "x": 946.6903740296506, + "y": 870.8072001837536 + }, + { + "x": 946.6903740296506, + "y": 1095.1453012719437 + }, + { + "x": 154.68792914828978, + "y": 1095.1453012719437 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Closure refers to our mind completing missing portions of a\ndesign. There must be enough parts available for the image\nto be \"filled in\"; if the image is too abstract, there are minimal\nreference points for the mind to complete it. See Figure 4.44\nfor an example of how our mind automatically imagine a line\nconnecting the 2 broken ones.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 129.89488352880397, + "y": 1340.4361167293762 + }, + { + "x": 939.243650494734, + "y": 1340.4361167293762 + }, + { + "x": 939.243650494734, + "y": 1538.8265676616008 + }, + { + "x": 129.89488352880397, + "y": 1538.8265676616008 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "4. Statistics Canada. Table 18-10-0002-01 Monthly average retail prices for\nfood and other selected products. Data is reproduced and distributed\non an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved\nFebruary 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/1810000201-eng.\nStatistics Canada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/\nreference/licence", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 675.5063625534749, + "y": 1588.531196786876 + }, + { + "x": 943.844874404498, + "y": 1588.531196786876 + }, + { + "x": 943.844874404498, + "y": 1613.932172423259 + }, + { + "x": 675.5063625534749, + "y": 1613.932172423259 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Gestalt's Principles | 89", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000127.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 146.34553264488005, + "y": 143.63778313975197 + }, + { + "x": 1553.0739846473198, + "y": 143.63778313975197 + }, + { + "x": 1553.0739846473198, + "y": 598.1878426041096 + }, + { + "x": 146.34553264488005, + "y": 598.1878426041096 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "Year3-Year5-Year7-Year133.0%20.00%14.29%244.45%32.00%24.49%314.81%19.20%17.49%47.41%11.52%12.49%511.52%8.93%65.76%8.93%78.93%84.46%", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 146.34553264488005, + "y": 641.2661162134768 + }, + { + "x": 1560.501273200659, + "y": 641.2661162134768 + }, + { + "x": 1560.501273200659, + "y": 761.5881907775714 + }, + { + "x": 146.34553264488005, + "y": 761.5881907775714 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Suppose your business just purchased a $100,000 asset that has a 3-year useful life, and falls into\n3-year class of assets. Using the SL method, the depreciation expense each year for the next 3 years\nwould be:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 146.34553264488005, + "y": 803.1810066762707 + }, + { + "x": 1553.0739846473198, + "y": 803.1810066762707 + }, + { + "x": 1553.0739846473198, + "y": 1049.7669866471313 + }, + { + "x": 146.34553264488005, + "y": 1049.7669866471313 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "YearRecovery RateUnadjusted BasisDepreciation ExpenseAccumulated Depreciation1.1667$100,000$16,670$16,6702.3333$100,000$33,330$50,0003.3333$100,000$33,330$88,3304.1667$100,000$16,670$100,000", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 146.34553264487988, + "y": 1098.78709109917 + }, + { + "x": 1560.5012732006587, + "y": 1098.78709109917 + }, + { + "x": 1560.5012732006587, + "y": 1219.1091656632643 + }, + { + "x": 146.34553264487988, + "y": 1219.1091656632643 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Note that the book value or basis of the asset (acquisition cost - accumulated depreciation) would\nbe $0 after it has been fully depreciated at the end of 4 years. Because of the half-year convention, it\ntakes 4 years to depreciate the asset, even though it falls into the 3-year classification.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 146.34553264488005, + "y": 1253.274693008625 + }, + { + "x": 1423.839163819218, + "y": 1253.274693008625 + }, + { + "x": 1423.839163819218, + "y": 1290.4111357753204 + }, + { + "x": 146.34553264488005, + "y": 1290.4111357753204 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Depreciation expense for the same asset using the MACRS method would be calculated as:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 146.34553264488005, + "y": 1327.5475785420165 + }, + { + "x": 1553.0739846473198, + "y": 1327.5475785420165 + }, + { + "x": 1553.0739846473198, + "y": 1574.133558512877 + }, + { + "x": 146.34553264488005, + "y": 1574.133558512877 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "YearRecovery RateUnadjusted BasisDepreciation ExpenseAccumulated Depreciation1.3333$100,000$33,333$33,3332.4445$100,000$44,450$77,7803.1481$100,000$14,810$92,9504.741$100,000$7,410$100,000", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 146.34553264488014, + "y": 1623.1536629649158 + }, + { + "x": 1560.501273200659, + "y": 1623.1536629649158 + }, + { + "x": 1560.501273200659, + "y": 1743.47573752901 + }, + { + "x": 146.34553264488014, + "y": 1743.47573752901 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Note again that the depreciation expense using MACRS is higher in the early years and lower in later\nyears than with the SL method and that the book value after 4 years is again zero. Businesses often\nuse MACRS for tax purposes and SL for profit reporting. Can you think of any reasons why?", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 146.34553264488014, + "y": 1780.6121802957064 + }, + { + "x": 1560.501273200659, + "y": 1780.6121802957064 + }, + { + "x": 1560.501273200659, + "y": 1988.576259789203 + }, + { + "x": 146.34553264488014, + "y": 1988.576259789203 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Some businesses that invest small amounts in capital assets are allowed to deduct up to $1,000,000\nof the cost of acquired depreciable property as a current expenditure instead of a capital expenditure.\nThis is known as direct expensing, and is available only to businesses that don't make large capital\npurchases each year. The allowable expensing amount is reduced by one dollar for each dollar of\ncapital investment expenditure over $2,500,000 during the year. Other restrictions also apply.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 148.56758095587915, + "y": 2089.9252417866683 + }, + { + "x": 534.1108703854106, + "y": 2089.9252417866683 + }, + { + "x": 534.1108703854106, + "y": 2117.3191070882403 + }, + { + "x": 148.56758095587915, + "y": 2117.3191070882403 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "42 | Ch. 3. The Federal Tax System", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000128.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 147.35718013770065, + "y": 147.6555566038371 + }, + { + "x": 1370.88754885236, + "y": 147.6555566038371 + }, + { + "x": 1370.88754885236, + "y": 1014.7517847251733 + }, + { + "x": 147.35718013770065, + "y": 1014.7517847251733 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "ABCDE1timeobservedForecast(observed)Lower Confidence Bound(observed)Upper Confidence Bound(observed)201331124213.55315641675188617.59717.917.9017.9017.9010819.7321445817.9921.4711921.5996299819.8123.39121021.6264585719.7823.47131122.8599311620.9624.76141224.7274165622.7826.68151324.7542451522.7526.75", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 547.6206401177105, + "y": 1142.8554611136287 + }, + { + "x": 1149.8944232768386, + "y": 1142.8554611136287 + }, + { + "x": 1149.8944232768386, + "y": 1223.7892853775952 + }, + { + "x": 547.6206401177105, + "y": 1223.7892853775952 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 13.3. Graph of Projection Estimates\nOpen Template in Microsoft Excel", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.7083339194333, + "y": 1349.1799800915858 + }, + { + "x": 1392.354721008542, + "y": 1349.1799800915858 + }, + { + "x": 1392.354721008542, + "y": 1749.8512312461748 + }, + { + "x": 155.7083339194333, + "y": 1749.8512312461748 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "30\n25\n20\n15\n10\nobserved\n5\nForecast(observed)\nLower Confidence Bound(observed)\n0\n0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 147.35718013770065, + "y": 1841.64588321348 + }, + { + "x": 1554.917796795521, + "y": 1841.64588321348 + }, + { + "x": 1554.917796795521, + "y": 2001.66629002135 + }, + { + "x": 147.35718013770065, + "y": 2001.66629002135 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Having obtained price forecasts, our next step would be to re-estimate CR for GCS based on the\nforecasted prices. In addition, we may use the confidence interval forecasts to find a most optimistic\nforecast using the upper confidence interval forecasts and a pessimistic forecast using the lower\nbound forecasts.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 147.35718013770068, + "y": 2090.6163293258305 + }, + { + "x": 663.5538746478951, + "y": 2090.6163293258305 + }, + { + "x": 663.5538746478951, + "y": 2116.550107080537 + }, + { + "x": 147.35718013770068, + "y": 2116.550107080537 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "298 | Ch. 13. Homogeneous Investment Types", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000129.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 150.81300780112628, + "y": 212.92397594285416 + }, + { + "x": 226.44590189974247, + "y": 212.92397594285416 + }, + { + "x": 226.44590189974247, + "y": 245.20630878982445 + }, + { + "x": 150.81300780112628, + "y": 245.20630878982445 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(15.19)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 246.73765397498096, + "y": 146.5146055148009 + }, + { + "x": 599.0762581904858, + "y": 146.5146055148009 + }, + { + "x": 599.0762581904858, + "y": 239.6721945874867 + }, + { + "x": 246.73765397498096, + "y": 239.6721945874867 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\\sigma_y^2=\\left(\\frac{1}{4}\\right)\\left(\\sigma_{x_1}^2+\\sigma_{x_2}^2\\right)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 147.12359833290105, + "y": 306.08156501554004 + }, + { + "x": 1554.1291867619411, + "y": 306.08156501554004 + }, + { + "x": 1554.1291867619411, + "y": 509.92143813498126 + }, + { + "x": 147.12359833290105, + "y": 509.92143813498126 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "n the case that the distributions were identically distributed with expected value and variance of �x\nand �2x, each partner would face the same expected value as before, �x. But, the variance of their\nindividual earnings would be (�2x + �2x)/4 = �2x/2, half of what it was before without combining\ntheir businesses. Furthermore, the standard deviation of the earnings each partner would face would\nbe:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 150.8130078011263, + "y": 615.3298656068915 + }, + { + "x": 235.1352250688708, + "y": 615.3298656068915 + }, + { + "x": 235.1352250688708, + "y": 647.6121984538618 + }, + { + "x": 150.8130078011263, + "y": 647.6121984538618 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(15.20)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 257.659398794547, + "y": 540.1915170950197 + }, + { + "x": 446.535859210757, + "y": 540.1915170950197 + }, + { + "x": 446.535859210757, + "y": 644.1760299112866 + }, + { + "x": 257.659398794547, + "y": 644.1760299112866 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\\sqrt{\\frac{\\sigma_x^2}{2}}=\\frac{\\sigma_x}{\\sqrt{}2}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 147.12359833290105, + "y": 712.5568112982838 + }, + { + "x": 1554.1291867619411, + "y": 712.5568112982838 + }, + { + "x": 1554.1291867619411, + "y": 799.6133839728924 + }, + { + "x": 147.12359833290105, + "y": 799.6133839728924 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "And if n partners joined together, then they would each face the same expected value as before, but\nthe variance each partner would receive is �x/√n. We now illustrate these important results.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 147.12359833290105, + "y": 828.6925959504964 + }, + { + "x": 1554.1291867619411, + "y": 828.6925959504964 + }, + { + "x": 1554.1291867619411, + "y": 990.0220541584966 + }, + { + "x": 147.12359833290105, + "y": 990.0220541584966 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Assume that business one's earnings are determined by outcomes associated with the toss of a fair\ncoin. If the outcome of the coin toss is tails, the firm pays (loses) $5,000. If the toss is a heads, the\nfirm wins $8,000. Thus, the firm wins either $8,000 or loses $5,000 and earns on average (.5) (-5,000) +\n(.5) (8,000) = $1500.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 147.12359833290097, + "y": 1027.2037627397433 + }, + { + "x": 814.5431940377657, + "y": 1027.2037627397433 + }, + { + "x": 814.5431940377657, + "y": 1062.9445235912813 + }, + { + "x": 147.12359833290097, + "y": 1062.9445235912813 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The standard deviation of this risky outcomes is:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 150.8130078011263, + "y": 1135.4282020793764 + }, + { + "x": 225.02695425663313, + "y": 1135.4282020793764 + }, + { + "x": 225.02695425663313, + "y": 1167.7105349263468 + }, + { + "x": 150.8130078011263, + "y": 1167.7105349263468 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(15.21)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 250.1103432080629, + "y": 1090.316109565557 + }, + { + "x": 1247.674636242312, + "y": 1090.316109565557 + }, + { + "x": 1247.674636242312, + "y": 1161.6173724980831 + }, + { + "x": 250.1103432080629, + "y": 1161.6173724980831 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\\sqrt{(.5)(-\\$5,000-\\$1,500)^2+(.5)(\\$8,000-\\$1,500)^2}=\\$6,500", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 147.12359833290105, + "y": 1219.7723716252412 + }, + { + "x": 1554.1291867619411, + "y": 1219.7723716252412 + }, + { + "x": 1554.1291867619411, + "y": 1336.8625769730395 + }, + { + "x": 147.12359833290105, + "y": 1336.8625769730395 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Furthermore, assuming a normal distribution, 68% of the time, the average outcome will be between\nthe mean and plus or minus one standard deviation: ($1,500 + $6,500) = $8,000 and\n($1,500 - $6,500) = -$5,000.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 147.123598332901, + "y": 1376.9361180341914 + }, + { + "x": 1554.1291867619411, + "y": 1376.9361180341914 + }, + { + "x": 1554.1291867619411, + "y": 1624.8807435838366 + }, + { + "x": 147.123598332901, + "y": 1624.8807435838366 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Now suppose that two persons decide to combine their operations and share the average of the\noutcomes. Then the possible outcomes of two coin tosses are two heads (H, H) which earns on\naverage $16,000 / 2 = $8,000 and occurs with a probability of .25; two tails (T, T) which earns on average\n-$10,000 / 2 = -$5,000 and occurs with a probability of .25, and one head and one tail (H, T) or one tail\nand one head (T, H) which both earn on average $3,000 / 2 = $1,500 and each occurs with a probability\nof .25. The expected value for each of the two players can now can be expressed as:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 150.81300780112625, + "y": 1668.6871009050294 + }, + { + "x": 231.02123346026093, + "y": 1668.6871009050294 + }, + { + "x": 231.02123346026093, + "y": 1700.9694337519998 + }, + { + "x": 150.81300780112625, + "y": 1700.9694337519998 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(15.22)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 254.80009607827017, + "y": 1651.6592297922182 + }, + { + "x": 1429.1296633588256, + "y": 1651.6592297922182 + }, + { + "x": 1429.1296633588256, + "y": 1696.80796953178 + }, + { + "x": 254.80009607827017, + "y": 1696.80796953178 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 13, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(.25)(\\$8,000)+(.25)(-\\$5,000)+(.25)(\\$1,500)+(.25)(\\$1,500)=\\$1,500", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 147.12359833290105, + "y": 1736.8350541741909 + }, + { + "x": 1554.1291867619411, + "y": 1736.8350541741909 + }, + { + "x": 1554.1291867619411, + "y": 1813.8397080580808 + }, + { + "x": 147.12359833290105, + "y": 1813.8397080580808 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 14, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The two players now receive on average the same as before, $1,500, but consider the standard\ndeviation of the average outcome:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 148.16052316430722, + "y": 2091.2063568910953 + }, + { + "x": 625.7842316519523, + "y": 2091.2063568910953 + }, + { + "x": 625.7842316519523, + "y": 2115.2525653144608 + }, + { + "x": 148.16052316430722, + "y": 2115.2525653144608 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 15, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "340 | Ch. 15. Homogeneous Risk Measures", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000130.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 166.26501710981245, + "y": 152.78293199361374 + }, + { + "x": 1532.64058072411, + "y": 152.78293199361374 + }, + { + "x": 1532.64058072411, + "y": 234.43140823017112 + }, + { + "x": 166.26501710981245, + "y": 234.43140823017112 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Table 15.6. Observations of Returns on the Firm's Portfolio of Investments rtp and on a Potential\nNew Investment (a Challenger).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 146.93238363383568, + "y": 361.4731257615593 + }, + { + "x": 1400.0385176903233, + "y": 361.4731257615593 + }, + { + "x": 1400.0385176903233, + "y": 682.660491484626 + }, + { + "x": 146.93238363383568, + "y": 682.660491484626 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "Time tObserved returns on the firm's portfolio over time rtpObserved returns on a potential new investment for the firm's rtj201210%7%20136%8%20147%5%20153%2%20165%3%", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 146.93238363383568, + "y": 736.7927632033217 + }, + { + "x": 1552.2722406035523, + "y": 736.7927632033217 + }, + { + "x": 1552.2722406035523, + "y": 811.9914755314082 + }, + { + "x": 146.93238363383568, + "y": 811.9914755314082 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Another way to represent the two rates of return measures and their relationship to each other is to\nrepresent them in a two dimensional scatter graph.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 146.93238363383568, + "y": 850.8689112659124 + }, + { + "x": 1552.2722406035523, + "y": 850.8689112659124 + }, + { + "x": 1552.2722406035523, + "y": 968.9075426508524 + }, + { + "x": 146.93238363383568, + "y": 968.9075426508524 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "We may visually observe how the two sets of rates of return move together by drawing a line through\nthe points on the graph in such a way as to minimize the squared distance from the point to the line.\nOur scatter graph is identified as Figure 15.3.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 146.93238363383566, + "y": 1104.9432958170098 + }, + { + "x": 1552.2722406035518, + "y": 1104.9432958170098 + }, + { + "x": 1552.2722406035518, + "y": 1179.2253424887012 + }, + { + "x": 146.93238363383566, + "y": 1179.2253424887012 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 15.3. Scatter Graph of Returns on the Firm's Portfolio of Investments and Returns on the\nPotential New Investment", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 146.93238363383563, + "y": 1330.337165109616 + }, + { + "x": 1193.5341269276446, + "y": 1330.337165109616 + }, + { + "x": 1193.5341269276446, + "y": 1790.6170778251458 + }, + { + "x": 146.93238363383563, + "y": 1790.6170778251458 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "potential\n10%\n8%\ninvestment\non\nreturns 6%\n4%\nnew\nObserved 2%\n0%\n0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%\nObserved returns on firm's portfolio of investments", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 146.93238363383568, + "y": 1834.5246948049044 + }, + { + "x": 1552.2722406035523, + "y": 1834.5246948049044 + }, + { + "x": 1552.2722406035523, + "y": 1909.723407132991 + }, + { + "x": 146.93238363383568, + "y": 1909.723407132991 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The relationship between the returns on the new investment and the firm's portfolio can be\nexpressed as:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 150.6830365334727, + "y": 1962.222682710292 + }, + { + "x": 233.2197354168866, + "y": 1962.222682710292 + }, + { + "x": 233.2197354168866, + "y": 1993.465387937347 + }, + { + "x": 150.6830365334727, + "y": 1993.465387937347 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(15.42)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 255.32013905114633, + "y": 1938.7578688857784 + }, + { + "x": 530.2521690094692, + "y": 1938.7578688857784 + }, + { + "x": 530.2521690094692, + "y": 1990.1582049214649 + }, + { + "x": 255.32013905114633, + "y": 1990.1582049214649 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "r_t^j=a+\\betar_t^j+\\epsilon_t", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1075.108834443712, + "y": 2091.8665708332383 + }, + { + "x": 1551.3730168728898, + "y": 2091.8665708332383 + }, + { + "x": 1551.3730168728898, + "y": 2115.805775770155 + }, + { + "x": 1075.108834443712, + "y": 2115.805775770155 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Ch. 15. Homogeneous Risk Measures | 349", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000131.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.82903753232793, + "y": 153.1131485810174 + }, + { + "x": 1404.1009132949573, + "y": 153.1131485810174 + }, + { + "x": 1404.1009132949573, + "y": 753.1810362235981 + }, + { + "x": 152.82903753232793, + "y": 753.1810362235981 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "20\n15\n10\n5\n0\n-5\n-10\n-15\n2004\n2005\n2008\n2002\n2006\n2003\n2007\n2010\n2009\n2000\n2001", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 484.9177503912739, + "y": 899.9378889239968 + }, + { + "x": 1214.9408452522528, + "y": 899.9378889239968 + }, + { + "x": 1214.9408452522528, + "y": 935.5487716001423 + }, + { + "x": 484.9177503912739, + "y": 935.5487716001423 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 17.2. Year-to-year changes in housing prices.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 148.452218907796, + "y": 1066.1232374429303 + }, + { + "x": 1399.7240946704253, + "y": 1066.1232374429303 + }, + { + "x": 1399.7240946704253, + "y": 1656.184361498401 + }, + { + "x": 148.452218907796, + "y": 1656.184361498401 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "30.0%\n25.0%\n20.0%\nChange 15.0%\n10.0%\n5.0%\n%\nAnnual\n0.0%\n-5.0%\n-10.0%\n04\n94\n06\n96\n98\n93\n02\n09\n05\n08\n97\n00\n01\n-15.0% 92\nSep\nMay\nMay\nMay\nJan\nJan\nSep\nMay\nJan\nMay\nSep\nJan\nSep\n-20.0% Jan", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 142.02119717808284, + "y": 1703.378156131423 + }, + { + "x": 1556.578011315742, + "y": 1703.378156131423 + }, + { + "x": 1556.578011315742, + "y": 2040.1283500123209 + }, + { + "x": 142.02119717808284, + "y": 2040.1283500123209 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Inflationary, nominal, and real interest rates. To understand price volatility of durables, it is necessary\nto describe inflationary, nominal, and real interest rates. Recall from your earlier training that the\ninflation rate i is equal to the rate of change in average prices, changes often linked to monetary or\nfiscal policies of governments. The nominal interest rate r depends on the rate of inflation and a real\ncomponent that is dependent on factors other than the rate of inflation such as changing market\nconditions or changes in productivity. To describe the effects of inflation on the nominal interest, let\none plus the nominal interest rate r equal one plus the real rate r* times one plus the inflation rate i so\nthat:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1208.1182664030669, + "y": 2090.918070294487 + }, + { + "x": 1550.5492433376207, + "y": 2090.918070294487 + }, + { + "x": 1550.5492433376207, + "y": 2116.3531084711935 + }, + { + "x": 1208.1182664030669, + "y": 2116.3531084711935 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Ch. 17. Land Investments | 385", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000132.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.0529403457508, + "y": 155.51174247295222 + }, + { + "x": 636.5731102973903, + "y": 155.51174247295222 + }, + { + "x": 636.5731102973903, + "y": 389.5256446430798 + }, + { + "x": 155.0529403457508, + "y": 389.5256446430798 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "Fish species on IUCN Red ListPotosi PupfishCyprinodon alvareziLa Palma PupfishCyprinodon longidorsalisButterfly SplitfinAmeca splendensGolden SkiffiaSkiffia francesae", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.7246445388025, + "y": 431.02769358126295 + }, + { + "x": 1013.8759380420324, + "y": 431.02769358126295 + }, + { + "x": 1013.8759380420324, + "y": 459.5101546501077 + }, + { + "x": 153.7246445388025, + "y": 459.5101546501077 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Table 6.1: Four fish species on IUCN Red List \"Extinct in the Wild\" held in public aquariums.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.0529403457508, + "y": 555.7682884916771 + }, + { + "x": 651.2245284995779, + "y": 555.7682884916771 + }, + { + "x": 651.2245284995779, + "y": 1057.149981156516 + }, + { + "x": 155.0529403457508, + "y": 1057.149981156516 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Public aquariums, because of their in-\nhouse expertise, can act quickly to collect\nand breed rare fish. Actions to prevent the\nextinction of the Barrens Topminnow\ninclude monitoring populations and\npropagating and stocking juveniles into\nexisting or newly created spring habitats.\nThe Tennessee Aquarium assisted with\npropagations and developed a program\ncalled \"Keeper Kids,\" where students on\nspring break help feed the Barrens\nTopminnows in a behind-the-scenes\nexperience.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 669.7375967854597, + "y": 536.8394837262744 + }, + { + "x": 1443.8910454004745, + "y": 536.8394837262744 + }, + { + "x": 1443.8910454004745, + "y": 977.0569219775136 + }, + { + "x": 669.7375967854597, + "y": 977.0569219775136 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 670.4290420874839, + "y": 988.822049434115 + }, + { + "x": 1377.662568743564, + "y": 988.822049434115 + }, + { + "x": 1377.662568743564, + "y": 1040.894794530783 + }, + { + "x": 670.4290420874839, + "y": 1040.894794530783 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 6.3: Photo of the critically endangered Butterfly Splitfin (Ameca\nspendens).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.0529403457508, + "y": 1084.9520524004938 + }, + { + "x": 1447.3908030094397, + "y": 1084.9520524004938 + }, + { + "x": 1447.3908030094397, + "y": 1393.5177602358754 + }, + { + "x": 155.0529403457508, + "y": 1393.5177602358754 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The breeding colonies of the Butterfly Splitfin (Figure 6.3) at the London Zoo and elsewhere serve as ark\npopulations essential to the survival of this species. Butterfly Splitfins are endemic to the Rio Ameca in\nwestern Mexico and almost extinct in the wild. Actions such as nonnative fish removal, stream restoration, and\nsanctuary designation may take decades before eventual introduction and survival in the wild. The Tennessee\nAquarium is part of a large partnership to guide hatchery augmentation and recovery of the rarest darter in\nNorth America (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2019). The Conasauga Logperch (Percina jenkinsi), a federally\nendangered darter (Percidae), is found only in a 30-mile (48 km) stretch of the Conasauga River in Georgia and\nTennessee (Moyer et al. 2015).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 157.60896625488877, + "y": 1403.1544759925516 + }, + { + "x": 912.021446987822, + "y": 1403.1544759925516 + }, + { + "x": 912.021446987822, + "y": 1672.0410197380531 + }, + { + "x": 157.60896625488877, + "y": 1672.0410197380531 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "THE LAKE STURGEON.\nAcipenser rubicundus, Le S: (p.\nDrawing by H. L from No. National Museum by J. W.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.05294034575078, + "y": 1680.0375877812812 + }, + { + "x": 644.0210196222475, + "y": 1680.0375877812812 + }, + { + "x": 644.0210196222475, + "y": 1709.724266592887 + }, + { + "x": 155.05294034575078, + "y": 1709.724266592887 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 6.4: Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 925.5545790136174, + "y": 1424.3854083179442 + }, + { + "x": 1445.93473371417, + "y": 1424.3854083179442 + }, + { + "x": 1445.93473371417, + "y": 1769.1202631581634 + }, + { + "x": 925.5545790136174, + "y": 1769.1202631581634 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The Banggai Cardinalfish (Pterapogon\nkauderni), a small, endangered tropical\ncardinalfish in the family Apogonidae, is\nnow bred and displayed in numerous public\naquariums after overharvest in the wild\ndrove wild populations to near extinction.\nConsequently, most Banggai Cardinalfish\nsold to hobbyists in the United States and\nEuropean Union today are captive bred.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.72464453880224, + "y": 1869.0958418662783 + }, + { + "x": 977.547205955652, + "y": 1869.0958418662783 + }, + { + "x": 977.547205955652, + "y": 1898.7825206778843 + }, + { + "x": 153.72464453880224, + "y": 1898.7825206778843 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "132 | Public Aquariums and Their Role in Education, Science, and Conservation", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000133.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.76673379241174, + "y": 166.55884228882854 + }, + { + "x": 740.0156110777507, + "y": 166.55884228882854 + }, + { + "x": 740.0156110777507, + "y": 213.20196518571353 + }, + { + "x": 152.76673379241174, + "y": 213.20196518571353 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "7.6 Examples of Women's Impact", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.76673379241174, + "y": 282.4245941835036 + }, + { + "x": 1445.4686445102116, + "y": 282.4245941835036 + }, + { + "x": 1445.4686445102116, + "y": 625.8298422974278 + }, + { + "x": 152.76673379241174, + "y": 625.8298422974278 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Sportfishing. Among those who fish for sport, only 27% of U.S. anglers are female (Burkett and Carter 2020).\nUnderrepresentation of females in sportfishing is ironic, as the first publication on fly-fishing, dating from the\n15th century, was written by Dame Juliana Berners, entitled Treatyse of Fysshynge with an Angle, a publication\nthat heavily influenced novelty of the sport for European enthusiasts. Though sometimes invisible, women are\nslowly changing the world of sportfishing by breaking stereotypes. Future growth of sportfishing will rely on\nfemale anglers, instructors, and guides. Here I share a few examples on women making a substantial impact\nthrough their passion toward fishing. These examples demonstrate women who loved and valued what they\ndid. If the paucity of female role models discourages females from seeing the relevance of fishing to them, these\nexamples should inspire.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.76673379241174, + "y": 656.300126169773 + }, + { + "x": 922.9555625468234, + "y": 656.300126169773 + }, + { + "x": 922.9555625468234, + "y": 1500.36167688168 + }, + { + "x": 152.76673379241174, + "y": 1500.36167688168 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Frederick Buller (2013) chronicled the very long list of large\nAtlantic Salmon caught by female anglers, which are\noutnumbered 200 to 1 by male salmon anglers. Georgina\nBallantine holds the British record for a 64-pound rod-caught\nAtlantic Salmon from River Tay, Scotland, in 1922 (Figure 7.5). Joan\nWulff was introduced to fly-fishing by her father when she was\nten and won several fly-fishing accuracy championships before\nwinning the 1951 Fishermen's Distance competition against all-\nmale competitors. She became the first female spokesperson for\nGarcia Corporation in 1959 and advocated for women anglers in\nher writings for Outdoor Life and Rod & Reel. Today, females make\nup 30% of participants in the sport of fly-fishing (Recreational\nFishing and Boating Foundation 2021). Joan Wulff participated in\nmany distance casting events and did trick casting. She snapped a\ncigarette from the mouth of Johnny Carson on the TV show \"Who\nDo You Trust?\" (Fogt 2017). Starting in 1978, Wulff opened a fly-\ncasting school on the Upper Beaverkill River in New York. Her Fly-\nCasting Techniques, published in 1987, and New Fly-Casting\nTechniques, published in 2012, are classic guides to learning her\ntechniques. When asked about her favorite fish, she would\nrespond, \"Whatever I'm fishing for,\" and her favorite place to fish\nwas \"Wherever I am.\"", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 940.4725079130294, + "y": 636.4531524760737 + }, + { + "x": 1443.8018085588465, + "y": 636.4531524760737 + }, + { + "x": 1443.8018085588465, + "y": 1325.92340925081 + }, + { + "x": 940.4725079130294, + "y": 1325.92340925081 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 941.3119660807182, + "y": 1336.3614421424295 + }, + { + "x": 1425.9329747066763, + "y": 1336.3614421424295 + }, + { + "x": 1425.9329747066763, + "y": 1417.2468315992587 + }, + { + "x": 941.3119660807182, + "y": 1417.2468315992587 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 7.5: Georgina Ballantine holds the British\nrecord for a 64-pound rod-caught salmon from\nRiver Tay, Scotland in 1922.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.76673379241174, + "y": 1539.7894631574836 + }, + { + "x": 1445.4686445102116, + "y": 1539.7894631574836 + }, + { + "x": 1445.4686445102116, + "y": 1803.7195251761063 + }, + { + "x": 152.76673379241174, + "y": 1803.7195251761063 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Most avid bass anglers can identify Roland Martin, Bill Dance, and Jimmy Houston, who dominated competitive\nbass fishing in the first decade of Bass Anglers Sportsman Society (B.A.S.S.) and have had TV fishing shows for\ndecades. Kim Bain-Moore began competing in bass tournaments at age 19 and in 2009 became the first woman\nto compete in the Bassmaster Classic tournament. Only three females have been inducted into the Bass Fishing\nHall of Fame. The first was Christine Houston, who organized the first-ever all women's bass club, the \"Tulsa\nBass Belles.\" But female participation in competitive bass fishing never took off as expected. Fewer that one in\nfive readers of Field & Stream, Outdoor Life, and Bassmaster magazines are female (Carini and Weber 2017).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1179.999749077822, + "y": 1870.3322857716264 + }, + { + "x": 1443.8018085588465, + "y": 1870.3322857716264 + }, + { + "x": 1443.8018085588465, + "y": 1896.8011483072637 + }, + { + "x": 1179.999749077822, + "y": 1896.8011483072637 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Gender and Fishing | 155", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000134.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.366698202788, + "y": 164.4333834777671 + }, + { + "x": 1444.6846395133423, + "y": 164.4333834777671 + }, + { + "x": 1444.6846395133423, + "y": 350.47345967395586 + }, + { + "x": 151.366698202788, + "y": 350.47345967395586 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "What's unique about the growth of Alligator Gars is their fast growth in the first years of life followed by slower\ngrowth (Figure 8.6; Figure 8.7). Juvenile Alligator Gars quickly transition to fish-eating habits (Butler et al. 2018).\nA fish diet means the juveniles grow at 4-5 mm per day in the first three months of life, so that by the end of the\nfirst growing season they may reach 1.5 to 2 feet in length (~40-70 cm) and 8-10 pounds in weight (Sakaris et al.\n2019). Despite their fast growth, young Alligator Gars are preyed upon by many larger fish.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 337.6714581737133, + "y": 397.7518873626332 + }, + { + "x": 1259.2844134719596, + "y": 397.7518873626332 + }, + { + "x": 1259.2844134719596, + "y": 946.2985611450816 + }, + { + "x": 337.6714581737133, + "y": 946.2985611450816 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "in cm Length of Gar Fish by Age\n120 300\n100 250\n80 200\nin)\nLength\nand\n60 150\n(cm\n40 100\n20 50\n0 0\n0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90\nAge (years)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 314.52788016792954, + "y": 974.5198622552682 + }, + { + "x": 1276.8472767847725, + "y": 974.5198622552682 + }, + { + "x": 1276.8472767847725, + "y": 1029.1547536266432 + }, + { + "x": 314.52788016792954, + "y": 1029.1547536266432 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 8.6: Growth in length of Alligator Gar in Texas. Figure 8.7: Growth in weight of Alligator\nGar in Texas. Long description.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 357.29785027866365, + "y": 1170.3590830851333 + }, + { + "x": 1249.873019386208, + "y": 1170.3590830851333 + }, + { + "x": 1249.873019386208, + "y": 1691.2839942529915 + }, + { + "x": 357.29785027866365, + "y": 1691.2839942529915 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Ibs kg Weight of Gar Fish by Age\n140\n300\n120\n250\n100 Texas rod & reel\n200 record alligator gar\n(279 lbs)\nlbs)\n80\nWeight\nand\n150\n60\n(kg\n100\n40\n50 20\n0\n0\n0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90\nAge (years)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 334.1071803921708, + "y": 1717.026845798585 + }, + { + "x": 880.0501604419508, + "y": 1717.026845798585 + }, + { + "x": 880.0501604419508, + "y": 1743.5921679143798 + }, + { + "x": 334.1071803921708, + "y": 1743.5921679143798 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 8.7: Growth in weight of Alligator Gar in Texas.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 857.0328542088862, + "y": 1870.0843597809103 + }, + { + "x": 1444.015754611544, + "y": 1870.0843597809103 + }, + { + "x": 1444.015754611544, + "y": 1896.7923785049952 + }, + { + "x": 857.0328542088862, + "y": 1896.7923785049952 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Angling and Conservation of Living Fishy Dinosaurs | 171", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000135.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.49489023288652, + "y": 163.6512165856659 + }, + { + "x": 1445.2251014441945, + "y": 163.6512165856659 + }, + { + "x": 1445.2251014441945, + "y": 469.04208531800543 + }, + { + "x": 154.49489023288652, + "y": 469.04208531800543 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Fly fishers targeting trout had an important influence in developing and sustaining conservation programs,\nalthough they were sometimes criticized for exclusive or single-interest advocacy. Here I review the history\nof trout fishing and fly-fishing with special focus on the Rocky Mountain West, where fly fishers first exerted\ntheir influence on conservation ethics and sportfishing policy. Although many individuals and organizations\nplayed roles, I concentrate on only two: Fly Fishers International (FFI) and Trout Unlimited (TU). These two\norganizations had similar interests in conservation, but important differences prevented them from working\ntogether on a unified goal of conservation. The legacy of fly-fishing demonstrates the importance of passion,\npersistence, and partnerships in fish conservation.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.49489023288652, + "y": 498.8621682192568 + }, + { + "x": 1445.2251014441945, + "y": 498.8621682192568 + }, + { + "x": 1445.2251014441945, + "y": 843.9131776857542 + }, + { + "x": 154.49489023288652, + "y": 843.9131776857542 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Trout and salmon are the only sport fish native to the Western states, and fly-fishing here became more than\na leisure activity. Norman Maclean's novel, A River Runs through It (1976), begins, \"In our family there was no\n\nclear line between religion and fly fishing.\" Later Maclean writes that \"Something within fishermen tries to\nmake fishing into a world perfect and apart.\" The iconography of Western fly-fishing that Maclean and others\nwrote about was created by anglers, fisheries managers, tourists, guides, businesses, and region promoters. The\nhistory of Rocky Mountain fly-fishing parallels the history of the expansion of our Western frontier as well as\nfisheries management (Brown 2015). Although Henry David Thoreau (1862) maintained that \"In wildness is the\npreservation of the world,\" humans are part of the trout fishing system and helped create, destroy, maintain,\nand restore the trout fishing we have today.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.49489023288675, + "y": 874.4599814954488 + }, + { + "x": 1445.2251014441945, + "y": 874.4599814954488 + }, + { + "x": 1445.2251014441945, + "y": 1140.756610758874 + }, + { + "x": 154.49489023288675, + "y": 1140.756610758874 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The first trout fishers were Native Americans. Native Americans used a variety of fishing methods, including\nweirs, spears, nets, traps, baskets, hook-and-line methods, and baits. They also caught fish by hand via tickling.\nTickling for trout involves rubbing the underbelly of a trout with fingers to get the trout to go into a trance, after\nwhich they can then easily be thrown onto the bank (Martindale 1901). Native Americans were more patient\nthan others. This method is different from noodling for catfish, where the noodler uses fingers as bait and grabs\nthe catfish by its mouth. Native Americans also caught fish by fly-fishing with deer-hair flies, according to the\nwritings of early American naturalist William Bartram (1739-1823) (Monahan, no date).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.49489023288652, + "y": 1170.7933980505152 + }, + { + "x": 1445.2251014441945, + "y": 1170.7933980505152 + }, + { + "x": 1445.2251014441945, + "y": 1554.9848539268835 + }, + { + "x": 154.49489023288652, + "y": 1554.9848539268835 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The story of Rocky Mountain trout fishing begins with displacement of Native Americans from their historical\nfishing and hunting grounds. Uninhabited wilderness had to be created through the dispossession of Native\npeople before it could be preserved (Spence 1999). Explorers, trappers, pioneers, soldiers, and homesteaders\nbrought fishing gear to frontier outposts. The Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806) included a designated\nangler named Silas Goodrich. The expedition first described several new species of fish, including the\nYellowstone Cutthroat Trout and Westslope Cutthroat Trout, caught by Goodrich. Later military expeditions\nspent time trout fishing in addition to fighting Native Americans. Custer's Last Stand at Little Bighorn might\nhave been avoided if he'd joined a column of reinforcements under General George Crook. Crook's soldiers\nwere comfortably camped close by on Goose Creek near the Tongue River-fishing, not fighting (Monnett 1993;\nOwens 2002a; Lessner 2010).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 131.90836584548322, + "y": 1768.351156027727 + }, + { + "x": 1347.329013784872, + "y": 1768.351156027727 + }, + { + "x": 1347.329013784872, + "y": 1842.4944635272975 + }, + { + "x": 131.90836584548322, + "y": 1842.4944635272975 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1. Although Maclean and other writers use the term fishermen, women are active anglers and contribute\nsignificantly to the sport.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 997.434072847902, + "y": 1869.8306142646445 + }, + { + "x": 1443.830112126795, + "y": 1869.8306142646445 + }, + { + "x": 1443.830112126795, + "y": 1896.9596553257925 + }, + { + "x": 997.434072847902, + "y": 1896.9596553257925 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Fly-Fishing's Legacy for Conservation | 191", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000136.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 168.26486418059085, + "y": 173.6265335505719 + }, + { + "x": 1428.6757316822489, + "y": 173.6265335505719 + }, + { + "x": 1428.6757316822489, + "y": 793.61081762593 + }, + { + "x": 168.26486418059085, + "y": 793.61081762593 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Getting away from the usual demands 34%\nBeing close to nature 33%\nEnjoying the sounds and smells of nature 32%\nCatching fish 31%\nSpending time with family or friends 29%\nThe scenic beauty 16%\nExperiencing solitude 14%\nExperiencing excitement/adventure 14%\nReliving my childhood memories of going fishing 12%\nCatching my own food 12%\n0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.10885626048707, + "y": 814.4446528311339 + }, + { + "x": 1179.1098718214364, + "y": 814.4446528311339 + }, + { + "x": 1179.1098718214364, + "y": 844.3700033647879 + }, + { + "x": 155.10885626048707, + "y": 844.3700033647879 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 10.2: Positive attributes reported by recreational anglers in the United States. Long description.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.2457616027201, + "y": 964.7201927183492 + }, + { + "x": 1445.9292177942325, + "y": 964.7201927183492 + }, + { + "x": 1445.9292177942325, + "y": 1076.7295465480577 + }, + { + "x": 153.2457616027201, + "y": 1076.7295465480577 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Over time, an angler's motivation may change from a catch orientation to emphasize noncatch motivations,\nsuch as being outdoors or passing on their passion for fishing (McKenna 2013). The progression often follows\nthese stages:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 171.26860671747977, + "y": 1118.2418448865053 + }, + { + "x": 951.7092186637416, + "y": 1118.2418448865053 + }, + { + "x": 951.7092186637416, + "y": 1307.5033757868755 + }, + { + "x": 171.26860671747977, + "y": 1307.5033757868755 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Stage 1: I just want to catch a fish!\n· Stage 2: I want to catch a lot of fish!\n· Stage 3: I want to catch big fish.\n· Stage 4: I'm just happy to be out fishing.\n· Stage 5: I want to pass on my knowledge and passion for fishing.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.2457616027201, + "y": 1347.4450350877785 + }, + { + "x": 1445.9292177942325, + "y": 1347.4450350877785 + }, + { + "x": 1445.9292177942325, + "y": 1499.8388938408116 + }, + { + "x": 153.2457616027201, + "y": 1499.8388938408116 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Studies of angler characteristics confirm that there is no such thing as an \"average\" angler. Rather, anglers are\na heterogeneous and changing group. Therefore, we can segment anglers in distinct categories for analysis\n(Bryan 1977; Kyle et al. 2007; Beardmore et al. 2013; TenHarmsel et al. 2019). For example, Magee (2018)\ncategorized recreational anglers into five distinct fisher classes with differing motivations (Table 10.1).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 156.64969548417787, + "y": 1868.8597632801627 + }, + { + "x": 627.8740452950575, + "y": 1868.8597632801627 + }, + { + "x": 627.8740452950575, + "y": 1897.2718196658184 + }, + { + "x": 156.64969548417787, + "y": 1897.2718196658184 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "216 | Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000137.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 161.06617271434624, + "y": 151.60306649014092 + }, + { + "x": 1447.4725501526916, + "y": 151.60306649014092 + }, + { + "x": 1447.4725501526916, + "y": 835.2590259737858 + }, + { + "x": 161.06617271434624, + "y": 835.2590259737858 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "60\n50\nAnglers\n■ No Daily Limit\n40\n■ Daily Limit-4\nof\n30\nProporion\n20\n10\n0\n0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 >8\nCatch Per Day", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 150.374983645415, + "y": 863.6685367412138 + }, + { + "x": 1419.358156078462, + "y": 863.6685367412138 + }, + { + "x": 1419.358156078462, + "y": 922.182347587748 + }, + { + "x": 150.374983645415, + "y": 922.182347587748 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 10.5: Frequency distribution displays the number of angler days resulting in differing catch per day for a hypothetical 8\nfish per day creel limit and estimated change if creel limit is reduced to 4 fish per day. Long description.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.943491251875, + "y": 1043.9723508967386 + }, + { + "x": 1445.7076775303972, + "y": 1043.9723508967386 + }, + { + "x": 1445.7076775303972, + "y": 1350.3714733555107 + }, + { + "x": 152.943491251875, + "y": 1350.3714733555107 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Creel limits are one of many elements that may be used by anglers to define fishing success. When more\nfish are harvested per trip, anglers rate fishing higher. High creel limits may cause anglers to have unrealistic\nexpectations about the potential supply of fish compared to the demand (Cook et al. 2001). Creel limit\nreductions may be unsuccessful in reducing angler harvest or affecting fish populations. The hypothetical\nangler success graph (Figure 10.5) demonstrates that a reduction in creel from 8 to 4 would affect only a few\ntrips and result in a small harvest reduction. Furthermore, creel limits are applied on a per-angler basis, SO they\ncannot control total harvest if total fishing effort increases or if noncompliance is high. Finally, since anglers\nhave a variety of motivations, they likely respond differently to regulation changes (Beard et al. 2011).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.943491251875, + "y": 1380.6360576263733 + }, + { + "x": 1445.7076775303972, + "y": 1380.6360576263733 + }, + { + "x": 1445.7076775303972, + "y": 1606.696296528561 + }, + { + "x": 152.943491251875, + "y": 1606.696296528561 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The ethic of fairness is involved in setting creel limit regulations because many anglers do not harvest a single\nfish during an angling trip. In Wisconsin lakes, Walleye harvest was not equally distributed. Only 7.4% of Walleye\nangler trips were successful in harvesting at least one Walleye, and <1% harvested a limit during a fishing trip\n(Staggs 1989). In Minnesota, anglers were slightly more successful, where 27.2% of angler trips ended with a\nharvest of at least one Walleye and about 1% harvesting a limit. The ideal creel limit would distribute the catch\namong more anglers and prevent overuse by a few individuals.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.943491251875, + "y": 1640.2338926867064 + }, + { + "x": 1445.7076775303972, + "y": 1640.2338926867064 + }, + { + "x": 1445.7076775303972, + "y": 1827.0380149765529 + }, + { + "x": 152.943491251875, + "y": 1827.0380149765529 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Long-term trends in panfish populations (i.e., Bluegill, Yellow Perch, Black Crappie, Pumpkinseed, and Rock\nBass) in Wisconsin lakes showed significant declines due to overfishing (Rypel et al. 2016). The daily limit for\npanfish was 50 aggregate per day from 1967 through 1998, which was reduced to 25 in 1998. Further reduction\nin daily limits for panfish (10) to improve undesirable small sizes of Bluegill populations increased both mean\nlength and mean maximum length relative to sizes in control lakes (Jacobson 2005; Rypel et al. 2015).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.97313671930488, + "y": 1870.111638098064 + }, + { + "x": 630.9901345022882, + "y": 1870.111638098064 + }, + { + "x": 630.9901345022882, + "y": 1896.9746034572447 + }, + { + "x": 154.97313671930488, + "y": 1896.9746034572447 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "226 | Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000138.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 318.2726371125125, + "y": 154.8434318360694 + }, + { + "x": 1281.2417450846292, + "y": 154.8434318360694 + }, + { + "x": 1281.2417450846292, + "y": 484.3679579696655 + }, + { + "x": 318.2726371125125, + "y": 484.3679579696655 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 319.19442555993277, + "y": 495.148024708237 + }, + { + "x": 989.9961470554204, + "y": 495.148024708237 + }, + { + "x": 989.9961470554204, + "y": 523.3521879983882 + }, + { + "x": 319.19442555993277, + "y": 523.3521879983882 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 11.2: Arapaima gigas displayed in the Siam Centre, Bangkok.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.54309392013133, + "y": 649.1275107787922 + }, + { + "x": 1444.686249288218, + "y": 649.1275107787922 + }, + { + "x": 1444.686249288218, + "y": 873.5150541752266 + }, + { + "x": 154.54309392013133, + "y": 873.5150541752266 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Arapaima is an important flagship genus for flooded forest ecosystem and human floodplain communities.\nFlagship taxa are used as a symbol to promote conservation awareness (Caro 2010). Their large size makes them\na true freshwater megafauna like crocodiles, river dolphins, and other large fish. Freshwater megafauna face\nmany threats, and 71% of these species are in decline (He et al. 2017, 2018). Arapaima continue to face intense\nfishing throughout their range (Watson et al. 2021). However, freshwater megafauna like the Arapaima have\nfewer conservation resources and efforts than marine or terrestrial megafaunas.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.54309392013127, + "y": 906.15021269136 + }, + { + "x": 1444.686249288218, + "y": 906.15021269136 + }, + { + "x": 1444.686249288218, + "y": 1174.187083888525 + }, + { + "x": 154.54309392013127, + "y": 1174.187083888525 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Fishing, in general, and fishing for Arapaima in particular, is a central element of the local economy and\nculture in Amazonia. Because these fish are obligate breathers, they are traditionally harvested by fishers\nusing harpoons at the time when they surface to breathe. Men typically fish from canoes and search for\nsigns of Arapaima near the surface. As they near the Arapaima, the harpooner throws the harpoon by hand.\nThis is a specialized type of fishing, and the local fishers possess knowledge of the behavior that increases\ntheir likelihood of catching one. With appropriate training, fishers' participation in management processes can\ncontribute to the conservation and governance of these small-scale fisheries.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.54309392013127, + "y": 1205.8366019659338 + }, + { + "x": 1444.686249288218, + "y": 1205.8366019659338 + }, + { + "x": 1444.686249288218, + "y": 1430.2241453623683 + }, + { + "x": 154.54309392013127, + "y": 1430.2241453623683 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Many populations of Arapaima have been driven to local extinction due to overfishing (Castello et al. 2015a;\nGurdak 2019a; Watson et al. 2021; Freitas and Sousa 2021). Much of the catch is illegal, with most specimens\nbeing caught below the minimum size limit or during the closed season (Cavole et al. 2015). The small-scale\nfishers are geographically dispersed, and governments in these regions have insufficient resources to devote\nto enforcing fishing rules. The riverine fishers who target Arapaima are marginalized and have limited formal\neducation. Yet, compliance with regulations is essential to prevent overfishing and local extinction.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.54309392013127, + "y": 1466.1764874646003 + }, + { + "x": 1444.686249288218, + "y": 1466.1764874646003 + }, + { + "x": 1444.686249288218, + "y": 1729.437333555124 + }, + { + "x": 154.54309392013127, + "y": 1729.437333555124 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Arapaima represent only a small fraction of the fisheries harvest, but they are culturally important and symbolic\nas a flagship genus of tropical South American fisheries and floodplain management and conservation. Reducing\nthe threats to Arapaima will also provide protections for many of the highly migratory fish of the Amazon basin.\nCollectively, the migratory fish contribute most of the fishery's landings in the basin (Duponchelle et al. 2021).\nMigratory fish depend on multiple, distant, but interconnected habitats during their life cycle. Any threat to\none of the habitats or the corridor that connects them can influence these important food fish (Goulding et al.\n2019).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 850.2991934033204, + "y": 1869.5984571933689 + }, + { + "x": 1444.686249288218, + "y": 1869.5984571933689 + }, + { + "x": 1444.686249288218, + "y": 1897.0495684169473 + }, + { + "x": 850.2991934033204, + "y": 1897.0495684169473 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Integrating Fishers in the Management of Arapaima | 251", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000139.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 305.2355869175458, + "y": 182.2595671947946 + }, + { + "x": 1239.0008691308642, + "y": 182.2595671947946 + }, + { + "x": 1239.0008691308642, + "y": 762.3707986608915 + }, + { + "x": 305.2355869175458, + "y": 762.3707986608915 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Top 10 tuna fishing nations (2018)\nIndonesia\nJapan\nPapua New Guinea\nTaiwan, China\nSpain\nEcuador\nRepublic of Korea\nUSA\nKiribati\nPhilippines\n100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000\nCatch (metric tons)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 259.9192870006476, + "y": 800.4096269537648 + }, + { + "x": 1296.643035905743, + "y": 800.4096269537648 + }, + { + "x": 1296.643035905743, + "y": 833.8108877611161 + }, + { + "x": 259.9192870006476, + "y": 833.8108877611161 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 12.8: Top tuna fishing nations based on landings of seven tuna species in 2018. Long description.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.56660445088391, + "y": 957.239964606313 + }, + { + "x": 1445.1112149432684, + "y": 957.239964606313 + }, + { + "x": 1445.1112149432684, + "y": 1220.5694729192792 + }, + { + "x": 155.56660445088391, + "y": 1220.5694729192792 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Today most tuna are captured in purse seines, and longlines are the second-most-common gear. Indonesia\nand Japan are consistently the top-two fishing nations (Figure 12.8). Five of the top tuna fishing nations-Japan,\nTaiwan (Republic of China), Spain, Korea, and the USA-have large fishing fleets that operate far from their home\nwaters, whereas the others have large local or regional fleets. New technologies, such as sonar, have made tuna\nfishing much more effective. In response, the use of spotter planes is banned for fishing Atlantic Bluefin Tuna in\nthe Mediterranean (Di Natale 2020). Many recreational tuna boats also use spotter planes in the eastern Atlantic\nOcean, although the traditionalist harpoon fishers shun the technology (Whynott 1995; Decker 2016).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.56660445088391, + "y": 1253.693756955495 + }, + { + "x": 1445.1112149432684, + "y": 1253.693756955495 + }, + { + "x": 1445.1112149432684, + "y": 1791.0037651524722 + }, + { + "x": 155.56660445088391, + "y": 1791.0037651524722 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The Pacific Ocean has consistently had the highest landings, about 66% of the world's tuna catch. The western\nand central Pacific Ocean is where many artisanal and industrial fisheries overlap. For the small island nations,\nfishing provides a major source of income, jobs, and food security (Bell et al. 2019). Yet, Pacific island nations\nhave not fully realized the economic potential with the global tuna industry, despite the fact that 80% of it is\ncaught within their exclusive economic zones (EEZs, i.e., within 200 miles). The 1982 United Nations Convention\non the Law of the Sea awarded coastal states sovereign rights to (1) exploit and manage all living resources\nwithin their EEZ, (2) exclude distant water fleets in favor of developing their own fleets, and (3) charge distant\nwater fleets rent for access. Eight island nations-the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands,\nNauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu, which support 80% of the purse-seine catch in\ntheir waters-formed an alliance and require collective bargaining to set rents for access by foreign vessels. The\nalliance also prioritized domestic over foreign vessels and set limits on the number of purse-seine vessels. The\nissue of sovereignty over tuna that migrate freely among EEZs remains a concern for small island nations (Bailey\net al. 2012). Working to establish fair and equitable allocations of total allowable catches to the many parties will\nrequire more equitable sharing with the larger tuna-fishing nations.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.56660445088391, + "y": 1868.9061550141776 + }, + { + "x": 892.8077200296971, + "y": 1868.9061550141776 + }, + { + "x": 892.8077200296971, + "y": 1896.6438690950297 + }, + { + "x": 155.56660445088391, + "y": 1896.6438690950297 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "282 | Conserving Tuna: The Most Commercially Valuable Fish on Earth", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000140.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.2997838748159, + "y": 164.53518645081567 + }, + { + "x": 873.516512472791, + "y": 164.53518645081567 + }, + { + "x": 873.516512472791, + "y": 778.1942136248338 + }, + { + "x": 153.2997838748159, + "y": 778.1942136248338 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "There is no question that fishing is the major factor driving\ngrouper stocks on the downward spiral, but those that have\nlarge spawning aggregations are most vulnerable to declines\n(Coleman et al. 1996; Asch and Erisman 2018; Sadovy de\nMitcheson et al. 2020). Because it takes a long time for\nscientists to obtain needed life history information, fisheries-\nindependent survey data, and catch history, grouper\npopulations may be overfished long before data are even\navailable for a stock assessment. Without formal stock\nassessments, general indicators of population status are\nbased on catch trends. Very few grouper stocks that have\nspawning aggregations are managed sustainably. In a recent\nglobal analysis of the status of populations that form\nspawning aggregations, 45% were unknown, 33% were\ndecreasing, and 5% were already gone (Figure 13.5). Only 12%\nhad stable populations, and 5% were increasing.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 936.0072167324498, + "y": 185.08424580165348 + }, + { + "x": 1408.1837939720162, + "y": 185.08424580165348 + }, + { + "x": 1408.1837939720162, + "y": 569.2569259560903 + }, + { + "x": 936.0072167324498, + "y": 569.2569259560903 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Gone\nIncreasing\n5%\n5%\nSame\n12%\nUnknown\n45%\nDecreasing\n33%", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 891.5571238104252, + "y": 635.4146954051173 + }, + { + "x": 1442.4322262234125, + "y": 635.4146954051173 + }, + { + "x": 1442.4322262234125, + "y": 744.8712275004832 + }, + { + "x": 891.5571238104252, + "y": 744.8712275004832 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 13.5: Current known status reflecting changes\nof exploited grouper aggregations globally, as noted by\nfisher interviews, monitoring, or underwater surveys\n(N = 509). Long description.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.29978387481583, + "y": 808.655718607683 + }, + { + "x": 1444.8794583663646, + "y": 808.655718607683 + }, + { + "x": 1444.8794583663646, + "y": 1033.7138588010707 + }, + { + "x": 153.29978387481583, + "y": 1033.7138588010707 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Of the 167 species of grouper, 9.6% are vulnerable, 4.8% are near threatened, 1.2% are endangered, and 0.6%\nare critically endangered (Figure 13.6). The majority of species (68.9%) are classified as least concern and 15%\nare data deficient, with insufficient data for classification. The larger (>50 cm total length) and long-lived (>20\nyears) species of grouper that also had smaller geographic ranges were most likely to be endangered or critically\nendangered (Luiz et al. 2016). Market prices for grouper are escalating, and other lower-valued fish are often\nmislabeled or substituted.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 195.8643722369909, + "y": 1063.3145571983173 + }, + { + "x": 719.5467761928412, + "y": 1063.3145571983173 + }, + { + "x": 719.5467761928412, + "y": 1662.3863397974144 + }, + { + "x": 195.8643722369909, + "y": 1662.3863397974144 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Critically Endangered\nendangered 1%\nVulnerable\n1%\nData deficient 9%\n15%\nNear\nthreatened\n5%\nLeast concern\n69%", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.01728990554898, + "y": 1691.278601391418 + }, + { + "x": 723.8649278604197, + "y": 1691.278601391418 + }, + { + "x": 723.8649278604197, + "y": 1771.6203061284878 + }, + { + "x": 155.01728990554898, + "y": 1771.6203061284878 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 13.6: Categories of all grouper species (N = 167)\naccording to the IUCN Red List (IUCN Red List\nAssessments, updated November 2018). Long description.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 775.6412888338328, + "y": 1067.5822564765854 + }, + { + "x": 1444.8794583663646, + "y": 1067.5822564765854 + }, + { + "x": 1444.8794583663646, + "y": 1802.1608367145975 + }, + { + "x": 775.6412888338328, + "y": 1802.1608367145975 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "To protect grouper from overfishing, many measures are\nbeing implemented, such as minimum and slot-size\nlimits, recreational bag limits, commercial fishing quotas,\ngear and seasonal controls, marine protected areas, and\nlimited entry (Rocklin et al. 2022). The effectiveness will\ndepend on traits of the species and the local context.\nRegulations to prevent marketing of undersize fish will\nmitigate growth overfishing. Allowing smaller fish to\nreach maturity at least once before harvest will mitigate\nrecruitment overfishing. Size-limit regulations focused\non protecting spawning-size fish may be ineffective for\ndeepwater recreational fishing. Grouper have a\nphysoclistous (i.e., closed) swim bladder, making them\nparticularly susceptible to ruptured swim bladders,\nbloating, stomach distention, and protruding eyes caused\nby rapid decompression when hauled to the surface\n(Brule et al. 2015). The proportion of grouper with\ndistended stomachs was 70% in one study of commercial\nhook-and-line fishing and as high as 95% for Red", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.0172899055489, + "y": 1869.7704847967664 + }, + { + "x": 598.4600364459366, + "y": 1869.7704847967664 + }, + { + "x": 598.4600364459366, + "y": 1896.7965872123905 + }, + { + "x": 155.0172899055489, + "y": 1896.7965872123905 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "312 | Grouper and Spawning Aggregations", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000141.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 66.78891197701023, + "y": 54.069940734413706 + }, + { + "x": 1140.207789950185, + "y": 54.069940734413706 + }, + { + "x": 1140.207789950185, + "y": 112.72671002256531 + }, + { + "x": 66.78891197701023, + "y": 112.72671002256531 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "10 THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 93.18445815667846, + "y": 153.78644852427144 + }, + { + "x": 1118.2115014671278, + "y": 153.78644852427144 + }, + { + "x": 1118.2115014671278, + "y": 294.56269481583536 + }, + { + "x": 93.18445815667846, + "y": 294.56269481583536 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "COPYRIGHT", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 129.26878195497764, + "y": 488.8764539404849 + }, + { + "x": 554.0600195909602, + "y": 488.8764539404849 + }, + { + "x": 554.0600195909602, + "y": 539.1960771315242 + }, + { + "x": 129.26878195497764, + "y": 539.1960771315242 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "COPYRIGHT PROTECTS CREATIVE WORK -\nYOURS, MINE, EVERYONE'S!", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 85.09343257112431, + "y": 642.0164534035083 + }, + { + "x": 120.445593480098, + "y": 642.0164534035083 + }, + { + "x": 120.445593480098, + "y": 685.6174518579094 + }, + { + "x": 85.09343257112431, + "y": 685.6174518579094 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 185.2578884798832, + "y": 663.2277499488927 + }, + { + "x": 519.925011751501, + "y": 663.2277499488927 + }, + { + "x": 519.925011751501, + "y": 750.4297468576945 + }, + { + "x": 185.2578884798832, + "y": 750.4297468576945 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "We're all both consumers and creators of creative\nwork. As consumers, we watch movies, listen to\nmusic, read books, and more! As creators, we\ntake photos, write songs, make videos, etc.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 90.98545938928652, + "y": 850.5942027664533 + }, + { + "x": 125.15921493462788, + "y": 850.5942027664533 + }, + { + "x": 125.15921493462788, + "y": 893.0167958572217 + }, + { + "x": 90.98545938928652, + "y": 893.0167958572217 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "2", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 179.36586166172088, + "y": 883.5895529481621 + }, + { + "x": 516.3897956606036, + "y": 883.5895529481621 + }, + { + "x": 516.3897956606036, + "y": 941.3314157661524 + }, + { + "x": 179.36586166172088, + "y": 941.3314157661524 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Copyright protects creative work, so people can't\ngenerally copy or share or perform other\npeople's work without permission.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 90.98545938928652, + "y": 1048.566303856706 + }, + { + "x": 120.445593480098, + "y": 1048.566303856706 + }, + { + "x": 120.445593480098, + "y": 1092.167302311107 + }, + { + "x": 90.98545938928652, + "y": 1092.167302311107 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "3", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 178.18745629808842, + "y": 1076.848032583885 + }, + { + "x": 549.3851458423123, + "y": 1076.848032583885 + }, + { + "x": 549.3851458423123, + "y": 1159.3364080381568 + }, + { + "x": 178.18745629808842, + "y": 1159.3364080381568 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Copyright comes from the Constitution. Its purpose is\nto promote more creativity. The idea is that letting\neach of us decide what happens to our own creations\nwill encourage us to keep creating.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 90.98545938928652, + "y": 1259.5008639469156 + }, + { + "x": 122.80240420736294, + "y": 1259.5008639469156 + }, + { + "x": 122.80240420736294, + "y": 1299.5666463104194 + }, + { + "x": 90.98545938928652, + "y": 1299.5666463104194 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "4", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 178.18745629808842, + "y": 1291.317808764992 + }, + { + "x": 549.3851458423123, + "y": 1291.317808764992 + }, + { + "x": 549.3851458423123, + "y": 1390.3038593101187 + }, + { + "x": 178.18745629808842, + "y": 1390.3038593101187 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "All creative work is protected by copyright as soon as\nit's written down or recorded or saved-and not just\nwork by professional artists or big studios. Copyright\nprotects all of us-our photos on Instagram and\neverything we write or create.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 86.27183793475677, + "y": 1475.1490454916552 + }, + { + "x": 120.445593480098, + "y": 1475.1490454916552 + }, + { + "x": 120.445593480098, + "y": 1515.2148278551588 + }, + { + "x": 86.27183793475677, + "y": 1515.2148278551588 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "5", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 179.36586166172088, + "y": 1495.181936673407 + }, + { + "x": 515.2113902969711, + "y": 1495.181936673407 + }, + { + "x": 515.2113902969711, + "y": 1552.9237994913974 + }, + { + "x": 179.36586166172088, + "y": 1552.9237994913974 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "If you copy or share other people's creative\nworks without permission, that's called copyright\ninfringement. Examples:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 200.57715820710513, + "y": 1559.9942316731924 + }, + { + "x": 536.4226868423555, + "y": 1559.9942316731924 + }, + { + "x": 536.4226868423555, + "y": 1653.0882554001562 + }, + { + "x": 200.57715820710513, + "y": 1653.0882554001562 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 13, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Downloading music, movies, ebooks, or games\nfrom illegal sources that operate without artists'\npermission.\n· Uploading your collection of music, movies,\nebooks, or games for your friends to copy.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 178.18745629808842, + "y": 1655.4450661274211 + }, + { + "x": 477.5024186607326, + "y": 1655.4450661274211 + }, + { + "x": 477.5024186607326, + "y": 1694.3324431272922 + }, + { + "x": 178.18745629808842, + "y": 1694.3324431272922 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 14, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Copyright infringement is illegal and carries\nserious penalties.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 749.3525945786114, + "y": 488.8764539404849 + }, + { + "x": 1022.7768299925884, + "y": 488.8764539404849 + }, + { + "x": 1022.7768299925884, + "y": 541.4795121906238 + }, + { + "x": 749.3525945786114, + "y": 541.4795121906238 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 15, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "BUT COPYRIGHT DOESN'T\nCOVER EVERYTHING", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 647.2010398613519, + "y": 642.0164534035084 + }, + { + "x": 689.5493934142115, + "y": 642.0164534035084 + }, + { + "x": 689.5493934142115, + "y": 685.6174518579094 + }, + { + "x": 647.2010398613519, + "y": 685.6174518579094 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 16, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "6", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 738.1715771230503, + "y": 660.1604341635757 + }, + { + "x": 1113.0329289428078, + "y": 660.1604341635757 + }, + { + "x": 1113.0329289428078, + "y": 750.4297468576945 + }, + { + "x": 738.1715771230503, + "y": 750.4297468576945 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 17, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Copyright gives a lot of protection, but it also has\nlimitations. Not everything gets copyright protection.\nFacts and ideas are not protected by copyright, neither\nare US Government documents, like NASA photos and\nreports by federal agencies.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 648.7694974003467, + "y": 853.0807114599363 + }, + { + "x": 677.0017331022531, + "y": 853.0807114599363 + }, + { + "x": 677.0017331022531, + "y": 890.7236923958114 + }, + { + "x": 648.7694974003467, + "y": 890.7236923958114 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 18, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "7", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 736.6031195840554, + "y": 871.9022019278739 + }, + { + "x": 1078.5268630849223, + "y": 871.9022019278739 + }, + { + "x": 1078.5268630849223, + "y": 953.4619939556036 + }, + { + "x": 736.6031195840554, + "y": 953.4619939556036 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 19, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Another limitation of copyright is \"fair use,\" which\nallows us to copy and re-use copyrighted work\nwithout the artist's permission in certain, limited\nways that are still fair to the creator.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 651.9064124783362, + "y": 1048.566303856706 + }, + { + "x": 678.5701906412479, + "y": 1048.566303856706 + }, + { + "x": 678.5701906412479, + "y": 1089.9177998481512 + }, + { + "x": 651.9064124783362, + "y": 1089.9177998481512 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 20, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "8", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 739.7400346620451, + "y": 1076.848032583885 + }, + { + "x": 1089.506065857886, + "y": 1076.848032583885 + }, + { + "x": 1089.506065857886, + "y": 1151.0876438689484 + }, + { + "x": 739.7400346620451, + "y": 1151.0876438689484 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 21, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "When you re-use portions of someone else's work\nfor a school project-like using images or songs for\na presentation in class-that's a fair use situation.\nYou don't need the author's permission.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 648.7694974003467, + "y": 1257.7427565205949 + }, + { + "x": 684.844020797227, + "y": 1257.7427565205949 + }, + { + "x": 684.844020797227, + "y": 1301.659567612449 + }, + { + "x": 648.7694974003467, + "y": 1301.659567612449 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 22, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "9", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 735.0346620450608, + "y": 1291.317808764992 + }, + { + "x": 1067.547660311959, + "y": 1291.317808764992 + }, + { + "x": 1067.547660311959, + "y": 1390.303859310119 + }, + { + "x": 735.0346620450608, + "y": 1390.303859310119 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 23, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Copyright protection doesn't last forever.\nEventually it expires, and the creative work falls\ninto the \"public domain.\" Works in the public\ndomain are free to re-use and share however\nyou want.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 645.632582322357, + "y": 1472.6214393628825 + }, + { + "x": 692.6863084922012, + "y": 1472.6214393628825 + }, + { + "x": 692.6863084922012, + "y": 1515.2148278551588 + }, + { + "x": 645.632582322357, + "y": 1515.2148278551588 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 24, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "10", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 651.9064124783362, + "y": 1568.2973492415654 + }, + { + "x": 686.4124783362219, + "y": 1568.2973492415654 + }, + { + "x": 686.4124783362219, + "y": 1594.9611274044769 + }, + { + "x": 651.9064124783362, + "y": 1594.9611274044769 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 25, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "cc", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 735.0346620450608, + "y": 1532.2228258446848 + }, + { + "x": 1040.8838821490467, + "y": 1532.2228258446848 + }, + { + "x": 1040.8838821490467, + "y": 1631.0356508013574 + }, + { + "x": 735.0346620450608, + "y": 1631.0356508013574 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 26, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Some creators are happy to share their\ncreative work. They use a licensing system\nfor sharing called Creative Commons. You\ncan find millions of CC work that are free to\nshare or re-use.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 411.2440936248548, + "y": 1725.9961970853465 + }, + { + "x": 800.2898925974871, + "y": 1725.9961970853465 + }, + { + "x": 800.2898925974871, + "y": 1765.4273411446911 + }, + { + "x": 411.2440936248548, + "y": 1765.4273411446911 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 27, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Ⓒopyrightand Creativity.org", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1099.3228693554051, + "y": 1705.390482463732 + }, + { + "x": 1128.6481042886653, + "y": 1705.390482463732 + }, + { + "x": 1128.6481042886653, + "y": 1742.3961360699884 + }, + { + "x": 1099.3228693554051, + "y": 1742.3961360699884 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 28, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Ⓒ", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000142.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 248.70916521440117, + "y": 201.85660557631593 + }, + { + "x": 264.94480895812313, + "y": 201.85660557631593 + }, + { + "x": 264.94480895812313, + "y": 226.16970309560227 + }, + { + "x": 248.70916521440117, + "y": 226.16970309560227 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "2", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 795.5678373868599, + "y": 201.856605576316 + }, + { + "x": 1426.1725138627305, + "y": 201.856605576316 + }, + { + "x": 1426.1725138627305, + "y": 233.234838645933 + }, + { + "x": 795.5678373868599, + "y": 233.234838645933 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Numerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 245.78122790895156, + "y": 288.14428996453717 + }, + { + "x": 1427.5997052128732, + "y": 288.14428996453717 + }, + { + "x": 1427.5997052128732, + "y": 356.81133836315126 + }, + { + "x": 245.78122790895156, + "y": 356.81133836315126 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "also plays an important role in error analysis (investigating the difference between the numerical\napproximation and the solution).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 245.7812279089516, + "y": 367.9682990824553 + }, + { + "x": 1427.5997052128732, + "y": 367.9682990824553 + }, + { + "x": 1427.5997052128732, + "y": 533.8011794962489 + }, + { + "x": 245.7812279089516, + "y": 533.8011794962489 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Calculating with only a finite subset of the rational numbers has many consequences. For exam-\nple: a computer cannot distinguish between two polynomials of sufficiently high degree. Conse-\nquently, methods based on the main theorem of algebra (i.e. that an nth degree polynomial has\nexactly n complex zeros) cannot be trusted. Errors that follow from the use of finitely many digits\nare called rounding errors (Section 1.4).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 245.7812279089515, + "y": 547.0516952982338 + }, + { + "x": 1427.599705212873, + "y": 547.0516952982338 + }, + { + "x": 1427.599705212873, + "y": 749.7908422347238 + }, + { + "x": 245.7812279089515, + "y": 749.7908422347238 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "An important aspect of numerical mathematics is the emphasis on efficiency. Contrary to or-\ndinary mathematics, numerical mathematics considers an increase in efficiency, i.e. a decrease\nof the number of operations and / or amount of storage required, as an essential improvement.\nProgress in this aspect is of great practical importance and the end of this development has not\nbeen reached yet. Here, the creative mind will meet many challenges. On top of that, revolutions\nin computer architecture will overturn much conventional wisdom.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 245.78122790895156, + "y": 800.1852560280902 + }, + { + "x": 880.1071514260075, + "y": 800.1852560280902 + }, + { + "x": 880.1071514260075, + "y": 846.5168468116722 + }, + { + "x": 245.78122790895156, + "y": 846.5168468116722 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1.3 Why numerical mathematics?", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 245.78122790895156, + "y": 870.9102715377775 + }, + { + "x": 1427.5997052128732, + "y": 870.9102715377775 + }, + { + "x": 1427.5997052128732, + "y": 938.3609321678694 + }, + { + "x": 245.78122790895156, + "y": 938.3609321678694 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "A big advantage of numerical mathematics is that it can provide answers to problems that do not\nadmit closed-form solutions. Consider for example the integral", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 728.7223742381314, + "y": 964.3240958801492 + }, + { + "x": 946.0318510222112, + "y": 964.3240958801492 + }, + { + "x": 946.0318510222112, + "y": 1060.8216607458069 + }, + { + "x": 728.7223742381314, + "y": 1060.8216607458069 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\\int_0^\\pi\\sqrt{1+\\cos^2x}dx\\text{.}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 245.78122790895168, + "y": 1074.108006009314 + }, + { + "x": 1427.5997052128732, + "y": 1074.108006009314 + }, + { + "x": 1427.5997052128732, + "y": 1274.3462300953702 + }, + { + "x": 245.78122790895168, + "y": 1274.3462300953702 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "This is an expression for the arc length of one arc of the curve y(x) = sin x, which does not have\na solution in closed form. A numerical method, however, can approximate this integral in a very\nsimple way (Chapter 5). An additional advantage is that a numerical method only uses stan-\ndard function evaluations and the operations addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.\nBecause these are exactly the operations a computer can perform, numerical mathematics and\ncomputers form a perfect combination.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 245.78122790895168, + "y": 1288.1561049429229 + }, + { + "x": 1427.5997052128732, + "y": 1288.1561049429229 + }, + { + "x": 1427.5997052128732, + "y": 1455.8432356427618 + }, + { + "x": 245.78122790895168, + "y": 1455.8432356427618 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "An advantage of analytical methods is that the solution is given by a mathematical formula.\nFrom this, insight in the behavior and the properties of the solution can be gained. For numerical\napproximations, however, this is not the case. In that case, visualization tools may be used to gain\ninsight in the behavior of the solution. Using a numerical method to draw a graph of a function\nis usually a more useful tool than evaluating the solution at a large number of points.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 245.78122790895156, + "y": 1505.2913142387183 + }, + { + "x": 641.8413692119451, + "y": 1505.2913142387183 + }, + { + "x": 641.8413692119451, + "y": 1551.6229050223003 + }, + { + "x": 245.78122790895156, + "y": 1551.6229050223003 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1.4 Rounding errors", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 245.78122790895156, + "y": 1578.7572346582574 + }, + { + "x": 1427.599705212873, + "y": 1578.7572346582574 + }, + { + "x": 1427.599705212873, + "y": 1640.8003157023354 + }, + { + "x": 245.78122790895156, + "y": 1640.8003157023354 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "A computer uses a finite representation of the all numbers in R. These are stored in a computer\nin the form", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 727.5033600104721, + "y": 1644.0197116399916 + }, + { + "x": 949.3927319419548, + "y": 1644.0197116399916 + }, + { + "x": 949.3927319419548, + "y": 1677.736662197497 + }, + { + "x": 727.5033600104721, + "y": 1677.736662197497 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\\pm0.d_1d_2\\ldotsd_n\\cdot\\beta^e\\text{,}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1371.901419481549, + "y": 1644.019711639991 + }, + { + "x": 1425.9453648544495, + "y": 1644.019711639991 + }, + { + "x": 1425.9453648544495, + "y": 1675.2146165437923 + }, + { + "x": 1371.901419481549, + "y": 1675.2146165437923 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 13, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(1.1)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 245.78122790895168, + "y": 1691.0490418995994 + }, + { + "x": 1427.5997052128732, + "y": 1691.0490418995994 + }, + { + "x": 1427.5997052128732, + "y": 1923.3977375989348 + }, + { + "x": 245.78122790895168, + "y": 1923.3977375989348 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 14, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "in which, by definition, d1 > 0 and 0 ≤ di < �. The normalization is needed in order to prevent a\nwaste of digits and to make the representation unambiguous. We call the value in equation (1.1)\na floating point number (representation) in which 0.d1d2 . . . dn is called the mantissa, � the base and\ne (integer) the exponent, where L < e < U. Characteristic values for |L| and U are in the range\n[100,1000], often, � = 2 (binary representation) and n = 24 (single precision) or n = 53 (double\nprecision). Most computers and software packages (Matlab) satisfy the IEEE-754 standard, and\nhence provide single-1 and double-precision2 computations.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 245.7812279089515, + "y": 1938.0096591607787 + }, + { + "x": 412.11834842915454, + "y": 1938.0096591607787 + }, + { + "x": 412.11834842915454, + "y": 1965.2592276202156 + }, + { + "x": 245.7812279089515, + "y": 1965.2592276202156 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 15, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Let for x ∈ R", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 574.9280137865419, + "y": 1969.1744612260536 + }, + { + "x": 1100.8975755919623, + "y": 1969.1744612260536 + }, + { + "x": 1100.8975755919623, + "y": 2002.8914117835595 + }, + { + "x": 574.9280137865419, + "y": 2002.8914117835595 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 16, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "0.d_1\\ldotsd_n\\cdot\\beta^e\\leqx<0.d_1d_2\\ldots\\left(d_n+1\\right)\\cdot\\beta^e\\text{,}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 277.73434644797686, + "y": 2020.3178829091648 + }, + { + "x": 1082.520451362605, + "y": 2020.3178829091648 + }, + { + "x": 1082.520451362605, + "y": 2080.264706366493 + }, + { + "x": 277.73434644797686, + "y": 2080.264706366493 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 17, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-precision_floating-point_format\n2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000143.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 250.578820119072, + "y": 474.400549126901 + }, + { + "x": 502.48555113096097, + "y": 474.400549126901 + }, + { + "x": 502.48555113096097, + "y": 537.0509278241584 + }, + { + "x": 250.578820119072, + "y": 537.0509278241584 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Chapter 3", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 250.578820119072, + "y": 605.6912757310472 + }, + { + "x": 1064.4116993303303, + "y": 605.6912757310472 + }, + { + "x": 1064.4116993303303, + "y": 665.7021358129113 + }, + { + "x": 250.578820119072, + "y": 665.7021358129113 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Numerical differentiation", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 249.17022010085475, + "y": 789.7115078347806 + }, + { + "x": 573.8602810335866, + "y": 789.7115078347806 + }, + { + "x": 573.8602810335866, + "y": 822.9684541968179 + }, + { + "x": 249.17022010085475, + "y": 822.9684541968179 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "3.1 Introduction", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 246.6928748618077, + "y": 862.2544087729693 + }, + { + "x": 1429.3927608270285, + "y": 862.2544087729693 + }, + { + "x": 1429.3927608270285, + "y": 1354.9120694831147 + }, + { + "x": 246.6928748618077, + "y": 1354.9120694831147 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Everyone who possesses a car and/or a driver's licence is familiar with speeding tickets. In\nThe Netherlands, speeding tickets are usually processed in a fully automated fashion, and the\nperpetrator will receive the tickets within a couple of weeks after the offence. The Dutch police\noptimized the procedures of speed control such that this effort has become very profitable to the\nDutch government. Various strategies for speed control are carried out by police forces, which\nare all based on the position of the vehicle at consecutive times. The actual velocity follows from\nthe first-order derivative of the position of the vehicle with respect to time. Since no explicit\nformula for this position is available, the velocity can only be estimated using an approximation\nof the velocity based on several discrete vehicle positions at discrete times. This motivates the use\nof approximate derivatives, also called numerical derivatives. If the police want to know whether\nthe offender drove faster before speed detection (in other words, whether the perpetrator hit the\nbrakes after having seen the police patrol), or whether the driver was already accelerating, then\nthey are also interested in the acceleration of the 'bad guy'. This acceleration can be estimated\nusing numerical approximations of the second-order derivative of the car position with respect\nto time.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 247.4545503264333, + "y": 1376.7427941870556 + }, + { + "x": 1430.154436291654, + "y": 1376.7427941870556 + }, + { + "x": 1430.154436291654, + "y": 1680.002489066101 + }, + { + "x": 247.4545503264333, + "y": 1680.002489066101 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Since the time-interval of recording is nonzero, the velocity is not determined exactly in general.\nIn this chapter, the resulting error, referred to as the truncation error, is estimated using Taylor se-\nries. In most cases, the truncation error increases with an increasing size of the recording interval\n(Sections 3.2 and 3.4). Next to the truncation error, the measurement of the position of the vehicle\nis also prone to measurement errors. Issues that influence the results are, for example, paral-\nlax, the measurement equipment, and in some cases even the performance of the police officer\n(in car-videoing and laser control). These measurement errors provide an additional deteriora-\ntion of the approximation of the speed and acceleration. The impact of measurement errors on\napproximations of derivatives is treated in Section 3.3.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 247.4545503264333, + "y": 1734.6778958129178 + }, + { + "x": 1249.0811110957677, + "y": 1734.6778958129178 + }, + { + "x": 1249.0811110957677, + "y": 1778.3802976380705 + }, + { + "x": 247.4545503264333, + "y": 1778.3802976380705 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "3.2 Simple difference formulae for the first derivative", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 246.69287486180775, + "y": 1807.5019062298145 + }, + { + "x": 1302.8454125324406, + "y": 1807.5019062298145 + }, + { + "x": 1302.8454125324406, + "y": 1842.5754957912789 + }, + { + "x": 246.69287486180775, + "y": 1842.5754957912789 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Suppose f is a continuously differentiable function. The forward difference is defined as", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 626.2775047906842, + "y": 1867.4556513943048 + }, + { + "x": 1049.4543626246384, + "y": 1867.4556513943048 + }, + { + "x": 1049.4543626246384, + "y": 1932.1665402747933 + }, + { + "x": 626.2775047906842, + "y": 1932.1665402747933 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Q_f(h)=\\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h},h>0\\text{,}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 246.69287486180775, + "y": 1956.4389101869472 + }, + { + "x": 810.2807970926117, + "y": 1956.4389101869472 + }, + { + "x": 810.2807970926117, + "y": 1991.512499748412 + }, + { + "x": 246.69287486180775, + "y": 1991.512499748412 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "in which h is called the step size. By definition,", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 658.0819053720473, + "y": 2019.2493814417196 + }, + { + "x": 1016.0731877424496, + "y": 2019.2493814417196 + }, + { + "x": 1016.0731877424496, + "y": 2083.9602703222076 + }, + { + "x": 658.0819053720473, + "y": 2083.9602703222076 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\\lim_{h\\rightarrow0}\\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}=f^{\\prime}(x)\n\\end{aligned}\\text{,}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000144.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 248.66708250896912, + "y": 201.2529785639863 + }, + { + "x": 667.2810205132103, + "y": 201.2529785639863 + }, + { + "x": 667.2810205132103, + "y": 232.73274670190523 + }, + { + "x": 248.66708250896912, + "y": 232.73274670190523 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Chapter 3. Numerical differentiation", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1396.30211652854, + "y": 202.04221563541216 + }, + { + "x": 1426.8065835510567, + "y": 202.04221563541216 + }, + { + "x": 1426.8065835510567, + "y": 225.45287452793656 + }, + { + "x": 1396.30211652854, + "y": 225.45287452793656 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "35", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 247.64669641934483, + "y": 289.7682301354419 + }, + { + "x": 634.8507554407059, + "y": 289.7682301354419 + }, + { + "x": 634.8507554407059, + "y": 321.2103642514622 + }, + { + "x": 247.64669641934483, + "y": 321.2103642514622 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Note that the exact error equals", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 584.2626583318984, + "y": 348.3481507799642 + }, + { + "x": 1091.7994729979669, + "y": 348.3481507799642 + }, + { + "x": 1091.7994729979669, + "y": 380.8430287648604 + }, + { + "x": 584.2626583318984, + "y": 380.8430287648604 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "M-Q(h)=e-2.7525\\ldots=-0.0342\\ldots\\ldots", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 247.6466964193448, + "y": 410.9193752201229 + }, + { + "x": 855.7811182260066, + "y": 410.9193752201229 + }, + { + "x": 855.7811182260066, + "y": 442.3615093361431 + }, + { + "x": 247.6466964193448, + "y": 442.3615093361431 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "In this example the error estimate is very reliable.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 247.64669641934472, + "y": 462.0541837395619 + }, + { + "x": 1326.4371704757737, + "y": 462.0541837395619 + }, + { + "x": 1326.4371704757737, + "y": 493.49631785558216 + }, + { + "x": 247.64669641934472, + "y": 493.49631785558216 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "To receive a better approximation the error estimate can be added to the approximation:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 532.8450218888512, + "y": 518.0263510420203 + }, + { + "x": 1143.0795500033928, + "y": 518.0263510420203 + }, + { + "x": 1143.0795500033928, + "y": 557.0817926218066 + }, + { + "x": 532.8450218888512, + "y": 557.0817926218066 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Q(h)+c_ph^p=2.7525\\ldots-0.0348\\ldots=2.7177\\ldots.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 247.64669641934472, + "y": 598.6699864368073 + }, + { + "x": 1427.5394872572035, + "y": 598.6699864368073 + }, + { + "x": 1427.5394872572035, + "y": 732.9186741906973 + }, + { + "x": 247.64669641934472, + "y": 732.9186741906973 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "In the above example, the value of p was computed using Richardson's extrapolation. However,\nusing Theorem 3.2.1, it is clear that p = 1, and this value could have been used immediately in\nequation (3.13b) in order to determine cphp. In practice, more complex situations are found, and\nthe following complications may occur:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 294.15898796522424, + "y": 759.281883232207 + }, + { + "x": 1247.529508801326, + "y": 759.281883232207 + }, + { + "x": 1247.529508801326, + "y": 793.3601818952923 + }, + { + "x": 294.15898796522424, + "y": 793.3601818952923 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "- Itis not known whether higher-order derivatives exist and/or are bounded.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 294.15898796522424, + "y": 816.1174319068386 + }, + { + "x": 1426.8065835510563, + "y": 816.1174319068386 + }, + { + "x": 1426.8065835510563, + "y": 883.265557263913 + }, + { + "x": 294.15898796522424, + "y": 883.265557263913 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "- The final resultis a combination of various approximation methods. The influence of these\napproximations on p is not always clear.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 294.1589879652243, + "y": 904.0662800954096 + }, + { + "x": 1371.6174079637667, + "y": 904.0662800954096 + }, + { + "x": 1371.6174079637667, + "y": 938.1445787584952 + }, + { + "x": 294.1589879652243, + "y": 938.1445787584952 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "- During implementation of the algorithm in a computer program, errors may be made.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 247.6466964193449, + "y": 962.9916982998614 + }, + { + "x": 1427.539487257204, + "y": 962.9916982998614 + }, + { + "x": 1427.539487257204, + "y": 1032.3079277688323 + }, + { + "x": 247.6466964193449, + "y": 1032.3079277688323 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "To reveal any of these complications it is good practice to verify whether the calculated p is close\nto the p that follows from theory.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 248.66708250896912, + "y": 1075.911350097407 + }, + { + "x": 1297.6251834685586, + "y": 1075.911350097407 + }, + { + "x": 1297.6251834685586, + "y": 1114.7569950890286 + }, + { + "x": 248.66708250896912, + "y": 1114.7569950890286 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "3.7.3 Formulae of higher accuracy from Richardson's extrapolation *", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 247.6466964193449, + "y": 1131.270519021252 + }, + { + "x": 1427.539487257204, + "y": 1131.270519021252 + }, + { + "x": 1427.539487257204, + "y": 1200.586748490223 + }, + { + "x": 247.6466964193449, + "y": 1200.586748490223 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 13, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "In several applications the value of p in (3.10) is known. In that case Richardson's extrapolation\ncan be used to determine formulae of higher accuracy.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 246.9137927131979, + "y": 1213.4526753875964 + }, + { + "x": 1322.7506945698483, + "y": 1213.4526753875964 + }, + { + "x": 1322.7506945698483, + "y": 1249.442963512938 + }, + { + "x": 246.9137927131979, + "y": 1249.442963512938 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 14, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "This is done by making use of the fact that the error estimates for Q(h) and Q(2h) equal", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 627.0622742743784, + "y": 1274.127277094041 + }, + { + "x": 1003.4062934364816, + "y": 1274.127277094041 + }, + { + "x": 1003.4062934364816, + "y": 1313.182718673827 + }, + { + "x": 627.0622742743784, + "y": 1313.182718673827 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 15, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "M-Q(h)=c_ph^p+\\mathcal{O}\\left(h^{p+1}\\right)\\text{,}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1344.603624328445, + "y": 1280.2945270325351 + }, + { + "x": 1425.6425888370616, + "y": 1280.2945270325351 + }, + { + "x": 1425.6425888370616, + "y": 1309.0657570355943 + }, + { + "x": 1344.603624328445, + "y": 1309.0657570355943 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 16, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(3.15a)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 627.0622742743785, + "y": 1321.774985341271 + }, + { + "x": 1047.7302631552527, + "y": 1321.774985341271 + }, + { + "x": 1047.7302631552527, + "y": 1360.830426921057 + }, + { + "x": 627.0622742743785, + "y": 1360.830426921057 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 17, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "M-Q(2h)=c_p(2h)^p+\\mathcal{O}\\left(h^{p+1}\\right)\\text{.}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 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1230.074144298137, + "y": 1487.481166529312 + }, + { + "x": 443.8229063305205, + "y": 1487.481166529312 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 20, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "2^p(M-Q(h))-(M-Q(2h))=2^p\\left(c_ph^p\\right)-c_p(2h)^p+\\mathcal{O}\\left(h^{p+1}\\right)\\text{,}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 247.6466964193448, + "y": 1511.1209633500416 + }, + { + "x": 365.07653973963056, + "y": 1511.1209633500416 + }, + { + "x": 365.07653973963056, + "y": 1540.4519665626628 + }, + { + "x": 247.6466964193448, + "y": 1540.4519665626628 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 21, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "such that", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 583.3469633198144, + "y": 1540.4519665626628 + }, + { + "x": 1092.6446183402436, + "y": 1540.4519665626628 + }, + { + "x": 1092.6446183402436, + "y": 1579.507408142449 + }, + { + "x": 583.3469633198144, + "y": 1579.507408142449 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 22, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\\left(2^p-1\\right)M-2^pQ(h)+Q(2h)=\\mathcal{O}\\left(h^{p+1}\\right)\\text{.}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 247.64669641934472, + "y": 1595.2779833467107 + }, + { + "x": 446.4636753477647, + "y": 1595.2779833467107 + }, + { + "x": 446.4636753477647, + "y": 1624.608986559332 + }, + { + "x": 247.64669641934472, + "y": 1624.608986559332 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 23, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "This means that", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 628.3788498860185, + "y": 1620.1400485790928 + }, + { + "x": 1045.7636662331336, + "y": 1620.1400485790928 + }, + { + "x": 1045.7636662331336, + "y": 1686.511361106227 + }, + { + "x": 628.3788498860185, + "y": 1686.511361106227 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 24, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "M=\\frac{2^pQ(h)-Q(2h)}{2^p-1}+\\mathcal{O}\\left(h^{p+1}\\right)\\text{.}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1357.7396898571485, + "y": 1641.2155334871622 + }, + { + "x": 1425.6425888370616, + "y": 1641.2155334871622 + }, + { + "x": 1425.6425888370616, + "y": 1669.9867634902212 + }, + { + "x": 1357.7396898571485, + "y": 1669.9867634902212 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 25, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(3.16)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 247.6466964193448, + "y": 1702.2118896386653 + }, + { + "x": 1429.6813523610997, + "y": 1702.2118896386653 + }, + { + "x": 1429.6813523610997, + "y": 1769.1860433737534 + }, + { + "x": 247.6466964193448, + "y": 1769.1860433737534 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 26, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The value (2pQ(h) - Q(2h))/(2p - 1) is a new approximation formula for M with an accuracy\nthatis one order higher than the order of Q(h).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 248.66708250896912, + "y": 1806.9747792299304 + }, + { + "x": 928.5309616199364, + "y": 1806.9747792299304 + }, + { + "x": 928.5309616199364, + "y": 1842.1971864765885 + }, + { + "x": 248.66708250896912, + "y": 1842.1971864765885 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 27, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Example 3.7.2 (Forward difference of higher accuracy)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 247.64669641934483, + "y": 1864.299206433907 + }, + { + "x": 1429.6813523610997, + "y": 1864.299206433907 + }, + { + "x": 1429.6813523610997, + "y": 1931.2733601689952 + }, + { + "x": 247.64669641934483, + "y": 1931.2733601689952 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 28, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "As an example, the forward-difference method is considered. The error in the forward-difference\nformula may be written as", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 653.8416382443695, + "y": 1928.686399621305 + }, + { + "x": 1021.5857611913024, + "y": 1928.686399621305 + }, + { + "x": 1021.5857611913024, + "y": 1967.7418412010916 + }, + { + "x": 653.8416382443695, + "y": 1967.7418412010916 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 29, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "f^{\\prime}(x)-Q_f(h)=c_1h+\\mathcal{O}\\left(h^2\\right)\\text{,}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1357.7396898571485, + "y": 1934.3098261239645 + }, + { + "x": 1425.6425888370616, + "y": 1934.3098261239645 + }, + { + "x": 1425.6425888370616, + "y": 1963.0810561270232 + }, + { + "x": 1357.7396898571485, + "y": 1963.0810561270232 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 30, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(3.17)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 247.6466964193448, + "y": 1982.3104379570811 + }, + { + "x": 634.1912714911274, + "y": 1982.3104379570811 + }, + { + "x": 634.1912714911274, + "y": 2017.450660347741 + }, + { + "x": 247.6466964193448, + "y": 2017.450660347741 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 31, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "and the difference for 2h equals", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 638.9616159260885, + "y": 2041.9039607386624 + }, + { + "x": 1033.2204071526078, + "y": 2041.9039607386624 + }, + { + "x": 1033.2204071526078, + "y": 2080.959402318449 + }, + { + "x": 638.9616159260885, + "y": 2080.959402318449 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 32, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "f^{\\prime}(x)-Q_f(2h)=c_12h+\\mathcal{O}\\left(h^2\\right)\\text{.}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1357.7396898571485, + "y": 2049.9398044083487 + }, + { + "x": 1425.6425888370616, + "y": 2049.9398044083487 + }, + { + "x": 1425.6425888370616, + "y": 2078.7110344114076 + }, + { + "x": 1357.7396898571485, + "y": 2078.7110344114076 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 33, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(3.18)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000145.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 248.7614119478771, + "y": 475.591141923766 + }, + { + "x": 504.41731616582734, + "y": 475.591141923766 + }, + { + "x": 504.41731616582734, + "y": 535.2687449256507 + }, + { + "x": 248.7614119478771, + "y": 535.2687449256507 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Chapter 4", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 248.7614119478771, + "y": 605.2609953599597 + }, + { + "x": 898.1129021523932, + "y": 605.2609953599597 + }, + { + "x": 898.1129021523932, + "y": 677.4414446575822 + }, + { + "x": 248.7614119478771, + "y": 677.4414446575822 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Nonlinear equations", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 248.7614119478771, + "y": 786.3439570538065 + }, + { + "x": 572.3912758820683, + "y": 786.3439570538065 + }, + { + "x": 572.3912758820683, + "y": 821.5700711313145 + }, + { + "x": 248.7614119478771, + "y": 821.5700711313145 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "4.1 Introduction", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 248.76141194787712, + "y": 857.4113087211668 + }, + { + "x": 1428.2984252672088, + "y": 857.4113087211668 + }, + { + "x": 1428.2984252672088, + "y": 920.3281077520772 + }, + { + "x": 248.76141194787712, + "y": 920.3281077520772 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The pressure drop in a fluid in motion is examined. For a flow in a pipe with a circular cross\nsection of diameter D (meter), the Reynolds number, Re, is given by", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 775.9632737430148, + "y": 942.828993975962 + }, + { + "x": 899.4519620189483, + "y": 942.828993975962 + }, + { + "x": 899.4519620189483, + "y": 1006.0709318131012 + }, + { + "x": 775.9632737430148, + "y": 1006.0709318131012 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\\operatorname{Re}=\\frac{Dv}{v}\\text{,}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 248.761411947877, + "y": 1026.879662161189 + }, + { + "x": 1428.2984252672086, + "y": 1026.879662161189 + }, + { + "x": 1428.2984252672086, + "y": 1122.1201731796598 + }, + { + "x": 248.761411947877, + "y": 1122.1201731796598 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "in which v (m/s) is the average flow velocity and v (m2/s) is the viscosity of the fluid. The flow is\ncalled laminar if Re < 2100 (low flow velocity) and turbulent if Re > 3000. For 2100 ≤ Re ≤ 3000,\nthe flow is neither laminar nor turbulent.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 248.7614119478772, + "y": 1143.3927286130463 + }, + { + "x": 1211.2452864112254, + "y": 1143.3927286130463 + }, + { + "x": 1211.2452864112254, + "y": 1177.2624974886453 + }, + { + "x": 248.7614119478772, + "y": 1177.2624974886453 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "For turbulent flows, the pressure drop between inflow and outflow is given by", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 713.1121732089263, + "y": 1196.4194805520167 + }, + { + "x": 962.645659580815, + "y": 1196.4194805520167 + }, + { + "x": 962.645659580815, + "y": 1269.4446381337516 + }, + { + "x": 713.1121732089263, + "y": 1269.4446381337516 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "P_{\\text{out}}-P_{\\text{in}}=\\frac{\\rhowLv^2}{2gD}\\text{,}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 248.7614119478771, + "y": 1291.084230493989 + }, + { + "x": 1428.2984252672086, + "y": 1291.084230493989 + }, + { + "x": 1428.2984252672086, + "y": 1393.9160427444235 + }, + { + "x": 248.7614119478771, + "y": 1393.9160427444235 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "in which w is a friction coefficient, p (kg/m3) is the fluid density, L (m) is the length and 8 (m/s2)\nis the acceleration of gravity. If the fluid contains particles (sand, paper fibers), then the friction\ncoefficient w satisfies the equation", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 659.4086372121393, + "y": 1412.3731145846782 + }, + { + "x": 1018.3424369447492, + "y": 1412.3731145846782 + }, + { + "x": 1018.3424369447492, + "y": 1491.3192115715103 + }, + { + "x": 659.4086372121393, + "y": 1491.3192115715103 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{w}}=\\frac{\\ln(\\operatorname{Re}\\sqrt{w})+14-\\frac{5.6}{k}}{k}\\text{,}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 248.76141194787704, + "y": 1512.086301018457 + }, + { + "x": 883.5609507879861, + "y": 1512.086301018457 + }, + { + "x": 883.5609507879861, + "y": 1545.956069894056 + }, + { + "x": 248.76141194787704, + "y": 1545.956069894056 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "in which k is a parameter known from experiments.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 248.7614119478771, + "y": 1557.2772168101576 + }, + { + "x": 1428.2984252672086, + "y": 1557.2772168101576 + }, + { + "x": 1428.2984252672086, + "y": 1619.749545168543 + }, + { + "x": 248.7614119478771, + "y": 1619.749545168543 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "In this chapter, numerical methods will be discussed that can be used to determine w if the values\nof Re and k are known.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 248.761411947877, + "y": 1676.81648922372 + }, + { + "x": 546.7248973351277, + "y": 1676.81648922372 + }, + { + "x": 546.7248973351277, + "y": 1712.042603301228 + }, + { + "x": 248.761411947877, + "y": 1712.042603301228 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "4.2 Definitions", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 248.7614119478771, + "y": 1749.4763673861228 + }, + { + "x": 1428.2984252672086, + "y": 1749.4763673861228 + }, + { + "x": 1428.2984252672086, + "y": 1844.6908186550104 + }, + { + "x": 248.7614119478771, + "y": 1844.6908186550104 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 13, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "In this chapter, various iterative methods will be considered to solve nonlinear equations of the\nform f(p) = 0. The point p is called a zero of the function f, or a root of the equation f(x) = 0.\nFirst, some useful definitions and concepts are introduced.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 248.7614119478772, + "y": 1863.966697355892 + }, + { + "x": 415.99821383376633, + "y": 1863.966697355892 + }, + { + "x": 415.99821383376633, + "y": 1894.2501065475287 + }, + { + "x": 248.7614119478772, + "y": 1894.2501065475287 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 14, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Convergence", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 248.7614119478771, + "y": 1894.250106547529 + }, + { + "x": 1428.2984252672086, + "y": 1894.250106547529 + }, + { + "x": 1428.2984252672086, + "y": 1996.6595189902816 + }, + { + "x": 248.7614119478771, + "y": 1996.6595189902816 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 15, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Each numerical method generates a sequence {pn} = p0, p1, p2,... which should converge to p:\nlimn→∞ Pn = p. Assume that the sequence indeed converges, with Pn ≠ p for all n. If there exist\npositive constants � and a satisfying", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 709.5108768965009, + "y": 2015.4772833133425 + }, + { + "x": 965.9984257834972, + "y": 2015.4772833133425 + }, + { + "x": 965.9984257834972, + "y": 2088.5024408950767 + }, + { + "x": 709.5108768965009, + "y": 2088.5024408950767 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 16, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\\lim_{n\\rightarrow\\infty}\\frac{\\left|p-p_{n+1}\\right|}{\\left|p-p_n\\right|^\\alpha}=\\lambda\\text{,}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1372.0418456651926, + "y": 2037.3180640589464 + }, + { + "x": 1425.286753975476, + "y": 2037.3180640589464 + }, + { + "x": 1425.286753975476, + "y": 2064.9566424184836 + }, + { + "x": 1372.0418456651926, + "y": 2064.9566424184836 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 17, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(4.1)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000146.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 61.55184287900245, + "y": 70.86833348897984 + }, + { + "x": 211.6036150079736, + "y": 70.86833348897984 + }, + { + "x": 211.6036150079736, + "y": 169.1079989076708 + }, + { + "x": 61.55184287900245, + "y": 169.1079989076708 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Circle", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1257.1381300724845, + "y": 69.38864748997801 + }, + { + "x": 1512.4791645877312, + "y": 69.38864748997801 + }, + { + "x": 1512.4791645877312, + "y": 136.03828539214476 + }, + { + "x": 1257.1381300724845, + "y": 136.03828539214476 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Co-funded by\nthe European Union", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 231.4283468758009, + "y": 240.56360701300065 + }, + { + "x": 1432.4592820414368, + "y": 240.56360701300065 + }, + { + "x": 1432.4592820414368, + "y": 360.0616667812868 + }, + { + "x": 231.4283468758009, + "y": 360.0616667812868 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "organizations to navigate successfully the global digital economy. Finally each of the identified\ncompetences, within the Framework will correspond to the different e-learning modules (PR2)\nand e-game levels (PR3)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 231.4283468758009, + "y": 393.53671000566146 + }, + { + "x": 590.3880913802502, + "y": 393.53671000566146 + }, + { + "x": 590.3880913802502, + "y": 430.3004055431634 + }, + { + "x": 231.4283468758009, + "y": 430.3004055431634 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Reference frameworks:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 284.84150095158014, + "y": 493.9534396681263 + }, + { + "x": 1432.4592820414368, + "y": 493.9534396681263 + }, + { + "x": 1432.4592820414368, + "y": 604.3359960308682 + }, + { + "x": 284.84150095158014, + "y": 604.3359960308682 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "GreenComp - \"The European Sustainability Competence Framework\"(1), responds to\nthe growing need for people to improve and develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes\nto live, work and act in a sustainable manner.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 231.42834687580097, + "y": 644.454657865999 + }, + { + "x": 1438.5202563821365, + "y": 644.454657865999 + }, + { + "x": 1438.5202563821365, + "y": 1011.7557918911612 + }, + { + "x": 231.42834687580097, + "y": 1011.7557918911612 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "GreenComp is a reference framework for sustainability competences. It provides a common\nground to learners and guidance to educators, providing a consensual definition of what\nsustainability as a competence entails. It is designed to support education and training\nprogrammes for lifelong learning. It is written for all learners, irrespective of their age and their\neducation level and in any learning setting - formal, non-formal and informal. Sustainability\ncompetences can help learners become systemic and critical thinkers, as well as develop agency,\nand form a knowledge basis for everyone who cares about our planet's present and future state.\nThe aim of GreenComp is to foster a sustainability mindset by helping users develop the\nknowledge, skills and attitudes to think, plan and act with empathy, responsibility, and care for\nour planet.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 231.4283468758009, + "y": 1055.616826179963 + }, + { + "x": 1434.783607752849, + "y": 1055.616826179963 + }, + { + "x": 1434.783607752849, + "y": 1236.9369347893376 + }, + { + "x": 231.4283468758009, + "y": 1236.9369347893376 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Green- Comp is the result of a robust research methodology that has involved a large and\ndiverse group of experts and stakeholders, to build a consensus on an agreed proposal. It\nprovides a general reference model that everyone involved in lifelong learning can use to design\nlearning opportunities aimed at developing sustainability competences and to assess progress in\nsupporting education and training for sustainability.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 234.16686290956545, + "y": 1286.8967113236515 + }, + { + "x": 1258.1457480793483, + "y": 1286.8967113236515 + }, + { + "x": 1258.1457480793483, + "y": 1319.4523016388537 + }, + { + "x": 234.16686290956545, + "y": 1319.4523016388537 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "GreenComp consists of 12 competences organised into the four main areas below:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 219.39101856004308, + "y": 1363.801819460843 + }, + { + "x": 1448.4121437042886, + "y": 1363.801819460843 + }, + { + "x": 1448.4121437042886, + "y": 2015.7318449209256 + }, + { + "x": 219.39101856004308, + "y": 2015.7318449209256 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "AreaCompetence1. Embodying sustainability values1.1 Valuing sustainability1.2 Supporting fairness1.3 Promoting nature2. Embracing complexity in sustainability2.1 Systems thinking2.2 Critical thinking2.3 Problem framing3. Envisioning sustainable futures3.1 Futures literacy3.2 Adaptability", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 250.52863657771425, + "y": 2116.088166833668 + }, + { + "x": 1425.47807541563, + "y": 2116.088166833668 + }, + { + "x": 1425.47807541563, + "y": 2167.9195544994077 + }, + { + "x": 250.52863657771425, + "y": 2167.9195544994077 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 607.9051314836938, + "y": 2195.7434468919896 + }, + { + "x": 1067.0293151531844, + "y": 2195.7434468919896 + }, + { + "x": 1067.0293151531844, + "y": 2220.7695533866245 + }, + { + "x": 607.9051314836938, + "y": 2220.7695533866245 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000147.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 62.132636673977174, + "y": 67.8516972555162 + }, + { + "x": 214.01234260672223, + "y": 67.8516972555162 + }, + { + "x": 214.01234260672223, + "y": 168.7093144764797 + }, + { + "x": 62.132636673977174, + "y": 168.7093144764797 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "ECO\nCircle", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1259.9839147759694, + "y": 73.19313528799636 + }, + { + "x": 1512.274504089684, + "y": 73.19313528799636 + }, + { + "x": 1512.274504089684, + "y": 136.7431453577493 + }, + { + "x": 1259.9839147759694, + "y": 136.7431453577493 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Co-funded by\nthe European Union", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 333.9204240833621, + "y": 241.2718621653451 + }, + { + "x": 963.0865042106856, + "y": 241.2718621653451 + }, + { + "x": 963.0865042106856, + "y": 281.43139919474874 + }, + { + "x": 333.9204240833621, + "y": 281.43139919474874 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "3. RECOLLECTION OF NATIONAL INITIATIVES", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 234.1767726204004, + "y": 292.99079255354746 + }, + { + "x": 1432.4409362051647, + "y": 292.99079255354746 + }, + { + "x": 1432.4409362051647, + "y": 365.89232838055534 + }, + { + "x": 234.1767726204004, + "y": 365.89232838055534 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Partners were also asked to recollect initiatives from their respective countries that represented\nthe core values and practices of a Circular Economy or Social Entrepreneurship:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 216.946519827643, + "y": 590.9307608708266 + }, + { + "x": 1423.6729694056185, + "y": 590.9307608708266 + }, + { + "x": 1423.6729694056185, + "y": 2067.5021581613173 + }, + { + "x": 216.946519827643, + "y": 2067.5021581613173 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "Source (doc, report, etc.)YearDescription of the initiativeCircular Economy issues addressedEco-Ecole Program https://www.ec o-ecole.org/le- programme/2005Eco-Ecole is the French version of Eco-Schools, an international program for education in sustainable development (ESD), developed by the Foundation for Environmental Education. 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There was also a small representation of non-formal\ntraining, as well as >1% representation for other options.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 271.7064443653663, + "y": 1468.3274203819656 + }, + { + "x": 409.20473943784344, + "y": 1468.3274203819656 + }, + { + "x": 409.20473943784344, + "y": 1532.9380770985615 + }, + { + "x": 271.7064443653663, + "y": 1532.9380770985615 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Profession\n122 responses", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 482.6660721244841, + "y": 1577.6896136011908 + }, + { + "x": 1268.605215252779, + "y": 1577.6896136011908 + }, + { + "x": 1268.605215252779, + "y": 1880.8847465728936 + }, + { + "x": 482.6660721244841, + "y": 1880.8847465728936 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Social Entrepreneur\n19.7% Youth Worker\nEducator/Trainer\nUniversity Professor\nExpert in Circular Economy\nYouth Leader\n12.3%\n18.9% Project Manager\nStudent\n19.7%\n1/3", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 232.27057038674937, + "y": 1940.784120435736 + }, + { + "x": 1424.5570898949138, + "y": 1940.784120435736 + }, + { + "x": 1424.5570898949138, + "y": 2054.20584667853 + }, + { + "x": 232.27057038674937, + "y": 2054.20584667853 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "For responders' profession, the most common answers representing 19.7% equally, were Youth\nWorkers and Project Managers, although practising Social Entrepreneurs were also well\nrepresented, along with an 8% response rate from self-declared circular economy experts.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 249.1543430571964, + "y": 2113.323165686188 + }, + { + "x": 1423.6964918691306, + "y": 2113.323165686188 + }, + { + "x": 1423.6964918691306, + "y": 2168.617649744414 + }, + { + "x": 249.1543430571964, + "y": 2168.617649744414 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 605.5617151653955, + "y": 2196.773257335813 + }, + { + "x": 1066.713015533693, + "y": 2196.773257335813 + }, + { + "x": 1066.713015533693, + "y": 2220.2578142990133 + }, + { + "x": 605.5617151653955, + "y": 2220.2578142990133 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000149.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 63.29529044984423, + "y": 70.62182167673657 + }, + { + "x": 212.17249092627415, + "y": 70.62182167673657 + }, + { + "x": 212.17249092627415, + "y": 167.7931680954843 + }, + { + "x": 63.29529044984423, + "y": 167.7931680954843 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "ECO\nCircle", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1260.255574569181, + "y": 71.63644054733548 + }, + { + "x": 1510.3195913979353, + "y": 71.63644054733548 + }, + { + "x": 1510.3195913979353, + "y": 134.85049409747995 + }, + { + "x": 1260.255574569181, + "y": 134.85049409747995 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Co-funded by\nthe European Union", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 235.45501400041337, + "y": 490.9464361552583 + }, + { + "x": 1375.1233558511203, + "y": 490.9464361552583 + }, + { + "x": 1375.1233558511203, + "y": 564.4935561510995 + }, + { + "x": 235.45501400041337, + "y": 564.4935561510995 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "With this in mind, here we have the 7 key competence areas selected to form a part of Eco-\nCircle's Competence Framework:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 394.9529829797103, + "y": 585.8202910155608 + }, + { + "x": 1280.3919114309876, + "y": 585.8202910155608 + }, + { + "x": 1280.3919114309876, + "y": 1124.4125939811115 + }, + { + "x": 394.9529829797103, + "y": 1124.4125939811115 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "Eco-Circle Competence Framework#1: The 3 Rs: Recycle-Reuse-Reduce#2: Lifecycle of Circular Economy#3: Social Entrepreneurship and Circular Economy#4: Corporate Environmental Sustainability#5: Embodying Sustainable Values#6: Environmental Engagement#7: Supporting Local Eco-friendly and Green Activities", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 250.81074700357257, + "y": 2115.1421695537933 + }, + { + "x": 1422.855736474751, + "y": 2115.1421695537933 + }, + { + "x": 1422.855736474751, + "y": 2168.6309840962235 + }, + { + "x": 250.81074700357257, + "y": 2168.6309840962235 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 607.1933538331798, + "y": 2196.4383483813153 + }, + { + "x": 1067.928566767358, + "y": 2196.4383483813153 + }, + { + "x": 1067.928566767358, + "y": 2219.054883723184 + }, + { + "x": 607.1933538331798, + "y": 2219.054883723184 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000150.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 64.12860299963452, + "y": 71.2400514539805 + }, + { + "x": 211.48070917712735, + "y": 71.2400514539805 + }, + { + "x": 211.48070917712735, + "y": 167.01892046935086 + }, + { + "x": 64.12860299963452, + "y": 167.01892046935086 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "ECO\nCircle", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1259.351644326345, + "y": 71.24005145398054 + }, + { + "x": 1511.8476779509062, + "y": 71.24005145398054 + }, + { + "x": 1511.8476779509062, + "y": 133.40284440590267 + }, + { + "x": 1259.351644326345, + "y": 133.40284440590267 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Co-funded by\nthe European Union", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 236.19662703769563, + "y": 364.0845853864592 + }, + { + "x": 1144.4176102373362, + "y": 364.0845853864592 + }, + { + "x": 1144.4176102373362, + "y": 404.5536607803119 + }, + { + "x": 236.19662703769563, + "y": 404.5536607803119 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "6. ECO CIRCLE COMPETENCE FRAMEWORK", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.3682851783101, + "y": 511.5827779140395 + }, + { + "x": 1450.498497392166, + "y": 511.5827779140395 + }, + { + "x": 1450.498497392166, + "y": 1682.0460161252588 + }, + { + "x": 194.3682851783101, + "y": 1682.0460161252588 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "Competence Area#1 THE 3 Rs: RECYCLE-REUSE-REDUCECompetence StatementTo know the basics of the 3 Rs and their importance and implementation into daily life in relation to green entrepreneurship and circular economy.Learning OutcomesKnowledge· To understand the meaning of reducing, reusing and recycling and how they connect · To understand the importance of the 3 Rs as waste management · To be familiar with the expansion of the 3 Rs - the 7 RsSkills· To implement different ways of waste management into daily life · To properly implement recycling in day-to-day activities · To promote reducing and reusing before recyclingAttitudes and Values· To acquire a proactive approach to implementing the 3 Rs into daily personal life · To educate others on the importance of sustainable waste management", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 249.00765681537615, + "y": 2114.4514505081243 + }, + { + "x": 1423.7022573889517, + "y": 2114.4514505081243 + }, + { + "x": 1423.7022573889517, + "y": 2169.2705318682247 + }, + { + "x": 249.00765681537615, + "y": 2169.2705318682247 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 606.3169411910881, + "y": 2196.467632806517 + }, + { + "x": 1067.597361893438, + "y": 2196.467632806517 + }, + { + "x": 1067.597361893438, + "y": 2221.518138469197 + }, + { + "x": 606.3169411910881, + "y": 2221.518138469197 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000151.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 156.1921770788234, + "y": 324.3511710361868 + }, + { + "x": 352.51631456262726, + "y": 324.3511710361868 + }, + { + "x": 352.51631456262726, + "y": 352.0217420478757 + }, + { + "x": 156.1921770788234, + "y": 352.0217420478757 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "CHAPTER 1.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 156.1921770788234, + "y": 409.5474399405512 + }, + { + "x": 379.12241404524343, + "y": 409.5474399405512 + }, + { + "x": 379.12241404524343, + "y": 437.21801095224 + }, + { + "x": 156.1921770788234, + "y": 437.21801095224 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "CALIFORNIA", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 156.19217707882325, + "y": 668.8156817286562 + }, + { + "x": 512.2701126670934, + "y": 668.8156817286562 + }, + { + "x": 512.2701126670934, + "y": 693.2662869608889 + }, + { + "x": 156.19217707882325, + "y": 693.2662869608889 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 156.1921770788234, + "y": 826.795857973757 + }, + { + "x": 618.1216814879584, + "y": 826.795857973757 + }, + { + "x": 618.1216814879584, + "y": 854.4664289854459 + }, + { + "x": 156.1921770788234, + "y": 854.4664289854459 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "COURSE MARKING DRIVERS", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 156.1921770788234, + "y": 891.915573915825 + }, + { + "x": 1547.2783051073372, + "y": 891.915573915825 + }, + { + "x": 1547.2783051073372, + "y": 1101.708813218769 + }, + { + "x": 156.1921770788234, + "y": 1101.708813218769 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "SB1359 was passed in September 2016, going into force in January 2018. The law \"requires California\nCommunity Colleges and California State Universities and requests the University of California\nsystem to include a symbol/logo in the online campus course schedule by January 1, 2018 for courses\nthat exclusively use digital course materials that are free of charge to students and therefore not\nrequired to be purchased.\"", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 156.19217707882348, + "y": 1136.5826269718675 + }, + { + "x": 1547.2783051073372, + "y": 1136.5826269718675 + }, + { + "x": 1547.2783051073372, + "y": 1346.3758662748114 + }, + { + "x": 156.19217707882348, + "y": 1346.3758662748114 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The potential scale of impact is significant. With 114 colleges serving 2.1 million students, the\nCalifornia Community Colleges (CCCs) comprise the largest public system of higher education in the\nUS. The California State University (CSU) with 23 campuses serving nearly 500,000 students, is the\nlargest four-year public university system in the US. Notably, the law does not apply to the state's\nresearch-focused University of California.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 682.4452465534631, + "y": 1361.7106492045623 + }, + { + "x": 1018.7788661060682, + "y": 1361.7106492045623 + }, + { + "x": 1018.7788661060682, + "y": 1601.0832252825423 + }, + { + "x": 682.4452465534631, + "y": 1601.0832252825423 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 685.4752791620454, + "y": 1629.3635296293075 + }, + { + "x": 992.5185834983572, + "y": 1629.3635296293075 + }, + { + "x": 992.5185834983572, + "y": 1691.9842035400031 + }, + { + "x": 685.4752791620454, + "y": 1691.9842035400031 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 1.1: Zero Cost Textbook\nLogo", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 156.1921770788234, + "y": 1743.8660132483485 + }, + { + "x": 455.7485150958955, + "y": 1743.8660132483485 + }, + { + "x": 455.7485150958955, + "y": 1771.5365842600372 + }, + { + "x": 156.1921770788234, + "y": 1771.5365842600372 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "IMPLEMENTATION", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 156.1921770788231, + "y": 1806.9804907555072 + }, + { + "x": 1547.2783051073368, + "y": 1806.9804907555072 + }, + { + "x": 1547.2783051073368, + "y": 2016.7737300584513 + }, + { + "x": 156.1921770788231, + "y": 2016.7737300584513 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Between the passage of the law in 2016 and the implementation of the law in 2018, both the CCCs\nand CSU systems engaged in outreach to the field. The CCCs' system office issued a memo to college\nleadership explaining the requirements and created a sample logo that colleges could choose to adopt.\nThe CSU system's Affordable Learning Solutions team engaged the field with a series of webinars and\nFAQs.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1283.352915454857, + "y": 2090.987462677561 + }, + { + "x": 1542.159160731494, + "y": 2090.987462677561 + }, + { + "x": 1542.159160731494, + "y": 2110.697872086047 + }, + { + "x": 1283.352915454857, + "y": 2110.697872086047 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "PRICE TRANSPARENCY 1", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000152.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.00533054613322, + "y": 158.30603902458665 + }, + { + "x": 1545.8744909849893, + "y": 158.30603902458665 + }, + { + "x": 1545.8744909849893, + "y": 239.42159378440323 + }, + { + "x": 155.00533054613322, + "y": 239.42159378440323 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "should adopt two separate designators to mark no-cost VS. low-cost, but the council felt it was better\nto simplify the process and allow for some OER providers that have fees associated with their services.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.00533054613322, + "y": 273.5257893153892 + }, + { + "x": 1545.8744909849893, + "y": 273.5257893153892 + }, + { + "x": 1545.8744909849893, + "y": 442.4333152943393 + }, + { + "x": 155.00533054613322, + "y": 442.4333152943393 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "At this point in time, the application of the #NOLO designator was a manual process. It required the\naddition of the designator to the section title prior to registration and then its removal after add/drop\nto ensure the label didn't appear on the student transcript. This process severely hampered our long-\nterm reporting abilities. In total, four colleges adopted the #NOLO designator in this fashion.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.0053305461332, + "y": 475.31204514211134 + }, + { + "x": 1545.8744909849893, + "y": 475.31204514211134 + }, + { + "x": 1545.8744909849893, + "y": 685.4839187684322 + }, + { + "x": 155.0053305461332, + "y": 685.4839187684322 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "To assist in greater faculty and institutional adoption as well as improve data capture, the CSCU OER\nAdvisory Council made a formal recommendation to the provost's academic council in Spring 2018\nto implement the #NOLO designator as a course section attribute within the student information\nsystem. In addition to adding a course section attribute, a student-facing course search filter was\nadded as well as an additional column within the course search results page.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 574.8780001681855, + "y": 702.3389863296677 + }, + { + "x": 1127.1714153147118, + "y": 702.3389863296677 + }, + { + "x": 1127.1714153147118, + "y": 1175.870557924863 + }, + { + "x": 574.8780001681855, + "y": 1175.870557924863 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Your materials for:\nLIB 100 - Lib & Resch Methods\n☑ Adoptions not Required\n○ This course does not use books\n⊙ Course uses OER/Zero cost course\n○ Other non-bookstore materials\nContinue", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 575.9975612153675, + "y": 1200.7918260695408 + }, + { + "x": 1106.416340831909, + "y": 1200.7918260695408 + }, + { + "x": 1106.416340831909, + "y": 1229.9188688808538 + }, + { + "x": 575.9975612153675, + "y": 1229.9188688808538 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 2.1: Filtered Search Option for NOLO Sections.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 608.0327640834562, + "y": 1290.191900475793 + }, + { + "x": 1092.5961704595456, + "y": 1290.191900475793 + }, + { + "x": 1092.5961704595456, + "y": 1750.8109965101874 + }, + { + "x": 608.0327640834562, + "y": 1750.8109965101874 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "extbook NoLo Cred\ntextbook info 3.00 St\ntextbook info NoLo 3.00 Pu\ntextbook info NoLo 3.00 Pu\ntextbook info NoLo 3.00 TF\nbook info NoLo 3.00", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 584.4829545942988, + "y": 1805.0573565860416 + }, + { + "x": 1049.875565775253, + "y": 1805.0573565860416 + }, + { + "x": 1049.875565775253, + "y": 1868.654694750545 + }, + { + "x": 584.4829545942988, + "y": 1868.654694750545 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 2.2: Added Column in Results for NOLO\nDesignator.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.0053305461332, + "y": 1897.6036461575975 + }, + { + "x": 1545.8744909849893, + "y": 1897.6036461575975 + }, + { + "x": 1545.8744909849893, + "y": 2062.9814255707915 + }, + { + "x": 155.0053305461332, + "y": 2062.9814255707915 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The request to implement the designator within the student information system was supported in\nFall 2018 by the president's cabinet. The ability to mark courses was enabled late Fall 2018 and the\nstudent-facing features were enabled in January 2019. Each institutional representative on the OER\ncouncil engaged with their local governance structures to request a vote for adoption.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.00533054613334, + "y": 2090.6332982647373 + }, + { + "x": 1529.6306641809033, + "y": 2090.6332982647373 + }, + { + "x": 1529.6306641809033, + "y": 2112.399391625469 + }, + { + "x": 155.00533054613334, + "y": 2112.399391625469 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "4 BOYOUNG CHAE, KEVIN CORCORAN, MICHAEL DALY, ANN FIDDLER, JEFF GALLANT, JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG, AMY HOFER, AND", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000153.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 156.32938137866398, + "y": 324.6985591544089 + }, + { + "x": 354.1428116468675, + "y": 324.6985591544089 + }, + { + "x": 354.1428116468675, + "y": 350.52770132318693 + }, + { + "x": 156.32938137866398, + "y": 350.52770132318693 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "CHAPTER 7.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 156.32938137866395, + "y": 408.4857764336161 + }, + { + "x": 273.50548975409663, + "y": 408.4857764336161 + }, + { + "x": 273.50548975409663, + "y": 436.204855834256 + }, + { + "x": 156.32938137866395, + "y": 436.204855834256 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "TEXAS", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 156.32938137866398, + "y": 668.0371562759722 + }, + { + "x": 374.6457670713078, + "y": 668.0371562759722 + }, + { + "x": 374.6457670713078, + "y": 693.350861017879 + }, + { + "x": 156.32938137866398, + "y": 693.350861017879 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "MICHELLE REED", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 156.32938137866395, + "y": 826.7444473514983 + }, + { + "x": 619.1909697712747, + "y": 826.7444473514983 + }, + { + "x": 619.1909697712747, + "y": 854.4635267521381 + }, + { + "x": 156.32938137866395, + "y": 854.4635267521381 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "COURSE MARKING DRIVERS", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.55214254070424, + "y": 892.2441071945525 + }, + { + "x": 1546.7515757817391, + "y": 892.2441071945525 + }, + { + "x": 1546.7515757817391, + "y": 1138.7733735181164 + }, + { + "x": 152.55214254070424, + "y": 1138.7733735181164 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "I've worked at the University of Texas at Arlington (UTA) for the last three years as Open Education\nLibrarian and was recently promoted to the leadership team as Director of Open Educational\nResources following a half-million-dollar investment in OER from university administration. It was\nin my first year as Open Education Librarian that the Texas Legislature passed Senate Bill 810\n(SB810), which requires institutions of higher education across the state to provide searchable\ninformation to students about OER-only courses. A strong definition of OER was provided:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 182.57328650243085, + "y": 1173.6057064786858 + }, + { + "x": 1518.1294100684615, + "y": 1173.6057064786858 + }, + { + "x": 1518.1294100684615, + "y": 1316.0862528461637 + }, + { + "x": 182.57328650243085, + "y": 1316.0862528461637 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\"teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under an\nintellectual property license that allows for free use, reuse, modification, and sharing with others, including\nfull courses, course materials, modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests, software, and any other tools,\nmaterials, or techniques used to support access to knowledge.\"", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.55214254070424, + "y": 1350.3119087849473 + }, + { + "x": 1546.7515757817391, + "y": 1350.3119087849473 + }, + { + "x": 1546.7515757817391, + "y": 1648.2200754979192 + }, + { + "x": 152.55214254070424, + "y": 1648.2200754979192 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "However, Texas was not given a very long implementation window. The bill passed in June 2017,\neffective immediately, with a compliance deadline of Spring 2018. We in higher education know a\nchange of this scope, and impacting as many stakeholders as course marking does, takes longer. A\nrecent survey commissioned by the Digital Higher Education Consortium of Texas (DigiTex) and\nadministered in May 2019 shows only 59 respondents of the 158 two-and four-year institutions that\nreceived the statewide survey have a course marking solution in place. The findings were presented\nin Open Educational Resources (OER) in Texas Higher Education, 2019.1", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 132.5139276434191, + "y": 1981.5383368798937 + }, + { + "x": 1534.578710113135, + "y": 1981.5383368798937 + }, + { + "x": 1534.578710113135, + "y": 2081.048697234644 + }, + { + "x": 132.5139276434191, + "y": 2081.048697234644 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1.Jimes, C., Karaglani, A., Petrides, L., Rios,J., Sebesta,J., & Torre, K. (2019). Open Educational Resources (OER) in Texas Higher Education,\n2019. Austin, TX: Digital Higher Education Consortium of Texas and Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board; Half Moon Bay,\nCA: Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1269.707834690846, + "y": 2090.0199953388787 + }, + { + "x": 1543.6110837920423, + "y": 2090.0199953388787 + }, + { + "x": 1543.6110837920423, + "y": 2111.2528053467236 + }, + { + "x": 1269.707834690846, + "y": 2111.2528053467236 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "PRICE TRANSPARENCY 17", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000154.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.29562587072002, + "y": 154.29942264120973 + }, + { + "x": 1550.0026062355537, + "y": 154.29942264120973 + }, + { + "x": 1550.0026062355537, + "y": 902.6730172756652 + }, + { + "x": 151.29562587072002, + "y": 902.6730172756652 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "66%\n24%\n18%\n12%\n8%\n6%\nNo textbook Affordable Zero cost Free Low cost OER\nrequired", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.54848069000576, + "y": 933.0327059096088 + }, + { + "x": 981.3972016456564, + "y": 933.0327059096088 + }, + { + "x": 981.3972016456564, + "y": 962.720078231544 + }, + { + "x": 155.54848069000576, + "y": 962.720078231544 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 7.1: Texas OER landscape survey results show terms used in course schedules", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 157.27977676146898, + "y": 1014.864337200548 + }, + { + "x": 455.40080898242655, + "y": 1014.864337200548 + }, + { + "x": 455.40080898242655, + "y": 1041.9662492206353 + }, + { + "x": 157.27977676146898, + "y": 1041.9662492206353 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "IMPLEMENTATION", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.67446395972286, + "y": 1079.971545248659 + }, + { + "x": 1544.7667011215383, + "y": 1079.971545248659 + }, + { + "x": 1544.7667011215383, + "y": 1331.7365701555168 + }, + { + "x": 154.67446395972286, + "y": 1331.7365701555168 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Locally, we implemented a quick and free solution that reflects the constraints of system capabilities,\nno financial support, and a local directive to vet every course to be tagged. Based on what was\nfeasible in the short term and conversations with key stakeholders (i.e., registrar, early OER adopters,\ncurriculum coordinators, student representatives, and the campus store), we incorporated an\n\"educational resources cost\" option into an existing \"course attribute\" drop-down menu under the\nsystem's advanced search options.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.54848069000565, + "y": 2090.163718014167 + }, + { + "x": 1543.7340197863568, + "y": 2090.163718014167 + }, + { + "x": 1543.7340197863568, + "y": 2113.2125601309763 + }, + { + "x": 155.54848069000565, + "y": 2113.2125601309763 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "18 BOYOUNG CHAE, KEVIN CORCORAN, MICHAEL DALY, ANN FIDDLER, JEFF GALLANT, JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG, AMY HOFER, AND", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000155.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 158.2259424524363, + "y": 172.59658221455285 + }, + { + "x": 397.9729932213791, + "y": 172.59658221455285 + }, + { + "x": 397.9729932213791, + "y": 220.89095215362045 + }, + { + "x": 158.2259424524363, + "y": 220.89095215362045 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Contents", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 186.87175043327568, + "y": 402.16637781629095 + }, + { + "x": 951.5796946648452, + "y": 402.16637781629095 + }, + { + "x": 951.5796946648452, + "y": 884.651544119503 + }, + { + "x": 186.87175043327568, + "y": 884.651544119503 + } + ], + "category": "Index", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1. Front Matter 1\n2. Introduction to Researching Wicked Problems 3\n3. Our Mental Shortcuts 13\n4. Identifying a Topic 25\n5. Types of Sources 38\n6. Access & Searching 55\n7. SIFTing Information 67\n8. Evaluating News Sources 80\n9. Audience, Presentation & Citation 88\nInstructor Resources 97", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000156.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.1868474564696, + "y": 151.44594228282443 + }, + { + "x": 409.4222092071328, + "y": 151.44594228282443 + }, + { + "x": 409.4222092071328, + "y": 206.7571078542728 + }, + { + "x": 155.1868474564696, + "y": 206.7571078542728 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "2\nFact-Checking", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 215.28894883587333, + "y": 355.428831812922 + }, + { + "x": 415.416326234587, + "y": 355.428831812922 + }, + { + "x": 415.416326234587, + "y": 1202.9371701750274 + }, + { + "x": 215.28894883587333, + "y": 1202.9371701750274 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "In this\ncontext, we are\ntalking about\nfact-checking\nthat is done\nbefore a source\nis published.\nOver the last\ntwo decades\nthere has been\nan increase in\nfact checking as\nan activity that\ntakes place after\na source has\nbeen published,\na practice\ndiscussed in\nmore detail in\nthe chapter,\nSIFTing\nInformation.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 503.2399335921715, + "y": 267.96249173336383 + }, + { + "x": 945.8660523019386, + "y": 267.96249173336383 + }, + { + "x": 945.8660523019386, + "y": 650.0051598214241 + }, + { + "x": 503.2399335921715, + "y": 650.0051598214241 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Fact checkers verify that the names,\ndates, and facts in a work (usually an\narticle or book) are correct. For\nexample, they may contact a person\nwho is quoted in a proposed news\narticle and ask the person whether\nthis quotation is correct, or how to\nspell the person's name. Fact-\ncheckers are primarily useful in\ncatching accidental mistakes.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 503.2399335921718, + "y": 657.9099496139179 + }, + { + "x": 945.8660523019388, + "y": 657.9099496139179 + }, + { + "x": 945.8660523019388, + "y": 1190.1455791407525 + }, + { + "x": 503.2399335921718, + "y": 1190.1455791407525 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The number of people employed in\nfact-checking varies by publication.\nSome organizations have substantial\nfact-checking departments. Others\nmay hire freelancers per piece, or\nmay combine fact-checking with\nother duties. Magazines are more\nlikely to use fact checkers than\nnewspapers. Television and radio\nprograms rarely employ dedicated\nfact checkers, and instead expect\nothers, including senior staff, to\nengage in fact-checking in addition to\ntheir other duties.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 122.44001292812516, + "y": 1412.062282342667 + }, + { + "x": 941.9788332159562, + "y": 1412.062282342667 + }, + { + "x": 941.9788332159562, + "y": 1541.7053131947555 + }, + { + "x": 122.44001292812516, + "y": 1541.7053131947555 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "2. Content in this section is adapted from the Wikipedia\nentry \"Fact-checking\" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/\nFact-checking) and is used under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.28157136431162, + "y": 1568.1941347988643 + }, + { + "x": 388.93535128602787, + "y": 1568.1941347988643 + }, + { + "x": 388.93535128602787, + "y": 1596.311415581643 + }, + { + "x": 152.28157136431162, + "y": 1596.311415581643 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "48 | Types of Sources", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000157.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 157.2873294036635, + "y": 167.57557801512746 + }, + { + "x": 240.39127767543584, + "y": 167.57557801512746 + }, + { + "x": 240.39127767543584, + "y": 213.83154922300065 + }, + { + "x": 157.2873294036635, + "y": 213.83154922300065 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Stop", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.7193303796679, + "y": 281.2555072548159 + }, + { + "x": 596.3270561224601, + "y": 281.2555072548159 + }, + { + "x": 596.3270561224601, + "y": 1008.4000581477204 + }, + { + "x": 155.7193303796679, + "y": 1008.4000581477204 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Check your emotions. If a claim\ncauses strong emotion - anger, glee,\npride, vindication - STOP. You must\nfact-check this claim. Remember\nfrom the chapter, Our Mental\nShortcuts, that we more readily\naccept information that confirms our\nbeliefs (confirmation bias) and we\ntend to think less critically about that\nkind of information than we do about\ninformation that challenges our\nbeliefs (motivated reasoning.) A\nstrong emotional reaction is a sign\nthat these cognitive biases are at\nwork. Remember, these mental\nshortcuts don't make us bad people,\nwe all have them. But we do need to\naccount for them if we want to move\ntoward better information.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.7193303796679, + "y": 1019.3717132279615 + }, + { + "x": 666.8272318875673, + "y": 1019.3717132279615 + }, + { + "x": 666.8272318875673, + "y": 1359.3086965991963 + }, + { + "x": 155.7193303796679, + "y": 1359.3086965991963 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "In addition, if you get lost while\nworking on the other moves, or hit\ndead ends, or find yourself going\ndown an increasingly confusing\nrabbit hole during your investigation,\nSTOP. Back up and start over knowing\nwhat you know now. You're likely to\ntake a more informed path with\ndifferent search terms and better decisions.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 679.8621922796419, + "y": 252.136459371484 + }, + { + "x": 877.2259618103108, + "y": 252.136459371484 + }, + { + "x": 877.2259618103108, + "y": 1216.490542573446 + }, + { + "x": 679.8621922796419, + "y": 1216.490542573446 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "In these\nchapters we're\nfocusing on\nresearching a\nwicked problem,\nbut the SIFT\nmethod is a\ngreat thing to\nuse before you\nshare\ninformation on\nsocial media.\nOften we feel\ncompelled to\nshare the things\nthat evoke the\nstrongest\nfeelings, but\nthose strong\nfeelings are a\ngood sign that\nthose things\nneed to be\nchecked before\nthey are shared.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 677.8062615452008, + "y": 1568.666623196847 + }, + { + "x": 944.2876956732704, + "y": 1568.666623196847 + }, + { + "x": 944.2876956732704, + "y": 1596.2634060191715 + }, + { + "x": 677.8062615452008, + "y": 1596.2634060191715 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "SIFTing Information | 69", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000158.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.14561471846696, + "y": 162.09129111991345 + }, + { + "x": 947.0113252872512, + "y": 162.09129111991345 + }, + { + "x": 947.0113252872512, + "y": 352.72579130640617 + }, + { + "x": 151.14561471846696, + "y": 352.72579130640617 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "to expand this section to include notes, tips and feedback from\nTWP instructors. If you use these materials, please let me know\nhow it went, what worked for you, and any suggested changes or\nadditions. I'd love to hear from you at chwixson (at) plymouth (dot)\nedu or fill out as much of [this form] as you'd like.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.47872311137954, + "y": 452.7089207748465 + }, + { + "x": 392.4382338356361, + "y": 452.7089207748465 + }, + { + "x": 392.4382338356361, + "y": 496.7014977409601 + }, + { + "x": 152.47872311137954, + "y": 496.7014977409601 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Introduction", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.47872311137957, + "y": 571.3555677440622 + }, + { + "x": 947.0113252872512, + "y": 571.3555677440622 + }, + { + "x": 947.0113252872512, + "y": 799.3171029321059 + }, + { + "x": 152.47872311137957, + "y": 799.3171029321059 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Throughout the chapters, I tried to generate Reflection &\nDiscussion Questions that could be used either as in class (whole\ngroup or think/pair/share) discussion prompts or as written\nreflections assigned out of class. If your students generate any\nwritten answers to any of the Reflection & Discussion Questions in\nthis chapter, I would be very interested to see them.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.14561471846696, + "y": 901.9664491863714 + }, + { + "x": 557.7436745567906, + "y": 901.9664491863714 + }, + { + "x": 557.7436745567906, + "y": 945.959026152485 + }, + { + "x": 151.14561471846696, + "y": 945.959026152485 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Our Mental Shortcuts", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.47872311137957, + "y": 1016.6137709768497 + }, + { + "x": 951.0106504659888, + "y": 1016.6137709768497 + }, + { + "x": 951.0106504659888, + "y": 1128.5948759815024 + }, + { + "x": 152.47872311137957, + "y": 1128.5948759815024 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "If you'd like to reinforce Kahneman's ideas about System 1 and\nSystem 2 thinking the video below (12 minutes) is very good, (thanks\nto Mike Davidson for this suggestion.)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 176.47467418380523, + "y": 1133.9273095531526 + }, + { + "x": 713.7173565275574, + "y": 1133.9273095531526 + }, + { + "x": 713.7173565275574, + "y": 1171.2543445547035 + }, + { + "x": 176.47467418380523, + "y": 1171.2543445547035 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "//www.youtbe.com/embed/UBVV8pch1dM", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 188.22764494594904, + "y": 1299.2670267068158 + }, + { + "x": 825.037267665297, + "y": 1299.2670267068158 + }, + { + "x": 825.037267665297, + "y": 1367.2758213661632 + }, + { + "x": 188.22764494594904, + "y": 1367.2758213661632 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Reflection & Discussion Question 1: Taking Stock of What You\nAlready Know", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.14561471846696, + "y": 1562.8907921326916 + }, + { + "x": 434.02104625013766, + "y": 1562.8907921326916 + }, + { + "x": 434.02104625013766, + "y": 1599.52852662931 + }, + { + "x": 151.14561471846696, + "y": 1599.52852662931 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "98 | Instructor Resources", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000159.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.09309071503827, + "y": 162.54961608653096 + }, + { + "x": 946.2529453594808, + "y": 162.54961608653096 + }, + { + "x": 946.2529453594808, + "y": 311.33398828029283 + }, + { + "x": 153.09309071503827, + "y": 311.33398828029283 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "be a starting point for asking questions too, but I would recommend\nagainst brainstorming as the only strategy towards topic and\nquestion identification since it does not enable students to get to\ntopics they didn't know existed.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 150.95230838131508, + "y": 316.68594411460083 + }, + { + "x": 948.393727693204, + "y": 316.68594411460083 + }, + { + "x": 948.393727693204, + "y": 622.8178178370173 + }, + { + "x": 150.95230838131508, + "y": 622.8178178370173 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "I struggle with getting students to actually read the sources we\nfind together in our research consultations. They seem to want\nto do all the searching first and all the reading later. No matter\nhow I tell them it's iterative and you need to go back and forth\nbetween reading and searching many many times, the messages\nwasn't landing. This chapter is my next iteration in how to talk\nabout the research process, but I really don't now what the secret\nrecipe is yet. Let me know if you think this one lands.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 150.95230838131505, + "y": 725.5753698557304 + }, + { + "x": 456.01379093687, + "y": 725.5753698557304 + }, + { + "x": 456.01379093687, + "y": 781.2357105325336 + }, + { + "x": 150.95230838131505, + "y": 781.2357105325336 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Types of Sources", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 150.95230838131505, + "y": 843.3183982105062 + }, + { + "x": 948.393727693204, + "y": 843.3183982105062 + }, + { + "x": 948.393727693204, + "y": 1148.379880766061 + }, + { + "x": 150.95230838131505, + "y": 1148.379880766061 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "I am a big fan of Mike Caulfield's information literacy work (see\nthe next chapter, SIFTing Information.) Sometimes I have found\nmy attempts to use his strategies in the classroom were hard for\nstudents. For example, when I've tried the exercise about the\nAmerican Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of\nPediatricians (Reflection & Discussion Question 1) without first\ntalking about professional organizations, students rarely got how\nthey were different, and it did not build their confidence.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 148.81152604759194, + "y": 1155.8726189340923 + }, + { + "x": 950.5345100269276, + "y": 1155.8726189340923 + }, + { + "x": 950.5345100269276, + "y": 1344.2614643017332 + }, + { + "x": 148.81152604759194, + "y": 1344.2614643017332 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "It's hard to identify a legitimate professional association if you've\nnever heard of the concept of professional associations. This\nchapter may be long, but I felt it was important to enumerate at\nleast some of the dimensions of the sources they may find, SO that\nwhen we get to Caulfield's SIFT method they are set up for success.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 150.95230838131502, + "y": 1565.8324358420837 + }, + { + "x": 441.0283146008076, + "y": 1565.8324358420837 + }, + { + "x": 441.0283146008076, + "y": 1597.9441708479312 + }, + { + "x": 150.95230838131502, + "y": 1597.9441708479312 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "102 | Instructor Resources", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000160.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 191.8974401763802, + "y": 203.21688899903796 + }, + { + "x": 904.2427617227728, + "y": 203.21688899903796 + }, + { + "x": 904.2427617227728, + "y": 593.0640558817 + }, + { + "x": 191.8974401763802, + "y": 593.0640558817 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Other advice that might smooth the way for this exercise\nis to remind students right before they start that we aren't\ninterested in what these organizations' websites say about\nthemselves, but what they can learn about them from the\nrest of the internet. Encourage use of Wikipedia for this\ntype of source research. Encourage them to slow down and\nto practice \"click restraint\" once they have Googled one of\nthese orgs. What can they learn from looking at just the\nsearch results page, without clicking through to anything?\nWhat is the overall impression from a variety of results?", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 231.91989449356612, + "y": 615.8175327068518 + }, + { + "x": 906.6892002008108, + "y": 615.8175327068518 + }, + { + "x": 906.6892002008108, + "y": 1391.3225404509603 + }, + { + "x": 231.91989449356612, + "y": 1391.3225404509603 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Center for Consumer Freedom: Many of the Google\nsearch results (with or without including the search\nterm funding) indicate this is astroturing. A look at\nthe Wikipedia page tells us that this org was started\nby a pretty well known PR guy and the sidebar lists\ntheir focus as \"represents the interests of restaurant\nand food companies\" and their method as \"lobbying.\"\n· National Consumers League: Students may note\nthat it has been around since 1899, has no critical\nresults on the first page of Google results, and even\nhas an entry in the Encyclopedia Britannica.\n· One Fair Wage: a legitimately grass-roots effort to\nraise the minimum wage for restaurant workers.\n· Save Our Tips: This is one case where adding the\nword funding to the search helps a bit. If we do that\nwe find sources indicating that this group is funded in\npart by the National Restaurant Association and a\nconservative strategy and consulting group. Not\nwhat you would expect for a grassroots effort lead by\nwaitstaff.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 148.77296582821845, + "y": 1562.4133359738871 + }, + { + "x": 442.9851749517564, + "y": 1562.4133359738871 + }, + { + "x": 442.9851749517564, + "y": 1597.590882716919 + }, + { + "x": 148.77296582821845, + "y": 1597.590882716919 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "104 | Instructor Resources", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000161.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 262.0277078085646, + "y": 220.52896725440817 + }, + { + "x": 882.9345088161217, + "y": 220.52896725440817 + }, + { + "x": 882.9345088161217, + "y": 301.8891687657432 + }, + { + "x": 262.0277078085646, + "y": 301.8891687657432 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "of any individual to color their decisions, even when\nthey're acting in good faith.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 227.7707808564236, + "y": 308.31234256926956 + }, + { + "x": 895.250777972812, + "y": 308.31234256926956 + }, + { + "x": 895.250777972812, + "y": 1470.5794667710866 + }, + { + "x": 227.7707808564236, + "y": 1470.5794667710866 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Credentials: Academic credentials tend to\nrepresent a significant commitment of time towards\ngaining mastery of a subject, and therefore requiring\na particular degree may increase the likelihood of\naccurate information. However, not all groups are\nequally represented in higher education. Degree\ncompletion is uneven across race and income factors\n(among others), making academia not\ndemographically representative of our society as a\nwhole. Some perspectives are therefore\nsystematically underrepresented in groups with\nadvanced degrees.\n· Peer Review: Peer review sometimes only results in\ncollaborative improvements to a work. It can also\nprevent the publication of very obviously flawed or\npoorly executed or analyzed research. Very new or\nradical ideas may be initially rejected because they\nare such a departure from existing dogma. Peer\nreview is largely a practice of academia, therefore has\nthe same exclusionary problems mentioned in the\ncredentials section. It is possible for individual\nreviewers to act in a biased or unethical way to\nprevent the publication of some works.\n· Fact Checking: Not a lot of downside here. Let me\nknow if your students come up with anything good.\n· Domains: For some top level domains (mostly just\n.gov and .edu) looking at the domain provides some\nassurance that the web content there is an official\ncommunication of a particular institution. There\nreally isn't any problem with domains excluding", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 142.12846347607092, + "y": 1567.254408060454 + }, + { + "x": 452.581863979849, + "y": 1567.254408060454 + }, + { + "x": 452.581863979849, + "y": 1599.370277078086 + }, + { + "x": 142.12846347607092, + "y": 1599.370277078086 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "106 | Instructor Resources", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000162.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 224.57390046558692, + "y": 230.1119504440786 + }, + { + "x": 826.7157275606367, + "y": 230.1119504440786 + }, + { + "x": 826.7157275606367, + "y": 419.0638281336405 + }, + { + "x": 224.57390046558692, + "y": 419.0638281336405 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1. Edward Bernays\n2. Wikipedia. Public Relations\n3. Pinterest. Retrieved June 10, 2021.\n4. Bernays, Edward. Crystalizing Public Opinion.\n5. Encyclopedia of Propaganda", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 224.57390046558692, + "y": 446.38217189598686 + }, + { + "x": 667.3587222802832, + "y": 446.38217189598686 + }, + { + "x": 667.3587222802832, + "y": 475.9770443051954 + }, + { + "x": 224.57390046558692, + "y": 475.9770443051954 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Possible directions for the discussion:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 234.04547634502433, + "y": 504.01947951242096 + }, + { + "x": 904.4880629901494, + "y": 504.01947951242096 + }, + { + "x": 904.4880629901494, + "y": 1444.2894962899202 + }, + { + "x": 234.04547634502433, + "y": 1444.2894962899202 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· What the sources suggest about the level of\nresearch. Do sources like Wikipedia and Pinterest\nindicate a deep engagement with the topic? What\nabout the Encyclopedia of Propaganda? Call back to\nthe chapter, Identifying a Topic, encyclopedias are\ngood preliminary sources, but if research stops with\nan overview source, how valuable is it?\n· Ways in which the citations are ambiguous. Is\nenough information provided that readers can find\nthe original information? Is number 1 about that\nperson or written by that person? Is number 4 a book\nor an article? It has implications for how we would\nlook for it. For number 5, there is more than one\nbook with the title Encyclopedia of Propaganda, and\nalso it's unlikely they meant to refer to the whole\nencyclopedia.\n· The difference between discovering a source on a\nsocial media platform and citing the content. Is\nenough information given to find the Pinterest\nsource? Revisit the creator concept from the chapter,\nTypes of Sources. Social media companies distribute\nbut do not create content, SO they are not the ones\nthat should be cited. Opportunity to talk about\nspecific sources students have found on social media", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.1919542198703, + "y": 1567.54856388661 + }, + { + "x": 433.98095722091847, + "y": 1567.54856388661 + }, + { + "x": 433.98095722091847, + "y": 1595.8672888867163 + }, + { + "x": 154.1919542198703, + "y": 1595.8672888867163 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "114 | Instructor Resources", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000163.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 107.61964735516383, + "y": 53.52644836272042 + }, + { + "x": 625.7556675062974, + "y": 53.52644836272042 + }, + { + "x": 625.7556675062974, + "y": 199.11838790932 + }, + { + "x": 107.61964735516383, + "y": 199.11838790932 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "HOW CAN\nYOU HELP?", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 28.40050377833757, + "y": 207.68261964735524 + }, + { + "x": 218.95465994962225, + "y": 207.68261964735524 + }, + { + "x": 218.95465994962225, + "y": 237.6574307304787 + }, + { + "x": 28.40050377833757, + "y": 237.6574307304787 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "As a boater:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 45.528967254408144, + "y": 246.22166246851393 + }, + { + "x": 625.7556675062978, + "y": 246.22166246851393 + }, + { + "x": 625.7556675062978, + "y": 509.5717884130984 + }, + { + "x": 45.528967254408144, + "y": 509.5717884130984 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Check tidal conditions beforehand\n· Stay within marked channels\n· Pay attention to buoys and markers\n· Do not run aground\n· If you run aground, call for help\n· Wear polarized sunglasses\n· Take a safe boating course", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 28.40050377833757, + "y": 548.1108312342571 + }, + { + "x": 278.90428211586925, + "y": 548.1108312342571 + }, + { + "x": 278.90428211586925, + "y": 580.2267002518894 + }, + { + "x": 28.40050377833757, + "y": 580.2267002518894 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "As a developer:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 39.10579345088169, + "y": 580.2267002518896 + }, + { + "x": 600.0629722921916, + "y": 580.2267002518896 + }, + { + "x": 600.0629722921916, + "y": 732.2418136020153 + }, + { + "x": 39.10579345088169, + "y": 732.2418136020153 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Do careful mapping of seagrass in\npotential areas for development\n· Avoid dredging and filling\n· Learn about existing regulations", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 28.40050377833757, + "y": 772.9219143576829 + }, + { + "x": 317.4433249370279, + "y": 772.9219143576829 + }, + { + "x": 317.4433249370279, + "y": 805.0377833753151 + }, + { + "x": 28.40050377833757, + "y": 805.0377833753151 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "As a homeowner:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 45.52896725440826, + "y": 809.3198992443328 + }, + { + "x": 694.2695214105796, + "y": 809.3198992443328 + }, + { + "x": 694.2695214105796, + "y": 1031.9899244332498 + }, + { + "x": 45.52896725440826, + "y": 1031.9899244332498 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Diminish fertilizer use (use soaking,\nrain gardens, and native plants instead)\n· Dispose of pet waste properly\n· Keep seagrass in mind during\nconstruction (for example, build high\ndocks with grating instead of planks)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 28.400503778337573, + "y": 1113.0574123718534 + }, + { + "x": 507.8587020645413, + "y": 1113.0574123718534 + }, + { + "x": 507.8587020645413, + "y": 1143.6342684570084 + }, + { + "x": 28.400503778337573, + "y": 1143.6342684570084 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "As anyone who wants to help:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 45.52896725440815, + "y": 1152.940268135099 + }, + { + "x": 664.73126806664, + "y": 1152.940268135099 + }, + { + "x": 664.73126806664, + "y": 1628.8756802431617 + }, + { + "x": 45.52896725440815, + "y": 1628.8756802431617 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Urge politicians to establish stricter\nwater quality regulations\n· Mobilize to give seagrass an\n'endangered' status\n· Follow established laws for seagrass\nprotection\n· Reach out to environmental\norganizations and volunteer in\nrestoration projects\n· Challenge the misconception that\nseagrass is 'ugly' and 'useless'\n· Tell your friends and family about the\nimportance of this ecosystem", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 826.1993894653267, + "y": 65.99739842476299 + }, + { + "x": 1346.9479507189, + "y": 65.99739842476299 + }, + { + "x": 1346.9479507189, + "y": 230.12437687433277 + }, + { + "x": 826.1993894653267, + "y": 230.12437687433277 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "FURTHER\nRESOURCES", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 912.9238556385878, + "y": 1314.371398412004 + }, + { + "x": 1001.4974336490324, + "y": 1314.371398412004 + }, + { + "x": 1001.4974336490324, + "y": 1328.2110199761364 + }, + { + "x": 912.9238556385878, + "y": 1328.2110199761364 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "FLOWCODE", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1001.4974336490324, + "y": 1369.729884668532 + }, + { + "x": 1191.100249077641, + "y": 1369.729884668532 + }, + { + "x": 1191.100249077641, + "y": 1401.6254446067635 + }, + { + "x": 1001.4974336490324, + "y": 1401.6254446067635 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "PRIVACY.FLOWCODE.COM", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 968.3852812290636, + "y": 1463.0386720405886 + }, + { + "x": 1403.01802456544, + "y": 1463.0386720405886 + }, + { + "x": 1403.01802456544, + "y": 1638.03553975234 + }, + { + "x": 968.3852812290636, + "y": 1638.03553975234 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Scan this QR code and learn\nmore about seagrass, what you\ncan do to help, and what\norganizations are fighting for\nits restoration!", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1501.537558776037, + "y": 214.9128747268753 + }, + { + "x": 2152.95753624238, + "y": 214.9128747268753 + }, + { + "x": 2152.95753624238, + "y": 361.1500125254421 + }, + { + "x": 1501.537558776037, + "y": 361.1500125254421 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 13, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "SEAGRASS\nIN SOUTH FLORIDA", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1526.7967007594257, + "y": 399.7034397632459 + }, + { + "x": 2146.310393615172, + "y": 399.7034397632459 + }, + { + "x": 2146.310393615172, + "y": 580.2267002518893 + }, + { + "x": 1526.7967007594257, + "y": 580.2267002518893 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 14, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "WHY IT IS IMPORTANT\n&\nWHAT YOU CAN DO", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1758.1172641862497, + "y": 587.1528618504997 + }, + { + "x": 1913.660401662907, + "y": 587.1528618504997 + }, + { + "x": 1913.660401662907, + "y": 617.7297179356544 + }, + { + "x": 1758.1172641862497, + "y": 617.7297179356544 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 15, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "cco, 2022", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000164.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 147.8160412312838, + "y": 196.1899581937104 + }, + { + "x": 1550.7172980179434, + "y": 196.1899581937104 + }, + { + "x": 1550.7172980179434, + "y": 393.9705415877675 + }, + { + "x": 147.8160412312838, + "y": 393.9705415877675 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "3Btg2-26 to 31 in; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) crushed, silty clay; common coarse prominent dark yellowish brown\n(10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate coarse\nsubangular blocky; extremely hard, very firm; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine moderate\ncontinuity tubular pores; common distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), moist, clay films on vertical\nand horizontal faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 15 in thick)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.16825450914916, + "y": 437.5493142000175 + }, + { + "x": 1547.365084740078, + "y": 437.5493142000175 + }, + { + "x": 1547.365084740078, + "y": 665.4998170948631 + }, + { + "x": 151.16825450914916, + "y": 665.4998170948631 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "3Btg3-31 to 35 in; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) crushed, silty clay; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR\n4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, friable; common\nvery fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint continuous dark\ngrayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; common medium rounded very dark\ngrayish brown (10YR 3/2) soft clay bodies pedogenic throughout and few medium rounded white (10YR 8/1) soft nests\nof gypsum pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 10 in thick)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 147.8160412312838, + "y": 705.7263764292475 + }, + { + "x": 1550.7172980179434, + "y": 705.7263764292475 + }, + { + "x": 1550.7172980179434, + "y": 975.5795452974104 + }, + { + "x": 147.8160412312838, + "y": 975.5795452974104 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "3Btg4-35 to 42 in; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) crushed, silty clay loam; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown\n(10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) moist irregular\nmottles throughout; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; very hard, friable;\ncommon very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint\ndiscontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous very\ndark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/or pores; few medium rounded white (10YR 8/1)\nsoft nests of gypsum pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 10 in thick)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 147.8160412312838, + "y": 1009.1016780760642 + }, + { + "x": 1552.393404656876, + "y": 1009.1016780760642 + }, + { + "x": 1552.393404656876, + "y": 1245.432714165573 + }, + { + "x": 147.8160412312838, + "y": 1245.432714165573 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "3Btg5/E-42 to 54 in; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common fine prominent dark yellowish\nbrown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate\nmedium subangular blocky; hard, friable; common very and fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine moderate\ncontinuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist clay films on vertical faces of peds\nand few distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/or pores; strongly\nacid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 15 in thick)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.16825450914916, + "y": 1289.0114867778232 + }, + { + "x": 1549.0411913790108, + "y": 1289.0114867778232 + }, + { + "x": 1549.0411913790108, + "y": 1563.892975562784 + }, + { + "x": 151.16825450914916, + "y": 1563.892975562784 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "3Btg6/E-54 to 69 in; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common coarse prominent dark yellowish\nbrown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common coarse prominent dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)\nmoist irregular mottles throughout; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky;\nslightly hard, very friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine moderate continuity\ntubular pores; few faint continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct\ncontinuous dark grayish brown(10YR 4/2) moist silt coats in root channels and/or pores; common fine rounded black (N\n2/0) soft iron/manganese concretions pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 20 in thick)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 147.81604123128378, + "y": 1597.415108341438 + }, + { + "x": 1547.365084740078, + "y": 1597.415108341438 + }, + { + "x": 1547.365084740078, + "y": 1909.170943182918 + }, + { + "x": 147.81604123128378, + "y": 1909.170943182918 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "3Btg7/E-69 to 86 in; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common coarse prominent dark yellowish\nbrown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common fine prominent dark brown (7.5YR 3/4.) moist\nirregular mottles throughout; weak coarse prismatic structure; slightly hard, very friable; few very fine roots\nthroughout; common very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown\n(10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist, silt\ncoats in root channels and/ or pores; common fine rounded black (N 2/0) soft iron/manganese concretions pedogenic\nthroughout and few medium irregular brown (10YR 5/3) soft clay bodies pedogenic in cracks; very strongly acid; clear\nsmooth boundary. (0 to 20 in thick)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.16825450914916, + "y": 1949.3975025173024 + }, + { + "x": 1549.0411913790108, + "y": 1949.3975025173024 + }, + { + "x": 1549.0411913790108, + "y": 2023.1461946303407 + }, + { + "x": 151.16825450914916, + "y": 2023.1461946303407 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "3Btg8/E-86 to 97 in; 80% light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) exterior, and 15% yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), exterior, and\n5% strong brown (7.5 YR 4/6), exterior, silty clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1329.471221678829, + "y": 2066.7249672425905 + }, + { + "x": 1554.069511295809, + "y": 2066.7249672425905 + }, + { + "x": 1554.069511295809, + "y": 2100.2471000212445 + }, + { + "x": 1329.471221678829, + "y": 2100.2471000212445 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Soil Formation | 27", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000165.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 242.46153489531883, + "y": 162.48113428332258 + }, + { + "x": 702.0524946618506, + "y": 162.48113428332258 + }, + { + "x": 702.0524946618506, + "y": 197.83428503459425 + }, + { + "x": 242.46153489531883, + "y": 197.83428503459425 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Record your observations in Table 13.2.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 157.02475391307897, + "y": 283.271066016834 + }, + { + "x": 1158.697358532443, + "y": 283.271066016834 + }, + { + "x": 1158.697358532443, + "y": 330.408600351863 + }, + { + "x": 157.02475391307897, + "y": 330.408600351863 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Table 13.2. Effect of cations on flocculation of a clay suspension.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.98244056261717, + "y": 381.28249566724435 + }, + { + "x": 791.8544194107452, + "y": 381.28249566724435 + }, + { + "x": 791.8544194107452, + "y": 671.05719237435 + }, + { + "x": 153.98244056261717, + "y": 671.05719237435 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "Added cationRelative Size & Settling Rates of FlocculesK+Na+Ca2+Al3+Check", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.53439194708642, + "y": 749.022381145442 + }, + { + "x": 1114.3338707128344, + "y": 749.022381145442 + }, + { + "x": 1114.3338707128344, + "y": 798.5024400113476 + }, + { + "x": 151.53439194708642, + "y": 798.5024400113476 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Activity 4. Determining CEC by replacing adsorbed cations.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 145.34938458884812, + "y": 856.2291753549043 + }, + { + "x": 1545.222716670096, + "y": 856.2291753549043 + }, + { + "x": 1545.222716670096, + "y": 1006.731021072034 + }, + { + "x": 145.34938458884812, + "y": 1006.731021072034 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "In this activity, you will titrate the filtrate with a 0.01 molar solution of NaOH using phenolphthalein as an indicator.\nPhenolphthalein changes from colorless to faint pink when the quantity of OH- ions added via the NaOH equals the\nquantity of H+ ions in the solution (that is, when the pH is raised to 7). For this activity, assume the soil samples have\nbeen extracted and the filtrates are now available for analysis.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 161.63173109216467, + "y": 1046.866330003606 + }, + { + "x": 1542.4579890306295, + "y": 1046.866330003606 + }, + { + "x": 1542.4579890306295, + "y": 1279.937299365185 + }, + { + "x": 161.63173109216467, + "y": 1279.937299365185 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1. Place 10 ml of each filtrate into separate 125 ml flasks. This 10 ml quantity is the amount of filtrate from 1.0 gram of\nsoil.\n2. Add 10 drops of the phenolphthalein indicator.\n3. Titrate the extract with the NaOH solution to a faint pink endpoint. The titration must be done very carefully to\nobtain meaningful results. If you put too much NaOH in the flask and get a bright pink color, discard the solution\nand repeat the process. In the table below, record the milliliters of NaOH solution used to achieve the endpoint.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 245.51072842577273, + "y": 1314.7603135448444 + }, + { + "x": 867.4121401928079, + "y": 1314.7603135448444 + }, + { + "x": 867.4121401928079, + "y": 1348.8168194273248 + }, + { + "x": 245.51072842577273, + "y": 1348.8168194273248 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Calculate the CEC and record your data in Table 13.3.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 148.63347944691563, + "y": 1382.3133771649757 + }, + { + "x": 1548.278304722071, + "y": 1382.3133771649757 + }, + { + "x": 1548.278304722071, + "y": 1453.632858707659 + }, + { + "x": 148.63347944691563, + "y": 1453.632858707659 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Here is an example of how to calculate the CEC, assuming 2.5 mL of NaOH was required to achieve an end point.\nThe reaction occurring during titration is", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 610.4271224357886, + "y": 1480.3776642861649 + }, + { + "x": 1088.2676487717654, + "y": 1480.3776642861649 + }, + { + "x": 1088.2676487717654, + "y": 1524.952340250342 + }, + { + "x": 610.4271224357886, + "y": 1524.952340250342 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\\mathrm{NaOH}+\\mathrm{H}^{+}\\rightarrow\\mathrm{Na}^{+}+\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.5343919470864, + "y": 1553.4801328674146 + }, + { + "x": 1551.8442787992055, + "y": 1553.4801328674146 + }, + { + "x": 1551.8442787992055, + "y": 1626.5826014486647 + }, + { + "x": 151.5343919470864, + "y": 1626.5826014486647 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Thus, one mole of NaOH reacts with one mole of H+. Therefore, at the phenolphthalein end point, moles of NaOH added\n= moles of H+ in solution.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.5343919470864, + "y": 1656.893381104305 + }, + { + "x": 1444.8650564851807, + "y": 1656.893381104305 + }, + { + "x": 1444.8650564851807, + "y": 1692.5531218756466 + }, + { + "x": 151.5343919470864, + "y": 1692.5531218756466 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The solution of 0.01 molar NaOH contains 1 cmol charge per liter (1 cmolc/L). Therefore 2.5 mL NaOH contains", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.98244056261686, + "y": 1712.1659792998848 + }, + { + "x": 1555.4102528763397, + "y": 1712.1659792998848 + }, + { + "x": 1555.4102528763397, + "y": 1788.834421958269 + }, + { + "x": 153.98244056261686, + "y": 1788.834421958269 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1 L 0.01 mol NaOH 1 molc 100 cmolc\ncmolc of NaOH = 2.5 mL NaOH × × × × = 0.0025 molc NaOH\n1000 mL 1 L 1 mol NaOH 1 molc", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 157.024753913079, + "y": 1815.5792275367753 + }, + { + "x": 353.67698888212954, + "y": 1815.5792275367753 + }, + { + "x": 353.67698888212954, + "y": 1851.238968308117 + }, + { + "x": 157.024753913079, + "y": 1851.238968308117 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Thus, the CEC is", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 424.9964704248126, + "y": 1872.6348127709211 + }, + { + "x": 1273.6983007827414, + "y": 1872.6348127709211 + }, + { + "x": 1273.6983007827414, + "y": 1981.3970221235136 + }, + { + "x": 424.9964704248126, + "y": 1981.3970221235136 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 13, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\\frac{\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{\\mathrm{kg}\\text{soil}}=\\frac{0.0025\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{1\\mathrm{~g}\\mathrm{soil}}\\times\\frac{1000\\mathrm{~g}\\mathrm{soil}}{1\\mathrm{~kg}\\text{soil}}=\\frac{2.5\\mathrm{\\textit{cmolc}}}{\\mathrm{kg}\\text{soil}}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.5343919470864, + "y": 2065.197412936166 + }, + { + "x": 351.8940018435625, + "y": 2065.197412936166 + }, + { + "x": 351.8940018435625, + "y": 2100.8571537075077 + }, + { + "x": 151.5343919470864, + "y": 2100.8571537075077 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 14, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "114 | Soil Colloids", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000166.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 144.83627204030245, + "y": 166.24685138539047 + }, + { + "x": 901.2594458438288, + "y": 166.24685138539047 + }, + { + "x": 901.2594458438288, + "y": 210.57934508816123 + }, + { + "x": 144.83627204030245, + "y": 210.57934508816123 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Activity 5. Calculating versus estimating CEC", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 142.0654911838791, + "y": 265.9949622166247 + }, + { + "x": 1355.6675062972297, + "y": 265.9949622166247 + }, + { + "x": 1355.6675062972297, + "y": 302.01511335012594 + }, + { + "x": 142.0654911838791, + "y": 302.01511335012594 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "There are two ways you can calculate the CEC: the sum of cations method and the mineralogy method.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 144.83627204030245, + "y": 388.4339155234506 + }, + { + "x": 627.2227657847075, + "y": 388.4339155234506 + }, + { + "x": 627.2227657847075, + "y": 432.15021754064566 + }, + { + "x": 144.83627204030245, + "y": 432.15021754064566 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The Sum-of-Cations Method", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 144.83627204030245, + "y": 494.6020775652101 + }, + { + "x": 1557.7554801507165, + "y": 494.6020775652101 + }, + { + "x": 1557.7554801507165, + "y": 569.5443095946872 + }, + { + "x": 144.83627204030245, + "y": 569.5443095946872 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "If you have a soil analysis where the quantities of all cations in the soil are listed, simply summing all those exchangeable\nquantities will yield the CEC you found in the preceding problems.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 148.42517226304716, + "y": 656.9769136290773 + }, + { + "x": 585.5881924349978, + "y": 656.9769136290773 + }, + { + "x": 585.5881924349978, + "y": 700.6932156462724 + }, + { + "x": 148.42517226304716, + "y": 700.6932156462724 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The \"Mineralogy\" Method", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 144.83627204030245, + "y": 767.3085330058079 + }, + { + "x": 1551.5102941482596, + "y": 767.3085330058079 + }, + { + "x": 1551.5102941482596, + "y": 838.0873077003141 + }, + { + "x": 144.83627204030245, + "y": 838.0873077003141 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "As you know from your reading and class discussion, clay minerals have a range of values for CEC. If the mineralogy of\nthe clay fraction is known (that is, the type and amounts of each clay mineral), then the CEC can be approximated.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 148.42517226304716, + "y": 867.2315090451108 + }, + { + "x": 1557.7554801507158, + "y": 867.2315090451108 + }, + { + "x": 1557.7554801507158, + "y": 935.9285550721316 + }, + { + "x": 148.42517226304716, + "y": 935.9285550721316 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "To make these calculations easier, Table 13.4 contains representative values for CEC to use in all calculations for this\nclass unless otherwise noted. In nature, however, these soil colloids will have a range of values.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.67035826550358, + "y": 1025.4428877740074 + }, + { + "x": 906.1744072277615, + "y": 1025.4428877740074 + }, + { + "x": 906.1744072277615, + "y": 1077.4861044611444 + }, + { + "x": 154.67035826550358, + "y": 1077.4861044611444 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Table 13.4. Typical CEC of various soil colloids.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 152.58862959801814, + "y": 1131.6110498157666 + }, + { + "x": 687.5928971417864, + "y": 1131.6110498157666 + }, + { + "x": 687.5928971417864, + "y": 1454.278993276016 + }, + { + "x": 152.58862959801814, + "y": 1454.278993276016 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "Mineral or colloid typeCEC of pure colloidcmolc/kgkaolinite10illite30montmorillonite/smectite100vermiculite150humus200", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 150.50690093053265, + "y": 1487.5866519557835 + }, + { + "x": 1557.7554801507158, + "y": 1487.5866519557835 + }, + { + "x": 1557.7554801507158, + "y": 1606.2451860024555 + }, + { + "x": 150.50690093053265, + "y": 1606.2451860024555 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "As an example of this mineralogy approach to CEC calculations, consider a soil having 100% clay where the clay is 100%\nkaolinite. The CEC would then be 10 cmolc/kg. If a soil contains only 10% kaolinite (or 10 kg clay in 100 kg soil), however,\nthis clay would contribute", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 329.5355663342839, + "y": 1620.8172866748537 + }, + { + "x": 1362.0729854070814, + "y": 1620.8172866748537 + }, + { + "x": 1362.0729854070814, + "y": 1741.5575493890117 + }, + { + "x": 329.5355663342839, + "y": 1741.5575493890117 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\\text{TotalCECofthesoil}=\\frac{10\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{\\mathrm{kg}\\text{clay}}\\times\\frac{10\\mathrm{~kg}\\text{clay}}{100\\mathrm{~kg}\\text{soil}}=\\frac{1.0\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{\\mathrm{kg}\\mathrm{soil}}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.67035826550364, + "y": 1758.2113787288954 + }, + { + "x": 1551.5102941482594, + "y": 1758.2113787288954 + }, + { + "x": 1551.5102941482594, + "y": 1837.3170680933436 + }, + { + "x": 154.67035826550364, + "y": 1837.3170680933436 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "A prairie soil contains 30% clay. This clay sized fraction is dominantly montmorillonite. The soil also contains 5% humus\n(organic matter).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 240.02123363240827, + "y": 1856.052626100713 + }, + { + "x": 1399.54410142182, + "y": 1856.052626100713 + }, + { + "x": 1399.54410142182, + "y": 1895.6054707829371 + }, + { + "x": 240.02123363240827, + "y": 1895.6054707829371 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Using the mineralogy method, what is the cation exchange capacity (CEC) contributed by the clay?", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 148.42517226304716, + "y": 2066.3072215167463 + }, + { + "x": 353.7617352441611, + "y": 2066.3072215167463 + }, + { + "x": 353.7617352441611, + "y": 2095.451422861543 + }, + { + "x": 148.42517226304716, + "y": 2095.451422861543 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 13, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "120 | Soil Colloids", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000167.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.00372788147146, + "y": 159.33170276092494 + }, + { + "x": 1550.3068524693465, + "y": 159.33170276092494 + }, + { + "x": 1550.3068524693465, + "y": 315.2096201816649 + }, + { + "x": 151.00372788147146, + "y": 315.2096201816649 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The acidic cations adsorbed on the negative exchange sites are called the reserve (also residual or potential) and salt-\nreplaceable (also exchangeable) acidity. The reserve and salt-replaceable acidity controls the level of soluble or active\nacidity in the soil solution. Only the active acidity is measured in a routine pH determination. The reserve and salt-\nreplaceable acidity is always many times higher than the active acidity.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 149.0817023216195, + "y": 345.3795396824533 + }, + { + "x": 1550.3068524693465, + "y": 345.3795396824533 + }, + { + "x": 1550.3068524693465, + "y": 450.97425793521273 + }, + { + "x": 149.0817023216195, + "y": 450.97425793521273 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "A soil is acid when hydrogen ions predominate in the soil. The degree of acidity is expressed in terms of pH, which is\ndefined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity. Therefore, the pH of a 0.01-molar hydrogen ion solution\nis", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 581.5172151662531, + "y": 472.76364424133754 + }, + { + "x": 1117.8713396247133, + "y": 472.76364424133754 + }, + { + "x": 1117.8713396247133, + "y": 581.7105757719625 + }, + { + "x": 581.5172151662531, + "y": 581.7105757719625 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\\mathrm{pH}=-\\log\\left(\\frac{10^{-2}\\mathrm{~mol}\\mathrm{H}^{+}}{\\mathrm{L}}\\right)=2", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.0037278814715, + "y": 601.8238554391548 + }, + { + "x": 1551.9829591082794, + "y": 601.8238554391548 + }, + { + "x": 1551.9829591082794, + "y": 796.2522255553466 + }, + { + "x": 151.0037278814715, + "y": 796.2522255553466 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "At pH 7, the concentration of H+ ions and OH- ions are equal, and the soil or solution is neutral. At pH values less than 7,\nthe soil is acid; at values more than 7, the soil is alkaline. Most soils vary in pH from about 4 to 10. Soils in areas with high\nrainfall are generally acid with a pH less than 7. Soils developed in high-lime deposits often will be alkaline. Soils high in\ncalcium seldom have pH values higher than 7.5, but the presence of large amounts of calcium carbonate may cause the\npH to be as high as 8.5. Where the pH is higher than 8.5, an excess of sodium is highly probable.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 147.40559568268685, + "y": 821.3938251393369 + }, + { + "x": 1546.9546391914814, + "y": 821.3938251393369 + }, + { + "x": 1546.9546391914814, + "y": 898.4947305302405 + }, + { + "x": 147.40559568268685, + "y": 898.4947305302405 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The most desirable soil pH for most crops in Kansas is 6.8. However, crops like blueberries need a lower pH, and other\ncrops, like alfalfa, need a higher pH. At soil pH less than 5.8, several problems may occur:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 169.19498198881178, + "y": 930.3407566699616 + }, + { + "x": 770.9172653656468, + "y": 930.3407566699616 + }, + { + "x": 770.9172653656468, + "y": 1208.574458732788 + }, + { + "x": 169.19498198881178, + "y": 1208.574458732788 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Al and Mn toxicity\n· Inhibited growth of N-fixing bacteria\n· Possible deficiencies in Mg and/ or Ca.\n· P deficiency (P reacts with Fe and Al)\n· At more than pH 7.5, other problems may occur:\n· Deficiency of Fe, Mn, Cu, or Zn\n· P deficiency (P reacts with Ca)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 144.05338240482138, + "y": 1287.351470762624 + }, + { + "x": 462.5136438020322, + "y": 1287.351470762624 + }, + { + "x": 462.5136438020322, + "y": 1347.691309764201 + }, + { + "x": 144.05338240482138, + "y": 1347.691309764201 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Buffering Capacity", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 147.40559568268685, + "y": 1397.9745089321814 + }, + { + "x": 1546.954639191482, + "y": 1397.9745089321814 + }, + { + "x": 1546.954639191482, + "y": 1669.5037844392768 + }, + { + "x": 147.40559568268685, + "y": 1669.5037844392768 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Buffering capacity is a measure of the soil's ability to resist a change in pH, directly related to the magnitude of the\nexchange capacity. Small fluctuations in acid or base content can occur without a noticeable pH change as cations are\nadsorbed or released from the exchange complex. Soils with the largest cation exchange capacity have the greatest\nbuffering of a pH change. In other words, two soils may have the same pH (active acidity in soil solution), but the one\nwith the largest cation exchange capacity will have the most acidity stored in reserve and therefore the highest buffering\ncapacity or ability to resist a change in pH. For this reason, it takes less lime to increase the pH of a sandy soil (low CEC)\nby a given amount than it takes to increase the pH of a clay soil (higher CEC) the same amount.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 151.00372788147146, + "y": 1756.6613296637768 + }, + { + "x": 519.5012695257436, + "y": 1756.6613296637768 + }, + { + "x": 519.5012695257436, + "y": 1808.62063547069 + }, + { + "x": 151.00372788147146, + "y": 1808.62063547069 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Sources of Soil Acidity", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 149.08170232161945, + "y": 1860.5799412776032 + }, + { + "x": 1545.2785325525488, + "y": 1860.5799412776032 + }, + { + "x": 1545.2785325525488, + "y": 2014.7817520594108 + }, + { + "x": 149.08170232161945, + "y": 2014.7817520594108 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Controlling soil pH is vital to optimal use and productivity of soils. Adding lime is the most effective and practical way\nto raise the pH of acid soils. Elemental sulfur, iron sulfate, or aluminum sulfate can be used to reduce soil pH. Because\nacidity is a concern in Kansas, we will focus on raising soil pH. Understanding the following equations should help you\nunderstand the sources of soil acidity and soil reactions to lime.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.1100222384175, + "y": 2068.417164505257 + }, + { + "x": 564.756148776926, + "y": 2068.417164505257 + }, + { + "x": 564.756148776926, + "y": 2098.587084006045 + }, + { + "x": 154.1100222384175, + "y": 2098.587084006045 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "124 | Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000168.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.8681504896793, + "y": 164.42600033555146 + }, + { + "x": 1546.941277396799, + "y": 164.42600033555146 + }, + { + "x": 1546.941277396799, + "y": 272.6824976569489 + }, + { + "x": 154.8681504896793, + "y": 272.6824976569489 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Soils with the same pH may require different amounts of limestone due to differences in CEC, which would imply\ndifferences in buffering capacities. For example, consider the amount of limestone necessary to raise the base saturation\nof two soils from 70% to 90% when one soil has a CEC of 15 cmolc/kg, and the other has a CEC of 40 cmolc/kg.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 275.8167043938597, + "y": 300.15715527246493 + }, + { + "x": 1427.7825067545646, + "y": 300.15715527246493 + }, + { + "x": 1427.7825067545646, + "y": 397.3315253127034 + }, + { + "x": 275.8167043938597, + "y": 397.3315253127034 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "15\\frac{\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{\\mathrm{kg}}\\times20\\%\\text{increase}=3\\frac{\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{\\mathrm{kg}}\\text{basiccationsrequiredfromlime}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 275.8167043938599, + "y": 421.1057091766452 + }, + { + "x": 1427.7825067545648, + "y": 421.1057091766452 + }, + { + "x": 1427.7825067545648, + "y": 518.2800792168837 + }, + { + "x": 275.8167043938599, + "y": 518.2800792168837 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "40\\frac{\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{\\mathrm{kg}}\\times20\\%\\text{increase}=8\\frac{\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{\\mathrm{kg}}\\text{basiccationsrequiredfromlime}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.86815048967944, + "y": 550.1175000077708 + }, + { + "x": 1546.9412773967993, + "y": 550.1175000077708 + }, + { + "x": 1546.9412773967993, + "y": 662.0744710807423 + }, + { + "x": 154.86815048967944, + "y": 662.0744710807423 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Lastly, soil pH is governed by base saturation. If other factors are constant, the lower the pH, the more lime that is\nrequired to achieve a desired pH. This is because at a low pH, a larger percentage of the CEC is occupied by acid cations,\nwhich requires larger amounts of lime to neutralize.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.86815048967935, + "y": 749.0106775390896 + }, + { + "x": 1188.5731445885194, + "y": 749.0106775390896 + }, + { + "x": 1188.5731445885194, + "y": 799.1494988388133 + }, + { + "x": 154.86815048967935, + "y": 799.1494988388133 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Activity 1: Determining pH With Indicator Strips (Field Method)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.8681504896793, + "y": 856.5205032316942 + }, + { + "x": 1546.941277396799, + "y": 856.5205032316942 + }, + { + "x": 1546.941277396799, + "y": 968.4774743046656 + }, + { + "x": 154.8681504896793, + "y": 968.4774743046656 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Of the several techniques available for determining pH, one that can be used easily in the field is the indicator strip\nmethod. This technique uses the principle of pH sensitivity of certain dyes, which cause differences in color across a\nrange in pH. With the soils provided, complete the following pH determination:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.8681504896793, + "y": 997.627149453238 + }, + { + "x": 1546.941277396799, + "y": 997.627149453238 + }, + { + "x": 1546.941277396799, + "y": 1071.9556815337976 + }, + { + "x": 154.8681504896793, + "y": 1071.9556815337976 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Weigh 10.0 g of soil into a small plastic cup. Add 20 ml of distilled water and stir. Allow to stand for 5 minutes,\noccasionally stirring.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.86815048967938, + "y": 1098.4176110400551 + }, + { + "x": 1546.941277396799, + "y": 1098.4176110400551 + }, + { + "x": 1546.941277396799, + "y": 1172.7461431206148 + }, + { + "x": 154.86815048967938, + "y": 1172.7461431206148 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Using the pH indicator strips provided, dip the strip into the cup until the tip is wetted. Determine the pH by comparing\nthe color change of the pH test strip to the color chart.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 243.5637566860783, + "y": 1203.2396910903449 + }, + { + "x": 614.7394499542418, + "y": 1203.2396910903449 + }, + { + "x": 614.7394499542418, + "y": 1239.9397841784926 + }, + { + "x": 243.5637566860783, + "y": 1239.9397841784926 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Record the soil pH in Table 14.1.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.86815048967935, + "y": 1328.219863457998 + }, + { + "x": 937.2689270320558, + "y": 1328.219863457998 + }, + { + "x": 937.2689270320558, + "y": 1374.3270662942484 + }, + { + "x": 154.86815048967935, + "y": 1374.3270662942484 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Activity 2: Determining Soil pH with a pH Meter", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.86815048967927, + "y": 1429.4258519617083 + }, + { + "x": 1544.699442195272, + "y": 1429.4258519617083 + }, + { + "x": 1544.699442195272, + "y": 1583.9712263948277 + }, + { + "x": 154.86815048967927, + "y": 1583.9712263948277 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Laboratory pH meters are more accurate than pH dyes and strips. The pH meter measures the hydrogen ion activity [H+]\nby measuring the electric potential across a thin, porous glass membrane at the base of the electrode. This potential\nchanges in response to [H+], and by standardizing the instrument with buffers of known pH, we can measure the pH of\nany solution, including soil solutions.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.86815048967935, + "y": 1614.8803012814517 + }, + { + "x": 1544.699442195272, + "y": 1614.8803012814517 + }, + { + "x": 1544.699442195272, + "y": 1721.0462541528984 + }, + { + "x": 154.86815048967935, + "y": 1721.0462541528984 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Using the samples prepared in Activity 1, carefully place the electrode in the suspension. Gently swirl the electrode in\nthe solution, and note the pH reading. Wait for the pH meter to reach a steady reading, indicated by the word \"ready\"\non the screen.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 243.56375668607845, + "y": 1751.5398021226288 + }, + { + "x": 981.6167301302552, + "y": 1751.5398021226288 + }, + { + "x": 981.6167301302552, + "y": 1788.2398952107765 + }, + { + "x": 243.56375668607845, + "y": 1788.2398952107765 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Record the value for this 1:2 soil-water suspension in Table 14.1.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1140.520856606152, + "y": 2069.06690862798 + }, + { + "x": 1544.6994421952716, + "y": 2069.06690862798 + }, + { + "x": 1544.6994421952716, + "y": 2099.357054859931 + }, + { + "x": 1140.520856606152, + "y": 2099.357054859931 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 13, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH | 127", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000169.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 172.71627859249693, + "y": 168.16914925793253 + }, + { + "x": 592.8079370937054, + "y": 168.16914925793253 + }, + { + "x": 592.8079370937054, + "y": 190.14317447184192 + }, + { + "x": 172.71627859249693, + "y": 190.14317447184192 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Lime is recommended if pH < 5.8", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.32743281551805, + "y": 228.9208660257996 + }, + { + "x": 1347.6803326774143, + "y": 228.9208660257996 + }, + { + "x": 1347.6803326774143, + "y": 349.1317098430684 + }, + { + "x": 153.32743281551805, + "y": 349.1317098430684 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\\text{Target}\\mathrm{pH}\\text{of}5.5=[6,405-(1,590\\times\\text{buffer}\\mathrm{pH})+(98\\times\\text{buffer}\\mathrm{pH}\\times\\text{buffer}\\mathrm{pH})]\\times\\text{depth}\\\\", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 168.83850943710118, + "y": 389.2019911154913 + }, + { + "x": 1315.365589715783, + "y": 389.2019911154913 + }, + { + "x": 1315.365589715783, + "y": 493.9017583111771 + }, + { + "x": 168.83850943710118, + "y": 493.9017583111771 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Depth is in inches\n· Used if cash flow is limited or in lime availability problem areas in Central and Western Kansas\n· Lime is recommended if pH < 5.5", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 146.86448422319182, + "y": 541.7275778943916 + }, + { + "x": 1545.6548649855577, + "y": 541.7275778943916 + }, + { + "x": 1545.6548649855577, + "y": 691.6679852363615 + }, + { + "x": 146.86448422319182, + "y": 691.6679852363615 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "This buffer contains chromium (Cr), a toxic heavy metal. Therefore, your lab instructor will perform the SMP buffer\nanalysis. As a class, determine which soil-water mixtures from Activity 1 need lime (pH ≤ 6.4). To those solutions, add\n10 ml of the SMP buffer solution, and stir with a glass rod. Allow the mixtures to stand for 30 minutes, which should be\nenough time for the acid cations to be displaced from the CEC and forced into solution. Read the pH on meter.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 224.6281727140659, + "y": 725.2753179164581 + }, + { + "x": 1540.4845061116966, + "y": 725.2753179164581 + }, + { + "x": 1540.4845061116966, + "y": 787.3196244027904 + }, + { + "x": 224.6281727140659, + "y": 787.3196244027904 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Assuming the desired pH is 6.0 (i.e. use the middle equation), calculate the lime requirement, show your work\nbelow, and record your results in Table 14.1.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.32743281551808, + "y": 950.1859289294124 + }, + { + "x": 780.441751654126, + "y": 950.1859289294124 + }, + { + "x": 780.441751654126, + "y": 990.2562102018356 + }, + { + "x": 153.32743281551808, + "y": 990.2562102018356 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Activity 5: Evaluating Liming Materials", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 149.65796904308104, + "y": 1052.3005166881678 + }, + { + "x": 1552.1178135778844, + "y": 1052.3005166881678 + }, + { + "x": 1552.1178135778844, + "y": 1203.533513748603 + }, + { + "x": 149.65796904308104, + "y": 1203.533513748603 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The type of liming material and the size or fineness of the material determine how efficiently liming materials raise soil\npH. This experiment was actually initiated earlier in the semester to allow time for the liming agents to react. Amending\nthe soil with several different liming agents allows us assess the effects of particle size and liming material based on the\nrelative changes in soil. The treatments included the following:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 165.1690456646641, + "y": 1248.7741538948862 + }, + { + "x": 648.5976003706699, + "y": 1248.7741538948862 + }, + { + "x": 648.5976003706699, + "y": 1469.8069957524451 + }, + { + "x": 165.1690456646641, + "y": 1469.8069957524451 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Reagent grade CaCO3\n· Reagent grade CaO\n· Reagent grade CaSO4\n· Coarse dolomitic limestone (35 mesh)\n· Fine dolomitic limestone (120 mesh)\n· Control (no amendments)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.82832791694204, + "y": 1515.0476358987294 + }, + { + "x": 1557.2881724517451, + "y": 1515.0476358987294 + }, + { + "x": 1557.2881724517451, + "y": 1626.2103516867414 + }, + { + "x": 154.82832791694204, + "y": 1626.2103516867414 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "When this experiment was initiated, each lab section was divided into six groups, with each group responsible for one\nof the six treatments. Your laboratory instructor assigned a treatment to your group, and you completed the following\nsteps:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.82832791694216, + "y": 1663.6954535222333 + }, + { + "x": 1197.9482307184037, + "y": 1663.6954535222333 + }, + { + "x": 1197.9482307184037, + "y": 1889.8986542536531 + }, + { + "x": 154.82832791694216, + "y": 1889.8986542536531 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1. Label four plastic bags\n2. Weigh 20 g of air-dry soil into each plastic bag.\n3. Weigh 0.1 gram of designated liming material onto weighing paper.\n4. Add the liming material to the soil and mix thoroughly to distribute evenly in the soil.\n5. Add a few mL of water to each bag and mix.\n6. Close the bags to start incubation.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.32743281551816, + "y": 1937.724473836868 + }, + { + "x": 1064.8114897164824, + "y": 1937.724473836868 + }, + { + "x": 1064.8114897164824, + "y": 1967.4540373615685 + }, + { + "x": 153.32743281551816, + "y": 1967.4540373615685 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Now that the liming agents have had time to react, you will collect the results.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 149.6579690430811, + "y": 2068.2760354018583 + }, + { + "x": 581.3829350104767, + "y": 2068.2760354018583 + }, + { + "x": 581.3829350104767, + "y": 2099.2981886450243 + }, + { + "x": 149.6579690430811, + "y": 2099.2981886450243 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "130 | Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000170.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 150.4044527137873, + "y": 166.01936825026633 + }, + { + "x": 310.62348632936295, + "y": 166.01936825026633 + }, + { + "x": 310.62348632936295, + "y": 210.63732697865453 + }, + { + "x": 150.4044527137873, + "y": 210.63732697865453 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "cropping.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 146.34827464757012, + "y": 255.25528570704265 + }, + { + "x": 1549.7858855586887, + "y": 255.25528570704265 + }, + { + "x": 1549.7858855586887, + "y": 685.2101607260558 + }, + { + "x": 146.34827464757012, + "y": 685.2101607260558 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "Contour FarmingContour FarmingContour Strip CroppingContour Strip CroppingContour Strip CroppingSlope Gradient (%)Max Slope Length (ft)P ValueStrip Width (ft)P Value, RGMMP Value, RRGM1- 24000.61300.300.453 - 53000.51000.250.386 - 82000.51000.250.389 - 121200.6800.300.4513 - 161000.7800.350.5217 - 201000.8600.400.60", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 150.4044527137873, + "y": 713.6034071895756 + }, + { + "x": 1547.75779652558, + "y": 713.6034071895756 + }, + { + "x": 1547.75779652558, + "y": 827.1763930436546 + }, + { + "x": 150.4044527137873, + "y": 827.1763930436546 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Table adapted from Jones et al. (1988) with permission. †Strip cropping uses a four-year rotation of row crop followed\nby one year of a small grain and two years of meadow (forages) for RGMM, or uses two years of row crops followed by\none year of small grain and one year of meadow for RRGM. Meadow includes alfalfa, clover, grass, etc.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 247.7527263029978, + "y": 855.5696395071743 + }, + { + "x": 1273.9657770559254, + "y": 855.5696395071743 + }, + { + "x": 1273.9657770559254, + "y": 890.0471530700197 + }, + { + "x": 247.7527263029978, + "y": 890.0471530700197 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "How does the erosion rate under contour tillage compare to the tolerable erosion rate?", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 247.7527263029978, + "y": 983.3392485930134 + }, + { + "x": 1541.6735294262544, + "y": 983.3392485930134 + }, + { + "x": 1541.6735294262544, + "y": 1021.8729402220756 + }, + { + "x": 247.7527263029978, + "y": 1021.8729402220756 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "How does the erosion rate under contour tillage compare to the erosion rate under conservation tillage alone?", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 148.3763636806787, + "y": 1109.080768645743 + }, + { + "x": 1547.75779652558, + "y": 1109.080768645743 + }, + { + "x": 1547.75779652558, + "y": 1299.7211377579476 + }, + { + "x": 148.3763636806787, + "y": 1299.7211377579476 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Next we will test the impact of installing terraces on the landscape. Using Table 16.5, determine the Pt factor. When\nterraces are installed, contour tillage is usually used as well. Also, note that installing a terrace results in a shorter length\nof the slope (because the terrace stops water from continuing to run down slope), so this calculation is performed for\neach terrace individually. Also note that the net P factor is determined by multiplying the\nPc and Pt values together, or writing the RUSLE as follows:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 233.5561030712379, + "y": 1326.0862951883585 + }, + { + "x": 730.4379161828333, + "y": 1326.0862951883585 + }, + { + "x": 730.4379161828333, + "y": 1382.872788115398 + }, + { + "x": 233.5561030712379, + "y": 1382.872788115398 + } + ], + "category": "Equation", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "\\mathrm{~A}4=\\mathrm{R}\\times\\mathrm{K}\\times\\mathrm{LS}\\times\\mathrm{Pc}\\times\\mathrm{Pt}", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 146.34827464757012, + "y": 1453.8559042741977 + }, + { + "x": 1495.0274816647575, + "y": 1453.8559042741977 + }, + { + "x": 1495.0274816647575, + "y": 1561.344623028951 + }, + { + "x": 146.34827464757012, + "y": 1561.344623028951 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Table 16.5. Conservation practice (P) values for terraces with underground outlets or\nwaterways.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 148.37636368067876, + "y": 1601.906403691122 + }, + { + "x": 1217.179284128886, + "y": 1601.906403691122 + }, + { + "x": 1217.179284128886, + "y": 2025.77701161081 + }, + { + "x": 148.37636368067876, + "y": 2025.77701161081 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "Terrace IntervalUnderground OutletsWaterways with percent grade of:(ft)0.1-0.30.4-0.70.8Pt ValuesPt ValuesPt ValuesPt Values<1100.50.60.71.0110-1400.60.70.81.0140-1800.70.80.91.0180-2250.80.80.91.0225-3000.90.91.01.0300+1.01.01.01.0", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 146.34827464757018, + "y": 2064.3107032398725 + }, + { + "x": 537.7694580375208, + "y": 2064.3107032398725 + }, + { + "x": 537.7694580375208, + "y": 2100.8163058358264 + }, + { + "x": 146.34827464757018, + "y": 2100.8163058358264 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "146 | Soil Erosion and Conservation", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000171.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 157.41308017249418, + "y": 172.86506499392607 + }, + { + "x": 398.1127456134289, + "y": 172.86506499392607 + }, + { + "x": 398.1127456134289, + "y": 221.8964783244868 + }, + { + "x": 157.41308017249418, + "y": 221.8964783244868 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Contents", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 229.42411278048667, + "y": 406.4730823970052 + }, + { + "x": 1504.8830583495396, + "y": 406.4730823970052 + }, + { + "x": 1504.8830583495396, + "y": 2112.3268650379023 + }, + { + "x": 229.42411278048667, + "y": 2112.3268650379023 + } + ], + "category": "Index", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Acknowledgment of Country v\nAccessibility Information vi\nAcknowledgments vii\nAbout the Authors viii\nIntroduction 1\nPart I. Chapter One - Exploring Your Data\nSection 1.1: Data and Types of Statistical Variables 3\nSection 1.2: Descriptive Statistics 5\nSection 1.3: Missing Data 6\nSection 1.4: Checking Values 7\nSection 1.5: Normality 8\nSection 1.6: Outliers 9\nSection 1.7: Chapter One Self-Test 10\nPart II. Chapter Two - Test Statistics, p Values, Confidence Intervals and Effect Sizes\nSection 2.1: p Values 12\nSection 2.2: Significance 13\nSection 2.3: Confidence Intervals 14\nSection 2.4: Effect Sizes 16\nSection 2.5: Statistical Power 17\nSection 2.6: Chapter Two Self-Test 18\nPart III. Chapter Three - Comparing Two Group Means\nSection 3.1: Looking at Group Differences 20\nSection 3.2: Between Versus Within Groups Analysis 21\nSection 3.3: Independent T-test Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 22\nSection 3.4: Paired T-test Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 25\nSection 3.5: Chapter Three Self-Test 27\nPart IV. Chapter Four - Comparing Associations Between Two Variables\nSection 4.1: Examining Relationships 29\nSection 4.2: Correlation Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 31\nSection 4.3: Chapter Four Self-Test 33", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000172.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 226.06223332973943, + "y": 157.97097971441733 + }, + { + "x": 1506.8734870646158, + "y": 157.97097971441733 + }, + { + "x": 1506.8734870646158, + "y": 2042.9598947505535 + }, + { + "x": 226.06223332973943, + "y": 2042.9598947505535 + } + ], + "category": "Index", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Part V. Chapter Five - Comparing Associations Between Multiple Variables\nSection 5.1: The Linear Model 35\nSection 5.2: Simple Regression Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 36\nSection 5.3: Multiple Regression Explanation, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 39\nSection 5.4: Hierarchical Regression Explanation, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 43\nSection 5.5: Chapter Five Self-Test 47\nPart VI. Chapter Six - Comparing Three or More Group Means\nSection 6.1: Between Versus Within Group Analyses 49\nSection 6.2: One-Way ANOVA Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 51\nSection 6.3 Repeated Measures ANOVA Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 54\nSection 6.4: Chapter Six Self-Test 62\nPart VII. Chapter Seven - Moderation and Mediation Analyses\nSection 7.1: Mediation and Moderation Models 64\nSection 7.2: Mediation Assumptions, The PROCESS Macro, Interpretation, and Write Up 66\nSection 7.3: Moderation Models, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 69\nSection 7.4: Chapter Seven Self-Test 73\nPart VIII. Chapter Eight - Factor Analysis and Scale Reliability\nSection 8.1: Factor Analysis Definitions 75\nSection 8.2: EFA versus CFA 76\nSection 8.3: EFA Steps with Factor Extraction 78\nSection 8.4: EFA Determining the Number of Factors 80\nSection 8.5: EFA Interpretation 84\nSection 8.6: EFA Write Up 86\nSection 8.7: Scale Reliability 87\nSection 8.8: Chapter Eight Self-Test 89\nPart IX. Chapter Nine - Nonparametric Statistics\nSection 9.1: Nonparametric Definitions 91\nSection 9.2: Choosing Appropriate Tests 93\nSection 9.3: Comparing Two Independent Conditions: The Mann-Whitney U Test 94\nSection 9.4: Comparing Two Dependent Conditions or Paired Samples - Wilcoxon Sign-Rank Test 96\nSection 9.5: Differences Between Several Independent Groups: The Kruskal-Wallis Test 98\nSection 9.6: Chapter Nine Self-Test 100\nReferences 101", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000173.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 361.51907640748306, + "y": 164.31116026597752 + }, + { + "x": 735.7006616791848, + "y": 164.31116026597752 + }, + { + "x": 735.7006616791848, + "y": 207.07477001131485 + }, + { + "x": 361.51907640748306, + "y": 207.07477001131485 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Humanity's Home Base.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.3003326688381, + "y": 260.658195078147 + }, + { + "x": 943.8945117089464, + "y": 260.658195078147 + }, + { + "x": 943.8945117089464, + "y": 656.0267002885748 + }, + { + "x": 155.3003326688381, + "y": 656.0267002885748 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 167.7958091024915, + "y": 672.4425957600415 + }, + { + "x": 932.6276406168369, + "y": 672.4425957600415 + }, + { + "x": 932.6276406168369, + "y": 896.9507546826394 + }, + { + "x": 167.7958091024915, + "y": 896.9507546826394 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 1. This image shows the Western hemisphere as viewed\nfrom space 35,400 kilometers (about 22,000 miles) above Earth.\nData about the land surface from one satellite was combined with\nanother satellite's data about the clouds to create the image.\n(credit: modification of work by R. Stockli, A. Nelson, F. Hasler,\nNASA/ GSFC/ NOAA/ USGS)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.25292085272122, + "y": 904.6895046672934 + }, + { + "x": 947.0652851738104, + "y": 904.6895046672934 + }, + { + "x": 947.0652851738104, + "y": 1206.7596964000973 + }, + { + "x": 153.25292085272122, + "y": 1206.7596964000973 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Our nearest astronomical neighbor is Earth's satellite, commonly\ncalled the Moon. Figure 2 shows Earth and the Moon drawn to scale\non the same diagram. Notice how small we have to make these\nbodies to fit them on the page with the right scale. The Moon's\ndistance from Earth is about 30 times Earth's diameter, or\napproximately 384,000 kilometers, and it takes about a month for\nthe Moon to revolve around Earth. The Moon's diameter is 3476\nkilometers, about one fourth the size of Earth.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 289.96733739994363, + "y": 1300.302453848581 + }, + { + "x": 808.9908600828504, + "y": 1300.302453848581 + }, + { + "x": 808.9908600828504, + "y": 1342.4063761830776 + }, + { + "x": 289.96733739994363, + "y": 1342.4063761830776 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Earth and Moon, Drawn to Scale.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.95993035495349, + "y": 1401.1355148428097 + }, + { + "x": 943.8945117089464, + "y": 1401.1355148428097 + }, + { + "x": 943.8945117089464, + "y": 1478.816885001607 + }, + { + "x": 155.95993035495349, + "y": 1478.816885001607 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.30033266883817, + "y": 1568.1092020000926 + }, + { + "x": 665.7459839366611, + "y": 1568.1092020000926 + }, + { + "x": 665.7459839366611, + "y": 1595.6492041711126 + }, + { + "x": 155.30033266883817, + "y": 1595.6492041711126 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "10 | Chapter 1 Section 1.6: A Tour of the Universe", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000174.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 157.14777463277088, + "y": 162.34066209073677 + }, + { + "x": 582.859509647604, + "y": 162.34066209073677 + }, + { + "x": 582.859509647604, + "y": 205.46063525061857 + }, + { + "x": 157.14777463277088, + "y": 205.46063525061857 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Tycho Brahe's Observatory", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.58860803770878, + "y": 269.36299526752236 + }, + { + "x": 945.8426180549664, + "y": 269.36299526752236 + }, + { + "x": 945.8426180549664, + "y": 651.5864295438217 + }, + { + "x": 154.58860803770878, + "y": 651.5864295438217 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Three years after the publication of Copernicus' De Revolutionibus,\nTycho Brahe was born to a family of Danish nobility. He developed\nan early interest in astronomy and, as a young man, made significant\nastronomical observations. Among these was a careful study of what\nwe now know was an exploding star that flared up to great brilliance\nin the night sky. His growing reputation gained him the patronage of\nthe Danish King Frederick II, and at the age of 30, Brahe was able to\nestablish a fine astronomical observatory on the North Sea island of\nHven (Figure1). Brahe was the last and greatest of the pre-telescopic\nobservers in Europe.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 193.9858961010097, + "y": 741.6306440755166 + }, + { + "x": 904.6365425687662, + "y": 741.6306440755166 + }, + { + "x": 904.6365425687662, + "y": 837.3343127975354 + }, + { + "x": 193.9858961010097, + "y": 837.3343127975354 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) and Johannes Kepler\n(1571-1630).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.5886080377088, + "y": 887.6917194421283 + }, + { + "x": 944.5691467490672, + "y": 887.6917194421283 + }, + { + "x": 944.5691467490672, + "y": 1393.7684324003671 + }, + { + "x": 154.5886080377088, + "y": 1393.7684324003671 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "JOANNiS KEPPLERI\n(a) (b)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 167.07297696767205, + "y": 1406.830767999643 + }, + { + "x": 932.6833667772742, + "y": 1406.830767999643 + }, + { + "x": 932.6833667772742, + "y": 1515.892185615236 + }, + { + "x": 167.07297696767205, + "y": 1515.892185615236 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 1. (a) A stylized engraving shows Tycho Brahe using his\ninstruments to measure the altitude of celestial objects above the\nhorizon. The large curved instrument in the foreground allowed", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 285.14173438009277, + "y": 1556.0341003526223 + }, + { + "x": 944.5691467490674, + "y": 1556.0341003526223 + }, + { + "x": 944.5691467490674, + "y": 1610.2013449152023 + }, + { + "x": 285.14173438009277, + "y": 1610.2013449152023 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Chapter 3 Orbits and Gravity Section 3.1: The Laws of Planetary\nMotion | 99", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000175.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.5910071081736, + "y": 161.8849733445012 + }, + { + "x": 946.1850395297902, + "y": 161.8849733445012 + }, + { + "x": 946.1850395297902, + "y": 621.5020546759469 + }, + { + "x": 153.5910071081736, + "y": 621.5020546759469 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "radiation at other wavelengths, as shown in (Figure 1). Just as you\ncan catch more rain with a garbage can than with a coffee cup, large\ntelescopes gather much more light than your eye can. Second, there\nis an instrument attached to the telescope that sorts the incoming\nradiation by wavelength. Sometimes the sorting is fairly crude. For\nexample, we might simply want to separate blue light from red\nlight SO that we can determine the temperature of a star. But at\nother times, we want to see individual spectral lines to determine\nwhat an object is made of, or to measure its speed (as explained\nin the Radiation and Spectra chapter). Third, we need some type\nof detector, a device that senses the radiation in the wavelength\nregions we have chosen and permanently records the observations.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 237.94578629222792, + "y": 714.0791666920195 + }, + { + "x": 860.9991672742449, + "y": 714.0791666920195 + }, + { + "x": 860.9991672742449, + "y": 759.1782499460644 + }, + { + "x": 237.94578629222792, + "y": 759.1782499460644 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Orion Region at Different Wavelengths.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 153.5910071081736, + "y": 813.1022723789259 + }, + { + "x": 946.1850395297896, + "y": 813.1022723789259 + }, + { + "x": 946.1850395297896, + "y": 1148.1964620234185 + }, + { + "x": 153.5910071081736, + "y": 1148.1964620234185 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "(a) (b) (c)", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 158.67184880351795, + "y": 1162.3837724381972 + }, + { + "x": 942.2146778024596, + "y": 1162.3837724381972 + }, + { + "x": 942.2146778024596, + "y": 1505.183760125234 + }, + { + "x": 158.67184880351795, + "y": 1505.183760125234 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 1. The same part of the sky looks different when observed\nwith instruments that are sensitive to different bands of the\nspectrum. (a) Visible light: this shows part of the Orion region as\nthe human eye sees it, with dotted lines added to show the figure\nof the mythical hunter, Orion. (b) X-rays: here, the view emphasizes\nthe point-like X-ray sources nearby. The colors are artificial,\nchanging from yellow to white to blue with increasing energy of\nthe X-rays. The bright, hot stars in Orion are still seen in this\nimage, but SO are many other objects located at very different", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 155.07100859672136, + "y": 1569.2787158062133 + }, + { + "x": 841.3911520121545, + "y": 1569.2787158062133 + }, + { + "x": 841.3911520121545, + "y": 1596.6451013778676 + }, + { + "x": 155.07100859672136, + "y": 1596.6451013778676 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "276 | Chapter 6 Astronomical Instruments Section 6.1: Telescopes", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000176.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.886478256793, + "y": 163.81447165589816 + }, + { + "x": 946.2088812485548, + "y": 163.81447165589816 + }, + { + "x": 946.2088812485548, + "y": 271.66411613482404 + }, + { + "x": 154.886478256793, + "y": 271.66411613482404 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "vapor and other gases, making it useless. Only in the vacuum of\nspace can optical elements be cooled to hundreds of degrees below\nfreezing and still remain operational.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.886478256793, + "y": 280.0955893907006 + }, + { + "x": 946.2088812485548, + "y": 280.0955893907006 + }, + { + "x": 946.2088812485548, + "y": 934.5928797424745 + }, + { + "x": 154.886478256793, + "y": 934.5928797424745 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The first orbiting infrared observatory, launched in 1983, was the\nInfrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), built as a joint project by\nthe United States, the Netherlands, and Britain. IRAS was equipped\nwith a 0.6-meter telescope cooled to a temperature of less than 10\nK. For the first time, the infrared sky could be seen as if it were\nnight, rather than through a bright foreground of atmospheric and\ntelescope emissions. IRAS carried out a rapid but comprehensive\nsurvey of the entire infrared sky over a 10-month period, cataloging\nabout 350,000 sources of infrared radiation. Since then, several\nother infrared telescopes have operated in space with much better\nsensitivity and resolution due to improvements in infrared\ndetectors. The most powerful of these infrared telescopes is the\n0.85-meter Spitzer Space Telescope, which launched in 2003. A\nfew of its observations are shown in Figure 2. With infrared\nobservations, astronomers can detect cooler parts of cosmic\nobjects, such as the dust clouds around star nurseries and the\nremnants of dying stars, that visible-light images don't reveal.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 182.97615267416515, + "y": 1025.9397905713272 + }, + { + "x": 919.689518105378, + "y": 1025.9397905713272 + }, + { + "x": 919.689518105378, + "y": 1111.118506080582 + }, + { + "x": 182.97615267416515, + "y": 1111.118506080582 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Observations from the Spitzer Space Telescope\n(SST).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.88647825679297, + "y": 1172.1274697147471 + }, + { + "x": 944.5990122091276, + "y": 1172.1274697147471 + }, + { + "x": 944.5990122091276, + "y": 1436.563131785948 + }, + { + "x": 154.88647825679297, + "y": 1436.563131785948 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Flame nebula Cassiopeia A Helix nebula", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 188.08103046393887, + "y": 1451.633065278858 + }, + { + "x": 931.7434402491276, + "y": 1451.633065278858 + }, + { + "x": 931.7434402491276, + "y": 1523.2768427148103 + }, + { + "x": 188.08103046393887, + "y": 1523.2768427148103 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 2. These infrared images-a region of star formation, the\nremnant of an exploded star, and a region where an old star is", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 154.88647825679294, + "y": 1569.1288602738202 + }, + { + "x": 888.0407360131966, + "y": 1569.1288602738202 + }, + { + "x": 888.0407360131966, + "y": 1596.353495699482 + }, + { + "x": 154.88647825679294, + "y": 1596.353495699482 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "336 | Chapter 6 Section 6.5: Observations outside Earth's Atmosphere", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000177.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 700.0710353310069, + "y": 163.65400909338808 + }, + { + "x": 990.4976897512124, + "y": 163.65400909338808 + }, + { + "x": 990.4976897512124, + "y": 442.64654326082945 + }, + { + "x": 700.0710353310069, + "y": 442.64654326082945 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "O", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 550.176904877809, + "y": 475.52084670846386 + }, + { + "x": 1103.252651235461, + "y": 475.52084670846386 + }, + { + "x": 1103.252651235461, + "y": 601.3656179811471 + }, + { + "x": 550.176904877809, + "y": 601.3656179811471 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 7.3. You can read more about KSU's\nmarketing approach in Marking Open and\nAffordable Courses (Hare, Kirschner, and Reed\n2020).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 193.97828265852223, + "y": 650.7083789828378 + }, + { + "x": 1506.6775081229907, + "y": 650.7083789828378 + }, + { + "x": 1506.6775081229907, + "y": 862.2370220791407 + }, + { + "x": 193.97828265852223, + "y": 862.2370220791407 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "For an even simpler graphic, we can look to Kansas State University. KSU's Open/Alternative\nTextbook Initiative developed their OER icon, a book with an \"O\" on the cover, to be recognizable\neven at a small scale. This was done because it would be used as a marking denoting the use of\nopen materials in their course schedule. This graphic is clear, easy to read, and emblematic of the\ninitiative itself, by representing open textbooks with a book icon.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 193.97828265852212, + "y": 918.5696788041907 + }, + { + "x": 671.5599063722868, + "y": 918.5696788041907 + }, + { + "x": 671.5599063722868, + "y": 962.9405570510032 + }, + { + "x": 193.97828265852212, + "y": 962.9405570510032 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Aligning with Your Identity", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 193.97828265852223, + "y": 1000.91374749227 + }, + { + "x": 1506.6775081229907, + "y": 1000.91374749227 + }, + { + "x": 1506.6775081229907, + "y": 1172.9140295102193 + }, + { + "x": 193.97828265852223, + "y": 1172.9140295102193 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Like KSU did with their OER icon, your branding should be reflective of your initiative's work\nin some way. Think about your audience and what you want them to feel when they see your\nprogram's marketing on campus. Does your program have a unique name or tagline that\ninfluences the way you present it (e.g., playful, bold, colorful, or innovative)?", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 193.9782826585223, + "y": 1185.7366268243336 + }, + { + "x": 604.8051612905214, + "y": 1185.7366268243336 + }, + { + "x": 604.8051612905214, + "y": 1732.5979819035078 + }, + { + "x": 193.9782826585223, + "y": 1732.5979819035078 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "penEd\nCVCC\nCC\nInnovation & Affordability", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 195.2336472763915, + "y": 1755.7271342650956 + }, + { + "x": 568.8795626709459, + "y": 1755.7271342650956 + }, + { + "x": 568.8795626709459, + "y": 1912.7906827716556 + }, + { + "x": 195.2336472763915, + "y": 1912.7906827716556 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 7.4. You can read more\nabout CVCC's marketing\napproach in Marking Open and\nAffordable Courses (Hare,\nKirschner, and Reed 2020).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 628.2140554521235, + "y": 1211.2727957316033 + }, + { + "x": 1506.6775081229907, + "y": 1211.2727957316033 + }, + { + "x": 1506.6775081229907, + "y": 1460.728342011103 + }, + { + "x": 628.2140554521235, + "y": 1460.728342011103 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "A great example of a program whose name and messaging align\nclearly with their work is Central Virginia Community College\n(CVCC). CVCC uses the tagline \"OpenEd CVCC: Innovation and\nAffordability\" as their program's name and their icon features this\ntheme of innovation through graphics of light bulbs, gears, and\nrepresentations of various disciplines.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 628.2140554521235, + "y": 1498.2588078068577 + }, + { + "x": 1506.6775081229907, + "y": 1498.2588078068577 + }, + { + "x": 1506.6775081229907, + "y": 1885.678729551369 + }, + { + "x": 628.2140554521235, + "y": 1885.678729551369 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "CVCC's logo is more complex than the ones we shared in our\n\"simple\" section. However, this isn't a problem in their case. Keep\nin mind that the simplicity of any graphic will depend on where\nand how it's used. CVCC's logo might have more going on than\nKSU's icon, but it is meant to be used at a larger scale, SO it can\naccommodate this complexity. If your logo will be used in print\nmaterials or as a smaller icon, that's when you'll want to focus on\nsimpler designs. For graphics that will be displayed more\nprominently, though, a larger graphic works fine.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 195.2336472763916, + "y": 2067.3022869431716 + }, + { + "x": 568.8795626709459, + "y": 2067.3022869431716 + }, + { + "x": 568.8795626709459, + "y": 2098.2928494331263 + }, + { + "x": 195.2336472763916, + "y": 2098.2928494331263 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "90 | PROGRAM MANAGEMENT", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000178.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.03568774102473, + "y": 165.73642332207504 + }, + { + "x": 650.600109433891, + "y": 165.73642332207504 + }, + { + "x": 650.600109433891, + "y": 203.5528703713831 + }, + { + "x": 194.03568774102473, + "y": 203.5528703713831 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Promotional Materials", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.03568774102473, + "y": 261.51554432907636 + }, + { + "x": 1507.2725614681551, + "y": 261.51554432907636 + }, + { + "x": 1507.2725614681551, + "y": 379.95161085908353 + }, + { + "x": 194.03568774102473, + "y": 379.95161085908353 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "A good promotional strategy should include multiple facets, from physical materials to digital\ncommunications. Below, we've compiled a table of promotional materials you might use on\ncampus, and examples of each type.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 592.2320457162119, + "y": 425.6673268697352 + }, + { + "x": 1107.3224876515742, + "y": 425.6673268697352 + }, + { + "x": 1107.3224876515742, + "y": 455.3757822719855 + }, + { + "x": 592.2320457162119, + "y": 455.3757822719855 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Table 7.1. Types of promotional materials", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 195.68388960033553, + "y": 464.8332912013367 + }, + { + "x": 1504.634301060481, + "y": 464.8332912013367 + }, + { + "x": 1504.634301060481, + "y": 1054.4125157074673 + }, + { + "x": 195.68388960033553, + "y": 1054.4125157074673 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "Communication ChannelMediumExamplesDirect communicationsPhysical or digitalmeetings, consultations, listening sessions, email listsIndirect communicationsPrimarily digitalwebsites, videos, news articles, newsletters, social media posts,MessagingPhysical or digitalbrochures, posters, signs, bookletsEventsPhysical or digitalpresentations, webinars, seminars, panels, training sessionsInteractivePhysical or digitalOER \"petting zoos,\" games, exhibits, surveysGoodiesPrimarily physicalpens, notepads, bookmarks, stickers, buttons, etc", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.0356877410247, + "y": 1098.2884787282608 + }, + { + "x": 1507.2725614681551, + "y": 1098.2884787282608 + }, + { + "x": 1507.2725614681551, + "y": 1394.65326379732 + }, + { + "x": 194.0356877410247, + "y": 1394.65326379732 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Get in contact with partners at your institution to learn more about the processes and options\navailable to you and how you can best leverage the support at your disposal. If you have a\nmarketing team available to you that orders pens and other materials for campus events, get in\ncontact with them about their vendors and how you can leverage their existing workflows for\nordering materials to support your OER Program. This might be as simple as ordering buttons and\nposters through your University Printing Office, or it may require you to browse a third party's\nmarketing catalog or to create materials yourself, if you lack funding for your work.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.03568774102465, + "y": 1452.0602121461654 + }, + { + "x": 451.6880678991844, + "y": 1452.0602121461654 + }, + { + "x": 451.6880678991844, + "y": 1489.8766591954734 + }, + { + "x": 194.03568774102465, + "y": 1489.8766591954734 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Annual Events", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.0356877410247, + "y": 1539.014582180262 + }, + { + "x": 1507.2725614681551, + "y": 1539.014582180262 + }, + { + "x": 1507.2725614681551, + "y": 2010.666383173212 + }, + { + "x": 194.0356877410247, + "y": 2010.666383173212 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Creating promotional materials and graphics can make your OER program recognizable on your\ncollege's campus, but just because you've created materials doesn't mean that people will find or\nlearn from them. As a program manager, you will need to find ways to implement your messaging\nand events on campus. Leveraging annual events like Open Education Week in March and\nInternational Open Access Week in October can ground your work in a given time of year and\nfocus your programming around a topic or theme (Open Education Global, n.d.; SPARC, n.d.).\nThe Open Education Week website lists past events and provides downloadable promotional\nmaterials to help you kickstart your event planning and coordination. If these weeks regularly\nconflict with other events at your institution, that's okay. You can celebrate Open Education Week\nthe week before or after it falls. So long as you are consistent in the general time you hold these\nevents, they will still gain recognition at your institution and faculty will come to expect them.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 197.50838391027625, + "y": 2069.004660994283 + }, + { + "x": 568.4309451005922, + "y": 2069.004660994283 + }, + { + "x": 568.4309451005922, + "y": 2097.839630415438 + }, + { + "x": 197.50838391027625, + "y": 2097.839630415438 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "92 | PROGRAM MANAGEMENT", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000179.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.34151667809456, + "y": 155.59519963464106 + }, + { + "x": 1505.1168248575395, + "y": 155.59519963464106 + }, + { + "x": 1505.1168248575395, + "y": 1134.9462860302976 + }, + { + "x": 194.34151667809456, + "y": 1134.9462860302976 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 195.6052057638378, + "y": 1160.2796446306852 + }, + { + "x": 1471.6397222681426, + "y": 1160.2796446306852 + }, + { + "x": 1471.6397222681426, + "y": 1224.5375105139867 + }, + { + "x": 195.6052057638378, + "y": 1224.5375105139867 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 12.2. A set of open textbooks printed in bulk are featured in this photo. Open textbooks from the\nOpen Course Library, picture by Tom Caswell, CC BY 2.0.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.3415166780946, + "y": 1289.5480317821125 + }, + { + "x": 1067.7888145833138, + "y": 1289.5480317821125 + }, + { + "x": 1067.7888145833138, + "y": 1333.819884743129 + }, + { + "x": 194.3415166780946, + "y": 1333.819884743129 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "What tool(s) do you typically use in your course?", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.34151667809456, + "y": 1376.2685876929638 + }, + { + "x": 1503.795052223797, + "y": 1376.2685876929638 + }, + { + "x": 1503.795052223797, + "y": 1496.1727389520784 + }, + { + "x": 194.34151667809456, + "y": 1496.1727389520784 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Ask whether the instructor utilizes your institution's course management system (Canvas,\nBlackboard, etc.), or a separate course website to communicate and share content with students.\nThis may affect the tools and practices you recommend.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.3415166780945, + "y": 1553.5650865045395 + }, + { + "x": 1218.3367632175818, + "y": 1553.5650865045395 + }, + { + "x": 1218.3367632175818, + "y": 1597.8369394655565 + }, + { + "x": 194.3415166780945, + "y": 1597.8369394655565 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "What supporting materials do you utilize for this course?", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.34151667809456, + "y": 1640.6376728959735 + }, + { + "x": 1503.795052223797, + "y": 1640.6376728959735 + }, + { + "x": 1503.795052223797, + "y": 1760.541824155088 + }, + { + "x": 194.34151667809456, + "y": 1760.541824155088 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "If the instructor relies on self-grading homework platforms or ancillary presentations and lecture\nnotes from publishers, you will want to discuss the various free and low-cost options available to\nreplace that content (See Chapter 15, Finding Ancillaries for OER).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.34151667809456, + "y": 1801.7201469487145 + }, + { + "x": 1503.795052223797, + "y": 1801.7201469487145 + }, + { + "x": 1503.795052223797, + "y": 2008.863417877246 + }, + { + "x": 194.34151667809456, + "y": 2008.863417877246 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Alternatively, does the instructor already supplement their course materials with course notes or\nmaterials they have personally created? Often, when traditional materials are lacking or require\nsupplement, instructors will create notes, reading lists, or other content to \"back up\" any\ntraditional, commercial content used in their course. This instructor-created content can be\nreused with OER as well, or even adapted into a new open resource in the future.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 198.29630300931856, + "y": 2070.7094145176884 + }, + { + "x": 624.2707266496755, + "y": 2070.7094145176884 + }, + { + "x": 624.2707266496755, + "y": 2097.6505176834867 + }, + { + "x": 198.29630300931856, + "y": 2097.6505176834867 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "164 | SUPPORTING OER ADOPTION", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000180.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.19407769763143, + "y": 170.4713755124639 + }, + { + "x": 613.5240845873587, + "y": 170.4713755124639 + }, + { + "x": 613.5240845873587, + "y": 231.45335019387184 + }, + { + "x": 192.19407769763143, + "y": 231.45335019387184 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Version History", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.45321453337385, + "y": 381.6087371301062 + }, + { + "x": 1506.4507475646974, + "y": 381.6087371301062 + }, + { + "x": 1506.4507475646974, + "y": 547.2032142576729 + }, + { + "x": 194.45321453337385, + "y": 547.2032142576729 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "This page provides a record of edits and changes made to this book since its initial publication.\nWhenever edits or updates are made in the text, we provide a record and description of those\nchanges here. If the change is minor, the version number increases by 0.1. If the edits involve\nsubstantial updates, the edition number increases to the next whole number.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.45321453337385, + "y": 586.5563109647804 + }, + { + "x": 1506.4507475646974, + "y": 586.5563109647804 + }, + { + "x": 1506.4507475646974, + "y": 702.2901541203395 + }, + { + "x": 194.45321453337385, + "y": 702.2901541203395 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The files posted alongside this book always reflect the most recent version. If you find an error in\nthis book, please let us know in the Rebus Community forum, where reported errors will be visible\nto others.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.45321453337385, + "y": 748.1158967429476 + }, + { + "x": 1506.4507475646974, + "y": 748.1158967429476 + }, + { + "x": 1506.4507475646974, + "y": 863.8497398985066 + }, + { + "x": 194.45321453337385, + "y": 863.8497398985066 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "We will contact the author, make the necessary changes, and replace all file types as soon as\npossible. 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"text": "The analysis of user logs saved in real-time allows us\nto further optimize the individual search services\nover time", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 135.60571812582256, + "y": 1338.9799067403974 + }, + { + "x": 1960.415650454347, + "y": 1338.9799067403974 + }, + { + "x": 1960.415650454347, + "y": 1459.585160888547 + }, + { + "x": 135.60571812582256, + "y": 1459.585160888547 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 13, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1 Evaluated against 100 internal test queries. Comparison of the amount of information returned with at least one keyword included in the search term and the\namount of returned information against that of SS Pack\n2 State-of-the-art, current highest level of results and performance", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 2569.9193458512564, + "y": 1415.3734207578043 + }, + { + "x": 2608.373194999942, + "y": 1415.3734207578043 + }, + { + "x": 2608.373194999942, + "y": 1448.5835632043963 + }, + { + "x": 2569.9193458512564, + "y": 1448.5835632043963 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 14, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "22", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000185.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 47.15377726875132, + "y": 1698.141521148204 + }, + { + "x": 47.15377726875138, + "y": 720.4040486041313 + }, + { + "x": 98.57138604806605, + "y": 720.4040486041313 + }, + { + "x": 98.571386048066, + "y": 1698.141521148204 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "2023\nDec\n29\n[cs.CL]\narXiv:2312.15166v2", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 196.79220281881143, + "y": 191.44210228636763 + }, + { + "x": 1451.9092171241348, + "y": 191.4421022863715 + }, + { + "x": 1451.9092171241346, + "y": 279.77491736878306 + }, + { + "x": 196.79220281881123, + "y": 279.7749173687792 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "SOLAR 10.7B: Scaling Large Language Models with Simple yet Effective\nDepth Up-Scaling", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 241.61781047257273, + "y": 296.91412029521837 + }, + { + "x": 1420.2676117214787, + "y": 296.91412029522513 + }, + { + "x": 1420.2676117214785, + "y": 452.48534685827593 + }, + { + "x": 241.6178104725725, + "y": 452.4853468582691 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Dahyun Kim*, Chanjun Park*†, Sanghoon Kim*†, Wonsung Lee*†, Wonho Song\nYunsu Kim, Hyeonwoo Kim, Yungi Kim, Hyeonju Lee, Jihoo Kim\nChangbae Ahn, Seonghoon Yang, Sukyung Lee, Hyunbyung Park, Gyoungjin Gim\nMikyoung Cha, Hwalsuk Lee†, Sunghun Kim†", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 660.8690820577535, + "y": 490.71895338648375 + }, + { + "x": 1003.653140586518, + "y": 490.7189533864855 + }, + { + "x": 1003.6531405865176, + "y": 530.2709601398019 + }, + { + "x": 660.8690820577534, + "y": 530.2709601397999 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Upstage AI, South Korea", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 122.961790212615, + "y": 535.5445610402454 + }, + { + "x": 1538.9236319814354, + "y": 535.5445610402468 + }, + { + "x": 1538.923631981435, + "y": 568.5045666680094 + }, + { + "x": 122.96179021261467, + "y": 568.5045666680078 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "{kdahyun, chanjun . park, limerobot, wonsung . lee, hwalsuk . lee, hunkim} @upstage . ai", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 434.1042433387245, + "y": 594.8725711702239 + }, + { + "x": 565.9442658497876, + "y": 594.8725711702253 + }, + { + "x": 565.9442658497874, + "y": 625.1957763477674 + }, + { + "x": 434.1042433387243, + "y": 625.1957763477662 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Abstract", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 240.299410247462, + "y": 654.2005813002002 + }, + { + "x": 763.7042996163806, + "y": 654.2005813002322 + }, + { + "x": 763.7042996163806, + "y": 1347.6790997083951 + }, + { + "x": 240.29941024746188, + "y": 1347.679099708364 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "We introduce SOLAR 10.7B, a large language\nmodel (LLM) with 10.7 billion parameters,\ndemonstrating superior performance in various\nnatural language processing (NLP) tasks. In-\nspired by recent efforts to efficiently up-scale\nLLMs, we present a method for scaling LLMs\ncalled depth up-scaling (DUS), which encom-\npasses depthwise scaling and continued pre-\ntraining. In contrast to other LLM up-scaling\nmethods that use mixture-of-experts, DUS does\nnot require complex changes to train and infer-\nence efficiently. We show experimentally that\nDUS is simple yet effective in scaling up high-\nperformance LLMs from small ones. Building\non the DUS model, we additionally present SO-\nLAR 10.7B-Instruct, a variant fine-tuned for\ninstruction-following capabilities, surpassing\nMixtral-8x7B-Instruct. SOLAR 10.7B is pub-\nlicly available under the Apache 2.0 license,\npromoting broad access and application in the\nLLM field 1.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.1554023685892, + "y": 1381.9575055612704 + }, + { + "x": 428.83064243827937, + "y": 1381.9575055612718 + }, + { + "x": 428.830642438279, + "y": 1413.5991109639267 + }, + { + "x": 194.15540236858908, + "y": 1413.599110963925 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1 Introduction", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 191.51860191836855, + "y": 1439.9671154661382 + }, + { + "x": 813.8035081705832, + "y": 1439.9671154661664 + }, + { + "x": 813.8035081705832, + "y": 2043.794418566809 + }, + { + "x": 191.5186019183684, + "y": 2043.794418566781 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The field of natural language processing (NLP)\nhas been significantly transformed by the introduc-\ntion of large language models (LLMs), which have\nenhanced our understanding and interaction with\nhuman language (Zhang et al., 2023a). These ad-\nvancements bring challenges such as the increased\nneed to train ever larger models (Rae et al., 2021;\nWang et al., 2023; Pan et al., 2023; Lian, 2023;\nYao et al., 2023; Gesmundo and Maile, 2023) OW-\ning to the performance scaling law (Kaplan et al.,\n2020; Hernandez et al., 2021; Anil et al., 2023;\nKaddour et al., 2023). To efficiently tackle the\nabove, recent works in scaling language models\nsuch as a mixture of experts (MoE) (Shazeer et al.,\n2017; Komatsuzaki et al., 2022) have been pro-\nposed. While those approaches are able to effi-", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 845.2884434957141, + "y": 594.8725711702239 + }, + { + "x": 1467.573349747929, + "y": 594.8725711702375 + }, + { + "x": 1467.573349747929, + "y": 892.6343053327573 + }, + { + "x": 845.2884434957139, + "y": 892.6343053327432 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "ciently and effectively scale-up LLMs, they often\nrequire non-trivial changes to the training and infer-\nence framework (Gale et al., 2023), which hinders\nwidespread applicability. Effectively and efficiently\nscaling up LLMs whilst also retaining the simplic-\nity for ease of use is an important problem (Alberts\net al., 2023; Fraiwan and Khasawneh, 2023; Sallam\net al., 2023; Bahrini et al., 2023).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 845.288443495714, + "y": 901.9515755544428 + }, + { + "x": 1467.573349747929, + "y": 901.9515755544828 + }, + { + "x": 1467.573349747929, + "y": 1760.8798088792878 + }, + { + "x": 845.2884434957138, + "y": 1760.8798088792464 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Inspired by Komatsuzaki et al. (2022), we\npresent depth up-scaling (DUS), an effective and\nefficient method to up-scale LLMs whilst also re-\nmaining straightforward to use. DUS consists of\nscaling the base model along the depth dimension\nand continually pretraining the scaled model. Un-\nlike (Komatsuzaki et al., 2022), DUS does not scale\nthe model using MoE and rather use a depthwise\nscaling method analogous to Tan and Le (2019)\nwhich is adapted for the LLM architecture. Thus,\nthere are no additional modules or dynamism as\nwith MoE, making DUS immediately compatible\nwith easy-to-use LLM frameworks such as Hug-\ngingFace (Wolf et al., 2019) with no changes to\nthe training or inference framework for maximal\nefficiency. Furthermore, DUS is applicable to all\ntransformer architectures, opening up new gate-\nways to effectively and efficiently scale-up LLMs\nin a simple manner. Using DUS, we release SO-\nLAR 10.7B, an LLM with 10.7 billion parameters,\nthat outperforms existing models like Llama 2 (Tou-\nvron et al., 2023) and Mistral 7B (Jiang et al., 2023)\nin various benchmarks.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 845.2884434957141, + "y": 1771.7498621318268 + }, + { + "x": 1467.573349747929, + "y": 1771.7498621318396 + }, + { + "x": 1467.573349747929, + "y": 2032.631140192756 + }, + { + "x": 845.2884434957139, + "y": 2032.6311401927433 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "We have also developed SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct,\na variant fine-tuned for tasks requiring strict adher-\nence to complex instructions. It significantly out-\nperforms the Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct model across\nvarious evaluation metrics, evidencing an advanced\nproficiency that exceeds the capabilities of even\nlarger models in terms of benchmark performance.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 845.2884434957141, + "y": 2039.4249234755923 + }, + { + "x": 1467.573349747929, + "y": 2039.424923475598 + }, + { + "x": 1467.573349747929, + "y": 2153.5604826272493 + }, + { + "x": 845.2884434957139, + "y": 2153.5604826272447 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "By releasing SOLAR 10.7B under the Apache\n2.0 license, we aim to promote collaboration and in-\nnovation in NLP. This open-source approach allows", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 196.79220281881135, + "y": 2059.2928942807625 + }, + { + "x": 702.7477402751315, + "y": 2059.2928942807625 + }, + { + "x": 702.7477402751315, + "y": 2143.8644827890403 + }, + { + "x": 196.79220281881135, + "y": 2143.8644827890403 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 13, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "*Equal Contribution † Corresponding Author\n1https://huggingface.co/upstage/\nSOLAR-10.7B-v1.0", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000186.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 317.5219570943475, + "y": 193.9208032544338 + }, + { + "x": 1333.9529617195387, + "y": 193.9208032544338 + }, + { + "x": 1333.9529617195387, + "y": 567.5401728333069 + }, + { + "x": 317.5219570943475, + "y": 567.5401728333069 + } + ], + "category": "Figure", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Step 1-1 Step 1-2\nOutput Output Output\nOutput Output Output\n24 Layers 24 Layers\nMerge\n8 Layers\n48 Layers\nCopy\n8 Layers Continued\n32 Layers 32 Layers Pretraining\n24 Layers\n24 Layers Input\nInput Input Input Input Input\nStep 1. Depthwise Scaling Step 2. Continued Pretraining", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.9821672347231, + "y": 589.5267437036432 + }, + { + "x": 1458.5084678967146, + "y": 589.5267437036432 + }, + { + "x": 1458.5084678967146, + "y": 654.9739053829858 + }, + { + "x": 192.9821672347231, + "y": 654.9739053829858 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 1: Depth up-scaling for the case with n = 32, s = 48, and m = 8. Depth up-scaling is achieved through a\ndual-stage process of depthwise scaling followed by continued pretraining.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.0183507544824, + "y": 718.0345622382417 + }, + { + "x": 809.2607592541862, + "y": 718.0345622382417 + }, + { + "x": 809.2607592541862, + "y": 789.1808834671797 + }, + { + "x": 192.0183507544824, + "y": 789.1808834671797 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "for wider access and application of these models\nby researchers and developers globally.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.0183507544824, + "y": 816.1011131213722 + }, + { + "x": 501.6009917776984, + "y": 816.1011131213722 + }, + { + "x": 501.6009917776984, + "y": 855.5200208292973 + }, + { + "x": 192.0183507544824, + "y": 855.5200208292973 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "2 Depth Up-Scaling", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.01835075448227, + "y": 873.7873195232138 + }, + { + "x": 809.260759254186, + "y": 873.7873195232138 + }, + { + "x": 809.260759254186, + "y": 1250.6705346819112 + }, + { + "x": 192.01835075448227, + "y": 1250.6705346819112 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "To efficiently scale-up LLMs, we aim to utilize pre-\ntrained weights of base models to scale up to larger\nLLMs (Komatsuzaki et al., 2022). While exist-\ning methods such as Komatsuzaki et al. (2022) use\nMoE (Shazeer et al., 2017) to scale-up the model ar-\nchitecture, we opt for a different depthwise scaling\nstrategy inspired by Tan and Le (2019). We then\ncontinually pretrain the scaled model as just scaling\nthe model without further pretraining degrades the\nperformance.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.9821672347232, + "y": 1267.9922227221898 + }, + { + "x": 810.2245757344269, + "y": 1267.9922227221898 + }, + { + "x": 810.2245757344269, + "y": 1644.6617852645843 + }, + { + "x": 192.9821672347232, + "y": 1644.6617852645843 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Base model. Any n-layer transformer architec-\nture can be used but we select the 32-layer Llama\n2 architecture as our base model. We initialize the\nLlama 2 architecture with pretrained weights from\nMistral 7B, as it is one of the top performers com-\npatible with the Llama 2 architecture. By adopting\nthe Llama 2 architecture for our base model, we\naim to leverage the vast pool of community re-\nsources while introducing novel modifications to\nfurther enhance its capabilities.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.9821672347231, + "y": 1664.33882242559 + }, + { + "x": 810.2245757344268, + "y": 1664.33882242559 + }, + { + "x": 810.2245757344268, + "y": 1807.226315732432 + }, + { + "x": 192.9821672347231, + "y": 1807.226315732432 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Depthwise scaling. From the base model with n\nlayers, we set the target layer count s for the scaled\nmodel, which is largely dictated by the available\nhardware.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.01835075448247, + "y": 1814.950530312882 + }, + { + "x": 809.2607592541862, + "y": 1814.950530312882 + }, + { + "x": 809.2607592541862, + "y": 2148.084391477356 + }, + { + "x": 192.01835075448247, + "y": 2148.084391477356 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "With the above, the depthwise scaling process\nis as follows. The base model with n layers is\nduplicated for subsequent modification. Then, we\nremove the final m layers from the original model\nand the initial m layers from its duplicate, thus\nforming two distinct models with n - m layers.\nThese two models are concatenated to form a scaled\nmodel with s = 2·(n-m) layers. Note that n = 32\nfrom our base model and we set s = 48 considering", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 845.7051532775187, + "y": 718.0345622382418 + }, + { + "x": 1462.9475617772223, + "y": 718.0345622382418 + }, + { + "x": 1462.9475617772223, + "y": 938.7700706876526 + }, + { + "x": 845.7051532775187, + "y": 938.7700706876526 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "our hardware constraints and the efficiency of the\nscaled model, i.e., fitting between 7 and 13 billion\nparameters. Naturally, this leads to the removal of\nm = 8 layers. The depthwise scaling process with\nn = 32, s = 48, and m = 8 is depicted in 'Step 1:\nDepthwise Scaling' of Fig. 1.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 845.7051532775187, + "y": 945.638382918705 + }, + { + "x": 1462.9475617772223, + "y": 945.638382918705 + }, + { + "x": 1462.9475617772223, + "y": 1093.0228970255969 + }, + { + "x": 845.7051532775187, + "y": 1093.0228970255969 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "We note that a method in the community that also\n2\nscale the model in the same manner as 'Step 1:\nDepthwise Scaling' of Fig. 1 has been concurrently\ndeveloped.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 845.7051532775188, + "y": 1120.607708615298 + }, + { + "x": 1462.9475617772223, + "y": 1120.607708615298 + }, + { + "x": 1462.9475617772223, + "y": 1572.8673102699036 + }, + { + "x": 845.7051532775188, + "y": 1572.8673102699036 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Continued pretraining. The performance of the\ndepthwise scaled model initially drops below that\nof the base LLM. Thus, we additionally apply\nthe continued pretraining step as shown in 'Step\n2: Continued Pretraining' of Fig. 1. Experimen-\ntally, we observe rapid performance recovery of\nthe scaled model during continued pretraining, a\nphenomenon also observed in Komatsuzaki et al.\n(2022). We consider that the particular way of\ndepthwise scaling has isolated the heterogeneity\nin the scaled model which allowed for this fast\nperformance recovery.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 845.7051532775187, + "y": 1574.0519800449506 + }, + { + "x": 1462.9475617772223, + "y": 1574.0519800449506 + }, + { + "x": 1462.9475617772223, + "y": 1831.660722852352 + }, + { + "x": 845.7051532775187, + "y": 1831.660722852352 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Delving deeper into the heterogeneity of the\nscaled model, a simpler alternative to depthwise\nscaling could be to just repeat its layers once more,\ni.e., from n to 2n layers. Then, the 'layer distance',\nor the difference in the layer indices in the base\nmodel, is only bigger than 1 where layers n and\nn + 1 are connected, i.e., at the seam.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 845.7051532775187, + "y": 1840.3954598652808 + }, + { + "x": 1462.9475617772223, + "y": 1840.3954598652808 + }, + { + "x": 1462.9475617772223, + "y": 2062.7852301344565 + }, + { + "x": 845.7051532775187, + "y": 2062.7852301344565 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "However, this results in maximum layer distance\nat the seam, which may be too significant of a\ndiscrepancy for continued pretraining to quickly\nresolve. Instead, depthwise scaling sacrifices the\n2m middle layers, thereby reducing the discrep-\nancy at the seam and making it easier for continued", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 845.7051532775187, + "y": 2086.9982737544865 + }, + { + "x": 1346.2715308870172, + "y": 2086.9982737544865 + }, + { + "x": 1346.2715308870172, + "y": 2148.084391477355 + }, + { + "x": 845.7051532775187, + "y": 2148.084391477355 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 13, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "2https://huggingface.co/Undi95/\nMistral-11B-v0.1", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000187.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 211.17178255908135, + "y": 198.34349387802257 + }, + { + "x": 1449.3664374027587, + "y": 198.34349387802257 + }, + { + "x": 1449.3664374027587, + "y": 381.7797390400488 + }, + { + "x": 211.17178255908135, + "y": 381.7797390400488 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "PropertiesTraining DatasetsInstructionAlignmentAlpaca-GPT4OpenOrcaSynth. Math-InstructOrca DPO PairsUltrafeedback CleanedSynth. Math-AlignmentTotal # Samples52K2.91M126K12.9K60.8K126KMaximum # Samples Used52K100K52K12.9K60.8K20.1KOpen SourceOOXOOX", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.4957602716244, + "y": 406.79377247123415 + }, + { + "x": 1461.8734541183514, + "y": 406.79377247123415 + }, + { + "x": 1461.8734541183514, + "y": 642.3425872815634 + }, + { + "x": 194.4957602716244, + "y": 642.3425872815634 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Table 1: Training datasets used for the instruction and alignment tuning stages, respectively. For the instruction\ntuning process, we utilized the Alpaca-GPT4 (Peng et al., 2023), OpenOrca (Mukherjee et al., 2023), and Synth.\nMath-Instruct datasets, while for the alignment tuning, we employed the Orca DPO Pairs (Intel, 2023), Ultrafeedback\nCleaned (Cui et al., 2023; Ivison et al., 2023), and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets. The 'Total # Samples' indicates\nthe total number of samples in the entire dataset. The 'Maximum # Samples Used' indicates the actual maximum\nnumber of samples that were used in training, which could be lower than the total number of samples in a given\ndataset. 'Open Source' indicates whether the dataset is open-sourced.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 196.5802630575565, + "y": 698.6241625017306 + }, + { + "x": 811.508584907531, + "y": 698.6241625017306 + }, + { + "x": 811.508584907531, + "y": 1002.9615692478196 + }, + { + "x": 196.5802630575565, + "y": 1002.9615692478196 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "pretraining to quickly recover performance. We\nattribute the success of DUS to reducing such dis-\ncrepancies in both the depthwise scaling and the\ncontinued pretraining steps. We also hypothesize\nthat other methods of depthwise scaling could also\nwork for DUS, as long as the discrepancy in the\nscaled model is sufficiently contained before the\ncontinued pretraining step.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 190.3267546997601, + "y": 1019.6375915352768 + }, + { + "x": 813.5930876934631, + "y": 1019.6375915352768 + }, + { + "x": 813.5930876934631, + "y": 1392.7635902171255 + }, + { + "x": 190.3267546997601, + "y": 1392.7635902171255 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Comparison to other up-scaling methods. Un-\nlike Komatsuzaki et al. (2022), depthwise scaled\nmodels do not require additional modules like gat-\ning networks or dynamic expert selection. Conse-\nquently, scaled models in DUS do not necessitate\na distinct training framework for optimal training\nefficiency, nor do they require specialized CUDA\nkernels for fast inference. A DUS model can seam-\nlessly integrate into existing training and inference\nframeworks while maintaining high efficiency.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 188.17334273082193, + "y": 1426.3051350453052 + }, + { + "x": 484.4828296567095, + "y": 1426.3051350453052 + }, + { + "x": 484.4828296567095, + "y": 1465.927915273767 + }, + { + "x": 188.17334273082193, + "y": 1465.927915273767 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "3 Training Details", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 190.32675469976013, + "y": 1488.3233997507236 + }, + { + "x": 811.5085849075309, + "y": 1488.3233997507236 + }, + { + "x": 811.5085849075309, + "y": 1603.7462812858078 + }, + { + "x": 190.32675469976013, + "y": 1603.7462812858078 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "After DUS, including continued pretraining, we\nperform fine-tuning of SOLAR 10.7B in two stages:\n1) instruction tuning and 2) alignment tuning.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 190.3267546997601, + "y": 1622.6963066124636 + }, + { + "x": 811.5085849075307, + "y": 1622.6963066124636 + }, + { + "x": 811.5085849075307, + "y": 2151.5742861836698 + }, + { + "x": 190.3267546997601, + "y": 2151.5742861836698 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Instruction tuning. In the instruction tuning\nstage, the model is trained to follow instructions in\na QA format (Zhang et al., 2023b). We mostly use\nopen-source datasets but also synthesize a math QA\ndataset to enhance the model's mathematical capa-\nbilities. A rundown of how we crafted the dataset is\nas follows. First, seed math data are collected from\nthe Math (Hendrycks et al., 2021) dataset only, to\navoid contamination with commonly used bench-\nmark datasets such as GSM8K (Cobbe et al., 2021).\nThen, using a process similar to MetaMath (Yu\net al., 2023), we rephrase the questions and an-\nswers of the seed math data. We use the resulting\nrephrased question-answer pairs as a QA dataset", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 848.24026018675, + "y": 696.0236609888033 + }, + { + "x": 1263.9686405717086, + "y": 696.0236609888033 + }, + { + "x": 1263.9686405717086, + "y": 734.3795532267013 + }, + { + "x": 848.24026018675, + "y": 734.3795532267013 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "and call it 'Synth. Math-Instruct'.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 846.4785266523932, + "y": 760.2845040310307 + }, + { + "x": 1469.3650460253102, + "y": 760.2845040310307 + }, + { + "x": 1469.3650460253102, + "y": 1137.0714449051115 + }, + { + "x": 846.4785266523932, + "y": 1137.0714449051115 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Alignment tuning. In the alignment tuning stage,\nthe instruction-tuned model is further fine-tuned to\nbe more aligned with human or strong AI (e.g.,\nGPT4 (OpenAI, 2023)) preferences using direct\npreference optimization (DPO) (Rafailov et al.,\n2023). Similar to the instruction tuning stage, we\nuse mostly open-source datasets but also synthe-\nsize a math-focused alignment dataset utilizing the\n'Synth. Math-Instruct' dataset mentioned in the\ninstruction tuning stage.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 846.4785266523933, + "y": 1143.8603987947345 + }, + { + "x": 1461.8734541183514, + "y": 1143.8603987947345 + }, + { + "x": 1461.8734541183514, + "y": 1703.949094688638 + }, + { + "x": 846.4785266523933, + "y": 1703.949094688638 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The alignment data synthesis process is as\nfollows. We take advantage of the fact that\nthe rephrased question-answer pairs in Synth.\nMath-Instruct data are beneficial in enhancing the\nmodel's mathematical capabilities (see Sec. 4.3.1).\nThus, we speculate that the rephrased answer to the\nrephrased question is a better answer than the orig-\ninal answer, possibly due to the interim rephrasing\nstep. Consequently, we set the rephrased question\nas the prompt and use the rephrased answer as the\nchosen response and the original answer as the re-\njected response and create the {prompt, chosen,\nrejected} DPO tuple. We aggregate the tuples from\nthe rephrased question-answer pairs and call the\nresulting dataset 'Synth. Math-Alignment'.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 841.8512036350122, + "y": 1734.6802948934248 + }, + { + "x": 1007.4395516671474, + "y": 1734.6802948934248 + }, + { + "x": 1007.4395516671474, + "y": 1768.8493190905322 + }, + { + "x": 841.8512036350122, + "y": 1768.8493190905322 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "4 Results", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 844.4795901117128, + "y": 1800.3899568109389 + }, + { + "x": 1197.997571227938, + "y": 1800.3899568109389 + }, + { + "x": 1197.997571227938, + "y": 1834.558981008046 + }, + { + "x": 844.4795901117128, + "y": 1834.558981008046 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "4.1 Experimental Details", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 846.4785266523932, + "y": 1849.015106629899 + }, + { + "x": 1466.0929918513946, + "y": 1849.015106629899 + }, + { + "x": 1466.0929918513946, + "y": 2148.6511649737627 + }, + { + "x": 846.4785266523932, + "y": 2148.6511649737627 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Training datasets. We present details regarding\nour training datasets for the instruction and align-\nment tuning stages in Tab. 1. We do not always\nuse the entire dataset and instead subsample a set\namount. Note that most of our training data is\nopen-source, and the undisclosed datasets can be\nsubstituted for open-source alternatives such as the\nMetaMathQA (Yu et al., 2023) dataset.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000188.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 291.6639464796956, + "y": 192.11057581005585 + }, + { + "x": 1362.6496148917856, + "y": 192.11057581005585 + }, + { + "x": 1362.6496148917856, + "y": 534.2557477486936 + }, + { + "x": 291.6639464796956, + "y": 534.2557477486936 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "ModelSizeTypeH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8KSOLAR 10.7B-Instruct~ 11BAlignment-tuned74.2071.0888.1666.2171.4383.5864.75Qwen 72B~ 72BPretrained73.6065.1985.9477.3760.1982.4870.43Mixtral 8x7B-Instruct-v0.1~ 47BInstruction-tuned72.6270.2287.6371.1664.5881.3760.73Yi 34B-200K~ 34BPretrained70.8165.3685.5876.0653.6482.5661.64Yi 34B~34BPretrained69.4264.5985.6976.3556.2383.0350.64Mixtral 8x7B-v0.1~ 47BPretrained68.4266.0486.4971.8246.7881.9357.47Llama 2 70B~ 70BPretrained67.8767.3287.3369.8344.9283.7454.06Falcon 180B~ 180BPretrained67.8569.4588.8670.5045.4786.9045.94SOLAR 10.7B~ 11BPretrained66.0461.9584.6065.4845.0483.6655.50Qwen 14B~ 14BPretrained65.8658.2883.9967.7049.4376.8058.98Mistral 7B-Instruct-v0.2~ 7BInstruction-tuned65.7163.1484.8860.7868.2677.1940.03Yi 34B-Chat~34BInstruction-tuned65.3265.4484.1674.9055.3780.1131.92Mistral 7B~ 7BPretrained60.9759.9883.3164.1642.1578.3737.83", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 184.74358024887127, + "y": 555.6398209948585 + }, + { + "x": 1464.2239628110688, + "y": 555.6398209948585 + }, + { + "x": 1464.2239628110688, + "y": 721.3663886526361 + }, + { + "x": 184.74358024887127, + "y": 721.3663886526361 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Table 2: Evaluation results for SOLAR 10.7B and SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct along with other top-performing models.\nWe report the scores for the six tasks mentioned in Sec. 4.1 along with the H6 score (average of six tasks). We also\nreport the size of the models in units of billions of parameters. The type indicates the training stage of the model\nand is chosen from {Pretrained, Instruction-tuned, Alignment-tuned}. Models based on SOLAR 10.7B are colored\npurple. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 191.8716046642595, + "y": 780.1725900795893 + }, + { + "x": 815.5737410107347, + "y": 780.1725900795893 + }, + { + "x": 815.5737410107347, + "y": 1122.3177620182273 + }, + { + "x": 191.8716046642595, + "y": 1122.3177620182273 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "We reformatted the instruction datasets with an\nAlpaca-styled chat template. For datasets such as\nOpenOrca, which are derived from FLAN (Long-\npre et al., 2023), we filter data that overlaps with\nthe benchmark datasets (see Tab. 8 in Appendix. C\nfor more information). The alignment datasets are\nin the {prompt, chosen, rejected} triplet format.\nWe preprocess the alignment datasets following\nZephyr (Tunstall et al., 2023).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 191.8716046642595, + "y": 1140.1378230566977 + }, + { + "x": 813.7917349068877, + "y": 1140.1378230566977 + }, + { + "x": 813.7917349068877, + "y": 1482.2829949953357 + }, + { + "x": 191.8716046642595, + "y": 1482.2829949953357 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Evaluation. In the HuggingFace Open LLM\nLeaderboard (Beeching et al., 2023), six types of\nevaluation methods are presented: ARC (Clark\net al., 2018), HellaSWAG (Zellers et al., 2019),\nMMLU (Hendrycks et al., 2020), TruthfulQA (Lin\net al., 2022), Winogrande (Sakaguchi et al., 2021),\nand GSM8K (Cobbe et al., 2021). We utilize these\ndatasets as benchmarks for evaluation and also re-\nport the average scores for the six tasks, e.g., H6.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 191.8716046642595, + "y": 1496.5390438261124 + }, + { + "x": 812.0097288030406, + "y": 1496.5390438261124 + }, + { + "x": 812.0097288030406, + "y": 1769.1859777147142 + }, + { + "x": 191.8716046642595, + "y": 1769.1859777147142 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Model merging. Model merging methods such\nas Yadav et al. (2023) can boost model perfor-\nmance without further training. We merge some\nof the models that we trained in both the instruc-\ntion and alignment tuning stages. We implement\nour own merging methods although popular open\nsource also exist such as MergeKit3.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 186.5255863527183, + "y": 1790.5700509608791 + }, + { + "x": 436.0064408913084, + "y": 1790.5700509608791 + }, + { + "x": 436.0064408913084, + "y": 1826.2101730378208 + }, + { + "x": 186.5255863527183, + "y": 1826.2101730378208 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "4.2 Main Results", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 186.5255863527183, + "y": 1836.902209660903 + }, + { + "x": 808.4457165953464, + "y": 1836.902209660903 + }, + { + "x": 808.4457165953464, + "y": 2102.421119134117 + }, + { + "x": 186.5255863527183, + "y": 2102.421119134117 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "We present evaluation results for our SOLAR\n10.7B and SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct models along\nwith other top-performing models in Tab. 2. SO-\nLAR 10.7B outperforms other pretrained models\nof similar sizes, such as Qwen 14B and Mistral\n7B, which shows that DUS is an effective method\nto up-scale base LLMs. Furthermore, despite the", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 846.4675888021726, + "y": 782.7915514692663 + }, + { + "x": 1464.2239628110683, + "y": 782.7915514692663 + }, + { + "x": 1464.2239628110683, + "y": 1086.4674294872575 + }, + { + "x": 846.4675888021726, + "y": 1086.4674294872575 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "smaller size, SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct scores the\nhighest in terms of H6, even surpassing the recent\ntop-performing open-source LLM Mixtral 8×7B-\nInstruct-v0.1 or Qwen 72B. The above results indi-\ncate DUS can up-scale models that are capable of\nachieving state-of-the-art performance when fine-\ntuned. We also report data contamination results\nfor SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct in Appendix C.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 844.56366480206, + "y": 1119.786099489231 + }, + { + "x": 1137.7679608194303, + "y": 1119.786099489231 + }, + { + "x": 1137.7679608194303, + "y": 1150.2488834910357 + }, + { + "x": 844.56366480206, + "y": 1150.2488834910357 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "4.3 Ablation Studies", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 838.8518928017214, + "y": 1171.1920474922763 + }, + { + "x": 1464.2239628110683, + "y": 1171.1920474922763 + }, + { + "x": 1464.2239628110683, + "y": 1247.3490074967883 + }, + { + "x": 838.8518928017214, + "y": 1247.3490074967883 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "We present ablation studies for both the instruction\nand alignment tuning stages.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 848.3715128022855, + "y": 1275.9078674984803 + }, + { + "x": 1189.1739088224758, + "y": 1275.9078674984803 + }, + { + "x": 1189.1739088224758, + "y": 1310.1784995005107 + }, + { + "x": 848.3715128022855, + "y": 1310.1784995005107 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "4.3.1 Instruction Tuning", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 842.659740801947, + "y": 1328.2657775015823 + }, + { + "x": 1460.483078838549, + "y": 1328.2657775015823 + }, + { + "x": 1460.483078838549, + "y": 1695.723109523352 + }, + { + "x": 842.659740801947, + "y": 1695.723109523352 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Ablation on the training datasets. We present\nablation studies using different training datasets\nfor the instruction tuning in Tab. 3. The ablated\nmodels are prefixed with SFT for supervised fine-\ntuning. 'SFT v1' only uses the Alpaca-GPT4\ndataset, whereas 'SFT v2' also uses the OpenOrca\ndataset. 'SFT v3' uses the Synth. Math-Instruct\ndataset along with the datasets used in 'SFT v2'.\nSimilarly, 'SFT v4' uses the Synth. Math-Instruct\ndataset along with the datasets used in 'SFT v1'.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 842.6597408019468, + "y": 1703.338805523803 + }, + { + "x": 1461.4350408386056, + "y": 1703.338805523803 + }, + { + "x": 1461.4350408386056, + "y": 2148.8570215501977 + }, + { + "x": 842.6597408019468, + "y": 2148.8570215501977 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "First, we analyze how Alpaca-GPT4 and\nOpenOrca affect the trained models. The first ab-\nlated model, 'SFT v1', which used only the Alpaca-\nGPT4 dataset for training, resulted in 69.15 for H6.\nWhen we add the OpenOrca dataset to train the\nsecond ablated model, 'SFT v2', the resulting H6\nscore is 69.21, which is little change from 69.15 of\n'SFT v1'. However, the task scores vary more as\n'SFT v2' gets a substantially higher GSM8K score\nof 57.32 compared to 52.24 of 'SFT v1' but also\ngets noticeably lower scores across the board for\nARC, HellaS wag, and TruthfulQA. This seems to", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 223.8179950809186, + "y": 2115.2626011361526 + }, + { + "x": 737.0428935092009, + "y": 2115.2626011361526 + }, + { + "x": 737.0428935092009, + "y": 2153.9404195684283 + }, + { + "x": 223.8179950809186, + "y": 2153.9404195684283 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 13, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "3https://github.com/cg123/mergekit", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000189.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 262.32308535736075, + "y": 193.67041574980993 + }, + { + "x": 1391.7126600134975, + "y": 193.67041574980993 + }, + { + "x": 1391.7126600134975, + "y": 356.5527708339328 + }, + { + "x": 262.32308535736075, + "y": 356.5527708339328 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "ModelAlpaca-GPT4OpenOrcaSynth. Math-InstructH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8KSFT v1OXX69.1567.6686.0365.8860.1282.9552.24SFT v2OOX69.2165.3685.3965.9358.4782.7957.32SFT v3OOO70.0365.8785.5565.3157.9381.3764.14SFT v4OXO70.8867.3285.8765.8758.9782.4864.75SFT v3 + v4OOO71.1167.3285.9665.9558.802.0866.57", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 190.0507821081142, + "y": 380.28397488592424 + }, + { + "x": 1459.670198889655, + "y": 380.28397488592424 + }, + { + "x": 1459.670198889655, + "y": 475.2087910938899 + }, + { + "x": 190.0507821081142, + "y": 475.2087910938899 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Table 3: Ablation studies on the different datasets used for instruction tuning. 'SFT v3+v4' indicates that the model\nis merged from 'SFT v3' and 'SFT v4' by simply averaging the model weights. The best scores for H6 and the\nindividual tasks are shown in bold.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 262.32308535736075, + "y": 511.88428826514934 + }, + { + "x": 1391.7126600134975, + "y": 511.88428826514934 + }, + { + "x": 1391.7126600134975, + "y": 629.4616174318342 + }, + { + "x": 262.32308535736075, + "y": 629.4616174318342 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "ModelUltrafeedback CleanSynth. Math-AlignmentH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8KDPO v1OX73.0671.4288.4966.1472.0481.4558.83DPO v2OO73.4271.5088.2865.9771.7182.7960.27DPO v1 + v2OO73.2171.3388.3665.9272.6582.7958.23", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 190.0507821081142, + "y": 654.2715125770978 + }, + { + "x": 1461.8275810761995, + "y": 654.2715125770978 + }, + { + "x": 1461.8275810761995, + "y": 786.9505170495953 + }, + { + "x": 190.0507821081142, + "y": 786.9505170495953 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Table 4: Ablation studies on the different datasets used during the direct preference optimization (DPO) stage.\n'SFT v3' is used as the SFT base model for DPO. We name ablated models with the 'DPO' prefix to indicate the\nalignment tuning stage. 'DPO v1+v2' indicates that the model is merged from 'DPO v1' and 'DPO v2' by simply\naveraging the model weights. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 356.16921047205415, + "y": 817.1538676612207 + }, + { + "x": 1297.8665348988045, + "y": 817.1538676612207 + }, + { + "x": 1297.8665348988045, + "y": 920.708212615365 + }, + { + "x": 356.16921047205415, + "y": 920.708212615365 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "ModelBase SFT ModelH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8KDPO v2SFT v373.4271.5088.2865.9771.7182.7960.27DPO v3SFT v3 + v473.5871.3388.0865.3972.4581.9362.32", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 190.0507821081142, + "y": 944.4394166673568 + }, + { + "x": 1461.8275810761995, + "y": 944.4394166673568 + }, + { + "x": 1461.8275810761995, + "y": 1045.836379434956 + }, + { + "x": 190.0507821081142, + "y": 1045.836379434956 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Table 5: Ablation studies on the different SFT base models used during the direct preference optimization (DPO)\nstage. Ultrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets are used. We name ablated models with the 'DPO'\nprefix to indicate the alignment tuning stage. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 190.0507821081142, + "y": 1105.164389564935 + }, + { + "x": 811.3768518329803, + "y": 1105.164389564935 + }, + { + "x": 811.3768518329803, + "y": 1178.5153839074535 + }, + { + "x": 190.0507821081142, + "y": 1178.5153839074535 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "indicate that using OpenOrca results in a model that\nbehaves differently from using only Alpaca-GPT4.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 190.0507821081142, + "y": 1216.2695721719856 + }, + { + "x": 811.3768518329803, + "y": 1216.2695721719856 + }, + { + "x": 811.3768518329803, + "y": 1590.5753815374865 + }, + { + "x": 190.0507821081142, + "y": 1590.5753815374865 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Second, we investigate whether Synth. Math-\nInstruct dataset is beneficial. For 'SFT v3', we\nadd the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset, which boosts\nGSM8K scores to 64.14 and achieves comparable\nscores for the other tasks. Interestingly, when we\nadd the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset to 'SFT v1'\nto train 'SFT v4', we get our highest H6 score of\n70.88 with higher scores than 'SFT v3' for all tasks.\nFrom the above, we can see that adding the Synth.\nMath-Instruct dataset is helpful.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 190.05078210811408, + "y": 1629.4082608952908 + }, + { + "x": 811.3768518329802, + "y": 1629.4082608952908 + }, + { + "x": 811.3768518329802, + "y": 2151.4947500391013 + }, + { + "x": 190.05078210811408, + "y": 2151.4947500391013 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Lastly, we see whether merging models trained\nwith and without OpenOrca can boost performance.\nIn the first analysis, we saw that using OpenOrca re-\nsulted in a model that behaved differently from the\nmodel that was trained without OpenOrca. Build-\ning on this intuition, we merge 'SFT v3' and 'SFT\nv4' as they are the best-performing models with\nand without OpenOrca. To our surprise, the result-\ning merged model 'SFT v3+v4' retains the high\nscores for non-GSM8K tasks from 'SFT v4' but\nalso achieves a higher GSM8K score than 'SFT v3'\nor 'SFT v4'. Thus, we see that merging models\nthat specialize in different tasks is a promising way\nto obtain a model that performs well generally.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 846.9736579109674, + "y": 1105.164389564935 + }, + { + "x": 1180.2892057321196, + "y": 1105.164389564935 + }, + { + "x": 1180.2892057321196, + "y": 1140.7611956429218 + }, + { + "x": 846.9736579109674, + "y": 1140.7611956429218 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "4.3.2 Alignment Tuning", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 844.8162757244228, + "y": 1152.6267976689178 + }, + { + "x": 1466.1423454492888, + "y": 1152.6267976689178 + }, + { + "x": 1466.1423454492888, + "y": 1412.5913511475503 + }, + { + "x": 844.8162757244228, + "y": 1412.5913511475503 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "As we utilize DPO for practical alignment tuning,\nthere are additional aspects to ablate such as the\nSFT base models used. Thus, we present ablations\nfor the different training datasets used for training,\nthe different SFT base models to initialize the DPO\nmodel, and finally, the model merging strategy to\nobtain the final alignment-tuned model.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 844.8162757244227, + "y": 1436.3225551995424 + }, + { + "x": 1466.1423454492883, + "y": 1436.3225551995424 + }, + { + "x": 1466.1423454492883, + "y": 1660.690302600188 + }, + { + "x": 844.8162757244227, + "y": 1660.690302600188 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Ablation on the training datasets. We ablate on\nthe different alignment datasets used during DPO\nin Tab. 4. We use 'SFT v3' as the SFT base model\nfor DPO. 'DPO v1' only uses the Ultrafeedback\nClean dataset while 'DPO v2' also used the Synth.\nMath-Alignment dataset.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 844.8162757244228, + "y": 1665.005066973278 + }, + { + "x": 1466.1423454492888, + "y": 1665.005066973278 + }, + { + "x": 1466.1423454492888, + "y": 2151.4947500391013 + }, + { + "x": 844.8162757244228, + "y": 2151.4947500391013 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "First, we test how Ultrafeedback Clean and\nSynth. Math-Alignment impacts model perfor-\nmance. For 'DPO v1', it achieves 73.06 in H6,\nwhich is a substantial boost from the SFT base\nmodel score of 70.03. However, we note that while\nscores for tasks like ARC, HellaSwag, and Truth-\nfulQA all improved by good margins, the score\nfor GSM8K is 58.83, which is lower than the\nSFT base model score of 64.14. Adding Synth.\nMath-Alignment to train 'DPO v2', we see that\nthe GSM8k score improves to 60.27, which is\nlower than the SFT base model but still higher\nthan 'DPO v1'. Other task scores are also not nega-", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000190.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 422.1013204502687, + "y": 196.77251386463712 + }, + { + "x": 1234.2877316915085, + "y": 196.77251386463712 + }, + { + "x": 1234.2877316915085, + "y": 298.4675975056722 + }, + { + "x": 422.1013204502687, + "y": 298.4675975056722 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "ModelH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8KCand. 173.7370.4887.4765.7370.6281.5366.57Cand. 273.2871.5988.3966.1472.5081.9959.14", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 187.1032217662552, + "y": 325.95275524649253 + }, + { + "x": 1462.4145409403168, + "y": 325.95275524649253 + }, + { + "x": 1462.4145409403168, + "y": 427.64783888752754 + }, + { + "x": 187.1032217662552, + "y": 427.64783888752754 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Table 6: Performance comparison amongst the merge candidates. 'Cand. 1' and 'Cand. 2' are trained using the\nsame setting as 'DPO v2' and 'DPO v3', respectively, but with slightly different hyper-parameters. The best scores\nfor H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 358.885457646382, + "y": 456.5072545153889 + }, + { + "x": 1296.1293366083542, + "y": 456.5072545153889 + }, + { + "x": 1296.1293366083542, + "y": 604.9271063158184 + }, + { + "x": 358.885457646382, + "y": 604.9271063158184 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "ModelMerge MethodH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8KMerge v1Average (0.5,0.5)74.0071.1688.0166.1471.7182.0864.90Merge v2Average (0.4, 0.6)73.9371.0888.0866.2771.8981.7764.52Merge v3Average (0.6, 0.4)74.0571.0887.8866.1371.6182.0865.50Merge v4SLERP73.9671.1688.0366.2571.7981.9364.59", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 191.22599542737828, + "y": 631.0380061695977 + }, + { + "x": 1462.4145409403168, + "y": 631.0380061695977 + }, + { + "x": 1462.4145409403168, + "y": 725.8618003754278 + }, + { + "x": 191.22599542737828, + "y": 725.8618003754278 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Table 7: Ablation studies on the different merge methods used for obtaining the final model. We use 'Cand. 1'\nand 'Cand. 2' from Tab. 6 as our two models for merging. We name the merged models with the 'Merge' prefix to\nindicate they are merged. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.6002533144193, + "y": 790.4519210663556 + }, + { + "x": 813.764818256958, + "y": 790.4519210663556 + }, + { + "x": 813.764818256958, + "y": 896.2697783685137 + }, + { + "x": 192.6002533144193, + "y": 896.2697783685137 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "tively impacted by adding Synth. Math-Alignment.\nThus, we can conclude that adding Synth. Math-\nAlignment is beneficial for H6.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 191.22599542737825, + "y": 907.2638414648416 + }, + { + "x": 811.0163024828759, + "y": 907.2638414648416 + }, + { + "x": 811.0163024828759, + "y": 1275.564955191834 + }, + { + "x": 191.22599542737825, + "y": 1275.564955191834 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Then, we experiment whether merging 'DPO\nv1' and 'DPO v2' is beneficial. Unfortunately,\n'DPO v1+v2' scores 73.21 in H6, which is worse\nthan 'DPO v2'. More importantly, the gain in\nthe GSM8K score from adding Synth. Math-\nAlignment is gone, which is undesirable. One\nreason for this could be that 'DPO v2' is a strict\nimprovement over 'DPO v1', unlike the case for\nmerging 'SFT v3' and 'SFT v4' where the models\nhad different strengths and weaknesses.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.6002533144193, + "y": 1303.0501129326542 + }, + { + "x": 808.267786708794, + "y": 1303.0501129326542 + }, + { + "x": 808.267786708794, + "y": 1634.2462637095389 + }, + { + "x": 192.6002533144193, + "y": 1634.2462637095389 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Ablation on the SFT base models. When ap-\nplying DPO, we start from a model that is already\ninstruction tuned ,i.e., the SFT base model and ab-\nlate on using different SFT base models. We use\nUltrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment\ndatasets for this ablation. Each of the ablated mod-\nels is trained as follows. 'DPO v2' uses 'SFT v3'\nas the base SFT model, while 'DPO v3' uses 'SFT\nv3+v4' as the SFT base model instead.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 198.09728486258336, + "y": 1642.491811031785 + }, + { + "x": 813.764818256958, + "y": 1642.491811031785 + }, + { + "x": 813.764818256958, + "y": 2010.7929247587767 + }, + { + "x": 198.09728486258336, + "y": 2010.7929247587767 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Note that 'SFT v3+v4' has higher scores on all\ntasks compared to 'SFT v3', and the gap is espe-\ncially large for ARC (+1.45) and GSM8K (+2.43).\nSurprisingly, the two models perform similarly in\nterms of H6. A closer look at the scores for the\nindividual tasks shows only a small margin in the\nGSM8K scores, and other task scores show little\ndifference. Thus, the performance gaps in certain\ntasks in the SFT base models do not always carry\nover to the alignment-tuned models.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.6002533144193, + "y": 2039.652340386638 + }, + { + "x": 820.6361076921631, + "y": 2039.652340386638 + }, + { + "x": 820.6361076921631, + "y": 2152.341487124001 + }, + { + "x": 192.6002533144193, + "y": 2152.341487124001 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Ablation on different merge methods. From\nTab. 3, we saw that merging two models that have\ndifferent strengths can be beneficial to performance.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 844.1002886523814, + "y": 785.5996030948281 + }, + { + "x": 1458.2748011324402, + "y": 785.5996030948281 + }, + { + "x": 1458.2748011324402, + "y": 1236.8991067403958 + }, + { + "x": 844.1002886523814, + "y": 1236.8991067403958 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "To utilize this for the alignment-tuned model as\nwell, we train two models named 'Cand. 1' and\n'Cand. 2' using the same training dataset and SFT\nbase model as 'DPO v2' and 'DPO v3' but with dif-\nferent hyper-parameters to maximize each model's\nrespective strengths. We compare 'Cand. 1' and\n'Cand. 2' in Tab. 6 where we can see that 'Cand. 1'\nhas high GSM8K scores but relatively low scores\nfor the other tasks, whereas 'Cand. 2' has low\nscores for GSM8K but high scores for the other\ntasks. We merge these two models using various\nmethods and ablate the results in Tab.. 7.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 844.100288652381, + "y": 1245.382180117192 + }, + { + "x": 1466.7578745092364, + "y": 1245.382180117192 + }, + { + "x": 1466.7578745092364, + "y": 1688.1986103859635 + }, + { + "x": 844.100288652381, + "y": 1688.1986103859635 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "We use two merge methods: 1) Average (a, b),\nwhere a and b denote the weighting for 'Cand.\n1' and 'Cand. 2' when averaging weights and 2)\nSLERP (Shoemake, 1985). We use (0.5, 0.5), (0.4,\n0.6), and (0.6, 0.4) for Average (a, b). From Tab. 7,\nwe can see that the different merge methods have\nlittle effect on the H6 scores. The scores for the\nindividual tasks also do not differ by much, suggest-\ning that as long as the merge candidates have suffi-\nciently different strengths, the exact merge method\nmay not be as crucial. Thus, we chose 'Merge v1'\nas our SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct model.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 847.4935180031, + "y": 1717.0410598670717 + }, + { + "x": 1076.5364991766028, + "y": 1717.0410598670717 + }, + { + "x": 1076.5364991766028, + "y": 1754.3665827249756 + }, + { + "x": 847.4935180031, + "y": 1754.3665827249756 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "5 Conclusion", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 844.100288652381, + "y": 1778.1191881800055 + }, + { + "x": 1466.7578745092362, + "y": 1778.1191881800055 + }, + { + "x": 1466.7578745092362, + "y": 2146.2845727329686 + }, + { + "x": 844.100288652381, + "y": 2146.2845727329686 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "We introduce SOLAR 10.7B and its fine-tuned vari-\nant SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, which are depth up-\nscaled (DUS) models with 10.7 billion parameters.\nThey show superior performance over models like\nLlama 2, Mistral 7B, and Mixtral-7B-Instruct in es-\nsential NLP tasks while maintaining computational\nefficiency. Thus, DUS is effective in scaling-up\nhighly performant LLMs from smaller ones. With\nmore exploration, DUS could be further improved,\npaving a new path to efficiently scaling LLMs.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000191.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.84799159513773, + "y": 201.6969949485876 + }, + { + "x": 473.2590496509067, + "y": 201.6969949485876 + }, + { + "x": 473.2590496509067, + "y": 235.7353314755884 + }, + { + "x": 192.84799159513773, + "y": 235.7353314755884 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Acknowledgements", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.84799159513773, + "y": 261.66930216282714 + }, + { + "x": 810.4006685850105, + "y": 261.66930216282714 + }, + { + "x": 810.4006685850105, + "y": 779.538279323626 + }, + { + "x": 192.84799159513773, + "y": 779.538279323626 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "We would like to extend our gratitude to the teams\nat Hugging Face, particularly Clementine Four-\nrier, Lewis Tunstall, Omar Sanseviero, and Philipp\nSchmid. Our appreciation also extends to the teams\nat AWS, notably Ritesh Vajaria, Gal Oshri, Jay\nKwon, Brandon Lee, Effie Bae, and Rahul Sharma.\nWe are grateful to the teams at Korea Telecom\n(KT), especially Jin Hyoung Lee, Jungsuk Park,\nSungjoon Park, Hong-rae Wang, Kyeongsoo Jung,\nand Sunyoong Yoon, whose significant support has\nbeen instrumental in ensuring the broad compati-\nbility of our model. Additionally, we would like to\nextend our thanks to the open community for their\ninvaluable contributions and feedback.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.84799159513773, + "y": 814.2093870901383 + }, + { + "x": 364.8466215168492, + "y": 814.2093870901383 + }, + { + "x": 364.8466215168492, + "y": 848.2477236171391 + }, + { + "x": 192.84799159513773, + "y": 848.2477236171391 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Limitations", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.84799159513787, + "y": 874.1816943043779 + }, + { + "x": 810.4006685850106, + "y": 874.1816943043779 + }, + { + "x": 810.4006685850106, + "y": 1359.344019794721 + }, + { + "x": 192.84799159513787, + "y": 1359.344019794721 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Our study on the Depth Up-Scaling (DUS) has im-\nportant limitations and considerations. One key\nlimitation is the need for more thorough explo-\nrations of hyperparameters used in the DUS ap-\nproach. Namely, we removed m = 8 layers from\nboth ends of our base model, primarily due to hard-\nware limitations. However, we have not yet deter-\nmined if this value is optimal for enhancing perfor-\nmance. The extended time and cost of continued\npretraining made it challenging to conduct more\ncomprehensive experiments, which we aim to ad-\ndress in future work through various comparative\nanalyses.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.8479915951376, + "y": 1364.1916080176184 + }, + { + "x": 810.4006685850104, + "y": 1364.1916080176184 + }, + { + "x": 810.4006685850104, + "y": 1811.9226206548665 + }, + { + "x": 192.8479915951376, + "y": 1811.9226206548665 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "In terms of the model's broader implications,\nthere are several points to note. The model's sig-\nnificant computational demands for training and\ninference might limit its use, especially for those\nwith restricted computational resources. Addition-\nally, like all machine learning models, it is vulnera-\nble to biases in its training data, which could lead\nto skewed outcomes in certain situations. Further-\nmore, the substantial energy consumption required\nfor training and operating the model raises environ-\nmental concerns, which are critical in the pursuit\nof sustainable AI development.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.84799159513773, + "y": 1817.5940316932135 + }, + { + "x": 810.4006685850105, + "y": 1817.5940316932135 + }, + { + "x": 810.4006685850105, + "y": 2152.207282955728 + }, + { + "x": 192.84799159513773, + "y": 2152.207282955728 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Lastly, while the fine-tuned variant of the model\nshows improved performance in following instruc-\ntions, it still requires task-specific fine-tuning for\noptimal performance in specialized applications.\nThis fine-tuning process can be resource-intensive\nand not always effective. Recognizing and address-\ning these limitations is essential for a comprehen-\nsive understanding of the proposed Large Language\nModel's capabilities and for guiding future research", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 847.6612907206726, + "y": 201.6969949485876 + }, + { + "x": 1319.4745160124662, + "y": 201.6969949485876 + }, + { + "x": 1319.4745160124662, + "y": 235.7353314755884 + }, + { + "x": 847.6612907206726, + "y": 235.7353314755884 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "and development in the field of LLMs.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 847.6612907206727, + "y": 267.29759868611836 + }, + { + "x": 1092.8542485555415, + "y": 267.29759868611836 + }, + { + "x": 1092.8542485555415, + "y": 301.3359352131192 + }, + { + "x": 847.6612907206727, + "y": 301.3359352131192 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Ethics Statement", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 844.0830759713526, + "y": 330.37874645634014 + }, + { + "x": 1463.795844235034, + "y": 330.37874645634014 + }, + { + "x": 1463.795844235034, + "y": 664.5765850600606 + }, + { + "x": 844.0830759713526, + "y": 664.5765850600606 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "We conscientiously address and emphasize the\ncommitment of SOLAR 10.7B in maintaining the\nhighest ethical standards. First, we highlight that\nSOLAR 10.7B-Instruct has shown low levels of\ndata contamination in our evaluations, a testament\nto our rigorous data handling and processing pro-\ntocols. This aspect is crucial, as it underpins the\nreliability and integrity of the results obtained from\nSOLAR.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 844.0830759713527, + "y": 670.3091476417271 + }, + { + "x": 1463.795844235034, + "y": 670.3091476417271 + }, + { + "x": 1463.795844235034, + "y": 930.5572147595036 + }, + { + "x": 844.0830759713527, + "y": 930.5572147595036 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Furthermore, during the course of our experi-\nments, we ensured that all setups and methodolo-\ngies employed steer clear of any potential ethical\npitfalls. This preemptive consideration and avoid-\nance of ethically questionable practices underscore\nour dedication to conducting research that is not\nonly innovative but also responsible.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 844.0830759713527, + "y": 933.9043008416236 + }, + { + "x": 1463.795844235034, + "y": 933.9043008416236 + }, + { + "x": 1463.795844235034, + "y": 1232.3199919521453 + }, + { + "x": 844.0830759713527, + "y": 1232.3199919521453 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Additionally, we ensure that SOLAR complies\nwith general ethical considerations in all aspects\nof its operation. This includes adherence to pri-\nvacy norms, respect for intellectual property, and\nensuring the absence of bias in our algorithms. Our\ncommitment to these ethical principles is unwaver-\ning, and we believe it significantly contributes to\nthe credibility and societal acceptance of SOLAR.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 844.0830759713529, + "y": 1236.8598162840383 + }, + { + "x": 1463.7958442350343, + "y": 1236.8598162840383 + }, + { + "x": 1463.7958442350343, + "y": 1424.3508501656447 + }, + { + "x": 844.0830759713529, + "y": 1424.3508501656447 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "In conclusion, the ethical framework within\nwhich SOLAR operates is robust and comprehen-\nsive, ensuring that our advancements in this field\nare not only scientifically sound but also ethically\nresponsible.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 844.0830759713527, + "y": 1488.6582373658423 + }, + { + "x": 1007.3697906367596, + "y": 1488.6582373658423 + }, + { + "x": 1007.3697906367596, + "y": 1522.6965738928434 + }, + { + "x": 844.0830759713527, + "y": 1522.6965738928434 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "References", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 844.0830759713526, + "y": 1545.558666167707 + }, + { + "x": 1463.795844235034, + "y": 1545.558666167707 + }, + { + "x": 1463.795844235034, + "y": 1726.8056125876292 + }, + { + "x": 844.0830759713526, + "y": 1726.8056125876292 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 13, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Ian L Alberts, Lorenzo Mercolli, Thomas Pyka, George\nPrenosil, Kuangyu Shi, Axel Rominger, and Ali\nAfshar-Oromieh. 2023. 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Learning to grow pretrained mod-\nels for efficient transformer training. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2303.00980.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 850.0570587528226, + "y": 1271.0202554986472 + }, + { + "x": 1464.2063066839091, + "y": 1271.0202554986472 + }, + { + "x": 1464.2063066839091, + "y": 1426.2965355774231 + }, + { + "x": 850.0570587528226, + "y": 1426.2965355774231 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 18, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Yizhong Wang, Yeganeh Kordi, Swaroop Mishra, Al-\nisa Liu, Noah A Smith, Daniel Khashabi, and Han-\nnaneh Hajishirzi. 2022. Self-instruct: Aligning lan-\nguage model with self generated instructions. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:2212.10560.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 846.2698324094381, + "y": 1445.2326672943468 + }, + { + "x": 1464.2063066839091, + "y": 1445.2326672943468 + }, + { + "x": 1464.2063066839091, + "y": 1595.4593122486092 + }, + { + "x": 846.2698324094381, + "y": 1595.4593122486092 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 19, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Jason Wei, Maarten Bosma, Vincent Y Zhao, Kelvin\nGuu, Adams Wei Yu, Brian Lester, Nan Du, An-\ndrew M Dai, and Quoc V Le. 2021. Finetuned lan-\nguage models are zero-shot learners. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2109.01652.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 846.2698324094381, + "y": 1620.7074878711746 + }, + { + "x": 1462.3253176000276, + "y": 1620.7074878711746 + }, + { + "x": 1462.3253176000276, + "y": 1772.1965416065657 + }, + { + "x": 846.2698324094381, + "y": 1772.1965416065657 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 20, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Jason Wei, Yi Tay, Rishi Bommasani, Colin Raffel,\nBarret Zoph, Sebastian Borgeaud, Dani Yogatama,\nMaarten Bosma, Denny Zhou, Donald Metzler, et al.\n2022a. Emergent abilities of large language models.\narXiv preprint arXiv:2206.07682.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 846.2698324094379, + "y": 1790.9924056811417 + }, + { + "x": 1464.206306683909, + "y": 1790.9924056811417 + }, + { + "x": 1464.206306683909, + "y": 1943.8841358400089 + }, + { + "x": 846.2698324094379, + "y": 1943.8841358400089 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 21, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten\nBosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc V Le, Denny Zhou,\net al. 2022b. Chain-of-thought prompting elicits rea-\nsoning in large language models. Advances in Neural\nInformation Processing Systems, 35:24824-24837.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 846.2698324094381, + "y": 1962.118929345194 + }, + { + "x": 1462.3253176000271, + "y": 1962.118929345194 + }, + { + "x": 1462.3253176000271, + "y": 2150.0775700909567 + }, + { + "x": 846.2698324094381, + "y": 2150.0775700909567 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 22, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Thomas Wolf, Lysandre Debut, Victor Sanh, Julien\nChaumond, Clement Delangue, Anthony Moi, Pier-\nric Cistac, Tim Rault, Remi Louf, Morgan Funtowicz,\net al. 2019. Huggingface's transformers: State-of-\nthe-art natural language processing. arXiv preprint\narXiv:1910.03771.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000194.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.37024920782767, + "y": 201.8057999688455 + }, + { + "x": 811.0427388432438, + "y": 201.8057999688455 + }, + { + "x": 811.0427388432438, + "y": 384.5360711691795 + }, + { + "x": 192.37024920782767, + "y": 384.5360711691795 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Peihao Wang, Rameswar Panda, Lucas Torroba Hen-\nnigen, Philip Greengard, Leonid Karlinsky, Roge-\nrio Feris, David Daniel Cox, Zhangyang Wang, and\nYoon Kim. 2023. Learning to grow pretrained mod-\nels for efficient transformer training. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2303.00980.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.37024920782767, + "y": 408.02996318065095 + }, + { + "x": 811.0427388432438, + "y": 408.02996318065095 + }, + { + "x": 811.0427388432438, + "y": 565.9611261466539 + }, + { + "x": 192.37024920782767, + "y": 565.9611261466539 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Yizhong Wang, Yeganeh Kordi, Swaroop Mishra, Al-\nisa Liu, Noah A Smith, Daniel Khashabi, and Han-\nnaneh Hajishirzi. 2022. Self-instruct: Aligning lan-\nguage model with self generated instructions. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:2212.10560.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.3702492078278, + "y": 584.2341532666873 + }, + { + "x": 811.0427388432439, + "y": 584.2341532666873 + }, + { + "x": 811.0427388432439, + "y": 740.8601000098306 + }, + { + "x": 192.3702492078278, + "y": 740.8601000098306 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Jason Wei, Maarten Bosma, Vincent Y Zhao, Kelvin\nGuu, Adams Wei Yu, Brian Lester, Nan Du, An-\ndrew M Dai, and Quoc V Le. 2021. Finetuned lan-\nguage models are zero-shot learners. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2109.01652.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.37024920782767, + "y": 761.743559575583 + }, + { + "x": 811.0427388432438, + "y": 761.743559575583 + }, + { + "x": 811.0427388432438, + "y": 918.3695063187264 + }, + { + "x": 192.37024920782767, + "y": 918.3695063187264 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Jason Wei, Yi Tay, Rishi Bommasani, Colin Raffel,\nBarret Zoph, Sebastian Borgeaud, Dani Yogatama,\nMaarten Bosma, Denny Zhou, Donald Metzler, et al.\n2022a. Emergent abilities of large language models.\narXiv preprint arXiv:2206.07682.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.37024920782767, + "y": 937.9477496616194 + }, + { + "x": 811.0427388432438, + "y": 937.9477496616194 + }, + { + "x": 811.0427388432438, + "y": 1094.5736964047628 + }, + { + "x": 192.37024920782767, + "y": 1094.5736964047628 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten\nBosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc V Le, Denny Zhou,\net al. 2022b. Chain-of-thought prompting elicits rea-\nsoning in large language models. Advances in Neural\nInformation Processing Systems, 35:24824-24837.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.37024920782767, + "y": 1112.846723524796 + }, + { + "x": 811.0427388432438, + "y": 1112.846723524796 + }, + { + "x": 811.0427388432438, + "y": 1296.8822109479895 + }, + { + "x": 192.37024920782767, + "y": 1296.8822109479895 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Thomas Wolf, Lysandre Debut, Victor Sanh, Julien\nChaumond, Clement Delangue, Anthony Moi, Pier-\nric Cistac, Tim Rault, Remi Louf, Morgan Funtowicz,\net al. 2019. Huggingface's transformers: State-of-\nthe-art natural language processing. arXiv preprint\narXiv:1910.03771.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.37024920782767, + "y": 1321.6813191823207 + }, + { + "x": 811.0427388432438, + "y": 1321.6813191823207 + }, + { + "x": 811.0427388432438, + "y": 1478.307265925464 + }, + { + "x": 192.37024920782767, + "y": 1478.307265925464 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Prateek Yadav, Derek Tam, Leshem Choshen, Colin\nRaffel, and Mohit Bansal. 2023. Ties-merging: Re-\nsolving interference when merging models. In Thirty-\nseventh Conference on Neural Information Process-\ning Systems.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.37024920782767, + "y": 1496.5802930454977 + }, + { + "x": 811.0427388432438, + "y": 1496.5802930454977 + }, + { + "x": 811.0427388432438, + "y": 1619.2706179942932 + }, + { + "x": 192.37024920782767, + "y": 1619.2706179942932 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Chengrun Yang, Xuezhi Wang, Yifeng Lu, Hanxiao Liu,\nQuoc V Le, Denny Zhou, and Xinyun Chen. 2023.\nLarge language models as optimizers. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2309.03409.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.37024920782767, + "y": 1642.7645100057648 + }, + { + "x": 811.0427388432438, + "y": 1642.7645100057648 + }, + { + "x": 811.0427388432438, + "y": 1765.4548349545605 + }, + { + "x": 192.37024920782767, + "y": 1765.4548349545605 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Yiqun Yao, Zheng Zhang, Jing Li, and Yequan\nWang. 2023. 2x faster language model pre-training\nvia masked structural growth. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2305.02869.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.37024920782767, + "y": 1791.559159411751 + }, + { + "x": 811.0427388432438, + "y": 1791.559159411751 + }, + { + "x": 811.0427388432438, + "y": 1971.6789981663655 + }, + { + "x": 192.37024920782767, + "y": 1971.6789981663655 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Longhui Yu, Weisen Jiang, Han Shi, Jincheng Yu,\nZhengying Liu, Yu Zhang, James T Kwok, Zhen-\nguo Li, Adrian Weller, and Weiyang Liu. 2023.\nMetamath: Bootstrap your own mathematical ques-\ntions for large language models. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2309.12284.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.37024920782767, + "y": 1996.4781064006968 + }, + { + "x": 811.0427388432438, + "y": 1996.4781064006968 + }, + { + "x": 811.0427388432438, + "y": 2149.1884044752614 + }, + { + "x": 192.37024920782767, + "y": 2149.1884044752614 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Zheng Yuan, Hongyi Yuan, Chuanqi Tan, Wei Wang,\nSongfang Huang, and Fei Huang. 2023. Rrhf:\nRank responses to align language models with\nhuman feedback without tears. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2304.05302.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 844.488046504286, + "y": 201.8057999688455 + }, + { + "x": 1463.160536139702, + "y": 201.8057999688455 + }, + { + "x": 1463.160536139702, + "y": 359.1521315523777 + }, + { + "x": 844.488046504286, + "y": 359.1521315523777 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Rowan Zellers, Ari Holtzman, Yonatan Bisk, Ali\nFarhadi, and Yejin Choi. 2019. Hellaswag: Can a\nmachine really finish your sentence? In Proceedings\nof the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for\nComputational Linguistics, pages 4791-4800.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 844.4880465042861, + "y": 381.2607727586979 + }, + { + "x": 1463.160536139702, + "y": 381.2607727586979 + }, + { + "x": 1463.160536139702, + "y": 529.7814499427291 + }, + { + "x": 844.4880465042861, + "y": 529.7814499427291 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Shengyu Zhang, Linfeng Dong, Xiaoya Li, Sen Zhang,\nXiaofei Sun, Shuhe Wang, Jiwei Li, Runyi Hu, Tian-\nwei Zhang, Fei Wu, et al. 2023. Instruction tuning\nfor large language models: A survey. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2308.10792.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 844.4880465042862, + "y": 557.7738607487167 + }, + { + "x": 1463.160536139702, + "y": 557.7738607487167 + }, + { + "x": 1463.160536139702, + "y": 706.2945379327479 + }, + { + "x": 844.4880465042862, + "y": 706.2945379327479 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 13, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Wayne Xin Zhao, Kun Zhou, Junyi Li, Tianyi Tang,\nXiaolei Wang, Yupeng Hou, Yingqian Min, Beichen\nZhang, Junjie Zhang, Zican Dong, et al. 2023. A\nsurvey of large language models. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2303.18223.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 844.4880465042861, + "y": 735.2675770053468 + }, + { + "x": 1463.160536139702, + "y": 735.2675770053468 + }, + { + "x": 1463.160536139702, + "y": 883.7882541893779 + }, + { + "x": 844.4880465042861, + "y": 883.7882541893779 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 14, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Kun Zhou, Yutao Zhu, Zhipeng Chen, Wentong Chen,\nWayne Xin Zhao, Xu Chen, Yankai Lin, Ji-Rong\nWen, and Jiawei Han. 2023. Don't make your llm\nan evaluation benchmark cheater. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2311.01964.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 844.488046504286, + "y": 911.7806649953656 + }, + { + "x": 1463.160536139702, + "y": 911.7806649953656 + }, + { + "x": 1463.160536139702, + "y": 1066.1851117790638 + }, + { + "x": 844.488046504286, + "y": 1066.1851117790638 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 15, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Daniel M Ziegler, Nisan Stiennon, Jeffrey Wu, Tom B\nBrown, Alec Radford, Dario Amodei, Paul Chris-\ntiano, and Geoffrey Irving. 2019. Fine-tuning lan-\nguage models from human preferences. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:1909.08593.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000195.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 189.30580793071405, + "y": 201.24316006664537 + }, + { + "x": 458.6780687724299, + "y": 201.24316006664537 + }, + { + "x": 458.6780687724299, + "y": 235.69775156965557 + }, + { + "x": 189.30580793071405, + "y": 235.69775156965557 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "A Contributions", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 189.30580793071417, + "y": 259.15675506572734 + }, + { + "x": 754.1884276722664, + "y": 259.15675506572734 + }, + { + "x": 754.1884276722664, + "y": 293.37262553106206 + }, + { + "x": 189.30580793071417, + "y": 293.37262553106206 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "The contributions of this study are as follows:", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 230.4524973121643, + "y": 317.7359836847623 + }, + { + "x": 815.1887381177809, + "y": 317.7359836847623 + }, + { + "x": 815.1887381177809, + "y": 736.2428583750698 + }, + { + "x": 230.4524973121643, + "y": 736.2428583750698 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Introduction of the SOLAR 10.7 Billion-\nParameter Model: We have released the SO-\nLAR 10.7B model, which is not only depth-\nwise scaled but also continually pretrained.\nThe availability of SOLAR 10.7B under the\nApache 2.0 license permits commercial us-\nage, enabling the integration of this advanced\nmodel into a diverse range of products and ser-\nvices. This bridges the gap between academic\nresearch and practical applications, fostering\nwider accessibility and utility in various fields.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 226.5412181094511, + "y": 763.6218127940617 + }, + { + "x": 815.1887381177809, + "y": 763.6218127940617 + }, + { + "x": 815.1887381177809, + "y": 947.45193532158 + }, + { + "x": 226.5412181094511, + "y": 947.45193532158 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Superior Performance Across Diverse\nBenchmarks: SOLAR 10.7B excels in var-\nious benchmarks, outperforming established\nmodels like Llama 2 and Mistral 7B in reason-\ning, mathematics, and the MMLU framework.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 228.4968577108077, + "y": 974.830889740572 + }, + { + "x": 819.100017320494, + "y": 974.830889740572 + }, + { + "x": 819.100017320494, + "y": 1199.7294438965785 + }, + { + "x": 228.4968577108077, + "y": 1199.7294438965785 + } + ], + "category": "List", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "· Advancement in Instruction-Following Ca-\npabilities: The introduction of SOLAR 10.7B-\nInstruct, a variant fine-tuned for enhanced\ninstruction-following abilities, marks a sig-\nnificant improvement in the model's ability to\nunderstand and execute complex instructions.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.6783493283549, + "y": 1225.2476243636236 + }, + { + "x": 815.188738117781, + "y": 1225.2476243636236 + }, + { + "x": 815.188738117781, + "y": 1717.0301189668385 + }, + { + "x": 192.6783493283549, + "y": 1717.0301189668385 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Dahyun Kim, Chanjun Park, Sanghoon Kim,\nand Wonsung Lee contributed equally to this pa-\nper. Sanghoon Kim led the Foundation Model part,\nwith Dahyun Kim, Wonho Song, Yunsu Kim, and\nHyeonwoo Kim. Chanjun Park led the Data and\nEvaluation (Data-Centric LLM) part, with Yungi\nKim, Jihoo Kim, Changbae Ahn, Seonghoon Yang,\nSukyung Lee, and Hyunbyung Park. Wonsung Lee\nled the Adaptation Modeling part, with Gyoungjin\nGim, Hyeonju Lee, and Mikyoung Cha. Hwalsuk\nLee performed the role of the overall project op-\neration. All these individuals contributed to the\ncreation of SOLAR 10.7B.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 189.30580793071408, + "y": 1740.58317571284 + }, + { + "x": 712.5446159780747, + "y": 1740.58317571284 + }, + { + "x": 712.5446159780747, + "y": 1780.560075423167 + }, + { + "x": 189.30580793071408, + "y": 1780.560075423167 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "B Related Works and Background", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.6783493283549, + "y": 1802.2142294329285 + }, + { + "x": 590.9482126924946, + "y": 1802.2142294329285 + }, + { + "x": 590.9482126924946, + "y": 1837.194016679465 + }, + { + "x": 192.6783493283549, + "y": 1837.194016679465 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "B.1 Large Language Models", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.6783493283549, + "y": 1852.185354070838 + }, + { + "x": 815.1887381177809, + "y": 1852.185354070838 + }, + { + "x": 815.1887381177809, + "y": 2153.6778060528927 + }, + { + "x": 192.6783493283549, + "y": 2153.6778060528927 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Following the advent of context-based language\nmodels, various studies have revealed a \"scaling\nlaw\" (Kaplan et al., 2020; Hernandez et al., 2021;\nAnil et al., 2023), demonstrating a positive corre-\nlation between the size of model and training data\nand model performance. This has led to the emer-\ngence of Large Language Models (LLMs). Un-\nlike previous language models, LLMs possess the", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 843.8499173563923, + "y": 201.2431600666454 + }, + { + "x": 1469.5174478937452, + "y": 201.2431600666454 + }, + { + "x": 1469.5174478937452, + "y": 463.9390860699406 + }, + { + "x": 843.8499173563923, + "y": 463.9390860699406 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "ability for In-context learning, including Zero-shot\nlearning (Radford et al., 2019) and Few-shot learn-\ning (Brown et al., 2020), allowing them to perform\nnew tasks without updating model weights. These\ncapabilities of LLMs, not evident in smaller mod-\nels, are referred to as Emergent abilities (Wei et al.,\n2022a).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 847.0667169992582, + "y": 502.32800081620394 + }, + { + "x": 1178.3970802144115, + "y": 502.32800081620394 + }, + { + "x": 1178.3970802144115, + "y": 539.5338776772813 + }, + { + "x": 847.0667169992582, + "y": 539.5338776772813 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "B.2 Mixture of Experts", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 847.0667169992582, + "y": 560.3721816998664 + }, + { + "x": 1469.5174478937452, + "y": 560.3721816998664 + }, + { + "x": 1469.5174478937452, + "y": 1046.2891158150046 + }, + { + "x": 847.0667169992582, + "y": 1046.2891158150046 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "In the landscape of machine learning architectures,\nthe Mixture of Experts (MoE) models like (Shazeer\net al., 2017; Shen et al., 2019; Komatsuzaki et al.,\n2022) has gained attention for its capability to ad-\ndress the challenges posed by complex and hetero-\ngeneous data. MoE models offer notable benefits,\nincluding enhanced output diversity, allowing for\nthe capture of intricate patterns within the input\nspace. Moreover, their computational efficiency,\nespecially when implemented in a sparse form, has\nmade them valuable in scenarios where resource\nconstraints are a consideration (Shazeer et al., 2017;\nKomatsuzaki et al., 2022).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 843.8499173563923, + "y": 1054.904354532487 + }, + { + "x": 1469.5174478937452, + "y": 1054.904354532487 + }, + { + "x": 1469.5174478937452, + "y": 1354.6178293328542 + }, + { + "x": 843.8499173563923, + "y": 1354.6178293328542 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 12, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "However, efficient implementation of MoE mod-\nels poses a considerable challenge, primarily due to\nthe intricacies associated with dynamic routing and\nload-imbalanced computation (Gale et al., 2023).\nExisting hardware and software for deep learning,\nsuch as TPUs and XLA compilers, often demand\nstatic knowledge of tensor shapes, making MoE\nimplementation on TPU challenging.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 843.8499173563923, + "y": 1358.7107507764354 + }, + { + "x": 1469.5174478937458, + "y": 1358.7107507764354 + }, + { + "x": 1469.5174478937458, + "y": 1955.90519777158 + }, + { + "x": 843.8499173563923, + "y": 1955.90519777158 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 13, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "While GPU implementation offers more flexi-\nbility, sparse computation compatibility becomes\na hurdle. Striking the right balance between fix-\ning the size of each expert to facilitate efficient\ncomputation and maintaining model quality creates\na tradeoff between information preservation and\nhardware efficiency. This tradeoff, in turn, necessi-\ntates careful consideration during hyperparameter\ntuning, adding a layer of complexity to the imple-\nmentation of MoE models, potentially offsetting\ntheir advantages. Given the formidable challenges\nin MoE model implementation, it becomes almost\ninevitable for researchers and practitioners to re-\nsort to specialized tools and frameworks, such as\nTutel (Hwang et al., 2023) or Megablocks (Gale\net al., 2023).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 843.8499173563922, + "y": 1963.6913951305787 + }, + { + "x": 1469.5174478937447, + "y": 1963.6913951305787 + }, + { + "x": 1469.5174478937447, + "y": 2153.6778060528923 + }, + { + "x": 843.8499173563922, + "y": 2153.6778060528923 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 14, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Departing from the horizontal expansion char-\nacteristic of MoE models, the DUS method intro-\nduces model scaling in the vertical dimension. No-\ntably, DUS does not introduce dynamism in the\nscaled model, which significantly reduces the com-", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000196.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 190.09582794908317, + "y": 199.30612353390825 + }, + { + "x": 817.8557313431095, + "y": 199.30612353390825 + }, + { + "x": 817.8557313431095, + "y": 420.6317304997508 + }, + { + "x": 190.09582794908317, + "y": 420.6317304997508 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "plexity when compared to MoE. This shift in ap-\nproach offers a unique and more straightforward\nway of working, moving away from conventional\nMoE challenges. Not only that, DUS also under-\ngoes continued pretraining to quickly recover per-\nformance of the scaled model.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 190.09582794908317, + "y": 448.8004441135853 + }, + { + "x": 540.1926971495978, + "y": 448.8004441135853 + }, + { + "x": 540.1926971495978, + "y": 487.02941258950375 + }, + { + "x": 190.09582794908317, + "y": 487.02941258950375 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "B.3 Prompt Engineering", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 190.09582794908317, + "y": 501.1137693964208 + }, + { + "x": 813.8316293982759, + "y": 501.1137693964208 + }, + { + "x": 813.8316293982759, + "y": 915.5962697142714 + }, + { + "x": 190.09582794908317, + "y": 915.5962697142714 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "A key research area to harness the emergent abil-\nities of LLMs is prompt engineering. Prompt en-\ngineering is the study of how to design inputs\n(prompts) that enable LLMs to better perform spe-\ncific tasks. A prime example of this research\nis Chain-of-Thought (CoT) (Wei et al., 2022b),\nwhich proposes CoT prompting that decomposes\nmulti-step problems into a series of intermedi-\nate reasoning steps. Moreover, efforts are under-\nway to replace even such prompt engineering with\nLLMs (Yang et al., 2023).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 190.09582794908317, + "y": 933.7047284660222 + }, + { + "x": 518.0601364530136, + "y": 933.7047284660222 + }, + { + "x": 518.0601364530136, + "y": 975.957798886774 + }, + { + "x": 190.09582794908317, + "y": 975.957798886774 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "B.4 Instruction Tuning", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 190.09582794908317, + "y": 988.0301047212744 + }, + { + "x": 801.7593235637753, + "y": 988.0301047212744 + }, + { + "x": 801.7593235637753, + "y": 1283.8015976665365 + }, + { + "x": 190.09582794908317, + "y": 1283.8015976665365 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "To enhance the steerability of LLMs, instruction\ntuning (Wei et al., 2021) has emerged as a learning\ntechnique. This involves fine-tuning LLMs using\ndata formatted as (instruction, input, output) for\nvarious tasks (Wang et al., 2022). Instruction tuning\nallows for targeted adjustments, providing a more\ncontrolled and task-oriented improvement to the\nmodel's capabilities.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.10787892149995, + "y": 1287.8256996113707 + }, + { + "x": 809.8075274534424, + "y": 1287.8256996113707 + }, + { + "x": 809.8075274534424, + "y": 1891.4409913363957 + }, + { + "x": 192.10787892149995, + "y": 1891.4409913363957 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Before instruction tuning, existing methods\nfaced challenges in effectively guiding and control-\nling the behavior of large language models (Zhang\net al., 2023b). The sheer complexity of these mod-\nels made it difficult to ensure precise and task-\noriented responses. The need for a more targeted\napproach arose from the limitations of existing\nmethods, leading to the development of instruc-\ntion tuning. This targeted approach enables better\ncontrol over the model's behavior, making it more\nsuitable for specific tasks and improving its overall\nperformance in alignment with user-defined objec-\ntives. Therefore, instruction tuning is computation-\nally efficient and facilitates the rapid adaptation\nof LLMs to a specific domain without requiring\nextensive retraining or architectural changes.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 192.1078789214999, + "y": 1915.585603005397 + }, + { + "x": 516.0480854805969, + "y": 1915.585603005397 + }, + { + "x": 516.0480854805969, + "y": 1951.802520508898 + }, + { + "x": 192.1078789214999, + "y": 1951.802520508898 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "B.5 Alignment Tuning", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 190.09582794908323, + "y": 1961.862775370982 + }, + { + "x": 813.8316293982759, + "y": 1961.862775370982 + }, + { + "x": 813.8316293982759, + "y": 2148.983515805739 + }, + { + "x": 190.09582794908323, + "y": 2148.983515805739 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "LLM has been observed to generate sentences that\nmay be perceived as linguistically incongruent by\nhuman readers since they learned not human inten-\ntion, but only vast knowledge across various do-\nmains in the pretraining step (Ziegler et al., 2019).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 846.024444956944, + "y": 199.30612353390825 + }, + { + "x": 1461.7120425164692, + "y": 199.30612353390825 + }, + { + "x": 1461.7120425164692, + "y": 722.4393763622633 + }, + { + "x": 846.024444956944, + "y": 722.4393763622633 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "To overcome this limitation and align with human\nintentions, previous research (Ziegler et al., 2019)\nhave proposed Reinforcement Learning with Hu-\nman Feedback (RLHF). RLHF operates by learning\na reward model based on human preferences, em-\nploying reinforcement learning to guide the LLM\ntowards prioritizing answers with the highest re-\nward scores. This process enhances the safety,\npropriety, and overall quality of the generated re-\nsponses. Despite demonstrating satisfactory per-\nformance, RLHF encounters challenges such as\nmanaging numerous hyperparameters and necessi-\ntating the incorporation of multiple models (policy,\nvalue, reward, and reference models).", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 846.0244449569437, + "y": 742.5598860864307 + }, + { + "x": 1473.78434835097, + "y": 742.5598860864307 + }, + { + "x": 1473.78434835097, + "y": 1305.9341583631206 + }, + { + "x": 846.0244449569437, + "y": 1305.9341583631206 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "In response to these challenges, the supervised\nfine-tuning based approaches have proposed, such\nas Rank Responses to align Human Feedback\n(RRHF) (Yuan et al., 2023), Reward rAnked Fine-\nTuning (RAFT) (Dong et al., 2023), and Direct\nPolicy Optimization (DPO) (Intel, 2023). They\navoid the complexities associated with reinforce-\nment learning while achieving empirical perfor-\nmance comparable to RLHF. Among them, DPO\nthat we used directly guides the LLM to increase\nthe probability of positive responses and decrease\nthe probability of negative responses through a \"di-\nrect\" approach. Interestingly, DPO demonstrates\nmore stable learning results compared to RLHF,\ndespite its simple training approach.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 846.0244449569435, + "y": 1368.3077385080403 + }, + { + "x": 1200.145416102292, + "y": 1368.3077385080403 + }, + { + "x": 1200.145416102292, + "y": 1400.5005540667084 + }, + { + "x": 846.0244449569435, + "y": 1400.5005540667084 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 10, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "B.6 Data Contamination", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 848.0364959293606, + "y": 1428.669267680543 + }, + { + "x": 1461.712042516469, + "y": 1428.669267680543 + }, + { + "x": 1461.712042516469, + "y": 2155.01966872299 + }, + { + "x": 848.0364959293606, + "y": 2155.01966872299 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 11, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Recent researches (Zhou et al., 2023; Sainz et al.,\n2023; Golchin and Surdeanu, 2023; Deng et al.,\n2023) emphasize the need to measure whether a\nspecific benchmark was used to train the large lan-\nguage models. There are three types of the data\ncontamination: guideline, raw text and annota-\ntion (Sainz et al., 2023). Guideline contamination\noccurs when a model accesses detailed annotation\nguidelines for a dataset, providing advantages in\nspecific tasks, and its impact should be considered,\nespecially in zero and few-shot evaluations. Raw\ntext contamination occurs when a model has ac-\ncess to the original text. Wikipedia is widely used\nas a pretraining data, but also as a source for cre-\nating new datasets. The caution is advised in the\ndevelopment of automatically annotated datasets\nsourced from the web. Annotation contamina-\ntion occurs when the annotations of the specific\nbenchmark are exposed during model training.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000197.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.1212442665579, + "y": 198.82782953332477 + }, + { + "x": 588.7682095576436, + "y": 198.82782953332477 + }, + { + "x": 588.7682095576436, + "y": 231.45823510481296 + }, + { + "x": 194.1212442665579, + "y": 231.45823510481296 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "C Additional Information", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.1212442665579, + "y": 261.23144649949296 + }, + { + "x": 806.8113017525734, + "y": 261.23144649949296 + }, + { + "x": 806.8113017525734, + "y": 333.93217084012696 + }, + { + "x": 194.1212442665579, + "y": 333.93217084012696 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "We present additional information for the sake of\nspace in the main paper.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 194.1212442665579, + "y": 356.0525268247096 + }, + { + "x": 806.8113017525734, + "y": 356.0525268247096 + }, + { + "x": 806.8113017525734, + "y": 465.22289744427314 + }, + { + "x": 194.1212442665579, + "y": 465.22289744427314 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Filtered task names. We present task names\nwe use to filter FLAN dervied datasets such as\nOpenOrca in Table 8.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 198.47617822363168, + "y": 491.9535762298254 + }, + { + "x": 678.9993680181815, + "y": 491.9535762298254 + }, + { + "x": 678.9993680181815, + "y": 928.1366433609296 + }, + { + "x": 198.47617822363168, + "y": 928.1366433609296 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "Filtered Task Nametask228 _arc_answer_generation_easy ai2_arcARCChallenge:1.0.0 ai2_arcARCEasy:1.0.0 task229_arc_answer_generation_hard hellaswag:1.1.0 task1389_hellaswag_completion cot_gsm8k cot_gsm8k_ii drop:2.0.0 winogrande:1.1.0", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 190.22685307694405, + "y": 949.7911218709844 + }, + { + "x": 806.8113017525732, + "y": 949.7911218709844 + }, + { + "x": 806.8113017525732, + "y": 1020.9415512611644 + }, + { + "x": 190.22685307694405, + "y": 1020.9415512611644 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 4, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Table 8: Task names that we use to filter data for FLAN\nderived datasets such as OpenOrca.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 197.2953673563561, + "y": 1082.3590098676027 + }, + { + "x": 800.295190657672, + "y": 1082.3590098676027 + }, + { + "x": 800.295190657672, + "y": 1163.9715951917335 + }, + { + "x": 197.2953673563561, + "y": 1163.9715951917335 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K0.06N/A0.150.28N/A0.70", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 190.22685307694465, + "y": 1184.9774185762808 + }, + { + "x": 806.8113017525737, + "y": 1184.9774185762808 + }, + { + "x": 806.8113017525737, + "y": 1416.7236733936911 + }, + { + "x": 190.22685307694465, + "y": 1416.7236733936911 + } + ], + "category": "Caption", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Table 9: Data contamination test results for SOLAR\n10.7B-Instruct. We show 'result < 0.1, %' values where\na value higher than 0.9 indicates high probability of data\ncontamination. HellaSwag and Winogrande datasets are\nnot currently supported. We set SOLAR 10.7B as our\nreference model when performing the data contamina-\ntion tests.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 190.22685307694428, + "y": 1477.740443520633 + }, + { + "x": 810.053958155817, + "y": 1477.740443520633 + }, + { + "x": 810.053958155817, + "y": 1887.096266804284 + }, + { + "x": 190.22685307694428, + "y": 1887.096266804284 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Results on data contamination. To show the in-\ntegrity of SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, we also report\nthe data contamination test (Shi et al., 2023) results\nin Table. 9. All four tested benchmark datasets\nyield results well below the contamination thresh-\nold, affirming the absence of data contamination\nin our model. One interesting point is that the\nvalue for GSM8K is noticeably higher than for\nother datasets, even without contamination. One\npotential reason for this is the stronger data similar-\nity in math-related instruction datasets.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000198.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 114.48398176098333, + "y": 137.3230045582387 + }, + { + "x": 447.59101955233854, + "y": 137.3230045582387 + }, + { + "x": 447.59101955233854, + "y": 207.66859017877343 + }, + { + "x": 114.48398176098333, + "y": 207.66859017877343 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Contents", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 647.5023850585538, + "y": 378.7050108745908 + }, + { + "x": 1655.099449682095, + "y": 378.7050108745908 + }, + { + "x": 1655.099449682095, + "y": 825.6063783462229 + }, + { + "x": 647.5023850585538, + "y": 825.6063783462229 + } + ], + "category": "Index", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "1. Overview of OCR Pack\n2. Introduction of Product Services and Key Features\n3. Product - Detail Specification\n4. Integration Policy\n5. FAQ", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1847.5153162323809, + "y": 1057.333013331514 + }, + { + "x": 1953.0336946631828, + "y": 1057.333013331514 + }, + { + "x": 1953.0336946631828, + "y": 1102.850745203625 + }, + { + "x": 1847.5153162323809, + "y": 1102.850745203625 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "upstage |", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000199.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 97.88913265854092, + "y": 75.56953005947716 + }, + { + "x": 426.99201438731126, + "y": 75.56953005947716 + }, + { + "x": 426.99201438731126, + "y": 108.06323230611524 + }, + { + "x": 97.88913265854092, + "y": 108.06323230611524 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Overview of OCR Pack", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 90.83216706805312, + "y": 136.9852934555511 + }, + { + "x": 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Test criteria", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1002.7795125533954, + "y": 330.7954210954409 + }, + { + "x": 1904.856184092801, + "y": 330.7954210954409 + }, + { + "x": 1904.856184092801, + "y": 425.94348001404654 + }, + { + "x": 1002.7795125533954, + "y": 425.94348001404654 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 5, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Upstage universal OCR model performance details: Document\ncriteria", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 957.2547080780412, + "y": 532.5188629846222 + }, + { + "x": 979.3949294802552, + "y": 532.5188629846222 + }, + { + "x": 979.3949294802552, + "y": 551.7070548665411 + }, + { + "x": 957.2547080780412, + "y": 551.7070548665411 + } + ], + "category": "Paragraph", + "id": 6, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "11", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1027.8229695995358, + "y": 451.8286314275439 + }, + { + "x": 1912.2362578935392, + "y": 451.8286314275439 + }, + { + "x": 1912.2362578935392, + "y": 919.2347301432936 + }, + { + "x": 1027.8229695995358, + "y": 919.2347301432936 + } + ], + "category": "Chart", + "id": 7, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "73.2\nOCR-Recall3 7 94.2\n94.1 4\n5\n89.0\nOCR-Precision4 90.6 9\n4 96.8\n9\n80.4\nOCR-F15 1 92.\n4 95.5\n■ Company A\n■ Company B\nParsing-F1 68.0\n82.65 ■ upstage\n65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1107.240548147974, + "y": 998.858190788092 + }, + { + "x": 1781.6050702894013, + "y": 998.858190788092 + }, + { + "x": 1781.6050702894013, + "y": 1119.73763975541 + }, + { + "x": 1107.240548147974, + "y": 1119.73763975541 + } + ], + "category": "Footnote", + "id": 8, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "3 Recall: Percentage of what the OCR model predicted to be True from those that were actually True\n4 Precision: Percentage of what the OCR model classifies as True, which is actually True\n5 F1: Harmonic mean value of Recall and Precision\n6. Parsing-F1: Comparison of parsing model F1 of both companies for business registration document\nform. Company A is excluded from comparison due to the absence of the document parsing model.", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1849.9619752961855, + "y": 1069.271232400251 + }, + { + "x": 1926.0656794926877, + "y": 1069.271232400251 + }, + { + "x": 1926.0656794926877, + "y": 1091.076226299249 + }, + { + "x": 1849.9619752961855, + "y": 1091.076226299249 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 9, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "upstage", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000200.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 89.81099786413839, + "y": 75.61104347305502 + }, + { + "x": 822.0924226573028, + "y": 75.61104347305502 + }, + { + "x": 822.0924226573028, + "y": 109.62900697200394 + }, + { + "x": 89.81099786413839, + "y": 109.62900697200394 + } + ], + "category": "Header", + "id": 0, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Introduction of product services and key features", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 91.72909382744524, + "y": 136.57041183271392 + }, + { + "x": 921.0394057979984, + "y": 136.57041183271392 + }, + { + "x": 921.0394057979984, + "y": 190.2829857784228 + }, + { + "x": 91.72909382744524, + "y": 190.2829857784228 + } + ], + "category": "Heading1", + "id": 1, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "Key Functions by Main Service Flow", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 86.23015960109115, + "y": 249.95012237328265 + }, + { + "x": 1922.0224906267108, + "y": 249.95012237328265 + }, + { + "x": 1922.0224906267108, + "y": 1071.018431898704 + }, + { + "x": 86.23015960109115, + "y": 1071.018431898704 + } + ], + "category": "Table", + "id": 2, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "Service StageFunction NameExplanationExpected Benefit1. Project creationProject creation and managementSelect document type to automatically run project creation, Pipeline configuration with recommended Modelset and Endpoint deploymentThe intuitive UI environment allows the the person in charge to quickly proceed with the entire process from project creation to deployment, improving work efficiency2. Data labeling and fine-tuningData storage managementProvides convenient functions for uploading raw data, viewer, and data management (search using image metadata, sorting, filtering, hashtags settings on image data) Image data bookmark for Qualitative EvaluationConveniently manage raw data to be used for OCR Pack and actual date from live service3. Pipeline configuration and deploymentCreate and manage Labeling SpaceCreating a Labeling Space to manage raw data annotation, managing labeling resources (Ontology, Characters to be Recognized), data set dump, data set version management 3Labeling work can be outsourced within the pack. Labeled data is continuously supplied from which data sets can be created with ease. The Auto Labeling function increases both efficiency and convenience.Model trainingVarious basic models for each selected document, 5 information comparison between models, basic model training, training pause function, re-training, cancel function, and configuration support for Characters to be Recognized and Ontology that is frequently modified while developing specialized modelsProviding a foundation for customers to implement, manage, and upgrade their own OCR model specialized to the customers' needsPipeline, Endpoint Creation and managementChoose Detector, Recognizer, or Parser to create a Pipeline or an Endpoint Connect Pipelines to Endpoints, perform tasks such as deployment controllers, deployment recovery, and moreProviding a foundation for customers to implement, manage, and upgrade their own OCR model specialized to the customers' needs4. Monitoring and evaluationProject monitoringMonitoring of deployed Pipelines and Endpoints, notifying the customer of important issues such as suspicion of model performance degradation, and Qualitative Evaluation of actual incoming customer dataMonitor important indicators for each project and quickly identify and respond to issuesFull Pack MonitoringMonitoring traffic of all deployed Endpoints, quality monitoring of all deployed models, and monitoring of resources (GPU, CPU, Storage) connected to the PackMonitoring useful information about the overall OCR Pack at a glanceQuantitative / Qualitative EvaluationQuantitative evaluation leaderboard / Qualitative EvaluationViewing the model's performance to help the customer choose the appropriate modelGuide and helpProvides context-specific guides to help you troubleshoot yourself, download terminal logs for error situations and Pack documentationThe customer can diagnose, respond to, and solve problems occurring in the Pack on their own without external help", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 1848.9395192115924, + "y": 1071.018431898704 + }, + { + "x": 1926.251336331213, + "y": 1071.018431898704 + }, + { + "x": 1926.251336331213, + "y": 1091.2558818028456 + }, + { + "x": 1848.9395192115924, + "y": 1091.2558818028456 + } + ], + "category": "Footer", + "id": 3, + "page": 1, + "content": { + "text": "upstage", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/dataset/sample_results/aws_241010.json b/dataset/sample_results/aws_241010.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9d1e88b9d6809c7134194b10535628f67dffcc70 --- /dev/null +++ b/dataset/sample_results/aws_241010.json @@ -0,0 +1,62767 @@ +{ + "01030000000047.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.07590318471193314, + "y": 0.13272172212600708 + }, + { + "x": 0.9122079089283943, + "y": 0.13272172212600708 + }, + { + "x": 0.9122079089283943, + "y": 0.6149223744869232 + }, + { + "x": 0.07590318471193314, + "y": 0.6149223744869232 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 189, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
No. Political party Provisional result on registration 7 MarchOfficial registration 29 result on AprilDifference in the number of candidates
Number of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidatesNumber of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidates
11Khmer United Party3549830457-41
12Grassroots Democracy Party3243532481+46
13Beehive Social Democratic Party2542523392-33
14Cambodian Indigeneous Peoples Democracy Party1919419202+8
15Ekpheap Cheat Khmer Party1517514178+3
16Reaksmey Khemara Party779688+9
17Khmer Economic Development Party465464-1
Total84,20886,092+1,884
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SmallMediumLarge
Total applicable compliances7841,1881,693
Compliances with imprisonment154362622
Percentage of imprisonment clauses20%30%37%
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RangeSmallMidLarge
Less than 3 months104282
3 months to less than 1 year67203373
1 year to less than 3 years505868
3 years to less than 5 years84080
5 years to 10 years191919
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If n is the dimension, then any set of n linearly\nindependent vector fields may be used as a basis. The coordinate\nbasis X is an example of a basis. 1 We will see later that not every\nbasis is a coordinate basis: in order to be a coordinate basis,\nthere must be a coordinate system such that each basis element is\nthe directional derivative operator in a corresponding coordinate\ndirection.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14049939811229706, + "y": 0.3460610806941986 + }, + { + "x": 0.8596664518117905, + "y": 0.3460610806941986 + }, + { + "x": 0.8596664518117905, + "y": 0.4017692171037197 + }, + { + "x": 0.14049939811229706, + "y": 0.4017692171037197 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 332, + "content": { + "text": "Let e be a tuple of basis vector fields, such as the coordinate\nbasis X. The general vector field V applied to an arbitrary manifold\nfunction f can be expressed as a linear combination\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14090895652770996, + "y": 0.4202662706375122 + }, + { + "x": 0.8579792976379395, + "y": 0.4202662706375122 + }, + { + "x": 0.8579792976379395, + "y": 0.44424245692789555 + }, + { + "x": 0.14090895652770996, + "y": 0.44424245692789555 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 333, + "content": { + "text": "v(f)(m) = e(f)(m) b(m) = (f)(m)b'(m),\n(4.1)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14020806550979614, + "y": 0.4739835262298584 + }, + { + "x": 0.8609041571617126, + "y": 0.4739835262298584 + }, + { + "x": 0.8609041571617126, + "y": 0.6266784071922302 + }, + { + "x": 0.14020806550979614, + "y": 0.6266784071922302 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 334, + "content": { + "text": "where b is a tuple-valued coefficient function on the manifold.\nWhen expressed in a coordinate basis, the coefficients that specify\nthe direction of the vector are naturally expressed as functions\nbi of the coordinates of the manifold point. Here, the coefficient\nfunction b is more naturally expressed as a tuple-valued function\non the manifold. If b is the coefficient function expressed as a\nfunction of coordinates, then b = box is the coefficient function\nas a function on the manifold.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14035792648792267, + "y": 0.6336891651153564 + }, + { + "x": 0.8618476539850235, + "y": 0.6336891651153564 + }, + { + "x": 0.8618476539850235, + "y": 0.8204536139965057 + }, + { + "x": 0.14035792648792267, + "y": 0.8204536139965057 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 335, + "content": { + "text": "The coordinate-basis forms have a simple definition in terms of\nthe coordinate-basis vectors and the coordinates (equation 3.40).\nWith this choice, the dual property, equation (3.41), holds without\nfurther fuss. More generally, we can define a basis of one-forms e\nthat is dual to e in that the property\ne (ej) ( = Sj\n(4.2)\nis satisfied, analogous to property (3.41). Figure 4.1 illustrates\nthe duality of basis fields.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14037884771823883, + "y": 0.8490354418754578 + }, + { + "x": 0.8600699454545975, + "y": 0.8490354418754578 + }, + { + "x": 0.8600699454545975, + "y": 0.8771765269339085 + }, + { + "x": 0.14037884771823883, + "y": 0.8771765269339085 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 336, + "content": { + "text": "1\nWe cannot say if the basis vectors are orthogonal or normalized until we\nintroduce a metric.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000161.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14886228740215302, + "y": 0.11622516810894012 + }, + { + "x": 0.8389325588941574, + "y": 0.11622516810894012 + }, + { + "x": 0.8389325588941574, + "y": 0.893609032034874 + }, + { + "x": 0.14886228740215302, + "y": 0.893609032034874 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 270, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
of any individual to color their decisions, even when they're acting in good faith.
Credentials: Academic credentials tend to represent a significant commitment of time towards gaining mastery of a subject, and therefore requiring a particular degree may increase the likelihood of accurate information. However, not all groups are equally represented in higher education. Degree completion is uneven across race and income factors (among others), making academia not demographically representative of our society as a whole. Some perspectives are therefore systematically underrepresented in groups with advanced degrees.
Peer Review: Peer review sometimes only results in collaborative improvements to a work. It can also prevent the publication of very obviously flawed or poorly executed or analyzed research. Very new or radical ideas may be initially rejected because they are such a departure from existing dogma. Peer review is largely a practice of academia, therefore has the same exclusionary problems mentioned in the credentials section. It is possible for individual reviewers to act in a biased or unethical way to prevent the publication of some works.
Fact Checking: Not a lot of downside here. Let me know if your students come up with anything good.
Domains: For some top level domains (mostly just gov and .edu) looking at the domain provides some assurance that the web content there is an official communication of a particular institution. There really isn't any problem with domains excluding
", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.245454341173172, + "y": 0.1378730833530426 + }, + { + "x": 0.7940286695957184, + "y": 0.1378730833530426 + }, + { + "x": 0.7940286695957184, + "y": 0.17728682234883308 + }, + { + "x": 0.245454341173172, + "y": 0.17728682234883308 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 281, + "content": { + "text": "of any individual to color their decisions, even when\nthey're acting in good faith.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.21709178388118744, + "y": 0.18380001187324524 + }, + { + "x": 0.8058909028768539, + "y": 0.18380001187324524 + }, + { + "x": 0.8058909028768539, + "y": 0.4515354335308075 + }, + { + "x": 0.21709178388118744, + "y": 0.4515354335308075 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 283, + "content": { + "text": "Credentials: Academic credentials tend to\nrepresent a significant commitment of time towards\ngaining mastery of a subject, and therefore requiring\na particular degree may increase the likelihood of\naccurate information. However, not all groups are\nequally represented in higher education. Degree\ncompletion is uneven across race and income factors\n(among others), making academia not\ndemographically representative of our society as a\nwhole. Some perspectives are therefore\nsystematically underrepresented in groups with\nadvanced degrees.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2164347767829895, + "y": 0.45832309126853943 + }, + { + "x": 0.811318576335907, + "y": 0.45832309126853943 + }, + { + "x": 0.811318576335907, + "y": 0.7028461545705795 + }, + { + "x": 0.2164347767829895, + "y": 0.7028461545705795 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 284, + "content": { + "text": "Peer Review: Peer review sometimes only results in\ncollaborative improvements to a work. It can also\nprevent the publication of very obviously flawed or\npoorly executed or analyzed research. Very new or\nradical ideas may be initially rejected because they\nare such a departure from existing dogma. Peer\nreview is largely a practice of academia, therefore has\nthe same exclusionary problems mentioned in the\ncredentials section. It is possible for individual\nreviewers to act in a biased or unethical way to\nprevent the publication of some works.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.21628737449645996, + "y": 0.7098742127418518 + }, + { + "x": 0.7990385293960571, + "y": 0.7098742127418518 + }, + { + "x": 0.7990385293960571, + "y": 0.7486540488898754 + }, + { + "x": 0.21628737449645996, + "y": 0.7486540488898754 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 285, + "content": { + "text": "Fact Checking: Not a lot of downside here. Let me\nknow if your students come up with anything good.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.216979518532753, + "y": 0.7554033398628235 + }, + { + "x": 0.7910007983446121, + "y": 0.7554033398628235 + }, + { + "x": 0.7910007983446121, + "y": 0.8633285015821457 + }, + { + "x": 0.216979518532753, + "y": 0.8633285015821457 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 286, + "content": { + "text": "Domains: For some top level domains (mostly just\ngov and .edu) looking at the domain provides some\nassurance that the web content there is an official\ncommunication of a particular institution. There\nreally isn't any problem with domains excluding\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1424829214811325, + "y": 0.9241464734077454 + }, + { + "x": 0.1737011056393385, + "y": 0.9241464734077454 + }, + { + "x": 0.1737011056393385, + "y": 0.9346712687984109 + }, + { + "x": 0.1424829214811325, + "y": 0.9346712687984109 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 287, + "content": { + "text": "106\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.19968664646148682, + "y": 0.9242287278175354 + }, + { + "x": 0.39742831885814667, + "y": 0.9242287278175354 + }, + { + "x": 0.39742831885814667, + "y": 0.9348464198410511 + }, + { + "x": 0.19968664646148682, + "y": 0.9348464198410511 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 288, + "content": { + "text": "Instructor Resources\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000149.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.04040919989347458, + "y": 0.030146809294819832 + }, + { + "x": 0.12738680839538574, + "y": 0.030146809294819832 + }, + { + "x": 0.12738680839538574, + "y": 0.06914100237190723 + }, + { + "x": 0.04040919989347458, + "y": 0.06914100237190723 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 129, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08370492607355118, + "y": 0.061296701431274414 + }, + { + "x": 0.12655900791287422, + "y": 0.061296701431274414 + }, + { + "x": 0.12655900791287422, + "y": 0.0709359934553504 + }, + { + "x": 0.08370492607355118, + "y": 0.0709359934553504 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 130, + "content": { + "text": "Circle\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6850802302360535, + "y": 0.027926655486226082 + }, + { + "x": 0.7555420473217964, + "y": 0.027926655486226082 + }, + { + "x": 0.7555420473217964, + "y": 0.06015549786388874 + }, + { + "x": 0.6850802302360535, + "y": 0.06015549786388874 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 131, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.762539803981781, + "y": 0.031571947038173676 + }, + { + "x": 0.9119955897331238, + "y": 0.031571947038173676 + }, + { + "x": 0.9119955897331238, + "y": 0.056066589429974556 + }, + { + "x": 0.762539803981781, + "y": 0.056066589429974556 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 132, + "content": { + "text": "Co-funded by\nthe European Union\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1423676311969757, + "y": 0.20963478088378906 + }, + { + "x": 0.8283509314060211, + "y": 0.20963478088378906 + }, + { + "x": 0.8283509314060211, + "y": 0.24135373905301094 + }, + { + "x": 0.1423676311969757, + "y": 0.24135373905301094 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 133, + "content": { + "text": "With this in mind, here we have the 7 key competence areas selected to form a part of Eco-\nCircle's Competence Framework:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.24954228103160858, + "y": 0.2616339921951294 + }, + { + "x": 0.5046038180589676, + "y": 0.2616339921951294 + }, + { + "x": 0.5046038180589676, + "y": 0.27354996651411057 + }, + { + "x": 0.24954228103160858, + "y": 0.27354996651411057 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 134, + "content": { + "text": "Eco-Circle Competence Framework\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.24837327003479004, + "y": 0.29018115997314453 + }, + { + "x": 0.5041813254356384, + "y": 0.29018115997314453 + }, + { + "x": 0.5041813254356384, + "y": 0.3019872633740306 + }, + { + "x": 0.24837327003479004, + "y": 0.3019872633740306 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 135, + "content": { + "text": "#1: The 3 Rs: Recycle-Reuse-Reduce\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.24831897020339966, + "y": 0.3181970417499542 + }, + { + "x": 0.4843028783798218, + "y": 0.3181970417499542 + }, + { + "x": 0.4843028783798218, + "y": 0.33018588181585073 + }, + { + "x": 0.24831897020339966, + "y": 0.33018588181585073 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 136, + "content": { + "text": "#2: Lifecycle of Circular Economy\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.24828724563121796, + "y": 0.34614697098731995 + }, + { + "x": 0.6065589636564255, + "y": 0.34614697098731995 + }, + { + "x": 0.6065589636564255, + "y": 0.3585841925814748 + }, + { + "x": 0.24828724563121796, + "y": 0.3585841925814748 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 137, + "content": { + "text": "#3: Social Entrepreneurship and Circular Economy\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2482440322637558, + "y": 0.37485888600349426 + }, + { + "x": 0.5570139437913895, + "y": 0.37485888600349426 + }, + { + "x": 0.5570139437913895, + "y": 0.3870956329628825 + }, + { + "x": 0.2482440322637558, + "y": 0.3870956329628825 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 138, + "content": { + "text": "#4: Corporate Environmental Sustainability\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.24840162694454193, + "y": 0.40311816334724426 + }, + { + "x": 0.493130698800087, + "y": 0.40311816334724426 + }, + { + "x": 0.493130698800087, + "y": 0.4152526315301657 + }, + { + "x": 0.24840162694454193, + "y": 0.4152526315301657 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 139, + "content": { + "text": "#5: Embodying Sustainable Values\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2483457326889038, + "y": 0.4318113327026367 + }, + { + "x": 0.47410258650779724, + "y": 0.4318113327026367 + }, + { + "x": 0.47410258650779724, + "y": 0.44305518083274364 + }, + { + "x": 0.2483457326889038, + "y": 0.44305518083274364 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 140, + "content": { + "text": "#6: Environmental Engagement\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.24828411638736725, + "y": 0.4595412611961365 + }, + { + "x": 0.6327332705259323, + "y": 0.4595412611961365 + }, + { + "x": 0.6327332705259323, + "y": 0.47192675434052944 + }, + { + "x": 0.24828411638736725, + "y": 0.47192675434052944 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 141, + "content": { + "text": "#7: Supporting Local Eco-friendly and Green Activities\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15212632715702057, + "y": 0.9035323262214661 + }, + { + "x": 0.8590406328439713, + "y": 0.9035323262214661 + }, + { + "x": 0.8590406328439713, + "y": 0.927137104794383 + }, + { + "x": 0.15212632715702057, + "y": 0.927137104794383 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 142, + "content": { + "text": "This\nproject has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3677663803100586, + "y": 0.9395521283149719 + }, + { + "x": 0.6441012322902679, + "y": 0.9395521283149719 + }, + { + "x": 0.6441012322902679, + "y": 0.9490204434841871 + }, + { + "x": 0.3677663803100586, + "y": 0.9490204434841871 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 143, + "content": { + "text": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000030.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14619728922843933, + "y": 0.027435483410954475 + }, + { + "x": 0.48792439699172974, + "y": 0.027435483410954475 + }, + { + "x": 0.48792439699172974, + "y": 0.055294277146458626 + }, + { + "x": 0.14619728922843933, + "y": 0.055294277146458626 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 591, + "content": { + "text": "Combinatorial Cosmology\nDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90696\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14500071108341217, + "y": 0.07395776361227036 + }, + { + "x": 0.8500576764345169, + "y": 0.07395776361227036 + }, + { + "x": 0.8500576764345169, + "y": 0.2841094359755516 + }, + { + "x": 0.14500071108341217, + "y": 0.2841094359755516 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 592, + "content": { + "text": "As for the normal phase, the choice will, to start with, be the simplest possible\none: each path is either possible or not, corresponding to the probability weights 1\nand 0. During the extreme phases, this assumption is no longer reasonable. Again\nthe model will be extremely simplified, but still it is based on physical intuition and,\nmost importantly, completely time symmetric. Assume that the only types of edges\nhaving a non-neglectable chance of occurring during the extreme phase\n[-m-1,-m] - are of the following two kinds: The first scenario is that the universe\npasses through the extreme phase into a state of zero entropy. The other scenario is\nthat it passes into a state with high entropy (equal to 2m). Universes of one of these\ntwo types will be given the (un-normalized) probability 1 or p, respectively. Here\np 0 should be thought of as a very small number, at least when the size of the\nmodel becomes large. During the other extreme phase [m,m + 1], near the Big\nCrunch, we make the completely symmetric assumption.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1459435075521469, + "y": 0.28568577766418457 + }, + { + "x": 0.8499889224767685, + "y": 0.28568577766418457 + }, + { + "x": 0.8499889224767685, + "y": 0.46243324875831604 + }, + { + "x": 0.1459435075521469, + "y": 0.46243324875831604 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 593, + "content": { + "text": "Remark 3. These assumptions may perhaps seem somewhat arbitrary. And to a\ncertain extent, this may be SO. However, they do represent the following viewpoint\nof what may happen at the full cosmological scale: we may think of the Big Bang and\nthe Big Crunch as states of complete order with zero volume and entropy. Such\nstates can very well be metastable, very much like an oversaturated gas at a tem-\nperature below the point of condensation. If no disturbance takes place, such meta-\nstable states can very well continue to exist for a substantial period of time. In\nparticular, a low-entropy state can have a very good chance of surviving the intense\nbut extremely short extreme phase. On the other hand, if a sufficiently large dis-\nturbance occurs, then the metastable state may almost immediately decay into a\nvery disordered state of high entropy.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14628303050994873, + "y": 0.4634777307510376 + }, + { + "x": 0.8473019003868103, + "y": 0.4634777307510376 + }, + { + "x": 0.8473019003868103, + "y": 0.511261835694313 + }, + { + "x": 0.14628303050994873, + "y": 0.511261835694313 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 594, + "content": { + "text": "It is not my intension to further argue in favor of this viewpoint here. The main\nthing in this chapter is to show that completely symmetric boundary conditions at\nthe endpoints may give rise to a broken time symmetry.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.17395851016044617, + "y": 0.5125067830085754 + }, + { + "x": 0.7072202861309052, + "y": 0.5125067830085754 + }, + { + "x": 0.7072202861309052, + "y": 0.5276035312563181 + }, + { + "x": 0.17395851016044617, + "y": 0.5276035312563181 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 595, + "content": { + "text": "The multiverse now splits up into four different kinds of paths:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.17030297219753265, + "y": 0.5451603531837463 + }, + { + "x": 0.6443936973810196, + "y": 0.5451603531837463 + }, + { + "x": 0.6443936973810196, + "y": 0.5595261435955763 + }, + { + "x": 0.17030297219753265, + "y": 0.5595261435955763 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 597, + "content": { + "text": "LL: The entropy is low (=0) at both ends (-m and m).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1709372103214264, + "y": 0.5778509974479675 + }, + { + "x": 0.5304944515228271, + "y": 0.5778509974479675 + }, + { + "x": 0.5304944515228271, + "y": 0.5922755636274815 + }, + { + "x": 0.1709372103214264, + "y": 0.5922755636274815 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 598, + "content": { + "text": "LH: The entropy is 0 at -m and 2m at M.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.17084813117980957, + "y": 0.6105226874351501 + }, + { + "x": 0.530720442533493, + "y": 0.6105226874351501 + }, + { + "x": 0.530720442533493, + "y": 0.6245619477704167 + }, + { + "x": 0.17084813117980957, + "y": 0.6245619477704167 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 599, + "content": { + "text": "HL: The entropy is 2m at -m and 0 at M.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.17075824737548828, + "y": 0.6422745585441589 + }, + { + "x": 0.6816085577011108, + "y": 0.6422745585441589 + }, + { + "x": 0.6816085577011108, + "y": 0.6570981331169605 + }, + { + "x": 0.17075824737548828, + "y": 0.6570981331169605 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 600, + "content": { + "text": "HH: The entropy is high 2m) at both ends (-m and m).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1467643529176712, + "y": 0.6748079061508179 + }, + { + "x": 0.8287657648324966, + "y": 0.6748079061508179 + }, + { + "x": 0.8287657648324966, + "y": 0.7505384385585785 + }, + { + "x": 0.1467643529176712, + "y": 0.7505384385585785 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 601, + "content": { + "text": "If we now denote by NLL, NLH, NHL and NHH the number of paths of the\nindicated kinds, then with the above assumptions we also get the corresponding\nprobability weights for the corresponding types as\nPLL = NLL, = pNLH, PHL = pNHL' PHH=p2NHH.\n(10)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.17452260851860046, + "y": 0.7668764591217041 + }, + { + "x": 0.825160950422287, + "y": 0.7668764591217041 + }, + { + "x": 0.825160950422287, + "y": 0.7984686978161335 + }, + { + "x": 0.17452260851860046, + "y": 0.7984686978161335 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 602, + "content": { + "text": "We can now consider the following two types of broken time symmetry:\nDefinition 4. A multiverse is said to exhibit a weak broken time symmetry if\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.42546138167381287, + "y": 0.810028612613678 + }, + { + "x": 0.8289154171943665, + "y": 0.810028612613678 + }, + { + "x": 0.8289154171943665, + "y": 0.8246695287525654 + }, + { + "x": 0.42546138167381287, + "y": 0.8246695287525654 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 603, + "content": { + "text": "PLL <Year3-Year5-Year7-Year133.0%20.00%14.29%244.45%32.00%24.49%314.81%19.20%17.49%47.41%11.52%12.49%511.52%8.93%65.76%8.93%78.93%84.46%", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08575084060430527, + "y": 0.3648378252983093 + }, + { + "x": 0.9131390675902367, + "y": 0.3648378252983093 + }, + { + "x": 0.9131390675902367, + "y": 0.4785756915807724 + }, + { + "x": 0.08575084060430527, + "y": 0.4785756915807724 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 465, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
YearRecovery RateUnadjusted BasisDepreciation ExpenseAccumulated Depreciation
1.1667$100,000$16,670$16,670
2.3333$100,000$33,330$50,000
3.3333$100,000$33,330$88,330
4.1667$100,000$16,670$100,000
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YearRecovery RateUnadjusted BasisDepreciation ExpenseAccumulated Depreciation
1.3333$100,000$33,333$33,333
2.4445$100,000$44,450$77,780
3.1481$100,000$14,810$92,950
4.741$100,000$7,410$100,000
", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08731399476528168, + "y": 0.2927457094192505 + }, + { + "x": 0.9113842695951462, + "y": 0.2927457094192505 + }, + { + "x": 0.9113842695951462, + "y": 0.34415704384446144 + }, + { + "x": 0.08731399476528168, + "y": 0.34415704384446144 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 521, + "content": { + "text": "Suppose your business just purchased a $100,000 asset that has a 3-year useful life, and falls into\n3-year class of assets. Using the SL method, the depreciation expense each year for the next 3 years\nwould be:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08750629425048828, + "y": 0.5001240968704224 + }, + { + "x": 0.9114437699317932, + "y": 0.5001240968704224 + }, + { + "x": 0.9114437699317932, + "y": 0.5531261004507542 + }, + { + "x": 0.08750629425048828, + "y": 0.5531261004507542 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 523, + "content": { + "text": "Note that the book value or basis of the asset (acquisition cost - accumulated depreciation) would\nbe $0 after it has been fully depreciated at the end of 4 years. Because of the half-year convention, it\ntakes 4 years to depreciate the asset, even though it falls into the 3-year classification.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0887431800365448, + "y": 0.5716612339019775 + }, + { + "x": 0.8326385915279388, + "y": 0.5716612339019775 + }, + { + "x": 0.8326385915279388, + "y": 0.5853908862918615 + }, + { + "x": 0.0887431800365448, + "y": 0.5853908862918615 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 524, + "content": { + "text": "Depreciation expense for the same asset using the MACRS method would be calculated as:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0868089571595192, + "y": 0.738755464553833 + }, + { + "x": 0.9112683907151222, + "y": 0.738755464553833 + }, + { + "x": 0.9112683907151222, + "y": 0.7922307625412941 + }, + { + "x": 0.0868089571595192, + "y": 0.7922307625412941 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 526, + "content": { + "text": "Note again that the depreciation expense using MACRS is higher in the early years and lower in later\nyears than with the SL method and that the book value after 4 years is again zero. Businesses often\nuse MACRS for tax purposes and SL for profit reporting. Can you think of any reasons why?\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08717962354421616, + "y": 0.8095973134040833 + }, + { + "x": 0.9124298319220543, + "y": 0.8095973134040833 + }, + { + "x": 0.9124298319220543, + "y": 0.9028567001223564 + }, + { + "x": 0.08717962354421616, + "y": 0.9028567001223564 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 527, + "content": { + "text": "Some businesses that invest small amounts in capital assets are allowed to deduct up to $1,000,000\nof the cost of acquired depreciable property as a current expenditure instead of a capital expenditure.\nThis is known as direct expensing, and is available only to businesses that don't make large capital\npurchases each year. The allowable expensing amount is reduced by one dollar for each dollar of\ncapital investment expenditure over $2,500,000 during the year. Other restrictions also apply.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11117663234472275, + "y": 0.9512039422988892 + }, + { + "x": 0.1139394985511899, + "y": 0.9512039422988892 + }, + { + "x": 0.1139394985511899, + "y": 0.9611711166799068 + }, + { + "x": 0.11117663234472275, + "y": 0.9611711166799068 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 528, + "content": { + "text": "I\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08778180927038193, + "y": 0.9514509439468384 + }, + { + "x": 0.10403854213654995, + "y": 0.9514509439468384 + }, + { + "x": 0.10403854213654995, + "y": 0.9595064045861363 + }, + { + "x": 0.08778180927038193, + "y": 0.9595064045861363 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 529, + "content": { + "text": "42\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12145835906267166, + "y": 0.9510723948478699 + }, + { + "x": 0.31226230412721634, + "y": 0.9510723948478699 + }, + { + "x": 0.31226230412721634, + "y": 0.9613638082519174 + }, + { + "x": 0.12145835906267166, + "y": 0.9613638082519174 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 530, + "content": { + "text": "Ch. 3. The Federal Tax System\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000070.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1317417323589325, + "y": 0.08753146976232529 + }, + { + "x": 0.8784889876842499, + "y": 0.08753146976232529 + }, + { + "x": 0.8784889876842499, + "y": 0.11812824197113514 + }, + { + "x": 0.1317417323589325, + "y": 0.11812824197113514 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 204, + "content": { + "text": "two meetings are related to the initial meeting of VNR and as particular human rights\nfocus. 73\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15945468842983246, + "y": 0.14277346432209015 + }, + { + "x": 0.8400568217039108, + "y": 0.14277346432209015 + }, + { + "x": 0.8400568217039108, + "y": 0.4348897486925125 + }, + { + "x": 0.15945468842983246, + "y": 0.4348897486925125 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 205, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2370947003364563, + "y": 0.46207502484321594 + }, + { + "x": 0.735348105430603, + "y": 0.46207502484321594 + }, + { + "x": 0.735348105430603, + "y": 0.4876614548265934 + }, + { + "x": 0.2370947003364563, + "y": 0.4876614548265934 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 206, + "content": { + "text": "Participation of Institutions in the VNR Meeting of\nDiagram 2\nIndonesia 2021. 74\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.13226841390132904, + "y": 0.5150870680809021 + }, + { + "x": 0.8664384335279465, + "y": 0.5150870680809021 + }, + { + "x": 0.8664384335279465, + "y": 0.5293054040521383 + }, + { + "x": 0.13226841390132904, + "y": 0.5293054040521383 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 207, + "content": { + "text": "The distribution of participating institutions in VNR-related meetings are as follows:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.160430446267128, + "y": 0.541755735874176 + }, + { + "x": 0.8415209800004959, + "y": 0.541755735874176 + }, + { + "x": 0.8415209800004959, + "y": 0.7951323390007019 + }, + { + "x": 0.160430446267128, + "y": 0.7951323390007019 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 208, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.20249854028224945, + "y": 0.8234497904777527 + }, + { + "x": 0.7117714136838913, + "y": 0.8234497904777527 + }, + { + "x": 0.7117714136838913, + "y": 0.8514073826372623 + }, + { + "x": 0.20249854028224945, + "y": 0.8514073826372623 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 209, + "content": { + "text": "Distribution of Participating Institutions within VNR\nDiagram 3\nMeeting of Indonesia 2021. 75\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12024933844804764, + "y": 0.8752182722091675 + }, + { + "x": 0.877874918282032, + "y": 0.8752182722091675 + }, + { + "x": 0.877874918282032, + "y": 0.9147629402577877 + }, + { + "x": 0.12024933844804764, + "y": 0.9147629402577877 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 210, + "content": { + "text": "74 Data is processed based on: ibid., 332-345.\n75 Data is processed based on: Kementerian PPN / Bappenas, \"Annexes Indonesia's VNR 2021\" (n.\n68), 332-345.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.49079543352127075, + "y": 0.9320160150527954 + }, + { + "x": 0.5092393234372139, + "y": 0.9320160150527954 + }, + { + "x": 0.5092393234372139, + "y": 0.9414199031889439 + }, + { + "x": 0.49079543352127075, + "y": 0.9414199031889439 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 211, + "content": { + "text": "14\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000004.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14154188334941864, + "y": 0.055270466953516006 + }, + { + "x": 0.17177448607981205, + "y": 0.055270466953516006 + }, + { + "x": 0.17177448607981205, + "y": 0.06398843694478273 + }, + { + "x": 0.14154188334941864, + "y": 0.06398843694478273 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 427, + "content": { + "text": "322\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8063771724700928, + "y": 0.05595291778445244 + }, + { + "x": 0.8837717473506927, + "y": 0.05595291778445244 + }, + { + "x": 0.8837717473506927, + "y": 0.06404515169560909 + }, + { + "x": 0.8063771724700928, + "y": 0.06404515169560909 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 428, + "content": { + "text": "YARROW\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14126412570476532, + "y": 0.09209368377923965 + }, + { + "x": 0.8841261714696884, + "y": 0.09209368377923965 + }, + { + "x": 0.8841261714696884, + "y": 0.14853253960609436 + }, + { + "x": 0.14126412570476532, + "y": 0.14853253960609436 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 429, + "content": { + "text": "observer model with three parameters captures PSS, sensory noise and an in-\nterval bias (i.e., a tendency to select one interval in preference to the other\nunder uncertainty).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14060235023498535, + "y": 0.15291115641593933 + }, + { + "x": 0.8848627209663391, + "y": 0.15291115641593933 + }, + { + "x": 0.8848627209663391, + "y": 0.45212268829345703 + }, + { + "x": 0.14060235023498535, + "y": 0.45212268829345703 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 430, + "content": { + "text": "The 2xSJ task provides estimates that correlate fairly well with equivalent\nparameters estimated using TOJS, SJS, and ternary tasks. However, each trial\ntakes longer than in those single-presentation tasks, which makes experi-\nments more onerous. There are a few reasons why the roving-standard 2xSJ is\nstill worth considering. Firstly, it asks about synchrony explicitly (unlike the\nTOJ) and by requiring relative judgements it reveals a point of maximal syn-\nchrony perception (whereas the SJ and ternary tasks often reveal a range of\nSOA values that are classified as synchronous). Secondly, it can be added in\nto a single-presentation task (as a follow-up question every two trials), which\nsomewhat mitigates the burden of additional experimental time. Finally, a case\ncan be made that it will be more resistant to some forms of decision-level bias\n(Morgan, Grant, Melmoth, & Solomon, 2015; Morgan, Melmoth, & Solomon,\n2013). As with the other tasks I have described, code to fit data from the 2xSJ\naccompanies this chapter.23 For further information, read the comments there\nand consult Yarrow et al. (2016).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14152118563652039, + "y": 0.49684008955955505 + }, + { + "x": 0.3315759599208832, + "y": 0.49684008955955505 + }, + { + "x": 0.3315759599208832, + "y": 0.5088436165824533 + }, + { + "x": 0.14152118563652039, + "y": 0.5088436165824533 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 431, + "content": { + "text": "12\nConclusion\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14082364737987518, + "y": 0.5366120338439941 + }, + { + "x": 0.8838519304990768, + "y": 0.5366120338439941 + }, + { + "x": 0.8838519304990768, + "y": 0.8364602029323578 + }, + { + "x": 0.14082364737987518, + "y": 0.8364602029323578 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 432, + "content": { + "text": "In this chapter, I have outlined the benefits of fitting formal observer models\nto judgements about simultaneity, and described how this can be achieved us-\ning Matlab code (see book's GitHub repository). In doing so, I have presented\none particular observer model in some detail, and highlighted the fundamen-\ntally subjective nature of the SJ task, which requires us to think carefully about\nhow both the strategic decisions and perceptual sensitivity of a participant\ncan affect their psychometric function. I have gone on to supply a brief over-\nview of appropriate models for several closely related timing tasks. I hope I\nhave also provided enough of a tutorial regarding bespoke model fitting and\nevaluation to allow the interested reader to go forward and explore their own\nmodels of perceived simultaneity. Modelling may seem intimidating, but in\nfact, a good understanding of just a few basic concepts (which is best gained\nthrough practical exploration) will take you a long way, providing tools to\nengage more fully with the timing literature. This is an endeavour I would very\nmuch encourage!\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14175602793693542, + "y": 0.8658228516578674 + }, + { + "x": 0.1608324944972992, + "y": 0.8658228516578674 + }, + { + "x": 0.1608324944972992, + "y": 0.8750128857791424 + }, + { + "x": 0.14175602793693542, + "y": 0.8750128857791424 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 433, + "content": { + "text": "23\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1882190704345703, + "y": 0.8627514839172363 + }, + { + "x": 0.5942055583000183, + "y": 0.8627514839172363 + }, + { + "x": 0.5942055583000183, + "y": 0.8758830837905407 + }, + { + "x": 0.1882190704345703, + "y": 0.8758830837905407 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 434, + "content": { + "text": ".\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000079.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16612236201763153, + "y": 0.11553652584552765 + }, + { + "x": 0.42686446011066437, + "y": 0.11553652584552765 + }, + { + "x": 0.42686446011066437, + "y": 0.20515239983797073 + }, + { + "x": 0.16612236201763153, + "y": 0.20515239983797073 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 241, + "content": { + "text": "Executive\nSummary\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5128450989723206, + "y": 0.11648024618625641 + }, + { + "x": 0.8327617943286896, + "y": 0.11648024618625641 + }, + { + "x": 0.8327617943286896, + "y": 0.31716012954711914 + }, + { + "x": 0.5128450989723206, + "y": 0.31716012954711914 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 242, + "content": { + "text": "I\nndia suffers from 'regulatory\ncholesterol' that is getting in\nthe way of doing business. The\nlegislations, rules and regulations\nenacted by the Union and State\ngovernments have over time created\nbarriers to the smooth flow of ideas,\norganisation, money, entrepreneurship\nand through them the creation of jobs,\nwealth and GDP.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5144399404525757, + "y": 0.3451598882675171 + }, + { + "x": 0.8326675891876221, + "y": 0.3451598882675171 + }, + { + "x": 0.8326675891876221, + "y": 0.5473379045724869 + }, + { + "x": 0.5144399404525757, + "y": 0.5473379045724869 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 243, + "content": { + "text": "The presence of hostile clauses in these\nlaws, rules and regulations has grown\nsince Independence, surviving three\ndecades of economic reforms initiated in\n1991. The biggest challenges come from\nthe continuance of imprisonment as a tool\nof control. As automation increases in\nthe coming years, the pre-Independence\n1940s-style administrative controls\nmeant to protect labour will prove\ncounter-productive in 21st-century India.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5140157341957092, + "y": 0.573057234287262 + }, + { + "x": 0.8334484100341797, + "y": 0.573057234287262 + }, + { + "x": 0.8334484100341797, + "y": 0.7556735277175903 + }, + { + "x": 0.5140157341957092, + "y": 0.7556735277175903 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 244, + "content": { + "text": "There are 1,536 laws that govern\ndoing business in India, of which 678\nare implemented at the Union level.\nWithin these laws is a web of 69,233\ncompliances, of which 25,537 are at the\nUnion level. These compliances need to\nbe communicated to the governments\nthrough 6,618 annual filings, 2,282\n(34.5 percent) at the Union level and at\nthe states, 4,336.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5142786502838135, + "y": 0.7823382019996643 + }, + { + "x": 0.8329044878482819, + "y": 0.7823382019996643 + }, + { + "x": 0.8329044878482819, + "y": 0.8704861924052238 + }, + { + "x": 0.5142786502838135, + "y": 0.8704861924052238 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 245, + "content": { + "text": "These changes in compliance\nrequirements occur constantly and\nadd to business uncertainty. In the 12\nmonths up to 31 December 2021, there\nhave been 3,577 regulatory changes;\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000165.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.25081345438957214, + "y": 0.8514317870140076 + }, + { + "x": 0.7489090263843536, + "y": 0.8514317870140076 + }, + { + "x": 0.7489090263843536, + "y": 0.8997828252613544 + }, + { + "x": 0.25081345438957214, + "y": 0.8997828252613544 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 364, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
1000 soil2.5cmolc
soil
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Effect of cations on flocculation of a clay suspension.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09793467074632645, + "y": 0.18249066174030304 + }, + { + "x": 0.45529619604349136, + "y": 0.18249066174030304 + }, + { + "x": 0.45529619604349136, + "y": 0.29356271773576736 + }, + { + "x": 0.09793467074632645, + "y": 0.29356271773576736 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 377, + "content": { + "text": "Added cation Relative Size & Settling Rates of Floccules\nK+\nNa+\nCa2+\nA13+\nCheck\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09234020113945007, + "y": 0.34258750081062317 + }, + { + "x": 0.6483135521411896, + "y": 0.34258750081062317 + }, + { + "x": 0.6483135521411896, + "y": 0.3614342715591192 + }, + { + "x": 0.09234020113945007, + "y": 0.3614342715591192 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 378, + "content": { + "text": "Activity 4. Determining CEC by replacing adsorbed cations.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09204769134521484, + "y": 0.3912743031978607 + }, + { + "x": 0.9068583250045776, + "y": 0.3912743031978607 + }, + { + "x": 0.9068583250045776, + "y": 0.4568665623664856 + }, + { + "x": 0.09204769134521484, + "y": 0.4568665623664856 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 379, + "content": { + "text": "In this activity, you will titrate the filtrate with a 0.01 molar solution of NaOH using phenolphthalein as an indicator.\nPhenolphthalein changes from colorless to faint pink when the quantity of OH ions added via the NaOH equals the\nquantity of H+ ions in the solution (that is, when the pH is raised to 7). For this activity, assume the soil samples have\nbeen extracted and the filtrates are now available for analysis.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0992647260427475, + "y": 0.47807836532592773 + }, + { + "x": 0.9012408703565598, + "y": 0.47807836532592773 + }, + { + "x": 0.9012408703565598, + "y": 0.5054527707397938 + }, + { + "x": 0.0992647260427475, + "y": 0.5054527707397938 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 381, + "content": { + "text": "1. Place 10 ml of each filtrate into separate 125 ml flasks. This 10 ml quantity is the amount of filtrate from 1.0 gram of\nsoil.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09696071594953537, + "y": 0.5135713815689087 + }, + { + "x": 0.4372907504439354, + "y": 0.5135713815689087 + }, + { + "x": 0.4372907504439354, + "y": 0.5260623535141349 + }, + { + "x": 0.09696071594953537, + "y": 0.5260623535141349 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 382, + "content": { + "text": "2. Add 10 drops of the phenolphthalein indicator.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09637511521577835, + "y": 0.5311535596847534 + }, + { + "x": 0.8903703764081001, + "y": 0.5311535596847534 + }, + { + "x": 0.8903703764081001, + "y": 0.5790372528135777 + }, + { + "x": 0.09637511521577835, + "y": 0.5790372528135777 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 383, + "content": { + "text": "3. Titrate the extract with the NaOH solution to a faint pink endpoint. The titration must be done very carefully to\nobtain meaningful results. If you put too much NaOH in the flask and get a bright pink color, discard the solution\nand repeat the process. In the table below, record the milliliters of NaOH solution used to achieve the endpoint.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09176674485206604, + "y": 0.6017777323722839 + }, + { + "x": 0.12382490932941437, + "y": 0.6017777323722839 + }, + { + "x": 0.12382490932941437, + "y": 0.6261236425489187 + }, + { + "x": 0.09176674485206604, + "y": 0.6261236425489187 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 384, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1455751657485962, + "y": 0.6005510687828064 + }, + { + "x": 0.5062097311019897, + "y": 0.6005510687828064 + }, + { + "x": 0.5062097311019897, + "y": 0.6125340750440955 + }, + { + "x": 0.1455751657485962, + "y": 0.6125340750440955 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 385, + "content": { + "text": "Calculate the CEC and record your data in Table 13.3.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09184785932302475, + "y": 0.6295035481452942 + }, + { + "x": 0.9064060673117638, + "y": 0.6295035481452942 + }, + { + "x": 0.9064060673117638, + "y": 0.6596252452582121 + }, + { + "x": 0.09184785932302475, + "y": 0.6596252452582121 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 386, + "content": { + "text": "Here is an example of how to calculate the CEC, assuming 2.5 mL of NaOH was required to achieve an end point.\nThe reaction occurring during titration is\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.36244502663612366, + "y": 0.6742373108863831 + }, + { + "x": 0.6333272457122803, + "y": 0.6742373108863831 + }, + { + "x": 0.6333272457122803, + "y": 0.6920424290001392 + }, + { + "x": 0.36244502663612366, + "y": 0.6920424290001392 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 387, + "content": { + "text": "NaOH + H+\nNa+ + H2O\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09186235070228577, + "y": 0.707493245601654 + }, + { + "x": 0.9068046510219574, + "y": 0.707493245601654 + }, + { + "x": 0.9068046510219574, + "y": 0.73669040389359 + }, + { + "x": 0.09186235070228577, + "y": 0.73669040389359 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 388, + "content": { + "text": "Thus, one mole of NaOH reacts with one mole of H+ Therefore, at the phenolphthalein end point, moles of NaOH added\n= moles of H+ in solution.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0918022021651268, + "y": 0.7558580636978149 + }, + { + "x": 0.8457255586981773, + "y": 0.7558580636978149 + }, + { + "x": 0.8457255586981773, + "y": 0.7682705586776137 + }, + { + "x": 0.0918022021651268, + "y": 0.7682705586776137 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 389, + "content": { + "text": "The solution of 0.01 molar NaOH contains 1 cmol charge per liter (1 cmole/L). Therefore 2.5 mL NaOH contains\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0917084813117981, + "y": 0.7808472514152527 + }, + { + "x": 0.9069499373435974, + "y": 0.7808472514152527 + }, + { + "x": 0.9069499373435974, + "y": 0.8931491374969482 + }, + { + "x": 0.0917084813117981, + "y": 0.8931491374969482 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 390, + "content": { + "text": "cmol of NaOH = 2.5 mL NaOH o\nNaOH\n1\nX\n= 0.0025 molc NaOH\n1\nThus, the CEC is\n1000\nsoil\n2.5cmolc\nsoil\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09209892153739929, + "y": 0.9412223100662231 + }, + { + "x": 0.2003331035375595, + "y": 0.9412223100662231 + }, + { + "x": 0.2003331035375595, + "y": 0.9500587489455938 + }, + { + "x": 0.09209892153739929, + "y": 0.9500587489455938 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 391, + "content": { + "text": "114 Soil Colloids\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000015.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10306218266487122, + "y": 0.049885135143995285 + }, + { + "x": 0.28699444234371185, + "y": 0.049885135143995285 + }, + { + "x": 0.28699444234371185, + "y": 0.05870167165994644 + }, + { + "x": 0.10306218266487122, + "y": 0.05870167165994644 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 243, + "content": { + "text": "FROM CRADLE TO GRAVE\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.87049800157547, + "y": 0.049807921051979065 + }, + { + "x": 0.8956854902207851, + "y": 0.049807921051979065 + }, + { + "x": 0.8956854902207851, + "y": 0.0580062810331583 + }, + { + "x": 0.87049800157547, + "y": 0.0580062810331583 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 244, + "content": { + "text": "207\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09491168707609177, + "y": 0.06841238588094711 + }, + { + "x": 0.900106243789196, + "y": 0.06841238588094711 + }, + { + "x": 0.900106243789196, + "y": 0.6679514274001122 + }, + { + "x": 0.09491168707609177, + "y": 0.6679514274001122 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 245, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10317153483629227, + "y": 0.6657512187957764 + }, + { + "x": 0.8868157938122749, + "y": 0.6657512187957764 + }, + { + "x": 0.8868157938122749, + "y": 0.7346351966261864 + }, + { + "x": 0.10317153483629227, + "y": 0.7346351966261864 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 246, + "content": { + "text": "FIGURE 11.12\nA Bahraini bride in traditional green thobe. She wears a circular gold plate (hama or taasa) on her head, with\nthe chains of discs talaat suspended from the rim. Sweet basil (mishmun), jasmine, and rosebuds adorn her\nhair. Around her wrists she wears gold bangles, including the shmelat, studded with turquoise and pink glass.\nShe wears a murta'asha choker and a long murtahish necklace ending in a crescent element.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10136771947145462, + "y": 0.7554923892021179 + }, + { + "x": 0.4891066923737526, + "y": 0.7554923892021179 + }, + { + "x": 0.4891066923737526, + "y": 0.8664632886648178 + }, + { + "x": 0.10136771947145462, + "y": 0.8664632886648178 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 247, + "content": { + "text": "central element. As seen in figure 11.11, a seytemi\nmay be added to this; it can be identified by the\nrow of gold coins running up the chain and \"it is\namong the most sought after pieces of jewellery by\nwomen in the U.A.E. \"72 All these pieces may vary in\nsize and weight. At her waist, the bride will wear a\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5097413063049316, + "y": 0.7554128170013428 + }, + { + "x": 0.8996503949165344, + "y": 0.7554128170013428 + }, + { + "x": 0.8996503949165344, + "y": 0.903119370341301 + }, + { + "x": 0.5097413063049316, + "y": 0.903119370341301 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 248, + "content": { + "text": "gold belt (hizam), which is usually composed of\narticulated square or round elements with smaller\ndangling bells or tassels. On her hands, she will of-\nten have rings on each finger, especially the shahi-\nda ring, worn on both forefingers, and the marami\non the middle finger. The back of her hand may\nbe covered in the kaf or chef ornament, which runs\nfrom rings and is anchored to a bracelet. She also\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10303974151611328, + "y": 0.8922199606895447 + }, + { + "x": 0.11886543035507202, + "y": 0.8922199606895447 + }, + { + "x": 0.11886543035507202, + "y": 0.9003632022067904 + }, + { + "x": 0.10303974151611328, + "y": 0.9003632022067904 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 249, + "content": { + "text": "72\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1445694863796234, + "y": 0.8858682513237 + }, + { + "x": 0.4567348062992096, + "y": 0.8858682513237 + }, + { + "x": 0.4567348062992096, + "y": 0.904026985168457 + }, + { + "x": 0.1445694863796234, + "y": 0.904026985168457 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 250, + "content": { + "text": "Gubash and Lootah, Traditional Emirati Jewels, 62.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000119.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16536666452884674, + "y": 0.20429952442646027 + }, + { + "x": 0.9979804903268814, + "y": 0.20429952442646027 + }, + { + "x": 0.9979804903268814, + "y": 0.4393334984779358 + }, + { + "x": 0.16536666452884674, + "y": 0.4393334984779358 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 235, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
Mitosis (begins with a single cell)Meiosis (begins with a single cell)
# chromosomes in parent cells
# DNA replications
# nuclear divisions
# daughter cells produced
purpose
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Meiosis and mitosis are both nuclear divisions\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15006186068058014, + "y": 0.1306450068950653 + }, + { + "x": 0.8056197315454483, + "y": 0.1306450068950653 + }, + { + "x": 0.8056197315454483, + "y": 0.16377216950058937 + }, + { + "x": 0.15006186068058014, + "y": 0.16377216950058937 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 258, + "content": { + "text": "that result in new daughter cells. However, the two processes have significant\ndifferences. Fill out the following chart comparing the two forms of nuclear division.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12891776859760284, + "y": 0.4784860610961914 + }, + { + "x": 0.8602966219186783, + "y": 0.4784860610961914 + }, + { + "x": 0.8602966219186783, + "y": 0.5531174540519714 + }, + { + "x": 0.12891776859760284, + "y": 0.5531174540519714 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 261, + "content": { + "text": "5. Using your beads, strings, and magnets recreate the process of meiosis. Ensuring you\nhave two different colored beads, demonstrate the process of crossing over. When you\nthink you have it down, flag your instructor over. Have them sign off on your handiwork.\nInstructor signature:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12848235666751862, + "y": 0.6035283803939819 + }, + { + "x": 0.8692826181650162, + "y": 0.6035283803939819 + }, + { + "x": 0.8692826181650162, + "y": 0.7182817980647087 + }, + { + "x": 0.12848235666751862, + "y": 0.7182817980647087 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 262, + "content": { + "text": "6. By now hopefully you've noticed that these processes are denoted with \"2n\" and \"n\" in\nvarious places. This is a reference to the number of sets of chromosomes that cell has at\nany given moment. Autosomal human cells are 2n. Gametes are 1n. Mitosis begins with\none 2n cell and ends with two 2n cells. Meiosis begins with one 2n cell and ends with 4 1n\ncells. Sketch those two processes here to show every time the \"n\" classification changes.\n(Hint: draw every step, it'll make your life easier, evenif it takes a little bit longer!)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.48949185013771057, + "y": 0.9249981045722961 + }, + { + "x": 0.5072027109563351, + "y": 0.9249981045722961 + }, + { + "x": 0.5072027109563351, + "y": 0.9359192252159119 + }, + { + "x": 0.48949185013771057, + "y": 0.9359192252159119 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 263, + "content": { + "text": "71\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000060.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3002433478832245, + "y": 0.103887639939785 + }, + { + "x": 0.6514078676700592, + "y": 0.103887639939785 + }, + { + "x": 0.6514078676700592, + "y": 0.11611787788569927 + }, + { + "x": 0.3002433478832245, + "y": 0.11611787788569927 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 264, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 4.8. Domestic Wood Pellets Production\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.23311792314052582, + "y": 0.1305510401725769 + }, + { + "x": 0.7277127355337143, + "y": 0.1305510401725769 + }, + { + "x": 0.7277127355337143, + "y": 0.3459562808275223 + }, + { + "x": 0.23311792314052582, + "y": 0.3459562808275223 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 265, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14213362336158752, + "y": 0.35899239778518677 + }, + { + "x": 0.6574288904666901, + "y": 0.35899239778518677 + }, + { + "x": 0.6574288904666901, + "y": 0.36942533031105995 + }, + { + "x": 0.14213362336158752, + "y": 0.36942533031105995 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 266, + "content": { + "text": "Source: Forestry Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (MAFF), 2020.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14193816483020782, + "y": 0.40076717734336853 + }, + { + "x": 0.8090188056230545, + "y": 0.40076717734336853 + }, + { + "x": 0.8090188056230545, + "y": 0.4684179350733757 + }, + { + "x": 0.14193816483020782, + "y": 0.4684179350733757 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 267, + "content": { + "text": "Applications of wood pellets in Japan include power generation, boilers, stoves,\nagriculture use, and others. Although the trade statistics do not specify the usage of the\nimported wood pellets, according to the Japan Wood Pellet Association (JPA), most are\nused for power generation.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1420769989490509, + "y": 0.48100563883781433 + }, + { + "x": 0.8096527755260468, + "y": 0.48100563883781433 + }, + { + "x": 0.8096527755260468, + "y": 0.5673545524477959 + }, + { + "x": 0.1420769989490509, + "y": 0.5673545524477959 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 268, + "content": { + "text": "The price of domestic wood pellets for power generation has a wide range. According to\na survey of domestic wood pellet manufacturers undertaken by JPA in 2020, the average\nprice of domestic wood pellets for power generation is around 14,000~29,000 ¥/tonne,\nwhile according to the Trade Statistics of Japan, the average cost, insurance, and freight\n(CIF) price of imported wood pellets is around 18,000 Y/tonne in 2020 (Figure 4.9).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2054559886455536, + "y": 0.5982584953308105 + }, + { + "x": 0.7464633285999298, + "y": 0.5982584953308105 + }, + { + "x": 0.7464633285999298, + "y": 0.6291547808796167 + }, + { + "x": 0.2054559886455536, + "y": 0.6291547808796167 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 269, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 4-9. Average Cost, Insurance, and Freight Prices of Wood Pellets\nand Wood Chips\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.22856374084949493, + "y": 0.6419781446456909 + }, + { + "x": 0.7300889045000076, + "y": 0.6419781446456909 + }, + { + "x": 0.7300889045000076, + "y": 0.8423793166875839 + }, + { + "x": 0.22856374084949493, + "y": 0.8423793166875839 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 270, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14215949177742004, + "y": 0.8595789074897766 + }, + { + "x": 0.5087797343730927, + "y": 0.8595789074897766 + }, + { + "x": 0.5087797343730927, + "y": 0.8850427195429802 + }, + { + "x": 0.14215949177742004, + "y": 0.8850427195429802 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 271, + "content": { + "text": "Average price = import value/import tonne.\nSource: Estimated by IEEJ based on Trade Statistics of Japan.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4666992425918579, + "y": 0.9455101490020752 + }, + { + "x": 0.4851596374064684, + "y": 0.9455101490020752 + }, + { + "x": 0.4851596374064684, + "y": 0.954321532510221 + }, + { + "x": 0.4666992425918579, + "y": 0.954321532510221 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 272, + "content": { + "text": "40\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000072.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.21184834837913513, + "y": 0.8090833425521851 + }, + { + "x": 0.796335905790329, + "y": 0.8090833425521851 + }, + { + "x": 0.796335905790329, + "y": 0.8387909196317196 + }, + { + "x": 0.21184834837913513, + "y": 0.8387909196317196 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 275, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
Figure 4Komnas HAM's YouTube channel as of 1 December 2021
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In the 2019-2020 period, content that specifically\ndiscusses the SDGs explicitly cannot be found on the Komnas HAM's YouTube.\nNevertheless, on 15 December 2021, the Tanggap Rasa Podcast with the title of\n\"Podcast #EP32: SDGs dan Anak Muda\" (Translation: \"Podcast #EP32: SDGs and\nYouth\") has been broadcast and can increase the awareness and understanding of\nthe citizen on the SDGs, especially towards young generations.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.13082605600357056, + "y": 0.547085165977478 + }, + { + "x": 0.878253698348999, + "y": 0.547085165977478 + }, + { + "x": 0.878253698348999, + "y": 0.753590315580368 + }, + { + "x": 0.13082605600357056, + "y": 0.753590315580368 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 281, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.22222572565078735, + "y": 0.8186702728271484 + }, + { + "x": 0.28680142015218735, + "y": 0.8186702728271484 + }, + { + "x": 0.28680142015218735, + "y": 0.8306497298181057 + }, + { + "x": 0.22222572565078735, + "y": 0.8306497298181057 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 282, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 4\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.34293535351753235, + "y": 0.8125379085540771 + }, + { + "x": 0.7542074620723724, + "y": 0.8125379085540771 + }, + { + "x": 0.7542074620723724, + "y": 0.8365274760872126 + }, + { + "x": 0.34293535351753235, + "y": 0.8365274760872126 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 283, + "content": { + "text": "Komnas HAM's YouTube channel as of 1 December\n2021\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4901881217956543, + "y": 0.9322142601013184 + }, + { + "x": 0.5066115856170654, + "y": 0.9322142601013184 + }, + { + "x": 0.5066115856170654, + "y": 0.941533581353724 + }, + { + "x": 0.4901881217956543, + "y": 0.941533581353724 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 284, + "content": { + "text": "21\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000048.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10291264951229095, + "y": 0.05745083466172218 + }, + { + "x": 0.11534696631133556, + "y": 0.05745083466172218 + }, + { + "x": 0.11534696631133556, + "y": 0.06868347711861134 + }, + { + "x": 0.10291264951229095, + "y": 0.06868347711861134 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 413, + "content": { + "text": "8\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15709364414215088, + "y": 0.0572403259575367 + }, + { + "x": 0.40776151418685913, + "y": 0.0572403259575367 + }, + { + "x": 0.40776151418685913, + "y": 0.07184526231139898 + }, + { + "x": 0.15709364414215088, + "y": 0.07184526231139898 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 414, + "content": { + "text": "Encinas Franco and Laguna\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10458895564079285, + "y": 0.11146345734596252 + }, + { + "x": 0.5797829926013947, + "y": 0.11146345734596252 + }, + { + "x": 0.5797829926013947, + "y": 0.13162158988416195 + }, + { + "x": 0.10458895564079285, + "y": 0.13162158988416195 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 415, + "content": { + "text": "Filipino Women in Electoral Politics\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10290583223104477, + "y": 0.15729427337646484 + }, + { + "x": 0.8553210124373436, + "y": 0.15729427337646484 + }, + { + "x": 0.8553210124373436, + "y": 0.6029425859451294 + }, + { + "x": 0.10290583223104477, + "y": 0.6029425859451294 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 416, + "content": { + "text": "The nature and extent of Filipino women's political participation\nis a product of the country's colonial history, martial law, and\ndemocratization post-1986. Historians argue that Spain's strong\nCatholic traditions ushered in patriarchal norms and practices that were\nnot present in the pre-Hispanic period. National hero, Jose Rizal, has\ndocumented this in his \"Letter to the Women of Malolos,\" praising the\nwomen for advocating their right to education. Historians also found\nproof of women's contribution to the Philippine revolution (Camagay\n1998). Decades later, the suffragist movement ushered in one of the first\nnational issues to have brought Filipino women together. It was a hard-\nfought battle; the movement had to contend with staunch opposition\nfrom antisuffragists in the Constitutional Convention that drafted the\n1935 Constitution. The reluctance was expected because only 21-year-\nold Filipino men had been allowed to vote during the time. They framed\ntheir opposition based on traditional notions of womanhood and their\nrole in the private sphere, foremost of which is motherhood. Another\nkey argument against female suffrage was the idea that politics is\nsupposed to be \"dirty\" and that this would taint families if women took\npart in politics. The assumptions catered to the age-old public-private\ndivide, strongly suggesting that only men are qualified to occupy the\nformer.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10270550847053528, + "y": 0.6247014403343201 + }, + { + "x": 0.85567507147789, + "y": 0.6247014403343201 + }, + { + "x": 0.85567507147789, + "y": 0.9004480838775635 + }, + { + "x": 0.10270550847053528, + "y": 0.9004480838775635 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 417, + "content": { + "text": "Eventually, the 1935 Constitution granted women suffrage on the\ncondition that more than 300,000 women would vote affirmatively in a\nplebiscite. When signing the law paving the way for the said plebiscite,\nPresident Manuel Quezon had this to say to Filipino men: \"Are you\ngoing to deprive our women of the opportunity to say how their lives\nare going to be regulated and is it fair for us to presume that men can\nalways speak in this country for women?\" (Official Gazette 1936). In\nApril 1937, more than 400,000 women voted in favor of their right to\nvote and participate in political life. In 1946 and 1947, Filipinos elected\nthe first woman member of the House of Representatives, and senator,\nrespectively. Nonetheless, data from 1946 to 1992 indicate an uphill\nclimb. For instance, in the 1949 and 1953 elections for the House of\nRepresentatives, only one woman was elected out of the 100 positions.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000184.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0943085178732872, + "y": 0.5012610554695129 + }, + { + "x": 0.9124531373381615, + "y": 0.5012610554695129 + }, + { + "x": 0.9124531373381615, + "y": 0.7570714056491852 + }, + { + "x": 0.0943085178732872, + "y": 0.7570714056491852 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 217, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
1 1.8X Higher Return of InformationOptimal Attempt Reduced Information Acquisition Time2 SOTA Cutting-Edge Technology
Unlike existing search systems that only return information limited to the entered search keywords, SS Pack returns all relevant data that meet the user's search intentBy returning all semantic-based information of the search keywords, the time required for information acquisition is reduced drastically compared to that of traditional keyword-matching search systemsThe analysis of user logs saved in real-time allows us to further optimize the individual search services over time
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Pack\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.053722359240055084, + "y": 0.9508911371231079 + }, + { + "x": 0.060969507321715355, + "y": 0.9508911371231079 + }, + { + "x": 0.060969507321715355, + "y": 0.9633974926546216 + }, + { + "x": 0.053722359240055084, + "y": 0.9633974926546216 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 241, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.05413702875375748, + "y": 0.950125515460968 + }, + { + "x": 0.3362426236271858, + "y": 0.950125515460968 + }, + { + "x": 0.3362426236271858, + "y": 0.9680692758411169 + }, + { + "x": 0.05413702875375748, + "y": 0.9680692758411169 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 242, + "content": { + "text": "2 State-of-the-art, current highest level of results and performance\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.9661215543746948, + "y": 0.9487141966819763 + }, + { + "x": 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This spreadsheet is linked to the\nstudents' randomly assigned course ID (CID) numbers. The other spreadsheet, which is linked to their\nuniversity student ID numbers and their names, compiles their performances on quizzes, homework,\nand exams assigned throughout the semester.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09206819534301758, + "y": 0.15033221244812012 + }, + { + "x": 0.9080179929733276, + "y": 0.15033221244812012 + }, + { + "x": 0.9080179929733276, + "y": 0.3021543174982071 + }, + { + "x": 0.09206819534301758, + "y": 0.3021543174982071 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 582, + "content": { + "text": "At the risk of sounding draconian, this is a course where it may make sense to base upwards of\n50% of a student's grade upon their in-person attendance, which would entail carefully taking role at\nthe beginning of each class. If the class meets 30 times face-to-face during the semester, for example,\ntheir grade attributable to attendance would then drop by 3.33 percentage points for each missed\nclass (excused absences withstanding). Granted, students who foresee having difficulty attending class\nin-person throughout the semester would likely choose to drop the course immediately. For those\nstudents who remain, the remaining 50% of their course grade would then be based upon their\nquizzes, homework, and exam scores.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09204628318548203, + "y": 0.30606117844581604 + }, + { + "x": 0.9080630764365196, + "y": 0.30606117844581604 + }, + { + "x": 0.9080630764365196, + "y": 0.5351392924785614 + }, + { + "x": 0.09204628318548203, + "y": 0.5351392924785614 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 583, + "content": { + "text": "The issue of how best to convey written information to the student a priori (i.e., before conducting\na\ngiven experiment or game) also looms large in a participatory-learning setting such as this, especially\nif the instructor desires to obtain unbiased responses from the students (or more practically, to\ncontrol for potential biases). For example, the first set of thought experiments presented in Section 1\nis meant to demonstrate firsthand to the students the extent to which automatic, knee-jerk responses\nfrom what Kahneman (2011) identifies as the System 1 portion of the brain can result in\nmiscalculations. Students who choose to read ahead (small in number though these types of students\nmay be) potentially skew the distribution of responses away from its otherwise true representation\nof these miscalculations. Such skewness may be tolerable for strictly educational purposes, where the\ngoal is to demonstrate that at least a certain percentage of students are prone to miscalculation. But if\nthe instructor also hopes to compile student responses into a dataset amenable for statistical analysis,\nthen this type of potential bias draws into question the validity of the data.\n2\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09233959019184113, + "y": 0.5392964482307434 + }, + { + "x": 0.9079555422067642, + "y": 0.5392964482307434 + }, + { + "x": 0.9079555422067642, + "y": 0.6289965361356735 + }, + { + "x": 0.09233959019184113, + "y": 0.6289965361356735 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 584, + "content": { + "text": "To help control for potential biases associated with students having read ahead about the game or\nexperiment they are now participating in, I recommend including the following question on each\nResponse Card: \"Did you read about this topic ahead of time?\" (see Appendix A). Answers to this\nquestion provide a control for the level of student foreknowledge, which is the potential bias of\nconcern.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09216349571943283, + "y": 0.6363333463668823 + }, + { + "x": 0.906630389392376, + "y": 0.6363333463668823 + }, + { + "x": 0.906630389392376, + "y": 0.7683303654193878 + }, + { + "x": 0.09216349571943283, + "y": 0.7683303654193878 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 585, + "content": { + "text": "I am personally unaware of any studies that have looked at how well students learn the lessons\nof behavioral economics in a cumulative sense over a span of time (e.g., an entire semester) and\nacross a variety of experiments and games. In other words, I know of no studies that estimate the\nextent to which individuals who begin a course in behavioral economics as bona fide Homo sapiens\nevolve toward \"Homo economism\" in their individual and social choices. The pedagogy promoted in\nthis textbook-in particular, the data it generates-offers instructors the opportunity to empirically\ntest the hypothesis that students make this evolution.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.07700911909341812, + "y": 0.9311597347259521 + }, + { + "x": 0.9054323211312294, + "y": 0.9311597347259521 + }, + { + "x": 0.9054323211312294, + "y": 0.9439710360020399 + }, + { + "x": 0.07700911909341812, + "y": 0.9439710360020399 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 586, + "content": { + "text": "2. Note that this potential biasedness problem also extends to the laboratory experiments of Section 2 and games of Section 3.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6375802755355835, + "y": 0.951104998588562 + }, + { + "x": 0.9065471887588501, + "y": 0.951104998588562 + }, + { + "x": 0.9065471887588501, + "y": 0.9586387583985925 + }, + { + "x": 0.6375802755355835, + "y": 0.9586387583985925 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 587, + "content": { + "text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM XXV\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000013.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11483638733625412, + "y": 0.04969889298081398 + }, + { + "x": 0.1255482556298375, + "y": 0.04969889298081398 + }, + { + "x": 0.1255482556298375, + "y": 0.058144026435911655 + }, + { + "x": 0.11483638733625412, + "y": 0.058144026435911655 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 422, + "content": { + "text": "o\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7155578136444092, + "y": 0.04984360560774803 + }, + { + "x": 0.8968027234077454, + "y": 0.04984360560774803 + }, + { + "x": 0.8968027234077454, + "y": 0.05852785427123308 + }, + { + "x": 0.7155578136444092, + "y": 0.05852785427123308 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 423, + "content": { + "text": "AL-OGAYYEL AND OSKAY\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1118895635008812, + "y": 0.0737309679389 + }, + { + "x": 0.48739781230688095, + "y": 0.0737309679389 + }, + { + "x": 0.48739781230688095, + "y": 0.6473607644438744 + }, + { + "x": 0.1118895635008812, + "y": 0.6473607644438744 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 424, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11178414523601532, + "y": 0.6566758155822754 + }, + { + "x": 0.466001495718956, + "y": 0.6566758155822754 + }, + { + "x": 0.466001495718956, + "y": 0.6686947615817189 + }, + { + "x": 0.11178414523601532, + "y": 0.6686947615817189 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 425, + "content": { + "text": "IGURE\n8.7A-C A gazelle horn used in al-Sadu weaving.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14393244683742523, + "y": 0.7043753862380981 + }, + { + "x": 0.4640863388776779, + "y": 0.7043753862380981 + }, + { + "x": 0.4640863388776779, + "y": 0.7186481636017561 + }, + { + "x": 0.14393244683742523, + "y": 0.7186481636017561 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 426, + "content": { + "text": "Al-Sadu Symbols and Social Significance\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11063725501298904, + "y": 0.7403568029403687 + }, + { + "x": 0.4880388453602791, + "y": 0.7403568029403687 + }, + { + "x": 0.4880388453602791, + "y": 0.9011487662792206 + }, + { + "x": 0.11063725501298904, + "y": 0.9011487662792206 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 427, + "content": { + "text": "erhaps the main reason for the uniqueness of\nl-Sadu weaving is that it was never mass-pro-\nluced for export in the same way other carpets\nwere. Although it was traded among tribes, due\no the length of time it takes to produce a tent,\nnd due to its particular function in the harsh\nlimate of the desert, it was not replicable in\nther geographies. Al-Sadu weaving could not\ne commercialized in the same way that other\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5112396478652954, + "y": 0.07688446342945099 + }, + { + "x": 0.8961632251739502, + "y": 0.07688446342945099 + }, + { + "x": 0.8961632251739502, + "y": 0.2385886013507843 + }, + { + "x": 0.5112396478652954, + "y": 0.2385886013507843 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 428, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5126904249191284, + "y": 0.24745388329029083 + }, + { + "x": 0.8510917127132416, + "y": 0.24745388329029083 + }, + { + "x": 0.8510917127132416, + "y": 0.275539293885231 + }, + { + "x": 0.5126904249191284, + "y": 0.275539293885231 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 429, + "content": { + "text": "FIGURE 8.8 Symbol of stars in contemporary al-Sadu\nweaving by Leila Yaser.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.511665403842926, + "y": 0.3018326163291931 + }, + { + "x": 0.8965682983398438, + "y": 0.3018326163291931 + }, + { + "x": 0.8965682983398438, + "y": 0.481335312128067 + }, + { + "x": 0.511665403842926, + "y": 0.481335312128067 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 430, + "content": { + "text": "objects-such as kilims, clothes, bags, blankets,\nand tablecloths-were in other parts of the\nworld. Therefore, although the weaving practice\nand the symbols used may have changed, they\ndid not change as much as in other textiles, SO\nexamining the symbols embedded in these weav-\nings may yield a wealth of information about the\nlife of local populations. In the absence of writ-\nten records, al-Sadu weavings become, thus, re-\ncords of memories embodied in a thing.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5119345784187317, + "y": 0.48500752449035645 + }, + { + "x": 0.8965320587158203, + "y": 0.48500752449035645 + }, + { + "x": 0.8965320587158203, + "y": 0.6641874611377716 + }, + { + "x": 0.5119345784187317, + "y": 0.6641874611377716 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 431, + "content": { + "text": "The natural environment of the nomadic tribe\ncan be seen in al-Sadu designs, which contain\nsymbols that reflect astronomical elements and\nthe desert environment. 24 Quite frequently, al-\nSadu symbols indicate constellations and stars\n(fig. 8.8). 25 In the vast sky of the pre-electric desert,\nthe stars, the moon, and the sun had a great signifi-\ncance, being the main sources of orientation. It is\nimportant to note that, currently, the weavers in\nKuwait explain these symbols simply as \"stars,\"\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5122129917144775, + "y": 0.6937728524208069 + }, + { + "x": 0.896626353263855, + "y": 0.6937728524208069 + }, + { + "x": 0.896626353263855, + "y": 0.8525489717721939 + }, + { + "x": 0.5122129917144775, + "y": 0.8525489717721939 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 432, + "content": { + "text": "24\nFor more details on the symbols that appear in al-Sadu\nweavings, see also Altaf Salem Al-Ali Al-Sabah, Ibjad:\nOrnate Tent Dividers and Weavings of the Kuwait Desert\n(Kuwait: Al Sadu Society, 2006); Khawla Mohamed Ab-\ndel and Aziez Al Manai, Al Sadu (Doha: National Mu-\nseum of Qatar, 2013); and Ali S. Alnajadah, \"The Picto-\ngraphic Codes in Al-Sadu Weavings of Kuwait,'\nInternational Design Journal 8, no. 3 (2018): 63-74. In\nthis latter study, Alnajadah tracks changes in the mean-\nings of some al-Sadu symbols.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5128353238105774, + "y": 0.8568351864814758 + }, + { + "x": 0.8959129452705383, + "y": 0.8568351864814758 + }, + { + "x": 0.8959129452705383, + "y": 0.9012698419392109 + }, + { + "x": 0.5128353238105774, + "y": 0.9012698419392109 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 433, + "content": { + "text": "25\nKhawlah M. Manna, Al-Sadu in Qatar: Traditional Tech-\nnical Values and Techniques (Doha: Qatar Museums\nAuthority, Qatar National Museum, 2013), 99-100.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000057.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2756325900554657, + "y": 0.10400613397359848 + }, + { + "x": 0.6764777302742004, + "y": 0.10400613397359848 + }, + { + "x": 0.6764777302742004, + "y": 0.11603602953255177 + }, + { + "x": 0.2756325900554657, + "y": 0.11603602953255177 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 333, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 4.2. Operating Capacity under the FIT Scheme\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15249650180339813, + "y": 0.12488223612308502 + }, + { + "x": 0.8046780079603195, + "y": 0.12488223612308502 + }, + { + "x": 0.8046780079603195, + "y": 0.30909252166748047 + }, + { + "x": 0.15249650180339813, + "y": 0.30909252166748047 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 334, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.142574742436409, + "y": 0.32033807039260864 + }, + { + "x": 0.27681849896907806, + "y": 0.32033807039260864 + }, + { + "x": 0.27681849896907806, + "y": 0.34488071873784065 + }, + { + "x": 0.142574742436409, + "y": 0.34488071873784065 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 335, + "content": { + "text": "FIT = feed-in-tariff.\nSource: METI (2021a).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14227408170700073, + "y": 0.3781127333641052 + }, + { + "x": 0.809145450592041, + "y": 0.3781127333641052 + }, + { + "x": 0.809145450592041, + "y": 0.481932133436203 + }, + { + "x": 0.14227408170700073, + "y": 0.481932133436203 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 336, + "content": { + "text": "The newly approved capacity has stagnated lately because some strict measures reduced\nthe accumulated idle capacity in the revised FIT Act of 2017. For instance, developers are\nrequired to have entered into the grid connection agreement with a utility company for\nan FIT approval and to submit a business plan for assessment of feasibility and\nsustainability. As a result, the approved biomass power capacity is about 160MW on\naverage in FY2018 and FY2019.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14220111072063446, + "y": 0.49528223276138306 + }, + { + "x": 0.8100233525037766, + "y": 0.49528223276138306 + }, + { + "x": 0.8100233525037766, + "y": 0.6884259283542633 + }, + { + "x": 0.14220111072063446, + "y": 0.6884259283542633 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 337, + "content": { + "text": "A recent change in the FIT scheme is that new projects of biomass co-firing with coal in\nthe category of unutilised wood, general wood, and construction wood waste are no\nlonger eligible for the FIT scheme from FY2019.4 4 The data collected after implementation\nof the FIT scheme revealed that the generation costs of these biomass co-firing with coal\nare lower than the estimated costs of conventional biomass power plants in terms of\ncapital expenditures, operation and maintenance, and fuels. Hence, biomass co-firing\nwith coal does not have a rationale to receive support through the FIT scheme since it\ncould make profits without it. For reference, Figure 4.3 illustrates a biomass co-firing ratio\nof the major power utilities' coal-fired power plants. Nearly half of the coal-fired power\nplants co-combusted biomass in FY2019 and most of them are less than 1% ratio of\nbiomass.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14222806692123413, + "y": 0.8862397074699402 + }, + { + "x": 0.7806748151779175, + "y": 0.8862397074699402 + }, + { + "x": 0.7806748151779175, + "y": 0.8981806868687272 + }, + { + "x": 0.14222806692123413, + "y": 0.8981806868687272 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 338, + "content": { + "text": "4\nBiomass of waste materials co-firing with coal is not eligible for the FIT scheme from FY2021.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4673059284687042, + "y": 0.9455455541610718 + }, + { + "x": 0.4842603038996458, + "y": 0.9455455541610718 + }, + { + "x": 0.4842603038996458, + "y": 0.9542567040771246 + }, + { + "x": 0.4673059284687042, + "y": 0.9542567040771246 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 339, + "content": { + "text": "31\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000173.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3311939537525177, + "y": 0.09789614379405975 + }, + { + "x": 0.6677041351795197, + "y": 0.09789614379405975 + }, + { + "x": 0.6677041351795197, + "y": 0.12030409649014473 + }, + { + "x": 0.3311939537525177, + "y": 0.12030409649014473 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 175, + "content": { + "text": "Humanity's Home Base.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1425444334745407, + "y": 0.15450812876224518 + }, + { + "x": 0.85933618247509, + "y": 0.15450812876224518 + }, + { + "x": 0.85933618247509, + "y": 0.38647985458374023 + }, + { + "x": 0.1425444334745407, + "y": 0.38647985458374023 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 176, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15370842814445496, + "y": 0.3967196047306061 + }, + { + "x": 0.8456659018993378, + "y": 0.3967196047306061 + }, + { + "x": 0.8456659018993378, + "y": 0.5040398687124252 + }, + { + "x": 0.15370842814445496, + "y": 0.5040398687124252 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 177, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 1. This image shows the Western hemisphere as viewed\nfrom space 35,400 kilometers (about 22,000 miles) above Earth.\nData about the land surface from one satellite was combined with\nanother satellite's data about the clouds to create the image.\n(credit: modification of work by R. Stockli, A. Nelson, F. Hasler,\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3400377035140991, + "y": 0.5108691453933716 + }, + { + "x": 0.6555630564689636, + "y": 0.5108691453933716 + }, + { + "x": 0.6555630564689636, + "y": 0.5267028957605362 + }, + { + "x": 0.3400377035140991, + "y": 0.5267028957605362 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 178, + "content": { + "text": "NASA/GSFC/NOAA/USGS)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14223192632198334, + "y": 0.5337808132171631 + }, + { + "x": 0.8568661063909531, + "y": 0.5337808132171631 + }, + { + "x": 0.8568661063909531, + "y": 0.7084801495075226 + }, + { + "x": 0.14223192632198334, + "y": 0.7084801495075226 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 179, + "content": { + "text": "Our nearest astronomical neighbor is Earth's satellite, commonly\ncalled the Moon. Figure 2 shows Earth and the Moon drawn to scale\non the same diagram. Notice how small we have to make these\nbodies to fit them on the page with the right scale. The Moon's\ndistance from Earth is about 30 times Earth's diameter, or\napproximately 384,000 kilometers, and it takes about a month for\nthe Moon to revolve around Earth. The Moon's diameter is 3476\nkilometers, about one fourth the size of Earth.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.26554399728775024, + "y": 0.7664700746536255 + }, + { + "x": 0.7340132296085358, + "y": 0.7664700746536255 + }, + { + "x": 0.7340132296085358, + "y": 0.7883846387267113 + }, + { + "x": 0.26554399728775024, + "y": 0.7883846387267113 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 180, + "content": { + "text": "Earth and Moon, Drawn to Scale.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14242789149284363, + "y": 0.9242790341377258 + }, + { + "x": 0.16203459165990353, + "y": 0.9242790341377258 + }, + { + "x": 0.16203459165990353, + "y": 0.9347678264603019 + }, + { + "x": 0.14242789149284363, + "y": 0.9347678264603019 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 181, + "content": { + "text": "10\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.188639298081398, + "y": 0.9236792325973511 + }, + { + "x": 0.6037068217992783, + "y": 0.9236792325973511 + }, + { + "x": 0.6037068217992783, + "y": 0.9379374422132969 + }, + { + "x": 0.188639298081398, + "y": 0.9379374422132969 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 182, + "content": { + "text": "Chapter 1 Section 1.6: A Tour of the Universe\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000122.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.13683098554611206, + "y": 0.12073720246553421 + }, + { + "x": 0.8441974520683289, + "y": 0.12073720246553421 + }, + { + "x": 0.8441974520683289, + "y": 0.23904671519994736 + }, + { + "x": 0.13683098554611206, + "y": 0.23904671519994736 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 366, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
TubeBamHI-HindIII restriction enzyme mixtureRestriction Buffer-RNaseSuspect 1 DNASuspect 2 DNAEvidence A or BH2O
S13 uL3 uL10 uL2 uL
S23 uL3 uL10 uL2 uL
EA or EB3 uL3 uL10 uL2 uL
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Mix reagents by pipetting gently up and down.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11756027489900589, + "y": 0.3001974821090698 + }, + { + "x": 0.495540089905262, + "y": 0.3001974821090698 + }, + { + "x": 0.495540089905262, + "y": 0.31039951276034117 + }, + { + "x": 0.11756027489900589, + "y": 0.31039951276034117 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 402, + "content": { + "text": "4. Incubate all of the reaction tubes for 1 hour at 37 °C.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1173577606678009, + "y": 0.3323407471179962 + }, + { + "x": 0.8298198878765106, + "y": 0.3323407471179962 + }, + { + "x": 0.8298198878765106, + "y": 0.34535988047719 + }, + { + "x": 0.1173577606678009, + "y": 0.34535988047719 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 403, + "content": { + "text": "NOTE: Your instructor will freeze your completed restriction digests at -20 °C until the next lab period.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11744703352451324, + "y": 0.3659067749977112 + }, + { + "x": 0.35446280241012573, + "y": 0.3659067749977112 + }, + { + "x": 0.35446280241012573, + "y": 0.3806368922814727 + }, + { + "x": 0.11744703352451324, + "y": 0.3806368922814727 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 404, + "content": { + "text": "III. Electrophorese Digests\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11773451417684555, + "y": 0.4007108807563782 + }, + { + "x": 0.1776874028146267, + "y": 0.4007108807563782 + }, + { + "x": 0.1776874028146267, + "y": 0.41153011191636324 + }, + { + "x": 0.11773451417684555, + "y": 0.41153011191636324 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 405, + "content": { + "text": "Reagents:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14720523357391357, + "y": 0.4318215847015381 + }, + { + "x": 0.41278329491615295, + "y": 0.4318215847015381 + }, + { + "x": 0.41278329491615295, + "y": 0.44298283103853464 + }, + { + "x": 0.14720523357391357, + "y": 0.44298283103853464 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 407, + "content": { + "text": "Restriction digests from Part II, on ice\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.147213414311409, + "y": 0.44577381014823914 + }, + { + "x": 0.3176106661558151, + "y": 0.44577381014823914 + }, + { + "x": 0.3176106661558151, + "y": 0.45699264481663704 + }, + { + "x": 0.147213414311409, + "y": 0.45699264481663704 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 408, + "content": { + "text": "10x loading dye, 10 uL\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11729677021503448, + "y": 0.4767304062843323 + }, + { + "x": 0.27054935693740845, + "y": 0.4767304062843323 + }, + { + "x": 0.27054935693740845, + "y": 0.48802229948341846 + }, + { + "x": 0.11729677021503448, + "y": 0.48802229948341846 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 409, + "content": { + "text": "Supplies and Equipment\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14703434705734253, + "y": 0.5083366632461548 + }, + { + "x": 0.6201671063899994, + "y": 0.5083366632461548 + }, + { + "x": 0.6201671063899994, + "y": 0.5197349479421973 + }, + { + "x": 0.14703434705734253, + "y": 0.5197349479421973 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 411, + "content": { + "text": "Gel electrophoresis chamber with agarose gel in gel tray, power supply\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14725850522518158, + "y": 0.5225399136543274 + }, + { + "x": 0.39844007790088654, + "y": 0.5225399136543274 + }, + { + "x": 0.39844007790088654, + "y": 0.5337047437205911 + }, + { + "x": 0.14725850522518158, + "y": 0.5337047437205911 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 412, + "content": { + "text": "1-20 uL Micropipette and pipet tips\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11744903773069382, + "y": 0.5538215041160583 + }, + { + "x": 0.21886204183101654, + "y": 0.5538215041160583 + }, + { + "x": 0.21886204183101654, + "y": 0.5647266386076808 + }, + { + "x": 0.11744903773069382, + "y": 0.5647266386076808 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 413, + "content": { + "text": "Load the Gel\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11783475428819656, + "y": 0.5874385237693787 + }, + { + "x": 0.875321514904499, + "y": 0.5874385237693787 + }, + { + "x": 0.875321514904499, + "y": 0.629467211663723 + }, + { + "x": 0.11783475428819656, + "y": 0.629467211663723 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 415, + "content": { + "text": "1. Use a micropipette to add 2 uL of 10x loading dye to a reaction tube. Use the pipet tip and gently pipet up\nand down a couple of times to mix the 10x loading dye with the digested DNA. Use a new pipet tip and repeat\nfor each digest.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11722330003976822, + "y": 0.6496493816375732 + }, + { + "x": 0.8568008914589882, + "y": 0.6496493816375732 + }, + { + "x": 0.8568008914589882, + "y": 0.6771459560841322 + }, + { + "x": 0.11722330003976822, + "y": 0.6771459560841322 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 416, + "content": { + "text": "2. Use a micropipette to load the contents of each reaction tube (20 uL total) into a separate well in the gel.\nUse a fresh pipet tip for each reaction tube and write down the order in which the samples are loaded.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11785814166069031, + "y": 0.7293946146965027 + }, + { + "x": 0.7308114469051361, + "y": 0.7293946146965027 + }, + { + "x": 0.7308114469051361, + "y": 0.7420349847525358 + }, + { + "x": 0.11785814166069031, + "y": 0.7420349847525358 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 417, + "content": { + "text": "NOTE: Be careful not to punch the tip of the pipet through the bottom or side of the well.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11726823449134827, + "y": 0.7941931486129761 + }, + { + "x": 0.2166806235909462, + "y": 0.7941931486129761 + }, + { + "x": 0.2166806235909462, + "y": 0.80665825586766 + }, + { + "x": 0.11726823449134827, + "y": 0.80665825586766 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 418, + "content": { + "text": "While loading,\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.20625761151313782, + "y": 0.8275315165519714 + }, + { + "x": 0.8791580498218536, + "y": 0.8275315165519714 + }, + { + "x": 0.8791580498218536, + "y": 0.8553209714591503 + }, + { + "x": 0.20625761151313782, + "y": 0.8553209714591503 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 420, + "content": { + "text": "steady the pipet over the well using two hands. You may wish to place one or both elbows on\nthe lab bench to steady your hands.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2062758356332779, + "y": 0.8578058481216431 + }, + { + "x": 0.87299545109272, + "y": 0.8578058481216431 + }, + { + "x": 0.87299545109272, + "y": 0.8850501105189323 + }, + { + "x": 0.2062758356332779, + "y": 0.8850501105189323 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 421, + "content": { + "text": "be careful to expel any air in the pipet tip end before loading the gel. If an air bubble forms a\ncap over the well, the sample will flow into the buffer around the edges of the well.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4858689606189728, + "y": 0.9251991510391235 + }, + { + "x": 0.5141609311103821, + "y": 0.9251991510391235 + }, + { + "x": 0.5141609311103821, + "y": 0.9359081545844674 + }, + { + "x": 0.4858689606189728, + "y": 0.9359081545844674 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 422, + "content": { + "text": "133\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000023.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6804289817810059, + "y": 0.0867920070886612 + }, + { + "x": 0.8422032743692398, + "y": 0.0867920070886612 + }, + { + "x": 0.8422032743692398, + "y": 0.09654932841658592 + }, + { + "x": 0.6804289817810059, + "y": 0.09654932841658592 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 463, + "content": { + "text": "2. The Lost Homeland\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12983350455760956, + "y": 0.11921486258506775 + }, + { + "x": 0.8427713364362717, + "y": 0.11921486258506775 + }, + { + "x": 0.8427713364362717, + "y": 0.2953450232744217 + }, + { + "x": 0.12983350455760956, + "y": 0.2953450232744217 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 464, + "content": { + "text": "This description told me that Steinkirche was somewhere in the vicinity\nof Strehlen. Then, according to Elfriede's stories about walking her\nanimals, ducks, geese and a goat to the railway station to meet visitors,\na station once existed near the village. I wondered whether it had survived\nthe bombing. I have seen films of the utter devastation along the Oder\nRiver in early May 1945, just before the War in Europe ended. Did the\nrailway still pass Steinkirche? My mother's father had been a railway line\npointsman, a signal attendant. From a station close to home he would\nhave undertaken the long journeys his work demanded.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1302267611026764, + "y": 0.31083741784095764 + }, + { + "x": 0.8424482047557831, + "y": 0.31083741784095764 + }, + { + "x": 0.8424482047557831, + "y": 0.4272843152284622 + }, + { + "x": 0.1302267611026764, + "y": 0.4272843152284622 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 465, + "content": { + "text": "I went back to the old German maps in the National Library and located\nSteinkirche on one of several contiguous contour maps perhaps designed\nfor military purposes. They covered Lower Silesia in 1938 in-remarkable\ndetail, although such detail also helped obscure the printed names\nof villages, which were lost in the depictions of miniature hills, rivers,\nquarries, castles, lakes and even houses.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1298239380121231, + "y": 0.4430355727672577 + }, + { + "x": 0.8451004177331924, + "y": 0.4430355727672577 + }, + { + "x": 0.8451004177331924, + "y": 0.5993350893259048 + }, + { + "x": 0.1298239380121231, + "y": 0.5993350893259048 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 466, + "content": { + "text": "Eventually I did locate the village through this superb map. Steinkirche\nwas off the main road near the second railway station south of Strehlen,\nprobably on a hill, something my mother had never mentioned. If one\npassed it, one could also locate it as station number two of the seven\nbetween Strehlen and Milnsterberg, on the railway running south of\nBreslau towards the Carpathian Mountains. Then I noted the Polish\nnames for the two townships south of Wroclaw (Breslau). In the German-\nto-Polish Gazeteer they are given as Strzelin and Ziebice.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12993423640727997, + "y": 0.6155964732170105 + }, + { + "x": 0.8427342027425766, + "y": 0.6155964732170105 + }, + { + "x": 0.8427342027425766, + "y": 0.7318176999688148 + }, + { + "x": 0.12993423640727997, + "y": 0.7318176999688148 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 467, + "content": { + "text": "My intention was to take a train or a car to the new Polish ex-Steinkirche,\nvisit it discreetly, and search the old cemetery for family connections.\nI wanted to photograph my two-year-old granddaughter beside my own\ngrandfather Friedrich's grave. I wanted to look for other evidence of family\nhistory, and just savour the atmosphere of the place. I also wanted to see\nwhat had happened to Neumarkt Platz.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.13000039756298065, + "y": 0.7472231984138489 + }, + { + "x": 0.8428587764501572, + "y": 0.7472231984138489 + }, + { + "x": 0.8428587764501572, + "y": 0.844056099653244 + }, + { + "x": 0.13000039756298065, + "y": 0.844056099653244 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 468, + "content": { + "text": "It was difficult to achieve anything in a hurry. In London, my daughter,\ngranddaughter and I visited the office of the Polish Consulate. Tourist\nbrochures were generously given to us, but none of the authoritative road\nmaps of Poland showed the villages between Strzelin and Ziebice. Did our\nvillage still exist? And by what name?\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1293308436870575, + "y": 0.8597255349159241 + }, + { + "x": 0.8428551852703094, + "y": 0.8597255349159241 + }, + { + "x": 0.8428551852703094, + "y": 0.9165612645447254 + }, + { + "x": 0.1293308436870575, + "y": 0.9165612645447254 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 469, + "content": { + "text": "After flying to Berlin, we set out in a hire car for Wroclaw on 13 September\n2003. Beside the Hitler-era Autobahn, there are still extensive forests,\nbetween flat farmlands. It was raining when we entered Poland.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8984416127204895, + "y": 0.9318864941596985 + }, + { + "x": 0.9072674969211221, + "y": 0.9318864941596985 + }, + { + "x": 0.9072674969211221, + "y": 0.9408349366858602 + }, + { + "x": 0.8984416127204895, + "y": 0.9408349366858602 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 470, + "content": { + "text": "9\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000186.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.20409706234931946, + "y": 0.08796180039644241 + }, + { + "x": 0.797231525182724, + "y": 0.08796180039644241 + }, + { + "x": 0.797231525182724, + "y": 0.2341085448861122 + }, + { + "x": 0.20409706234931946, + "y": 0.2341085448861122 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 737, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
Step 1-1Step 1-2OutputOutputOutput
OutputOutputOutputLayers24 Layers 3 Layers
Merge Layers
32Copy 328 LayersContinued
LayersLayers24 LayersInput24 4 LayersPretraining
InputInputInputInputInput
Step 1. Depthwise Scaling Step 2. Continued Pretraining
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Depth up-scaling is achieved through a\ndual-stage process of depthwise scaling followed by continued pretraining.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11835247278213501, + "y": 0.30771109461784363 + }, + { + "x": 0.4846966862678528, + "y": 0.30771109461784363 + }, + { + "x": 0.4846966862678528, + "y": 0.33643085323274136 + }, + { + "x": 0.11835247278213501, + "y": 0.33643085323274136 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 794, + "content": { + "text": "for wider access and application of these models\nby researchers and developers globally.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11848196387290955, + "y": 0.35064759850502014 + }, + { + "x": 0.3011168986558914, + "y": 0.35064759850502014 + }, + { + "x": 0.3011168986558914, + "y": 0.3639353597536683 + }, + { + "x": 0.11848196387290955, + "y": 0.3639353597536683 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 795, + "content": { + "text": "2 Depth Up-Scaling\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1178872287273407, + "y": 0.3754076063632965 + }, + { + "x": 0.48765066266059875, + "y": 0.3754076063632965 + }, + { + "x": 0.48765066266059875, + "y": 0.5325201004743576 + }, + { + "x": 0.1178872287273407, + "y": 0.5325201004743576 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 796, + "content": { + "text": "To efficiently scale-up LLMs, we aim to utilize pre-\ntrained weights of base models to scale up to larger\nLLMs (Komatsuzaki et al., 2022). While exist-\ning methods such as Komatsuzaki et al. (2022) use\nMoE (Shazeer et al., 2017) to scale-up the model ar-\nchitecture, we opt for a different depthwise scaling\nstrategy inspired by Tan and Le (2019). We then\ncontinually pretrain the scaled model as just scaling\nthe model without further pretraining degrades the\nperformance.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11813770234584808, + "y": 0.5440011024475098 + }, + { + "x": 0.4877653867006302, + "y": 0.5440011024475098 + }, + { + "x": 0.4877653867006302, + "y": 0.7014251202344894 + }, + { + "x": 0.11813770234584808, + "y": 0.7014251202344894 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 797, + "content": { + "text": "Base model. Any n-layer transformer architec-\nture can be used but we select the 32-layer Llama\n2 architecture as our base model. We initialize the\nLlama 2 architecture with pretrained weights from\nMistral 7B, as it is one of the top performers com-\npatible with the Llama 2 architecture. By adopting\nthe Llama 2 architecture for our base model, we\naim to leverage the vast pool of community re-\nsources while introducing novel modifications to\nfurther enhance its capabilities.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11819421499967575, + "y": 0.7128930687904358 + }, + { + "x": 0.4848050996661186, + "y": 0.7128930687904358 + }, + { + "x": 0.4848050996661186, + "y": 0.771254375576973 + }, + { + "x": 0.11819421499967575, + "y": 0.771254375576973 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 798, + "content": { + "text": "Depthwise scaling. From the base model with n\nlayers, we set the target layer count S for the scaled\nmodel, which is largely dictated by the available\nhardware.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11777874827384949, + "y": 0.7774916291236877 + }, + { + "x": 0.48710501194000244, + "y": 0.7774916291236877 + }, + { + "x": 0.48710501194000244, + "y": 0.9187832921743393 + }, + { + "x": 0.11777874827384949, + "y": 0.9187832921743393 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 799, + "content": { + "text": "With the above, the depthwise scaling process\nis as follows. The base model with n layers is\nduplicated for subsequent modification. Then, we\nremove the final m layers from the original model\nand the initial m layers from its duplicate, thus\nforming two distinct models with n - m layers.\nThese two models are concatenated to form a scaled\nmodel with S = 2.(n-m) layers. Note that n = 32\nfrom our base model and we set S = 48 considering\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5135110020637512, + "y": 0.30781254172325134 + }, + { + "x": 0.8817608654499054, + "y": 0.30781254172325134 + }, + { + "x": 0.8817608654499054, + "y": 0.4005233123898506 + }, + { + "x": 0.5135110020637512, + "y": 0.4005233123898506 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 800, + "content": { + "text": "our hardware constraints and the efficiency of the\nscaled model, i.e., fitting between 7 and 13 billion\nparameters. Naturally, this leads to the removal of\nm = 8 layers. The depthwise scaling process with\nn = 32, S = 48, and m = 8 is depicted in 'Step 1:\nDepthwise Scaling' of Fig. 1.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5134608149528503, + "y": 0.40525487065315247 + }, + { + "x": 0.8812694549560547, + "y": 0.40525487065315247 + }, + { + "x": 0.8812694549560547, + "y": 0.4658917933702469 + }, + { + "x": 0.5134608149528503, + "y": 0.4658917933702469 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 801, + "content": { + "text": "We note that a method in the community that also\nscale the model in the same manner 2 as 'Step 1:\nDepthwise Scaling' of Fig. 1 has been concurrently\ndeveloped.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5133315324783325, + "y": 0.4807628393173218 + }, + { + "x": 0.8825181722640991, + "y": 0.4807628393173218 + }, + { + "x": 0.8825181722640991, + "y": 0.6703736037015915 + }, + { + "x": 0.5133315324783325, + "y": 0.6703736037015915 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 802, + "content": { + "text": "Continued pretraining. The performance of the\ndepthwise scaled model initially drops below that\nof the base LLM. Thus, we additionally apply\nthe continued pretraining step as shown in 'Step\n2: Continued Pretraining' of Fig. 1. Experimen-\ntally, we observe rapid performance recovery of\nthe scaled model during continued pretraining, a\nphenomenon also observed in Komatsuzaki et al.\n(2022). We consider that the particular way of\ndepthwise scaling has isolated the heterogeneity\nin the scaled model which allowed for this fast\nperformance recovery.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5135602951049805, + "y": 0.6748671531677246 + }, + { + "x": 0.8818125128746033, + "y": 0.6748671531677246 + }, + { + "x": 0.8818125128746033, + "y": 0.7824803069233894 + }, + { + "x": 0.5135602951049805, + "y": 0.7824803069233894 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 803, + "content": { + "text": "Delving deeper into the heterogeneity of the\nscaled model, a simpler alternative to depthwise\nscaling could be to just repeat its layers once more,\ni.e., from n to 2n layers. Then, the 'layer distance',\nor the difference in the layer indices in the base\nmodel, is only bigger than 1 where layers n and\nn + 1 are connected, i.e., at the seam.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5133111476898193, + "y": 0.7883995771408081 + }, + { + "x": 0.8824480473995209, + "y": 0.7883995771408081 + }, + { + "x": 0.8824480473995209, + "y": 0.8810365200042725 + }, + { + "x": 0.5133111476898193, + "y": 0.8810365200042725 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 804, + "content": { + "text": "However, this results in maximum layer distance\nat the seam, which may be too significant of a\ndiscrepancy for continued pretraining to quickly\nresolve. Instead, depthwise scaling sacrifices the\n2m middle layers, thereby reducing the discrep-\nancy at the seam and making it easier for continued\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5135708451271057, + "y": 0.8942437767982483 + }, + { + "x": 0.8051449656486511, + "y": 0.8942437767982483 + }, + { + "x": 0.8051449656486511, + "y": 0.9162202272564173 + }, + { + "x": 0.5135708451271057, + "y": 0.9162202272564173 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 805, + "content": { + "text": "Phttps://huggingface.co/Undi95\nMistral-11B-v0.1\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000087.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.22933854162693024, + "y": 0.0475340336561203 + }, + { + "x": 0.7691592127084732, + "y": 0.0475340336561203 + }, + { + "x": 0.7691592127084732, + "y": 0.06224985606968403 + }, + { + "x": 0.22933854162693024, + "y": 0.06224985606968403 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 337, + "content": { + "text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11708690971136093, + "y": 0.09274186939001083 + }, + { + "x": 0.881612204015255, + "y": 0.09274186939001083 + }, + { + "x": 0.881612204015255, + "y": 0.1429302804172039 + }, + { + "x": 0.11708690971136093, + "y": 0.1429302804172039 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 338, + "content": { + "text": "members should specify this in their schedule of specific commitments.4 Reservation of the ability\nto lease or own land to nationals is one such treatment; therefore, it should be listed in the\nschedule as a limitation on national treatment.5 This applies to services that the GATS covers.6\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11658918857574463, + "y": 0.16190063953399658 + }, + { + "x": 0.8817961812019348, + "y": 0.16190063953399658 + }, + { + "x": 0.8817961812019348, + "y": 0.2983905225992203 + }, + { + "x": 0.11658918857574463, + "y": 0.2983905225992203 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 339, + "content": { + "text": "Some jurisdictions do not list foreign land ownership on their schedules, but restrict it for national\nsecurity or similar interests.7 Such jurisdictions include Australia and Finland (national interest),\nChile and Greece (border area), Russia (national security), and Spain (zones of interest to\nnational defense and the military). Several other jurisdictions that also restrict ownership for\nnational security purposes have entered restrictions on their GATS schedules. Such jurisdictions\ninclude Argentina and Mexico (border area), Iran (sensitive areas), South Korea (military bases\nand installation protection zones), Taiwan (lands within fortified and military areas and adjacent\nto the national frontiers), and Turkey (designated military zones).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1168770119547844, + "y": 0.3173781633377075 + }, + { + "x": 0.8821300193667412, + "y": 0.3173781633377075 + }, + { + "x": 0.8821300193667412, + "y": 0.4153110086917877 + }, + { + "x": 0.1168770119547844, + "y": 0.4153110086917877 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 340, + "content": { + "text": "There are other various restrictions on foreigners' land ownership. Figure 1 below shows in\nsimplified format the surveyed jurisdictions that impose particular categories of restrictions. On\npage 4, a color-coded map sets forth which jurisdictions permit foreign acquisition, prohibit it, or\nimpose restrictions. A Comparative Summary Table beginning on page 5 presents the essential\nfindings of our study for each jurisdiction. Lastly, the textual surveys for each jurisdiction provide\nfurther detail.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11638844758272171, + "y": 0.7760317325592041 + }, + { + "x": 0.8638677671551704, + "y": 0.7760317325592041 + }, + { + "x": 0.8638677671551704, + "y": 0.9017151892185211 + }, + { + "x": 0.11638844758272171, + "y": 0.9017151892185211 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 341, + "content": { + "text": "4 Id. art. XX.\n5\nJulia Nielson & Daria Taglioni, A Quick Guide to the GATS and Mode 4, OECD, World Bank, IOM Seminar on\nTrade and Migration (Nov. 12-14,2003), at 11, https://perma.cc/B8XW-LNZ4.\n6 World Trade Organization, The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS): Objectives, Coverage and\nDisciplines, Question 3, https://perma.cc/4J7Y-WAG7. It states, \"[t]he GATS applies in principle to all service\nsectors, with two exceptions.\"\n7 See GATS art. XIV General Exceptions.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11690471321344376, + "y": 0.9405946731567383 + }, + { + "x": 0.3388589695096016, + "y": 0.9405946731567383 + }, + { + "x": 0.3388589695096016, + "y": 0.9548094049096107 + }, + { + "x": 0.11690471321344376, + "y": 0.9548094049096107 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 342, + "content": { + "text": "The Law Library of Congress\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8648298382759094, + "y": 0.9413571953773499 + }, + { + "x": 0.8737232098355889, + "y": 0.9413571953773499 + }, + { + "x": 0.8737232098355889, + "y": 0.9511318570002913 + }, + { + "x": 0.8648298382759094, + "y": 0.9511318570002913 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 343, + "content": { + "text": "2\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000062.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11336665600538254, + "y": 0.16290169954299927 + }, + { + "x": 0.8988145515322685, + "y": 0.16290169954299927 + }, + { + "x": 0.8988145515322685, + "y": 0.5434099733829498 + }, + { + "x": 0.11336665600538254, + "y": 0.5434099733829498 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 303, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
Shipping remains as the only scientifically
documented pathway for marine biological invasion in the Philippines with the introduction and invasion of the South American mussel Mytella strigata (Vallejo et al. 2017). This invasive was first recorded from the South Harbor of Manila in 2014 and has been known to have spread throughout Manila Bay, to Lingayen Gulf, Aparri, Cagayan and Batangas Port in the Philippines. It has since then reported in Singapore, Taiwan,
Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, the Gulf ofFigure 2. Foulers from the South Harbor of Manila Bay. Photo by SAILS-PORTEC Manila Bay
", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14690959453582764, + "y": 0.12170439213514328 + }, + { + "x": 0.46399813890457153, + "y": 0.12170439213514328 + }, + { + "x": 0.46399813890457153, + "y": 0.13653213065117598 + }, + { + "x": 0.14690959453582764, + "y": 0.13653213065117598 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 312, + "content": { + "text": "1. Shipping as a vector for marine IAS\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11586376279592514, + "y": 0.1495446264743805 + }, + { + "x": 0.44669993966817856, + "y": 0.1495446264743805 + }, + { + "x": 0.44669993966817856, + "y": 0.552027553319931 + }, + { + "x": 0.11586376279592514, + "y": 0.552027553319931 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 313, + "content": { + "text": "List of Philippine Ports is in Appendix 3\nShipping remains as the only scientifically\ndocumented pathway for marine\nbiological invasion in the Philippines with\nthe introduction and invasion of the\nSouth American mussel Mytella strigata\n(Vallejo et al. 2017). This invasive was first\nrecorded from the South Harbor of\nManila in 2014 and has been known to\nhave spread throughout Manila Bay, to\nLingayen Gulf, Aparri, Cagayan and\nBatangas Port in the Philippines. It has\nsince then reported in Singapore, Taiwan,\nHong Kong, India, Malaysia, the Gulf of\nThailand, and Sri Lanka.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4577171206474304, + "y": 0.17370176315307617 + }, + { + "x": 0.8991135954856873, + "y": 0.17370176315307617 + }, + { + "x": 0.8991135954856873, + "y": 0.5116526484489441 + }, + { + "x": 0.4577171206474304, + "y": 0.5116526484489441 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 314, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.45610374212265015, + "y": 0.5129023194313049 + }, + { + "x": 0.8534623384475708, + "y": 0.5129023194313049 + }, + { + "x": 0.8534623384475708, + "y": 0.5445096679031849 + }, + { + "x": 0.45610374212265015, + "y": 0.5445096679031849 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 315, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 2. Foulers from the South Harbor of Manila Bay.\nPhoto by SAILS-PORTEC Manila Bay\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11725322902202606, + "y": 0.5922120213508606 + }, + { + "x": 0.8820537179708481, + "y": 0.5922120213508606 + }, + { + "x": 0.8820537179708481, + "y": 0.746106743812561 + }, + { + "x": 0.11725322902202606, + "y": 0.746106743812561 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 316, + "content": { + "text": "Mytella was likely spread through hull fouling and ballast water release. In the Philippines its\nspread to other ports was likely through small vessel hull fouling as the first adult samples were\nrecorded from the fishing boat FV Ocean in 2015 which was docked in Manila Bay. An intensive\nmonitoring of the South Harbor area in 2014 resulted in the detection of the first cohort of\nrecruits in Manila Bay. The likely first introduction by ballast water release or by biofouling was\nin\nDecember 2013 and the first cohort of recruits was detected in July 2014.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11670788377523422, + "y": 0.7866951823234558 + }, + { + "x": 0.8819195255637169, + "y": 0.7866951823234558 + }, + { + "x": 0.8819195255637169, + "y": 0.8863318488001823 + }, + { + "x": 0.11670788377523422, + "y": 0.8863318488001823 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 317, + "content": { + "text": "There are at least 15 marine non-indigenous species ship hull fouling recorded from Manila Bay's\nSouth Harbor (Vallejo et al. 2019; Trinidad et al 2017.) Only Mytella is considered invasive enough\nto have wide scale ecological and economic impacts. The most numerous species is the well-\nstudied Hydroides elegans, which is a known ship fouler with a present pantropical distribution.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.872165858745575, + "y": 0.9222692251205444 + }, + { + "x": 0.8816296188160777, + "y": 0.9222692251205444 + }, + { + "x": 0.8816296188160777, + "y": 0.9330381061881781 + }, + { + "x": 0.872165858745575, + "y": 0.9330381061881781 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 318, + "content": { + "text": "6\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000020.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1552538126707077, + "y": 0.08669541776180267 + }, + { + "x": 0.2825470268726349, + "y": 0.08669541776180267 + }, + { + "x": 0.2825470268726349, + "y": 0.09639473166316748 + }, + { + "x": 0.1552538126707077, + "y": 0.09639473166316748 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 246, + "content": { + "text": "At Home in Exile\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15637509524822235, + "y": 0.11896385997533798 + }, + { + "x": 0.8691083639860153, + "y": 0.11896385997533798 + }, + { + "x": 0.8691083639860153, + "y": 0.19602806866168976 + }, + { + "x": 0.15637509524822235, + "y": 0.19602806866168976 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 247, + "content": { + "text": "to speak, using half my allocated 20 minutes because he had a different\nmemory of our internment. As a young boy he had a wonderful time in\ncamp, getting up to mischief, playing games, feeling adventurous. Girls\nare more vulnerable. Puberty can be a greater problem for them.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1552330106496811, + "y": 0.2112317830324173 + }, + { + "x": 0.8694436401128769, + "y": 0.2112317830324173 + }, + { + "x": 0.8694436401128769, + "y": 0.44782692193984985 + }, + { + "x": 0.1552330106496811, + "y": 0.44782692193984985 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 248, + "content": { + "text": "Another interesting matter associated with this book is that the Iranian-\nborn anthropologist Dr Pedram Khosronejad contacted me in 2019 after\nreading my book in the house of a friend. Pandanus Press having ceased\nto exist, Pedram took considerable trouble to locate and invite me to join\na small group for a project he was devising. Their parents had also been\ninterned from Persia during the period covered by my book. The group is\nnow aged between 64 and 85 years of age - the 'children of internees from\nPersia'. The group works collectively and individually in association with\nDr Khosronejad's experiment of a reciprocal anthropology of the aged.\nOutcomes of their work will include a publication as well as documentary\nfilm. This book remains one of several unique contributions within the\ndevelopment of the project.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15575923025608063, + "y": 0.4625542163848877 + }, + { + "x": 0.8683687597513199, + "y": 0.4625542163848877 + }, + { + "x": 0.8683687597513199, + "y": 0.5204048044979572 + }, + { + "x": 0.15575923025608063, + "y": 0.5204048044979572 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 249, + "content": { + "text": "With the literary title used in its initial hard copy, this book has not been\npart of bibliographies on civilian or refugee internment in Australia,\nalthough it is unusual as an account of a female's personal experiences.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000012.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10321896523237228, + "y": 0.04990333691239357 + }, + { + "x": 0.11998122930526733, + "y": 0.04990333691239357 + }, + { + "x": 0.11998122930526733, + "y": 0.05819070525467396 + }, + { + "x": 0.10321896523237228, + "y": 0.05819070525467396 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 415, + "content": { + "text": "96\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8013185858726501, + "y": 0.04994507133960724 + }, + { + "x": 0.8960168659687042, + "y": 0.04994507133960724 + }, + { + "x": 0.8960168659687042, + "y": 0.058405397459864616 + }, + { + "x": 0.8013185858726501, + "y": 0.058405397459864616 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 416, + "content": { + "text": "MACDONALD\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10218402743339539, + "y": 0.07979664206504822 + }, + { + "x": 0.48613741993904114, + "y": 0.07979664206504822 + }, + { + "x": 0.48613741993904114, + "y": 0.43533551692962646 + }, + { + "x": 0.10218402743339539, + "y": 0.43533551692962646 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 417, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1031428799033165, + "y": 0.44541844725608826 + }, + { + "x": 0.48444264382123947, + "y": 0.44541844725608826 + }, + { + "x": 0.48444264382123947, + "y": 0.4748328197747469 + }, + { + "x": 0.1031428799033165, + "y": 0.4748328197747469 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 418, + "content": { + "text": "FIGURE 5.1 Mr. Bologna Jun-r as Kalim Azack in Aladdin, or\nThe Wonderful Lamp.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5112877488136292, + "y": 0.08110756427049637 + }, + { + "x": 0.872446596622467, + "y": 0.08110756427049637 + }, + { + "x": 0.872446596622467, + "y": 0.4365703836083412 + }, + { + "x": 0.5112877488136292, + "y": 0.4365703836083412 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 419, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5119131803512573, + "y": 0.4464413523674011 + }, + { + "x": 0.8764429688453674, + "y": 0.4464413523674011 + }, + { + "x": 0.8764429688453674, + "y": 0.4752180054783821 + }, + { + "x": 0.5119131803512573, + "y": 0.4752180054783821 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 420, + "content": { + "text": "FIGURE 5.2 Mr. Grimaldi as Kazrac (the Chinese slave) in\nAladdin, or The Wonderful Lamp.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10199278593063354, + "y": 0.5021955370903015 + }, + { + "x": 0.4883723855018616, + "y": 0.5021955370903015 + }, + { + "x": 0.4883723855018616, + "y": 0.9015398919582367 + }, + { + "x": 0.10199278593063354, + "y": 0.9015398919582367 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 421, + "content": { + "text": "theatrical prints, which are informed by intercul-\nturation and illustrate the Orientalized look of the\ntale's theatrical life: one of John (\"Jack\") Peter Bo-\nlogna as Kalim Azack, the vizier's son betrothed to\nBadroulboudour, and one of the extraordinary\npantomime clown Joseph Grimaldi as Kazrac, the\nmagician's Chinese slave, who, disillusioned by the\nmagician's cruel plans concerning the lamp, be-\nfriends Aladdin (figs. 5.1 and 5.2). The creation of\nthis non-speaking role (Kazrac's tongue had been\nremoved by the \"Tartarian Hord\" from whom the\nmagician rescued him) added much to the play,\nbesides giving both the magician and Aladdin an\nally and a confidant. Interestingly, these two prints\nlikely represent a notable scene in the play, cer-\ntainly a favorite with children playing with a toy\ntheater. The prints show Kalim Azack and Kazrac\nfighting while Aladdin follows the princess to the\nroyal baths. The wealthy Kalim Azack is depicted\nwearing an elaborate ensemble: long embroidered\ntunic with fringe, short jacket with embroidery\nand tassels, full trousers tucked into boots, a sash,\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.511993408203125, + "y": 0.5015881657600403 + }, + { + "x": 0.8968735337257385, + "y": 0.5015881657600403 + }, + { + "x": 0.8968735337257385, + "y": 0.8288353383541107 + }, + { + "x": 0.511993408203125, + "y": 0.8288353383541107 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 422, + "content": { + "text": "necklace, earrings, and brooches. With his fanciful\nhat and long moustache, he depicts a theatrical\nversion of \"a Tartar,\" or \"a Man from Crimea.\" An\nillustration with the same title was included in an\n1804 edition of The Costume of Turkey that aptly as-\nsociates Kalim Azack with the \"Tartarian Hord\"\nresponsible for Kazrac's disfigurement. 41 Kazrac's\n\"Chinese\" costume resembles contemporary Qing\nDynasty (1636-1912) fashion with its changshan tu-\nnic, long, loose trousers, and a cap with upturned\nbrim, topped with a knob. Despite his role as a\npoor peasant, Kazrac's theatrical costume is em-\nbellished with embroidery and a gold trim, and the\ncharacter wears white stockings. Additionally,\nGrimaldi sports a braided pigtail and long mous-\ntache and brandishes two curved swords. Taken\ntogether, these two cultural images exemplify the\nOrientalized look that contributed to the fantasy\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5124988555908203, + "y": 0.8598755598068237 + }, + { + "x": 0.5269034653902054, + "y": 0.8598755598068237 + }, + { + "x": 0.5269034653902054, + "y": 0.8678915156051517 + }, + { + "x": 0.5124988555908203, + "y": 0.8678915156051517 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 423, + "content": { + "text": "41\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5540431141853333, + "y": 0.8556923866271973 + }, + { + "x": 0.8962233066558838, + "y": 0.8556923866271973 + }, + { + "x": 0.8962233066558838, + "y": 0.9025631062686443 + }, + { + "x": 0.5540431141853333, + "y": 0.9025631062686443 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 424, + "content": { + "text": "\"A Tartar. A Man from Crimea,\" in Octavien Dalvimart,\nThe Costume of Turkey, 1802 (London: Printed for Will-\niam Miller, 1804), n.p.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000200.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.039798468351364136, + "y": 0.2213534265756607 + }, + { + "x": 0.9595230519771576, + "y": 0.2213534265756607 + }, + { + "x": 0.9595230519771576, + "y": 0.9438868910074234 + }, + { + "x": 0.039798468351364136, + "y": 0.9438868910074234 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 508, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
Service StageFunction NameExplanationExpected Benefit
1. Project creationProject creation and managementSelect document type to automatically run project creation, Pipeline configuration with recommended Modelset and Endpoint deploymentThe intuitive UI environment allows the the person in charge to quickly proceed with the entire process from project creation to deployment, improving work efficiency
2. Data labeling and fine-tuningData storage managementProvides convenient functions for uploading raw data, viewer, and data management (search using image metadata, sorting, filtering, hashtags settings on image data) Image data bookmark for Qualitative EvaluationConveniently manage raw data to be used for OCR Pack and actual date from live service
Create and manage Labeling SpaceCreating a Labeling Space to manage raw data annotation, managing labeling resources (Ontology, Characters to be Recognized), data set dump, data set version management 3Labeling work can be outsourced within the pack. Labeled data is continuously supplied from which data sets can be created with ease. The Auto Labeling function increases both efficiency and convenience.
Model trainingVarious basic models for each selected document, information comparison between models, basic model training, training pause function, re-training, cancel function, and configuration support for Characters to be Recognized and Ontology that is frequently modified while developing specialized modelsProviding a foundation for customers to implement, manage, and upgrade their own OCR model specialized to the customers' needs
3. Pipeline configuration and deploymentPipeline, Endpoint Creation and managementChoose Detector, Recognizer, or Parser to create a Pipeline or an Endpoint Connect Pipelines to Endpoints, perform tasks such as deployment controllers, deployment recovery, and moreProviding a foundation for customers to implement, manage, and upgrade their own OCR model specialized to the customers' needs
4. Monitoring and evaluationProject monitoringMonitoring of deployed Pipelines and Endpoints, notifying the customer of important issues such as suspicion of model performance degradation, and Qualitative Evaluation of actual incoming customer dataMonitor important indicators for each project and quickly identify and respond to issues
Full Pack MonitoringMonitoring traffic of all deployed Endpoints, quality monitoring of all deployed models, and monitoring of resources (GPU, CPU, Storage) connected to the PackMonitoring useful information about the overall OCR Pack at a glance
Quantitative / Qualitative EvaluationQuantitative evaluation leaderboard / Qualitative EvaluationViewing the model's performance to help the customer choose the appropriate model
Guide and helpProvides context-specific guides to help you troubleshoot yourself, download terminal logs for error situations and Pack documentationThe customer can diagnose, respond to, and solve problems occurring in the Pack on their own without external help
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Etching on wove paper,\nhand-colored.\nPUBLISHED BYH. HUMPHREY, LONDON, 1796\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1023113876581192, + "y": 0.5943592190742493 + }, + { + "x": 0.4874325841665268, + "y": 0.5943592190742493 + }, + { + "x": 0.4874325841665268, + "y": 0.9022692739963531 + }, + { + "x": 0.1023113876581192, + "y": 0.9022692739963531 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 337, + "content": { + "text": "meant to bewilder the viewer. Satins, silks, ivory,\ngigantic eggs, and \"artificial\" apples describe, in\nfact, the things of the trade: expensive and rare\nfabrics, on the one hand, strange collectibles and\nexotica, on the other. Lavish dresses and embel-\nlishments become insignia of wealth, power, and\nnonconformity, of a way of life outside the eco-\nnomic constraints of the Western civilization. In-\nterestingly, such projections were internalized by\neighteenth-century British subjects in the fashion-\nable \"Turquerie\" that allowed the wearers to dis-\nplay their wealth by wearing Oriental dress, tur-\nbans, ostrich plumes, long capes, veils, and flattering\nshalvars (figs. 4.9 and 4.10). Another infusion of Ori-\nentalism in the West, the tradition of painting Euro-\npean figures in Middle Eastern dress, becomes a\nform of cultural cross-dressing meant to suggest\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5120376348495483, + "y": 0.5943508148193359 + }, + { + "x": 0.8970489799976349, + "y": 0.5943508148193359 + }, + { + "x": 0.8970489799976349, + "y": 0.7192414477467537 + }, + { + "x": 0.5120376348495483, + "y": 0.7192414477467537 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 338, + "content": { + "text": "misuse of power or excessive wealth (fig. 4.11).\nSuch cultural imports are difficult to be under-\nstood, to use Said's qualification, as expressions of\nthe Occident's cultural \"antipathy\"84 toward the\nOrient; rather, they reflect the West's attraction to a\nspace that connotes difference understood as ex-\ntraordinariness rather than inferiority.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.512022078037262, + "y": 0.7225225567817688 + }, + { + "x": 0.8957737684249878, + "y": 0.7225225567817688 + }, + { + "x": 0.8957737684249878, + "y": 0.8103523999452591 + }, + { + "x": 0.512022078037262, + "y": 0.8103523999452591 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 339, + "content": { + "text": "Besides their connotations of magic, exoticism,\nand wealth, the things in the Arabian Nights are also\nrich bearers of cultural information: as Marina War-\nner correctly pointed out, \"stories are lodged in\ngoods \"85 and as such, they expand the reader's\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5122944116592407, + "y": 0.8403207659721375 + }, + { + "x": 0.8959185481071472, + "y": 0.8403207659721375 + }, + { + "x": 0.8959185481071472, + "y": 0.9017715156078339 + }, + { + "x": 0.5122944116592407, + "y": 0.9017715156078339 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 340, + "content": { + "text": "84\nSaid, Orientalism, 260.\n85\nMarina Warner, introduction to Stranger Magic:\nCharmed States and the Arabian Nights (London: Chat-\nto & Windus, 2011), 8.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000009.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10325287282466888, + "y": 0.049902964383363724 + }, + { + "x": 0.11974642984569073, + "y": 0.049902964383363724 + }, + { + "x": 0.11974642984569073, + "y": 0.058081635273993015 + }, + { + "x": 0.10325287282466888, + "y": 0.058081635273993015 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 329, + "content": { + "text": "74\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.851375162601471, + "y": 0.05034731701016426 + }, + { + "x": 0.8960197865962982, + "y": 0.05034731701016426 + }, + { + "x": 0.8960197865962982, + "y": 0.05798790883272886 + }, + { + "x": 0.851375162601471, + "y": 0.05798790883272886 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 330, + "content": { + "text": "BAIRD\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11238103359937668, + "y": 0.10741102695465088 + }, + { + "x": 0.5861113592982292, + "y": 0.10741102695465088 + }, + { + "x": 0.5861113592982292, + "y": 0.5806122422218323 + }, + { + "x": 0.11238103359937668, + "y": 0.5806122422218323 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 331, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6236498951911926, + "y": 0.5198641419410706 + }, + { + "x": 0.8650058507919312, + "y": 0.5198641419410706 + }, + { + "x": 0.8650058507919312, + "y": 0.588653452694416 + }, + { + "x": 0.6236498951911926, + "y": 0.588653452694416 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 332, + "content": { + "text": "FIGURE 4.3\nThe Honey-Moon [graphic]. Mezzotint,\nhand-colored.\nPRINTED FOR CARINGTON BOWLES,\nLONDON, JUNE 1777\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10334416478872299, + "y": 0.6123700737953186 + }, + { + "x": 0.4873029515147209, + "y": 0.6123700737953186 + }, + { + "x": 0.4873029515147209, + "y": 0.7193570137023926 + }, + { + "x": 0.10334416478872299, + "y": 0.7193570137023926 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 333, + "content": { + "text": "this list, Richard Walker, apothecary to the Prince\nof Wales, adds Arabic henna, manna, and rhu-\nbarb.34 The influence of the Arabian medicine first\non the Greek, then on the French and English phy-\nsicians, although often decried, brought an influx\nof medicinal plants from or through the Arabian\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1445135772228241, + "y": 0.7438521385192871 + }, + { + "x": 0.4872005581855774, + "y": 0.7438521385192871 + }, + { + "x": 0.4872005581855774, + "y": 0.8513738512992859 + }, + { + "x": 0.1445135772228241, + "y": 0.8513738512992859 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 334, + "content": { + "text": "Book. Interspersed with Some Occasional Observations\non Some of the Most Celebrated Modern Dispensatories,\nand the Present State of Pharmacy (London: Printed\nand Sold by R. Willock, 1744). This volume contains a\nwealth of detailed recipes for various afflictions, albeit\nproviding few specifics as to what was treated by using\nthem.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10354786366224289, + "y": 0.8616054654121399 + }, + { + "x": 0.1195443719625473, + "y": 0.8616054654121399 + }, + { + "x": 0.1195443719625473, + "y": 0.8697375254705548 + }, + { + "x": 0.10354786366224289, + "y": 0.8697375254705548 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 335, + "content": { + "text": "34\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1443367898464203, + "y": 0.8573513627052307 + }, + { + "x": 0.4868359863758087, + "y": 0.8573513627052307 + }, + { + "x": 0.4868359863758087, + "y": 0.9195577017962933 + }, + { + "x": 0.1443367898464203, + "y": 0.9195577017962933 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 336, + "content": { + "text": "Richard Walker, Memoirs of Medicine; Including a\nSketch of Medical History from the Earliest Accounts to\nthe Eighteenth Century (London: Printed for J. Johnson,\n1799).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5123732686042786, + "y": 0.6126092076301575 + }, + { + "x": 0.8971214890480042, + "y": 0.6126092076301575 + }, + { + "x": 0.8971214890480042, + "y": 0.7378727793693542 + }, + { + "x": 0.5123732686042786, + "y": 0.7378727793693542 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 337, + "content": { + "text": "Peninsula to Europe, where they were customarily\nused in tinctures, purges, and other more or less\neffective elixirs. 35 Alternately, incense was used for\nits love-inducing and rejuvenating properties, as\nseen in an 1787 etching by James Gillray represent-\ning a group of five elderly women of fashion at-\ntending an altar of Love (fig. 4.5). 36\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5120858550071716, + "y": 0.7599021196365356 + }, + { + "x": 0.8975641131401062, + "y": 0.7599021196365356 + }, + { + "x": 0.8975641131401062, + "y": 0.8712297827005386 + }, + { + "x": 0.5120858550071716, + "y": 0.8712297827005386 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 339, + "content": { + "text": "35\nFor the influence of the Arabian medicine on Western\nEurope, see volume 3 of John Astruc's Treatise on the\nDiseases of Women, in Which Is Attempted to Join a Just\nTheory to the Most Safe and Approved Practice... (Lon-\ndon: Printed for J. Nourse, 1767). For detailed recipes of\nmedicines containing ingredients of Arabic origin, see\nPharmacopoia Reformata cited above.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5125070810317993, + "y": 0.8738232254981995 + }, + { + "x": 0.8962226212024689, + "y": 0.8738232254981995 + }, + { + "x": 0.8962226212024689, + "y": 0.9197044670581818 + }, + { + "x": 0.5125070810317993, + "y": 0.9197044670581818 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 340, + "content": { + "text": "36\nArabian incense is made by using frankincense or gum\nArabic resin mixed with sweet-smelling essential oils,\nsuch as myrrh and oud.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000132.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09749109297990799, + "y": 0.07783018797636032 + }, + { + "x": 0.39641327410936356, + "y": 0.07783018797636032 + }, + { + "x": 0.39641327410936356, + "y": 0.19342542439699173 + }, + { + "x": 0.09749109297990799, + "y": 0.19342542439699173 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 371, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
Fish species on IUCN Red List
Potosi PupfishCyprinodon alvarezi
La Palma PupfishCyprinodon longidorsalis
Butterfly SplitfinAmeca splendens
Golden SkiffiaSkiffia francesae
", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09761553257703781, + "y": 0.21591158211231232 + }, + { + "x": 0.6325557753443718, + "y": 0.21591158211231232 + }, + { + "x": 0.6325557753443718, + "y": 0.2283781785517931 + }, + { + "x": 0.09761553257703781, + "y": 0.2283781785517931 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 385, + "content": { + "text": "Table 6.1: Four fish species on IUCN Red List \"Extinct in the Wild\" held in public aquariums.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09708201140165329, + "y": 0.2793358266353607 + }, + { + "x": 0.4038955792784691, + "y": 0.2793358266353607 + }, + { + "x": 0.4038955792784691, + "y": 0.526385709643364 + }, + { + "x": 0.09708201140165329, + "y": 0.526385709643364 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 386, + "content": { + "text": "Public aquariums, because of their in-\nhouse expertise, can act quickly to collect\nand breed rare fish. Actions to prevent the\nextinction of the Barrens Topminnow\ninclude monitoring populations and\npropagating and stocking juveniles into\nexisting or newly created spring habitats.\nThe Tennessee Aquarium assisted with\npropagations and developed a program\ncalled \"Keeper Kids,\" where students on\nspring break help feed the Barrens\nTopminnows in a behind-the-scenes\nexperience.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4189651906490326, + "y": 0.2693372964859009 + }, + { + "x": 0.901515394449234, + "y": 0.2693372964859009 + }, + { + "x": 0.901515394449234, + "y": 0.488492488861084 + }, + { + "x": 0.4189651906490326, + "y": 0.488492488861084 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 387, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.419064462184906, + "y": 0.494026780128479 + }, + { + "x": 0.8593358397483826, + "y": 0.494026780128479 + }, + { + "x": 0.8593358397483826, + "y": 0.5199923142790794 + }, + { + "x": 0.419064462184906, + "y": 0.5199923142790794 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 388, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 6.3: Photo of the critically endangered Butterfly Splitfin (Ameca\nspendens).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09723158925771713, + "y": 0.5438057780265808 + }, + { + "x": 0.9011493548750877, + "y": 0.5438057780265808 + }, + { + "x": 0.9011493548750877, + "y": 0.6946623474359512 + }, + { + "x": 0.09723158925771713, + "y": 0.6946623474359512 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 389, + "content": { + "text": "The breeding colonies of the Butterfly Splitfin (Figure 6.3) at the London Zoo and elsewhere serve as ark\npopulations essential to the survival of this species. Butterfly Splitfins are endemic to the Río Ameca in\nwestern Mexico and almost extinct in the wild. Actions such as nonnative fish removal, stream restoration, and\nsanctuary designation may take decades before eventual introduction and survival in the wild. The Tennessee\nAquarium is part of a large partnership to guide hatchery augmentation and recovery of the rarest darter in\nNorth America (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2019). The Conasauga Logperch (Percina jenkinsi), a federally\nendangered darter (Percidae), is found only in a 30-mile (48 km) stretch of the Conasauga River in Georgia and\nTennessee (Moyer et al. 2015).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10134942084550858, + "y": 0.7016493678092957 + }, + { + "x": 0.5671331658959389, + "y": 0.7016493678092957 + }, + { + "x": 0.5671331658959389, + "y": 0.8357208669185638 + }, + { + "x": 0.10134942084550858, + "y": 0.8357208669185638 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 390, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09796935319900513, + "y": 0.8415198922157288 + }, + { + "x": 0.40102851390838623, + "y": 0.8415198922157288 + }, + { + "x": 0.40102851390838623, + "y": 0.8538833986967802 + }, + { + "x": 0.09796935319900513, + "y": 0.8538833986967802 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 391, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 6.4: Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.581671953201294, + "y": 0.7129989266395569 + }, + { + "x": 0.9009459912776947, + "y": 0.7129989266395569 + }, + { + "x": 0.9009459912776947, + "y": 0.8826242387294769 + }, + { + "x": 0.581671953201294, + "y": 0.8826242387294769 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 392, + "content": { + "text": "The Banggai Cardinalfish (Pterapogon\nkauderni), a small, endangered tropical\ncardinalfish in the family Apogonidae, is\nnow bred and displayed in numerous public\naquariums after overharvest in the wild\ndrove wild populations to near extinction.\nConsequently, most Banggai Cardinalfish\nsold to hobbyists in the United States and\nEuropean Union today are captive bred.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09776974469423294, + "y": 0.9361052513122559 + }, + { + "x": 0.11793724820017815, + "y": 0.9361052513122559 + }, + { + "x": 0.11793724820017815, + "y": 0.9448620676994324 + }, + { + "x": 0.09776974469423294, + "y": 0.9448620676994324 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 393, + "content": { + "text": "132\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12596344947814941, + "y": 0.9347376823425293 + }, + { + "x": 0.6088413894176483, + "y": 0.9347376823425293 + }, + { + "x": 0.6088413894176483, + "y": 0.9485620502382517 + }, + { + "x": 0.12596344947814941, + "y": 0.9485620502382517 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 394, + "content": { + "text": "I Public Aquariums and Their Role in Education, Science, and Conservation\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000108.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0856705978512764, + "y": 0.24552227556705475 + }, + { + "x": 0.91435457020998, + "y": 0.24552227556705475 + }, + { + "x": 0.91435457020998, + "y": 0.7689218670129776 + }, + { + "x": 0.0856705978512764, + "y": 0.7689218670129776 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 121, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
About the Publishervii
About This Projectix
Acknowledgmentsxi
LAB MANUAL
Experiment #1: Hydrostatic Pressure3
Experiment #2: Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration13
Experiment #3: Energy Loss in Pipe Fittings24
Experiment #4: Energy Loss in Pipes33
Experiment #5: Impact of a Jet43
Experiment #6: Orifice and Free Jet Flow50
Experiment #7: Osborne Reynolds' Demonstration59
Experiment #8: Free and Forced Vortices66
Experiment #9: Flow Over Weirs76
Experiment #10: Pumps84
References101
Links by Chapter102
Image Credits104
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Saccharometer DI Water Glucose Solution Yeast Suspension
224 ml0 ml4 ml
312 ml12 ml4 ml
44 ml12 ml12 ml
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Record the Question that is being investigated in this experiment.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1475488245487213, + "y": 0.32073017954826355 + }, + { + "x": 0.5803482234477997, + "y": 0.32073017954826355 + }, + { + "x": 0.5803482234477997, + "y": 0.3356286557391286 + }, + { + "x": 0.1475488245487213, + "y": 0.3356286557391286 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 378, + "content": { + "text": "2. Record a Hypothesis for the question stated above.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14713938534259796, + "y": 0.3732859492301941 + }, + { + "x": 0.7364963442087173, + "y": 0.3732859492301941 + }, + { + "x": 0.7364963442087173, + "y": 0.38839446660131216 + }, + { + "x": 0.14713938534259796, + "y": 0.38839446660131216 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 379, + "content": { + "text": "3. Predict the results of the experiment based on your hypothesis (if/then).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14662206172943115, + "y": 0.42590004205703735 + }, + { + "x": 0.5880365967750549, + "y": 0.42590004205703735 + }, + { + "x": 0.5880365967750549, + "y": 0.4407455753535032 + }, + { + "x": 0.14662206172943115, + "y": 0.4407455753535032 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 380, + "content": { + "text": "4. Perform the experiment below and collect your data.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11757964640855789, + "y": 0.46112844347953796 + }, + { + "x": 0.2093079835176468, + "y": 0.46112844347953796 + }, + { + "x": 0.2093079835176468, + "y": 0.4729892127215862 + }, + { + "x": 0.11757964640855789, + "y": 0.4729892127215862 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 381, + "content": { + "text": "Procedure:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14891748130321503, + "y": 0.4962805211544037 + }, + { + "x": 0.8838265389204025, + "y": 0.4962805211544037 + }, + { + "x": 0.8838265389204025, + "y": 0.5630972310900688 + }, + { + "x": 0.14891748130321503, + "y": 0.5630972310900688 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 383, + "content": { + "text": "1. Prepare yeast suspension: Add 7 grams yeast to 50 ml warm tap water. Stir to mix.\nAlternatively, you can use the yeast suspension from Part 2. Optional: Add a few drops of\nred food coloring to the yeast to increase contrast, allowing easier measuring of the\nheight of yeast in saccharometers.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14646491408348083, + "y": 0.5652671456336975 + }, + { + "x": 0.863254576921463, + "y": 0.5652671456336975 + }, + { + "x": 0.863254576921463, + "y": 0.6124082617461681 + }, + { + "x": 0.14646491408348083, + "y": 0.6124082617461681 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 384, + "content": { + "text": "2. Label 4 test tubes and 4 saccharometers # 1 4. Use a transfer pipette to add the\nappropriate amount of glucose and distilled water listed in Table 2 to the corresponding\nlabeled test tubes.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14681066572666168, + "y": 0.6177151203155518 + }, + { + "x": 0.8697779327630997, + "y": 0.6177151203155518 + }, + { + "x": 0.8697779327630997, + "y": 0.6676354482769966 + }, + { + "x": 0.14681066572666168, + "y": 0.6676354482769966 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 385, + "content": { + "text": "3. Use a transfer pipette to add the appropriate amount of yeast solution listed in Table 1 to\nthe corresponding labeled test tubes. It is important to work carefully and quickly after\nadding the yeast solution to the glucose and water.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14684011042118073, + "y": 0.6876953840255737 + }, + { + "x": 0.7769498974084854, + "y": 0.6876953840255737 + }, + { + "x": 0.7769498974084854, + "y": 0.7195724546909332 + }, + { + "x": 0.14684011042118073, + "y": 0.7195724546909332 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 386, + "content": { + "text": "4. Carefully pour the contents of the test tubes into the correspondingly labeled\nsaccharometer, ensuring that the solutions are well mixed.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14707809686660767, + "y": 0.7404159903526306 + }, + { + "x": 0.8670774698257446, + "y": 0.7404159903526306 + }, + { + "x": 0.8670774698257446, + "y": 0.7728103548288345 + }, + { + "x": 0.14707809686660767, + "y": 0.7728103548288345 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 387, + "content": { + "text": "5. Carefully tilt the saccharometers to allow any air bubbles that are trapped in the arms of\nthe vertical tube to escape.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1471000611782074, + "y": 0.7926023006439209 + }, + { + "x": 0.8802573382854462, + "y": 0.7926023006439209 + }, + { + "x": 0.8802573382854462, + "y": 0.8429882638156414 + }, + { + "x": 0.1471000611782074, + "y": 0.8429882638156414 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 388, + "content": { + "text": "6. Begin the timer for the experiment and measure the size of any bubbles (in mm) that are\ntrapped in the vertical arms of the saccharometers. Record this measurement as the 0 time\npoint.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14691372215747833, + "y": 0.8626308441162109 + }, + { + "x": 0.855054572224617, + "y": 0.8626308441162109 + }, + { + "x": 0.855054572224617, + "y": 0.8951777182519436 + }, + { + "x": 0.14691372215747833, + "y": 0.8951777182519436 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 389, + "content": { + "text": "7. Position the saccharometers on the large plastic tray, positioning them around a plastic\nweigh boat to catch any fermentation overflow that may occur.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4960434138774872, + "y": 0.9732273817062378 + }, + { + "x": 0.5106761306524277, + "y": 0.9732273817062378 + }, + { + "x": 0.5106761306524277, + "y": 0.9846861185505986 + }, + { + "x": 0.4960434138774872, + "y": 0.9846861185505986 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 390, + "content": { + "text": "59\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000041.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10750390589237213, + "y": 0.08578402549028397 + }, + { + "x": 0.4803152531385422, + "y": 0.08578402549028397 + }, + { + "x": 0.4803152531385422, + "y": 0.22266539186239243 + }, + { + "x": 0.10750390589237213, + "y": 0.22266539186239243 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 445, + "content": { + "text": "tweets, videos) inciting violence towards\nreligious minorities, ethnic minorities, the\nLGBTI community, and women and girls.\nForty-four per cent of respondents had\n\"sometimes\" seen extremist social media\ncontent inciting violence towards religious\nminorities, with 31% seeing this content\n\"very often\".\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10827099531888962, + "y": 0.25217825174331665 + }, + { + "x": 0.4804857298731804, + "y": 0.25217825174331665 + }, + { + "x": 0.4804857298731804, + "y": 0.4605577141046524 + }, + { + "x": 0.10827099531888962, + "y": 0.4605577141046524 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 446, + "content": { + "text": "Both men and women acknowledged that\nthey had \"sometimes\" seen this content on\nsocial media (62% and 41%, respectively).\nIndonesia was the country from which most\nrespondents had viewed this content \"very\noften\" (50%). When collapsing the \"always\"\nand \"very often\" categories, 41% of Instagram\nusers had often seen intolerant content,\nfollowed by 36% of WhatsApp users and\n34% of Facebook users. Among the Twitter\nusers in the sample, 48% had seen intolerant\ncontent towards religious minorities.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10817638039588928, + "y": 0.48972955346107483 + }, + { + "x": 0.4806560277938843, + "y": 0.48972955346107483 + }, + { + "x": 0.4806560277938843, + "y": 0.6624592840671539 + }, + { + "x": 0.10817638039588928, + "y": 0.6624592840671539 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 447, + "content": { + "text": "When asked about how often social media\ncontent was inciting violence towards\nethnic minorities, 46% of respondents had\n\"sometimes\" seen this type of extremist\nsocial media content inciting violence\ntowards ethnic minorities whereas only\n27% have seen this content rarely or\nnever. Women have seen such content\nmore frequently than men (90%), and\nIndonesia was the country from which most\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5246676206588745, + "y": 0.08694887161254883 + }, + { + "x": 0.8965056836605072, + "y": 0.08694887161254883 + }, + { + "x": 0.8965056836605072, + "y": 0.17083287984132767 + }, + { + "x": 0.5246676206588745, + "y": 0.17083287984132767 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 448, + "content": { + "text": "respondents had seen this content \"very\noften\" (58%). Users of Facebook, WhatsApp\nand Instagram acknowledged that they had\nseen this content \"very often\" (26%, 31% and\n35% respectively).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.523959755897522, + "y": 0.1999351680278778 + }, + { + "x": 0.896710216999054, + "y": 0.1999351680278778 + }, + { + "x": 0.896710216999054, + "y": 0.4262702465057373 + }, + { + "x": 0.523959755897522, + "y": 0.4262702465057373 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 449, + "content": { + "text": "Thirty-nine per cent of respondents\nacknowledged that they had \"sometimes\"\nseen social media content inciting violence\ntowards the LGBTI community. Women saw\nthis type of content more frequently than\nmen (84%), and Indonesia was the country\nfrom which more respondents saw this\ncontent with a higher frequency (53% saw\nsuch content \"always\" and \"very often\").\nParticipants in the survey observed intolerant\ncontent directed towards the LGBTI\ncommunity. For example, one participant\nfrom the Philippines observed that,\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5496543049812317, + "y": 0.4887825548648834 + }, + { + "x": 0.8838678896427155, + "y": 0.4887825548648834 + }, + { + "x": 0.8838678896427155, + "y": 0.6414695829153061 + }, + { + "x": 0.5496543049812317, + "y": 0.6414695829153061 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 450, + "content": { + "text": "There were instances when women\nwere humiliated in public and on\nsocial media after they were labelled\nas part of the LGBTQ+ community. The\ncomments on posts regarding them\nwere mostly commending their public\nhumiliation (cutting their hair) instead\nof condemning the act\".\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7007780075073242, + "y": 0.6527901887893677 + }, + { + "x": 0.7333961687982082, + "y": 0.6527901887893677 + }, + { + "x": 0.7333961687982082, + "y": 0.6725205667316914 + }, + { + "x": 0.7007780075073242, + "y": 0.6725205667316914 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 451, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.07754800468683243, + "y": 0.7004407644271851 + }, + { + "x": 0.9224321618676186, + "y": 0.7004407644271851 + }, + { + "x": 0.9224321618676186, + "y": 0.7141145654022694 + }, + { + "x": 0.07754800468683243, + "y": 0.7141145654022694 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 452, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 3: Frequency of viewing extremist social media inciting violence toward women and girls\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15351973474025726, + "y": 0.7226911187171936 + }, + { + "x": 0.8928897827863693, + "y": 0.7226911187171936 + }, + { + "x": 0.8928897827863693, + "y": 0.9339878410100937 + }, + { + "x": 0.15351973474025726, + "y": 0.9339878410100937 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 453, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.18373969197273254, + "y": 0.9299706816673279 + }, + { + "x": 0.8322151601314545, + "y": 0.9299706816673279 + }, + { + "x": 0.8322151601314545, + "y": 0.9404123658314347 + }, + { + "x": 0.18373969197273254, + "y": 0.9404123658314347 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 454, + "content": { + "text": "OFTEN\nSOMETIMES\nRARELY\nNEVER\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.033085279166698456, + "y": 0.974685788154602 + }, + { + "x": 0.7163630053400993, + "y": 0.974685788154602 + }, + { + "x": 0.7163630053400993, + "y": 0.9859954128041863 + }, + { + "x": 0.033085279166698456, + "y": 0.9859954128041863 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 455, + "content": { + "text": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.9277658462524414, + "y": 0.9761422276496887 + }, + { + "x": 0.9440449234098196, + "y": 0.9761422276496887 + }, + { + "x": 0.9440449234098196, + "y": 0.9836010355502367 + }, + { + "x": 0.9277658462524414, + "y": 0.9836010355502367 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 456, + "content": { + "text": "29\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000033.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14163732528686523, + "y": 0.055348046123981476 + }, + { + "x": 0.22759901732206345, + "y": 0.055348046123981476 + }, + { + "x": 0.22759901732206345, + "y": 0.07026056945323944 + }, + { + "x": 0.14163732528686523, + "y": 0.07026056945323944 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 375, + "content": { + "text": "Prologue\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8255749940872192, + "y": 0.055227264761924744 + }, + { + "x": 0.8619706444442272, + "y": 0.055227264761924744 + }, + { + "x": 0.8619706444442272, + "y": 0.0671466151252389 + }, + { + "x": 0.8255749940872192, + "y": 0.0671466151252389 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 376, + "content": { + "text": "xvii\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14002631604671478, + "y": 0.0898042619228363 + }, + { + "x": 0.4543009549379349, + "y": 0.0898042619228363 + }, + { + "x": 0.4543009549379349, + "y": 0.10362708196043968 + }, + { + "x": 0.14002631604671478, + "y": 0.10362708196043968 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 377, + "content": { + "text": "Functional Abstraction\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14005190134048462, + "y": 0.12760604918003082 + }, + { + "x": 0.8605186343193054, + "y": 0.12760604918003082 + }, + { + "x": 0.8605186343193054, + "y": 0.3842599242925644 + }, + { + "x": 0.14005190134048462, + "y": 0.3842599242925644 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 378, + "content": { + "text": "But this corrected use of Leibniz notation is ugly. We had to\nintroduce extraneous symbols (q and q) in order to indicate the ar-\ngument position specifying the partial derivative. Nothing would\nchange here if we replaced q and q by a and b. 3 We can sim-\nplify the notation by admitting that the partial derivatives of the\nLagrangian are themselves new functions, and by specifying the\nparticular partial derivative by the position of the argument that\nis varied\nd\n= 0,\ndt\nwhere IL is the function which is the partial derivative of the\nfunction L with respect to the ith argument. 4\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14027537405490875, + "y": 0.3871218264102936 + }, + { + "x": 0.8604234606027603, + "y": 0.3871218264102936 + }, + { + "x": 0.8604234606027603, + "y": 0.5034141764044762 + }, + { + "x": 0.14027537405490875, + "y": 0.5034141764044762 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 379, + "content": { + "text": "Two different notions of derivative appear in this expression.\nThe functions d2L and L, constructed from the Lagrangian\nL, have the same arguments as L. The derivative d/dt is an\nexpression derivative. It applies to an expression that involves\nthe variable t and it gives the rate of change of the value of the\nexpression as the value of the variable t is varied.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1401398479938507, + "y": 0.5075283646583557 + }, + { + "x": 0.8608609139919281, + "y": 0.5075283646583557 + }, + { + "x": 0.8608609139919281, + "y": 0.703543409705162 + }, + { + "x": 0.1401398479938507, + "y": 0.703543409705162 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 380, + "content": { + "text": "These are both useful interpretations of the idea of a derivative.\nBut functions give us more power. There are many equivalent\nways to write expressions that compute the same value. For\nexample 1/(1/r1 + 1/r2) = (7112)/(r1+12). These expressions\ncompute the same function of the two variables r1 and r2. The\nfirst expression fails if r1 = 0 but the second one gives the right\nvalue of the function. If we abstract the function, say as II(r1,r2),\nwe can ignore the details of how it is computed. The ideas become\nclearer because they do not depend on the detailed shape of the\nexpressions.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14053569734096527, + "y": 0.7314519286155701 + }, + { + "x": 0.8601122945547104, + "y": 0.7314519286155701 + }, + { + "x": 0.8601122945547104, + "y": 0.794020913541317 + }, + { + "x": 0.14053569734096527, + "y": 0.794020913541317 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 381, + "content": { + "text": "3\nThat the symbols q and q can be replaced by other arbitrarily chosen non-\nconflicting symbols without changing the meaning of the expression tells us\nthat the partial derivative symbol is a logical quantifier, like forall and exists\n(A and 3).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14023956656455994, + "y": 0.8026335835456848 + }, + { + "x": 0.8600664436817169, + "y": 0.8026335835456848 + }, + { + "x": 0.8600664436817169, + "y": 0.833816135302186 + }, + { + "x": 0.14023956656455994, + "y": 0.833816135302186 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 382, + "content": { + "text": "4The argument positions of the Lagrangian are indicated by indices starting\nwith zero for the time argument.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000158.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1419757455587387, + "y": 0.09683487564325333 + }, + { + "x": 0.8567946404218674, + "y": 0.09683487564325333 + }, + { + "x": 0.8567946404218674, + "y": 0.2043844386935234 + }, + { + "x": 0.1419757455587387, + "y": 0.2043844386935234 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 190, + "content": { + "text": "to expand this section to include notes, tips and feedback from\nTWP instructors. If you use these materials, please let me know\nhow it went, what worked for you, and any suggested changes or\nadditions. I'd love to hear from you at chwixson (at) plymouth (dot)\nedu or fill out as much of [this form] as you'd like.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14346790313720703, + "y": 0.267521470785141 + }, + { + "x": 0.3535100221633911, + "y": 0.267521470785141 + }, + { + "x": 0.3535100221633911, + "y": 0.2886088043451309 + }, + { + "x": 0.14346790313720703, + "y": 0.2886088043451309 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 191, + "content": { + "text": "Introduction\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14147049188613892, + "y": 0.337766170501709 + }, + { + "x": 0.8572104573249817, + "y": 0.337766170501709 + }, + { + "x": 0.8572104573249817, + "y": 0.4681698977947235 + }, + { + "x": 0.14147049188613892, + "y": 0.4681698977947235 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 192, + "content": { + "text": "Throughout the chapters, I tried to generate Reflection &\nDiscussion Questions that could be used either as in class (whole\ngroup or think/pair/share) discussion prompts or as written\nreflections assigned out of class. If your students generate any\nwritten answers to any of the Reflection & Discussion Questions in\nthis chapter, I would be very interested to see them.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14328144490718842, + "y": 0.5314655303955078 + }, + { + "x": 0.5016235560178757, + "y": 0.5314655303955078 + }, + { + "x": 0.5016235560178757, + "y": 0.5521885585039854 + }, + { + "x": 0.14328144490718842, + "y": 0.5521885585039854 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 193, + "content": { + "text": "Our Mental Shortcuts\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1424029916524887, + "y": 0.6014992594718933 + }, + { + "x": 0.8561826795339584, + "y": 0.6014992594718933 + }, + { + "x": 0.8561826795339584, + "y": 0.6863098368048668 + }, + { + "x": 0.1424029916524887, + "y": 0.6863098368048668 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 194, + "content": { + "text": "If you'd like to reinforce Kahneman's ideas about System 1 and\nSystem 2 thinking the video below (12 minutes) is very good, (thanks\nto Mike Davidson for this suggestion.)\n//www.youtube.com/embed/UBVV8pch1dM\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.17787522077560425, + "y": 0.767021894454956 + }, + { + "x": 0.7460991144180298, + "y": 0.767021894454956 + }, + { + "x": 0.7460991144180298, + "y": 0.8022955171763897 + }, + { + "x": 0.17787522077560425, + "y": 0.8022955171763897 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 195, + "content": { + "text": "Reflection & Discussion Question 1: Taking Stock of What You\nAlready Know\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1766650229692459, + "y": 0.9238962531089783 + }, + { + "x": 0.180440979776904, + "y": 0.9238962531089783 + }, + { + "x": 0.180440979776904, + "y": 0.9380583390593529 + }, + { + "x": 0.1766650229692459, + "y": 0.9380583390593529 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 196, + "content": { + "text": "I\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1429138034582138, + "y": 0.924406886100769 + }, + { + "x": 0.16520585678517818, + "y": 0.924406886100769 + }, + { + "x": 0.16520585678517818, + "y": 0.9348435206338763 + }, + { + "x": 0.1429138034582138, + "y": 0.9348435206338763 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 197, + "content": { + "text": "98\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.19137907028198242, + "y": 0.9243574142456055 + }, + { + "x": 0.3892147094011307, + "y": 0.9243574142456055 + }, + { + "x": 0.3892147094011307, + "y": 0.9349101576954126 + }, + { + "x": 0.19137907028198242, + "y": 0.9349101576954126 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 198, + "content": { + "text": "Instructor Resources\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000026.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15513809025287628, + "y": 0.08666267991065979 + }, + { + "x": 0.28257468342781067, + "y": 0.08666267991065979 + }, + { + "x": 0.28257468342781067, + "y": 0.09638894628733397 + }, + { + "x": 0.15513809025287628, + "y": 0.09638894628733397 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 398, + "content": { + "text": "At Home in Exile\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1561535894870758, + "y": 0.1187959536910057 + }, + { + "x": 0.8721292316913605, + "y": 0.1187959536910057 + }, + { + "x": 0.8721292316913605, + "y": 0.2558747008442879 + }, + { + "x": 0.1561535894870758, + "y": 0.2558747008442879 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 399, + "content": { + "text": "Else had told us how phosphorenscence burning on human skin could not\nbe put out, and how a seventeen-year-old soldier, weak from starvation,\nhad been fed at a stranger mother's breast in the bunker before he returned\nto fight Russian soldiers in the final Breslau street battles. She had told us\nhow a fat man had wedged himself into the shelter's entrance, and had\nbeen mown down by the hysterical mob. She had told us how she herself\nhad carried her sick mother across a burning rooftop.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15577833354473114, + "y": 0.2706853747367859 + }, + { + "x": 0.8691587895154953, + "y": 0.2706853747367859 + }, + { + "x": 0.8691587895154953, + "y": 0.44765134155750275 + }, + { + "x": 0.15577833354473114, + "y": 0.44765134155750275 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 400, + "content": { + "text": "Beneath the reconstructed Novi Targ square, John identified shelters in\ntwo places, downstairs bolted against public entry. Plain and ugly high-\nrise public housing of cheap materials now stood around the bare square,\nwhere once interesting seventeenth-century merchant houses had stood\namid a lively marketplace. People had lived in apartments even before\nthe Communist-style transformations. Before their destruction, the old\nbuildings of Breslau were of stately proportions, made of good material\nby experienced artisans who valued their talents and who took pride in\na town with depth to its history.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1561109572649002, + "y": 0.4626258909702301 + }, + { + "x": 0.8694209605455399, + "y": 0.4626258909702301 + }, + { + "x": 0.8694209605455399, + "y": 0.5775380656123161 + }, + { + "x": 0.1561109572649002, + "y": 0.5775380656123161 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 401, + "content": { + "text": "Novi Targ now looks much sadder and more neglected than my glossy\nphotos show. Breslau's lively markets that were once a feature of the city,\nas shown in my photographs of 1905, were relocated by the council in the\nsecond half of the twentieth century to a large new market hall. This was\nallegedly because of the congestion caused in the city's central squares by\ntraders with their cars, animals and stalls.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1555677056312561, + "y": 0.5954679846763611 + }, + { + "x": 0.8686950206756592, + "y": 0.5954679846763611 + }, + { + "x": 0.8686950206756592, + "y": 0.6724927797913551 + }, + { + "x": 0.1555677056312561, + "y": 0.6724927797913551 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 402, + "content": { + "text": "I\nwas nevertheless deeply moved. This ugly restoration was on ground\nwhere my grandmother and her children had walked SO many times.\nGrandmother Emma and my beloved aunt Else had lived there for fifteen\nyears before 1945. My mother had corresponded with them from far away.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15569642186164856, + "y": 0.6874208450317383 + }, + { + "x": 0.8688618838787079, + "y": 0.6874208450317383 + }, + { + "x": 0.8688618838787079, + "y": 0.784439206123352 + }, + { + "x": 0.15569642186164856, + "y": 0.784439206123352 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 403, + "content": { + "text": "Had we stayed longer, we would have enjoyed other moments of pleasure\nin a city that remains drab, and in which not even the theatre has been\nrestored. The original buildings, and what they stood for, were German.\nThe culture of Silesia before 1945 has not yet been generally acknowledged.\nIt is also part of Polish history. I am sure this will change.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09226210415363312, + "y": 0.9316840767860413 + }, + { + "x": 0.11025283485651016, + "y": 0.9316840767860413 + }, + { + "x": 0.11025283485651016, + "y": 0.9407301601022482 + }, + { + "x": 0.09226210415363312, + "y": 0.9407301601022482 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 404, + "content": { + "text": "12\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000027.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14630013704299927, + "y": 0.027570359408855438 + }, + { + "x": 0.4344865381717682, + "y": 0.027570359408855438 + }, + { + "x": 0.4344865381717682, + "y": 0.040379407815635204 + }, + { + "x": 0.14630013704299927, + "y": 0.040379407815635204 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 157, + "content": { + "text": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.21830424666404724, + "y": 0.07434530556201935 + }, + { + "x": 0.7792395651340485, + "y": 0.07434530556201935 + }, + { + "x": 0.7792395651340485, + "y": 0.2995251566171646 + }, + { + "x": 0.21830424666404724, + "y": 0.2995251566171646 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 158, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14625488221645355, + "y": 0.3135368525981903 + }, + { + "x": 0.46491043269634247, + "y": 0.3135368525981903 + }, + { + "x": 0.46491043269634247, + "y": 0.3369944207370281 + }, + { + "x": 0.14625488221645355, + "y": 0.3369944207370281 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 159, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 7.\nEstimated cumulative damage for impeller blades.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.22010688483715057, + "y": 0.36293068528175354 + }, + { + "x": 0.7785124033689499, + "y": 0.36293068528175354 + }, + { + "x": 0.7785124033689499, + "y": 0.5888183265924454 + }, + { + "x": 0.22010688483715057, + "y": 0.5888183265924454 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 160, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14596562087535858, + "y": 0.6027746796607971 + }, + { + "x": 0.5834269970655441, + "y": 0.6027746796607971 + }, + { + "x": 0.5834269970655441, + "y": 0.6264714151620865 + }, + { + "x": 0.14596562087535858, + "y": 0.6264714151620865 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 161, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 8.\nEstimated residual life of impeller blades by the criterion of cracking.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.21984457969665527, + "y": 0.667532205581665 + }, + { + "x": 0.7787368893623352, + "y": 0.667532205581665 + }, + { + "x": 0.7787368893623352, + "y": 0.8947990089654922 + }, + { + "x": 0.21984457969665527, + "y": 0.8947990089654922 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 162, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14622537791728973, + "y": 0.908208966255188 + }, + { + "x": 0.6218921095132828, + "y": 0.908208966255188 + }, + { + "x": 0.6218921095132828, + "y": 0.9319045636802912 + }, + { + "x": 0.14622537791728973, + "y": 0.9319045636802912 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 163, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 9.\nEstimated residual life of impeller blades at the stage of crack development.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14683808386325836, + "y": 0.9596037864685059 + }, + { + "x": 0.16460748575627804, + "y": 0.9596037864685059 + }, + { + "x": 0.16460748575627804, + "y": 0.9681005412712693 + }, + { + "x": 0.14683808386325836, + "y": 0.9681005412712693 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 164, + "content": { + "text": "48\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000098.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16857562959194183, + "y": 0.34705275297164917 + }, + { + "x": 0.5841634124517441, + "y": 0.34705275297164917 + }, + { + "x": 0.5841634124517441, + "y": 0.7245101928710938 + }, + { + "x": 0.16857562959194183, + "y": 0.7245101928710938 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 365, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
NTS 600 N Chevron THE AVENUES
AIRPARKCapitolUtah State Building
300Maverikw 2nd Ave3rd Ave
Clark PlanetariumTempleSinclair SUNBURST
Sinclair
Grove Blvd S
MaverikCENTRALCITY 500
W 600 S89
800 S W 900 SChevron 900 Salt Lake City
Tracy Botanical 1300Aviary Gardens 1300& B
Maverik
Shell 1700 S
2100 S 15
89 ChevronSmith's FuelCenter
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Explain what happened.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11058882623910904, + "y": 0.17185626924037933 + }, + { + "x": 0.900969959795475, + "y": 0.17185626924037933 + }, + { + "x": 0.900969959795475, + "y": 0.24686134606599808 + }, + { + "x": 0.11058882623910904, + "y": 0.24686134606599808 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 534, + "content": { + "text": "10. We demonstrated how to solve for the Penalty Kick game's mixed-strategy equilibrium.\nSuppose you were new to the game of soccer (or football) and assigned to play the goalie\nposition. After watching the following YouTube video, what strategy might make the most\nsense for you to adopt on penalty kicks: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3yWZZR9ZodI\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11040203273296356, + "y": 0.2716701328754425 + }, + { + "x": 0.8990495651960373, + "y": 0.2716701328754425 + }, + { + "x": 0.8990495651960373, + "y": 0.32683200389146805 + }, + { + "x": 0.11040203273296356, + "y": 0.32683200389146805 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 535, + "content": { + "text": "11. The map below identifies (with red markers) the locations of gas stations in Salt Lake City,\nUtah (Utah's capital city). Do these gas station locations depict a pure strategy equilibrium for\nthe Hotelling Game? Explain.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1707245111465454, + "y": 0.3477262556552887 + }, + { + "x": 0.581781268119812, + "y": 0.3477262556552887 + }, + { + "x": 0.581781268119812, + "y": 0.7222699522972107 + }, + { + "x": 0.1707245111465454, + "y": 0.7222699522972107 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 536, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2998025715351105, + "y": 0.7343356609344482 + }, + { + "x": 0.4546028673648834, + "y": 0.7343356609344482 + }, + { + "x": 0.4546028673648834, + "y": 0.7468930995091796 + }, + { + "x": 0.2998025715351105, + "y": 0.7468930995091796 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 537, + "content": { + "text": "Source: Google Maps\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11039532721042633, + "y": 0.7835984826087952 + }, + { + "x": 0.9017678648233414, + "y": 0.7835984826087952 + }, + { + "x": 0.9017678648233414, + "y": 0.916525810956955 + }, + { + "x": 0.11039532721042633, + "y": 0.916525810956955 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 538, + "content": { + "text": "12. In this chapter, we learned that when an individual acquires private information about\nsomething, this added information does not necessarily make the individual better off. In\nparticular, when an individual (say, Player 1) acquires private information about something of\ncommon interest to both himself and another individual (say, Player 2), and Player 2 knows\nPlayer 1 has acquired this private information, Player 1 could actually be made worse off as a\nresult of Player 2 changing her strategy in response to the fact that she knows Player 1 now\nhas additional information. Whew! Can you think of a real-life example where the acquisition\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.640404999256134, + "y": 0.9509824514389038 + }, + { + "x": 0.9064729809761047, + "y": 0.9509824514389038 + }, + { + "x": 0.9064729809761047, + "y": 0.9588918155059218 + }, + { + "x": 0.640404999256134, + "y": 0.9588918155059218 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 539, + "content": { + "text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 175\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000080.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16434450447559357, + "y": 0.16890741884708405 + }, + { + "x": 0.4504636079072952, + "y": 0.16890741884708405 + }, + { + "x": 0.4504636079072952, + "y": 0.25098466873168945 + }, + { + "x": 0.16434450447559357, + "y": 0.25098466873168945 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 256, + "content": { + "text": "Regulatory\ncholesterol\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5119515061378479, + "y": 0.11763040721416473 + }, + { + "x": 0.8359028995037079, + "y": 0.11763040721416473 + }, + { + "x": 0.8359028995037079, + "y": 0.6054092198610306 + }, + { + "x": 0.5119515061378479, + "y": 0.6054092198610306 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 257, + "content": { + "text": "T\nhis\nreport\ndefines\n'regulatory\ncholesterol'\nas the policy actions of\nthe three arms of the State, i.e. the\nexecutive, the legislature, and the\njudiciary, using the instruments of\nlegislations, rules, regulations\nor\norders, to create or raise barriers to\na smooth flow of ideas, organisation,\nmoney and most importantly, the flow\nof the entrepreneurial spirit. In India,\na wrong political choice in the early\ndecades of Independence has created a\npolicy fraternity that shuns data and\ncausalities and leans on rhetoric and\nideologies to frame economic policies.\nInflation in the 1970s, for instance, was\nnot caused by hoarders and speculators;\nit was a matter of supply and demand.\n\"Excoriating, coercing, or imprisoning\nthe hoarders and speculators changes\nnothing in terms of creating new\nsupply,\" write Vijay Kelkar and Ajay\nShah.28 \"The economic theory of people\nhostile to economic forces is wrong.\"\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5136491656303406, + "y": 0.6300442218780518 + }, + { + "x": 0.8350683450698853, + "y": 0.6300442218780518 + }, + { + "x": 0.8350683450698853, + "y": 0.8717624694108963 + }, + { + "x": 0.5136491656303406, + "y": 0.8717624694108963 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 258, + "content": { + "text": "By taking one policy tool -\nimprisonment - this report highlights\nthe excesses of overregulation and\nthe resultant regulatory cholesterol\nwhile doing business in India.\nAlthough the biggest constituency\nat the receiving end of these laws\nis that of entrepreneurs running for-\nprofit firms and corporations, this\nregulatory overreach also impacts\nnot-for-profits such as schools and\nhospitals-both necessary institutions\nfor India with a huge demand. Step\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000054.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1427210420370102, + "y": 0.10306989401578903 + }, + { + "x": 0.29596269130706787, + "y": 0.10306989401578903 + }, + { + "x": 0.29596269130706787, + "y": 0.1252161767333746 + }, + { + "x": 0.1427210420370102, + "y": 0.1252161767333746 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 368, + "content": { + "text": "EFB = empty fruit bunch.\nSource: Murdiyatmo (2021).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14262352883815765, + "y": 0.13010677695274353 + }, + { + "x": 0.8102494329214096, + "y": 0.13010677695274353 + }, + { + "x": 0.8102494329214096, + "y": 0.25332964211702347 + }, + { + "x": 0.14262352883815765, + "y": 0.25332964211702347 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 369, + "content": { + "text": "However, the main obstacle with producing second-generation bioethanol is the cost of\nenzymes. Murdiyatmo (2021) stated that, at the pilot scale, the cost of enzymes is very\nhigh, i.e. Rp18,000 per litre of ethanol produced. Some studies provided the cost of\nenzymes in the US. NREL (2011), for instance, estimated that the cost of enzymes to\nproduce second-generation bioethanol in the US was equivalent to around $0.34 per\ngallon or Rp1,5292 per litre of ethanol produced, i.e. less than one-tenth of the cost of\nenzymes in Indonesia.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1423335075378418, + "y": 0.26576268672943115 + }, + { + "x": 0.8099372982978821, + "y": 0.26576268672943115 + }, + { + "x": 0.8099372982978821, + "y": 0.40480567514896393 + }, + { + "x": 0.1423335075378418, + "y": 0.40480567514896393 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 370, + "content": { + "text": "In the next sub-sections, we analyse biodiesel and bioethanol introduction in Indonesia.\nIn each sub-section, we first discuss the current supply and demand of the biofuels and\nthe related conventional transport fuel. Second, we estimate the conventional transport\nfuel, i.e. gasoline and diesel fuel demand in road transportation during the period of\n2020-50. Third, we estimate the volume of pure biofuel (fatty acid methyl ester\n[FAME]/biodiesel and bioethanol) needs in scenarios, and in the amount of feedstock, i.e.\nCPO in biodiesel and molasses in bioethanol needed to meet the demand required in each\nscenario.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14283373951911926, + "y": 0.4201303720474243 + }, + { + "x": 0.37393468618392944, + "y": 0.4201303720474243 + }, + { + "x": 0.37393468618392944, + "y": 0.42988848593086004 + }, + { + "x": 0.14283373951911926, + "y": 0.42988848593086004 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 371, + "content": { + "text": "2.1.\nDiesel and biodiesel use\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14203330874443054, + "y": 0.44481161236763 + }, + { + "x": 0.8094562590122223, + "y": 0.44481161236763 + }, + { + "x": 0.8094562590122223, + "y": 0.6046851724386215 + }, + { + "x": 0.14203330874443054, + "y": 0.6046851724386215 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 372, + "content": { + "text": "The consumption of diesel fuel in Indonesia, used primarily for road freight transport,\nfluctuated between 2010 and 2019 as it correlated with the economic condition (Table\n2.8). Diesel consumption in the industry sector decreased significantly, around 10% per\nyear between 2010 and 2019, resulting from the shift to another energy type. During the\nsame period, with some fluctuations, diesel production increased at 3.6% annual growth\nrate, while imports were cut by half from nearly 13 billion litres in 2010 to nearly 6.5 billion\nlitres in 2018. The biodiesel blending rate increased from only 1% in 2010 to nearly 20%\nin 2019, representing a growing level of mandatory biodiesel programmes. Apparently,\ndiesel imports dropped with the increase of the biodiesel (B100) blending rate.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14242596924304962, + "y": 0.8716145157814026 + }, + { + "x": 0.7767458707094193, + "y": 0.8716145157814026 + }, + { + "x": 0.7767458707094193, + "y": 0.8985945284366608 + }, + { + "x": 0.14242596924304962, + "y": 0.8985945284366608 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 373, + "content": { + "text": "2 Assuming average inflation rate of 2% between 2011 and 2021 and an exchange rate of $1 =\nRp14,131.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.46790531277656555, + "y": 0.9456213116645813 + }, + { + "x": 0.48422905802726746, + "y": 0.9456213116645813 + }, + { + "x": 0.48422905802726746, + "y": 0.9541947161778808 + }, + { + "x": 0.46790531277656555, + "y": 0.9541947161778808 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 374, + "content": { + "text": "11\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000091.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09198976308107376, + "y": 0.07573659718036652 + }, + { + "x": 0.35261116176843643, + "y": 0.07573659718036652 + }, + { + "x": 0.35261116176843643, + "y": 0.0885798865929246 + }, + { + "x": 0.09198976308107376, + "y": 0.0885798865929246 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 595, + "content": { + "text": "THIS BOOK'S APPROACH\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09168083965778351, + "y": 0.18788041174411774 + }, + { + "x": 0.9073826223611832, + "y": 0.18788041174411774 + }, + { + "x": 0.9073826223611832, + "y": 0.3212713599205017 + }, + { + "x": 0.09168083965778351, + "y": 0.3212713599205017 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 596, + "content": { + "text": "This book's approach is premised on a simple assumption: because behavioral economics is foremost\na \"test-and-learn\" field of scientific inquiry that evolves according to experimental outcomes and\npractical, policy-orientated applications of the knowledge garnered from these outcomes, SO too\nshould students test-and-learn. Studying and practicing behavioral economics should occur\nsimultaneously, which, in turn, suggests a course taught more according to a practicum approach than\nin a traditionally styled lecture format. As such, the book's information and lessons are presented in a\nsuccinct and precise format.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09176742285490036, + "y": 0.3241426348686218 + }, + { + "x": 0.907259576022625, + "y": 0.3241426348686218 + }, + { + "x": 0.907259576022625, + "y": 0.45795316994190216 + }, + { + "x": 0.09176742285490036, + "y": 0.45795316994190216 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 597, + "content": { + "text": "The goal of this textbook is to help students experience behavioral economics through actual\nparticipation in the same experiments and economic games that have served as the foundations for,\nand shaped the contours of, the field. With the help of this book, students have the opportunity to\nlearn behavioral economics firsthand and, in the process, create their own data and experiences. They\nwill learn about themselves-about how they make private and public choices under experimental\nconditions-at the same time as they learn about the field of behavioral economics itself. They will be\nboth the subjects and students of behavioral economics. What better way to learn?\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0924336239695549, + "y": 0.4776685833930969 + }, + { + "x": 0.4674988314509392, + "y": 0.4776685833930969 + }, + { + "x": 0.4674988314509392, + "y": 0.489612634293735 + }, + { + "x": 0.0924336239695549, + "y": 0.489612634293735 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 598, + "content": { + "text": "HOMO ECONOMICUS VS. HOMO SAPIENS\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09175799787044525, + "y": 0.5075206160545349 + }, + { + "x": 0.9069005697965622, + "y": 0.5075206160545349 + }, + { + "x": 0.9069005697965622, + "y": 0.6200646385550499 + }, + { + "x": 0.09175799787044525, + "y": 0.6200646385550499 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 599, + "content": { + "text": "For ease of reference and exposition, we henceforth refer to the type of individual construed by the\ntraditional rational-choice model as Homo economicus, a peculiar subspecies of human beings that is\nunfailingly omniscient, dispassionate, and self-interested when it comes to making choices. Homo\nsapiens, on the other hand, represents the rest of us-the often-flawed reasoners and sometimes-\naltruistic competitors who are prone to making decisions based primarily on emotion and\n12\nheuristics. ,\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09169686585664749, + "y": 0.641684353351593 + }, + { + "x": 0.4758993461728096, + "y": 0.641684353351593 + }, + { + "x": 0.4758993461728096, + "y": 0.6535139214247465 + }, + { + "x": 0.09169686585664749, + "y": 0.6535139214247465 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 600, + "content": { + "text": "THE TEXTBOOK'S DIFFERENT SECTIONS\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09202554076910019, + "y": 0.6715843081474304 + }, + { + "x": 0.9071823582053185, + "y": 0.6715843081474304 + }, + { + "x": 0.9071823582053185, + "y": 0.7082968503236771 + }, + { + "x": 0.09202554076910019, + "y": 0.7082968503236771 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 601, + "content": { + "text": "The textbook consists of four sections that, taken together, portray in full the eclectic methodologies\ncomprising the field of behavioral economics. Sections 1 and 2 present the thought and actual\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.07768100500106812, + "y": 0.7348170280456543 + }, + { + "x": 0.8997097611427307, + "y": 0.7348170280456543 + }, + { + "x": 0.8997097611427307, + "y": 0.7966121844947338 + }, + { + "x": 0.07768100500106812, + "y": 0.7966121844947338 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 603, + "content": { + "text": "1. Homo economicus is Latin for \"economic man.\" Persky (1995) traces its use back to the late 1800s when it was used by critics\nof John Stuart Mill's work on political economy. In contrast (and, as we will see, with no small touch of irony) Homo sapiens\nis Latin for \"wise man.\" For a deep dive into evolution of Homo sapiens, particularly from the start of the Cognitive\nRevolution 70,000 years ago, see Harari (2015).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.07630107551813126, + "y": 0.8026876449584961 + }, + { + "x": 0.9024526253342628, + "y": 0.8026876449584961 + }, + { + "x": 0.9024526253342628, + "y": 0.9445020407438278 + }, + { + "x": 0.07630107551813126, + "y": 0.9445020407438278 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 604, + "content": { + "text": "2. We have all heard the saying that \"words matter.\" The titles and descriptions we use to distinguish people and their\nbehaviors (e.g., Homo economicus VS. Homo sapiens) can reinforce or diminish behaviors such as pride in cultural heritage,\nrespect for the living world, and trust in community, a process known as \"crowding out\" of \"intrinsic motivation and\ncommitment.\" As an example of this phenomenon, Bauer et al. (2012) asked participants in an online survey to imagine\nthemselves as one of four households facing a water shortage due to a drought affecting their shared well. The survey\nassigned the label \"consumers\" to half of the participants and \"individuals\" to the other half. Those imagining themselves\nas\nconsumers reported feeling less personal responsibility to reduce their water demand, and less trust in others to do the\nsame, than did those referred to as individuals. As we are about to learn, behavioral economics is all about exposing these\ntypes of \"framing effects\" existing in the \"real world\" inhabited by Homo sapiens.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6424582600593567, + "y": 0.9508636593818665 + }, + { + "x": 0.9068624079227448, + "y": 0.9508636593818665 + }, + { + "x": 0.9068624079227448, + "y": 0.9589920183643699 + }, + { + "x": 0.6424582600593567, + "y": 0.9589920183643699 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 605, + "content": { + "text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM XIX\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000168.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15158799290657043, + "y": 0.13470935821533203 + }, + { + "x": 0.8441667258739471, + "y": 0.13470935821533203 + }, + { + "x": 0.8441667258739471, + "y": 0.23846230655908585 + }, + { + "x": 0.15158799290657043, + "y": 0.23846230655908585 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 425, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
increasebasic cations required from lime
40 cmolincreasecmolbasic cations required from lime
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For example, consider the amount of limestone necessary to raise the base saturation\nof two soils from 70% to 90% when one soil has a CEC of 15 cmolc/kg, and the other has a CEC of 40 cmolc/kg.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1615859419107437, + "y": 0.14983239769935608 + }, + { + "x": 0.8372810035943985, + "y": 0.14983239769935608 + }, + { + "x": 0.8372810035943985, + "y": 0.2215394601225853 + }, + { + "x": 0.1615859419107437, + "y": 0.2215394601225853 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 435, + "content": { + "text": "increase\nbasic cations required from lime\n40 cmol increase cmol basic cations required from lime\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09191261231899261, + "y": 0.25082430243492126 + }, + { + "x": 0.9066222161054611, + "y": 0.25082430243492126 + }, + { + "x": 0.9066222161054611, + "y": 0.29841386899352074 + }, + { + "x": 0.09191261231899261, + "y": 0.29841386899352074 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 436, + "content": { + "text": "Lastly, soil pH is governed by base saturation. If other factors are constant, the lower the pH, the more lime that is\nrequired to achieve a desired pH. This is because at a low pH, a larger percentage of the CEC is occupied by acid cations,\nwhich requires larger amounts of lime to neutralize.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09214308857917786, + "y": 0.3417775630950928 + }, + { + "x": 0.6961318552494049, + "y": 0.3417775630950928 + }, + { + "x": 0.6961318552494049, + "y": 0.36088600382208824 + }, + { + "x": 0.09214308857917786, + "y": 0.36088600382208824 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 437, + "content": { + "text": "Activity I: Determining pH With Indicator Strips (Field Method)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09164740890264511, + "y": 0.39057257771492004 + }, + { + "x": 0.9066360220313072, + "y": 0.39057257771492004 + }, + { + "x": 0.9066360220313072, + "y": 0.4386323653161526 + }, + { + "x": 0.09164740890264511, + "y": 0.4386323653161526 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 438, + "content": { + "text": "Of the several techniques available for determining pH, one that can be used easily in the field is the indicator strip\nmethod. This technique uses the principle of pH sensitivity of certain dyes, which cause differences in color across a\nrange in pH. With the soils provided, complete the following pH determination:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09219218045473099, + "y": 0.45505452156066895 + }, + { + "x": 0.9063585475087166, + "y": 0.45505452156066895 + }, + { + "x": 0.9063585475087166, + "y": 0.48521713353693485 + }, + { + "x": 0.09219218045473099, + "y": 0.48521713353693485 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 439, + "content": { + "text": "Weigh 10.0 g of soil into a small plastic cup. Add 20 ml of distilled water and stir. Allow to stand for 5 minutes,\noccasionally stirring.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09216254204511642, + "y": 0.5019148588180542 + }, + { + "x": 0.9072324559092522, + "y": 0.5019148588180542 + }, + { + "x": 0.9072324559092522, + "y": 0.532096404582262 + }, + { + "x": 0.09216254204511642, + "y": 0.532096404582262 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 440, + "content": { + "text": "Using the pH indicator strips provided, dip the strip into the cup until the tip is wetted. Determine the pH by comparing\nthe color change of the pH test strip to the color chart.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09165044128894806, + "y": 0.5497316122055054 + }, + { + "x": 0.12332404032349586, + "y": 0.5497316122055054 + }, + { + "x": 0.12332404032349586, + "y": 0.5744170155376196 + }, + { + "x": 0.09165044128894806, + "y": 0.5744170155376196 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 441, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14528463780879974, + "y": 0.54864501953125 + }, + { + "x": 0.35839225351810455, + "y": 0.54864501953125 + }, + { + "x": 0.35839225351810455, + "y": 0.560638333670795 + }, + { + "x": 0.14528463780879974, + "y": 0.560638333670795 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 442, + "content": { + "text": "Record the soil pH in Table 14.1.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09227955341339111, + "y": 0.6046478748321533 + }, + { + "x": 0.5500863492488861, + "y": 0.6046478748321533 + }, + { + "x": 0.5500863492488861, + "y": 0.6230963356792927 + }, + { + "x": 0.09227955341339111, + "y": 0.6230963356792927 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 443, + "content": { + "text": "Activity 2: Determining Soil pH with a pH Meter\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09196565300226212, + "y": 0.6511811017990112 + }, + { + "x": 0.9081899300217628, + "y": 0.6511811017990112 + }, + { + "x": 0.9081899300217628, + "y": 0.718680240213871 + }, + { + "x": 0.09196565300226212, + "y": 0.718680240213871 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 444, + "content": { + "text": "Laboratory pH meters are more accurate than pH dyes and strips. The pH meter measures the hydrogen ion activity [H+]\nby measuring the electric potential across a thin, porous glass membrane at the base of the electrode. This potential\nchanges in response to [H+], and by standardizing the instrument with buffers of known pH, we can measure the pH of\nany solution, including soil solutions.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09194936603307724, + "y": 0.735190212726593 + }, + { + "x": 0.9070489630103111, + "y": 0.735190212726593 + }, + { + "x": 0.9070489630103111, + "y": 0.7804518006742001 + }, + { + "x": 0.09194936603307724, + "y": 0.7804518006742001 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 445, + "content": { + "text": "Using the samples prepared in Activity 1, carefully place the electrode in the suspension. Gently swirl the electrode in\nthe solution, and note the pH reading. Wait for the pH meter to reach a steady reading, indicated by the word \"ready\"\non the screen.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09166815876960754, + "y": 0.8015446066856384 + }, + { + "x": 0.12366826087236404, + "y": 0.8015446066856384 + }, + { + "x": 0.12366826087236404, + "y": 0.8262355457991362 + }, + { + "x": 0.09166815876960754, + "y": 0.8262355457991362 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 446, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1453373283147812, + "y": 0.7999462485313416 + }, + { + "x": 0.5746298581361771, + "y": 0.7999462485313416 + }, + { + "x": 0.5746298581361771, + "y": 0.8120794668793678 + }, + { + "x": 0.1453373283147812, + "y": 0.8120794668793678 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 447, + "content": { + "text": "Record the value for this 1:2 soil-water suspension in Table 14.1.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6713517308235168, + "y": 0.9412887096405029 + }, + { + "x": 0.907120481133461, + "y": 0.9412887096405029 + }, + { + "x": 0.907120481133461, + "y": 0.9524554619565606 + }, + { + "x": 0.6713517308235168, + "y": 0.9524554619565606 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 448, + "content": { + "text": "Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH 127\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000042.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11738406121730804, + "y": 0.08589519560337067 + }, + { + "x": 0.47098250687122345, + "y": 0.08589519560337067 + }, + { + "x": 0.47098250687122345, + "y": 0.41905398666858673 + }, + { + "x": 0.11738406121730804, + "y": 0.41905398666858673 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 504, + "content": { + "text": "this content \"very often\", 71% were from\nIndonesia and 28.6% were from Thailand.\nWhen asked about how often participants\nhad heard of groups expressing the\nimportanceofmenaccompanying: women\nwhen travelling to conflict zones, more\nrespondents had heard this message\nwith a higher frequency (\"always\" or \"very\noften\", 37.1%) than those who had rarely or\nnever heard it (34%). Forty-six per cent of\nrespondents from Indonesia heard this\nmessage with a higher frequency, followed\nby the Philippines (38%) and Thailand\n(15%). When grouping the answer options\nof \"always\", \"very often\" and \"sometimes\",\n66% of respondents said they had heard\ngroups stress the importance of women\nbeing accompanied by men when\ntravelling to conflict areas.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11807309091091156, + "y": 0.4580368101596832 + }, + { + "x": 0.45808200538158417, + "y": 0.4580368101596832 + }, + { + "x": 0.45808200538158417, + "y": 0.5063301473855972 + }, + { + "x": 0.11807309091091156, + "y": 0.5063301473855972 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 505, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 5: Importance of a male\nguardian accompanying women when\ntravelling to conflict zones\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1227138340473175, + "y": 0.532124400138855 + }, + { + "x": 0.4637627899646759, + "y": 0.532124400138855 + }, + { + "x": 0.4637627899646759, + "y": 0.7591868191957474 + }, + { + "x": 0.1227138340473175, + "y": 0.7591868191957474 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 506, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5284045338630676, + "y": 0.08716931939125061 + }, + { + "x": 0.8804951012134552, + "y": 0.08716931939125061 + }, + { + "x": 0.8804951012134552, + "y": 0.29570262134075165 + }, + { + "x": 0.5284045338630676, + "y": 0.29570262134075165 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 507, + "content": { + "text": "tremist groups. Most respondents (77%)\nagreed (combining both \"strongly agree\"\nand \"agree\") that they were worried about\nintolerance in their communities, partic-\nularly respondents from Indonesia and\nthe Philippines. Almost all respondents in\nthe sample (93%) agreed that they were\nworried about violent extremism in their\ncountries. This appeared to be a general\nconcern among both men and women\nas 85% of men and 95% of women agreed\nthat they were concerned.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12006913125514984, + "y": 0.7973607778549194 + }, + { + "x": 0.4692239314317703, + "y": 0.7973607778549194 + }, + { + "x": 0.4692239314317703, + "y": 0.9169714823365211 + }, + { + "x": 0.12006913125514984, + "y": 0.9169714823365211 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 508, + "content": { + "text": "In the second part of the survey, using\na five-point Likert scale from \"strong-\nly agree\" to \"strongly disagree\", partic-\nipants were presented with a series of\nstatements regarding how worried they\nwere about intolerant content being es-\npoused in the offline space by violent ex-\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5285263657569885, + "y": 0.3246476948261261 + }, + { + "x": 0.8806267976760864, + "y": 0.3246476948261261 + }, + { + "x": 0.8806267976760864, + "y": 0.5508713871240616 + }, + { + "x": 0.5285263657569885, + "y": 0.5508713871240616 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 509, + "content": { + "text": "Significantly, 89% of respondents agreed\nthat religious extremism would impede\nwomen's rights. Half of the participants\nin Indonesia agreed they were concerned\nthat religious extremism would hamper\nwomen's rights, 27% in Philippines and 16%\nin Thailand. Both men (84.6%) and women\n(89.2%) expressed their concerns on this\nissue. Furthermore, 91% of respondents\nagreed that religious extremism prioritizes\nmen's rights over women's rights - 93.1%\nof women strongly agreed with the\nstatement compared to 6.90% of men.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.528373658657074, + "y": 0.5801329612731934 + }, + { + "x": 0.8807522356510162, + "y": 0.5801329612731934 + }, + { + "x": 0.8807522356510162, + "y": 0.7885361164808273 + }, + { + "x": 0.528373658657074, + "y": 0.7885361164808273 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 510, + "content": { + "text": "For example, one interviewee from\nIndonesia observed that the teachings\nof extremism have entered schools, such\nas high schools, and have also begun to\npenetrate student organizations. She\nobserved that the teachings \"spread from\nthe Middle East, bringing misogynistic\nteachings towards women as part of their\nsubjugation strategy\". She acknowledged\nthat it was part of the organizational\nstrategy where women appeared to look\nempowered:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5422207713127136, + "y": 0.8193762302398682 + }, + { + "x": 0.5724692586809397, + "y": 0.8193762302398682 + }, + { + "x": 0.5724692586809397, + "y": 0.839445237070322 + }, + { + "x": 0.5422207713127136, + "y": 0.839445237070322 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 511, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5879986882209778, + "y": 0.8327469825744629 + }, + { + "x": 0.8769331276416779, + "y": 0.8327469825744629 + }, + { + "x": 0.8769331276416779, + "y": 0.9162541404366493 + }, + { + "x": 0.5879986882209778, + "y": 0.9162541404366493 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 512, + "content": { + "text": "\"However,\nthis\nis\njust\nmanipulation; behind it is the\npractice of misogyny, women's\nconsciousness, their bodies and\nminds are controlled, even though\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.033042777329683304, + "y": 0.9748004674911499 + }, + { + "x": 0.7160701043903828, + "y": 0.9748004674911499 + }, + { + "x": 0.7160701043903828, + "y": 0.9860702212899923 + }, + { + "x": 0.033042777329683304, + "y": 0.9860702212899923 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 513, + "content": { + "text": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.929033100605011, + "y": 0.9761617183685303 + }, + { + "x": 0.9419734422117472, + "y": 0.9761617183685303 + }, + { + "x": 0.9419734422117472, + "y": 0.9837253298610449 + }, + { + "x": 0.929033100605011, + "y": 0.9837253298610449 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 514, + "content": { + "text": "31\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000099.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.22625724971294403, + "y": 0.0843815952539444 + }, + { + "x": 0.7722651809453964, + "y": 0.0843815952539444 + }, + { + "x": 0.7722651809453964, + "y": 0.5045662373304367 + }, + { + "x": 0.22625724971294403, + "y": 0.5045662373304367 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 204, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.21172726154327393, + "y": 0.5192738175392151 + }, + { + "x": 0.37678009271621704, + "y": 0.5192738175392151 + }, + { + "x": 0.37678009271621704, + "y": 0.5303959893062711 + }, + { + "x": 0.21172726154327393, + "y": 0.5303959893062711 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 205, + "content": { + "text": "(Pope and Schweitzer 2011)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08965620398521423, + "y": 0.5453158020973206 + }, + { + "x": 0.9082312285900116, + "y": 0.5453158020973206 + }, + { + "x": 0.9082312285900116, + "y": 0.6377086564898491 + }, + { + "x": 0.08965620398521423, + "y": 0.6377086564898491 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 206, + "content": { + "text": "To reiterate, this study's main econometric results reveal a negative effect on sinking a putt when\nthe typical golfer is putting for birdie, and a positive effect on putting for bogey. Consistent with the\nprevious graphs, these numerical results suggest that the typical professional golfer is more likely to\nsink a put for bogey and less likely to sink the putt for birdie (i.e., the typical golfer is indeed loss\naverse). 10\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09187865257263184, + "y": 0.6600947380065918 + }, + { + "x": 0.6848289966583252, + "y": 0.6600947380065918 + }, + { + "x": 0.6848289966583252, + "y": 0.6711525181308389 + }, + { + "x": 0.09187865257263184, + "y": 0.6711525181308389 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 207, + "content": { + "text": "ARE CIGARETTE SMOKERS HYPERBOLIC TIME DISCOUNTERS?\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08980368077754974, + "y": 0.6900042295455933 + }, + { + "x": 0.9073487967252731, + "y": 0.6900042295455933 + }, + { + "x": 0.9073487967252731, + "y": 0.7442620433866978 + }, + { + "x": 0.08980368077754974, + "y": 0.7442620433866978 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 208, + "content": { + "text": "Recall from Chapter 4 the distinction between time-consistent exponential time discounters (Homo\neconomicus) and potentially time-inconsistent hyperbolic discounters (Homo sapiens). The discounting\ntime paths for exponential versus hyperbolic discounting looked like this:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.06999927014112473, + "y": 0.9155927300453186 + }, + { + "x": 0.9030833765864372, + "y": 0.9155927300453186 + }, + { + "x": 0.9030833765864372, + "y": 0.9438757132738829 + }, + { + "x": 0.06999927014112473, + "y": 0.9438757132738829 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 209, + "content": { + "text": "10. A negative effect associated with putting for double bogey suggests that the typical golfer suppresses his inclination for loss\naversion when putting for a score worse than bogey.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.640755832195282, + "y": 0.9514410495758057 + }, + { + "x": 0.9061424732208252, + "y": 0.9514410495758057 + }, + { + "x": 0.9061424732208252, + "y": 0.9586713355965912 + }, + { + "x": 0.640755832195282, + "y": 0.9586713355965912 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 210, + "content": { + "text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 193\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000148.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.040104061365127563, + "y": 0.030868209898471832 + }, + { + "x": 0.12761691212654114, + "y": 0.030868209898471832 + }, + { + "x": 0.12761691212654114, + "y": 0.06904066354036331 + }, + { + "x": 0.040104061365127563, + "y": 0.06904066354036331 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 271, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08371291309595108, + "y": 0.06110129505395889 + }, + { + "x": 0.12652785331010818, + "y": 0.06110129505395889 + }, + { + "x": 0.12652785331010818, + "y": 0.07073364593088627 + }, + { + "x": 0.08371291309595108, + "y": 0.07073364593088627 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 272, + "content": { + "text": "Circle\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6842964291572571, + "y": 0.027980566024780273 + }, + { + "x": 0.7546337470412254, + "y": 0.027980566024780273 + }, + { + "x": 0.7546337470412254, + "y": 0.06063394248485565 + }, + { + "x": 0.6842964291572571, + "y": 0.06063394248485565 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 273, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7624921202659607, + "y": 0.03142838925123215 + }, + { + "x": 0.9117705821990967, + "y": 0.03142838925123215 + }, + { + "x": 0.9117705821990967, + "y": 0.0559853371232748 + }, + { + "x": 0.7624921202659607, + "y": 0.0559853371232748 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 274, + "content": { + "text": "Co-funded by\nthe European Union\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1427183449268341, + "y": 0.1037503257393837 + }, + { + "x": 0.8644387423992157, + "y": 0.1037503257393837 + }, + { + "x": 0.8644387423992157, + "y": 0.15062929689884186 + }, + { + "x": 0.1427183449268341, + "y": 0.15062929689884186 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 275, + "content": { + "text": "As seen in this chart of responses, we were very satisfied to reach diversity in age groups, with\nall groups being represented by over 10%. The main group reached was of ages 36-45, and the\nleast represented was the youngest age group of 18-25.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16647666692733765, + "y": 0.20768678188323975 + }, + { + "x": 0.2769213616847992, + "y": 0.20768678188323975 + }, + { + "x": 0.2769213616847992, + "y": 0.21700595784932375 + }, + { + "x": 0.16647666692733765, + "y": 0.21700595784932375 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 276, + "content": { + "text": "Education Level\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16675767302513123, + "y": 0.22396965324878693 + }, + { + "x": 0.2440330758690834, + "y": 0.22396965324878693 + }, + { + "x": 0.2440330758690834, + "y": 0.2324991524219513 + }, + { + "x": 0.16675767302513123, + "y": 0.2324991524219513 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 277, + "content": { + "text": "122 responses\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2920331656932831, + "y": 0.2531692087650299 + }, + { + "x": 0.7756124138832092, + "y": 0.2531692087650299 + }, + { + "x": 0.7756124138832092, + "y": 0.3830455094575882 + }, + { + "x": 0.2920331656932831, + "y": 0.3830455094575882 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 278, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14292208850383759, + "y": 0.41858747601509094 + }, + { + "x": 0.8431595414876938, + "y": 0.41858747601509094 + }, + { + "x": 0.8431595414876938, + "y": 0.4481147173792124 + }, + { + "x": 0.14292208850383759, + "y": 0.4481147173792124 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 279, + "content": { + "text": "Regarding the education level of responders, we were satisfied to receive a very high level of\nresponses with Bachelor's or higher degrees, with the significant share of others coming from\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14241816103458405, + "y": 0.5696020722389221 + }, + { + "x": 0.8418788462877274, + "y": 0.5696020722389221 + }, + { + "x": 0.8418788462877274, + "y": 0.5987983159720898 + }, + { + "x": 0.14241816103458405, + "y": 0.5987983159720898 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 280, + "content": { + "text": "Upper Secondary-educated participants. There was also a small representation of non-formal\ntraining, as well as >1% representation for other options.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16658711433410645, + "y": 0.629126787185669 + }, + { + "x": 0.24429939687252045, + "y": 0.629126787185669 + }, + { + "x": 0.24429939687252045, + "y": 0.6541037335991859 + }, + { + "x": 0.16658711433410645, + "y": 0.6541037335991859 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 281, + "content": { + "text": "Profession\n122 responses\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.29200679063796997, + "y": 0.6748271584510803 + }, + { + "x": 0.767867237329483, + "y": 0.6748271584510803 + }, + { + "x": 0.767867237329483, + "y": 0.8049234002828598 + }, + { + "x": 0.29200679063796997, + "y": 0.8049234002828598 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 282, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14257356524467468, + "y": 0.8308013677597046 + }, + { + "x": 0.8599905073642731, + "y": 0.8308013677597046 + }, + { + "x": 0.8599905073642731, + "y": 0.8774166256189346 + }, + { + "x": 0.14257356524467468, + "y": 0.8774166256189346 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 283, + "content": { + "text": "For responders' profession, the most common answers representing 19.7% equally, were Youth\nWorkers and Project Managers, although practising Social Entrepreneurs were also well\nrepresented, along with an 8% response rate from self-declared circular economy experts.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1521827131509781, + "y": 0.9049581289291382 + }, + { + "x": 0.8588462024927139, + "y": 0.9049581289291382 + }, + { + "x": 0.8588462024927139, + "y": 0.9263420403003693 + }, + { + "x": 0.1521827131509781, + "y": 0.9263420403003693 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 284, + "content": { + "text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3677791357040405, + "y": 0.9399308562278748 + }, + { + "x": 0.6431231200695038, + "y": 0.9399308562278748 + }, + { + "x": 0.6431231200695038, + "y": 0.948357698507607 + }, + { + "x": 0.3677791357040405, + "y": 0.948357698507607 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 285, + "content": { + "text": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000064.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11464481055736542, + "y": 0.22789347171783447 + }, + { + "x": 0.4964321404695511, + "y": 0.22789347171783447 + }, + { + "x": 0.4964321404695511, + "y": 0.45954419672489166 + }, + { + "x": 0.11464481055736542, + "y": 0.45954419672489166 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 354, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
PORT SHIPCALLS
ForeignDomestic
MANILA24546,125
CEBU113879,500
BATANGAS95813,196
SUBIC313136
CAGAYAN DE ORO1373,159
DAVAO75017,807
ILOILO21224,381
GENERAL SANTOS112704
ZAMBOANGA4041,27
LUCENA744,428
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Manila has the highest number of foreign shipcalls\nwhile Cebu has the highest domestic shipcalls and second to Manila in international shipcalls.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12649154663085938, + "y": 0.2330392450094223 + }, + { + "x": 0.16736693680286407, + "y": 0.2330392450094223 + }, + { + "x": 0.16736693680286407, + "y": 0.2430008128285408 + }, + { + "x": 0.12649154663085938, + "y": 0.2430008128285408 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 394, + "content": { + "text": "PORT\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3510698974132538, + "y": 0.2330266386270523 + }, + { + "x": 0.4297296032309532, + "y": 0.2330266386270523 + }, + { + "x": 0.4297296032309532, + "y": 0.2429707357659936 + }, + { + "x": 0.3510698974132538, + "y": 0.2429707357659936 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 395, + "content": { + "text": "SHIPCALLS\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11671699583530426, + "y": 0.48932161927223206 + }, + { + "x": 0.82007797062397, + "y": 0.48932161927223206 + }, + { + "x": 0.82007797062397, + "y": 0.5042976113036275 + }, + { + "x": 0.11671699583530426, + "y": 0.5042976113036275 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 397, + "content": { + "text": "Table 1. Top 10 ports in the Philippines in shipcalls (2020 data from PPA, CPA and SBMA)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11673122644424438, + "y": 0.5446474552154541 + }, + { + "x": 0.8818268775939941, + "y": 0.5446474552154541 + }, + { + "x": 0.8818268775939941, + "y": 0.670772597193718 + }, + { + "x": 0.11673122644424438, + "y": 0.670772597193718 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 398, + "content": { + "text": "The port of Manila has been documented to have a significant number of possible IAS. The on-\ngoing SAILS-PORTEC research program has detected IAS in Davao, Cebu and Matnog ports. These\nports are adjacent to specific oil tanker pathways/routes. In Luzon where the refineries and oil\nstorage facilities are located such as Batangas, are at higher risk. These loading ports are at high\nrisk for IAS/MNIS and these are located near to international ports.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11660698801279068, + "y": 0.7113742828369141 + }, + { + "x": 0.8823981657624245, + "y": 0.7113742828369141 + }, + { + "x": 0.8823981657624245, + "y": 0.8930333852767944 + }, + { + "x": 0.11660698801279068, + "y": 0.8930333852767944 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 399, + "content": { + "text": "The shipcall statistics in Table 1 represent the year 2020, when the COVID 19 pandemic caused a\nglobal and domestic maritime transport slowdown. The average reduction in shipcalls is around\n40%. Nonetheless, Manila and Cebu are likely the main ports that need to be closely monitored\nfor potential IAS bioinvasion. In 2018, before the COVID-19 pandemic, Manila was experiencing\nport congestion with a report that ships may stay at berth for five days (Wallis, 2019). This will\nincrease the risks for biofouling. Based on the 2021 statistics from the PPA, the average berthing\ntime has been reduced to 1 day. This is a result of less shipping traffic due to the pandemic.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8632895946502686, + "y": 0.9224259853363037 + }, + { + "x": 0.8823858089745045, + "y": 0.9224259853363037 + }, + { + "x": 0.8823858089745045, + "y": 0.9331061448901892 + }, + { + "x": 0.8632895946502686, + "y": 0.9331061448901892 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 400, + "content": { + "text": "10\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000164.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09211239963769913, + "y": 0.09271816909313202 + }, + { + "x": 0.9070825353264809, + "y": 0.09271816909313202 + }, + { + "x": 0.9070825353264809, + "y": 0.1762227639555931 + }, + { + "x": 0.09211239963769913, + "y": 0.1762227639555931 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 726, + "content": { + "text": "3Btg2-26 to 31 in; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) crushed, silty clay; common coarse prominent dark yellowish brown\n(10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate coarse\nsubangular blocky; extremely hard, very firm; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine moderate\ncontinuity tubular pores; common distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), moist, clay films on vertical\nand horizontal faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 15 in thick)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09205306321382523, + "y": 0.19862887263298035 + }, + { + "x": 0.9073435738682747, + "y": 0.19862887263298035 + }, + { + "x": 0.9073435738682747, + "y": 0.2999408468604088 + }, + { + "x": 0.09205306321382523, + "y": 0.2999408468604088 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 727, + "content": { + "text": "3Btg3-31 to 35 in; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) crushed, silty clay; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR\n4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, friable; common\nvery fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint continuous dark\ngrayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; common medium rounded very dark\ngrayish brown (10YR 3/2) soft clay bodies pedogenic throughout and few medium rounded white (10YR 8/1) soft nests\nof gypsum pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 10 in thick)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09204281866550446, + "y": 0.32271042466163635 + }, + { + "x": 0.9072453528642654, + "y": 0.32271042466163635 + }, + { + "x": 0.9072453528642654, + "y": 0.4415007382631302 + }, + { + "x": 0.09204281866550446, + "y": 0.4415007382631302 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 728, + "content": { + "text": "3Btg4-35 to 42 in; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) crushed, silty clay loam; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown\n(10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) moist irregular\nmottles throughout; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; very hard, friable;\ncommon very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint\ndiscontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous very\ndark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/or pores; few medium rounded white (10YR 8/1)\nsoft nests of gypsum pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 10 in thick)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09190832078456879, + "y": 0.46375572681427 + }, + { + "x": 0.9070138186216354, + "y": 0.46375572681427 + }, + { + "x": 0.9070138186216354, + "y": 0.5648024156689644 + }, + { + "x": 0.09190832078456879, + "y": 0.5648024156689644 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 729, + "content": { + "text": "3Btg5/E-42 to 54 in; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common fine prominent dark yellowish\nbrown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate\nmedium subangular blocky; hard, friable; common very and fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine moderate\ncontinuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist clay films on vertical faces of peds\nand few distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/or pores; strongly\nacid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 15 in thick)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09191245585680008, + "y": 0.5878518223762512 + }, + { + "x": 0.9070699885487556, + "y": 0.5878518223762512 + }, + { + "x": 0.9070699885487556, + "y": 0.7065467312932014 + }, + { + "x": 0.09191245585680008, + "y": 0.7065467312932014 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 730, + "content": { + "text": "3Btg6/E-54 to 69 in; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common coarse prominent dark yellowish\nbrown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common coarse prominent dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)\nmoist irregular mottles throughout; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky;\nslightly hard, very friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine moderate continuity\ntubular pores; few faint continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct\ncontinuous dark grayish brown(10YR 4/2) moist silt coats in root channels and/or pores; common fine rounded black (N\n2/0) soft iron/manganese concretions pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 20 in thick)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09188707172870636, + "y": 0.7289698123931885 + }, + { + "x": 0.9071808606386185, + "y": 0.7289698123931885 + }, + { + "x": 0.9071808606386185, + "y": 0.8653322905302048 + }, + { + "x": 0.09188707172870636, + "y": 0.8653322905302048 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 731, + "content": { + "text": "3Btg7/E-69 to 86 in; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common coarse prominent dark yellowish\nbrown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common fine prominent dark brown (7.5YR 3/4.) moist\nirregular mottles throughout; weak coarse prismatic structure; slightly hard, very friable; few very fine roots\nthroughout; common very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown\n(10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist, silt\ncoats in root channels and/or pores; common fine rounded black (N 2/0) soft iron/manganese concretions pedogenic\nthroughout and few medium irregular brown (10YR 5/3) soft clay bodies pedogenic in cracks; very strongly acid; clear\nsmooth boundary. (0 to 20 in thick)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09218998998403549, + "y": 0.8882512450218201 + }, + { + "x": 0.9069720134139061, + "y": 0.8882512450218201 + }, + { + "x": 0.9069720134139061, + "y": 0.9185670670121908 + }, + { + "x": 0.09218998998403549, + "y": 0.9185670670121908 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 732, + "content": { + "text": "3Btg8/E-86 to 97 in; 80% light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) exterior, and 15% yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), exterior, and\n5% strong brown (7.5 YR 4/6), exterior, silty clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7887508273124695, + "y": 0.9416635036468506 + }, + { + "x": 0.8771191984415054, + "y": 0.9416635036468506 + }, + { + "x": 0.8771191984415054, + "y": 0.9498014766722918 + }, + { + "x": 0.7887508273124695, + "y": 0.9498014766722918 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 733, + "content": { + "text": "Soil Formation\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8940542936325073, + "y": 0.9417811036109924 + }, + { + "x": 0.9072917560115457, + "y": 0.9417811036109924 + }, + { + "x": 0.9072917560115457, + "y": 0.9498183215036988 + }, + { + "x": 0.8940542936325073, + "y": 0.9498183215036988 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 734, + "content": { + "text": "27\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000059.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.19122709333896637, + "y": 0.1037682443857193 + }, + { + "x": 0.7598523646593094, + "y": 0.1037682443857193 + }, + { + "x": 0.7598523646593094, + "y": 0.11605748441070318 + }, + { + "x": 0.19122709333896637, + "y": 0.11605748441070318 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 283, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 4.6. Input Biomass Fuel for Each Type of Biomass Power Generation\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.21825966238975525, + "y": 0.13397949934005737 + }, + { + "x": 0.7352944910526276, + "y": 0.13397949934005737 + }, + { + "x": 0.7352944910526276, + "y": 0.35275299847126007 + }, + { + "x": 0.21825966238975525, + "y": 0.35275299847126007 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 284, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14282526075839996, + "y": 0.37186580896377563 + }, + { + "x": 0.8085225969552994, + "y": 0.37186580896377563 + }, + { + "x": 0.8085225969552994, + "y": 0.42133285477757454 + }, + { + "x": 0.14282526075839996, + "y": 0.42133285477757454 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 285, + "content": { + "text": "PKS = palm kernel shell.\nHeat value used: Domestic logs and wood chips: 19.4 MJ/kg; Domestic wood pellets, Import pellets, chips:\n15.5 MJ/kg; PKS: 18 MJ/kg; Construction wood waste, Other waste, and Others: assuming the same with wood\npellets.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14216935634613037, + "y": 0.42389538884162903 + }, + { + "x": 0.6156061589717865, + "y": 0.42389538884162903 + }, + { + "x": 0.6156061589717865, + "y": 0.43440731056034565 + }, + { + "x": 0.14216935634613037, + "y": 0.43440731056034565 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 286, + "content": { + "text": "Source: Depicted by IEEJ based on Japan Woody Bioenergy Association, 2020.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.142148956656456, + "y": 0.46344122290611267 + }, + { + "x": 0.8086261600255966, + "y": 0.46344122290611267 + }, + { + "x": 0.8086261600255966, + "y": 0.530876487493515 + }, + { + "x": 0.142148956656456, + "y": 0.530876487493515 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 287, + "content": { + "text": "According to Japan's trade statistics, its import of wood pellets has increased around 16\ntimes from 2014 to 2019. Viet Nam and Canada are the largest suppliers of Japan's wood\npellet imports (Figure 4.7). On the other hand, domestic wood pellet production stayed\nalmost the same over the same period (Figure 4.8).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.35464632511138916, + "y": 0.5644920468330383 + }, + { + "x": 0.5975852310657501, + "y": 0.5644920468330383 + }, + { + "x": 0.5975852310657501, + "y": 0.5762882903218269 + }, + { + "x": 0.35464632511138916, + "y": 0.5762882903218269 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 288, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 4.7. Wood Pellets Import\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.228536456823349, + "y": 0.5914080739021301 + }, + { + "x": 0.72644904255867, + "y": 0.5914080739021301 + }, + { + "x": 0.72644904255867, + "y": 0.8097453266382217 + }, + { + "x": 0.228536456823349, + "y": 0.8097453266382217 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 289, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1424364447593689, + "y": 0.8308454155921936 + }, + { + "x": 0.3627897948026657, + "y": 0.8308454155921936 + }, + { + "x": 0.3627897948026657, + "y": 0.8417055504396558 + }, + { + "x": 0.1424364447593689, + "y": 0.8417055504396558 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 290, + "content": { + "text": "Source: Trade Statistics of Japan.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4670197069644928, + "y": 0.945572555065155 + }, + { + "x": 0.48449155129492283, + "y": 0.945572555065155 + }, + { + "x": 0.48449155129492283, + "y": 0.9543042536824942 + }, + { + "x": 0.4670197069644928, + "y": 0.9543042536824942 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 291, + "content": { + "text": "39\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000130.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0870576724410057, + "y": 0.16382259130477905 + }, + { + "x": 0.8241830095648766, + "y": 0.16382259130477905 + }, + { + "x": 0.8241830095648766, + "y": 0.3145943135023117 + }, + { + "x": 0.0870576724410057, + "y": 0.3145943135023117 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 243, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
Time tObserved returns on the firm's portfolio over time rtObserved returns on a potential, new investment for the firm's rt
201210%7%
20136%8%
20147%5%
20153%2%
20165%3%
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Upstage universal OCR model E2E performanceUpstage universal OCR model performance details: Document
evaluation 1criteria
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Parsing-F1: Comparison of parsing model F1 of both companies for business registration document\nform. Company A is excluded from comparison due to the absence of the document parsing model.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.9250231981277466, + "y": 0.9512915015220642 + }, + { + "x": 0.9618569239974022, + "y": 0.9512915015220642 + }, + { + "x": 0.9618569239974022, + "y": 0.9680717084556818 + }, + { + "x": 0.9250231981277466, + "y": 0.9680717084556818 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 305, + "content": { + "text": "upstage\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000159.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14214785397052765, + "y": 0.096687451004982 + }, + { + "x": 0.8556875139474869, + "y": 0.096687451004982 + }, + { + "x": 0.8556875139474869, + "y": 0.18173202127218246 + }, + { + "x": 0.14214785397052765, + "y": 0.18173202127218246 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 301, + "content": { + "text": "be a starting point for asking questions too, but I would recommend\nagainst brainstorming as the only strategy towards topic and\nquestion identification since it does not enable students to get to\ntopics they didn't know existed.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1418151706457138, + "y": 0.18836364150047302 + }, + { + "x": 0.8566716760396957, + "y": 0.18836364150047302 + }, + { + "x": 0.8566716760396957, + "y": 0.36458374559879303 + }, + { + "x": 0.1418151706457138, + "y": 0.36458374559879303 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 302, + "content": { + "text": "I struggle with getting students to actually read the sources we\nfind together in our research consultations. They seem to want\nto do all the searching first and all the reading later. No matter\nhow I tell them it's iterative and you need to go back and forth\nbetween reading and searching many many times, the messages\nwasn't landing. This chapter is my next iteration in how to talk\nabout the research process, but I really don't now what the secret\nrecipe is yet. Let me know if you think this one lands.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14348673820495605, + "y": 0.4276012182235718 + }, + { + "x": 0.41138264536857605, + "y": 0.4276012182235718 + }, + { + "x": 0.41138264536857605, + "y": 0.4556679502129555 + }, + { + "x": 0.14348673820495605, + "y": 0.4556679502129555 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 303, + "content": { + "text": "Types of Sources\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14139679074287415, + "y": 0.49805644154548645 + }, + { + "x": 0.8579325973987579, + "y": 0.49805644154548645 + }, + { + "x": 0.8579325973987579, + "y": 0.6739377975463867 + }, + { + "x": 0.14139679074287415, + "y": 0.6739377975463867 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 304, + "content": { + "text": "I am a big fan of Mike Caulfield's information literacy work (see\nthe next chapter, SIFTing Information.) Sometimes I have found\nmy attempts to use his strategies in the classroom were hard for\nstudents. For example, when I've tried the exercise about the\nAmerican Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of\nPediatricians (Reflection & Discussion Question 1) without first\ntalking about professional organizations, students rarely got how\nthey were different, and it did not build their confidence.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14188586175441742, + "y": 0.6809481978416443 + }, + { + "x": 0.8561907261610031, + "y": 0.6809481978416443 + }, + { + "x": 0.8561907261610031, + "y": 0.7886091768741608 + }, + { + "x": 0.14188586175441742, + "y": 0.7886091768741608 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 305, + "content": { + "text": "It's hard to identify a legitimate professional association if you've\nnever heard of the concept of professional associations. This\nchapter may be long, but I felt it was important to enumerate at\nleast some of the dimensions of the sources they may find, SO that\nwhen we get to Caulfield's SIFT method they are set up for success.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1425996869802475, + "y": 0.9242022037506104 + }, + { + "x": 0.17347673699259758, + "y": 0.9242022037506104 + }, + { + "x": 0.17347673699259758, + "y": 0.9349957341328263 + }, + { + "x": 0.1425996869802475, + "y": 0.9349957341328263 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 306, + "content": { + "text": "102\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.19869175553321838, + "y": 0.924358606338501 + }, + { + "x": 0.3964291363954544, + "y": 0.924358606338501 + }, + { + "x": 0.3964291363954544, + "y": 0.9348275354132056 + }, + { + "x": 0.19869175553321838, + "y": 0.9348275354132056 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 307, + "content": { + "text": "Instructor Resources\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000154.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08988052606582642, + "y": 0.08341553062200546 + }, + { + "x": 0.906297504901886, + "y": 0.08341553062200546 + }, + { + "x": 0.906297504901886, + "y": 0.4139131233096123 + }, + { + "x": 0.08988052606582642, + "y": 0.4139131233096123 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 146, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
66%
24%
18%
12%
6%8%
No textbook requiredAffordableZero costFreeLow costOER
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Based on what was\nfeasible in the short term and conversations with key stakeholders (i.e., registrar, early OER adopters,\ncurriculum coordinators, student representatives, and the campus store), we incorporated an\n\"educational resources cost\" option into an existing \"course attribute\" drop-down menu under the\nsystem's advanced search options.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09275396913290024, + "y": 0.9508891701698303 + }, + { + "x": 0.10657139029353857, + "y": 0.9508891701698303 + }, + { + "x": 0.10657139029353857, + "y": 0.9589489726349711 + }, + { + "x": 0.09275396913290024, + "y": 0.9589489726349711 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 193, + "content": { + "text": "18\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11287713795900345, + "y": 0.9504043459892273 + }, + { + "x": 0.9062606170773506, + "y": 0.9504043459892273 + }, + { + "x": 0.9062606170773506, + "y": 0.9603010853752494 + }, + { + "x": 0.11287713795900345, + "y": 0.9603010853752494 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 194, + "content": { + "text": "BOYOUNG CHAE, KEVIN CORCORAN, MICHAEL DALY, ANN FIDDLER, JEFF GALLANT, JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG, AMY HOFER, AND\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000076.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.18853653967380524, + "y": 0.08166905492544174 + }, + { + "x": 0.7893241196870804, + "y": 0.08166905492544174 + }, + { + "x": 0.7893241196870804, + "y": 0.30975379794836044 + }, + { + "x": 0.18853653967380524, + "y": 0.30975379794836044 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 167, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.19001583755016327, + "y": 0.31656166911125183 + }, + { + "x": 0.5865285843610764, + "y": 0.31656166911125183 + }, + { + "x": 0.5865285843610764, + "y": 0.3303641313686967 + }, + { + "x": 0.19001583755016327, + "y": 0.3303641313686967 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 168, + "content": { + "text": "Source: Department of Employment, Thailand (2022)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.19071641564369202, + "y": 0.3447915017604828 + }, + { + "x": 0.7461802661418915, + "y": 0.3447915017604828 + }, + { + "x": 0.7461802661418915, + "y": 0.3622525166720152 + }, + { + "x": 0.19071641564369202, + "y": 0.3622525166720152 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 169, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 1.7. Non-citizen population in Malaysia (in thousands)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.18854254484176636, + "y": 0.3717999756336212 + }, + { + "x": 0.7892948985099792, + "y": 0.3717999756336212 + }, + { + "x": 0.7892948985099792, + "y": 0.5945723354816437 + }, + { + "x": 0.18854254484176636, + "y": 0.5945723354816437 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 170, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.18988794088363647, + "y": 0.6012155413627625 + }, + { + "x": 0.8036698698997498, + "y": 0.6012155413627625 + }, + { + "x": 0.8036698698997498, + "y": 0.6164145413786173 + }, + { + "x": 0.18988794088363647, + "y": 0.6164145413786173 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 171, + "content": { + "text": "Source: Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2022). Figure for 2021 is an estimate.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.19074587523937225, + "y": 0.6298515200614929 + }, + { + "x": 0.7450925558805466, + "y": 0.6298515200614929 + }, + { + "x": 0.7450925558805466, + "y": 0.6473280321806669 + }, + { + "x": 0.19074587523937225, + "y": 0.6473280321806669 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 172, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 1.8. Singapore foreign workforce stock (in thousands)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.18760260939598083, + "y": 0.6565070748329163 + }, + { + "x": 0.7878654897212982, + "y": 0.6565070748329163 + }, + { + "x": 0.7878654897212982, + "y": 0.8795362859964371 + }, + { + "x": 0.18760260939598083, + "y": 0.8795362859964371 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 173, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.19026391208171844, + "y": 0.8871109485626221 + }, + { + "x": 0.8797225207090378, + "y": 0.8871109485626221 + }, + { + "x": 0.8797225207090378, + "y": 0.9174588564783335 + }, + { + "x": 0.19026391208171844, + "y": 0.9174588564783335 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 174, + "content": { + "text": "Source: Compilation by Manpower Research & Statistics Department (Ministry of Manpower,\nSingapore, 2022).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14080198109149933, + "y": 0.9516775012016296 + }, + { + "x": 0.4204018861055374, + "y": 0.9516775012016296 + }, + { + "x": 0.4204018861055374, + "y": 0.9670859994366765 + }, + { + "x": 0.14080198109149933, + "y": 0.9670859994366765 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 175, + "content": { + "text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.9295636415481567, + "y": 0.9527303576469421 + }, + { + "x": 0.951291736215353, + "y": 0.9527303576469421 + }, + { + "x": 0.951291736215353, + "y": 0.9637274770066142 + }, + { + "x": 0.9295636415481567, + "y": 0.9637274770066142 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 176, + "content": { + "text": "19\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000156.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.35849788784980774, + "y": 0.09004995971918106 + }, + { + "x": 0.3697083117440343, + "y": 0.09004995971918106 + }, + { + "x": 0.3697083117440343, + "y": 0.10095431935042143 + }, + { + "x": 0.35849788784980774, + "y": 0.10095431935042143 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 259, + "content": { + "text": "2\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1441826969385147, + "y": 0.09624794125556946 + }, + { + "x": 0.35085824131965637, + "y": 0.09624794125556946 + }, + { + "x": 0.35085824131965637, + "y": 0.12068407237529755 + }, + { + "x": 0.1441826969385147, + "y": 0.12068407237529755 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 260, + "content": { + "text": "Fact-Checking\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.20017097890377045, + "y": 0.2114243060350418 + }, + { + "x": 0.37491850554943085, + "y": 0.2114243060350418 + }, + { + "x": 0.37491850554943085, + "y": 0.7038073390722275 + }, + { + "x": 0.20017097890377045, + "y": 0.7038073390722275 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 261, + "content": { + "text": "In this\ncontext, we are\ntalking about\nfact-checking\nthat is done\nbefore a source\nis published.\nOver the last\ntwo decades\nthere has been\nan increase in\nfact checking as\nan activity that\ntakes place after\na source has\nbeen published,\na practice\ndiscussed in\nmore detail in\nthe chapter,\nSIFTing\nInformation.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4591967463493347, + "y": 0.15898972749710083 + }, + { + "x": 0.8565429151058197, + "y": 0.15898972749710083 + }, + { + "x": 0.8565429151058197, + "y": 0.3809971809387207 + }, + { + "x": 0.4591967463493347, + "y": 0.3809971809387207 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 262, + "content": { + "text": "Fact checkers verify that the names,\ndates, and facts in a work (usually an\narticle or book) are correct. For\nexample, they may contact a person\nwho is quoted in a proposed news\narticle and ask the person whether\nthis quotation is correct, or how to\nspell the person's name. Fact-\ncheckers are primarily useful in\ncatching accidental mistakes.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4593781530857086, + "y": 0.38745686411857605 + }, + { + "x": 0.8567997813224792, + "y": 0.38745686411857605 + }, + { + "x": 0.8567997813224792, + "y": 0.6983264684677124 + }, + { + "x": 0.4593781530857086, + "y": 0.6983264684677124 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 263, + "content": { + "text": "The number of people employed in\nfact-checking varies by publication.\nSome organizations have substantial\nfact-checking departments. Others\nmay hire freelancers per piece, or\nmay combine fact-checking with\nother duties. Magazines are more\nlikely to use fact checkers than\nnewspapers. Television and radio\nprograms rarely employ dedicated\nfact checkers, and instead expect\nothers, including senior staff, to\nengage in fact-checking in addition to\ntheir other duties.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11467418819665909, + "y": 0.8314220309257507 + }, + { + "x": 0.8524938002228737, + "y": 0.8314220309257507 + }, + { + "x": 0.8524938002228737, + "y": 0.9044679552316666 + }, + { + "x": 0.11467418819665909, + "y": 0.9044679552316666 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 264, + "content": { + "text": "2. Content in this section is adapted from the Wikipedia\nentry \"Fact-checking\" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/\nFact-checking) and is used under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14215098321437836, + "y": 0.9244820475578308 + }, + { + "x": 0.16443824395537376, + "y": 0.9244820475578308 + }, + { + "x": 0.16443824395537376, + "y": 0.9349068449810147 + }, + { + "x": 0.14215098321437836, + "y": 0.9349068449810147 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 265, + "content": { + "text": "48\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.19031581282615662, + "y": 0.9238124489784241 + }, + { + "x": 0.3507723808288574, + "y": 0.9238124489784241 + }, + { + "x": 0.3507723808288574, + "y": 0.9379878360778093 + }, + { + "x": 0.19031581282615662, + "y": 0.9379878360778093 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 266, + "content": { + "text": "Types of Sources\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000083.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16521655023097992, + "y": 0.17123080790042877 + }, + { + "x": 0.8331207484006882, + "y": 0.17123080790042877 + }, + { + "x": 0.8331207484006882, + "y": 0.41010162234306335 + }, + { + "x": 0.16521655023097992, + "y": 0.41010162234306335 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 274, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
CategoryNumber of clauses in Union lawsIn percentNumber of clauses in State lawsIn percent
Commercial52910.1%8173.9%
Environment, Health and Safety83415.9%3451.7%
Finance & Taxation410.8%8884.2%
General751.4%3601.7%
Industry Specific297956.9%12005.7%
Labour53410.2%1728582.7%
Secretarial2474.7%00.0%
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SmallMediumLarge
Total Applicable Compliances6693,1095,796
Compliances with imprisonment4612,1724,085
Percentage of imprisonment clauses69%70%70%
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SmallMediumLarge
Less than 3 months2582185
3 months to less than 1 year1876991,220
1 year to less than 3 years1781,0701,964
3 years to less than 5 years59245505
5 years to 10 years1276211
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Properties Instruction Training Datasets Alignment
Alpaca-GPT4OpenOrcaSynth. Math-InstructOrca DPO PairsUltrafeedback CleanedSynth. Math-Alignment
Total # Samples Maximum # Samples Used Open Source52K2.91M126K12.9K60.8K126K
52K100K52K12.9K60.8K20.1K
ooOo
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The 'Maximum # Samples Used' indicates the actual maximum\nnumber of samples that were used in training, which could be lower than the total number of samples in a given\ndataset. 'Open Source indicates whether the dataset is open-sourced.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11794479191303253, + "y": 0.300236314535141 + }, + { + "x": 0.4880111962556839, + "y": 0.300236314535141 + }, + { + "x": 0.4880111962556839, + "y": 0.425717294216156 + }, + { + "x": 0.11794479191303253, + "y": 0.425717294216156 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 837, + "content": { + "text": "pretraining to quickly recover performance. We\nattribute the success of DUS to reducing such dis-\ncrepancies in both the depthwise scaling and the\ncontinued pretraining steps. We also hypothesize\nthat other methods of depthwise scaling could also\nwork for DUS, as long as the discrepancy in the\nscaled model is sufficiently contained before the\ncontinued pretraining step.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1181386262178421, + "y": 0.43796077370643616 + }, + { + "x": 0.48796795308589935, + "y": 0.43796077370643616 + }, + { + "x": 0.48796795308589935, + "y": 0.5966079235076904 + }, + { + "x": 0.1181386262178421, + "y": 0.5966079235076904 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 838, + "content": { + "text": "Comparison to other up-scaling methods. Un-\nlike Komatsuzaki et al. (2022), depthwise scaled\nmodels do not require additional modules like gat-\ning networks or dynamic expert selection. Conse-\nquently, scaled models in DUS do not necessitate\na distinct training framework for optimal training\nefficiency, nor do they require specialized CUDA\nkernels for fast inference. A DUS model can seam-\nlessly integrate into existing training and inference\nframeworks while maintaining high efficiency.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11836684495210648, + "y": 0.6121602058410645 + }, + { + "x": 0.28760597854852676, + "y": 0.6121602058410645 + }, + { + "x": 0.28760597854852676, + "y": 0.6258324673399329 + }, + { + "x": 0.11836684495210648, + "y": 0.6258324673399329 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 839, + "content": { + "text": "3 Training Details\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11803285032510757, + "y": 0.6384401321411133 + }, + { + "x": 0.48683498054742813, + "y": 0.6384401321411133 + }, + { + "x": 0.48683498054742813, + "y": 0.6837963126599789 + }, + { + "x": 0.11803285032510757, + "y": 0.6837963126599789 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 840, + "content": { + "text": "After DUS, including continued pretraining, we\nperform fine-tuning of SOLAR 10.7B in two stages:\n1) instruction tuning and 2) alignment tuning.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11773994565010071, + "y": 0.6966567039489746 + }, + { + "x": 0.4880189895629883, + "y": 0.6966567039489746 + }, + { + "x": 0.4880189895629883, + "y": 0.9190023243427277 + }, + { + "x": 0.11773994565010071, + "y": 0.9190023243427277 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 841, + "content": { + "text": "Instruction tuning. In the instruction tuning\nstage, the model is trained to follow instructions in\na QA format (Zhang et al., 2023). We mostly use\nopen-source datasets but also synthesize a math QA\ndataset to enhance the model's mathematical capa-\nbilities. A rundown of how we crafted the dataset is\nas follows. First, seed math data are collected from\nthe Math (Hendrycks et al., 2021) dataset only, to\navoid contamination with commonly used bench-\nmark datasets such as GSM8K (Cobbe et al., 2021).\nThen, using a process similar to MetaMath (Yu\net al., 2023), we rephrase the questions and an-\nswers of the seed math data. We use the resulting\nrephrased question-answer pairs as a QA dataset\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5140452980995178, + "y": 0.30026349425315857 + }, + { + "x": 0.7611996233463287, + "y": 0.30026349425315857 + }, + { + "x": 0.7611996233463287, + "y": 0.3128239205107093 + }, + { + "x": 0.5140452980995178, + "y": 0.3128239205107093 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 842, + "content": { + "text": "and call it 'Synth. Math-Instruct'.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5130546689033508, + "y": 0.32705140113830566 + }, + { + "x": 0.8829711079597473, + "y": 0.32705140113830566 + }, + { + "x": 0.8829711079597473, + "y": 0.5009410381317139 + }, + { + "x": 0.5130546689033508, + "y": 0.5009410381317139 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 843, + "content": { + "text": "Alignment tuning. In the alignment tuning stage,\nthe instruction-tuned model is further fine-tuned\nto be more aligned with human or strong AI\n(e.g., GPT4 (OpenAI, 2023)) preferences using\nsDPO (Kim et al., 2024a), an improved version\nof direct preference optimization (DPO) (Rafailov\net al., 2023). Similar to the instruction tuning stage,\nwe use mostly open-source datasets but also syn-\nthesize a math-focused alignment dataset utilizing\nthe 'Synth. Math-Instruct dataset mentioned in the\ninstruction tuning stage.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5119273066520691, + "y": 0.5050269365310669 + }, + { + "x": 0.883459597826004, + "y": 0.5050269365310669 + }, + { + "x": 0.883459597826004, + "y": 0.7430791854858398 + }, + { + "x": 0.5119273066520691, + "y": 0.7430791854858398 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 844, + "content": { + "text": "The alignment data synthesis process is as\nfollows. We take advantage of the fact that\nthe rephrased question-answer pairs in Synth.\nMath-Instruct data are beneficial in enhancing the\nmodel's mathematical capabilities (see Sec. 4.3.1).\nThus, we speculate that the rephrased answer to the\nrephrased question is a better answer than the orig-\ninal answer, possibly due to the interim rephrasing\nstep. Consequently, we set the rephrased question\nas the prompt and use the rephrased answer as the\nchosen response and the original answer as the re-\njected response and create the {prompt, chosen,\nrejected} DPO tuple. We aggregate the tuples from\nthe rephrased question-answer pairs and call the\nresulting dataset 'Synth. Math-Alignment\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5137885212898254, + "y": 0.7603204250335693 + }, + { + "x": 0.606682114303112, + "y": 0.7603204250335693 + }, + { + "x": 0.606682114303112, + "y": 0.7711972557008266 + }, + { + "x": 0.5137885212898254, + "y": 0.7711972557008266 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 845, + "content": { + "text": "4 Results\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5133722424507141, + "y": 0.7873528599739075 + }, + { + "x": 0.7205547094345093, + "y": 0.7873528599739075 + }, + { + "x": 0.7205547094345093, + "y": 0.7998731276020408 + }, + { + "x": 0.5133722424507141, + "y": 0.7998731276020408 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 846, + "content": { + "text": "4.1\nExperimental Details\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5135439038276672, + "y": 0.809249997138977 + }, + { + "x": 0.8832904100418091, + "y": 0.809249997138977 + }, + { + "x": 0.8832904100418091, + "y": 0.9187384769320488 + }, + { + "x": 0.5135439038276672, + "y": 0.9187384769320488 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 847, + "content": { + "text": "Training datasets. We present details regarding\nour training datasets for the instruction and align-\nment tuning stages in Tab. 1. We do not always\nuse the entire dataset and instead subsample a set\namount. Note that most of our training data is\nopen-source, and the undisclosed datasets can be\nsubstituted for open-source alternatives such as the\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000065.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11539088189601898, + "y": 0.09026636928319931 + }, + { + "x": 0.8858897536993027, + "y": 0.09026636928319931 + }, + { + "x": 0.8858897536993027, + "y": 0.42448269575834274 + }, + { + "x": 0.11539088189601898, + "y": 0.42448269575834274 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 227, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
SPORT Hard
\" (1. in
", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11692161113023758, + "y": 0.08992880582809448 + }, + { + "x": 0.8839846923947334, + "y": 0.08992880582809448 + }, + { + "x": 0.8839846923947334, + "y": 0.42332690954208374 + }, + { + "x": 0.11692161113023758, + "y": 0.42332690954208374 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 275, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11783286184072495, + "y": 0.4262363016605377 + }, + { + "x": 0.8624076470732689, + "y": 0.4262363016605377 + }, + { + "x": 0.8624076470732689, + "y": 0.4565560221672058 + }, + { + "x": 0.11783286184072495, + "y": 0.4565560221672058 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 276, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 6. Mytella strigata biofouling green mussel farms in Bacoor City, Cavite, Manila Bay Photo from\nhttps://businessmirror.com.ph/2020/02/17/fake-tahong-invades-bacoor-mussel-farms/\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14669851958751678, + "y": 0.5011966824531555 + }, + { + "x": 0.3142755776643753, + "y": 0.5011966824531555 + }, + { + "x": 0.3142755776643753, + "y": 0.5150081366300583 + }, + { + "x": 0.14669851958751678, + "y": 0.5150081366300583 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 277, + "content": { + "text": "5. Natural dispersal\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11629848927259445, + "y": 0.5563758611679077 + }, + { + "x": 0.8825942203402519, + "y": 0.5563758611679077 + }, + { + "x": 0.8825942203402519, + "y": 0.8200203478336334 + }, + { + "x": 0.11629848927259445, + "y": 0.8200203478336334 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 278, + "content": { + "text": "Dispersal by purely natural means is not included as a pathway of biological invasions (Gaston\n1996). Examples include range expansion by flight or any other medium of natural locomotion or\ntransport. However if human created or crafted material is involved in rafting dispersal of IAS,\nthen this may be considered as a case of biological invasion. The 2011 Great East Japan\nearthquake generated a large tsunami that caused an unprecedented biological transoceanic\nrafting event from the northwestern Pacific coastline of Japan towards North America on the\neastern Pacific(Carlton et al. 2017). Millions of human made objects from small plastics to large\ndocks and whole ships were cast adrift in the Pacific (Murray et al. 2018). This provided a\nsubstrate for biofoulers. Large debris could carry up to 20 to 30 mega-species of biofoulers\n(Carlton et al. 2017). These biofouled debris can constitute an IAS risk (Therriault 2017).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1170172467827797, + "y": 0.8615286946296692 + }, + { + "x": 0.8818761482834816, + "y": 0.8615286946296692 + }, + { + "x": 0.8818761482834816, + "y": 0.9033813327550888 + }, + { + "x": 0.1170172467827797, + "y": 0.9033813327550888 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 279, + "content": { + "text": "While a tsunami is a relatively rare event, a more common one is fouler dispersal by rafting on\ncoastal currents of floating plastic debris, wood and, bamboo. Marine litter often originate from\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8633445501327515, + "y": 0.9224846959114075 + }, + { + "x": 0.8821969758719206, + "y": 0.9224846959114075 + }, + { + "x": 0.8821969758719206, + "y": 0.9329884545877576 + }, + { + "x": 0.8633445501327515, + "y": 0.9329884545877576 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 280, + "content": { + "text": "14\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000198.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.06775893270969391, + "y": 0.33433592319488525 + }, + { + "x": 0.861700251698494, + "y": 0.33433592319488525 + }, + { + "x": 0.861700251698494, + "y": 0.72676882147789 + }, + { + "x": 0.06775893270969391, + "y": 0.72676882147789 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 33, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
1. Overview of OCR Pack
2. Introduction of Product Services and Key Features
3. Product - Detail Specification
4. Integration Policy
5. FAQ
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Author's Note to the 2021 Edition ix
Foreword to the 2021 Edition xi
Foreword and Acknowledgements XV
1. A Fountain in the Square 1
2. The Lost Homeland5
3. Steinkirche13
4. A Jewel in the Austrian Crown19
5. Meeting the Relatives37
6. For the Love of Iran41
7. To the Bottom of the World53
8. Das Lager65
9. His Majesty's Guests79
10. The Imaginary Homeland91
11. Shadows and Flames119
12. After the War123
13. Stranded in Exile127
14. Swimming for the Eucharist139
15. Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam155
16. Mirror Without Identity173
17. The Wreck of the Deutschland191
18. Intelligence Testing209
19. A Banquet of Life223
20. Marriage in Rome249
21. Integration257
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"xi\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.13068178296089172, + "y": 0.3599221110343933 + }, + { + "x": 0.43171313405036926, + "y": 0.3599221110343933 + }, + { + "x": 0.43171313405036926, + "y": 0.37493655923753977 + }, + { + "x": 0.13068178296089172, + "y": 0.37493655923753977 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 262, + "content": { + "text": "Foreword and Acknowledgements\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.13206620514392853, + "y": 0.38545435667037964 + }, + { + "x": 0.1469381395727396, + "y": 0.38545435667037964 + }, + { + "x": 0.1469381395727396, + "y": 0.3957599839195609 + }, + { + "x": 0.13206620514392853, + "y": 0.3957599839195609 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 263, + "content": { + "text": "1.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8222633004188538, + "y": 0.36408132314682007 + }, + { + "x": 0.842836294323206, + "y": 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"content": { + "text": "1\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.13049651682376862, + "y": 0.4089311957359314 + }, + { + "x": 0.3615717887878418, + "y": 0.4089311957359314 + }, + { + "x": 0.3615717887878418, + "y": 0.4206225909292698 + }, + { + "x": 0.13049651682376862, + "y": 0.4206225909292698 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 267, + "content": { + "text": "2.\nThe Lost Homeland\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8316737413406372, + "y": 0.40990546345710754 + }, + { + "x": 0.8416155632585287, + "y": 0.40990546345710754 + }, + { + "x": 0.8416155632585287, + "y": 0.4212571596726775 + }, + { + "x": 0.8316737413406372, + "y": 0.4212571596726775 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 268, + "content": { + "text": "5\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.130598783493042, + "y": 0.4332088828086853 + }, + { + "x": 0.2821562588214874, + "y": 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"text": "4.\nA Jewel in the Austrian Crown\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8214051723480225, + "y": 0.45838019251823425 + }, + { + "x": 0.841813288629055, + "y": 0.45838019251823425 + }, + { + "x": 0.841813288629055, + "y": 0.46965289302170277 + }, + { + "x": 0.8214051723480225, + "y": 0.46965289302170277 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 272, + "content": { + "text": "19\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1306641548871994, + "y": 0.4824357032775879 + }, + { + "x": 0.3741411864757538, + "y": 0.4824357032775879 + }, + { + "x": 0.3741411864757538, + "y": 0.4977139104157686 + }, + { + "x": 0.1306641548871994, + "y": 0.4977139104157686 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 273, + "content": { + "text": "5.\nMeeting the Relatives\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8196742534637451, + "y": 0.48329758644104004 + }, + { + "x": 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Getting away from the usual demands 34%
Being close to nature 33%
Enjoying the sounds and smells of nature 32%
Catching fish 31%
Spending time with family or friends 29%
The scenic beauty 16%
Experiencing solitude 14%
Experiencing excitement/adventure 14%
Reliving my childhood memories of going fishing12%
Catching my own food12%
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Long description.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09779561311006546, + "y": 0.4843731224536896 + }, + { + "x": 0.9009569361805916, + "y": 0.4843731224536896 + }, + { + "x": 0.9009569361805916, + "y": 0.5372031405568123 + }, + { + "x": 0.09779561311006546, + "y": 0.5372031405568123 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 366, + "content": { + "text": "Over time, an angler's motivation may change from a catch orientation to emphasize noncatch motivations,\nsuch as being outdoors or passing on their passion for fishing (McKenna 2013). The progression often follows\nthese stages:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10896755754947662, + "y": 0.5609097480773926 + }, + { + "x": 0.3716884106397629, + "y": 0.5609097480773926 + }, + { + "x": 0.3716884106397629, + "y": 0.5743412086740136 + }, + { + "x": 0.10896755754947662, + "y": 0.5743412086740136 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 368, + "content": { + "text": "Stage 1: I just want to catch a fish!\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10918929427862167, + "y": 0.5805586576461792 + }, + { + "x": 0.3866155669093132, + "y": 0.5805586576461792 + }, + { + "x": 0.3866155669093132, + "y": 0.5939418682828546 + }, + { + "x": 0.10918929427862167, + "y": 0.5939418682828546 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 369, + "content": { + "text": "Stage 2: I want to catch a lot of fish!\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10909771919250488, + "y": 0.5998666882514954 + }, + { + "x": 0.35843731462955475, + "y": 0.5998666882514954 + }, + { + "x": 0.35843731462955475, + "y": 0.6138438396155834 + }, + { + "x": 0.10909771919250488, + "y": 0.6138438396155834 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 370, + "content": { + "text": "Stage 3: I want to catch big fish.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10931915044784546, + "y": 0.6190043687820435 + }, + { + "x": 0.41587206721305847, + "y": 0.6190043687820435 + }, + { + "x": 0.41587206721305847, + "y": 0.6331732785329223 + }, + { + "x": 0.10931915044784546, + "y": 0.6331732785329223 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 371, + "content": { + "text": "Stage 4: I'm just happy to be out fishing.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10922770947217941, + "y": 0.6382899880409241 + }, + { + "x": 0.5930907055735588, + "y": 0.6382899880409241 + }, + { + "x": 0.5930907055735588, + "y": 0.6528769787400961 + }, + { + "x": 0.10922770947217941, + "y": 0.6528769787400961 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 372, + "content": { + "text": "Stage 5: I want to pass on my knowledge and passion for fishing.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09800316393375397, + "y": 0.6754807829856873 + }, + { + "x": 0.9012369066476822, + "y": 0.6754807829856873 + }, + { + "x": 0.9012369066476822, + "y": 0.7487020418047905 + }, + { + "x": 0.09800316393375397, + "y": 0.7487020418047905 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 373, + "content": { + "text": "Studies of angler characteristics confirm that there is no such thing as an \"average\" angler. Rather, anglers are\na heterogeneous and changing group. Therefore, we can segment anglers in distinct categories for analysis\n(Bryan 1977; Kyle et al. 2007; Beardmore et al. 2013; TenHarmsel et al. 2019). For example, Magee (2018)\ncategorized recreational anglers into five distinct fisher classes with differing motivations (Table 10.1).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0979103296995163, + "y": 0.9362067580223083 + }, + { + "x": 0.11810602620244026, + "y": 0.9362067580223083 + }, + { + "x": 0.11810602620244026, + "y": 0.944761149585247 + }, + { + "x": 0.0979103296995163, + "y": 0.944761149585247 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 374, + "content": { + "text": "216\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.13641981780529022, + "y": 0.9356834888458252 + }, + { + "x": 0.3903924375772476, + "y": 0.9356834888458252 + }, + { + "x": 0.3903924375772476, + "y": 0.9478503251448274 + }, + { + "x": 0.13641981780529022, + "y": 0.9478503251448274 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 375, + "content": { + "text": "Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000121.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11739519238471985, + "y": 0.4732123613357544 + }, + { + "x": 0.88104447722435, + "y": 0.4732123613357544 + }, + { + "x": 0.88104447722435, + "y": 0.6168432682752609 + }, + { + "x": 0.11739519238471985, + "y": 0.6168432682752609 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 473, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
ReagentsSupplies and Equipment
At each student station: Resuspended DNA or ethanol precipitates from Part 1* To be shared by all groups: \"Evidence A\" DNA* \"Evidence B\" DNA* Restriction Buffer-RNase A* BamHI-HindIII restriction enzyme mixture* Sterile distilled or deionized waterMicrocentrifuge tube rack 3 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes Micropipet, -20 uL Micropipet tips Beaker or similar container for waste Beaker or similar container filled with ice Permanent marker Water bath at 37°C
", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11732808500528336, + "y": 0.049614738672971725 + }, + { + "x": 0.3928717151284218, + "y": 0.049614738672971725 + }, + { + "x": 0.3928717151284218, + "y": 0.06350523419678211 + }, + { + "x": 0.11732808500528336, + "y": 0.06350523419678211 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 481, + "content": { + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7974461913108826, + "y": 0.05097561329603195 + }, + { + "x": 0.8668214082717896, + "y": 0.05097561329603195 + }, + { + "x": 0.8668214082717896, + "y": 0.063381209038198 + }, + { + "x": 0.7974461913108826, + "y": 0.063381209038198 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 482, + "content": { + "text": "BIO181\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11822210997343063, + "y": 0.09295136481523514 + }, + { + "x": 0.7620451375842094, + "y": 0.09295136481523514 + }, + { + "x": 0.7620451375842094, + "y": 0.10594693850725889 + }, + { + "x": 0.11822210997343063, + "y": 0.10594693850725889 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 483, + "content": { + "text": "16. Place the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge and spin for 3 minutes.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11841996759176254, + "y": 0.1266050934791565 + }, + { + "x": 0.8397082909941673, + "y": 0.1266050934791565 + }, + { + "x": 0.8397082909941673, + "y": 0.15461183339357376 + }, + { + "x": 0.11841996759176254, + "y": 0.15461183339357376 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 485, + "content": { + "text": "17. Carefully pour off the supernatant from both tubes. Do not disturb the nucleic acid pellets. Invert the\ntubes and tap them gently on the surface of a clean paper towel to drain them thoroughly.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11818937957286835, + "y": 0.1737411469221115 + }, + { + "x": 0.8788431137800217, + "y": 0.1737411469221115 + }, + { + "x": 0.8788431137800217, + "y": 0.2166542261838913 + }, + { + "x": 0.11818937957286835, + "y": 0.2166542261838913 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 486, + "content": { + "text": "18. Briefly spin the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge to bring any remaining ethanol to\nthe bottom of the tube. Then use the micropipette to remove any remaining ethanol. Use a fresh tip for each\ntube. Be careful not to disturb the nucleic acid pellet.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11839423328638077, + "y": 0.23600803315639496 + }, + { + "x": 0.8304741755127907, + "y": 0.23600803315639496 + }, + { + "x": 0.8304741755127907, + "y": 0.2638868745416403 + }, + { + "x": 0.11839423328638077, + "y": 0.2638868745416403 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 487, + "content": { + "text": "19. Allow the tubes to dry by leaving the tube caps open for 3-5 minutes. Inspect each tube carefully to\nensure that the tube interior is completely dry.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.197423055768013, + "y": 0.28315457701683044 + }, + { + "x": 0.7920823246240616, + "y": 0.28315457701683044 + }, + { + "x": 0.7920823246240616, + "y": 0.29651268664747477 + }, + { + "x": 0.197423055768013, + "y": 0.29651268664747477 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 488, + "content": { + "text": "***Congratulations, you have just completed the miniprep plasmid DNA extraction!!!**\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11695752292871475, + "y": 0.3158119022846222 + }, + { + "x": 0.6312495842576027, + "y": 0.3158119022846222 + }, + { + "x": 0.6312495842576027, + "y": 0.3287876322865486 + }, + { + "x": 0.11695752292871475, + "y": 0.3287876322865486 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 489, + "content": { + "text": "Restriction Enzyme Digest Prep (switch to the 1- 20-uL micropipette):\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15222956240177155, + "y": 0.34778615832328796 + }, + { + "x": 0.8741935640573502, + "y": 0.34778615832328796 + }, + { + "x": 0.8741935640573502, + "y": 0.41810646653175354 + }, + { + "x": 0.15222956240177155, + "y": 0.41810646653175354 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 490, + "content": { + "text": "20. Use a micropipette to add 10 uL of tris-EDTA solution (TE) to each tube. Use a new tip for each tube.\nDissolve the pellets by pipetting in and out. Rinse the sides of the tube several times, concentrating on\nthe area where the nucleic acid pellet or particles were observed. Check that no particles remain in the\npipet tip or on the side of the tube. Use the entire contents of each tube in the restriction digest that\nfollows.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11752606928348541, + "y": 0.44063398241996765 + }, + { + "x": 0.7332890778779984, + "y": 0.44063398241996765 + }, + { + "x": 0.7332890778779984, + "y": 0.4562535220757127 + }, + { + "x": 0.11752606928348541, + "y": 0.4562535220757127 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 491, + "content": { + "text": "II. Set Up the Restriction Digests of the \"Suspect\" and \"Evidence\" DNA\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11723555624485016, + "y": 0.63694828748703 + }, + { + "x": 0.1969517469406128, + "y": 0.63694828748703 + }, + { + "x": 0.1969517469406128, + "y": 0.6461551198735833 + }, + { + "x": 0.11723555624485016, + "y": 0.6461551198735833 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 493, + "content": { + "text": "*Store on ice\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11773516237735748, + "y": 0.6678038239479065 + }, + { + "x": 0.7272516041994095, + "y": 0.6678038239479065 + }, + { + "x": 0.7272516041994095, + "y": 0.6808949233964086 + }, + { + "x": 0.11773516237735748, + "y": 0.6808949233964086 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 494, + "content": { + "text": "NOTE: Your instructor will assign you to use either \"Evidence A\" DNA or \"Evidence B\" DNA\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11805804073810577, + "y": 0.7311275601387024 + }, + { + "x": 0.8694567233324051, + "y": 0.7311275601387024 + }, + { + "x": 0.8694567233324051, + "y": 0.774130504578352 + }, + { + "x": 0.11805804073810577, + "y": 0.774130504578352 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 496, + "content": { + "text": "1. Label the three 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes in which you will perform the restriction digests: \"S1\" for\nSuspect 1, \"S2\" for Suspect 2, and either \"EA\" for Evidence A or \"EB\" for Evidence B. All three samples will be\ndigested by the restriction enzymes BamHI and HindIII.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11750330775976181, + "y": 0.7932201623916626 + }, + { + "x": 0.8712456449866295, + "y": 0.7932201623916626 + }, + { + "x": 0.8712456449866295, + "y": 0.8362462744116783 + }, + { + "x": 0.11750330775976181, + "y": 0.8362462744116783 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 497, + "content": { + "text": "2.\nUse the table below (next page) as a checklist while adding reagents to each reaction. Read down each\ncolumn, adding the same reagent to all appropriate tubes. To avoid cross contamination, use a fresh pipet tip\neach time you add a reagent to a tube.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.48560836911201477, + "y": 0.9251266121864319 + }, + { + "x": 0.5142652466893196, + "y": 0.9251266121864319 + }, + { + "x": 0.5142652466893196, + "y": 0.9357645250856876 + }, + { + "x": 0.48560836911201477, + "y": 0.9357645250856876 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 498, + "content": { + "text": "132\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000190.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.25379443168640137, + "y": 0.08382605016231537 + }, + { + "x": 0.7453469634056091, + "y": 0.08382605016231537 + }, + { + "x": 0.7453469634056091, + "y": 0.1271023526787758 + }, + { + "x": 0.25379443168640137, + "y": 0.1271023526787758 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 885, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
ModelH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
Cand. 173.7370.4887.4765.7370.6281.5366.57
Cand. 273.2871.5988.3966.1472.5081.9959.14
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ModelMerge MethodH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
Merge v1Average (0.5,0.5)74.0071.1688.0166.1471.7182.0864.90
Merge v2Average (0.4,0.6)73.9371.0888.0866.2771.8981.7764.52
Merge v3Average (0.6, 0.4)74.0571.0887.8866.1371.6182.0865.50
Merge v4SLERP73.9671.1688.0366.2571.7981.9364.59
", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11757659167051315, + "y": 0.13977564871311188 + }, + { + "x": 0.8806126043200493, + "y": 0.13977564871311188 + }, + { + "x": 0.8806126043200493, + "y": 0.17831159010529518 + }, + { + "x": 0.11757659167051315, + "y": 0.17831159010529518 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 958, + "content": { + "text": "Table 6: Performance comparison amongst the merge candidates. 'Cand. 1' and 'Cand. 2' are trained using the\nsame setting as 'DPO v2' and 'DPO v3', respectively, but with slightly different hyper-parameters. The best scores\nfor H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11747564375400543, + "y": 0.2708449959754944 + }, + { + "x": 0.8822671324014664, + "y": 0.2708449959754944 + }, + { + "x": 0.8822671324014664, + "y": 0.310835637152195 + }, + { + "x": 0.11747564375400543, + "y": 0.310835637152195 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 960, + "content": { + "text": "Table 7: Ablation studies on the different merge methods used for obtaining the final model. We use 'Cand. 1'\nand 'Cand. 2' from Tab. 6 as our two models for merging. We name the merged models with the 'Merge' prefix to\nindicate they are merged. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11756035685539246, + "y": 0.3398907482624054 + }, + { + "x": 0.4880497455596924, + "y": 0.3398907482624054 + }, + { + "x": 0.4880497455596924, + "y": 0.5128501355648041 + }, + { + "x": 0.11756035685539246, + "y": 0.5128501355648041 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 961, + "content": { + "text": "scores for tasks like ARC, HellaSwag, and Truth-\nfulQA all improved by good margins, the score\nfor GSM8K is 58.83, which is lower than the\nSFT base model score of 64.14. Adding Synth.\nMath-Alignment to train 'DPO v2', we see that\nthe GSM8k score improves to 60.27, which is\nlower than the SFT base model but still higher\nthan 'DPO v1'. Other task scores are also not nega-\ntively impacted by adding Synth. Math-Alignment.\nThus, we can conclude that adding Synth. Math-\nAlignment is beneficial for H6.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11728178709745407, + "y": 0.5184799432754517 + }, + { + "x": 0.48777588456869125, + "y": 0.5184799432754517 + }, + { + "x": 0.48777588456869125, + "y": 0.6757849305868149 + }, + { + "x": 0.11728178709745407, + "y": 0.6757849305868149 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 962, + "content": { + "text": "Then, we experiment whether merging 'DPO\nv1' and 'DPO v2' is beneficial. Unfortunately,\n'DPO v1+v2' scores 73.21 in H6, which is worse\nthan 'DPO v2'. More importantly, the gain in\nthe GSM8K score from adding Synth. Math-\nAlignment is gone, which is undesirable. One\nreason for this could be that 'DPO v2' is a strict\nimprovement over 'DPO v1', unlike the case for\nmerging 'SFT v3' and 'SFT v4' where the models\nhad different strengths and weaknesses.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11794696748256683, + "y": 0.6949794888496399 + }, + { + "x": 0.4881715327501297, + "y": 0.6949794888496399 + }, + { + "x": 0.4881715327501297, + "y": 0.8337233811616898 + }, + { + "x": 0.11794696748256683, + "y": 0.8337233811616898 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 963, + "content": { + "text": "Ablation on the SFT base models. When ap-\nplying DPO, we start from a model that is already\ninstruction tuned ,i.e., the SFT base model and ab-\nlate on using different SFT base models. We use\nUltrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment\ndatasets for this ablation. Each of the ablated mod-\nels is trained as follows. 'DPO v2' uses 'SFT v3'\nas the base SFT model, while 'DPO v3' uses 'SFT\nv3+v4' as the SFT base model instead.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11818043887615204, + "y": 0.8418676853179932 + }, + { + "x": 0.4881225675344467, + "y": 0.8418676853179932 + }, + { + "x": 0.4881225675344467, + "y": 0.9163539558649063 + }, + { + "x": 0.11818043887615204, + "y": 0.9163539558649063 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 964, + "content": { + "text": "Note that 'SFT v3+v4' has higher scores on all\ntasks compared to 'SFT v3', and the gap is espe-\ncially large for ARC (+1.45) and GSM8K (+2.43).\nSurprisingly, the two models perform similarly in\nterms of H6. A closer look at the scores for the\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5136670470237732, + "y": 0.33982113003730774 + }, + { + "x": 0.8809932768344879, + "y": 0.33982113003730774 + }, + { + "x": 0.8809932768344879, + "y": 0.4162231311202049 + }, + { + "x": 0.5136670470237732, + "y": 0.4162231311202049 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 965, + "content": { + "text": "individual tasks shows only a small margin in the\nGSM8K scores, and other task scores show little\ndifference. Thus, the performance gaps in certain\ntasks in the SFT base models do not always carry\nover to the alignment-tuned models.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.512133002281189, + "y": 0.4744795858860016 + }, + { + "x": 0.8834213018417358, + "y": 0.4744795858860016 + }, + { + "x": 0.8834213018417358, + "y": 0.7101837396621704 + }, + { + "x": 0.512133002281189, + "y": 0.7101837396621704 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 966, + "content": { + "text": "Ablation on different merge methods. From\nTab. 3, we saw that merging two models that have\ndifferent strengths can be beneficial to performance.\nTo utilize this for the alignment-tuned model as\nwell, we train two models named 'Cand. 1' and\n'Cand. 2' using the same training dataset and SFT\nbase model as 'DPO v2' and 'DPO v3' but with dif-\nferent hyper-parameters to maximize each model's\nrespective strengths. We compare 'Cand. 1' and\n'Cand. 2' in Tab. 6 where we can see that 'Cand. 1'\nhas high GSM8K scores but relatively low scores\nfor the other tasks, whereas 'Cand. 2' has low\nscores for GSM8K but high scores for the other\ntasks. We merge these two models using various\nmethods and ablate the results in Tab.. 7.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5132836103439331, + "y": 0.729133665561676 + }, + { + "x": 0.8843571543693542, + "y": 0.729133665561676 + }, + { + "x": 0.8843571543693542, + "y": 0.9162677079439163 + }, + { + "x": 0.5132836103439331, + "y": 0.9162677079439163 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 967, + "content": { + "text": "We use two merge methods: 1) Average (a, b),\nwhere a and b denote the weighting for 'Cand.\nl' and 'Cand. 2' when averaging weights and 2)\nSLERP (Shoemake, 1985). We use (0.5, 0.5), (0.4,\n0.6), and (0.6, 0.4) for Average (a, b). From Tab. 7,\nwe can see that the different merge methods have\nlittle effect on the H6 scores. The scores for the\nindividual tasks also do not differ by much, suggest-\ning that as long as the merge candidates have suffi-\nciently different strengths, the exact merge method\nmay not be as crucial. Thus, we chose \"Merge v1'\nas our SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct model.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000120.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.07861824333667755, + "y": 0.33691009879112244 + }, + { + "x": 0.9199888855218887, + "y": 0.33691009879112244 + }, + { + "x": 0.9199888855218887, + "y": 0.8267593085765839 + }, + { + "x": 0.07861824333667755, + "y": 0.8267593085765839 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 274, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
Genes in DNAProteinCharacteristics
2 copies of the allele that codes for normal hemoglobin (SS)Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the cytosol of red blood cells.Disk-shaped red blood cells can squeeze through the smallest blood vessels normal health
2 copies of the allele that codes for sickle cell hemoglobin (ss)Sickle cell hemoglobin can clump in long rods in red blood cells.If sickle cell hemoglobin clumps in long rods sickle-shaped red blood cells clogged small blood vessels + fragile red blood cells pain, damage to body organs + anemia = sickle cell anemia
", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11678540706634521, + "y": 0.049501460045576096 + }, + { + "x": 0.3928283751010895, + "y": 0.049501460045576096 + }, + { + "x": 0.3928283751010895, + "y": 0.06373960990458727 + }, + { + "x": 0.11678540706634521, + "y": 0.06373960990458727 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 290, + "content": { + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.79719477891922, + "y": 0.05104098469018936 + }, + { + "x": 0.8669274896383286, + "y": 0.05104098469018936 + }, + { + "x": 0.8669274896383286, + "y": 0.0634952038526535 + }, + { + "x": 0.79719477891922, + "y": 0.0634952038526535 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 291, + "content": { + "text": "BIO181\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11690433323383331, + "y": 0.09374350309371948 + }, + { + "x": 0.857139840722084, + "y": 0.09374350309371948 + }, + { + "x": 0.857139840722084, + "y": 0.14338649809360504 + }, + { + "x": 0.11690433323383331, + "y": 0.14338649809360504 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 292, + "content": { + "text": "Sickle cell hemoglobin and normal hemoglobin differ in only a single amino acid out of more than 100\namino acids in the complete hemoglobin protein. This difference in a single amino acid results in the\ndifferent properties of sickle cell hemoglobin compared to normal hemoglobin.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11773298680782318, + "y": 0.18210019171237946 + }, + { + "x": 0.8623723238706589, + "y": 0.18210019171237946 + }, + { + "x": 0.8623723238706589, + "y": 0.2133431602269411 + }, + { + "x": 0.11773298680782318, + "y": 0.2133431602269411 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 293, + "content": { + "text": "Hemoglobin is carried inside red blood cells. Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the watery cytosol of red\nblood cells. Sickle cell hemoglobin is less soluble in the cytosol because:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14750227332115173, + "y": 0.22932736575603485 + }, + { + "x": 0.6366014778614044, + "y": 0.22932736575603485 + }, + { + "x": 0.6366014778614044, + "y": 0.2424543472006917 + }, + { + "x": 0.14750227332115173, + "y": 0.2424543472006917 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 295, + "content": { + "text": "Valine (Val) is much less water-soluble than glutamic acid (Glu).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14730192720890045, + "y": 0.24710726737976074 + }, + { + "x": 0.7841929942369461, + "y": 0.24710726737976074 + }, + { + "x": 0.7841929942369461, + "y": 0.2605557022616267 + }, + { + "x": 0.14730192720890045, + "y": 0.2605557022616267 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 296, + "content": { + "text": "Amino acid 6 is in a crucial location on the outer surface of the hemoglobin protein.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11683160066604614, + "y": 0.2642858922481537 + }, + { + "x": 0.8256619572639465, + "y": 0.2642858922481537 + }, + { + "x": 0.8256619572639465, + "y": 0.29550143145024776 + }, + { + "x": 0.11683160066604614, + "y": 0.29550143145024776 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 297, + "content": { + "text": "The chart on the next page shows how the lower solubility of sickle cell hemoglobin results in the\nsymptoms of sickle cell anemia.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11715497076511383, + "y": 0.8536352515220642 + }, + { + "x": 0.6979414969682693, + "y": 0.8536352515220642 + }, + { + "x": 0.6979414969682693, + "y": 0.867188835516572 + }, + { + "x": 0.11715497076511383, + "y": 0.867188835516572 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 299, + "content": { + "text": "29a. Circle the arrows in the chart that represent transcription + translation.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.48575952649116516, + "y": 0.9250786304473877 + }, + { + "x": 0.5140905063599348, + "y": 0.9250786304473877 + }, + { + "x": 0.5140905063599348, + "y": 0.9360293205827475 + }, + { + "x": 0.48575952649116516, + "y": 0.9360293205827475 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 300, + "content": { + "text": "115\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000039.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15873074531555176, + "y": 0.07596137374639511 + }, + { + "x": 0.9020787477493286, + "y": 0.07596137374639511 + }, + { + "x": 0.9020787477493286, + "y": 0.08788005542010069 + }, + { + "x": 0.15873074531555176, + "y": 0.08788005542010069 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 307, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 9.4.1: Challenges in importing amongst tourism MSMEs who import - all survey phases (%)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.22292441129684448, + "y": 0.0986485481262207 + }, + { + "x": 0.8658657073974609, + "y": 0.0986485481262207 + }, + { + "x": 0.8658657073974609, + "y": 0.33986927568912506 + }, + { + "x": 0.22292441129684448, + "y": 0.33986927568912506 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 308, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15794451534748077, + "y": 0.36144527792930603 + }, + { + "x": 0.5373168140649796, + "y": 0.36144527792930603 + }, + { + "x": 0.5373168140649796, + "y": 0.40120936557650566 + }, + { + "x": 0.15794451534748077, + "y": 0.40120936557650566 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 309, + "content": { + "text": "There were very few tourism MSMEs that exported\nin each survey round. The base is too small for any\nconclusive analysis.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15829694271087646, + "y": 0.41845935583114624 + }, + { + "x": 0.5363636612892151, + "y": 0.41845935583114624 + }, + { + "x": 0.5363636612892151, + "y": 0.4419354163110256 + }, + { + "x": 0.15829694271087646, + "y": 0.4419354163110256 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 310, + "content": { + "text": "9.5. Adapting to the New Normal: Changing\nBusiness Models\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15832532942295074, + "y": 0.4613450765609741 + }, + { + "x": 0.5376155227422714, + "y": 0.4613450765609741 + }, + { + "x": 0.5376155227422714, + "y": 0.5723016560077667 + }, + { + "x": 0.15832532942295074, + "y": 0.5723016560077667 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 311, + "content": { + "text": "In all survey phases, several MSMEs in the tourism\nsector reported changing their business models. In\nJuly 2020, 167 tourism MSMEs mentioned that they\nchanged their business model, in October 2020, 223\nmentioned the same, and in January 2021, it was 183\nMSMEs. Some changed models in more ways than\none. The main ways across all phases that MSMEs\nmade changes were:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2034502476453781, + "y": 0.5896275043487549 + }, + { + "x": 0.4092555046081543, + "y": 0.5896275043487549 + }, + { + "x": 0.4092555046081543, + "y": 0.6009865859523416 + }, + { + "x": 0.2034502476453781, + "y": 0.6009865859523416 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 312, + "content": { + "text": "Adapting to social distancing;\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.576119601726532, + "y": 0.3615298569202423 + }, + { + "x": 0.9313755035400391, + "y": 0.3615298569202423 + }, + { + "x": 0.9313755035400391, + "y": 0.3862225655466318 + }, + { + "x": 0.576119601726532, + "y": 0.3862225655466318 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 314, + "content": { + "text": "Devising new ways to reach customers through\nonline markets or social media;\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5761610865592957, + "y": 0.40416744351387024 + }, + { + "x": 0.931136280298233, + "y": 0.40416744351387024 + }, + { + "x": 0.931136280298233, + "y": 0.42968257516622543 + }, + { + "x": 0.5761610865592957, + "y": 0.42968257516622543 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 315, + "content": { + "text": "Moving into new products and services in high\ndemand during COVID-19;\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5766746401786804, + "y": 0.44704970717430115 + }, + { + "x": 0.798997089266777, + "y": 0.44704970717430115 + }, + { + "x": 0.798997089266777, + "y": 0.4581797383725643 + }, + { + "x": 0.5766746401786804, + "y": 0.4581797383725643 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 316, + "content": { + "text": "Reducing employee salaries.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.552412748336792, + "y": 0.4756021201610565 + }, + { + "x": 0.9317962527275085, + "y": 0.4756021201610565 + }, + { + "x": 0.9317962527275085, + "y": 0.6130807548761368 + }, + { + "x": 0.552412748336792, + "y": 0.6130807548761368 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 317, + "content": { + "text": "Compared to previous survey round results, in\nJanuary 2021, tourism MSMEs had increasingly\nshifted towards adapting to social distancing to\noperate (57%). 6 Starting online marketing remained a\npopular choice, as nearly a quarter (24%) mentioned\nit in January 2021, compared to 28% in July 2020 and\n31% in October 2020. Reducing employee salaries as\nan approach reduced considerably in January 2021 at\n8% of responses compared to 21% in July 2020 and\n24% in October 2020.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15867942571640015, + "y": 0.8606281876564026 + }, + { + "x": 0.5238825976848602, + "y": 0.8606281876564026 + }, + { + "x": 0.5238825976848602, + "y": 0.8711791131645441 + }, + { + "x": 0.15867942571640015, + "y": 0.8711791131645441 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 318, + "content": { + "text": "6. Compared to 38% in July 2020 and 22% in October 2020.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.06518982350826263, + "y": 0.9402389526367188 + }, + { + "x": 0.0794128654524684, + "y": 0.9402389526367188 + }, + { + "x": 0.0794128654524684, + "y": 0.9477090467698872 + }, + { + "x": 0.06518982350826263, + "y": 0.9477090467698872 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 319, + "content": { + "text": "39\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000112.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12623675167560577, + "y": 0.07266097515821457 + }, + { + "x": 0.6430348306894302, + "y": 0.07266097515821457 + }, + { + "x": 0.6430348306894302, + "y": 0.08833710290491581 + }, + { + "x": 0.12623675167560577, + "y": 0.08833710290491581 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 293, + "content": { + "text": "Adjust the point gauge to read 10 mm greater than the datum.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12681443989276886, + "y": 0.09916718304157257 + }, + { + "x": 0.33859890699386597, + "y": 0.09916718304157257 + }, + { + "x": 0.33859890699386597, + "y": 0.11449585668742657 + }, + { + "x": 0.12681443989276886, + "y": 0.11449585668742657 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 294, + "content": { + "text": "Record the reading as h.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12663322687149048, + "y": 0.12530970573425293 + }, + { + "x": 0.8845712542533875, + "y": 0.12530970573425293 + }, + { + "x": 0.8845712542533875, + "y": 0.16053232178092003 + }, + { + "x": 0.12663322687149048, + "y": 0.16053232178092003 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 295, + "content": { + "text": "Turn on the pump, and slightly adjust the flow until the water level coincides with the point\ngauge. Check that the level has stabilized before taking readings.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12626072764396667, + "y": 0.1710652858018875 + }, + { + "x": 0.5384472012519836, + "y": 0.1710652858018875 + }, + { + "x": 0.5384472012519836, + "y": 0.1867938470095396 + }, + { + "x": 0.12626072764396667, + "y": 0.1867938470095396 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 296, + "content": { + "text": "Measure the flow rate using the volumetric tank.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12651292979717255, + "y": 0.1972518414258957 + }, + { + "x": 0.5815979093313217, + "y": 0.1972518414258957 + }, + { + "x": 0.5815979093313217, + "y": 0.21326305717229843 + }, + { + "x": 0.12651292979717255, + "y": 0.21326305717229843 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 297, + "content": { + "text": "Observe the shape of the nappe and take pictures of it.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09195961058139801, + "y": 0.2305014431476593 + }, + { + "x": 0.9067505747079849, + "y": 0.2305014431476593 + }, + { + "x": 0.9067505747079849, + "y": 0.3015877828001976 + }, + { + "x": 0.09195961058139801, + "y": 0.3015877828001976 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 298, + "content": { + "text": "Note: The surface of the water will fall as it approaches the weir. This is particularly noticeable at high\nflow rates by high heads. To obtain an accurate measurement of the undisturbed water level above the\ncrest of the weir, it is necessary to place the measuring gauge at a distance of at least three times the\nhead above the weir.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1460801362991333, + "y": 0.322014182806015 + }, + { + "x": 0.9032542705535889, + "y": 0.322014182806015 + }, + { + "x": 0.9032542705535889, + "y": 0.39641399681568146 + }, + { + "x": 0.1460801362991333, + "y": 0.39641399681568146 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 299, + "content": { + "text": "Increase the flow by opening the bench regulating valve to set the heads above the datum level\nin 10 mm increments until the regulating valve is fully open. Take care not to allow spillage to\noccur over the plate top that is adjacent to the notch. At each condition, measure the flow rate\nand observe the shape of the nappe.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09199346601963043, + "y": 0.4133484959602356 + }, + { + "x": 0.90681292116642, + "y": 0.4133484959602356 + }, + { + "x": 0.90681292116642, + "y": 0.44576993957161903 + }, + { + "x": 0.09199346601963043, + "y": 0.44576993957161903 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 300, + "content": { + "text": "Note: To obtain a sufficiently accurate result, collect around 25 liters of water each time, or collect the\nwater for at least 120 seconds.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12611673772335052, + "y": 0.46623557806015015 + }, + { + "x": 0.8379275649785995, + "y": 0.46623557806015015 + }, + { + "x": 0.8379275649785995, + "y": 0.48326391726732254 + }, + { + "x": 0.12611673772335052, + "y": 0.48326391726732254 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 302, + "content": { + "text": "Close the regulating valve, stop the pump, and then replace the weir with the V-notch.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12615245580673218, + "y": 0.4927109181880951 + }, + { + "x": 0.8505328893661499, + "y": 0.4927109181880951 + }, + { + "x": 0.8505328893661499, + "y": 0.5252567753195763 + }, + { + "x": 0.12615245580673218, + "y": 0.5252567753195763 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 303, + "content": { + "text": "Repeat the experiment with the V-notch weir plate, but with 5 mm increments in water\nsurface elevation.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12588880956172943, + "y": 0.5388319492340088 + }, + { + "x": 0.6003266721963882, + "y": 0.5388319492340088 + }, + { + "x": 0.6003266721963882, + "y": 0.5552777461707592 + }, + { + "x": 0.12588880956172943, + "y": 0.5552777461707592 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 304, + "content": { + "text": "Collect seven head and discharge readings for each weir.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3654753267765045, + "y": 0.5705698728561401 + }, + { + "x": 0.6329886615276337, + "y": 0.5705698728561401 + }, + { + "x": 0.6329886615276337, + "y": 0.8459382355213165 + }, + { + "x": 0.3654753267765045, + "y": 0.8459382355213165 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 305, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.18574631214141846, + "y": 0.8582563400268555 + }, + { + "x": 0.6196337938308716, + "y": 0.8582563400268555 + }, + { + "x": 0.6196337938308716, + "y": 0.8713413765653968 + }, + { + "x": 0.18574631214141846, + "y": 0.8713413765653968 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 306, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 9.3: Position of the notch and Vernier height gauge to set the datum.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0921197161078453, + "y": 0.9413735270500183 + }, + { + "x": 0.36963560432195663, + "y": 0.9413735270500183 + }, + { + "x": 0.36963560432195663, + "y": 0.9503024769946933 + }, + { + "x": 0.0921197161078453, + "y": 0.9503024769946933 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 307, + "content": { + "text": "80 APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS LAB MANUAL\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000045.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12431038171052933, + "y": 0.2571081519126892 + }, + { + "x": 0.8920455053448677, + "y": 0.2571081519126892 + }, + { + "x": 0.8920455053448677, + "y": 0.6041413843631744 + }, + { + "x": 0.12431038171052933, + "y": 0.6041413843631744 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 142, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
No.Name of organizationNumber of accredited observers
1Union of Youth Federations of Cambodia (UYFC)17,266
2Cambodian Women for Peace and Development9,835
3Association of Democratic Students of Cambodia711
4Association of Intellectual and Youth Volunteer46
5Our Friends Association27
6COMFREL26
7Traditional and Modern Mental Health Organization15
Total27,926
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Communication ChannelMediumExamples
Direct communicationsPhysical or digitalmeetings, consultations, listening sessions, email lists
Indirect communicationsPrimarily digitalwebsites, videos, news articles, newsletters, social media posts,
MessagingPhysical or digitalbrochures, posters, signs, booklets
EventsPhysical or digitalpresentations, webinars, seminars, panels, training sessions
InteractivePhysical or digitalOER \"petting zoos,\" games, exhibits, surveys
GoodiesPrimarily physicalpens, notepads, bookmarks, stickers, buttons, etc
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Below, we've compiled a table of promotional materials you might use on\ncampus, and examples of each type.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3490264117717743, + "y": 0.19393162429332733 + }, + { + "x": 0.6500202715396881, + "y": 0.19393162429332733 + }, + { + "x": 0.6500202715396881, + "y": 0.20579567831009626 + }, + { + "x": 0.3490264117717743, + "y": 0.20579567831009626 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 469, + "content": { + "text": "Table 7.1. Types of promotional materials\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11564220488071442, + "y": 0.5006645321846008 + }, + { + "x": 0.8837427049875259, + "y": 0.5006645321846008 + }, + { + "x": 0.8837427049875259, + "y": 0.6329858005046844 + }, + { + "x": 0.11564220488071442, + "y": 0.6329858005046844 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 471, + "content": { + "text": "Get in contact with partners at your institution to learn more about the processes and options\navailable to you and how you can best leverage the support at your disposal. If you have a\nmarketing team available to you that orders pens and other materials for campus events, get in\ncontact with them about their vendors and how you can leverage their existing workflows for\nordering materials to support your OER Program. This might be as simple as ordering buttons and\nposters through your University Printing Office, or it may require you to browse a third party's\nmarketing catalog or to create materials yourself, if you lack funding for your work.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11485274136066437, + "y": 0.661232590675354 + }, + { + "x": 0.2653369754552841, + "y": 0.661232590675354 + }, + { + "x": 0.2653369754552841, + "y": 0.675383361056447 + }, + { + "x": 0.11485274136066437, + "y": 0.675383361056447 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 472, + "content": { + "text": "Annual Events\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11532162874937057, + "y": 0.7004004716873169 + }, + { + "x": 0.8846782967448235, + "y": 0.7004004716873169 + }, + { + "x": 0.8846782967448235, + "y": 0.9126980751752853 + }, + { + "x": 0.11532162874937057, + "y": 0.9126980751752853 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 473, + "content": { + "text": "Creating promotional materials and graphics can make your OER program recognizable on your\ncollege's campus, but just because you've created materials doesn't mean that people will find or\nlearn from them. As a program manager, you will need to find ways to implement your messaging\nand events on campus. Leveraging annual events like Open Education Week in March and\nInternational Open Access Week in October can ground your work in a given time of year and\nfocus your programming around a topic or theme (Open Education Global, n.d.; SPARC, n.d.).\nThe Open Education Week website lists past events and provides downloadable promotional\nmaterials to help you kickstart your event planning and coordination. If these weeks regularly\nconflict with other events at your institution, that's okay. You can celebrate Open Education Week\nthe week before or after it falls. So long as you are consistent in the general time you hold these\nevents, they will still gain recognition at your institution and faculty will come to expect them.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11533860117197037, + "y": 0.9415215253829956 + }, + { + "x": 0.13188796862959862, + "y": 0.9415215253829956 + }, + { + "x": 0.13188796862959862, + "y": 0.9505314063280821 + }, + { + "x": 0.11533860117197037, + "y": 0.9505314063280821 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 474, + "content": { + "text": "92\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15606679022312164, + "y": 0.941440999507904 + }, + { + "x": 0.33365440368652344, + "y": 0.941440999507904 + }, + { + "x": 0.33365440368652344, + "y": 0.9504817212000489 + }, + { + "x": 0.15606679022312164, + "y": 0.9504817212000489 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 475, + "content": { + "text": "PROGRAM MANAGEMENT\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000069.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11762320250272751, + "y": 0.09064889699220657 + }, + { + "x": 0.179819505661726, + "y": 0.09064889699220657 + }, + { + "x": 0.179819505661726, + "y": 0.10364966467022896 + }, + { + "x": 0.11762320250272751, + "y": 0.10364966467022896 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 412, + "content": { + "text": "Replace\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11870035529136658, + "y": 0.11037024110555649 + }, + { + "x": 0.8215321600437164, + "y": 0.11037024110555649 + }, + { + "x": 0.8215321600437164, + "y": 0.32717414945364 + }, + { + "x": 0.11870035529136658, + "y": 0.32717414945364 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 414, + "content": { + "text": "I.\nReplace Plastics with Recyclable Materials. Plastics can be replaced by material\nmade from polypropylene, a material type that is 100% recyclable. However, recyclable\nmaterials should have a forward linkage - link to a recycler who is willing to take on\nthe recyclables. Paper-based wrappers are another alternative for bagels and sandwich\npapers. Containers and packaging can use plastics with a certain percentage of recycled\ncontent and designed to be recyclable or reusable. Highly recyclable packaging is of\nlittle benefit if it is not disposed of correctly. The success of a recyclable package is an\nequal demand from recycling companies through improved recyclability of packaging\nand investments in efficient recycling facilities and systems. This requires investment and\ninnovation since quality and availability are still often a stumbling block for companies\nto use recycled plastic. The recyclability of plastic packaging can often be improved by:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16161493957042694, + "y": 0.33276718854904175 + }, + { + "x": 0.6403099745512009, + "y": 0.33276718854904175 + }, + { + "x": 0.6403099745512009, + "y": 0.3468451611697674 + }, + { + "x": 0.16161493957042694, + "y": 0.3468451611697674 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 415, + "content": { + "text": "choosing a common type of plastic (such as PE, PP or PET);\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1617375761270523, + "y": 0.3530902862548828 + }, + { + "x": 0.6021395772695541, + "y": 0.3530902862548828 + }, + { + "x": 0.6021395772695541, + "y": 0.3671900639310479 + }, + { + "x": 0.1617375761270523, + "y": 0.3671900639310479 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 416, + "content": { + "text": "choosing a common color (white or transparent); and\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16186022758483887, + "y": 0.3732259273529053 + }, + { + "x": 0.8025733828544617, + "y": 0.3732259273529053 + }, + { + "x": 0.8025733828544617, + "y": 0.4276983514428139 + }, + { + "x": 0.16186022758483887, + "y": 0.4276983514428139 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 417, + "content": { + "text": "avoiding combinations of materials, such as plastic windows in cardboard\npackaging. Watermarking technology is also being developed so that packaging\ncan be more easily recognized by sorters.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11692040413618088, + "y": 0.4544162452220917 + }, + { + "x": 0.15984395146369934, + "y": 0.4544162452220917 + }, + { + "x": 0.15984395146369934, + "y": 0.46488533541560173 + }, + { + "x": 0.11692040413618088, + "y": 0.46488533541560173 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 418, + "content": { + "text": "Trash\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11766285449266434, + "y": 0.4743345379829407 + }, + { + "x": 0.8215327337384224, + "y": 0.4743345379829407 + }, + { + "x": 0.8215327337384224, + "y": 0.6271235793828964 + }, + { + "x": 0.11766285449266434, + "y": 0.6271235793828964 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 420, + "content": { + "text": "m.\nWaste Segregation and Segregated Bins. Shakey's Philippines implementation of\nwaste segregation and 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) in its corporate office is one good\ntestament of compliance to RA 9003. The country's premier pizza restaurant has installed\n\"Stop Before You Drop\" trash bins for the implementation of company-wide proper\nwaste management. The bins are labeled to indicate the different types of waste to aid in\nproper disposal and culture development of its employees. Waste collected are weighed\non a daily basis to aid in monitoring wastages and to map out more waste management\ninitiatives.56\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11746779829263687, + "y": 0.6564396619796753 + }, + { + "x": 0.44353795796632767, + "y": 0.6564396619796753 + }, + { + "x": 0.44353795796632767, + "y": 0.6701976740732789 + }, + { + "x": 0.11746779829263687, + "y": 0.6701976740732789 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 421, + "content": { + "text": "n.\nIn-store Sorting and Recycling Bins.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1605672538280487, + "y": 0.6763064861297607 + }, + { + "x": 0.5007394850254059, + "y": 0.6763064861297607 + }, + { + "x": 0.5007394850254059, + "y": 0.831512987613678 + }, + { + "x": 0.1605672538280487, + "y": 0.831512987613678 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 422, + "content": { + "text": "McDonalds has installed sorting and\nrecycling points in select restaurants in\nits markets. It also improved its recycling\nbin signage to make the recycling process\neasier to understand. McDonald's Germany,\nAustria, Czech Republic and Slovakia on the\nother hand, collect customer waste to sort for\nrecycling. initiatives.57\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5406672358512878, + "y": 0.7796949148178101 + }, + { + "x": 0.8099983036518097, + "y": 0.7796949148178101 + }, + { + "x": 0.8099983036518097, + "y": 0.8039605747908354 + }, + { + "x": 0.5406672358512878, + "y": 0.8039605747908354 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 423, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 32. In-store Sorting and Recycling Bins,\nMcDonalds\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5379706025123596, + "y": 0.6546523571014404 + }, + { + "x": 0.8128267228603363, + "y": 0.6546523571014404 + }, + { + "x": 0.8128267228603363, + "y": 0.7763850316405296 + }, + { + "x": 0.5379706025123596, + "y": 0.7763850316405296 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 424, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11718051880598068, + "y": 0.872081458568573 + }, + { + "x": 0.6887313053011894, + "y": 0.872081458568573 + }, + { + "x": 0.6887313053011894, + "y": 0.899853901937604 + }, + { + "x": 0.11718051880598068, + "y": 0.899853901937604 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 425, + "content": { + "text": "56\nhttps://www.shakeyspizza.ph/images/asm-2021/PIZZA_ASM_2020_Report.pdf\n57\nhhttps://corporate.mcdonalds.com/corpmcd/our-purpose-and-impact/our-planet/packaging-and-waste.htm\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.03140324726700783, + "y": 0.945307195186615 + }, + { + "x": 0.05421474762260914, + "y": 0.945307195186615 + }, + { + "x": 0.05421474762260914, + "y": 0.9590844307094812 + }, + { + "x": 0.03140324726700783, + "y": 0.9590844307094812 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 426, + "content": { + "text": "76\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08473781496286392, + "y": 0.9476549625396729 + }, + { + "x": 0.5653369501233101, + "y": 0.9476549625396729 + }, + { + "x": 0.5653369501233101, + "y": 0.9605712462216616 + }, + { + "x": 0.08473781496286392, + "y": 0.9605712462216616 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 427, + "content": { + "text": "Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000037.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15911974012851715, + "y": 0.08897332847118378 + }, + { + "x": 0.8476659208536148, + "y": 0.08897332847118378 + }, + { + "x": 0.8476659208536148, + "y": 0.12173610925674438 + }, + { + "x": 0.15911974012851715, + "y": 0.12173610925674438 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 434, + "content": { + "text": "3. Impact on Business Operations\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15793535113334656, + "y": 0.14725826680660248 + }, + { + "x": 0.5371463596820831, + "y": 0.14725826680660248 + }, + { + "x": 0.5371463596820831, + "y": 0.19927789643406868 + }, + { + "x": 0.15793535113334656, + "y": 0.19927789643406868 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 435, + "content": { + "text": "This section investigates the impact of public health\nmeasures on business operations. MSMEs were\nasked about their expectations for recovery and the\nmain effects of COVID-19 on their businesses.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1583629995584488, + "y": 0.21866489946842194 + }, + { + "x": 0.41728462278842926, + "y": 0.21866489946842194 + }, + { + "x": 0.41728462278842926, + "y": 0.2297051791101694 + }, + { + "x": 0.1583629995584488, + "y": 0.2297051791101694 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 436, + "content": { + "text": "3.1. Status of Business Operations\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.157986581325531, + "y": 0.24675634503364563 + }, + { + "x": 0.5369904339313507, + "y": 0.24675634503364563 + }, + { + "x": 0.5369904339313507, + "y": 0.2581493565812707 + }, + { + "x": 0.157986581325531, + "y": 0.2581493565812707 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 437, + "content": { + "text": "As shown in Figure 3.1.1, the number of MSMEs\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5524271726608276, + "y": 0.14746791124343872 + }, + { + "x": 0.9328325688838959, + "y": 0.14746791124343872 + }, + { + "x": 0.9328325688838959, + "y": 0.21377424150705338 + }, + { + "x": 0.5524271726608276, + "y": 0.21377424150705338 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 438, + "content": { + "text": "course of the research period. The impacts of the\nlockdown from March 30 to May 4, 2020, were starkly\nfelt, with only 30% of the MSMEs \"working as usual,\"\nwhile over half (58%) were temporarily completely\nclosed.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.553204357624054, + "y": 0.23293432593345642 + }, + { + "x": 0.931223064661026, + "y": 0.23293432593345642 + }, + { + "x": 0.931223064661026, + "y": 0.25847052596509457 + }, + { + "x": 0.553204357624054, + "y": 0.25847052596509457 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 439, + "content": { + "text": "In the agriculture sector, a large majority of MSMEs\n(93% in July 2020, 98% in October 2020, and 99%\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16000013053417206, + "y": 0.26128554344177246 + }, + { + "x": 0.9310270398855209, + "y": 0.26128554344177246 + }, + { + "x": 0.9310270398855209, + "y": 0.27338267397135496 + }, + { + "x": 0.16000013053417206, + "y": 0.27338267397135496 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 440, + "content": { + "text": "\"working as usual\" gradually increased over the in January 2021) were operating normally, though\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15881748497486115, + "y": 0.2897324860095978 + }, + { + "x": 0.6336524039506912, + "y": 0.2897324860095978 + }, + { + "x": 0.6336524039506912, + "y": 0.30133701488375664 + }, + { + "x": 0.15881748497486115, + "y": 0.30133701488375664 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 441, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 3.1.1: Status of operations during each survey phase (%)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2307344675064087, + "y": 0.3133123517036438 + }, + { + "x": 0.8585802316665649, + "y": 0.3133123517036438 + }, + { + "x": 0.8585802316665649, + "y": 0.6412273049354553 + }, + { + "x": 0.2307344675064087, + "y": 0.6412273049354553 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 442, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1583346128463745, + "y": 0.6605930924415588 + }, + { + "x": 0.5385284125804901, + "y": 0.6605930924415588 + }, + { + "x": 0.5385284125804901, + "y": 0.8142868280410767 + }, + { + "x": 0.1583346128463745, + "y": 0.8142868280410767 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 443, + "content": { + "text": "during the first lockdown period, just over three\nquarters (77%) were working as usual. In contrast,\n63% of firms from the tourism sector and 62%\nfrom the handicraft/textile sector were working as\nusual as of July 2020, rising to 80% of tourism and\n82% of handicraft/textile firms as of January 2021.\nDuring the lockdown period, tourism and handicraft/\ntextile MSMEs were the hardest hit with just 12%\nand 15% respectively working as usual. As shown\nin Table 3.1.1., a majority of tourism and handicraft/\ntextile MSMEs were temporarily closed during the\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5523310303688049, + "y": 0.6606249809265137 + }, + { + "x": 0.9317320287227631, + "y": 0.6606249809265137 + }, + { + "x": 0.9317320287227631, + "y": 0.8142374902963638 + }, + { + "x": 0.5523310303688049, + "y": 0.8142374902963638 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 444, + "content": { + "text": "lockdown period. In the handicraft/textile sector, 30%\nof MSMEs were temporarily closed as of July 2020,\nreducing to 12% in January 2021. Similarly, in tourism,\n27% of businesses were temporarily closed as of July\n2020 and that reduced to 18% in January 2021. Figure\n3.1.1 and Table 3.1.1 do not reflect those MSMEs who\nwere permanently closed; this was four in July 2020,\n22 in October 2020, and 24 in January 2021. Of these\n50 businesses who permanently closed during the\nresearch period, 30 were in the tourism sector, 18 in\nhandicraft/textile, and two in agriculture.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0653681829571724, + "y": 0.9404697418212891 + }, + { + "x": 0.07140968414023519, + "y": 0.9404697418212891 + }, + { + "x": 0.07140968414023519, + "y": 0.9473399468697608 + }, + { + "x": 0.0653681829571724, + "y": 0.9473399468697608 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 445, + "content": { + "text": "7\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000109.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08716103434562683, + "y": 0.20451566576957703 + }, + { + "x": 0.9097802340984344, + "y": 0.20451566576957703 + }, + { + "x": 0.9097802340984344, + "y": 0.45936119556427 + }, + { + "x": 0.08716103434562683, + "y": 0.45936119556427 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 208, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
y=19t2
Rearranging Equation (8) gives:
t=(2))0.5(9)
Substitution of t and V from Equations 9 and 2 into Equation 7 results in:
x = CuV2gh(2)). (10)
Equations (10) can be rearranged to find Cv:
(11)
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Therefore, the horizontal distance traveled by jet\n(x) in time (t) is equal to:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09203896671533585, + "y": 0.12353786826133728 + }, + { + "x": 0.22766820341348648, + "y": 0.12353786826133728 + }, + { + "x": 0.22766820341348648, + "y": 0.14088701456785202 + }, + { + "x": 0.09203896671533585, + "y": 0.14088701456785202 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 232, + "content": { + "text": "x=v.t\n(7)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09184414893388748, + "y": 0.15818841755390167 + }, + { + "x": 0.9062231853604317, + "y": 0.15818841755390167 + }, + { + "x": 0.9062231853604317, + "y": 0.19422665610909462 + }, + { + "x": 0.09184414893388748, + "y": 0.19422665610909462 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 233, + "content": { + "text": "The vertical component of the trajectory of the jet will have a constant acceleration downward due to\nthe force of gravity. Therefore, at any time, t, the y-position of the jet may be calculated as:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09237581491470337, + "y": 0.21004371345043182 + }, + { + "x": 0.24748660624027252, + "y": 0.21004371345043182 + }, + { + "x": 0.24748660624027252, + "y": 0.2312865499407053 + }, + { + "x": 0.09237581491470337, + "y": 0.2312865499407053 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 234, + "content": { + "text": "y=19t2\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09270298480987549, + "y": 0.24684061110019684 + }, + { + "x": 0.3453822731971741, + "y": 0.24684061110019684 + }, + { + "x": 0.3453822731971741, + "y": 0.26221482921391726 + }, + { + "x": 0.09270298480987549, + "y": 0.26221482921391726 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 235, + "content": { + "text": "Rearranging Equation (8) gives:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09274347126483917, + "y": 0.27724507451057434 + }, + { + "x": 0.2603515088558197, + "y": 0.27724507451057434 + }, + { + "x": 0.2603515088558197, + "y": 0.30305010452866554 + }, + { + "x": 0.09274347126483917, + "y": 0.30305010452866554 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 236, + "content": { + "text": "t=(2))0.5\n(9)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09183100610971451, + "y": 0.31704726815223694 + }, + { + "x": 0.6792446151375771, + "y": 0.31704726815223694 + }, + { + "x": 0.6792446151375771, + "y": 0.3328353054821491 + }, + { + "x": 0.09183100610971451, + "y": 0.3328353054821491 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 237, + "content": { + "text": "Substitution of t and V from Equations 9 and 2 into Equation 7 results in:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09214042872190475, + "y": 0.3480169475078583 + }, + { + "x": 0.352582685649395, + "y": 0.3480169475078583 + }, + { + "x": 0.352582685649395, + "y": 0.37405794858932495 + }, + { + "x": 0.09214042872190475, + "y": 0.37405794858932495 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 238, + "content": { + "text": "x = CuV2gh(2)).\n(10)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09219963103532791, + "y": 0.38791897892951965 + }, + { + "x": 0.445759154856205, + "y": 0.38791897892951965 + }, + { + "x": 0.445759154856205, + "y": 0.40374545753002167 + }, + { + "x": 0.09219963103532791, + "y": 0.40374545753002167 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 239, + "content": { + "text": "Equations (10) can be rearranged to find Cv:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09252035617828369, + "y": 0.42081475257873535 + }, + { + "x": 0.27205875515937805, + "y": 0.42081475257873535 + }, + { + "x": 0.27205875515937805, + "y": 0.43830803595483303 + }, + { + "x": 0.09252035617828369, + "y": 0.43830803595483303 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 240, + "content": { + "text": "(11)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09153283387422562, + "y": 0.4579799771308899 + }, + { + "x": 0.9066162183880806, + "y": 0.4579799771308899 + }, + { + "x": 0.9066162183880806, + "y": 0.5137802064418793 + }, + { + "x": 0.09153283387422562, + "y": 0.5137802064418793 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 241, + "content": { + "text": "Therefore, for steady flow conditions (i.e., constant h in the head tank), the value of Cv can be\ndetermined from the X, y coordinates of the jet trajectory. A graph of x plotted against Vyh will have\na slope of 2Cv.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09234225004911423, + "y": 0.5335264801979065 + }, + { + "x": 0.6693365499377251, + "y": 0.5335264801979065 + }, + { + "x": 0.6693365499377251, + "y": 0.5456004859879613 + }, + { + "x": 0.09234225004911423, + "y": 0.5456004859879613 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 242, + "content": { + "text": "7.2. DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09224128723144531, + "y": 0.5607017278671265 + }, + { + "x": 0.9063143134117126, + "y": 0.5607017278671265 + }, + { + "x": 0.9063143134117126, + "y": 0.6021324843168259 + }, + { + "x": 0.09224128723144531, + "y": 0.6021324843168259 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 243, + "content": { + "text": "If Cd is assumed to be constant, then a graph of Q plotted against Vh (Equation 6) will be linear, and\nthe slope of this graph will be:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09308639168739319, + "y": 0.6177443861961365 + }, + { + "x": 0.3006940931081772, + "y": 0.6177443861961365 + }, + { + "x": 0.3006940931081772, + "y": 0.6348046511411667 + }, + { + "x": 0.09308639168739319, + "y": 0.6348046511411667 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 244, + "content": { + "text": "S = CdAov2g\n(12)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.59942626953125, + "y": 0.941662073135376 + }, + { + "x": 0.9059107601642609, + "y": 0.941662073135376 + }, + { + "x": 0.9059107601642609, + "y": 0.9497146671637893 + }, + { + "x": 0.59942626953125, + "y": 0.9497146671637893 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 245, + "content": { + "text": "EXPERIMENT #6: ORIFICE AND FREE JET FLOW 53\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000177.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4123590290546417, + "y": 0.0749872475862503 + }, + { + "x": 0.5826843678951263, + "y": 0.0749872475862503 + }, + { + "x": 0.5826843678951263, + "y": 0.2000226229429245 + }, + { + "x": 0.4123590290546417, + "y": 0.2000226229429245 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 388, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.32349711656570435, + "y": 0.21763460338115692 + }, + { + "x": 0.6470275521278381, + "y": 0.21763460338115692 + }, + { + "x": 0.6470275521278381, + "y": 0.2720276117324829 + }, + { + "x": 0.32349711656570435, + "y": 0.2720276117324829 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 389, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 7.3. You can read more about KSU's\nmarketing approach in Marking Open and\nAffordable Courses (Hare, Kirschner, and Reed\n2020).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11588460206985474, + "y": 0.29748979210853577 + }, + { + "x": 0.883339524269104, + "y": 0.29748979210853577 + }, + { + "x": 0.883339524269104, + "y": 0.390646293759346 + }, + { + "x": 0.11588460206985474, + "y": 0.390646293759346 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 390, + "content": { + "text": "For an even simpler graphic, we can look to Kansas State University. KSU's Open/Alternative\nTextbook Initiative developed their OER icon, a book with an \"O\" on the cover, to be recognizable\neven at a small scale. This was done because it would be used as a marking denoting the use of\nopen materials in their course schedule. This graphic is clear, easy to read, and emblematic of the\ninitiative itself, by representing open textbooks with a book icon.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11512382328510284, + "y": 0.41840213537216187 + }, + { + "x": 0.3938496559858322, + "y": 0.41840213537216187 + }, + { + "x": 0.3938496559858322, + "y": 0.43684019334614277 + }, + { + "x": 0.11512382328510284, + "y": 0.43684019334614277 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 391, + "content": { + "text": "Aligning with Your Identity\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11586440354585648, + "y": 0.45778971910476685 + }, + { + "x": 0.8833366110920906, + "y": 0.45778971910476685 + }, + { + "x": 0.8833366110920906, + "y": 0.5306273773312569 + }, + { + "x": 0.11586440354585648, + "y": 0.5306273773312569 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 392, + "content": { + "text": "Like KSU did with their OER icon, your branding should be reflective of your initiative's work\nin some way. Think about your audience and what you want them to feel when they see your\nprogram's marketing on campus. Does your program have a unique name or tagline that\ninfluences the way you present it (e.g., playful, bold, colorful, or innovative)?\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11720891296863556, + "y": 0.5487713813781738 + }, + { + "x": 0.3520333170890808, + "y": 0.5487713813781738 + }, + { + "x": 0.3520333170890808, + "y": 0.7875784039497375 + }, + { + "x": 0.11720891296863556, + "y": 0.7875784039497375 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 393, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11427468806505203, + "y": 0.7994418740272522 + }, + { + "x": 0.3338775411248207, + "y": 0.7994418740272522 + }, + { + "x": 0.3338775411248207, + "y": 0.8682132139801979 + }, + { + "x": 0.11427468806505203, + "y": 0.8682132139801979 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 394, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 7.4. You can read more\nabout CVCC's marketing\napproach in Marking Open and\nAffordable Courses (Hare,\nKirschner, and Reed 2020).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.37015557289123535, + "y": 0.5506425499916077 + }, + { + "x": 0.8829149603843689, + "y": 0.5506425499916077 + }, + { + "x": 0.8829149603843689, + "y": 0.6630205735564232 + }, + { + "x": 0.37015557289123535, + "y": 0.6630205735564232 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 395, + "content": { + "text": "A great example of a program whose name and messaging align\nclearly with their work is Central Virginia Community College\n(CVCC). CVCC uses the tagline \"OpenEd CVCC: Innovation and\nAffordability\" as their program's name and their icon features this\ntheme of innovation through graphics of light bulbs, gears, and\nrepresentations of various disciplines.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.37028685212135315, + "y": 0.6834306120872498 + }, + { + "x": 0.8832694590091705, + "y": 0.6834306120872498 + }, + { + "x": 0.8832694590091705, + "y": 0.855468675494194 + }, + { + "x": 0.37028685212135315, + "y": 0.855468675494194 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 396, + "content": { + "text": "CVCC's logo is more complex than the ones we shared in our\n\"simple\" section. However, this isn't a problem in their case. Keep\nin mind that the simplicity of any graphic will depend on where\nand how it's used. CVCC's logo might have more going on than\nKSU's icon, but it is meant to be used at a larger scale, so it can\naccommodate this complexity. If your logo will be used in print\nmaterials or as a smaller icon, that's when you'll want to focus on\nsimpler designs. For graphics that will be displayed more\nprominently, though, a larger graphic works fine.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11560807377099991, + "y": 0.941657304763794 + }, + { + "x": 0.13168173842132092, + "y": 0.941657304763794 + }, + { + "x": 0.13168173842132092, + "y": 0.9504494117572904 + }, + { + "x": 0.11560807377099991, + "y": 0.9504494117572904 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 397, + "content": { + "text": "90\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1562475860118866, + "y": 0.9416370391845703 + }, + { + "x": 0.33334261178970337, + "y": 0.9416370391845703 + }, + { + "x": 0.33334261178970337, + "y": 0.9503417629748583 + }, + { + "x": 0.1562475860118866, + "y": 0.9503417629748583 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 398, + "content": { + "text": "PROGRAM MANAGEMENT\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000162.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.21073086559772491, + "y": 0.13807542622089386 + }, + { + "x": 0.43886297941207886, + "y": 0.13807542622089386 + }, + { + "x": 0.43886297941207886, + "y": 0.15362924057990313 + }, + { + "x": 0.21073086559772491, + "y": 0.15362924057990313 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 262, + "content": { + "text": "1.\nEdward Bernays\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2079491764307022, + "y": 0.1609017550945282 + }, + { + "x": 0.5526863187551498, + "y": 0.1609017550945282 + }, + { + "x": 0.5526863187551498, + "y": 0.17699844017624855 + }, + { + "x": 0.2079491764307022, + "y": 0.17699844017624855 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 263, + "content": { + "text": "2.\nWikipedia. Public Relations\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2075973004102707, + "y": 0.1836179792881012 + }, + { + "x": 0.6222601681947708, + "y": 0.1836179792881012 + }, + { + "x": 0.6222601681947708, + "y": 0.1980872182175517 + }, + { + "x": 0.2075973004102707, + "y": 0.1980872182175517 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 264, + "content": { + "text": "3.\nPinterest. Retrieved June 10, 2021.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.20769214630126953, + "y": 0.20599456131458282 + }, + { + "x": 0.7493143081665039, + "y": 0.20599456131458282 + }, + { + "x": 0.7493143081665039, + "y": 0.22264480963349342 + }, + { + "x": 0.20769214630126953, + "y": 0.22264480963349342 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 265, + "content": { + "text": "4.\nBernays, Edward. Crystalizing Public Opinion.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.20779010653495789, + "y": 0.22918638586997986 + }, + { + "x": 0.5679445266723633, + "y": 0.22918638586997986 + }, + { + "x": 0.5679445266723633, + "y": 0.24554680846631527 + }, + { + "x": 0.20779010653495789, + "y": 0.24554680846631527 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 266, + "content": { + "text": "5.\nEncyclopedia of Propaganda\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2061900794506073, + "y": 0.26290571689605713 + }, + { + "x": 0.6033385097980499, + "y": 0.26290571689605713 + }, + { + "x": 0.6033385097980499, + "y": 0.27623224817216396 + }, + { + "x": 0.2061900794506073, + "y": 0.27623224817216396 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 267, + "content": { + "text": "Possible directions for the discussion:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2167050540447235, + "y": 0.3006424605846405 + }, + { + "x": 0.7974104583263397, + "y": 0.3006424605846405 + }, + { + "x": 0.7974104583263397, + "y": 0.4538975805044174 + }, + { + "x": 0.2167050540447235, + "y": 0.4538975805044174 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 269, + "content": { + "text": "What the sources suggest about the level of\nresearch. Do sources like Wikipedia and Pinterest\nindicate a deep engagement with the topic? What\nabout the Encyclopedia of Propaganda? Call back to\nthe chapter, Identifying a Topic, encyclopedias are\ngood preliminary sources, but if research stops with\nan overview source, how valuable is it?\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.217134028673172, + "y": 0.4615831971168518 + }, + { + "x": 0.8154039084911346, + "y": 0.4615831971168518 + }, + { + "x": 0.8154039084911346, + "y": 0.6617711931467056 + }, + { + "x": 0.217134028673172, + "y": 0.6617711931467056 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 270, + "content": { + "text": "Ways in which the citations are ambiguous. Is\nenough information provided that readers can find\nthe original information? Is number 1 about that\nperson or written by that person? Is number 4 a book\nor an article? It has implications for how we would\nlook for it. For number 5, there is more than one\nbook with the title Encyclopedia of Propaganda, and\nalso it's unlikely they meant to refer to the whole\nencyclopedia.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.21716390550136566, + "y": 0.6679015159606934 + }, + { + "x": 0.8148472756147385, + "y": 0.6679015159606934 + }, + { + "x": 0.8148472756147385, + "y": 0.8456161469221115 + }, + { + "x": 0.21716390550136566, + "y": 0.8456161469221115 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 271, + "content": { + "text": "The difference between discovering a source on a\nsocial media platform and citing the content. Is\nenough information given to find the Pinterest\nsource? Revisit the creator concept from the chapter,\nTypes of Sources. Social media companies distribute\nbut do not create content, SO they are not the ones\nthat should be cited. Opportunity to talk about\nspecific sources students have found on social media\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14244508743286133, + "y": 0.9244493246078491 + }, + { + "x": 0.16828523017466068, + "y": 0.9244493246078491 + }, + { + "x": 0.16828523017466068, + "y": 0.9347447175532579 + }, + { + "x": 0.14244508743286133, + "y": 0.9347447175532579 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 272, + "content": { + "text": "114\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1941022276878357, + "y": 0.9242103099822998 + }, + { + "x": 0.39149588346481323, + "y": 0.9242103099822998 + }, + { + "x": 0.39149588346481323, + "y": 0.9352054866030812 + }, + { + "x": 0.1941022276878357, + "y": 0.9352054866030812 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 273, + "content": { + "text": "Instructor Resources\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000169.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12169571220874786, + "y": 0.07523152232170105 + }, + { + "x": 0.3450526297092438, + "y": 0.07523152232170105 + }, + { + "x": 0.3450526297092438, + "y": 0.08758361544460058 + }, + { + "x": 0.12169571220874786, + "y": 0.08758361544460058 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 417, + "content": { + "text": "Lime is recommended if pH < 5.8\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0923226922750473, + "y": 0.10705944150686264 + }, + { + "x": 0.2767602652311325, + "y": 0.10705944150686264 + }, + { + "x": 0.2767602652311325, + "y": 0.12384648993611336 + }, + { + "x": 0.0923226922750473, + "y": 0.12384648993611336 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 418, + "content": { + "text": "Target pH of 5.5 :\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09607571363449097, + "y": 0.13750210404396057 + }, + { + "x": 0.7846810221672058, + "y": 0.13750210404396057 + }, + { + "x": 0.7846810221672058, + "y": 0.156565610319376 + }, + { + "x": 0.09607571363449097, + "y": 0.156565610319376 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 419, + "content": { + "text": "[6, 405 - (1,590 buffer pH) + (98 buffer pH buffer pH)] depth\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10279867053031921, + "y": 0.17805930972099304 + }, + { + "x": 0.2437286674976349, + "y": 0.17805930972099304 + }, + { + "x": 0.2437286674976349, + "y": 0.1901518553495407 + }, + { + "x": 0.10279867053031921, + "y": 0.1901518553495407 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 421, + "content": { + "text": "Depth is in inches\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1032450944185257, + "y": 0.19508345425128937 + }, + { + "x": 0.7641870528459549, + "y": 0.19508345425128937 + }, + { + "x": 0.7641870528459549, + "y": 0.20814617536962032 + }, + { + "x": 0.1032450944185257, + "y": 0.20814617536962032 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 422, + "content": { + "text": "Used if cash flow is limited or in lime availability problem areas in Central and Western Kansas\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10272001475095749, + "y": 0.2133428007364273 + }, + { + "x": 0.3448110297322273, + "y": 0.2133428007364273 + }, + { + "x": 0.3448110297322273, + "y": 0.22571103367954493 + }, + { + "x": 0.10272001475095749, + "y": 0.22571103367954493 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 423, + "content": { + "text": "Lime is recommended if pH < 5.5\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09166868031024933, + "y": 0.24668771028518677 + }, + { + "x": 0.9070050865411758, + "y": 0.24668771028518677 + }, + { + "x": 0.9070050865411758, + "y": 0.3130367547273636 + }, + { + "x": 0.09166868031024933, + "y": 0.3130367547273636 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 424, + "content": { + "text": "This buffer contains chromium (Cr), a toxic heavy metal. Therefore, your lab instructor will perform the SMP buffer\nanalysis. As a class, determine which soil-water mixtures from Activity 1 need lime (pH 6.4). To those solutions, add\n10 ml of the SMP buffer solution, and stir with a glass rod. Allow the mixtures to stand for 30 minutes, which should be\nenough time for the acid cations to be displaced from the CEC and forced into solution. Read the pH on meter.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09120815247297287, + "y": 0.3310365080833435 + }, + { + "x": 0.12476072087883949, + "y": 0.3310365080833435 + }, + { + "x": 0.12476072087883949, + "y": 0.35558855161070824 + }, + { + "x": 0.09120815247297287, + "y": 0.35558855161070824 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 425, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.13751459121704102, + "y": 0.32865533232688904 + }, + { + "x": 0.9070989489555359, + "y": 0.32865533232688904 + }, + { + "x": 0.9070989489555359, + "y": 0.359415365383029 + }, + { + "x": 0.13751459121704102, + "y": 0.359415365383029 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 426, + "content": { + "text": "Assuming the desired pH is 6.0 (i.e. use the middle equation), calculate the lime requirement, show your work\nbelow, and record your results in Table 14.1.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09215559810400009, + "y": 0.4317191243171692 + }, + { + "x": 0.4556440934538841, + "y": 0.4317191243171692 + }, + { + "x": 0.4556440934538841, + "y": 0.4507754873484373 + }, + { + "x": 0.09215559810400009, + "y": 0.4507754873484373 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 427, + "content": { + "text": "Activity 5: Evaluating Liming Materials\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09171303361654282, + "y": 0.480135440826416 + }, + { + "x": 0.9071882590651512, + "y": 0.480135440826416 + }, + { + "x": 0.9071882590651512, + "y": 0.5465196669101715 + }, + { + "x": 0.09171303361654282, + "y": 0.5465196669101715 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 428, + "content": { + "text": "The type of liming material and the size or fineness of the material determine how efficiently liming materials raise soil\npH. This experiment was actually initiated earlier in the semester to allow time for the liming agents to react. Amending\nthe soil with several different liming agents allows us assess the effects of particle size and liming material based on the\nrelative changes in soil. The treatments included the following:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10301373153924942, + "y": 0.5675697326660156 + }, + { + "x": 0.26905176788568497, + "y": 0.5675697326660156 + }, + { + "x": 0.26905176788568497, + "y": 0.5796625791117549 + }, + { + "x": 0.10301373153924942, + "y": 0.5796625791117549 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 430, + "content": { + "text": "Reagent grade CaCO3\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10319055616855621, + "y": 0.5854473114013672 + }, + { + "x": 0.2523003965616226, + "y": 0.5854473114013672 + }, + { + "x": 0.2523003965616226, + "y": 0.5977289397269487 + }, + { + "x": 0.10319055616855621, + "y": 0.5977289397269487 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 431, + "content": { + "text": "Reagent grade CaO\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10320500284433365, + "y": 0.6028600931167603 + }, + { + "x": 0.2672239765524864, + "y": 0.6028600931167603 + }, + { + "x": 0.2672239765524864, + "y": 0.6152869984507561 + }, + { + "x": 0.10320500284433365, + "y": 0.6152869984507561 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 432, + "content": { + "text": "Reagent grade CaSO4\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10311166197061539, + "y": 0.6204450726509094 + }, + { + "x": 0.3780478909611702, + "y": 0.6204450726509094 + }, + { + "x": 0.3780478909611702, + "y": 0.6327673979103565 + }, + { + "x": 0.10311166197061539, + "y": 0.6327673979103565 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 433, + "content": { + "text": "Coarse dolomitic limestone (35 mesh)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1031264066696167, + "y": 0.6382319927215576 + }, + { + "x": 0.36598438024520874, + "y": 0.6382319927215576 + }, + { + "x": 0.36598438024520874, + "y": 0.65059370175004 + }, + { + "x": 0.1031264066696167, + "y": 0.65059370175004 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 434, + "content": { + "text": "Fine dolomitic limestone (120 mesh)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10292486846446991, + "y": 0.6557457447052002 + }, + { + "x": 0.29589182138442993, + "y": 0.6557457447052002 + }, + { + "x": 0.29589182138442993, + "y": 0.6680972399190068 + }, + { + "x": 0.10292486846446991, + "y": 0.6680972399190068 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 435, + "content": { + "text": "Control (no amendments)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09199565649032593, + "y": 0.6892983913421631 + }, + { + "x": 0.9074456691741943, + "y": 0.6892983913421631 + }, + { + "x": 0.9074456691741943, + "y": 0.7374107800424099 + }, + { + "x": 0.09199565649032593, + "y": 0.7374107800424099 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 436, + "content": { + "text": "When this experiment was initiated, each lab section was divided into six groups, with each group responsible for one\nof the six treatments. Your laboratory instructor assigned a treatment to your group, and you completed the following\nsteps:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09901425242424011, + "y": 0.7591120600700378 + }, + { + "x": 0.2744366228580475, + "y": 0.7591120600700378 + }, + { + "x": 0.2744366228580475, + "y": 0.7717569600790739 + }, + { + "x": 0.09901425242424011, + "y": 0.7717569600790739 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 438, + "content": { + "text": "1. Label four plastic bags\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0973546952009201, + "y": 0.7765981554985046 + }, + { + "x": 0.4418047219514847, + "y": 0.7765981554985046 + }, + { + "x": 0.4418047219514847, + "y": 0.7892560288310051 + }, + { + "x": 0.0973546952009201, + "y": 0.7892560288310051 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 439, + "content": { + "text": "2. Weigh 20 g of air-dry soil into each plastic bag.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09688311070203781, + "y": 0.7939628958702087 + }, + { + "x": 0.5756885930895805, + "y": 0.7939628958702087 + }, + { + "x": 0.5756885930895805, + "y": 0.8070780523121357 + }, + { + "x": 0.09688311070203781, + "y": 0.8070780523121357 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 440, + "content": { + "text": "3.\nWeigh 0.1 gram of designated liming material onto weighing paper.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09668196737766266, + "y": 0.8118506073951721 + }, + { + "x": 0.7015605121850967, + "y": 0.8118506073951721 + }, + { + "x": 0.7015605121850967, + "y": 0.824859382584691 + }, + { + "x": 0.09668196737766266, + "y": 0.824859382584691 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 441, + "content": { + "text": "4. Add the liming material to the soil and mix thoroughly to distribute evenly in the soil.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0969124510884285, + "y": 0.8295563459396362 + }, + { + "x": 0.4174368157982826, + "y": 0.8295563459396362 + }, + { + "x": 0.4174368157982826, + "y": 0.8423916073516011 + }, + { + "x": 0.0969124510884285, + "y": 0.8423916073516011 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 442, + "content": { + "text": "5. Add a few mL of water to each bag and mix.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09708916395902634, + "y": 0.8473665118217468 + }, + { + "x": 0.35460468381643295, + "y": 0.8473665118217468 + }, + { + "x": 0.35460468381643295, + "y": 0.8596630552783608 + }, + { + "x": 0.09708916395902634, + "y": 0.8596630552783608 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 443, + "content": { + "text": "6. Close the bags to start incubation.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09217508137226105, + "y": 0.8810499310493469 + }, + { + "x": 0.6224702149629593, + "y": 0.8810499310493469 + }, + { + "x": 0.6224702149629593, + "y": 0.8938934886828065 + }, + { + "x": 0.09217508137226105, + "y": 0.8938934886828065 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 444, + "content": { + "text": "Now that the liming agents have had time to react, you will collect the results.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09202315658330917, + "y": 0.9417726397514343 + }, + { + "x": 0.11186443082988262, + "y": 0.9417726397514343 + }, + { + "x": 0.11186443082988262, + "y": 0.9497289406135678 + }, + { + "x": 0.09202315658330917, + "y": 0.9497289406135678 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 445, + "content": { + "text": "130\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12912842631340027, + "y": 0.941011905670166 + }, + { + "x": 0.3297852426767349, + "y": 0.941011905670166 + }, + { + "x": 0.3297852426767349, + "y": 0.9526832327246666 + }, + { + "x": 0.12912842631340027, + "y": 0.9526832327246666 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 446, + "content": { + "text": "Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000089.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11659374833106995, + "y": 0.09000900387763977 + }, + { + "x": 0.8833527863025665, + "y": 0.09000900387763977 + }, + { + "x": 0.8833527863025665, + "y": 0.9036733210086823 + }, + { + "x": 0.11659374833106995, + "y": 0.9036733210086823 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 295, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
JurisdictionGATS XVII Reservation (1994)Foreign Ownership PermittedRestrictions on Foreign OwnershipForeign Ownership Reporting Requirements
by persons of same nationality must not exceed 40% of the quarter.
CanadaYYProhibition on ownership of residential property with exceptions; some provinces also restrict ownership, including of agricultural land.
ChileNYProhibition on acquisition of public lands within 10 kilometers from the border and favorable military report required for acquisition of land 5 kilometers from the coast; nationals of bordering countries and legal persons with their principal place of business in one of those countries cannot obtain rights to real estate located totally or partially in the border area.
ChinaN (2001)NNo individuals, domestic or foreign, can privately own land. The state grants land use rights to land users for a certain number of years. Foreigners can obtain such land use rights, own residential houses and apartments, or incorporate foreign-invested enterprises to invest in real estate.
EgyptYYProhibition on ownership of agriculture lands, land in Sinai Peninsula; otherwise, permitted to own up to two properties, up to 4,000 square meters, for residential purposes; no disposition for 5 years; approval required to acquire land in tourist areas; joint ownership with an Egyptian who has majority
", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.22931095957756042, + "y": 0.0478389747440815 + }, + { + "x": 0.7695094645023346, + "y": 0.0478389747440815 + }, + { + "x": 0.7695094645023346, + "y": 0.06201539747416973 + }, + { + "x": 0.22931095957756042, + "y": 0.06201539747416973 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 327, + "content": { + "text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11681371182203293, + "y": 0.9407886862754822 + }, + { + "x": 0.33857888728380203, + "y": 0.9407886862754822 + }, + { + "x": 0.33857888728380203, + "y": 0.9545711539685726 + }, + { + "x": 0.11681371182203293, + "y": 0.9545711539685726 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 329, + "content": { + "text": "The Law Library of Congress\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8653510212898254, + "y": 0.9411962032318115 + }, + { + "x": 0.8735725870355964, + "y": 0.9411962032318115 + }, + { + "x": 0.8735725870355964, + "y": 0.9510027095675468 + }, + { + "x": 0.8653510212898254, + "y": 0.9510027095675468 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 330, + "content": { + "text": "6\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000135.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09765836596488953, + "y": 0.08247452974319458 + }, + { + "x": 0.9021031558513641, + "y": 0.08247452974319458 + }, + { + "x": 0.9021031558513641, + "y": 0.2322710156440735 + }, + { + "x": 0.09765836596488953, + "y": 0.2322710156440735 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 583, + "content": { + "text": "Fly fishers targeting trout had an important influence in developing and sustaining conservation programs,\nalthough they were sometimes criticized for exclusive or single-interest advocacy. Here I review the history\nof trout fishing and fly-fishing with special focus on the Rocky Mountain West, where fly fishers first exerted\ntheir influence on conservation ethics and sportfishing policy. Although many individuals and organizations\nplayed roles, I concentrate on only two: Fly Fishers International (FFI) and Trout Unlimited (TU). These two\norganizations had similar interests in conservation, but important differences prevented them from working\ntogether on a unified goal of conservation. The legacy of fly-fishing demonstrates the importance of passion,\npersistence, and partnerships in fish conservation.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09746619313955307, + "y": 0.25069135427474976 + }, + { + "x": 0.9013281092047691, + "y": 0.25069135427474976 + }, + { + "x": 0.9013281092047691, + "y": 0.42000100016593933 + }, + { + "x": 0.09746619313955307, + "y": 0.42000100016593933 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 584, + "content": { + "text": "Trout and salmon are the only sport fish native to the Western states, and fly-fishing here became more than\na leisure activity. Norman Maclean's novel, A River Runs through It (1976), begins, \"In our family there was no\n1\nclear line between religion and fly fishing.\" Later Maclean writes that \"Something within fishermen tries to\nmake fishing into a world perfect and apart.\" The iconography of Western fly-fishing that Maclean and others\nwrote about was created by anglers, fisheries managers, tourists, guides, businesses, and region promoters. The\nhistory of Rocky Mountain fly-fishing parallels the history of the expansion of our Western frontier as well as\nfisheries management (Brown 2015). Although Henry David Thoreau (1862) maintained that \"In wildness is the\npreservation of the world,\" humans are part of the trout fishing system and helped create, destroy, maintain,\nand restore the trout fishing we have today.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09742255508899689, + "y": 0.43818917870521545 + }, + { + "x": 0.902082160115242, + "y": 0.43818917870521545 + }, + { + "x": 0.902082160115242, + "y": 0.5685443729162216 + }, + { + "x": 0.09742255508899689, + "y": 0.5685443729162216 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 585, + "content": { + "text": "The first trout fishers were Native Americans. Native Americans used a variety of fishing methods, including\nweirs, spears, nets, traps, baskets, hook-and-line methods, and baits. They also caught fish by hand via tickling.\nTickling for trout involves rubbing the underbelly of a trout with fingers to get the trout to go into a trance, after\nwhich they can then easily be thrown onto the bank (Martindale 1901). Native Americans were more patient\nthan others. This method is different from noodling for catfish, where the noodler uses fingers as bait and grabs\nthe catfish by its mouth. Native Americans also caught fish by fly-fishing with deer-hair flies, according to the\nwritings of early American naturalist William Bartram (1739-1823) (Monahan, no date).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09744910150766373, + "y": 0.586951494216919 + }, + { + "x": 0.9015999212861061, + "y": 0.586951494216919 + }, + { + "x": 0.9015999212861061, + "y": 0.7753805816173553 + }, + { + "x": 0.09744910150766373, + "y": 0.7753805816173553 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 586, + "content": { + "text": "The story of Rocky Mountain trout fishing begins with displacement of Native Americans from their historical\nfishing and hunting grounds. Uninhabited wilderness had to be created through the dispossession of Native\npeople before it could be preserved (Spence 1999). Explorers, trappers, pioneers, soldiers, and homesteaders\nbrought fishing gear to frontier outposts. The Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806) included a designated\nangler named Silas Goodrich. The expedition first described several new species of fish, including the\nYellowstone Cutthroat Trout and Westslope Cutthroat Trout, caught by Goodrich. Later military expeditions\nspent time trout fishing in addition to fighting Native Americans. Custer's Last Stand at Little Bighorn might\nhave been avoided if he'd joined a column of reinforcements under General George Crook. Crook's soldiers\nwere comfortably camped close by on Goose Creek near the Tongue River-fishing, not fighting (Monnett 1993;\nOwens 2002a; Lessner 2010).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08400346338748932, + "y": 0.8865483403205872 + }, + { + "x": 0.8404013067483902, + "y": 0.8865483403205872 + }, + { + "x": 0.8404013067483902, + "y": 0.9195674993097782 + }, + { + "x": 0.08400346338748932, + "y": 0.9195674993097782 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 587, + "content": { + "text": "1. Although Maclean and other writers use the term fishermen, women are active anglers and contribute\nsignificantly to the sport.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6247899532318115, + "y": 0.9356311559677124 + }, + { + "x": 0.865753635764122, + "y": 0.9356311559677124 + }, + { + "x": 0.865753635764122, + "y": 0.9478011596947908 + }, + { + "x": 0.6247899532318115, + "y": 0.9478011596947908 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 588, + "content": { + "text": "Fly-Fishing's Legacy for Conservation\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8834616541862488, + "y": 0.9362221956253052 + }, + { + "x": 0.9012256748974323, + "y": 0.9362221956253052 + }, + { + "x": 0.9012256748974323, + "y": 0.9446666473522782 + }, + { + "x": 0.8834616541862488, + "y": 0.9446666473522782 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 589, + "content": { + "text": "191\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000005.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15357357263565063, + "y": 0.06442493945360184 + }, + { + "x": 0.1627708077430725, + "y": 0.06442493945360184 + }, + { + "x": 0.1627708077430725, + "y": 0.07434731721878052 + }, + { + "x": 0.15357357263565063, + "y": 0.07434731721878052 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 42, + "content": { + "text": "6\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4605851173400879, + "y": 0.06539487093687057 + }, + { + "x": 0.5666821599006653, + "y": 0.06539487093687057 + }, + { + "x": 0.5666821599006653, + "y": 0.07483854051679373 + }, + { + "x": 0.4605851173400879, + "y": 0.07483854051679373 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 43, + "content": { + "text": "CHAPTER I\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15357869863510132, + "y": 0.10463214665651321 + }, + { + "x": 0.8756985664367676, + "y": 0.10463214665651321 + }, + { + "x": 0.8756985664367676, + "y": 0.43853185325860977 + }, + { + "x": 0.15357869863510132, + "y": 0.43853185325860977 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 44, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.29208508133888245, + "y": 0.44774070382118225 + }, + { + "x": 0.737866997718811, + "y": 0.44774070382118225 + }, + { + "x": 0.737866997718811, + "y": 0.4821806401014328 + }, + { + "x": 0.29208508133888245, + "y": 0.4821806401014328 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 45, + "content": { + "text": "FIGURE I.5. The San Mateo Ixtatán men's jacket, lopil\n(Spanish capixay). Photo by Elizabeth Purdum.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15170416235923767, + "y": 0.5375860929489136 + }, + { + "x": 0.8770487010478973, + "y": 0.5375860929489136 + }, + { + "x": 0.8770487010478973, + "y": 0.8503938019275665 + }, + { + "x": 0.15170416235923767, + "y": 0.8503938019275665 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 46, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.28527209162712097, + "y": 0.8587800860404968 + }, + { + "x": 0.7416124939918518, + "y": 0.8587800860404968 + }, + { + "x": 0.7416124939918518, + "y": 0.8937365226447582 + }, + { + "x": 0.28527209162712097, + "y": 0.8937365226447582 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 47, + "content": { + "text": "FIGURE 1.6. Vegetation along the trail from San Mateo\nIxtatán to Bulej, May 1965. Photo by author.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000058.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14258383214473724, + "y": 0.10452862083911896 + }, + { + "x": 0.8084170073270798, + "y": 0.10452862083911896 + }, + { + "x": 0.8084170073270798, + "y": 0.14035490527749062 + }, + { + "x": 0.14258383214473724, + "y": 0.14035490527749062 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 204, + "content": { + "text": "3.\nPerspective of supply and demand balance of wood pellets and cost\nstructure in Japan\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14218087494373322, + "y": 0.1539301872253418 + }, + { + "x": 0.8095263987779617, + "y": 0.1539301872253418 + }, + { + "x": 0.8095263987779617, + "y": 0.2218090072274208 + }, + { + "x": 0.14218087494373322, + "y": 0.2218090072274208 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 205, + "content": { + "text": "According to a survey taken by the Japan Woody Bioenergy Association in FY2018 (from\nApril 2018 to March 2019) with 55 biomass power generators, more than half of fuel for\nbiomass power generation is domestically produced wood biomass at present in Japan in\nterms of weight (Figure 4.5).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.22224552929401398, + "y": 0.25329071283340454 + }, + { + "x": 0.7291961461305618, + "y": 0.25329071283340454 + }, + { + "x": 0.7291961461305618, + "y": 0.2653397433459759 + }, + { + "x": 0.22224552929401398, + "y": 0.2653397433459759 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 206, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 4.5. Breakdown of Biomass Power Generation Fuel in Japan\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2923533320426941, + "y": 0.2793682813644409 + }, + { + "x": 0.6173864006996155, + "y": 0.2793682813644409 + }, + { + "x": 0.6173864006996155, + "y": 0.4679771661758423 + }, + { + "x": 0.2923533320426941, + "y": 0.4679771661758423 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 207, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14296618103981018, + "y": 0.486232727766037 + }, + { + "x": 0.2863171845674515, + "y": 0.486232727766037 + }, + { + "x": 0.2863171845674515, + "y": 0.49599441699683666 + }, + { + "x": 0.14296618103981018, + "y": 0.49599441699683666 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 208, + "content": { + "text": "PKS = palm kernel shell.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14300280809402466, + "y": 0.5009733438491821 + }, + { + "x": 0.8081734776496887, + "y": 0.5009733438491821 + }, + { + "x": 0.8081734776496887, + "y": 0.526006082072854 + }, + { + "x": 0.14300280809402466, + "y": 0.526006082072854 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 209, + "content": { + "text": "Note: The share of fuel calculated in terms of biomass fuel weight ('Wood pellets', 'Construction wood waste',\n'Waste materials', 'Others': tonne; others: dry tonne).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14253149926662445, + "y": 0.5310282111167908 + }, + { + "x": 0.6635712236166, + "y": 0.5310282111167908 + }, + { + "x": 0.6635712236166, + "y": 0.5414231223985553 + }, + { + "x": 0.14253149926662445, + "y": 0.5414231223985553 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 210, + "content": { + "text": "Source: Depicted by IEEJ based on Japan Woody Bioenergy Association (JWBA), 2020.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14212638139724731, + "y": 0.5720968246459961 + }, + { + "x": 0.8089883327484131, + "y": 0.5720968246459961 + }, + { + "x": 0.8089883327484131, + "y": 0.6391339972615242 + }, + { + "x": 0.14212638139724731, + "y": 0.6391339972615242 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 211, + "content": { + "text": "When translating the survey result into energy form, it is estimated that, within biomass\npower generation using wood biomass ('Unutilised wood', 'General wood', and\n'Construction wood waste'), around 30% of input fuel is met by import biomass fuel\n(Figure 4.6).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4671511650085449, + "y": 0.945438802242279 + }, + { + "x": 0.48497262597084045, + "y": 0.945438802242279 + }, + { + "x": 0.48497262597084045, + "y": 0.9544584285467863 + }, + { + "x": 0.4671511650085449, + "y": 0.9544584285467863 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 212, + "content": { + "text": "38\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000006.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.42847901582717896, + "y": 0.06264942139387131 + }, + { + "x": 0.5440423488616943, + "y": 0.06264942139387131 + }, + { + "x": 0.5440423488616943, + "y": 0.07882210426032543 + }, + { + "x": 0.42847901582717896, + "y": 0.07882210426032543 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 40, + "content": { + "text": "Chuj Country\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.829463541507721, + "y": 0.06717387586832047 + }, + { + "x": 0.8457102049142122, + "y": 0.06717387586832047 + }, + { + "x": 0.8457102049142122, + "y": 0.07693842239677906 + }, + { + "x": 0.829463541507721, + "y": 0.07693842239677906 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 41, + "content": { + "text": "19\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.13285787403583527, + "y": 0.09986250847578049 + }, + { + "x": 0.8375452905893326, + "y": 0.09986250847578049 + }, + { + "x": 0.8375452905893326, + "y": 0.8328967019915581 + }, + { + "x": 0.13285787403583527, + "y": 0.8328967019915581 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 42, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2369835376739502, + "y": 0.8402698636054993 + }, + { + "x": 0.7331749200820923, + "y": 0.8402698636054993 + }, + { + "x": 0.7331749200820923, + "y": 0.8940581269562244 + }, + { + "x": 0.2369835376739502, + "y": 0.8940581269562244 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 43, + "content": { + "text": "FIGURE 1.15. On the trail in the Yolcultac (yol k'ultak,\n\"center of the brushland\") forest, municipio of Nentón.\nMay 1965, at the end of the dry season. Photo by the author.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000095.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.33702602982521057, + "y": 0.07962685078382492 + }, + { + "x": 0.6682535111904144, + "y": 0.07962685078382492 + }, + { + "x": 0.6682535111904144, + "y": 0.26691287010908127 + }, + { + "x": 0.33702602982521057, + "y": 0.26691287010908127 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 419, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3170126974582672, + "y": 0.29025155305862427 + }, + { + "x": 0.5015595555305481, + "y": 0.29025155305862427 + }, + { + "x": 0.5015595555305481, + "y": 0.3009377084672451 + }, + { + "x": 0.3170126974582672, + "y": 0.3009377084672451 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 420, + "content": { + "text": "(Niederle and Vesterlund 2007)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0922989696264267, + "y": 0.3164203464984894 + }, + { + "x": 0.727717861533165, + "y": 0.3164203464984894 + }, + { + "x": 0.727717861533165, + "y": 0.33215940929949284 + }, + { + "x": 0.0922989696264267, + "y": 0.33215940929949284 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 421, + "content": { + "text": "In other words, while women shy away from competition, men are drawn to it.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09181186556816101, + "y": 0.3356149196624756 + }, + { + "x": 0.9079406559467316, + "y": 0.3356149196624756 + }, + { + "x": 0.9079406559467316, + "y": 0.5267517864704132 + }, + { + "x": 0.09181186556816101, + "y": 0.5267517864704132 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 422, + "content": { + "text": "Turning to Task 4, recall that although this choice is very similar to that of Task 3, Task 4's choice\neliminates the prospect of having to subsequently participate in a competition. Thus, only in Task 3\ncould a gender gap in preference for competition have played a role in the choice of compensation\nscheme. As the figure below shows, there is no statistically significant gender gap in the choice of\ncompensation scheme in Task 4 based upon perceived ranking in Task 1. A higher percentage of\nwomen than men who guessed their Task 1 ranking to be low (i.e., at level \"3\") chose the tournament\nscheme in Task 4, while the percentages were reversed for those participants who guessed their Task 1\nrankings to be high (at levels \"1\" and \"2\"). But because the two lines in the figure remain close together,\nthese differences are not statistically significant (i.e., we should treat the groups' respective choices as\nbeing no different from one another).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3318614065647125, + "y": 0.5494804382324219 + }, + { + "x": 0.6520970463752747, + "y": 0.5494804382324219 + }, + { + "x": 0.6520970463752747, + "y": 0.738484650850296 + }, + { + "x": 0.3318614065647125, + "y": 0.738484650850296 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 423, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.31924864649772644, + "y": 0.756026029586792 + }, + { + "x": 0.5040397793054581, + "y": 0.756026029586792 + }, + { + "x": 0.5040397793054581, + "y": 0.7667481880635023 + }, + { + "x": 0.31924864649772644, + "y": 0.7667481880635023 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 424, + "content": { + "text": "(Niederle and Vesterlund 2007)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09153883904218674, + "y": 0.7818561792373657 + }, + { + "x": 0.9083657786250114, + "y": 0.7818561792373657 + }, + { + "x": 0.9083657786250114, + "y": 0.8368392586708069 + }, + { + "x": 0.09153883904218674, + "y": 0.8368392586708069 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 425, + "content": { + "text": "This result from Task 4 cements the authors' finding that women shy away from actual competition\nslated to occur at a future point in time, not implicit competition based upon their interpretations of\n10\nhow their past performance compares with others.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.06995241343975067, + "y": 0.8669887185096741 + }, + { + "x": 0.9001890867948532, + "y": 0.8669887185096741 + }, + { + "x": 0.9001890867948532, + "y": 0.9443128854036331 + }, + { + "x": 0.06995241343975067, + "y": 0.9443128854036331 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 426, + "content": { + "text": "10. In a related study of the performances of men and women in professional judo fights for bronze medals (of all things!),\nCohen-Zada et al. (2017) find that men's performances are significantly affected by what the authors' call \"psychological\nmomentum\", while women's is not. Psychological momentum is defined as the tendency of an outcome (such as a win in an\ninitial judo match) to be followed by a similar outcome (a win in a subsequent match) that is not caused by any strategic\nincentives of the players. The authors point out that this result is consistent with evidence in the biological literature that\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6404224038124084, + "y": 0.9511243104934692 + }, + { + "x": 0.9058217704296112, + "y": 0.9511243104934692 + }, + { + "x": 0.9058217704296112, + "y": 0.9588738051243126 + }, + { + "x": 0.6404224038124084, + "y": 0.9588738051243126 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 427, + "content": { + "text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 111\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000019.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.25474581122398376, + "y": 0.20860475301742554 + }, + { + "x": 0.7172481417655945, + "y": 0.20860475301742554 + }, + { + "x": 0.7172481417655945, + "y": 0.2759232521057129 + }, + { + "x": 0.25474581122398376, + "y": 0.2759232521057129 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 349, + "content": { + "text": "Author's Note to the\n2021 Edition\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12931962311267853, + "y": 0.34533214569091797 + }, + { + "x": 0.8449672609567642, + "y": 0.34533214569091797 + }, + { + "x": 0.8449672609567642, + "y": 0.44352737069129944 + }, + { + "x": 0.12931962311267853, + "y": 0.44352737069129944 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 350, + "content": { + "text": "This book is a minimally amended, reprinted version of Sing me that\nlovely song again (Pandanus Press, 2006). The title was chosen by Ian\nTempleman, the publisher, because he was more interested in its literary\nmerits than in academic history. For that reason, many of my dates were\nremoved from the original manuscript during editing.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1294945329427719, + "y": 0.45768308639526367 + }, + { + "x": 0.8436871021986008, + "y": 0.45768308639526367 + }, + { + "x": 0.8436871021986008, + "y": 0.6552750170230865 + }, + { + "x": 0.1294945329427719, + "y": 0.6552750170230865 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 351, + "content": { + "text": "My original intention was to get my parents and the elder of my two\nbrothers to write their own memories of how they experienced their\ninternment in Persia and five years behind barbed wire in Australia\nduring World War II, focusing on individual memory by gender and age.\nIt seemed a remarkable opportunity to make this anecdotal and analytical\ncontribution to social science: they had each lived in the same space with\nthe same people for the same period. It was to be an experiment made in\nheaven, that is, within an impeccable laboratory. But my parents had been\ntoo distressed by their loss of freedom and the congested and pressured\natmosphere of life in camp to collaborate.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12933699786663055, + "y": 0.6698418259620667 + }, + { + "x": 0.8433480709791183, + "y": 0.6698418259620667 + }, + { + "x": 0.8433480709791183, + "y": 0.7479867786169052 + }, + { + "x": 0.12933699786663055, + "y": 0.7479867786169052 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 352, + "content": { + "text": "Because I wanted to keep the focus on my own memories, and the tone\nof voice my own, I wrote my own book with only minimal research in\nvarious archives in Australia and abroad. I did some research as a check on\nsome important facts.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1284179985523224, + "y": 0.761812150478363 + }, + { + "x": 0.8439657986164093, + "y": 0.761812150478363 + }, + { + "x": 0.8439657986164093, + "y": 0.9196237027645111 + }, + { + "x": 0.1284179985523224, + "y": 0.9196237027645111 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 353, + "content": { + "text": "Asked to speak about my book at an academic conference at the\nUniversity of Queensland in 2006, I did some further research to validate\nmy contribution. My speech was then published in National Socialism in\nOceania (edited by Emily Turner-Graham and Christine Winter, Peter\nLang, 2010) with the title I had originally suggested to Pandanus Press,\n'At Home in Exile: Ambiguities of wartime patriotism'. When in 2015\nI was asked by Japanese scholars to speak at Cowra, NSW, at a conference\non internment, I suggested that my younger brother, Peter, also be invited\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8936327695846558, + "y": 0.9317705631256104 + }, + { + "x": 0.9088592976331711, + "y": 0.9317705631256104 + }, + { + "x": 0.9088592976331711, + "y": 0.9410003051161766 + }, + { + "x": 0.8936327695846558, + "y": 0.9410003051161766 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 354, + "content": { + "text": "ix\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000016.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12056836485862732, + "y": 0.1975812464952469 + }, + { + "x": 0.8819763362407684, + "y": 0.1975812464952469 + }, + { + "x": 0.8819763362407684, + "y": 0.8754252344369888 + }, + { + "x": 0.12056836485862732, + "y": 0.8754252344369888 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 232, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
Introduction7
I. Changing Practices, Shifting Sites7
2. Core and Periphery of Play12
Part I: New Children, Different Toys21
3. The Child as Consumer26
4. Domesticating Play30
5. The Child in the City35
6. Toys as Containers, Mediators and Promoters39
Part II: From Solitary to Networked Geographies of Play45
7. LEGO Toys: from Wooden Blocks to Plastic Bricks50
8. Brand Extension & Product Differentiation58
9. Bringing the Fans into the Company62
IO. Many-to-Many Geographies of Play66
Part III: Commercial Geographies of Play71
II. Toy Towns and Simulated Cities73
I2. A 21st-century Dollhouse: The Sims83
I3. Unwanted Play Practices in The Sims Online94
14. Commodified Geographies of Play103
Part IV: Serious Geographies of Play107
I5. Participation Tools111
16. Participation Processes119
I7. Purposeful Play122
18. Serious Geographies of Play124
Conclusion127
19. Changing Geographies of Play127
20. Making Do132
Notes137
Bibliography139
Index153
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Changing Practices, Shifting Sites\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12868590652942657, + "y": 0.2508370578289032 + }, + { + "x": 0.403960183262825, + "y": 0.2508370578289032 + }, + { + "x": 0.403960183262825, + "y": 0.2663851734250784 + }, + { + "x": 0.12868590652942657, + "y": 0.2663851734250784 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 296, + "content": { + "text": "2. 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The Child as Consumer\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12784196436405182, + "y": 0.3224080204963684 + }, + { + "x": 0.33491335809230804, + "y": 0.3224080204963684 + }, + { + "x": 0.33491335809230804, + "y": 0.33768316078931093 + }, + { + "x": 0.12784196436405182, + "y": 0.33768316078931093 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 303, + "content": { + "text": "4. Domesticating Play\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12830659747123718, + "y": 0.34146809577941895 + }, + { + "x": 0.3497924208641052, + "y": 0.34146809577941895 + }, + { + "x": 0.3497924208641052, + "y": 0.35742806270718575 + }, + { + "x": 0.12830659747123718, + "y": 0.35742806270718575 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 304, + "content": { + "text": "5. The Child in the City\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1279570460319519, + "y": 0.3614206612110138 + }, + { + "x": 0.5858534276485443, + "y": 0.3614206612110138 + }, + { + "x": 0.5858534276485443, + "y": 0.37641932163387537 + }, + { + "x": 0.1279570460319519, + "y": 0.37641932163387537 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 305, + "content": { + "text": "6. 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Serious Geographies of Play\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8393304944038391, + "y": 0.6763701438903809 + }, + { + "x": 0.8700230140239, + "y": 0.6763701438903809 + }, + { + "x": 0.8700230140239, + "y": 0.6851707631722093 + }, + { + "x": 0.8393304944038391, + "y": 0.6851707631722093 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 339, + "content": { + "text": "122\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8387781977653503, + "y": 0.6957927942276001 + }, + { + "x": 0.870940774679184, + "y": 0.6957927942276001 + }, + { + "x": 0.870940774679184, + "y": 0.7071861447766423 + }, + { + "x": 0.8387781977653503, + "y": 0.7071861447766423 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 340, + "content": { + "text": "124\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.83860844373703, + "y": 0.6175251007080078 + }, + { + "x": 0.8711267001926899, + "y": 0.6175251007080078 + }, + { + "x": 0.8711267001926899, + "y": 0.6285240789875388 + }, + { + "x": 0.83860844373703, + "y": 0.6285240789875388 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 341, + "content": { + "text": "107\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12812888622283936, + "y": 0.7229884266853333 + }, + { + "x": 0.24999253451824188, + "y": 0.7229884266853333 + }, + { + "x": 0.24999253451824188, + "y": 0.7369088400155306 + }, + { + "x": 0.12812888622283936, + "y": 0.7369088400155306 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 342, + "content": { + "text": "Conclusion\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12831607460975647, + "y": 0.7438806295394897 + }, + { + "x": 0.4514681398868561, + "y": 0.7438806295394897 + }, + { + "x": 0.4514681398868561, + "y": 0.7596043162047863 + }, + { + "x": 0.12831607460975647, + "y": 0.7596043162047863 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 343, + "content": { + "text": "19. Changing Geographies of Play\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8402671217918396, + "y": 0.7279489636421204 + }, + { + "x": 0.8709866404533386, + "y": 0.7279489636421204 + }, + { + "x": 0.8709866404533386, + "y": 0.7393163861706853 + }, + { + "x": 0.8402671217918396, + "y": 0.7393163861706853 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 344, + "content": { + "text": "127\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12858137488365173, + "y": 0.7639027833938599 + }, + { + "x": 0.2694981247186661, + "y": 0.7639027833938599 + }, + { + "x": 0.2694981247186661, + "y": 0.7790608769282699 + }, + { + "x": 0.12858137488365173, + "y": 0.7790608769282699 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 345, + "content": { + "text": "20. Making Do\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8403345346450806, + "y": 0.747463047504425 + }, + { + "x": 0.870864437893033, + "y": 0.747463047504425 + }, + { + "x": 0.870864437893033, + "y": 0.7588180042803288 + }, + { + "x": 0.8403345346450806, + "y": 0.7588180042803288 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 346, + "content": { + "text": "127\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1294979751110077, + "y": 0.7954397201538086 + }, + { + "x": 0.1936139464378357, + "y": 0.7954397201538086 + }, + { + "x": 0.1936139464378357, + "y": 0.8082253159955144 + }, + { + "x": 0.1294979751110077, + "y": 0.8082253159955144 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 347, + "content": { + "text": "Notes\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8413709998130798, + "y": 0.7670914530754089 + }, + { + "x": 0.8701725360006094, + "y": 0.7670914530754089 + }, + { + "x": 0.8701725360006094, + "y": 0.7786956131458282 + }, + { + "x": 0.8413709998130798, + "y": 0.7786956131458282 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 348, + "content": { + "text": "132\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8418467044830322, + "y": 0.7991881966590881 + }, + { + "x": 0.8706824909895658, + "y": 0.7991881966590881 + }, + { + "x": 0.8706824909895658, + "y": 0.8111277399584651 + }, + { + "x": 0.8418467044830322, + "y": 0.8111277399584651 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 349, + "content": { + "text": "137\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1294776052236557, + "y": 0.8263832926750183 + }, + { + "x": 0.2663491368293762, + "y": 0.8263832926750183 + }, + { + "x": 0.2663491368293762, + "y": 0.844145767390728 + }, + { + "x": 0.1294776052236557, + "y": 0.844145767390728 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 350, + "content": { + "text": "Bibliography\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8399350047111511, + "y": 0.8315522074699402 + }, + { + "x": 0.8702319301664829, + "y": 0.8315522074699402 + }, + { + "x": 0.8702319301664829, + "y": 0.8433844316750765 + }, + { + "x": 0.8399350047111511, + "y": 0.8433844316750765 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 351, + "content": { + "text": "139\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12922638654708862, + "y": 0.8591391444206238 + }, + { + "x": 0.1890437826514244, + "y": 0.8591391444206238 + }, + { + "x": 0.1890437826514244, + "y": 0.8729503806680441 + }, + { + "x": 0.12922638654708862, + "y": 0.8729503806680441 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 352, + "content": { + "text": "Index\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8430793881416321, + "y": 0.8640709519386292 + }, + { + "x": 0.870042335242033, + "y": 0.8640709519386292 + }, + { + "x": 0.870042335242033, + "y": 0.8758444469422102 + }, + { + "x": 0.8430793881416321, + "y": 0.8758444469422102 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 353, + "content": { + "text": "153\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8622110486030579, + "y": 0.9486733675003052 + }, + { + "x": 0.8707734774798155, + "y": 0.9486733675003052 + }, + { + "x": 0.8707734774798155, + "y": 0.9596572313457727 + }, + { + "x": 0.8622110486030579, + "y": 0.9596572313457727 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 354, + "content": { + "text": "5\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000097.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.21297359466552734, + "y": 0.06704967468976974 + }, + { + "x": 0.7854239344596863, + "y": 0.06704967468976974 + }, + { + "x": 0.7854239344596863, + "y": 0.44666873663663864 + }, + { + "x": 0.21297359466552734, + "y": 0.44666873663663864 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 397, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11007651686668396, + "y": 0.4472469389438629 + }, + { + "x": 0.6131803691387177, + "y": 0.4472469389438629 + }, + { + "x": 0.6131803691387177, + "y": 0.467848464846611 + }, + { + "x": 0.11007651686668396, + "y": 0.467848464846611 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 398, + "content": { + "text": "Now, how do we solve for the game's analytical equilibrium?12\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.13673672080039978, + "y": 0.4709787368774414 + }, + { + "x": 0.9118724763393402, + "y": 0.4709787368774414 + }, + { + "x": 0.9118724763393402, + "y": 0.6621244102716446 + }, + { + "x": 0.13673672080039978, + "y": 0.6621244102716446 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 399, + "content": { + "text": "Here, Player 2 applies backward induction to find what's known as a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium\n(PBE). As we already know, if Player 2 is the weak type and Player 1 has chosen to invade, then Player\n2 should concede. If he is the strong type, then Player 2 should fight. We also know that Player 1\nrecognizes that she gets a payoff of $0 if she concedes in the first round, regardless of Player 2's type.\nIf she instead chooses to invade in the first round, then Player 1's expected payoff from invading is\np - 0.2(1 - p) = 1.2p - 0.2. This is merely the weighted average of Player 1's expected payoff\nwhen Player 2 is weak and her expected payoff when Player 2 is strong. Thus, invade is a better strategy\nthan concede for Player 1 when 1.2p - 0.2 > 0 P > 1/6. In other words, if the probability that\nPlayer 1 assigns to Player 2 being weak is greater than one-sixth, Player 1 should choose to invade in the\nfirst round. Otherwise, Player 1 should concede and be done with it.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09223752468824387, + "y": 0.6661632061004639 + }, + { + "x": 0.906768374145031, + "y": 0.6661632061004639 + }, + { + "x": 0.906768374145031, + "y": 0.6975458972156048 + }, + { + "x": 0.09223752468824387, + "y": 0.6975458972156048 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 400, + "content": { + "text": "What's the outcome when you and your classmates play this more complicated version of the\nEscalation Game?\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09257278591394424, + "y": 0.7222433090209961 + }, + { + "x": 0.33788030594587326, + "y": 0.7222433090209961 + }, + { + "x": 0.33788030594587326, + "y": 0.7331642434000969 + }, + { + "x": 0.09257278591394424, + "y": 0.7331642434000969 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 401, + "content": { + "text": "BURNING BRIDGES GAME\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09004687517881393, + "y": 0.751689076423645 + }, + { + "x": 0.9075324460864067, + "y": 0.751689076423645 + }, + { + "x": 0.9075324460864067, + "y": 0.8074741400778294 + }, + { + "x": 0.09004687517881393, + "y": 0.8074741400778294 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 402, + "content": { + "text": "This game shares starkly similar features with the Escalation Game, but there is no uncertainty\n(thus, the analytical equilibrium is an SPE rather than a PBE). The SPE has much to say about the\nrelationship between two tenacious competitors. Spaniel (2011) portrays the game as follows:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.06791803240776062, + "y": 0.8664152026176453 + }, + { + "x": 0.8928686678409576, + "y": 0.8664152026176453 + }, + { + "x": 0.8928686678409576, + "y": 0.9441551715135574 + }, + { + "x": 0.06791803240776062, + "y": 0.9441551715135574 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 403, + "content": { + "text": "12. This equilibrium is known as a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium (PBE) rather than an SPE because of the uncertainty that at\nleast one of the players is forced to contend with. Similar to Nash, Thomas Bayes is considered a towering figure. He was\nan 18th-century English statistician, philosopher, and Presbyterian minister who is known for formulating a specific case\nof the theorem that bears his name: Bayes Theorem. Bayes never published his theory himself-his notes were edited and\npublished posthumously.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09283743053674698, + "y": 0.9508423209190369 + }, + { + "x": 0.2372368946671486, + "y": 0.9508423209190369 + }, + { + "x": 0.2372368946671486, + "y": 0.9589855708181858 + }, + { + "x": 0.09283743053674698, + "y": 0.9589855708181858 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 404, + "content": { + "text": "132 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000195.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11901749670505524, + "y": 0.13311965763568878 + }, + { + "x": 0.4902588278055191, + "y": 0.13311965763568878 + }, + { + "x": 0.4902588278055191, + "y": 0.5208675414323807 + }, + { + "x": 0.11901749670505524, + "y": 0.5208675414323807 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 743, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
Introduction of the SOLAR 10.7 Billion- Parameter Model: We have released the SO- LAR 10.7B model, which is not only depth- wise scaled but also continually pretrained. The availability of SOLAR 10.7B under the Apache 2.0 license permits commercial us- age, enabling the integration of this advanced model into a diverse range of products and ser- vices. This bridges the gap between academic research and practical applications, fostering wider accessibility and utility in various fields.
Superior Performance Across Diverse Benchmarks: SOLAR 10.7B excels in var- ious benchmarks, outperforming established models like Llama 2 and Mistral 7B in reason- ing, mathematics, and the MMLU framework.
Advancement in Instruction-Following Ca- pabilities: The introduction of SOLAR 10.7B- Instruct, a variant fine-tuned for enhanced instruction-following abilities, marks a sig- nificant improvement in the model's ability to understand and execute complex instructions.
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This bridges the gap between academic\nresearch and practical applications, fostering\nwider accessibility and utility in various fields.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1410343497991562, + "y": 0.33353391289711 + }, + { + "x": 0.4878508597612381, + "y": 0.33353391289711 + }, + { + "x": 0.4878508597612381, + "y": 0.4103759080171585 + }, + { + "x": 0.1410343497991562, + "y": 0.4103759080171585 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 755, + "content": { + "text": "Superior Performance Across Diverse\nBenchmarks: SOLAR 10.7B excels in var-\nious benchmarks, outperforming established\nmodels like Llama 2 and Mistral 7B in reason-\ning, mathematics, and the MMLU framework.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14061634242534637, + "y": 0.4274164140224457 + }, + { + "x": 0.4880940765142441, + "y": 0.4274164140224457 + }, + { + "x": 0.4880940765142441, + "y": 0.5204109400510788 + }, + { + "x": 0.14061634242534637, + "y": 0.5204109400510788 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 756, + "content": { + "text": "Advancement in Instruction-Following Ca-\npabilities: The introduction of SOLAR 10.7B-\nInstruct, a variant fine-tuned for enhanced\ninstruction-following abilities, marks a sig-\nnificant improvement in the model's ability to\nunderstand and execute complex instructions.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11774154752492905, + "y": 0.5374902486801147 + }, + { + "x": 0.4878655895590782, + "y": 0.5374902486801147 + }, + { + "x": 0.4878655895590782, + "y": 0.7727474570274353 + }, + { + "x": 0.11774154752492905, + "y": 0.7727474570274353 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 757, + "content": { + "text": "Sanghoon Kim, Dahyun Kim, Chanjun Park,\nWonsung Lee, Wonho Song, Yunsu Kim and\nHyeonwoo Kim contributed equally to this paper.\nSanghoon Kim led the Foundation Model part,\nwith Dahyun Kim, Wonho Song, Yunsu Kim, and\nHyeonwoo Kim. Chanjun Park led the Data and\nEvaluation (Data-Centric LLM) part, with Yungi\nKim, Jihoo Kim, Changbae Ahn, Seonghoon Yang,\nSukyung Lee, and Hyunbyung Park. Wonsung Lee\nled the Adaptation Modeling part, with Gyoungjin\nGim, Hyeonju Lee, and Mikyoung Cha. Hwalsuk\nLee performed the role of the overall project opera-\ntion. Dahyun Kim and Chanjun Park were the main\ntechnical writers. All these individuals contributed\nto the creation of SOLAR 10.7B.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11840984225273132, + "y": 0.7924776077270508 + }, + { + "x": 0.42766860127449036, + "y": 0.7924776077270508 + }, + { + "x": 0.42766860127449036, + "y": 0.8061998225748539 + }, + { + "x": 0.11840984225273132, + "y": 0.8061998225748539 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 758, + "content": { + "text": "B Related Works and Background\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11830317974090576, + "y": 0.8198518753051758 + }, + { + "x": 0.3531740754842758, + "y": 0.8198518753051758 + }, + { + "x": 0.3531740754842758, + "y": 0.8323198044672608 + }, + { + "x": 0.11830317974090576, + "y": 0.8323198044672608 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 759, + "content": { + "text": "B.1 Large Language Models\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11793798953294754, + "y": 0.8418495059013367 + }, + { + "x": 0.48822952061891556, + "y": 0.8418495059013367 + }, + { + "x": 0.48822952061891556, + "y": 0.918510764837265 + }, + { + "x": 0.11793798953294754, + "y": 0.918510764837265 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 760, + "content": { + "text": "Following the advent of context-based language\nmodels, various studies have revealed a \"scaling\nlaw\" (Kaplan et al., 2020; Hernandez et al., 2021;\nAnil et al., 2023), demonstrating a positive corre-\nlation between the size of model and training data\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5133286118507385, + "y": 0.08754885941743851 + }, + { + "x": 0.8835963904857635, + "y": 0.08754885941743851 + }, + { + "x": 0.8835963904857635, + "y": 0.24414526671171188 + }, + { + "x": 0.5133286118507385, + "y": 0.24414526671171188 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 761, + "content": { + "text": "and model performance. This has led to the emer-\ngence of Large Language Models (LLMs). Un-\nlike previous language models, LLMs possess the\nability for In-context learning, including Zero-shot\nlearning (Radford et al., 2019) and Few-shot learn-\ning (Brown et al., 2020), allowing them to perform\nnew tasks without updating model weights. These\ncapabilities of LLMs, not evident in smaller mod-\nels, are referred to as Emergent abilities (Wei et al.,\n2022a).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5137895345687866, + "y": 0.26497942209243774 + }, + { + "x": 0.7073998600244522, + "y": 0.26497942209243774 + }, + { + "x": 0.7073998600244522, + "y": 0.27742933109402657 + }, + { + "x": 0.5137895345687866, + "y": 0.27742933109402657 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 762, + "content": { + "text": "B.2 Mixture of Experts\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5132501125335693, + "y": 0.2895926833152771 + }, + { + "x": 0.8833501636981964, + "y": 0.2895926833152771 + }, + { + "x": 0.8833501636981964, + "y": 0.49437783658504486 + }, + { + "x": 0.5132501125335693, + "y": 0.49437783658504486 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 763, + "content": { + "text": "In the landscape of machine learning architectures,\nthe Mixture of Experts (MoE) models like (Shazeer\net al., 2017; Shen et al., 2019; Komatsuzaki et al.,\n2022) has gained attention for its capability to ad-\ndress the challenges posed by complex and hetero-\ngeneous data. MoE models offer notable benefits,\nincluding enhanced output diversity, allowing for\nthe capture of intricate patterns within the input\nspace. Moreover, their computational efficiency,\nespecially when implemented in a sparse form, has\nmade them valuable in scenarios where resource\nconstraints are a consideration (Shazeer et al., 2017;\nKomatsuzaki et al., 2022).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5134831666946411, + "y": 0.5002127289772034 + }, + { + "x": 0.8835906982421875, + "y": 0.5002127289772034 + }, + { + "x": 0.8835906982421875, + "y": 0.6256513297557831 + }, + { + "x": 0.5134831666946411, + "y": 0.6256513297557831 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 764, + "content": { + "text": "However, efficient implementation of MoE mod-\nels poses a considerable challenge, primarily due to\nthe intricacies associated with dynamic routing and\nload-imbalanced computation (Gale et al., 2023).\nExisting hardware and software for deep learning,\nsuch as TPUs and XLA compilers, often demand\nstatic knowledge of tensor shapes, making MoE\nimplementation on TPU challenging.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5128400921821594, + "y": 0.6308555603027344 + }, + { + "x": 0.8835827112197876, + "y": 0.6308555603027344 + }, + { + "x": 0.8835827112197876, + "y": 0.8841696381568909 + }, + { + "x": 0.5128400921821594, + "y": 0.8841696381568909 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 765, + "content": { + "text": "While GPU implementation offers more flexi-\nbility, sparse computation compatibility becomes\na hurdle. Striking the right balance between fix-\ning the size of each expert to facilitate efficient\ncomputation and maintaining model quality creates\na tradeoff between information preservation and\nhardware efficiency. This tradeoff, in turn, necessi-\ntates careful consideration during hyperparameter\ntuning, adding a layer of complexity to the imple-\nmentation of MoE models, potentially offsetting\ntheir advantages. Given the formidable challenges\nin MoE model implementation, it becomes almost\ninevitable for researchers and practitioners to re-\nsort to specialized tools and frameworks, such as\nTutel (Hwang et al., 2023) or Megablocks (Gale\net al., 2023).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5139715671539307, + "y": 0.8900226354598999 + }, + { + "x": 0.8835172057151794, + "y": 0.8900226354598999 + }, + { + "x": 0.8835172057151794, + "y": 0.9176530726253986 + }, + { + "x": 0.5139715671539307, + "y": 0.9176530726253986 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 766, + "content": { + "text": "Departing from the horizontal expansion char-\nacteristic of MoE models, the DUS method intro-\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000189.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15665756165981293, + "y": 0.083805613219738 + }, + { + "x": 0.8404143303632736, + "y": 0.083805613219738 + }, + { + "x": 0.8404143303632736, + "y": 0.15095634758472443 + }, + { + "x": 0.15665756165981293, + "y": 0.15095634758472443 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 949, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
ModelAlpaca-GPT4OpenOrcaSynth. Math-InstructH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
SFT v1oX69.1567.6686.0365.8860.1282.9552.24
SFT v2OoX69.2165.3685.3965.9358.4782.7957.32
SFT v3oOo70.0365.8785.5565.3157.9381.3764.14
SFT v4oXo70.8867.32
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ModelUltrafeedback CleanSynth. Math-AlignmentH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
DPO v1o73.0671.4288.4966.1472.0481.4558.83
DPO v2oO73.4271.5088.2865.9771.7182.7960.27
DPO v1 + v2oo73.2171.3388.3665.9272.6582.7958.23
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ModelBase SFT ModelH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
DPOSFT v373.4271.5088.2865.9771.7182.7960.27
DPOSFT v3 v473.5871.3388.0865.3972.4581.9362.32
", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11758551001548767, + "y": 0.16392184793949127 + }, + { + "x": 0.8805235922336578, + "y": 0.16392184793949127 + }, + { + "x": 0.8805235922336578, + "y": 0.20134799554944038 + }, + { + "x": 0.11758551001548767, + "y": 0.20134799554944038 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 88, + "content": { + "text": "Table 3: Ablation studies on the different datasets used for instruction tuning. 'SFT v3+v4' indicates that the model\nis merged from 'SFT v3' and 'SFT v4' by simply averaging the model weights. The best scores for H6 and the\nindividual tasks are shown in bold.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11716162413358688, + "y": 0.2809993326663971 + }, + { + "x": 0.8828037306666374, + "y": 0.2809993326663971 + }, + { + "x": 0.8828037306666374, + "y": 0.3346799947321415 + }, + { + "x": 0.11716162413358688, + "y": 0.3346799947321415 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 90, + "content": { + "text": "Table 4: Ablation studies on the different datasets used during the direct preference optimization (DPO) stage.\n'SFT v3' is used as the SFT base model for DPO. We name ablated models with the 'DPO' prefix to indicate the\nalignment tuning stage. 'DPO v1+v2' indicates that the model is merged from 'DPO vl' and 'DPO v2' by simply\naveraging the model weights. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11769088357686996, + "y": 0.40558773279190063 + }, + { + "x": 0.8822354897856712, + "y": 0.40558773279190063 + }, + { + "x": 0.8822354897856712, + "y": 0.4455694332718849 + }, + { + "x": 0.11769088357686996, + "y": 0.4455694332718849 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 92, + "content": { + "text": "Table 5: Ablation studies on the different SFT base models used during the direct preference optimization (DPO)\nstage. Ultrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets are used. We name ablated models with the 'DPO'\nprefix to indicate the alignment tuning stage. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11696566641330719, + "y": 0.47409892082214355 + }, + { + "x": 0.48779822885990143, + "y": 0.47409892082214355 + }, + { + "x": 0.48779822885990143, + "y": 0.6314446032047272 + }, + { + "x": 0.11696566641330719, + "y": 0.6314446032047272 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 93, + "content": { + "text": "When we add the OpenOrca dataset to train the\nsecond ablated model, 'SFT v2', the resulting H6\nscore is 69.21, which is little change from 69.15 of\n'SFT v1'. However, the task scores vary more as\n'SFT v2' gets a substantially higher GSM8K score\nof 57.32 compared to 52.24 of 'SFT v1' but also\ngets noticeably lower scores across the board for\nARC, HellaSwag, and TruthfulQA. This seems to\nindicate that using OpenOrca results in a model that\nbehaves differently from using only Alpaca-GPT4.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1180458590388298, + "y": 0.6414989233016968 + }, + { + "x": 0.48778846114873886, + "y": 0.6414989233016968 + }, + { + "x": 0.48778846114873886, + "y": 0.7991121709346771 + }, + { + "x": 0.1180458590388298, + "y": 0.7991121709346771 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 94, + "content": { + "text": "Second, we investigate whether Synth. Math-\nInstruct dataset is beneficial. For 'SFT v3', we\nadd the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset, which boosts\nGSM8K scores to 64.14 and achieves comparable\nscores for the other tasks. Interestingly, when we\nadd the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset to 'SFT v1'\nto train 'SFT v4', we get our highest H6 score of\n70.88 with higher scores than 'SFT v3' for all tasks.\nFrom the above, we can see that adding the Synth.\nMath-Instruct dataset is helpful.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11793424934148788, + "y": 0.8096133470535278 + }, + { + "x": 0.4881206676363945, + "y": 0.8096133470535278 + }, + { + "x": 0.4881206676363945, + "y": 0.9187760725617409 + }, + { + "x": 0.11793424934148788, + "y": 0.9187760725617409 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 95, + "content": { + "text": "Lastly, we see whether merging models trained\nwith and without OpenOrca can boost performance.\nIn the first analysis, we saw that using OpenOrca re-\nsulted in a model that behaved differently from the\nmodel that was trained without OpenOrca. Build-\ning on this intuition, we merge 'SFT v3' and 'SFT\nv4' as they are the best-performing models with\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5135981440544128, + "y": 0.4740627408027649 + }, + { + "x": 0.8829171061515808, + "y": 0.4740627408027649 + }, + { + "x": 0.8829171061515808, + "y": 0.583105206489563 + }, + { + "x": 0.5135981440544128, + "y": 0.583105206489563 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 96, + "content": { + "text": "and without OpenOrca. To our surprise, the result-\ning merged model 'SFT v3+v4' retains the high\nscores for non-GSM8K tasks from 'SFT v4' but\nalso achieves a higher GSM8K score than 'SFT v3'\nor 'SFT v4'. Thus, we see that merging models\nthat specialize in different tasks is a promising way\nto obtain a model that performs well generally.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.513599693775177, + "y": 0.5988880395889282 + }, + { + "x": 0.7116837352514267, + "y": 0.5988880395889282 + }, + { + "x": 0.7116837352514267, + "y": 0.6115277130156755 + }, + { + "x": 0.513599693775177, + "y": 0.6115277130156755 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 97, + "content": { + "text": "4.3.2 Alignment Tuning\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5132662653923035, + "y": 0.6197925806045532 + }, + { + "x": 0.8833807110786438, + "y": 0.6197925806045532 + }, + { + "x": 0.8833807110786438, + "y": 0.7285471335053444 + }, + { + "x": 0.5132662653923035, + "y": 0.7285471335053444 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 98, + "content": { + "text": "As we utilize sDPO for practical alignment tun-\ning, there are additional aspects to ablate such as\nthe SFT base models used. Thus, we present ab-\nlations for the different training datasets used for\ntraining, the different SFT base models to initialize\nthe sDPO training, and finally, the model merging\nstrategy to obtain the final alignment-tuned model.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.513516366481781, + "y": 0.7442858815193176 + }, + { + "x": 0.8828171491622925, + "y": 0.7442858815193176 + }, + { + "x": 0.8828171491622925, + "y": 0.8370012864470482 + }, + { + "x": 0.513516366481781, + "y": 0.8370012864470482 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 99, + "content": { + "text": "Ablation on the training datasets. We ablate on\nthe different alignment datasets used during DPO\nin Tab. 4. We use 'SFT v3' as the SFT base model\nfor DPO. 'DPO v1' only uses the Ultrafeedback\nClean dataset while 'DPO v2' also used the Synth.\nMath-Alignment dataset.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5134069919586182, + "y": 0.8419751524925232 + }, + { + "x": 0.8831991851329803, + "y": 0.8419751524925232 + }, + { + "x": 0.8831991851329803, + "y": 0.9178192988038063 + }, + { + "x": 0.5134069919586182, + "y": 0.9178192988038063 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 100, + "content": { + "text": "First, we test how Ultrafeedback Clean and\nSynth. Math-Alignment impacts model perfor-\nmance. For 'DPO v1', it achieves 73.06 in H6,\nwhich is a substantial boost from the SFT base\nmodel score of 70.03. However, we note that while\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000003.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11531402170658112, + "y": 0.055896926671266556 + }, + { + "x": 0.5259968489408493, + "y": 0.055896926671266556 + }, + { + "x": 0.5259968489408493, + "y": 0.0664987713098526 + }, + { + "x": 0.11531402170658112, + "y": 0.0664987713098526 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 465, + "content": { + "text": "INTERPRETING SIMULTANEITY JUDGEMENTS\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8301887512207031, + "y": 0.05540113523602486 + }, + { + "x": 0.8573497273027897, + "y": 0.05540113523602486 + }, + { + "x": 0.8573497273027897, + "y": 0.0640081325545907 + }, + { + "x": 0.8301887512207031, + "y": 0.0640081325545907 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 466, + "content": { + "text": "321\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11557705700397491, + "y": 0.09200027585029602 + }, + { + "x": 0.8590074330568314, + "y": 0.09200027585029602 + }, + { + "x": 0.8590074330568314, + "y": 0.20972265303134918 + }, + { + "x": 0.11557705700397491, + "y": 0.20972265303134918 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 467, + "content": { + "text": "model (discussed for a binary fit in Section 6.2). Because there are three pos-\nsible choices, the appropriate data model (applied at each SOA) is no longer\nthe binomial distribution, but rather the multinomial distribution, which can\nprovide an exact likelihood of obtaining any particular combination of prob-\nabilities that divide N choices into three bins when the actual probabilities of\nselecting each bin are known (or rather, for fitting purposes, predicted).22\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11582325398921967, + "y": 0.25459375977516174 + }, + { + "x": 0.4513181298971176, + "y": 0.25459375977516174 + }, + { + "x": 0.4513181298971176, + "y": 0.2692525051534176 + }, + { + "x": 0.11582325398921967, + "y": 0.2692525051534176 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 468, + "content": { + "text": "11\nDual-Presentation SJ Data\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11488062143325806, + "y": 0.2944074273109436 + }, + { + "x": 0.8580592274665833, + "y": 0.2944074273109436 + }, + { + "x": 0.8580592274665833, + "y": 0.55295729637146 + }, + { + "x": 0.11488062143325806, + "y": 0.55295729637146 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 469, + "content": { + "text": "Several authors have investigated the use of a dual-presentation SJ task in\nwhich two bimodal stimuli are presented (one after another) and compared,\nfor example by reporting which one was (most) synchronous (Allan & Kristof-\nferson, 1974; Powers, Hillock, & Wallace, 2009; Roseboom, Nishida, Fujisaki, &\nArnold, 2011). This is a form of what would, in classical signal detection theory,\nbe described as a two-alternative forced choice (specifically the two-interval\nforced choice variant). However, that designation is ambiguous (about wheth-\ner there are two presentations or two response categories) and has been ap-\nplied to cases where either or both of the possible qualifying conditions are\nmet, which is probably why the dual-presentation SJ task has ended up being\ngiven a variety of names (e.g., temporal 2AFC; forced-choice successiveness\ndiscrimination; 2IFC SJ, where the classic SJ is referred to as 2AFC SJ in the\nsame paper). I will label it the 2xSJ.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11547326296567917, + "y": 0.5569155812263489 + }, + { + "x": 0.8585153147578239, + "y": 0.5569155812263489 + }, + { + "x": 0.8585153147578239, + "y": 0.7548211514949799 + }, + { + "x": 0.11547326296567917, + "y": 0.7548211514949799 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 470, + "content": { + "text": "The simplest form of the 2xSJ would have a synchronous standard on every\ntrial along with a non-synchronous test pair. Based on the kind of observer\nmodels discussed in this chapter, the resulting psychometric function (plotting\nthe probability of judging the standard more synchronous than the test against\nthe test's SOA) is U-shaped and centred over the PSS. This approach represents\na reasonable way to derive estimates of inverse precision (i.e., OAt) but a fairly\npoor way to estimate the PSS, because having a synchronous standard on every\ntrial provides feedback about objective synchrony. A simple solution is to also\ninclude a range of standards as well as a range of tests, in a roving standard\ndesign.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11542629450559616, + "y": 0.7590541243553162 + }, + { + "x": 0.8582880422472954, + "y": 0.7590541243553162 + }, + { + "x": 0.8582880422472954, + "y": 0.8567428141832352 + }, + { + "x": 0.11542629450559616, + "y": 0.8567428141832352 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 471, + "content": { + "text": "The observer model can be fitted to data even when both standard and test\nare non-zero, as described in detail by Yarrow et al. (2016; see also García-Pérez\n& Peli, 2014). To present all of the data, it is necessary to plot a function for\neach standard SOA (using several standard plots, or a single 3D plot), which is\nsomewhat cumbersome, but not a major obstacle to using the task. A simple\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11621777713298798, + "y": 0.8861900568008423 + }, + { + "x": 0.1348487138748169, + "y": 0.8861900568008423 + }, + { + "x": 0.1348487138748169, + "y": 0.8929844186641276 + }, + { + "x": 0.11621777713298798, + "y": 0.8929844186641276 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 472, + "content": { + "text": "22\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16791735589504242, + "y": 0.8827950358390808 + }, + { + "x": 0.38667671382427216, + "y": 0.8827950358390808 + }, + { + "x": 0.38667671382427216, + "y": 0.895199915394187 + }, + { + "x": 0.16791735589504242, + "y": 0.895199915394187 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 473, + "content": { + "text": ".\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000128.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08768519014120102, + "y": 0.06799951195716858 + }, + { + "x": 0.8049267753958702, + "y": 0.06799951195716858 + }, + { + "x": 0.8049267753958702, + "y": 0.45950520038604736 + }, + { + "x": 0.08768519014120102, + "y": 0.45950520038604736 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 269, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
ABCDE
1timeobservedForecast(observed)Lower Confidence Bound(observed)Upper Confidence Bound(observed)
2O13
3112
4213.5
5315
6416
7518
8617.5
9717.917.9017.9017.90
10819.7321445817.9921.47
11921.5996299819.8123.39
121021.6264585719.7823.47
131122.8599311620.9624.76
141224.7274165622.7826.68
151324.7542451522.7526.75
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", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.13594725728034973, + "y": 0.08833137899637222 + }, + { + "x": 0.4856314957141876, + "y": 0.08833137899637222 + }, + { + "x": 0.4856314957141876, + "y": 0.11271444708108902 + }, + { + "x": 0.13594725728034973, + "y": 0.11271444708108902 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 804, + "content": { + "text": "Scaling laws for neural language models. arXiv\npreprint JarXiv:2001.08361.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11837080121040344, + "y": 0.12432773411273956 + }, + { + "x": 0.4875088930130005, + "y": 0.12432773411273956 + }, + { + "x": 0.4875088930130005, + "y": 0.1616699881851673 + }, + { + "x": 0.11837080121040344, + "y": 0.1616699881851673 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 805, + "content": { + "text": "Dahyun Kim, Yungi Kim, Wonho Song, Hyeonwoo\nKim, Yunsu Kim, Sanghoon Kim, and Chanjun Park.\n2024a. sdpo: Don't use your data all at once.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11804310232400894, + "y": 0.17330679297447205 + }, + { + "x": 0.486890472471714, + "y": 0.17330679297447205 + }, + { + "x": 0.486890472471714, + "y": 0.22154783457517624 + }, + { + "x": 0.11804310232400894, + "y": 0.22154783457517624 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 806, + "content": { + "text": "Jihoo Kim, Wonho Song, Dahyun Kim, Yunsu Kim,\nYungi Kim, and Chanjun Park. 2024b. Evalverse:\nUnified and accessible library for large language\nmodel evaluation.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11875762790441513, + "y": 0.23540130257606506 + }, + { + "x": 0.4876130446791649, + "y": 0.23540130257606506 + }, + { + "x": 0.4876130446791649, + "y": 0.3093656972050667 + }, + { + "x": 0.11875762790441513, + "y": 0.3093656972050667 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 807, + "content": { + "text": "Aran Komatsuzaki, Joan Puigcerver, James Lee-Thorp,\nCarlos Riquelme Ruiz, Basil Mustafa, Joshua Ainslie,\nYi Tay, Mostafa Dehghani, and Neil Houlsby.\n2022. Sparse upcycling: Training mixture-of-\nexperts from dense checkpoints. arXiv preprint\nXiv:2212.05055.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11834997683763504, + "y": 0.32333844900131226 + }, + { + "x": 0.48669803887605667, + "y": 0.32333844900131226 + }, + { + "x": 0.48669803887605667, + "y": 0.34758451022207737 + }, + { + "x": 0.11834997683763504, + "y": 0.34758451022207737 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 808, + "content": { + "text": "Wing Lian. 2023. https://huggingface.co/\nwinglian/omega-3b\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1185532733798027, + "y": 0.35927844047546387 + }, + { + "x": 0.4876268431544304, + "y": 0.35927844047546387 + }, + { + "x": 0.4876268431544304, + "y": 0.42264802753925323 + }, + { + "x": 0.1185532733798027, + "y": 0.42264802753925323 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 809, + "content": { + "text": "Stephanie Lin, Jacob Hilton, and Owain Evans. 2022.\nTruthfulqa: Measuring how models mimic human\nfalsehoods. In Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meet-\ning of the Association for Computational Linguistics\n(Volume 1: Long Papers), pages 3214-3252.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11886419355869293, + "y": 0.4343360662460327 + }, + { + "x": 0.48815689980983734, + "y": 0.4343360662460327 + }, + { + "x": 0.48815689980983734, + "y": 0.49753084778785706 + }, + { + "x": 0.11886419355869293, + "y": 0.49753084778785706 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 810, + "content": { + "text": "Shayne Longpre, Le Hou, Tu Vu, Albert Webson,\nHyung Won Chung, Yi Tay, Denny Zhou, Quoc V\nLe, Barret Zoph, Jason Wei, et al. 2023. The flan\ncollection: Designing data and methods for effective\ninstruction tuning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.13688.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11877129226922989, + "y": 0.5091544389724731 + }, + { + "x": 0.4875791147351265, + "y": 0.5091544389724731 + }, + { + "x": 0.4875791147351265, + "y": 0.5703354850411415 + }, + { + "x": 0.11877129226922989, + "y": 0.5703354850411415 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 811, + "content": { + "text": "Subhabrata Mukherjee, Arindam Mitra, Ganesh Jawa-\nhar, Sahaj Agarwal, Hamid Palangi, and Ahmed\nAwadallah. 2023. Orca: Progressive learning from\ncomplex explanation traces of gpt-4. arXiv preprint\nZiv:2306.02707.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11842509359121323, + "y": 0.5839617252349854 + }, + { + "x": 0.37576451152563095, + "y": 0.5839617252349854 + }, + { + "x": 0.37576451152563095, + "y": 0.5954492660239339 + }, + { + "x": 0.11842509359121323, + "y": 0.5954492660239339 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 812, + "content": { + "text": "OpenAI. 2023. Gpt-4 technical report.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11842964589595795, + "y": 0.6068029999732971 + }, + { + "x": 0.48769356310367584, + "y": 0.6068029999732971 + }, + { + "x": 0.48769356310367584, + "y": 0.6575427763164043 + }, + { + "x": 0.11842964589595795, + "y": 0.6575427763164043 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 813, + "content": { + "text": "Yu Pan, Ye Yuan, Yichun Yin, Zenglin Xu, Lifeng\nShang, Xin Jiang, and Qun Liu. 2023. Reusing pre-\ntrained models by multi-linear operators for efficient\ntraining. arXiv preprint MarXiv:2310.10699.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.118573859333992, + "y": 0.6689419150352478 + }, + { + "x": 0.487767294049263, + "y": 0.6689419150352478 + }, + { + "x": 0.487767294049263, + "y": 0.7193086929619312 + }, + { + "x": 0.118573859333992, + "y": 0.7193086929619312 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 814, + "content": { + "text": "Hyunbyung Park, Sukyung Lee, Gyoungjin Gim, Yungi\nKim, Dahyun Kim, and Chanjun Park. 2024. Data-\nverse: Open-source etl (extract, transform, load)\npipeline for large language models.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11855945736169815, + "y": 0.7311992049217224 + }, + { + "x": 0.48757318407297134, + "y": 0.7311992049217224 + }, + { + "x": 0.48757318407297134, + "y": 0.768552154302597 + }, + { + "x": 0.11855945736169815, + "y": 0.768552154302597 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 815, + "content": { + "text": "Baolin Peng, Chunyuan Li, Pengcheng He, Michel Gal-\nley, and Jianfeng Gao. 2023. Instruction tuning with\ngpt-4. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.03277.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11869224905967712, + "y": 0.7799033522605896 + }, + { + "x": 0.48687049746513367, + "y": 0.7799033522605896 + }, + { + "x": 0.48687049746513367, + "y": 0.8302295878529549 + }, + { + "x": 0.11869224905967712, + "y": 0.8302295878529549 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 816, + "content": { + "text": "Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, Rewon Child, David Luan,\nDario Amodei, Ilya Sutskever, et al. 2019. Language\nmodels are unsupervised multitask learners. OpenAI\nblog, 1(8):9.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11808076500892639, + "y": 0.8420548439025879 + }, + { + "x": 0.48793211579322815, + "y": 0.8420548439025879 + }, + { + "x": 0.48793211579322815, + "y": 0.9183264523744583 + }, + { + "x": 0.11808076500892639, + "y": 0.9183264523744583 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 817, + "content": { + "text": "Jack W Rae, Sebastian Borgeaud, Trevor Cai, Katie\nMillican, Jordan Hoffmann, Francis Song, John\nAslanides, Sarah Henderson, Roman Ring, Susan-\nnah Young, et al. 2021. Scaling language models:\nMethods, analysis & insights from training gopher.\narXiv preprint arXiv:2112.11446.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5138443112373352, + "y": 0.08830797672271729 + }, + { + "x": 0.8829243779182434, + "y": 0.08830797672271729 + }, + { + "x": 0.8829243779182434, + "y": 0.1494283489882946 + }, + { + "x": 0.5138443112373352, + "y": 0.1494283489882946 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 818, + "content": { + "text": "Rafael Rafailov, Archit Sharma, Eric Mitchell, Stefano\nErmon, Christopher D Manning, and Chelsea Finn.\n2023. Direct preference optimization: Your language\nmodel is secretly a reward model. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2305.18290.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5141618251800537, + "y": 0.16624636948108673 + }, + { + "x": 0.8820258975028992, + "y": 0.16624636948108673 + }, + { + "x": 0.8820258975028992, + "y": 0.22984862327575684 + }, + { + "x": 0.5141618251800537, + "y": 0.22984862327575684 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 819, + "content": { + "text": "Oscar Sainz, Jon Ander Campos, Iker García-Ferrero,\nJulen Etxaniz, Oier Lopez de Lacalle, and Eneko\nAgirre. 2023. Nlp evaluation in trouble: On the\nneed to measure Ilm data contamination for each\nbenchmark. arXiv preprint 2310.18018.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5142854452133179, + "y": 0.2443702071905136 + }, + { + "x": 0.8830404579639435, + "y": 0.2443702071905136 + }, + { + "x": 0.8830404579639435, + "y": 0.2946710139513016 + }, + { + "x": 0.5142854452133179, + "y": 0.2946710139513016 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 820, + "content": { + "text": "Keisuke Sakaguchi, Ronan Le Bras, Chandra Bhagavat-\nula, and Yejin Choi. 2021. Winogrande: An adver-\nsarial winograd schema challenge at scale. Commu-\nnications of the ACM, 64(9):99-106.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5136611461639404, + "y": 0.30907121300697327 + }, + { + "x": 0.8824328184127808, + "y": 0.30907121300697327 + }, + { + "x": 0.8824328184127808, + "y": 0.371904581785202 + }, + { + "x": 0.5136611461639404, + "y": 0.371904581785202 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 821, + "content": { + "text": "Malik Sallam, Nesreen Salim, Muna Barakat, and Alaa\nAl-Tammemi. 2023. Chatgpt applications in medical,\ndental, pharmacy, and public health education: A\ndescriptive study highlighting the advantages and\nlimitations. Narra J, 3(1):e103-e103.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5138520002365112, + "y": 0.38701435923576355 + }, + { + "x": 0.8824794292449951, + "y": 0.38701435923576355 + }, + { + "x": 0.8824794292449951, + "y": 0.4506062939763069 + }, + { + "x": 0.5138520002365112, + "y": 0.4506062939763069 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 822, + "content": { + "text": "Noam Shazeer, Azalia Mirhoseini, Krzysztof Maziarz,\nAndy Davis, Quoc Le, Geoffrey Hinton, and Jeff\nDean. 2017. Outrageously large neural networks:\nThe sparsely-gated mixture-of-experts layer. arXiv\npreprint MarXiv:1701.06538.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5134116411209106, + "y": 0.46511051058769226 + }, + { + "x": 0.8815632164478302, + "y": 0.46511051058769226 + }, + { + "x": 0.8815632164478302, + "y": 0.5264964327216148 + }, + { + "x": 0.5134116411209106, + "y": 0.5264964327216148 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 823, + "content": { + "text": "Tianxiao Shen, Myle Ott, Michael Auli, and\nMarc' Aurelio Ranzato. 2019. Mixture models for\ndiverse machine translation: Tricks of the trade. In\nInternational conference on machine learning, pages\n5719-5728. PMLR.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5139943957328796, + "y": 0.5430576801300049 + }, + { + "x": 0.8822211623191833, + "y": 0.5430576801300049 + }, + { + "x": 0.8822211623191833, + "y": 0.6042446754872799 + }, + { + "x": 0.5139943957328796, + "y": 0.6042446754872799 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 824, + "content": { + "text": "Weijia Shi, Anirudh Ajith, Mengzhou Xia, Yangsibo\nHuang, Daogao Liu, Terra Blevins, Danqi Chen,\nand Luke Zettlemoyer. 2023. Detecting pretraining\ndata from large language models. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2310.16789.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5141642689704895, + "y": 0.6211941838264465 + }, + { + "x": 0.8832616806030273, + "y": 0.6211941838264465 + }, + { + "x": 0.8832616806030273, + "y": 0.6716987863183022 + }, + { + "x": 0.5141642689704895, + "y": 0.6716987863183022 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 825, + "content": { + "text": "Ken Shoemake. 1985. Animating rotation with quater-\nnion curves. In Proceedings of the 12th annual con-\nference on Computer graphics and interactive tech-\nniques, pages 245-254.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.51386958360672, + "y": 0.6861667633056641 + }, + { + "x": 0.8833144307136536, + "y": 0.6861667633056641 + }, + { + "x": 0.8833144307136536, + "y": 0.7368292398750782 + }, + { + "x": 0.51386958360672, + "y": 0.7368292398750782 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 826, + "content": { + "text": "Mingxing Tan and Quoc Le. 2019. Efficientnet: Re-\nthinking model scaling for convolutional neural net-\nworks. In International conference on machine learn-\ning, pages 6105-6114. PMLR.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5138146877288818, + "y": 0.7509347200393677 + }, + { + "x": 0.8829765915870667, + "y": 0.7509347200393677 + }, + { + "x": 0.8829765915870667, + "y": 0.8252815902233124 + }, + { + "x": 0.5138146877288818, + "y": 0.8252815902233124 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 827, + "content": { + "text": "Hugo Touvron, Louis Martin, Kevin Stone, Peter Al-\nbert, Amjad Almahairi, Yasmine Babaei, Nikolay\nBashlykov, Soumya Batra, Prajjwal Bhargava, Shruti\nBhosale, et al. 2023. Llama 2: Open founda-\ntion and fine-tuned chat models. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2307.09288.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5136924982070923, + "y": 0.8420782089233398 + }, + { + "x": 0.8832249939441681, + "y": 0.8420782089233398 + }, + { + "x": 0.8832249939441681, + "y": 0.9163412675261497 + }, + { + "x": 0.5136924982070923, + "y": 0.9163412675261497 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 828, + "content": { + "text": "Lewis Tunstall, Edward Beeching, Nathan Lambert,\nNazneen Rajani, Kashif Rasul, Younes Belkada,\nShengyi Huang, Leandro von Werra, Clémentine\nFourrier, Nathan Habib, et al. 2023. Zephyr: Di-\nrect distillation of 1m alignment. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2310.16944.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000106.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.149441197514534, + "y": 0.1428585648536682 + }, + { + "x": 0.8409457355737686, + "y": 0.1428585648536682 + }, + { + "x": 0.8409457355737686, + "y": 0.43335625529289246 + }, + { + "x": 0.149441197514534, + "y": 0.43335625529289246 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 363, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
RS
ART/ci Bobies ASHATERIALS
METHODS PERFORMING
eNGAGe
complicates ATTERNENE Mess infrefectivity
trad. canines activates keeps open trad winder
paRtic pant ended que ples valued
aft/sel &-engages (antological: epistenes
methods audience (i.e the body)
hyb complexity making Run
integration (donal to eat is to. plubalility
artscientist think thru for stuated
cambinatory & subjectivities
SAVE FORY to Remain
eNDING distinct.
is what is potential
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Role of exploRation Rc as an (scal?) creator
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peppen?
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REGIONS2007-20102010-20132016-2019
National Capital Region985
Cordillera Autonomous Region121
I - llocos Region154
Il - Cagayan Valley135
III - Central Luzon8911
IVA - CALABARZON4211
IVB - MIMAROPA111
V - Bicol Region204
VI Western Visayas233
VII - Central Visayas223
VIII Eastern Visayas323
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SaccharometerDI WaterGlucose SolutionYeast Suspension
1* *8 ml*6 ml0 ml
2*12 ml0 ml*2 ml
3*6 ml* 6 ml*2 ml
4*2 ml*6 ml*6 ml
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"4 large (20 ml) test tubes or small Erlenmeyer flasks for larger volumes\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14696796238422394, + "y": 0.14604125916957855 + }, + { + "x": 0.31328238546848297, + "y": 0.14604125916957855 + }, + { + "x": 0.31328238546848297, + "y": 0.16073195170611143 + }, + { + "x": 0.14696796238422394, + "y": 0.16073195170611143 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 200, + "content": { + "text": "Large plastic tray\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1469697654247284, + "y": 0.16350576281547546 + }, + { + "x": 0.3696106970310211, + "y": 0.16350576281547546 + }, + { + "x": 0.3696106970310211, + "y": 0.17830715514719486 + }, + { + "x": 0.1469697654247284, + "y": 0.17830715514719486 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 201, + "content": { + "text": "Masking tape or lab tape\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14686369895935059, + 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Saccharometer\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1763107031583786, + "y": 0.6499447822570801 + }, + { + "x": 0.8229445070028305, + "y": 0.6499447822570801 + }, + { + "x": 0.8229445070028305, + "y": 0.6786456890404224 + }, + { + "x": 0.1763107031583786, + "y": 0.6786456890404224 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 210, + "content": { + "text": "Table 2. Contents of Saccharometers when testing fermentation with various yeast\nconcentrations.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11743327230215073, + "y": 0.8114764094352722 + }, + { + "x": 0.8610574826598167, + "y": 0.8114764094352722 + }, + { + "x": 0.8610574826598167, + "y": 0.8402383346110582 + }, + { + "x": 0.11743327230215073, + "y": 0.8402383346110582 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 212, + "content": { + "text": "*Double these amounts if using saccharometers that have a 15-cm vertical tube. See table\nbelow\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1204327642917633, + "y": 0.8666552901268005 + }, + { + "x": 0.628404825925827, + "y": 0.8666552901268005 + }, + { + "x": 0.628404825925827, + "y": 0.8814512751996517 + }, + { + "x": 0.1204327642917633, + "y": 0.8814512751996517 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 213, + "content": { + "text": "Saccharometer DI Water Glucose Solution Yeast Suspension\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12282701581716537, + "y": 0.8879609107971191 + }, + { + "x": 0.12850948004052043, + "y": 0.8879609107971191 + }, + { + "x": 0.12850948004052043, + "y": 0.8989076381549239 + }, + { + "x": 0.12282701581716537, + "y": 0.8989076381549239 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 214, + "content": { + "text": "1\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.25386908650398254, + "y": 0.8879226446151733 + }, + { + "x": 0.29703573510050774, + "y": 0.8879226446151733 + }, + { + "x": 0.29703573510050774, + "y": 0.8991281324997544 + }, + { + "x": 0.25386908650398254, + "y": 0.8991281324997544 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 215, + "content": { + "text": "16 ml\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.33844250440597534, + "y": 0.8878241181373596 + }, + { + "x": 0.3820497654378414, + "y": 0.8878241181373596 + }, + { + "x": 0.3820497654378414, + "y": 0.8990607755258679 + }, + { + "x": 0.33844250440597534, + "y": 0.8990607755258679 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 216, + "content": { + "text": "12 ml\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.48318952322006226, + "y": 0.8878475427627563 + }, + { + "x": 0.5183926671743393, + "y": 0.8878475427627563 + }, + { + "x": 0.5183926671743393, + "y": 0.8991042925044894 + }, + { + "x": 0.48318952322006226, + "y": 0.8991042925044894 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 217, + "content": { + "text": "0 ml\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4961221218109131, + "y": 0.9732478260993958 + }, + { + "x": 0.5104274563491344, + "y": 0.9732478260993958 + }, + { + "x": 0.5104274563491344, + "y": 0.9845490828156471 + }, + { + "x": 0.4961221218109131, + "y": 0.9845490828156471 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 218, + "content": { + "text": "58\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000074.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.18907196819782257, + "y": 0.08368489146232605 + }, + { + "x": 0.8800823837518692, + "y": 0.08368489146232605 + }, + { + "x": 0.8800823837518692, + "y": 0.11579697951674461 + }, + { + "x": 0.18907196819782257, + "y": 0.11579697951674461 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 348, + "content": { + "text": "Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore. In these three countries, per capita GDP\nfell between 4 percent to 7 percent. 3\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1906903237104416, + "y": 0.13156121969223022 + }, + { + "x": 0.5833061784505844, + "y": 0.13156121969223022 + }, + { + "x": 0.5833061784505844, + "y": 0.1461429437622428 + }, + { + "x": 0.1906903237104416, + "y": 0.1461429437622428 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 349, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 1.2. Per capita GDP growth in 2020\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.18928591907024384, + "y": 0.1569335013628006 + }, + { + "x": 0.882534071803093, + "y": 0.1569335013628006 + }, + { + "x": 0.882534071803093, + "y": 0.4404122084379196 + }, + { + "x": 0.18928591907024384, + "y": 0.4404122084379196 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 350, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.18991820514202118, + "y": 0.44755202531814575 + }, + { + "x": 0.4093933403491974, + "y": 0.44755202531814575 + }, + { + "x": 0.4093933403491974, + "y": 0.4592634914442897 + }, + { + "x": 0.18991820514202118, + "y": 0.4592634914442897 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 351, + "content": { + "text": "Source: World Bank (2022a)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.19016827642917633, + "y": 0.476118266582489 + }, + { + "x": 0.8805881887674332, + "y": 0.476118266582489 + }, + { + "x": 0.8805881887674332, + "y": 0.6276915520429611 + }, + { + "x": 0.19016827642917633, + "y": 0.6276915520429611 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 352, + "content": { + "text": "It is also noteworthy that in two of these major destination countries - Thailand\nand Malaysia - the most-affected sectors were also ones heavily reliant\non migrant workers. In Thailand, affected sectors include manufacturing,\nconstruction, agriculture, fishing, seafood processing, domestic work, and\nhospitality (United Nations Thematic Working Group, 2019; ILO, 2020). In\nMalaysia, migrant workers were, in 2019, especially prevalent in manufacturing\n(705,000), construction (435,000), services (306,000), plantation (282,000),\nagriculture (160,000), and domestic work (127,000) (Wahab, 2020a; Theng,\nNoor and Khalidi, 2020).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1893383115530014, + "y": 0.6433961987495422 + }, + { + "x": 0.8806397169828415, + "y": 0.6433961987495422 + }, + { + "x": 0.8806397169828415, + "y": 0.8639877140522003 + }, + { + "x": 0.1893383115530014, + "y": 0.8639877140522003 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 353, + "content": { + "text": "The construction sector in Malaysia crashed in the second quarter of 2020\nand did not experience growth again until the second quarter of 2021,\nbefore suffering negative growth again the next quarter after a COVID-19\nresurgence. Accommodation and dining establishments which includes many\ntourism-related jobs, fared even worse. Furthermore, wholesale trade and\nrelated activities in Malaysia have not recovered to pre-pandemic levels, even\nafter growing in the first two quarters of 2021. In Thailand, the construction\nsector avoided a massive output decline similar to Malaysia's, although it did\ndecline in the first quarter of 2020. However, manufacturing, accommodation,\nand wholesale trade in Thailand all suffered large contractions due to travel\nrestrictions, supply chain disruptions, and weak aggregate demand, and,\ndespite some recovery in the second quarter of 2021, remain well below pre-\npandemic levels (Table 1.1).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14225135743618011, + "y": 0.8960611820220947 + }, + { + "x": 0.8803781718015671, + "y": 0.8960611820220947 + }, + { + "x": 0.8803781718015671, + "y": 0.918704790994525 + }, + { + "x": 0.14225135743618011, + "y": 0.918704790994525 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 354, + "content": { + "text": "3\nThe Philippine economy was hit hardest because of the length and severity of the movement restrictions\nimposed in the country (Olanday and Rigby, 2020).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14068423211574554, + "y": 0.951934278011322 + }, + { + "x": 0.4194898456335068, + "y": 0.951934278011322 + }, + { + "x": 0.4194898456335068, + "y": 0.9667056100443006 + }, + { + "x": 0.14068423211574554, + "y": 0.9667056100443006 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 355, + "content": { + "text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.9292005300521851, + "y": 0.9527336359024048 + }, + { + "x": 0.9511301107704639, + "y": 0.9527336359024048 + }, + { + "x": 0.9511301107704639, + "y": 0.9636186212301254 + }, + { + "x": 0.9292005300521851, + "y": 0.9636186212301254 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 356, + "content": { + "text": "13\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000191.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11863880604505539, + "y": 0.0866686999797821 + }, + { + "x": 0.24494726210832596, + "y": 0.0866686999797821 + }, + { + "x": 0.24494726210832596, + "y": 0.09760785847902298 + }, + { + "x": 0.11863880604505539, + "y": 0.09760785847902298 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 740, + "content": { + "text": "5 Conclusion\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11752232164144516, + "y": 0.11336921155452728 + }, + { + "x": 0.4884183630347252, + "y": 0.11336921155452728 + }, + { + "x": 0.4884183630347252, + "y": 0.27120058238506317 + }, + { + "x": 0.11752232164144516, + "y": 0.27120058238506317 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 741, + "content": { + "text": "We introduce SOLAR 10.7B and its fine-tuned vari-\nant SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, which are depth up-\nscaled (DUS) models with 10.7 billion parameters4.\nThey show superior performance over models like\nLlama 2, Mistral 7B, and Mixtral-7B-Instruct in es-\nsential NLP tasks while maintaining computational\nefficiency. Thus, DUS is effective in scaling-up\nhighly performant LLMs from smaller ones. With\nmore exploration, DUS could be further improved,\npaving a new path to efficiently scaling LLMs.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1181451752781868, + "y": 0.28752583265304565 + }, + { + "x": 0.28550075739622116, + "y": 0.28752583265304565 + }, + { + "x": 0.28550075739622116, + "y": 0.3013024227693677 + }, + { + "x": 0.1181451752781868, + "y": 0.3013024227693677 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 742, + "content": { + "text": "Acknowledgements\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11773683875799179, + "y": 0.31418344378471375 + }, + { + "x": 0.48830824345350266, + "y": 0.31418344378471375 + }, + { + "x": 0.48830824345350266, + "y": 0.5493683367967606 + }, + { + "x": 0.11773683875799179, + "y": 0.5493683367967606 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 743, + "content": { + "text": "We would like to extend our gratitude to the teams\nat Hugging Face, particularly Clémentine Four-\nrier, Lewis Tunstall, Omar Sanseviero, and Philipp\nSchmid. Our appreciation also extends to the\nteams at AWS, notably Rahul Sharma, Jeongwon\nYoon, Nieves Garcia, Ritesh Vajaria, Gal Oshri, Jay\nKwon, Brandon Lee and Effie Bae. We are grateful\nto the teams at Korea Telecom (KT), especially Jin\nHyoung Lee, Jungsuk Park, Sungjoon Park, Hong-\nrae Wang, Kyeongsoo Jung, and Sunyoong Yoon,\nwhose significant support has been instrumental in\nensuring the broad compatibility of our model. Ad-\nditionally, we would like to extend our thanks to the\nopen community for their invaluable contributions\nand feedback.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11812728643417358, + "y": 0.568454384803772 + }, + { + "x": 0.21825669705867767, + "y": 0.568454384803772 + }, + { + "x": 0.21825669705867767, + "y": 0.5794137278571725 + }, + { + "x": 0.11812728643417358, + "y": 0.5794137278571725 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 744, + "content": { + "text": "Limitations\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11786410957574844, + "y": 0.595422089099884 + }, + { + "x": 0.48837149888277054, + "y": 0.595422089099884 + }, + { + "x": 0.48837149888277054, + "y": 0.8011171221733093 + }, + { + "x": 0.11786410957574844, + "y": 0.8011171221733093 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 745, + "content": { + "text": "Our study on the Depth Up-Scaling (DUS) has im-\nportant limitations and considerations. One key\nlimitation is the need for more thorough explo-\nrations of hyperparameters used in the DUS ap-\nproach. Namely, we removed m = 8 layers from\nboth ends of our base model, primarily due to hard-\nware limitations. However, we have not yet deter-\nmined if this value is optimal for enhancing perfor-\nmance. The extended time and cost of continued\npretraining made it challenging to conduct more\ncomprehensive experiments, which we aim to ad-\ndress in future work through various comparative\nanalyses.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11779424548149109, + "y": 0.8051335215568542 + }, + { + "x": 0.48794522881507874, + "y": 0.8051335215568542 + }, + { + "x": 0.48794522881507874, + "y": 0.8822566196322441 + }, + { + "x": 0.11779424548149109, + "y": 0.8822566196322441 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 746, + "content": { + "text": "In terms of the model's broader implications,\nthere are several points to note. The model's sig-\nnificant computational demands for training and\ninference might limit its use, especially for those\nwith restricted computational resources. Addition-\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5133687853813171, + "y": 0.08734460175037384 + }, + { + "x": 0.8833779990673065, + "y": 0.08734460175037384 + }, + { + "x": 0.8833779990673065, + "y": 0.1965801790356636 + }, + { + "x": 0.5133687853813171, + "y": 0.1965801790356636 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 747, + "content": { + "text": "ally, like all machine learning models, it is vulnera-\nble to biases in its training data, which could lead\nto skewed outcomes in certain situations. Further-\nmore, the substantial energy consumption required\nfor training and operating the model raises environ-\nmental concerns, which are critical in the pursuit\nof sustainable AI development.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5127044916152954, + "y": 0.20440064370632172 + }, + { + "x": 0.8839287757873535, + "y": 0.20440064370632172 + }, + { + "x": 0.8839287757873535, + "y": 0.3616805225610733 + }, + { + "x": 0.5127044916152954, + "y": 0.3616805225610733 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 748, + "content": { + "text": "Lastly, while the fine-tuned variant of the model\nshows improved performance in following instruc-\ntions, it still requires task-specific fine-tuning for\noptimal performance in specialized applications.\nThis fine-tuning process can be resource-intensive\nand not always effective. Recognizing and address-\ning these limitations is essential for a comprehen-\nsive understanding of the proposed Large Language\nModel's capabilities and for guiding future research\nand development in the field of LLMs.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5136062502861023, + "y": 0.39079686999320984 + }, + { + "x": 0.65927854180336, + "y": 0.39079686999320984 + }, + { + "x": 0.65927854180336, + "y": 0.40197980869561434 + }, + { + "x": 0.5136062502861023, + "y": 0.40197980869561434 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 749, + "content": { + "text": "Ethics Statement\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5129919052124023, + "y": 0.4268019497394562 + }, + { + "x": 0.8833674788475037, + "y": 0.4268019497394562 + }, + { + "x": 0.8833674788475037, + "y": 0.5659621059894562 + }, + { + "x": 0.5129919052124023, + "y": 0.5659621059894562 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 750, + "content": { + "text": "We conscientiously address and emphasize the\ncommitment of SOLAR 10.7B in maintaining the\nhighest ethical standards. First, we highlight that\nSOLAR 10.7B-Instruct has shown low levels of\ndata contamination in our evaluations, a testament\nto our rigorous data handling and processing pro-\ntocols. This aspect is crucial, as it underpins the\nreliability and integrity of the results obtained from\nSOLAR.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5135987997055054, + "y": 0.5756790041923523 + }, + { + "x": 0.8834497332572937, + "y": 0.5756790041923523 + }, + { + "x": 0.8834497332572937, + "y": 0.6852481514215469 + }, + { + "x": 0.5135987997055054, + "y": 0.6852481514215469 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 751, + "content": { + "text": "Furthermore, during the course of our experi-\nments, we ensured that all setups and methodolo-\ngies employed steer clear of any potential ethical\npitfalls. This preemptive consideration and avoid-\nance of ethically questionable practices underscore\nour dedication to conducting research that is not\nonly innovative but also responsible.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5133077502250671, + "y": 0.69249027967453 + }, + { + "x": 0.8832471072673798, + "y": 0.69249027967453 + }, + { + "x": 0.8832471072673798, + "y": 0.8182664811611176 + }, + { + "x": 0.5133077502250671, + "y": 0.8182664811611176 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 752, + "content": { + "text": "Additionally, we ensure that SOLAR complies\nwith general ethical considerations in all aspects\nof its operation. This includes adherence to pri-\nvacy norms, respect for intellectual property, and\nensuring the absence of bias in our algorithms. Our\ncommitment to these ethical principles is unwaver-\ning, and we believe it significantly contributes to\nthe credibility and societal acceptance of SOLAR.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5132597088813782, + "y": 0.8258070945739746 + }, + { + "x": 0.8832269012928009, + "y": 0.8258070945739746 + }, + { + "x": 0.8832269012928009, + "y": 0.902445524930954 + }, + { + "x": 0.5132597088813782, + "y": 0.902445524930954 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 753, + "content": { + "text": "In conclusion, the ethical framework within\nwhich SOLAR operates is robust and comprehen-\nsive, ensuring that our advancements in this field\nare not only scientifically sound but also ethically\nresponsible.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1179494708776474, + "y": 0.8943997621536255 + }, + { + "x": 0.48600931465625763, + "y": 0.8943997621536255 + }, + { + "x": 0.48600931465625763, + "y": 0.9178322590887547 + }, + { + "x": 0.1179494708776474, + "y": 0.9178322590887547 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 754, + "content": { + "text": "4Preprint version is available on https://arxiv\norg/abs/2312.15166.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000022.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15515299141407013, + "y": 0.08684885501861572 + }, + { + "x": 0.2821691185235977, + "y": 0.08684885501861572 + }, + { + "x": 0.2821691185235977, + "y": 0.09637482278048992 + }, + { + "x": 0.15515299141407013, + "y": 0.09637482278048992 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 454, + "content": { + "text": "At Home in Exile\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15574043989181519, + "y": 0.1190415695309639 + }, + { + "x": 0.8690356612205505, + "y": 0.1190415695309639 + }, + { + "x": 0.8690356612205505, + "y": 0.3155299499630928 + }, + { + "x": 0.15574043989181519, + "y": 0.3155299499630928 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 455, + "content": { + "text": "To prepare myself for the journey from my home in Canberra, Australia,\nI visited the National Library's vast collection of maps. But I could not\nfind Steinkirche, even in old German records of Silesia. The Polish-\nGerman Gazeteer, which has a remarkable list of old German place-names\nin relation to their Polish replacements, and vice versa, gave the names\nfor many places, including Märzdorf where my mother had worked as\na young woman, on an estate near the Oder River. But there was nothing\nfor Steinkirche. The people assembling the directory must have thought it\nsimply the description of a stone church, as the name suggests, rather than\nthe actual name for the place where the church stood.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15632809698581696, + "y": 0.3308832049369812 + }, + { + "x": 0.8691134005784988, + "y": 0.3308832049369812 + }, + { + "x": 0.8691134005784988, + "y": 0.48739753663539886 + }, + { + "x": 0.15632809698581696, + "y": 0.48739753663539886 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 456, + "content": { + "text": "Obviously it was not an important village. No one in our extended family\ncould give me the Polish names for rural Steinkirche or of Neumarkt Platz\nin the Silesian metropolis. Had Steinkirche been north, east, west or south\nof Breslau? In my mind's eye I assumed it to be east-towards Posen-\nmistakenly, SO I was to discover. In answer to one of my many questions,\nI recalled that my mother had once told me that it had taken her about an\nhour by train to travel to the school she attended briefly in Breslau. It was\nan important clue.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15609484910964966, + "y": 0.5027672648429871 + }, + { + "x": 0.8719088435173035, + "y": 0.5027672648429871 + }, + { + "x": 0.8719088435173035, + "y": 0.6588393598794937 + }, + { + "x": 0.15609484910964966, + "y": 0.6588393598794937 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 457, + "content": { + "text": "I then rang my cousin, Peter Erlanger, but neither he nor his older sister\ncould help me. Peter advised me to try to find Steinkirche using my\ncomputer's Internet search engine. It was enlightened advice, and was to\nprovide me with a key clue. The website yielded a huge list of entries,\nmostly concerning stone churches in present-day Germany. But there was\nalso a reference to a 1928 visit by a church official inspecting a number of\ncommunities overseen by the Lutheran Church at Strehlen. I had often\nheard my mother and her sister refer to acquaintances in Strehlen.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.155912384390831, + "y": 0.675362765789032 + }, + { + "x": 0.8716153353452682, + "y": 0.675362765789032 + }, + { + "x": 0.8716153353452682, + "y": 0.8513337075710297 + }, + { + "x": 0.155912384390831, + "y": 0.8513337075710297 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 458, + "content": { + "text": "The article about Steinkirche described it as having a 1264 Polish Catholic\nfoundation, on a site where pagan sacrifices had taken place. This\nseemed to have the ring of truth. The description offered a brief history\nof the church and gave illustrations of it in various stages of alteration.\nBy the seventeenth century, the place had become Lutheran and in the\nfollowing 200 years the community's religious confidence expressed itself\narchitecturally, through continual improvements. A church tower with\nbaroque spire was raised and the interior refurbished with an upper-storey\nbalcony with pews on three sides.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09147489815950394, + "y": 0.9319766163825989 + }, + { + "x": 0.09977824613451958, + "y": 0.9319766163825989 + }, + { + "x": 0.09977824613451958, + "y": 0.9405221790075302 + }, + { + "x": 0.09147489815950394, + "y": 0.9405221790075302 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 459, + "content": { + "text": "8\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000118.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.13005131483078003, + "y": 0.05146936699748039 + }, + { + "x": 0.4050121009349823, + "y": 0.05146936699748039 + }, + { + "x": 0.4050121009349823, + "y": 0.06540779583156109 + }, + { + "x": 0.13005131483078003, + "y": 0.06540779583156109 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 238, + "content": { + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8116961717605591, + "y": 0.05314018577337265 + }, + { + "x": 0.8815009221434593, + "y": 0.05314018577337265 + }, + { + "x": 0.8815009221434593, + "y": 0.06586925871670246 + }, + { + "x": 0.8116961717605591, + "y": 0.06586925871670246 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 239, + "content": { + "text": "BIO181\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3996500074863434, + "y": 0.09631022810935974 + }, + { + "x": 0.5998775362968445, + "y": 0.09631022810935974 + }, + { + "x": 0.5998775362968445, + "y": 0.1137285903096199 + }, + { + "x": 0.3996500074863434, + "y": 0.1137285903096199 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 240, + "content": { + "text": "Cellular Replication\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0735732913017273, + "y": 0.13429518043994904 + }, + { + "x": 0.7159571647644043, + "y": 0.13429518043994904 + }, + { + "x": 0.7159571647644043, + "y": 0.4295942336320877 + }, + { + "x": 0.0735732913017273, + "y": 0.4295942336320877 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 241, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7702268958091736, + "y": 0.1364944577217102 + }, + { + "x": 0.9042234867811203, + "y": 0.1364944577217102 + }, + { + "x": 0.9042234867811203, + "y": 0.24169009178876877 + }, + { + "x": 0.7702268958091736, + "y": 0.24169009178876877 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 242, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7545488476753235, + "y": 0.3099633455276489 + }, + { + "x": 0.8972429633140564, + "y": 0.3099633455276489 + }, + { + "x": 0.8972429633140564, + "y": 0.338984452188015 + }, + { + "x": 0.7545488476753235, + "y": 0.338984452188015 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 243, + "content": { + "text": "Cellular Cycle\nand Replication\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7725251913070679, + "y": 0.3772445023059845 + }, + { + "x": 0.9034975916147232, + "y": 0.3772445023059845 + }, + { + "x": 0.9034975916147232, + "y": 0.4791090041399002 + }, + { + "x": 0.7725251913070679, + "y": 0.4791090041399002 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 244, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11776123940944672, + "y": 0.46437233686447144 + }, + { + "x": 0.4940410703420639, + "y": 0.46437233686447144 + }, + { + "x": 0.4940410703420639, + "y": 0.47994955629110336 + }, + { + "x": 0.11776123940944672, + "y": 0.47994955629110336 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 245, + "content": { + "text": "Growth and the Creation of Life\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12850864231586456, + "y": 0.5001241564750671 + }, + { + "x": 0.6470219641923904, + "y": 0.5001241564750671 + }, + { + "x": 0.6470219641923904, + "y": 0.9024694561958313 + }, + { + "x": 0.12850864231586456, + "y": 0.9024694561958313 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 246, + "content": { + "text": "One of the characteristics of living things is the ability\nto replicate and passon genetic information to the next\ngeneration. Cell division in individual bacteria and\narchaea usually occurs by binary fission. Mitochondria\nand chloroplasts also replicate by binary fission, which\nis evidence of the evolutionary relationship between\nthese organelles and prokaryotes.\nCell division in eukaryotes is more complex. It requires\nthe cell to manage acomplicated process of duplicating\nthe nucleus, other organelles, and multiple linear\nchromosomes. It is controlled in the cell cycle, which is\ndivided into three parts: interphase, mitosis, and\ncytokinesis. We spilt those further for ease of study.\nLet's start with interphase, which is broken into three\nstages. In the first growth phase (G1), the cell grows and\nprepares to duplicate its DNA. In the synthesis phase\n(S), the chromosomes are replicated. In the second\ngrowth phase (G2), the cell prepares to divide.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7543967962265015, + "y": 0.517972469329834 + }, + { + "x": 0.9085738807916641, + "y": 0.517972469329834 + }, + { + "x": 0.9085738807916641, + "y": 0.5899500995874405 + }, + { + "x": 0.7543967962265015, + "y": 0.5899500995874405 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 247, + "content": { + "text": "A step by step\nguide to growing a\nhuman!\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.773094117641449, + "y": 0.6158320903778076 + }, + { + "x": 0.9027729630470276, + "y": 0.6158320903778076 + }, + { + "x": 0.9027729630470276, + "y": 0.7187043651938438 + }, + { + "x": 0.773094117641449, + "y": 0.7187043651938438 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 248, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.754012405872345, + "y": 0.7298310995101929 + }, + { + "x": 0.9070574045181274, + "y": 0.7298310995101929 + }, + { + "x": 0.9070574045181274, + "y": 0.8225317150354385 + }, + { + "x": 0.754012405872345, + "y": 0.8225317150354385 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 249, + "content": { + "text": "Mitosis and\nMeiosis\nSimiliar processes\nwith VERY different\nresults!\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.496244341135025, + "y": 0.9734921455383301 + }, + { + "x": 0.5108680091798306, + "y": 0.9734921455383301 + }, + { + "x": 0.5108680091798306, + "y": 0.9847789900377393 + }, + { + "x": 0.496244341135025, + "y": 0.9847789900377393 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 250, + "content": { + "text": "66\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000049.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.24129877984523773, + "y": 0.05679428577423096 + }, + { + "x": 0.8409502357244492, + "y": 0.05679428577423096 + }, + { + "x": 0.8409502357244492, + "y": 0.07222497183829546 + }, + { + "x": 0.24129877984523773, + "y": 0.07222497183829546 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 396, + "content": { + "text": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8883789777755737, + "y": 0.05789290368556976 + }, + { + "x": 0.9014906920492649, + "y": 0.05789290368556976 + }, + { + "x": 0.9014906920492649, + "y": 0.07049464713782072 + }, + { + "x": 0.8883789777755737, + "y": 0.07049464713782072 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 397, + "content": { + "text": "9\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14520542323589325, + "y": 0.10976089537143707 + }, + { + "x": 0.8968019336462021, + "y": 0.10976089537143707 + }, + { + "x": 0.8968019336462021, + "y": 0.3398113250732422 + }, + { + "x": 0.14520542323589325, + "y": 0.3398113250732422 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 398, + "content": { + "text": "The post-World War II period saw women participating in formal\npolitics and even attempting to form a political party and an alliance\nsupporting President Ramon Magsaysay's candidacy for the presidency\n(He served as president from 1953 to 1957), while the advent of the\nmartial law period in 1972 witnessed feminist movements. Roces (2012,\n6) attributes this to the burgeoning student movement and activism, SO\nmuch so that by the time Marcos declared martial law, women were\nprepared to take on the resistance. Though inspired by North America's\nsecond-wave feminists, Filipino women were also drawn to the era's\ndiscourses and contexts, such as the Vietnam War and the civil rights\nmovement.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14478325843811035, + "y": 0.3610687553882599 + }, + { + "x": 0.8962339162826538, + "y": 0.3610687553882599 + }, + { + "x": 0.8962339162826538, + "y": 0.5945499688386917 + }, + { + "x": 0.14478325843811035, + "y": 0.5945499688386917 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 399, + "content": { + "text": "The women's movement continued to flourish in the Cory Aquino\nregime (1986-1992). The democratic transition provided political\nopportunity structures and venues ensuring women's access to the\nstate and nonstate spheres. The drafting of the 1987 Constitution\nwas one such opportunity. The movement managed to advocate for\nimportant provisions paving the way for women's rights legislation\nfrom the 1980s to the present. The provision in the 1987 Constitution\nmandates the state to recognize \"the role of women in nation building\nand shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of men and\nwomen\" (Article 2, Section 14). This provision is said to be unique and\nis not even found in other countries' charters (Masilungan n.d.).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14308877289295197, + "y": 0.6128485202789307 + }, + { + "x": 0.8978015333414078, + "y": 0.6128485202789307 + }, + { + "x": 0.8978015333414078, + "y": 0.8459727019071579 + }, + { + "x": 0.14308877289295197, + "y": 0.8459727019071579 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 400, + "content": { + "text": "The post-Marcos period advanced the participation of women\nnot only in civil society and nongovernment organizations but also in\nformal politics and bureaucracy. Several women from the movement\njoined formal politics, while others were invited by the Aquino and\nRamos governments (1992-1998) to executive posts. The entry of\nwomen activists, NGO leaders, and those from the academe ensured that\nthe new democracy would significantly help push measures promoting\nwomen's rights and gender equality. The House of Representative\n(HOR) and Philippine Commission on Women (PCW)'s \"How to Be\na Gender-Responsive Legislator\" (2021, 52) listed several recent laws\nresponding to women's empowerment and gender equality.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.19862568378448486, + "y": 0.8643929958343506 + }, + { + "x": 0.8285477161407471, + "y": 0.8643929958343506 + }, + { + "x": 0.8285477161407471, + "y": 0.8814798966050148 + }, + { + "x": 0.19862568378448486, + "y": 0.8814798966050148 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 402, + "content": { + "text": "Republic Act No. 11313: Safe Spaces Act (April 17, 2019)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.19791695475578308, + "y": 0.9003195762634277 + }, + { + "x": 0.8954156935214996, + "y": 0.9003195762634277 + }, + { + "x": 0.8954156935214996, + "y": 0.9388586208224297 + }, + { + "x": 0.19791695475578308, + "y": 0.9388586208224297 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 403, + "content": { + "text": "Republic Act No. 11210: 105-Day Expanded Maternity Leave\nLaw (March 11, 2019)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000063.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11676088720560074, + "y": 0.09386713802814484 + }, + { + "x": 0.8826265707612038, + "y": 0.09386713802814484 + }, + { + "x": 0.8826265707612038, + "y": 0.1895812749862671 + }, + { + "x": 0.11676088720560074, + "y": 0.1895812749862671 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 150, + "content": { + "text": "The other potentially invasive fouler is the tropical American Mytilopsis sallei and M. adamsi\nwhich has been recorded invasive in Singapore, Australia, Thailand among other regions. While\nthey are recorded from the Manila South Harbor, there is no evidence that it is invasive as it exists\nin low abundances.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1480395644903183, + "y": 0.2448728233575821 + }, + { + "x": 0.8411199301481247, + "y": 0.2448728233575821 + }, + { + "x": 0.8411199301481247, + "y": 0.4198485463857651 + }, + { + "x": 0.1480395644903183, + "y": 0.4198485463857651 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 151, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11745458096265793, + "y": 0.4379585087299347 + }, + { + "x": 0.8657626435160637, + "y": 0.4379585087299347 + }, + { + "x": 0.8657626435160637, + "y": 0.47810424864292145 + }, + { + "x": 0.11745458096265793, + "y": 0.47810424864292145 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 152, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 3. Non-indigenous macrofoulers from Manila Bay with IAS, Mytilopsis sallei and Mytella strigata\n(=charruana). (From Trinidad et aL 2019)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11732488870620728, + "y": 0.5171640515327454 + }, + { + "x": 0.8626508116722107, + "y": 0.5171640515327454 + }, + { + "x": 0.8626508116722107, + "y": 0.6158894523978233 + }, + { + "x": 0.11732488870620728, + "y": 0.6158894523978233 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 153, + "content": { + "text": "Newer estimates (2021) on the number of possible IAS in Manila Bay is likely more than 30\nspecies based on more intensive biofouling ecological monitoring and the use environmental\nDNA in detecting species. When research started in 2006 on IAS in Manila Bay, 3 species were\ninitially observed.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8722172379493713, + "y": 0.9224306344985962 + }, + { + "x": 0.8817069232463837, + "y": 0.9224306344985962 + }, + { + "x": 0.8817069232463837, + "y": 0.9327002633363008 + }, + { + "x": 0.8722172379493713, + "y": 0.9327002633363008 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 154, + "content": { + "text": "7\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000101.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14105218648910522, + "y": 0.07145487517118454 + }, + { + "x": 0.9067111015319824, + "y": 0.07145487517118454 + }, + { + "x": 0.9067111015319824, + "y": 0.127361498773098 + }, + { + "x": 0.14105218648910522, + "y": 0.127361498773098 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 673, + "content": { + "text": "[markets] build loyalty and-more important-make people want to extend themselves to the\ndegree that corporations need today: to be flexible, concerned, and willing to pitch in. That's\nwhat a social relationship delivers.\" (page 90)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09210063517093658, + "y": 0.13015598058700562 + }, + { + "x": 0.9067307859659195, + "y": 0.13015598058700562 + }, + { + "x": 0.9067307859659195, + "y": 0.16649044305086136 + }, + { + "x": 0.09210063517093658, + "y": 0.16649044305086136 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 674, + "content": { + "text": "Hence, in the less-predictable world of Homo sapiens, businesses must decide the extent to which\nthey participate with their employees and customers in monetary and/or social markets.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09178538620471954, + "y": 0.16892112791538239 + }, + { + "x": 0.9066693335771561, + "y": 0.16892112791538239 + }, + { + "x": 0.9066693335771561, + "y": 0.28274083137512207 + }, + { + "x": 0.09178538620471954, + "y": 0.28274083137512207 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 675, + "content": { + "text": "As a follow-on to Heyman and Ariely's (2004) experiments exploring the payment-effort trade-off,\nVohs et al. (2006) sought to understand the behavioral psychology underscoring the trade-off. In its\nmost general terms, the authors' hypothesis is that money makes Homo sapiens feel self-sufficient and\nbehave accordingly. When reminded of money, people desire to be free from dependency upon others\nand prefer that others not depend upon them. Vohs et al. designed several experiments to test this\nhypothesis from a variety of angles.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0917128175497055, + "y": 0.2858044505119324 + }, + { + "x": 0.9070485085248947, + "y": 0.2858044505119324 + }, + { + "x": 0.9070485085248947, + "y": 0.5745935142040253 + }, + { + "x": 0.0917128175497055, + "y": 0.5745935142040253 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 676, + "content": { + "text": "In one experiment, the authors found that participants (a sample of University of Minnesota\nstudents) who were reminded about money-both Monopoly money and real money-in the context\nof a series of word descrambling tasks worked longer at the tasks than participants in a non-money-\n25\nprimed control group before requesting help from the experimenter. In subsequent experiments\nwith different groups of students, Vohs et al. found that (1) participants in a high-money treatment\nworked significantly longer than participants in a low-money treatment before asking for help from\nanother available participant, (2) participants in a money-primed treatment volunteered to help code\nfewer data sheets than did participants in the non-money-primed control condition, (3) participants\nin a high-money treatment volunteered to gather fewer pencils that had spilled onto the floor than\ndid participants in a low-money treatment, and (4) participants in a money-primed treatment donated\nsignificantly less money to a university student fund than participants in the non-money primed\ncontrol. Three final experiments tested the effects of money on social intimacy, desire to engage in\nleisure activities alone, and preference to work alone. As expected, participants who were primed with\nmoney ahead of time were subsequently less socially intimate and exhibited a stronger preference for\nengaging in leisure activities and working alone.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09200689941644669, + "y": 0.577328085899353 + }, + { + "x": 0.9065965786576271, + "y": 0.577328085899353 + }, + { + "x": 0.9065965786576271, + "y": 0.613062497228384 + }, + { + "x": 0.09200689941644669, + "y": 0.613062497228384 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 677, + "content": { + "text": "So yes, Vohs et al.'s experiments suggest that money makes Homo sapiens feel self-sufficient and\nbehave accordingly.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09268733859062195, + "y": 0.6339303851127625 + }, + { + "x": 0.4194355010986328, + "y": 0.6339303851127625 + }, + { + "x": 0.4194355010986328, + "y": 0.6455592447891831 + }, + { + "x": 0.09268733859062195, + "y": 0.6455592447891831 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 678, + "content": { + "text": "PRICE AND THE PLACEBO EFFECT\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09178168326616287, + "y": 0.6633979678153992 + }, + { + "x": 0.9069062545895576, + "y": 0.6633979678153992 + }, + { + "x": 0.9069062545895576, + "y": 0.8359524011611938 + }, + { + "x": 0.09178168326616287, + "y": 0.8359524011611938 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 679, + "content": { + "text": "Is it possible that the magnitudes of placebo effects experienced by Homo sapiens (e.g., through medical\ntherapies or medications) are somehow influenced by the prices we pay for them? To investigate\nthis possibility, Waber et al. (2008) studied the effect of price on a group of Homo sapiens' analgesic\nresponses to placebo pills. Over 80 healthy volunteers in Boston, MA were recruited via an online\nadvertisement to participate in a field experiment where each participant was informed by a brochure\nabout a purported new opioid analgesic recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The\nopioid was described as similar to codeine but with a faster onset time. In reality, and not disclosed\nto the participants, the pill was a placebo. After randomization, half of the participants were informed\nthat the drug had a regular price of $2.50 per pill (\"regular price\"), and half of the participants that\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.06858919560909271, + "y": 0.8509045243263245 + }, + { + "x": 0.9059935659170151, + "y": 0.8509045243263245 + }, + { + "x": 0.9059935659170151, + "y": 0.943938210606575 + }, + { + "x": 0.06858919560909271, + "y": 0.943938210606575 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 680, + "content": { + "text": "25. The descrambling task consisted of 30 sets of five jumbled words. Participants created sensible phrases using four of the\nfive words. In the control and play-money treatment, the phrases primed neutral concepts (e.g., \"cold it desk outside is\"\nbecame \"it is cold outside\"). In the real-money treatment, 15 of the phrases primed the concept of money (e.g., \"high a salary\ndesk paying\" became \"a high-paying salary\"), whereas the remaining 15 were neutral phrases. Participants in the play-\nmoney treatment were primed with money by a stack of Monopoly money in their visual periphery while completing the\nneutral descrambling task.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09218135476112366, + "y": 0.9509927034378052 + }, + { + "x": 0.2371557205915451, + "y": 0.9509927034378052 + }, + { + "x": 0.2371557205915451, + "y": 0.9590161377564073 + }, + { + "x": 0.09218135476112366, + "y": 0.9590161377564073 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 681, + "content": { + "text": "220 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000085.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11493481695652008, + "y": 0.09639890491962433 + }, + { + "x": 0.2855408191680908, + "y": 0.09639890491962433 + }, + { + "x": 0.2855408191680908, + "y": 0.21541579067707062 + }, + { + "x": 0.11493481695652008, + "y": 0.21541579067707062 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 47, + "content": { + "text": "LAW\nLIBRARY\nLIBRARY OF CONGRESS\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.18115094304084778, + "y": 0.3454506993293762 + }, + { + "x": 0.810966819524765, + "y": 0.3454506993293762 + }, + { + "x": 0.810966819524765, + "y": 0.45660635828971863 + }, + { + "x": 0.18115094304084778, + "y": 0.45660635828971863 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 48, + "content": { + "text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership\nby Foreigners in Selected\nJurisdictions\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.44581955671310425, + "y": 0.4998226463794708 + }, + { + "x": 0.5509278997778893, + "y": 0.4998226463794708 + }, + { + "x": 0.5509278997778893, + "y": 0.5178322046995163 + }, + { + "x": 0.44581955671310425, + "y": 0.5178322046995163 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 49, + "content": { + "text": "June 2023\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.40428492426872253, + "y": 0.7861417531967163 + }, + { + "x": 0.5939605385065079, + "y": 0.7861417531967163 + }, + { + "x": 0.5939605385065079, + "y": 0.8134141191840172 + }, + { + "x": 0.40428492426872253, + "y": 0.8134141191840172 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 50, + "content": { + "text": "LL File No. 2023-022255\nLRA-D-PUB-002612\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.25463762879371643, + "y": 0.923646867275238 + }, + { + "x": 0.743439257144928, + "y": 0.923646867275238 + }, + { + "x": 0.743439257144928, + "y": 0.9549548178911209 + }, + { + "x": 0.25463762879371643, + "y": 0.9549548178911209 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 51, + "content": { + "text": "The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate\n(202) 707-5080 . law@loc.gov http://www.law.gov\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000181.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.06736593693494797, + "y": 0.420369416475296 + }, + { + "x": 0.905521921813488, + "y": 0.420369416475296 + }, + { + "x": 0.905521921813488, + "y": 0.7766015529632568 + }, + { + "x": 0.06736593693494797, + "y": 0.7766015529632568 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 83, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
Our PurposeOur MissionWhat We Do
Making Al BeneficialEasy-to-apply Al,Providing the world's best and easy-to-use
EverywhereAl solutions for everyone
Plug-and-play to cross/multi-cloud system
Ensuring performance tailored to customer data via retraining
Providing a platform that allows easy distribution and management of
Al solutions
Al consulting service to help AI transformation
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"paragraph", + "id": 113, + "content": { + "text": "Easy-to-apply Al,\nEverywhere\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5672298073768616, + "y": 0.42850372195243835 + }, + { + "x": 0.6374335065484047, + "y": 0.42850372195243835 + }, + { + "x": 0.6374335065484047, + "y": 0.44548418186604977 + }, + { + "x": 0.5672298073768616, + "y": 0.44548418186604977 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 114, + "content": { + "text": "What We Do\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5672170519828796, + "y": 0.49425044655799866 + }, + { + "x": 0.8907471895217896, + "y": 0.49425044655799866 + }, + { + "x": 0.8907471895217896, + "y": 0.5723733678460121 + }, + { + "x": 0.5672170519828796, + "y": 0.5723733678460121 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 115, + "content": { + "text": "Providing the world's best and easy-to-use\nAl solutions for everyone\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5677141547203064, + "y": 0.6292000412940979 + }, + { + "x": 0.7721219807863235, + "y": 0.6292000412940979 + }, + { + "x": 0.7721219807863235, + "y": 0.6485330667346716 + }, + { + "x": 0.5677141547203064, + "y": 0.6485330667346716 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 117, + "content": { + "text": "Plug-and-play to cross/multi-cloud system\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5673990845680237, + "y": 0.660669207572937 + }, + { + "x": 0.8661255836486816, + "y": 0.660669207572937 + }, + { + "x": 0.8661255836486816, + "y": 0.6798656340688467 + }, + { + "x": 0.5673990845680237, + "y": 0.6798656340688467 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 118, + "content": { + "text": "Ensuring performance tailored to customer data via retraining\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5674163103103638, + "y": 0.6899629235267639 + }, + { + "x": 0.9030963480472565, + "y": 0.6899629235267639 + }, + { + "x": 0.9030963480472565, + "y": 0.7369045428931713 + }, + { + "x": 0.5674163103103638, + "y": 0.7369045428931713 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 119, + "content": { + "text": "Providing a platform that allows easy distribution and management of\nAl solutions\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5677862763404846, + "y": 0.7516880035400391 + }, + { + "x": 0.7926234751939774, + "y": 0.7516880035400391 + }, + { + "x": 0.7926234751939774, + "y": 0.7701525390148163 + }, + { + "x": 0.5677862763404846, + "y": 0.7701525390148163 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 120, + "content": { + "text": "Al consulting service to help AI transformation\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.9716198444366455, + "y": 0.948341965675354 + }, + { + "x": 0.9760964326560497, + "y": 0.948341965675354 + }, + { + "x": 0.9760964326560497, + "y": 0.9614607580006123 + }, + { + "x": 0.9716198444366455, + "y": 0.9614607580006123 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 121, + "content": { + "text": "3\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000171.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1375240981578827, + "y": 0.17266342043876648 + }, + { + "x": 0.9118511974811554, + "y": 0.17266342043876648 + }, + { + "x": 0.9118511974811554, + "y": 0.2777694910764694 + }, + { + "x": 0.1375240981578827, + "y": 0.2777694910764694 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 244, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
Acknowledgment of CountryV
Accessibility Informationvi
Acknowledgmentsvii
About the Authorsviii
Introduction1
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Section 1.1: Data and Types of Statistical Variables3
Section 1.2: Descriptive Statistics5
Section 1.3: Missing Data6
Section 1.4: Checking Values7
Section 1.5: Normality8
Section 1.6: Outliers9
Section 1.7: Chapter One Self-Test10
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Part II. Chapter Two - Test Statistics, p Values, Confidence Intervals and Effect Sizes
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Section 2.1: p Values12
Section 2.2: Significance13
Section 2.3: Confidence Intervals14
Section 2.4: Effect Sizes16
Section 2.5: Statistical Power17
Section 2.6: Chapter Two Self-Test18
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Section 3.1: Looking at Group Differences20
Section 3.2: Between Versus Within Groups Analysis21
Section 3.3: Independent T-test Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up22
Section 3.4: Paired T-test Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up25
Section 3.5: Chapter Three Self-Test27
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Section 4.1: Examining Relationships29
Section 4.2: Correlation Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up31
Section 4.3: Chapter Four Self-Test33
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Chapter One - Exploring Your Data\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14276878535747528, + "y": 0.49011752009391785 + }, + { + "x": 0.7447379678487778, + "y": 0.49011752009391785 + }, + { + "x": 0.7447379678487778, + "y": 0.5036764610558748 + }, + { + "x": 0.14276878535747528, + "y": 0.5036764610558748 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 312, + "content": { + "text": "Part II. Chapter Two - Test Statistics, p Values, Confidence Intervals and Effect Sizes\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14257775247097015, + "y": 0.5263625979423523 + }, + { + "x": 0.28281891345977783, + "y": 0.5263625979423523 + }, + { + "x": 0.28281891345977783, + "y": 0.5376508366316557 + }, + { + "x": 0.14257775247097015, + "y": 0.5376508366316557 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 313, + "content": { + "text": "Section 2.1: p Values\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8906108140945435, + "y": 0.526718258857727 + }, + { + "x": 0.9041641335934401, + "y": 0.526718258857727 + }, + { + "x": 0.9041641335934401, + "y": 0.5349656203761697 + }, + { + "x": 0.8906108140945435, + "y": 0.5349656203761697 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 314, + "content": { + "text": "12\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1426454782485962, + "y": 0.5458505749702454 + }, + { + "x": 0.31173060834407806, + "y": 0.5458505749702454 + }, + { + "x": 0.31173060834407806, + "y": 0.5574475154280663 + }, + { + "x": 0.1426454782485962, + "y": 0.5574475154280663 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 315, + "content": { + "text": "Section 2.2: Significance\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8901009559631348, + "y": 0.5464439392089844 + }, + { + "x": 0.9037388302385807, + "y": 0.5464439392089844 + }, + { + "x": 0.9037388302385807, + "y": 0.5546802217140794 + }, + { + "x": 0.8901009559631348, + "y": 0.5546802217140794 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 316, + "content": { + "text": "13\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14265400171279907, + "y": 0.5654875636100769 + }, + { + "x": 0.37273356318473816, + "y": 0.5654875636100769 + }, + { + "x": 0.37273356318473816, + "y": 0.5745479315519333 + }, + { + "x": 0.14265400171279907, + "y": 0.5745479315519333 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 317, + "content": { + "text": "Section 2.3: Confidence Intervals\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.890353262424469, + "y": 0.5662019848823547 + }, + { + "x": 0.9041766254231334, + "y": 0.5662019848823547 + }, + { + "x": 0.9041766254231334, + "y": 0.574320082552731 + }, + { + "x": 0.890353262424469, + "y": 0.574320082552731 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 318, + "content": { + "text": "14\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14257752895355225, + "y": 0.5856298208236694 + }, + { + "x": 0.30783621966838837, + "y": 0.5856298208236694 + }, + { + "x": 0.30783621966838837, + "y": 0.5944648971781135 + }, + { + "x": 0.14257752895355225, + "y": 0.5944648971781135 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 319, + "content": { + "text": "Section 2.4: Effect Sizes\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14261743426322937, + "y": 0.6053110361099243 + }, + { + "x": 0.34464891254901886, + "y": 0.6053110361099243 + }, + { + "x": 0.34464891254901886, + "y": 0.6142307687550783 + }, + { + "x": 0.14261743426322937, + "y": 0.6142307687550783 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 320, + "content": { + "text": "Section 2.5: Statistical Power\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8899105787277222, + "y": 0.5860850811004639 + }, + { + "x": 0.9039262533187866, + "y": 0.5860850811004639 + }, + { + "x": 0.9039262533187866, + "y": 0.5943492660298944 + }, + { + "x": 0.8899105787277222, + "y": 0.5943492660298944 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 321, + "content": { + "text": "16\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.142577663064003, + "y": 0.6248943209648132 + }, + { + "x": 0.3860122263431549, + "y": 0.6248943209648132 + }, + { + "x": 0.3860122263431549, + "y": 0.6363814156502485 + }, + { + "x": 0.142577663064003, + "y": 0.6363814156502485 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 322, + "content": { + "text": "Section 2.6: Chapter Two Self-Test\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.891619086265564, + "y": 0.6058955788612366 + }, + { + "x": 0.9044966837391257, + "y": 0.6058955788612366 + }, + { + "x": 0.9044966837391257, + "y": 0.6139329643920064 + }, + { + "x": 0.891619086265564, + "y": 0.6139329643920064 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 323, + "content": { + "text": "17\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.142731711268425, + "y": 0.6616736650466919 + }, + { + "x": 0.5400971621274948, + "y": 0.6616736650466919 + }, + { + "x": 0.5400971621274948, + "y": 0.6743425577878952 + }, + { + "x": 0.142731711268425, + "y": 0.6743425577878952 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 324, + "content": { + "text": "Part III. 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Chapter Four - Comparing Associations Between Two Variables\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1424114853143692, + "y": 0.847580075263977 + }, + { + "x": 0.39560355246067047, + "y": 0.847580075263977 + }, + { + "x": 0.39560355246067047, + "y": 0.8591874847188592 + }, + { + "x": 0.1424114853143692, + "y": 0.8591874847188592 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 336, + "content": { + "text": "Section 4.1: Examining Relationships\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8890397548675537, + "y": 0.776170015335083 + }, + { + "x": 0.9044638620689511, + "y": 0.776170015335083 + }, + { + "x": 0.9044638620689511, + "y": 0.7844214774668217 + }, + { + "x": 0.8890397548675537, + "y": 0.7844214774668217 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 337, + "content": { + "text": "27\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8869667649269104, + "y": 0.8480122685432434 + }, + { + "x": 0.9039882943034172, + "y": 0.8480122685432434 + }, + { + "x": 0.9039882943034172, + "y": 0.8565781088545918 + }, + { + "x": 0.8869667649269104, + "y": 0.8565781088545918 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 338, + "content": { + "text": "29\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1425440013408661, + "y": 0.8670015335083008 + }, + { + "x": 0.6105567216873169, + "y": 0.8670015335083008 + }, + { + "x": 0.6105567216873169, + "y": 0.8789838282391429 + }, + { + "x": 0.1425440013408661, + "y": 0.8789838282391429 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 339, + "content": { + "text": "Section 4.2: Correlation Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14251863956451416, + "y": 0.8870152831077576 + }, + { + "x": 0.9037268757820129, + "y": 0.8870152831077576 + }, + { + "x": 0.9037268757820129, + "y": 0.8991214772686362 + }, + { + "x": 0.14251863956451416, + "y": 0.8991214772686362 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 340, + "content": { + "text": "Section 4.3: Chapter Four Self-Test\n33\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8903418779373169, + "y": 0.867617130279541 + }, + { + "x": 0.9041917510330677, + "y": 0.867617130279541 + }, + { + "x": 0.9041917510330677, + "y": 0.8762093363329768 + }, + { + "x": 0.8903418779373169, + "y": 0.8762093363329768 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 341, + "content": { + "text": "31\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000167.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09167000651359558, + "y": 0.07525166124105453 + }, + { + "x": 0.9069871008396149, + "y": 0.07525166124105453 + }, + { + "x": 0.9069871008396149, + "y": 0.14126047492027283 + }, + { + "x": 0.09167000651359558, + "y": 0.14126047492027283 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 580, + "content": { + "text": "The acidic cations adsorbed on the negative exchange sites are called the reserve (also residual or potential) and salt-\nreplaceable (also exchangeable) acidity. The reserve and salt-replaceable acidity controls the level of soluble or active\nacidity in the soil solution. Only the active acidity is measured in a routine pH determination. The reserve and salt-\nreplaceable acidity is always many times higher than the active acidity.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09178180247545242, + "y": 0.15724565088748932 + }, + { + "x": 0.9069788530468941, + "y": 0.15724565088748932 + }, + { + "x": 0.9069788530468941, + "y": 0.2027123011648655 + }, + { + "x": 0.09178180247545242, + "y": 0.2027123011648655 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 581, + "content": { + "text": "A soil is acid when hydrogen ions predominate in the soil. The degree of acidity is expressed in terms of pH, which is\ndefined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity. Therefore, the pH of a 0.01-molar hydrogen ion solution\nis\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09162614494562149, + "y": 0.2762143611907959 + }, + { + "x": 0.9070389047265053, + "y": 0.2762143611907959 + }, + { + "x": 0.9070389047265053, + "y": 0.35965777188539505 + }, + { + "x": 0.09162614494562149, + "y": 0.35965777188539505 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 582, + "content": { + "text": "At pH 7, the concentration of H+ ions and OH- ions are equal, and the soil or solution is neutral. At pH values less than 7,\nthe soil is acid; at values more than 7, the soil is alkaline. Most soils vary in pH from about 4 to 10. Soils in areas with high\nrainfall are generally acid with a pH less than 7. Soils developed in high-lime deposits often will be alkaline. Soils high in\ncalcium seldom have pH values higher than 7.5, but the presence of large amounts of calcium carbonate may cause the\npH to be as high as 8.5. Where the pH is higher than 8.5, an excess of sodium is highly probable.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0916467234492302, + "y": 0.37588512897491455 + }, + { + "x": 0.9073165580630302, + "y": 0.37588512897491455 + }, + { + "x": 0.9073165580630302, + "y": 0.40636054426431656 + }, + { + "x": 0.0916467234492302, + "y": 0.40636054426431656 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 583, + "content": { + "text": "The most desirable soil pH for most crops in Kansas is 6.8. However, crops like blueberries need a lower pH, and other\ncrops, like alfalfa, need a higher pH. At soil pH less than 5.8, several problems may occur:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10279936343431473, + "y": 0.4276825189590454 + }, + { + "x": 0.24619170278310776, + "y": 0.4276825189590454 + }, + { + "x": 0.24619170278310776, + "y": 0.43992909882217646 + }, + { + "x": 0.10279936343431473, + "y": 0.43992909882217646 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 585, + "content": { + "text": "Al and Mn toxicity\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10324607789516449, + "y": 0.4455149471759796 + }, + { + "x": 0.374046191573143, + "y": 0.4455149471759796 + }, + { + "x": 0.374046191573143, + "y": 0.4581199698150158 + }, + { + "x": 0.10324607789516449, + "y": 0.4581199698150158 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 586, + "content": { + "text": "Inhibited growth of N-fixing bacteria\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10288283228874207, + "y": 0.4630115330219269 + }, + { + "x": 0.3843258321285248, + "y": 0.4630115330219269 + }, + { + "x": 0.3843258321285248, + "y": 0.47546359058469534 + }, + { + "x": 0.10288283228874207, + "y": 0.47546359058469534 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 587, + "content": { + "text": "Possible deficiencies in Mg and/or Ca.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10316724330186844, + "y": 0.48046138882637024 + }, + { + "x": 0.372712142765522, + "y": 0.48046138882637024 + }, + { + "x": 0.372712142765522, + "y": 0.4932401105761528 + }, + { + "x": 0.10316724330186844, + "y": 0.4932401105761528 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 588, + "content": { + "text": "P deficiency (P reacts with Fe and Al)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10291241854429245, + "y": 0.4985024631023407 + }, + { + "x": 0.44859739392995834, + "y": 0.4985024631023407 + }, + { + "x": 0.44859739392995834, + "y": 0.5111479219049215 + }, + { + "x": 0.10291241854429245, + "y": 0.5111479219049215 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 589, + "content": { + "text": "At more than pH 7.5, other problems may occur:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10303502529859543, + "y": 0.5161550641059875 + }, + { + "x": 0.33163078874349594, + "y": 0.5161550641059875 + }, + { + "x": 0.33163078874349594, + "y": 0.5285903662443161 + }, + { + "x": 0.10303502529859543, + "y": 0.5285903662443161 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 590, + "content": { + "text": "Deficiency of Fe, Mn, Cu, or Zn\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10315758734941483, + "y": 0.5336974263191223 + }, + { + "x": 0.328160859644413, + "y": 0.5336974263191223 + }, + { + "x": 0.328160859644413, + "y": 0.5460291849449277 + }, + { + "x": 0.10315758734941483, + "y": 0.5460291849449277 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 591, + "content": { + "text": "P deficiency (P reacts with Ca)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09321118891239166, + "y": 0.5889560580253601 + }, + { + "x": 0.26664139330387115, + "y": 0.5889560580253601 + }, + { + "x": 0.26664139330387115, + "y": 0.6084658429026604 + }, + { + "x": 0.09321118891239166, + "y": 0.6084658429026604 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 592, + "content": { + "text": "Buffering Capacity\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09191905707120895, + "y": 0.6378293633460999 + }, + { + "x": 0.9077371880412102, + "y": 0.6378293633460999 + }, + { + "x": 0.9077371880412102, + "y": 0.7569837048649788 + }, + { + "x": 0.09191905707120895, + "y": 0.7569837048649788 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 593, + "content": { + "text": "Buffering capacity is a measure of the soil's ability to resist a change in pH, directly related to the magnitude of the\nexchange capacity. Small fluctuations in acid or base content can occur without a noticeable pH change as cations are\nadsorbed or released from the exchange complex. Soils with the largest cation exchange capacity have the greatest\nbuffering of a pH change. In other words, two soils may have the same pH (active acidity in soil solution), but the one\nwith the largest cation exchange capacity will have the most acidity stored in reserve and therefore the highest buffering\ncapacity or ability to resist a change in pH. For this reason, it takes less lime to increase the pH of a sandy soil (low CEC)\nby a given amount than it takes to increase the pH of a clay soil (higher CEC) the same amount.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09325503557920456, + "y": 0.7997015714645386 + }, + { + "x": 0.30177778750658035, + "y": 0.7997015714645386 + }, + { + "x": 0.30177778750658035, + "y": 0.8189307693392038 + }, + { + "x": 0.09325503557920456, + "y": 0.8189307693392038 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 594, + "content": { + "text": "Sources of Soil Acidity\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0920228436589241, + "y": 0.8485241532325745 + }, + { + "x": 0.907279796898365, + "y": 0.8485241532325745 + }, + { + "x": 0.907279796898365, + "y": 0.9141630455851555 + }, + { + "x": 0.0920228436589241, + "y": 0.9141630455851555 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 595, + "content": { + "text": "Controlling soil pH is vital to optimal use and productivity of soils. Adding lime is the most effective and practical way\nto raise the pH of acid soils. Elemental sulfur, iron sulfate, or aluminum sulfate can be used to reduce soil pH. Because\nacidity is a concern in Kansas, we will focus on raising soil pH. Understanding the following equations should help you\nunderstand the sources of soil acidity and soil reactions to lime.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0922820121049881, + "y": 0.9418616890907288 + }, + { + "x": 0.11065422743558884, + "y": 0.9418616890907288 + }, + { + "x": 0.11065422743558884, + "y": 0.949699486605823 + }, + { + "x": 0.0922820121049881, + "y": 0.949699486605823 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 596, + "content": { + "text": "124\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12750239670276642, + "y": 0.9414671659469604 + }, + { + "x": 0.3284365087747574, + "y": 0.9414671659469604 + }, + { + "x": 0.3284365087747574, + "y": 0.9525658572092652 + }, + { + "x": 0.12750239670276642, + "y": 0.9525658572092652 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 597, + "content": { + "text": "Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000185.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12200960516929626, + "y": 0.08281896263360977 + }, + { + "x": 0.8773107826709747, + "y": 0.08281896263360977 + }, + { + "x": 0.8773107826709747, + "y": 0.11856657266616821 + }, + { + "x": 0.12200960516929626, + "y": 0.11856657266616821 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 729, + "content": { + "text": "SOLAR 10.7B: Scaling Large Language Models with Simple yet Effective\nDepth Up-Scaling\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1494518220424652, + "y": 0.1271105408668518 + }, + { + "x": 0.8553170263767242, + "y": 0.1271105408668518 + }, + { + "x": 0.8553170263767242, + "y": 0.19327783584594727 + }, + { + "x": 0.1494518220424652, + "y": 0.19327783584594727 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 730, + "content": { + "text": "Dahyun Kim*, Chanjun Park* Sanghoon Kim*t, Wonsung Lee*t, Wonho Song*\nYunsu Kim*, Hyeonwoo Kim*, Yungi Kim, Hyeonju Lee, Jihoo Kim\nChangbae Ahn, Seonghoon Yang, Sukyung Lee, Hyunbyung Park, Gyoungjin Gim\nMikyoung Cha, Hwalsuk Lee+, Sunghun Kim\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.40060991048812866, + "y": 0.21186727285385132 + }, + { + "x": 0.6033360511064529, + "y": 0.21186727285385132 + }, + { + "x": 0.6033360511064529, + "y": 0.22565247863531113 + }, + { + "x": 0.40060991048812866, + "y": 0.22565247863531113 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 731, + "content": { + "text": "Upstage AI, South Korea\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14768017828464508, + "y": 0.23133808374404907 + }, + { + "x": 0.8577761203050613, + "y": 0.23133808374404907 + }, + { + "x": 0.8577761203050613, + "y": 0.24156493786722422 + }, + { + "x": 0.14768017828464508, + "y": 0.24156493786722422 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 732, + "content": { + "text": "{kdahyun, chanjun.park, limerobot, wonsung. lee, hwalsuk.le hunkim} @upstage.ai\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.26461344957351685, + "y": 0.2552608549594879 + }, + { + "x": 0.3393779844045639, + "y": 0.2552608549594879 + }, + { + "x": 0.3393779844045639, + "y": 0.2657201187685132 + }, + { + "x": 0.26461344957351685, + "y": 0.2657201187685132 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 733, + "content": { + "text": "Abstract\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14651277661323547, + "y": 0.2818395495414734 + }, + { + "x": 0.4596479535102844, + "y": 0.2818395495414734 + }, + { + "x": 0.4596479535102844, + "y": 0.5751229524612427 + }, + { + "x": 0.14651277661323547, + "y": 0.5751229524612427 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 734, + "content": { + "text": "We introduce SOLAR 10.7B, a large language\nmodel (LLM) with 10.7 billion parameters,\ndemonstrating superior performance in various\nnatural language processing (NLP) tasks. In-\nspired by recent efforts to efficiently up-scale\nLLMs, we present a method for scaling LLMs\ncalled depth up-scaling (DUS), which encom-\npasses depthwise scaling and continued pre-\ntraining. In contrast to other LLM up-scaling\nmethods that use mixture-of-experts, DUS does\nnot require complex changes to train and infer-\nence efficiently. We show experimentally that\nDUS is simple yet effective in scaling up high-\nperformance LLMs from small ones. Building\non the DUS model, we additionally present SO-\nLAR 10.7B-Instruct, a variant fine-tuned for\ninstruction-following capabilities, surpassing\nMixtral-8x7B-Instruct. SOLAR 10.7B is pub-\nlicly available under the Apache 2.0 license,\npromoting broad access and application in the\nLLM field Superscript(1))\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11938305199146271, + "y": 0.5917151570320129 + }, + { + "x": 0.25811801850795746, + "y": 0.5917151570320129 + }, + { + "x": 0.25811801850795746, + "y": 0.6028549307957292 + }, + { + "x": 0.11938305199146271, + "y": 0.6028549307957292 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 735, + "content": { + "text": "1 Introduction\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11718036979436874, + "y": 0.6171478033065796 + }, + { + "x": 0.4882396385073662, + "y": 0.6171478033065796 + }, + { + "x": 0.4882396385073662, + "y": 0.8715295791625977 + }, + { + "x": 0.11718036979436874, + "y": 0.8715295791625977 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 736, + "content": { + "text": "The field of natural language processing (NLP)\nhas been significantly transformed by the introduc-\ntion of large language models (LLMs), which have\nenhanced our understanding and interaction with\nhuman language (Zhao et al., 2023). These ad-\nvancements bring challenges such as the increased\nneed to train ever larger models (Rae et al., 2021;\nWang et al., 2023; Pan et al., 2023; Lian, 2023;\nYao et al., 2023; Gesmundo and Maile, 2023) ow-\ning to the performance scaling law (Kaplan et al.,\n2020; Hernandez et al., 2021; Anil et al., 2023;\nKaddour et al., 2023). To efficiently tackle the\nabove, recent works in scaling language models\nsuch as a mixture of experts (MoE) (Shazeer et al.,\n2017; Komatsuzaki et al., 2022) have been pro-\nposed. While those approaches are able to effi-\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5133590698242188, + "y": 0.2558954358100891 + }, + { + "x": 0.8834813833236694, + "y": 0.2558954358100891 + }, + { + "x": 0.8834813833236694, + "y": 0.3804946169257164 + }, + { + "x": 0.5133590698242188, + "y": 0.3804946169257164 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 737, + "content": { + "text": "ciently and effectively scale-up LLMs, they often\nrequire non-trivial changes to the training and infer-\nence framework (Gale et al., 2023), which hinders\nwidespread applicability. Effectively and efficiently\nscaling up LLMs whilst also retaining the simplic-\nity for ease of use is an important problem (Alberts\net al., 2023; Fraiwan and Khasawneh, 2023; Sallam\net al., 2023; Bahrini et al., 2023).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5130177736282349, + "y": 0.38660377264022827 + }, + { + "x": 0.8835577964782715, + "y": 0.38660377264022827 + }, + { + "x": 0.8835577964782715, + "y": 0.7508836090564728 + }, + { + "x": 0.5130177736282349, + "y": 0.7508836090564728 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 738, + "content": { + "text": "Inspired by Komatsuzaki et al. (2022), we\npresent depth up-scaling (DUS), an effective and\nefficient method to up-scale LLMs whilst also re-\nmaining straightforward to use. DUS consists of\nscaling the number of layers in the base model and\ncontinually pretraining the scaled model. Unlike\n(Komatsuzaki et al., 2022), DUS does not scale\nthe model using MoE and rather use a depthwise\nscaling method analogous to Tan and Le (2019)\nwhich is adapted for the LLM architecture. Thus,\nthere are no additional modules or dynamism as\nwith MoE, making DUS immediately compatible\nwith easy-to-use LLM frameworks such as Hug-\ngingFace (Wolf et al., 2019) with no changes to\nthe training or inference framework for maximal\nefficiency. Furthermore, DUS is applicable to all\ntransformer architectures, opening up new gate-\nways to effectively and efficiently scale-up LLMs\nin a simple manner. Using DUS, we release SO-\nLAR 10.7B, an LLM with 10.7 billion parameters,\nthat outperforms existing models like Llama 2 (Tou-\nvron et al., 2023) and Mistral 7B (Jiang et al., 2023)\nin various benchmarks.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5133447647094727, + "y": 0.7590323686599731 + }, + { + "x": 0.8840017914772034, + "y": 0.7590323686599731 + }, + { + "x": 0.8840017914772034, + "y": 0.8682932257652283 + }, + { + "x": 0.5133447647094727, + "y": 0.8682932257652283 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 739, + "content": { + "text": "We have also developed SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct,\na variant fine-tuned for tasks requiring strict adher-\nence to complex instructions. It significantly out-\nperforms the Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct model across\nvarious evaluation metrics, evidencing an advanced\nproficiency that exceeds the capabilities of even\nlarger models in terms of benchmark performance.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.513533353805542, + "y": 0.8738346099853516 + }, + { + "x": 0.8837587833404541, + "y": 0.8738346099853516 + }, + { + "x": 0.8837587833404541, + "y": 0.9186731725931168 + }, + { + "x": 0.513533353805542, + "y": 0.9186731725931168 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 740, + "content": { + "text": "By releasing SOLAR 10.7B under the Apache\n2.0 license, we aim to promote collaboration and in-\nnovation in NLP. This open-source approach allows\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1191565990447998, + "y": 0.8822632431983948 + }, + { + "x": 0.4269871711730957, + "y": 0.8822632431983948 + }, + { + "x": 0.4269871711730957, + "y": 0.9165515266358852 + }, + { + "x": 0.1191565990447998, + "y": 0.9165515266358852 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 741, + "content": { + "text": "*Equal Contribution Corresponding Author\nhttps://huggingface.co/upstage/\nSOLAR-10. 7B-v1.0\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000090.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11640753597021103, + "y": 0.09011776000261307 + }, + { + "x": 0.8830983266234398, + "y": 0.09011776000261307 + }, + { + "x": 0.8830983266234398, + "y": 0.9041068032383919 + }, + { + "x": 0.11640753597021103, + "y": 0.9041068032383919 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 290, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
JurisdictionGATS XVII Reservation (1994)Foreign Ownership PermittedRestrictions on Foreign OwnershipForeign Ownership Reporting Requirements
right required to acquire desert lands. No restrictions on lands in Investment Zones, Technological Zones, or Free Zones.
FinlandNYPrior approval for a foreigner's purchase of certain businesses may be required when it includes land purchase and the purchase of business or land interferes with vital interests for Finland; prior approval from the Government of Aland is required for acquisitions within the autonomous region of Aland.
FranceNYNone.
GermanyNYNone.
GreeceNYPrior approval required for purchase by non-European Union and non-European Free Trade Association natural and legal persons of real estate located in border areas.
IndiaNYProhibition on acquisition of land by citizens of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, China, Iran, Nepal, and Bhutan, except for one residential property for self-occupation and one property for carrying out self- employment for long-term visa holders residing in India who are citizens of Afghanistan, Bangladesh or Pakistan and belong to minority religions in those countries, subject to conditions; nonresident foreign nationals not of Indian origin, except for inheritance from a resident; and of agricultural land by diplomatic personnel,
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No-\ntably, DUS does not introduce dynamism in the\nscaled model, which significantly reduces the com-\nplexity when compared to MoE. This shift in ap-\nproach offers a unique and more straightforward\nway of working, moving away from conventional\nMoE challenges. Not only that, DUS also under-\ngoes continued pretraining to quickly recover per-\nformance of the scaled model.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1183805987238884, + "y": 0.24231785535812378 + }, + { + "x": 0.3235558345913887, + "y": 0.24231785535812378 + }, + { + "x": 0.3235558345913887, + "y": 0.2562304539605975 + }, + { + "x": 0.1183805987238884, + "y": 0.2562304539605975 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 795, + "content": { + "text": "B.3 Prompt Engineering\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11772964894771576, + "y": 0.2637045383453369 + }, + { + "x": 0.48826394975185394, + "y": 0.2637045383453369 + }, + { + "x": 0.48826394975185394, + "y": 0.4375237375497818 + }, + { + "x": 0.11772964894771576, + "y": 0.4375237375497818 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 796, + "content": { + "text": "A key research area to harness the emergent abil-\nities of LLMs is prompt engineering. Prompt en-\ngineering is the study of how to design inputs\n(prompts) that enable LLMs to better perform spe-\ncific tasks. A prime example of this research\nis Chain-of-Thought (CoT) (Wei et al., 2022b),\nwhich proposes CoT prompting that decomposes\nmulti-step problems into a series of intermedi-\nate reasoning steps. Moreover, efforts are under-\nway to replace even such prompt engineering with\nLLMs (Yang et al., 2023).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11801266670227051, + "y": 0.45108258724212646 + }, + { + "x": 0.3106108456850052, + "y": 0.45108258724212646 + }, + { + "x": 0.3106108456850052, + "y": 0.4638832900673151 + }, + { + "x": 0.11801266670227051, + "y": 0.4638832900673151 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 797, + "content": { + "text": "B.4 Instruction Tuning\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11703172326087952, + "y": 0.47207626700401306 + }, + { + "x": 0.4861055016517639, + "y": 0.47207626700401306 + }, + { + "x": 0.4861055016517639, + "y": 0.5974545180797577 + }, + { + "x": 0.11703172326087952, + "y": 0.5974545180797577 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 798, + "content": { + "text": "To enhance the steerability of LLMs, instruction\ntuning (Wei et al., 2021) has emerged as a learning\ntechnique. This involves fine-tuning LLMs using\ndata formatted as (instruction, input, output) for\nvarious tasks (Wang et al., 2022). Instruction tuning\nallows for targeted adjustments, providing a more\ncontrolled and task-oriented improvement to the\nmodel's capabilities.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11790356040000916, + "y": 0.6010079979896545 + }, + { + "x": 0.48830893635749817, + "y": 0.6010079979896545 + }, + { + "x": 0.48830893635749817, + "y": 0.8551082015037537 + }, + { + "x": 0.11790356040000916, + "y": 0.8551082015037537 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 799, + "content": { + "text": "Before instruction tuning, existing methods\nfaced challenges in effectively guiding and control-\nling the behavior of large language models (Zhang\net al., 2023). The sheer complexity of these models\nmade it difficult to ensure precise and task-oriented\nresponses. The need for a more targeted approach\narose from the limitations of existing methods, lead-\ning to the development of instruction tuning. This\ntargeted approach enables better control over the\nmodel's behavior, making it more suitable for spe-\ncific tasks and improving its overall performance in\nalignment with user-defined objectives. Therefore,\ninstruction tuning is computationally efficient and\nfacilitates the rapid adaptation of LLMs to a spe-\ncific domain without requiring extensive retraining\nor architectural changes.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11812586337327957, + "y": 0.8689602613449097 + }, + { + "x": 0.30547700077295303, + "y": 0.8689602613449097 + }, + { + "x": 0.30547700077295303, + "y": 0.8819146081805229 + }, + { + "x": 0.11812586337327957, + "y": 0.8819146081805229 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 800, + "content": { + "text": "B.5 Alignment Tuning\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11800356954336166, + "y": 0.8901106715202332 + }, + { + "x": 0.48589029163122177, + "y": 0.8901106715202332 + }, + { + "x": 0.48589029163122177, + "y": 0.918809624388814 + }, + { + "x": 0.11800356954336166, + "y": 0.918809624388814 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 801, + "content": { + "text": "LLM has been observed to generate sentences that\nmay be perceived as linguistically incongruent by\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5126605033874512, + "y": 0.08744344115257263 + }, + { + "x": 0.8838121891021729, + "y": 0.08744344115257263 + }, + { + "x": 0.8838121891021729, + "y": 0.357290655374527 + }, + { + "x": 0.5126605033874512, + "y": 0.357290655374527 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 802, + "content": { + "text": "human readers since they learned not human inten-\ntion, but only vast knowledge across various do-\nmains in the pretraining step (Ziegler et al., 2019).\nTo overcome this limitation and align with human\nintentions, previous research (Ziegler et al., 2019)\nhave proposed Reinforcement Learning with Hu-\nman Feedback (RLHF). RLHF operates by learning\na reward model based on human preferences, em-\nploying reinforcement learning to guide the LLM\ntowards prioritizing answers with the highest re-\nward scores. This process enhances the safety,\npropriety, and overall quality of the generated re-\nsponses. Despite demonstrating satisfactory per-\nformance, RLHF encounters challenges such as\nmanaging numerous hyperparameters and necessi-\ntating the incorporation of multiple models (policy,\nvalue, reward, and reference models).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5128402709960938, + "y": 0.36322221159935 + }, + { + "x": 0.8837041854858398, + "y": 0.36322221159935 + }, + { + "x": 0.8837041854858398, + "y": 0.6015309989452362 + }, + { + "x": 0.5128402709960938, + "y": 0.6015309989452362 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 803, + "content": { + "text": "In response to these challenges, the supervised\nfine-tuning based approaches have proposed, such\nas Rank Responses to align Human Feedback\n(RRHF) (Yuan et al., 2023), Reward rAnked Fine-\nTuning (RAFT) (Dong et al., 2023), and Direct\nPolicy Optimization (DPO) (Intel, 2023). They\navoid the complexities associated with reinforce-\nment learning while achieving empirical perfor-\nmance comparable to RLHF. Among them, DPO\nthat we used directly guides the LLM to increase\nthe probability of positive responses and decrease\nthe probability of negative responses through a \"di-\nrect\" approach. Interestingly, DPO demonstrates\nmore stable learning results compared to RLHF,\ndespite its simple training approach.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5132591724395752, + "y": 0.6230206489562988 + }, + { + "x": 0.7189503908157349, + "y": 0.6230206489562988 + }, + { + "x": 0.7189503908157349, + "y": 0.6334749488160014 + }, + { + "x": 0.5132591724395752, + "y": 0.6334749488160014 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 804, + "content": { + "text": "B.6 Data Contamination\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5134192109107971, + "y": 0.6485923528671265 + }, + { + "x": 0.8836744725704193, + "y": 0.6485923528671265 + }, + { + "x": 0.8836744725704193, + "y": 0.9163953363895416 + }, + { + "x": 0.5134192109107971, + "y": 0.9163953363895416 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 805, + "content": { + "text": "Recent researches (Zhou et al., 2023; Sainz et al.,\n2023; Golchin and Surdeanu, 2023; Deng et al.,\n2023) emphasize the need to measure whether a\nspecific benchmark was used to train the large lan-\nguage models. There are three types of the data\ncontamination: guideline, raw text and annota-\ntion (Sainz et al., 2023). Guideline contamination\noccurs when a model accesses detailed annotation\nguidelines for a dataset, providing advantages in\nspecific tasks, and its impact should be considered,\nespecially in zero and few-shot evaluations. Raw\ntext contamination occurs when a model has ac-\ncess to the original text. Wikipedia is widely used\nas a pretraining data, but also as a source for cre-\nating new datasets. The caution is advised in the\ndevelopment of automatically annotated datasets\nsourced from the web. Annotation contamina-\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000141.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5202288627624512, + "y": 0.3045933246612549 + }, + { + "x": 0.9417901933193207, + "y": 0.3045933246612549 + }, + { + "x": 0.9417901933193207, + "y": 0.9367848634719849 + }, + { + "x": 0.5202288627624512, + "y": 0.9367848634719849 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 439, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
6 Copyright gives a lot of protection, but it also limitations. Not everything gets copyright Facts and ideas are not protected by copyright, are US Government documents, like NASA reports by federal agencies. has protection. neither photos and
7 Another limitation of copyright is \"fair use,\" which allows us to copy and re-use copyrighted work without the artist's permission in certain, limited ways that are still fair to the creator.
When you re-use portions of someone else's for a school project-like using images or songs a presentation in class-that's a fair use situation. You don't need the author's permission. work for
9 Copyright protection doesn't last forever. Eventually it expires, and the creative work falls into the \"public domain.\" Works in the public :- domain are free to re-use and share however you want.
10 Some creators are happy to share their creative work. They use a licensing system cc for sharing called Creative Commons. You can find millions of CC work that are free to share or re-use.
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1We're all both consumers and creators of creative work. As consumers, we watch movies, listen music, read books, and more! As creators, we take photos, write songs, make videos, etc.to
2Copyright protects creative work, so people generally copy or share or perform other people's work without permission.can't
3Copyright comes from the Constitution. Its to promote more creativity. The idea is that each of us decide what happens to our own will encourage us to keep creating. purpose is letting creations
4All creative work is protected by copyright as it's written down or recorded or saved-and not work by professional artists or big studios. protects all of us-our photos on Instagram and everything we write or create. soon as just Copyright
5If you copy or share other people's creative works without permission, that's called copyright infringement. Examples: Downloading music, movies, ebooks, or from illegal sources that operate without permission. Uploading your collection of music, movies, ebooks, or games for your friends to copy. Copyright infringement is illegal and carries serious penalties. games artists'
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No. Political party Provisional result on registration 7 MarchOfficial registration 29 result on AprilDifference in the number of candidates
Number of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidatesNumber of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidates
1Cambodian People's Party1,65228,0081,65228,0080
2Candlelight Party1,64923,6791,62323,939+260
3Funcinpec Party7159,4076809,952+545
4Khmer National United Party6508,3405968,815+475
5Cambodian National Love Party3884,6343155,050+416
6Cambodian National's Party3103,9802453,956-24
7Cambodian Youth Party1161,8241141,8240
8Khmer Will Party671,000581,050+50
9Cambodian Reform Party5882359978+155
10Kampucheaniyum Party3964238658+16
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Digital\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0873018428683281, + "y": 0.12456393986940384 + }, + { + "x": 0.9107437059283257, + "y": 0.12456393986940384 + }, + { + "x": 0.9107437059283257, + "y": 0.1629001460969448 + }, + { + "x": 0.0873018428683281, + "y": 0.1629001460969448 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 175, + "content": { + "text": "Why do some researchers abhor digital and favor print, or vice-versa? The classic print\nVS. digital debate was necessary for us to understand readers' preferences with each\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1695546656847, + "y": 0.17748892307281494 + }, + { + "x": 0.8311591893434525, + "y": 0.17748892307281494 + }, + { + "x": 0.8311591893434525, + "y": 0.194929463788867 + }, + { + "x": 0.1695546656847, + "y": 0.194929463788867 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 176, + "content": { + "text": "Q11 What factors influence your choice of print? (select all that apply)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2332184910774231, + "y": 0.2060317099094391 + }, + { + "x": 0.7355737090110779, + "y": 0.2060317099094391 + }, + { + "x": 0.7355737090110779, + "y": 0.49455389380455017 + }, + { + "x": 0.2332184910774231, + "y": 0.49455389380455017 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 177, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08729176223278046, + "y": 0.49437829852104187 + }, + { + "x": 0.15561485290527344, + "y": 0.49437829852104187 + }, + { + "x": 0.15561485290527344, + "y": 0.5059901727363467 + }, + { + "x": 0.08729176223278046, + "y": 0.5059901727363467 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 178, + "content": { + "text": "format.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09899550676345825, + "y": 0.5228080749511719 + }, + { + "x": 0.7808273434638977, + "y": 0.5228080749511719 + }, + { + "x": 0.7808273434638977, + "y": 0.5405474361032248 + }, + { + "x": 0.09899550676345825, + "y": 0.5405474361032248 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 179, + "content": { + "text": "Q12 What factors influence your choice of digital? (select all that apply)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3722655177116394, + "y": 0.5520465970039368 + }, + { + "x": 0.5191285610198975, + "y": 0.5520465970039368 + }, + { + "x": 0.5191285610198975, + "y": 0.5607204707339406 + }, + { + "x": 0.3722655177116394, + "y": 0.5607204707339406 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 180, + "content": { + "text": "Answered: 80\nSkipped: 24\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.17076365649700165, + "y": 0.5762189030647278 + }, + { + "x": 0.6797010749578476, + "y": 0.5762189030647278 + }, + { + "x": 0.6797010749578476, + "y": 0.8430882096290588 + }, + { + "x": 0.17076365649700165, + "y": 0.8430882096290588 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 181, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7872462272644043, + "y": 0.9373438358306885 + }, + { + "x": 0.9109955281019211, + "y": 0.9373438358306885 + }, + { + "x": 0.9109955281019211, + "y": 0.9483078746125102 + }, + { + "x": 0.7872462272644043, + "y": 0.9483078746125102 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 182, + "content": { + "text": "Online Survey I 39\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000153.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09227193146944046, + "y": 0.14819490909576416 + }, + { + "x": 0.2068706974387169, + "y": 0.14819490909576416 + }, + { + "x": 0.2068706974387169, + "y": 0.1591847576200962 + }, + { + "x": 0.09227193146944046, + "y": 0.1591847576200962 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 331, + "content": { + "text": "CHAPTER 7.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09166624397039413, + "y": 0.18637201189994812 + }, + { + "x": 0.15807952731847763, + "y": 0.18637201189994812 + }, + { + "x": 0.15807952731847763, + "y": 0.19816280715167522 + }, + { + "x": 0.09166624397039413, + "y": 0.19816280715167522 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 332, + "content": { + "text": "TEXAS\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09264763444662094, + "y": 0.3045004904270172 + }, + { + "x": 0.21837373822927475, + "y": 0.3045004904270172 + }, + { + "x": 0.21837373822927475, + "y": 0.31360534857958555 + }, + { + "x": 0.09264763444662094, + "y": 0.31360534857958555 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 333, + "content": { + "text": "MICHELLE REED\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09231770038604736, + "y": 0.37617766857147217 + }, + { + "x": 0.3617238700389862, + "y": 0.37617766857147217 + }, + { + "x": 0.3617238700389862, + "y": 0.38728922978043556 + }, + { + "x": 0.09231770038604736, + "y": 0.38728922978043556 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 334, + "content": { + "text": "COURSE MARKING DRIVERS\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0921664610505104, + "y": 0.4061078131198883 + }, + { + "x": 0.9065840020775795, + "y": 0.4061078131198883 + }, + { + "x": 0.9065840020775795, + "y": 0.5190023556351662 + }, + { + "x": 0.0921664610505104, + "y": 0.5190023556351662 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 335, + "content": { + "text": "I've worked at the University of Texas at Arlington (UTA) for the last three years as Open Education\nLibrarian and was recently promoted to the leadership team as Director of Open Educational\nResources following a half-million-dollar investment in OER from university administration. It was\nin my first year as Open Education Librarian that the Texas Legislature passed Senate Bill 810\n(SB810), which requires institutions of higher education across the state to provide searchable\ninformation to students about OER-only courses. A strong definition of OER was provided:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10839731246232986, + "y": 0.5345121026039124 + }, + { + "x": 0.8907858207821846, + "y": 0.5345121026039124 + }, + { + "x": 0.8907858207821846, + "y": 0.5974076092243195 + }, + { + "x": 0.10839731246232986, + "y": 0.5974076092243195 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 336, + "content": { + "text": "\"teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under an\nintellectual property license that allows for free use, reuse, modification, and sharing with others, including\nfull courses, course materials, modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests, software, and any other tools,\nmaterials, or techniques used to support access to knowledge.\"\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09220968186855316, + "y": 0.6155391931533813 + }, + { + "x": 0.9070581644773483, + "y": 0.6155391931533813 + }, + { + "x": 0.9070581644773483, + "y": 0.7478584200143814 + }, + { + "x": 0.09220968186855316, + "y": 0.7478584200143814 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 337, + "content": { + "text": "However, Texas was not given a very long implementation window. The bill passed in June 2017,\neffective immediately, with a compliance deadline of Spring 2018. We in higher education know a\nchange of this scope, and impacting as many stakeholders as course marking does, takes longer. A\nrecent survey commissioned by the Digital Higher Education Consortium of Texas (DigiTex) and\nadministered in May 2019 shows only 59 respondents of the 158 two-and four-year institutions that\nreceived the statewide survey have a course marking solution in place. The findings were presented\n1\nin Open Educational Resources (OER) in Texas Higher Education, 2019.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0790778174996376, + "y": 0.9021077752113342 + }, + { + "x": 0.9021230116486549, + "y": 0.9021077752113342 + }, + { + "x": 0.9021230116486549, + "y": 0.9440735951066017 + }, + { + "x": 0.0790778174996376, + "y": 0.9440735951066017 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 338, + "content": { + "text": "1. Jimes, C., Karaglani, A., Petrides, L., Rios, J., Sebesta, J., & Torre, K. (2019). Open Educational Resources (OER) in Texas Higher Education,\n2019. Austin, TX: Digital Higher Education Consortium of Texas and Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board; Half Moon Bay,\nCA: Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7479533553123474, + "y": 0.951137125492096 + }, + { + "x": 0.9059803038835526, + "y": 0.951137125492096 + }, + { + "x": 0.9059803038835526, + "y": 0.9586384724825621 + }, + { + "x": 0.7479533553123474, + "y": 0.9586384724825621 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 339, + "content": { + "text": "PRICE TRANSPARENCY 17\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000140.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09741220623254776, + "y": 0.08262842893600464 + }, + { + "x": 0.5455531254410744, + "y": 0.08262842893600464 + }, + { + "x": 0.5455531254410744, + "y": 0.38826894760131836 + }, + { + "x": 0.09741220623254776, + "y": 0.38826894760131836 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 534, + "content": { + "text": "There is no question that fishing is the major factor driving\ngrouper stocks on the downward spiral, but those that have\nlarge spawning aggregations are most vulnerable to declines\n(Coleman et al. 1996; Asch and Erisman 2018; Sadovy de\nMitcheson et al. 2020). Because it takes a long time for\nscientists to obtain needed life history information, fisheries-\nindependent survey data, and catch history, grouper\npopulations may be overfished long before data are even\navailable for a stock assessment. Without formal stock\nassessments, general indicators of population status are\nbased on catch trends. Very few grouper stocks that have\nspawning aggregations are managed sustainably. In a recent\nglobal analysis of the status of populations that form\nspawning aggregations, 45% were unknown, 33% were\ndecreasing, and 5% were already gone (Figure 13.5). Only 12%\nhad stable populations, and 5% were increasing.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5855053663253784, + "y": 0.09285001456737518 + }, + { + "x": 0.8802473247051239, + "y": 0.09285001456737518 + }, + { + "x": 0.8802473247051239, + "y": 0.2832539826631546 + }, + { + "x": 0.5855053663253784, + "y": 0.2832539826631546 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 535, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5581924915313721, + "y": 0.3184901773929596 + }, + { + "x": 0.8997835516929626, + "y": 0.3184901773929596 + }, + { + "x": 0.8997835516929626, + "y": 0.37099749222397804 + }, + { + "x": 0.5581924915313721, + "y": 0.37099749222397804 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 536, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 13.5: Current known status reflecting changes\nof exploited grouper aggregations globally, as noted by\nfisher interviews, monitoring, or underwater surveys\n(N = 509). Long description.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09754329919815063, + "y": 0.4058763384819031 + }, + { + "x": 0.901374876499176, + "y": 0.4058763384819031 + }, + { + "x": 0.901374876499176, + "y": 0.5142795294523239 + }, + { + "x": 0.09754329919815063, + "y": 0.5142795294523239 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 537, + "content": { + "text": "Of the 167 species of grouper, 9.6% are vulnerable, 4.8% are near threatened, 1.2% are endangered, and 0.6%\nare critically endangered (Figure 13.6). The majority of species (68.9%) are classified as least concern and 15%\nare data deficient, with insufficient data for classification. The larger (>50 cm total length) and long-lived (>20\nyears) species of grouper that also had smaller geographic ranges were most likely to be endangered or critically\nendangered (Luiz et al. 2016). Market prices for grouper are escalating, and other lower-valued fish are often\nmislabeled or substituted.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12195653468370438, + "y": 0.5297801494598389 + }, + { + "x": 0.44956187158823013, + "y": 0.5297801494598389 + }, + { + "x": 0.44956187158823013, + "y": 0.8300547003746033 + }, + { + "x": 0.12195653468370438, + "y": 0.8300547003746033 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 538, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09738846868276596, + "y": 0.8464831709861755 + }, + { + "x": 0.45145799964666367, + "y": 0.8464831709861755 + }, + { + "x": 0.45145799964666367, + "y": 0.8855589628219604 + }, + { + "x": 0.09738846868276596, + "y": 0.8855589628219604 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 539, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 13.6: Categories of all grouper species (N = 167)\naccording to the IUCN Red List (IUCN Red List\nAssessments, updated November 2018). Long description.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.48683130741119385, + "y": 0.5354241728782654 + }, + { + "x": 0.9018232226371765, + "y": 0.5354241728782654 + }, + { + "x": 0.9018232226371765, + "y": 0.8991148471832275 + }, + { + "x": 0.48683130741119385, + "y": 0.8991148471832275 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 540, + "content": { + "text": "To protect grouper from overfishing, many measures are\nbeing implemented, such as minimum and slot-size\nlimits, recreational bag limits, commercial fishing quotas,\ngear and seasonal controls, marine protected areas, and\nlimited entry (Rocklin et al. 2022). The effectiveness will\ndepend on traits of the species and the local context.\nRegulations to prevent marketing of undersize fish will\nmitigate growth overfishing. Allowing smaller fish to\nreach maturity at least once before harvest will mitigate\nrecruitment overfishing. Size-limit regulations focused\non protecting spawning-size fish may be ineffective for\ndeepwater recreational fishing. Grouper have a\nphysoclistous (i.e., closed) swim bladder, making them\nparticularly susceptible to ruptured swim bladders,\nbloating, stomach distention, and protruding eyes caused\nby rapid decompression when hauled to the surface\n(Brulé et al. 2015). The proportion of grouper with\ndistended stomachs was 70% in one study of commercial\nhook-and-line fishing and as high as 95% for Red\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09809540957212448, + "y": 0.9361710548400879 + }, + { + "x": 0.11777504533529282, + "y": 0.9361710548400879 + }, + { + "x": 0.11777504533529282, + "y": 0.9445587946102023 + }, + { + "x": 0.09809540957212448, + "y": 0.9445587946102023 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 541, + "content": { + "text": "312\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.13565538823604584, + "y": 0.9357007145881653 + }, + { + "x": 0.37270863354206085, + "y": 0.9357007145881653 + }, + { + "x": 0.37270863354206085, + "y": 0.9478613650426269 + }, + { + "x": 0.13565538823604584, + "y": 0.9478613650426269 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 542, + "content": { + "text": "Grouper and Spawning Aggregations\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000194.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11279050260782242, + "y": 0.08969880640506744 + }, + { + "x": 0.8872815743088722, + "y": 0.08969880640506744 + }, + { + "x": 0.8872815743088722, + "y": 0.91600401699543 + }, + { + "x": 0.11279050260782242, + "y": 0.91600401699543 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 598, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
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", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11823694407939911, + "y": 0.08836095035076141 + }, + { + "x": 0.4877292960882187, + "y": 0.08836095035076141 + }, + { + "x": 0.4877292960882187, + "y": 0.16263840347528458 + }, + { + "x": 0.11823694407939911, + "y": 0.16263840347528458 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 621, + "content": { + "text": "Peihao Wang, Rameswar Panda, Lucas Torroba Hen-\nnigen, Philip Greengard, Leonid Karlinsky, Roge-\nrio Feris, David Daniel Cox, Zhangyang Wang, and\nYoon Kim. 2023. 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Self-instruct: Aligning lan-\nguage model with self generated instructions. arXiv\npreprint ArXiv:2212.10560.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11791923642158508, + "y": 0.2519778907299042 + }, + { + "x": 0.4877147078514099, + "y": 0.2519778907299042 + }, + { + "x": 0.4877147078514099, + "y": 0.313421867787838 + }, + { + "x": 0.11791923642158508, + "y": 0.313421867787838 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 623, + "content": { + "text": "Jason Wei, Maarten Bosma, Vincent Y Zhao, Kelvin\nGuu, Adams Wei Yu, Brian Lester, Nan Du, An-\ndrew M Dai, and Quoc V Le. 2021. Finetuned lan-\nguage models are zero-shot learners. arXiv preprint\narXiv: +2109.01652.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11788824200630188, + "y": 0.32713714241981506 + }, + { + "x": 0.48728814721107483, + "y": 0.32713714241981506 + }, + { + "x": 0.48728814721107483, + "y": 0.39104703068733215 + }, + { + "x": 0.11788824200630188, + "y": 0.39104703068733215 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 624, + "content": { + "text": "Jason Wei, Yi Tay, Rishi Bommasani, Colin Raffel,\nBarret Zoph, Sebastian Borgeaud, Dani Yogatama,\nMaarten Bosma, Denny Zhou, Donald Metzler, et al.\n2022a. 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Rrhf:\nRank responses to align language models with\nhuman feedback without tears. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2304.05302.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5137950778007507, + "y": 0.08829491585493088 + }, + { + "x": 0.8815125823020935, + "y": 0.08829491585493088 + }, + { + "x": 0.8815125823020935, + "y": 0.15178055316209793 + }, + { + "x": 0.5137950778007507, + "y": 0.15178055316209793 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 632, + "content": { + "text": "Rowan Zellers, Ari Holtzman, Yonatan Bisk, Ali\nFarhadi, and Yejin Choi. 2019. Hellaswag: Can a\nmachine really finish your sentence? In Proceedings\nof the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for\nComputational Linguistics, pages 4791-4800.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.513859748840332, + "y": 0.1638963520526886 + }, + { + "x": 0.8825714886188507, + "y": 0.1638963520526886 + }, + { + "x": 0.8825714886188507, + "y": 0.22547809034585953 + }, + { + "x": 0.513859748840332, + "y": 0.22547809034585953 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 633, + "content": { + "text": "Shengyu Zhang, Linfeng Dong, Xiaoya Li, Sen Zhang,\nXiaofei Sun, Shuhe Wang, Jiwei Li, Runyi Hu, Tian-\nwei Zhang, Fei Wu, et al. 2023. Instruction tuning\nfor large language models: A survey. arXiv preprint\nMarXiv:2308.10792.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5134711861610413, + "y": 0.23985491693019867 + }, + { + "x": 0.881926566362381, + "y": 0.23985491693019867 + }, + { + "x": 0.881926566362381, + "y": 0.3012998327612877 + }, + { + "x": 0.5134711861610413, + "y": 0.3012998327612877 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 634, + "content": { + "text": "Wayne Xin Zhao, Kun Zhou, Junyi Li, Tianyi Tang,\nXiaolei Wang, Yupeng Hou, Yingqian Min, Beichen\nZhang, Junjie Zhang, Zican Dong, et al. 2023. 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Fine-tuning lan-\nguage models from human preferences. arXiv\npreprint JarXiv:1909.08593.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000081.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16657209396362305, + "y": 0.17201346158981323 + }, + { + "x": 0.8342849612236023, + "y": 0.17201346158981323 + }, + { + "x": 0.8342849612236023, + "y": 0.31368255615234375 + }, + { + "x": 0.16657209396362305, + "y": 0.31368255615234375 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 206, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
LawUnion/State ruleImprisonment clauses
Arms Act, 1959 and Arms Rules 2016Union152
Food Safety & Standards Act, 2006 & Food Safety and Standards (Licensing and Registration of Food Businesses) Regulations, 2011Union123
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Imprisonment termNumber of clausesNumber of laws
Less than 3 months15035
3 months to less than 1 year19914
1 year to less than 3 years32616
3 years to less than 5 years35722
5 years to less than 10 years14727
More than 10 years00
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ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
0.06N/A0.150.28N/A0.70
", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1183110848069191, + "y": 0.08757181465625763 + }, + { + "x": 0.4849834218621254, + "y": 0.08757181465625763 + }, + { + "x": 0.4849834218621254, + "y": 0.11618934012949467 + }, + { + "x": 0.1183110848069191, + "y": 0.11618934012949467 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 292, + "content": { + "text": "tion occurs when the annotations of the specific\nbenchmark are exposed during model training.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11919816583395004, + "y": 0.1310206651687622 + }, + { + "x": 0.3539574518799782, + "y": 0.1310206651687622 + }, + { + "x": 0.3539574518799782, + "y": 0.14188489317893982 + }, + { + "x": 0.11919816583395004, + "y": 0.14188489317893982 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 293, + "content": { + "text": "C Additional Information\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11745666712522507, + "y": 0.15664398670196533 + }, + { + "x": 0.4867809936404228, + "y": 0.15664398670196533 + }, + { + "x": 0.4867809936404228, + "y": 0.18565800972282887 + }, + { + "x": 0.11745666712522507, + "y": 0.18565800972282887 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 294, + "content": { + "text": "We present additional information for the sake of\nspace in the main paper.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11815372109413147, + "y": 0.1976139396429062 + }, + { + "x": 0.485161155462265, + "y": 0.1976139396429062 + }, + { + "x": 0.485161155462265, + "y": 0.24232542142271996 + }, + { + "x": 0.11815372109413147, + "y": 0.24232542142271996 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 295, + "content": { + "text": "Filtered task names. We present task names\nwe use to filter FLAN dervied datasets such as\nOpenOrca in Table 8.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.13217607140541077, + "y": 0.26248857378959656 + }, + { + "x": 0.2699653059244156, + "y": 0.26248857378959656 + }, + { + "x": 0.2699653059244156, + "y": 0.2720702877268195 + }, + { + "x": 0.13217607140541077, + "y": 0.2720702877268195 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 296, + "content": { + "text": "Filtered Task Name\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12464738637208939, + "y": 0.28467172384262085 + }, + { + "x": 0.39649469405412674, + "y": 0.28467172384262085 + }, + { + "x": 0.39649469405412674, + "y": 0.43446508049964905 + }, + { + "x": 0.12464738637208939, + "y": 0.43446508049964905 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 297, + "content": { + "text": "task228_arc_answer_generation_easy\nai2_arcARCChallenge:1.0\nai2_arcARCEasy:1.0.0\ntask229_arc_answer_generation_hard\nhellaswag:1.1.0\ntask1389_hellaswag_completion\ncot_gsm8k\ncot_gsm8k_ii\ndrop:2.0.0\nwinogrande:1.1.0\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11768888682126999, + "y": 0.4527686834335327 + }, + { + "x": 0.4852396175265312, + "y": 0.4527686834335327 + }, + { + "x": 0.4852396175265312, + "y": 0.4785537160933018 + }, + { + "x": 0.11768888682126999, + "y": 0.4785537160933018 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 298, + "content": { + "text": "Table 8: Task names that we use to filter data for FLAN\nderived datasets such as OpenOrca.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11757393181324005, + "y": 0.5532203912734985 + }, + { + "x": 0.48789484798908234, + "y": 0.5532203912734985 + }, + { + "x": 0.48789484798908234, + "y": 0.6476438343524933 + }, + { + "x": 0.11757393181324005, + "y": 0.6476438343524933 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 300, + "content": { + "text": "Table 9: Data contamination test results for SOLAR\n10.7B-Instruct. We show 'result < 0.1, %' values where\na value higher than 0.9 indicates high probability of data\ncontamination. HellaSwag and Winogrande datasets are\nnot currently supported. We set SOLAR 10.7B as our\nreference model when performing the data contamina-\ntion tests.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11790395528078079, + "y": 0.6780968904495239 + }, + { + "x": 0.4882718101143837, + "y": 0.6780968904495239 + }, + { + "x": 0.4882718101143837, + "y": 0.8516625910997391 + }, + { + "x": 0.11790395528078079, + "y": 0.8516625910997391 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 301, + "content": { + "text": "Results on data contamination. To show the in-\ntegrity of SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, we also report\nthe data contamination test (Shi et al., 2023) results\nin Table. 9. All four tested benchmark datasets\nyield results well below the contamination thresh-\nold, affirming the absence of data contamination\nin our model. One interesting point is that the\nvalue for GSM8K is noticeably higher than for\nother datasets, even without contamination. One\npotential reason for this is the stronger data similar-\nity in math-related instruction datasets.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000147.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.13212399184703827, + "y": 0.2544826865196228 + }, + { + "x": 0.8608133047819138, + "y": 0.2544826865196228 + }, + { + "x": 0.8608133047819138, + "y": 0.883049726486206 + }, + { + "x": 0.13212399184703827, + "y": 0.883049726486206 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 412, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
Source (doc, report, etc.)YearDescription of the initiativeCircular Economy issues addressed
Eco-Ecole Program https://www.ec o-ecole.org/le- programme/2005Eco-Ecole is the French version of Eco-Schools, an international program for education in sustainable development (ESD), developed by the Foundation for Environmental Education. The Teragir association launched the Eco-School program in 2005. The program aims to help students better understand the world around them in order to flourish and participate in it.Eco-Ecole offers instructions for teaching teams to effectively deploy sustainable development from kindergarten to high school.
Horsnormes https://horsnor mes.co/2020Horsnormes is a website which provide baskets of fruits and vegetables that are directly collected from farmers. It helps farmers to gain money while the consumers pay a faire price in exchange of the product, which foster the reduction of food waste.Waste reduction of fruits and vegetables.
Fondation Terre Solidaire (Solidarity Earth Foundation) https://fondatio n- terresolidaire.o rg/quest-ce- que-2016The Terre Solidaire Foundation was created in 2016 by CCFD-Terre Solidaire to act, particularly in France, in the face of the two major challenges of our time: the massive degradation of our environment (including biodiversity and climate), and the need to building a fairer and more ecologically responsible society. The association remains mobilized on itsSupport and encourage initiatives carried out by citizen mobilizations and actors of the social and solidarity economy in the design, implementation, dissemination and experimentation of
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Temperature (degree C)Kinematic viscosity V (m²/s)Temperature (degree C)Kinematic viscosity V (m ²/s)
01.793E-06258.930E-07
11.732E-06268.760E-07
21.674E-06278.540E-07
31.619E-06288.360E-07
41.522E-06298.180E-07
51.520E-06308.020E-07
61.474E-06317.850E-07
71.429E-06327.690E-07
81.386E-06337.530E-07
91.346E-06347.380E-07
101.307E-06357.240E-07
111.270E-06367.110E-07
121.235E-06376.970E-07
131.201E-06386.840E-07
141.169E-06396.710E-07
151.138E-06406.580E-07
161.108E-06456.020E-07
171.080E-06505.540E-07
181.053E-06555.110E-07
191.027E-06604.760E-07
201.002E-06654.430E-07
219.780E-07704.130E-07
229.550E-07753.860E-07
239.330E-07803.630E-07
249.110E-07853.420E-07
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Figure 2.9.
Ontario Television Viewing in 2004A pie chart
displaying
34.12
5% 22%categories of television
viewing in
29% 3%Ontario in
3%2004
14provides
7%too much
114 746 14%visual
information
, making it
News and public effairs Documentaryhard to
Acedemic Instruction Social and/or recreational. Instructionread.
Religion Sports
Veriety and games Music and dance
Cornectly Creme
Videonassella recorder (VCR) Other télevision programmes
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It\nmeans that, just because two trends seem to fluctuate\nalongside each other, it doesn't prove that one causes the other\nor that they are related in a meaningful way.\nReview Figure 2.10 below, which shows a line graph of the\n23\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12126710265874863, + "y": 0.7689143419265747 + }, + { + "x": 0.8377494439482689, + "y": 0.7689143419265747 + }, + { + "x": 0.8377494439482689, + "y": 0.8847527056932449 + }, + { + "x": 0.12126710265874863, + "y": 0.8847527056932449 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 297, + "content": { + "text": "2. Statistics Canada. Table 37-10-0079-01 Registered apprenticeship\ntraining, registrations by major trade groups and sex. Data is\nreproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of\nStatistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/\n10.25318/3710007901-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence:\nhtps://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12127359211444855, + "y": 0.8907127380371094 + }, + { + "x": 0.8460918813943863, + "y": 0.8907127380371094 + }, + { + "x": 0.8460918813943863, + "y": 0.9047428341582417 + }, + { + "x": 0.12127359211444855, + "y": 0.9047428341582417 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 298, + "content": { + "text": "3. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14297907054424286, + "y": 0.9354629516601562 + }, + { + "x": 0.16841423884034157, + "y": 0.9354629516601562 + }, + { + "x": 0.16841423884034157, + "y": 0.9456513812765479 + }, + { + "x": 0.14297907054424286, + "y": 0.9456513812765479 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 299, + "content": { + "text": "46\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.19643403589725494, + "y": 0.9347686767578125 + }, + { + "x": 0.5031758099794388, + "y": 0.9347686767578125 + }, + { + "x": 0.5031758099794388, + "y": 0.9483853308483958 + }, + { + "x": 0.19643403589725494, + "y": 0.9483853308483958 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 300, + "content": { + "text": "Misleading Data Visualizations\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000034.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14147712290287018, + "y": 0.05577313154935837 + }, + { + "x": 0.18453210964798927, + "y": 0.05577313154935837 + }, + { + "x": 0.18453210964798927, + "y": 0.06695456616580486 + }, + { + "x": 0.14147712290287018, + "y": 0.06695456616580486 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 325, + "content": { + "text": "xviii\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7752115726470947, + "y": 0.05536868795752525 + }, + { + "x": 0.8608712926506996, + "y": 0.05536868795752525 + }, + { + "x": 0.8608712926506996, + "y": 0.06999394576996565 + }, + { + "x": 0.7752115726470947, + "y": 0.06999394576996565 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 326, + "content": { + "text": "Prologue\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14059044420719147, + "y": 0.09033103287220001 + }, + { + "x": 0.860344722867012, + "y": 0.09033103287220001 + }, + { + "x": 0.860344722867012, + "y": 0.14676691219210625 + }, + { + "x": 0.14059044420719147, + "y": 0.14676691219210625 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 327, + "content": { + "text": "So let's get rid of the expression derivative d/dt and replace it\nwith an appropriate functional derivative. If f is a function then\nwe will write Df as the new function that is the derivative of f:5\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3533351421356201, + "y": 0.18524348735809326 + }, + { + "x": 0.39709697291255, + "y": 0.18524348735809326 + }, + { + "x": 0.39709697291255, + "y": 0.20402285642921925 + }, + { + "x": 0.3533351421356201, + "y": 0.20402285642921925 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 328, + "content": { + "text": ".\nx=t\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14025424420833588, + "y": 0.22079432010650635 + }, + { + "x": 0.8607057183980942, + "y": 0.22079432010650635 + }, + { + "x": 0.8607057183980942, + "y": 0.25339900329709053 + }, + { + "x": 0.14025424420833588, + "y": 0.25339900329709053 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 329, + "content": { + "text": "To do this for the Lagrange equation we need to construct a\nfunction to take the derivative of.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14033794403076172, + "y": 0.26023632287979126 + }, + { + "x": 0.8605883121490479, + "y": 0.26023632287979126 + }, + { + "x": 0.8605883121490479, + "y": 0.31299830973148346 + }, + { + "x": 0.14033794403076172, + "y": 0.31299830973148346 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 330, + "content": { + "text": "Given a configuration-space path W, there is a standard way\nto make the state-space path. We can abstract this method as a\nmathematical function T:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14006610214710236, + "y": 0.32679283618927 + }, + { + "x": 0.4304851144552231, + "y": 0.32679283618927 + }, + { + "x": 0.4304851144552231, + "y": 0.36502860486507416 + }, + { + "x": 0.14006610214710236, + "y": 0.36502860486507416 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 331, + "content": { + "text": "=\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1411159783601761, + "y": 0.38040289282798767 + }, + { + "x": 0.38062557578086853, + "y": 0.38040289282798767 + }, + { + "x": 0.38062557578086853, + "y": 0.3961970005184412 + }, + { + "x": 0.1411159783601761, + "y": 0.3961970005184412 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 332, + "content": { + "text": "Using T we can write:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3525884747505188, + "y": 0.4239575266838074 + }, + { + "x": 0.5866816639900208, + "y": 0.4239575266838074 + }, + { + "x": 0.5866816639900208, + "y": 0.43633547332137823 + }, + { + "x": 0.3525884747505188, + "y": 0.43633547332137823 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 333, + "content": { + "text": "- 0.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14057226479053497, + "y": 0.463456392288208 + }, + { + "x": 0.8596558123826981, + "y": 0.463456392288208 + }, + { + "x": 0.8596558123826981, + "y": 0.5174868740141392 + }, + { + "x": 0.14057226479053497, + "y": 0.5174868740141392 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 334, + "content": { + "text": "If we now define composition of functions (fog)(x) = f(g(x)),\nwe can express the Lagrange equations entirely in terms of func-\ntions:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.34162792563438416, + "y": 0.5464008450508118 + }, + { + "x": 0.35860924422740936, + "y": 0.5464008450508118 + }, + { + "x": 0.35860924422740936, + "y": 0.5490540345199406 + }, + { + "x": 0.34162792563438416, + "y": 0.5490540345199406 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 335, + "content": { + "text": "-\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14028042554855347, + "y": 0.5750980973243713 + }, + { + "x": 0.8613529801368713, + "y": 0.5750980973243713 + }, + { + "x": 0.8613529801368713, + "y": 0.7716249525547028 + }, + { + "x": 0.14028042554855347, + "y": 0.7716249525547028 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 336, + "content": { + "text": "The functions OLL and O2L are partial derivatives of the func-\ntion L. Composition with T[w] evaluates these partials with coor-\ndinates and velocites appropriate for the path W, making functions\nof time. Applying D takes the time derivative. The Lagrange\nequation states that the difference of the resulting functions of\ntime must be zero. This statement of the Lagrange equation is\ncomplete, unambiguous, and functional. It is not encumbered\nwith the particular choices made in expressing the Lagrangian.\nFor example, it doesn't matter if the time is named t or T, and it\nhas an explicit place for the path to be tested.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1681513488292694, + "y": 0.7756175994873047 + }, + { + "x": 0.7574872672557831, + "y": 0.7756175994873047 + }, + { + "x": 0.7574872672557831, + "y": 0.7914374582469463 + }, + { + "x": 0.1681513488292694, + "y": 0.7914374582469463 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 337, + "content": { + "text": "This expression is equivalent to a computer program:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14035183191299438, + "y": 0.8190077543258667 + }, + { + "x": 0.8601101040840149, + "y": 0.8190077543258667 + }, + { + "x": 0.8601101040840149, + "y": 0.9056191965937614 + }, + { + "x": 0.14035183191299438, + "y": 0.9056191965937614 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 338, + "content": { + "text": "5 An explanation of functional derivatives is in Appendix B, page 202.\n6The programs in this book are written in Scheme, a dialect of Lisp. The\ndetails of the language are not germane to the points being made. What is\nimportant is that it is mechanically interpretable, and thus unambiguous. In\nthis book we require that the mathematical expressions be explicit enough\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000142.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15056192874908447, + "y": 0.08652842789888382 + }, + { + "x": 0.15905113145709038, + "y": 0.08652842789888382 + }, + { + "x": 0.15905113145709038, + "y": 0.09571926575154066 + }, + { + "x": 0.15056192874908447, + "y": 0.09571926575154066 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 553, + "content": { + "text": "2\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4810281991958618, + "y": 0.08599571883678436 + }, + { + "x": 0.8611342906951904, + "y": 0.08599571883678436 + }, + { + "x": 0.8611342906951904, + "y": 0.09885152988135815 + }, + { + "x": 0.4810281991958618, + "y": 0.09885152988135815 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 554, + "content": { + "text": "Numerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15058159828186035, + "y": 0.12356007099151611 + }, + { + "x": 0.8618362545967102, + "y": 0.12356007099151611 + }, + { + "x": 0.8618362545967102, + "y": 0.1508535873144865 + }, + { + "x": 0.15058159828186035, + "y": 0.1508535873144865 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 555, + "content": { + "text": "also plays an important role in error analysis (investigating the difference between the numerical\napproximation and the solution).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1502966731786728, + "y": 0.15814591944217682 + }, + { + "x": 0.8614907711744308, + "y": 0.15814591944217682 + }, + { + "x": 0.8614907711744308, + "y": 0.22789455950260162 + }, + { + "x": 0.1502966731786728, + "y": 0.22789455950260162 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 556, + "content": { + "text": "Calculating with only a finite subset of the rational numbers has many consequences. For exam-\nple: a computer cannot distinguish between two polynomials of sufficiently high degree. Conse-\nquently, methods based on the main theorem of algebra (i.e. that an nth degree polynomial\nhas\nexactly n complex zeros) cannot be trusted. Errors that follow from the use of finitely many digits\nare called rounding errors (Section 1.4).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15027815103530884, + "y": 0.23518821597099304 + }, + { + "x": 0.8618342280387878, + "y": 0.23518821597099304 + }, + { + "x": 0.8618342280387878, + "y": 0.3191472515463829 + }, + { + "x": 0.15027815103530884, + "y": 0.3191472515463829 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 557, + "content": { + "text": "An important aspect of numerical mathematics is the emphasis on efficiency. Contrary to or-\ndinary mathematics, numerical mathematics considers an increase in efficiency, i.e. a decrease\nof the number of operations and/or amount of storage required, as an essential improvement.\nProgress in this aspect is of great practical importance and the end of this development has not\nbeen reached yet. Here, the creative mind will meet many challenges. On top of that, revolutions\nin computer architecture will overturn much conventional wisdom.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15127195417881012, + "y": 0.34298622608184814 + }, + { + "x": 0.529734805226326, + "y": 0.34298622608184814 + }, + { + "x": 0.529734805226326, + "y": 0.36053026281297207 + }, + { + "x": 0.15127195417881012, + "y": 0.36053026281297207 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 558, + "content": { + "text": "1.3 Why numerical mathematics?\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1505795270204544, + "y": 0.37325161695480347 + }, + { + "x": 0.8618088513612747, + "y": 0.37325161695480347 + }, + { + "x": 0.8618088513612747, + "y": 0.4006435591727495 + }, + { + "x": 0.1505795270204544, + "y": 0.4006435591727495 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 559, + "content": { + "text": "A big advantage of numerical mathematics is that it can provide answers to problems that do not\nadmit closed-form solutions. Consider for example the integral\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15012605488300323, + "y": 0.4594801068305969 + }, + { + "x": 0.8616250902414322, + "y": 0.4594801068305969 + }, + { + "x": 0.8616250902414322, + "y": 0.5441493466496468 + }, + { + "x": 0.15012605488300323, + "y": 0.5441493466496468 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 560, + "content": { + "text": "This is an expression for the arc length of one arc of the curve y(x) = sin X, which does not have\na solution in closed form. A numerical method, however, can approximate this integral in a very\nsimple way (Chapter 5). An additional advantage is that a numerical method only uses stan-\ndard function evaluations and the operations addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.\nBecause these are exactly the operations a computer can perform, numerical mathematics and\ncomputers form a perfect combination.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1504451036453247, + "y": 0.5509850978851318 + }, + { + "x": 0.8617131114006042, + "y": 0.5509850978851318 + }, + { + "x": 0.8617131114006042, + "y": 0.6211723685264587 + }, + { + "x": 0.1504451036453247, + "y": 0.6211723685264587 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 561, + "content": { + "text": "An advantage of analytical methods is that the solution is given by a mathematical formula.\nFrom this, insight in the behavior and the properties of the solution can be gained. For numerical\napproximations, however, this is not the case. In that case, visualization tools may be used to gain\ninsight in the behavior of the solution. Using a numerical method to draw a graph of a function\nis usually a more useful tool than evaluating the solution at a large number of points.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15121306478977203, + "y": 0.6454921960830688 + }, + { + "x": 0.3863719701766968, + "y": 0.6454921960830688 + }, + { + "x": 0.3863719701766968, + "y": 0.6624934654682875 + }, + { + "x": 0.15121306478977203, + "y": 0.6624934654682875 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 562, + "content": { + "text": "1.4 Rounding errors\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1502625197172165, + "y": 0.67531818151474 + }, + { + "x": 0.862849697470665, + "y": 0.67531818151474 + }, + { + "x": 0.862849697470665, + "y": 0.8220749348402023 + }, + { + "x": 0.1502625197172165, + "y": 0.8220749348402023 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 563, + "content": { + "text": "A computer uses a finite representation of the all numbers in R. These are stored in a computer\nin the form\n0.d1d2 . Be,\n(1.1)\nin which, by definition, d1 > 0 and OS=kln(2)or inverselyo=Ws,with W=e1/kB,(3)", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14600516855716705, + "y": 0.02734057977795601 + }, + { + "x": 0.4343631714582443, + "y": 0.02734057977795601 + }, + { + "x": 0.4343631714582443, + "y": 0.04046373441815376 + }, + { + "x": 0.14600516855716705, + "y": 0.04046373441815376 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 577, + "content": { + "text": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.146397665143013, + "y": 0.07425229996442795 + }, + { + "x": 0.8501621633768082, + "y": 0.07425229996442795 + }, + { + "x": 0.8501621633768082, + "y": 0.10494595393538475 + }, + { + "x": 0.146397665143013, + "y": 0.10494595393538475 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 578, + "content": { + "text": "between this and the fact that the development of the underlying wave function for\nthe whole universe is unique.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.17427688837051392, + "y": 0.1074526235461235 + }, + { + "x": 0.29100457578897476, + "y": 0.1074526235461235 + }, + { + "x": 0.29100457578897476, + "y": 0.12116123456507921 + }, + { + "x": 0.17427688837051392, + "y": 0.12116123456507921 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 579, + "content": { + "text": "Summarizing:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14658135175704956, + "y": 0.12273025512695312 + }, + { + "x": 0.8386788368225098, + "y": 0.12273025512695312 + }, + { + "x": 0.8386788368225098, + "y": 0.17036911100149155 + }, + { + "x": 0.14658135175704956, + "y": 0.17036911100149155 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 580, + "content": { + "text": "Definition 1. A universe U is a chain of states (one state U t for each moment of\ntime t), with the property that the transition between adjacent states is always\npossible.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14667244255542755, + "y": 0.171739399433136 + }, + { + "x": 0.8469754606485367, + "y": 0.171739399433136 + }, + { + "x": 0.8469754606485367, + "y": 0.20246759615838528 + }, + { + "x": 0.14667244255542755, + "y": 0.20246759615838528 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 581, + "content": { + "text": "Definition 2. A multiverse M is the set of all possible universes U in the sense of\nDefinition 1 together with a probability measure on this set.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14662396907806396, + "y": 0.2043052464723587 + }, + { + "x": 0.8430043458938599, + "y": 0.2043052464723587 + }, + { + "x": 0.8430043458938599, + "y": 0.3158164694905281 + }, + { + "x": 0.14662396907806396, + "y": 0.3158164694905281 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 582, + "content": { + "text": "It may of course be said that quantum mechanics should allow for transitions\nbetween all kinds of states, although the probability for most such transitions may be\nextremely small. In this extremely simplified treatment, I will assume that for a given\nstate at a given moment of time t, the dynamical laws will only permit transitions to a\nvery limited number of states at the previous and next moments, which will make the\nprobabilistic part of the investigation particularly simple. However, modifications are\ncalled for near the endpoints (the Big Bang and the Big Crunch); see Section 5.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1464756280183792, + "y": 0.31768304109573364 + }, + { + "x": 0.8441119939088821, + "y": 0.31768304109573364 + }, + { + "x": 0.8441119939088821, + "y": 0.3809208571910858 + }, + { + "x": 0.1464756280183792, + "y": 0.3809208571910858 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 583, + "content": { + "text": "As it stands, the model presented SO far is too simple to generate any results. In\nfact, there are no observable differences at all between the states, which mean that\nthere are no measurable variables which could be related to the (so far non-\nspecified) dynamics.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14677563309669495, + "y": 0.3825136721134186 + }, + { + "x": 0.8493194282054901, + "y": 0.3825136721134186 + }, + { + "x": 0.8493194282054901, + "y": 0.4458434507250786 + }, + { + "x": 0.14677563309669495, + "y": 0.4458434507250786 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 584, + "content": { + "text": "There are of course many different variables which we can choose to enrich this\nstructure, and which ones to choose must depend on what properties we want to\nexplain. For explaining the second law of thermodynamics, the obvious choice is the\nentropy.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14697271585464478, + "y": 0.48381078243255615 + }, + { + "x": 0.2511533945798874, + "y": 0.48381078243255615 + }, + { + "x": 0.2511533945798874, + "y": 0.49880964402109385 + }, + { + "x": 0.14697271585464478, + "y": 0.49880964402109385 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 585, + "content": { + "text": "4. Entropy\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14670711755752563, + "y": 0.5167930126190186 + }, + { + "x": 0.835945725440979, + "y": 0.5167930126190186 + }, + { + "x": 0.835945725440979, + "y": 0.5475055295974016 + }, + { + "x": 0.14670711755752563, + "y": 0.5475055295974016 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 586, + "content": { + "text": "According to Boltzmann, the total entropy of a certain macro-state at a certain\ntime is given by\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1745952069759369, + "y": 0.5631902813911438 + }, + { + "x": 0.8281159698963165, + "y": 0.5631902813911438 + }, + { + "x": 0.8281159698963165, + "y": 0.6407948210835457 + }, + { + "x": 0.1745952069759369, + "y": 0.6407948210835457 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 587, + "content": { + "text": "S=kln\n(2)\nor inversely\no=Ws, with W=e1/kB,\n(3)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14691896736621857, + "y": 0.6583432555198669 + }, + { + "x": 0.7569306045770645, + "y": 0.6583432555198669 + }, + { + "x": 0.7569306045770645, + "y": 0.6858545485883951 + }, + { + "x": 0.14691896736621857, + "y": 0.6858545485883951 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 588, + "content": { + "text": "where S denotes the number of corresponding micro-states and kB is\nBoltzmann's constant.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14634370803833008, + "y": 0.6910505294799805 + }, + { + "x": 0.8494079113006592, + "y": 0.6910505294799805 + }, + { + "x": 0.8494079113006592, + "y": 0.8350787609815598 + }, + { + "x": 0.14634370803833008, + "y": 0.8350787609815598 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 589, + "content": { + "text": "This formula was from the beginning derived for simple cases, like an ideal gas.\nNevertheless, it does represent a kind of universal truth in statistical mechanics: the\nnumber of possible micro-states corresponding to a given macro-state grows expo-\nnentially with the entropy. Although there are many complications when one tries\nto consider the entropy of the universe as a whole, I will still take it as the starting\npoint for the discussion that the entropy (at a given time t) is an exponential\nfunction of the total entropy as in (3). A more difficult question is if and how the\nconstant W may vary with time, but for the purpose of the present paper, I will\nsimply let it be constant.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1465437114238739, + "y": 0.8368373513221741 + }, + { + "x": 0.8492644727230072, + "y": 0.8368373513221741 + }, + { + "x": 0.8492644727230072, + "y": 0.9324425756931305 + }, + { + "x": 0.1465437114238739, + "y": 0.9324425756931305 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 590, + "content": { + "text": "One may of course argue that this can only be true when the universe is still\nquite ordered and the entropy is very far from reaching its maximum. But this is\ncertainly what the situation is like in our universe today, and according to the\ncomputations in [10, 11], it would take an almost incredibly long time to reach such\na state of maximal entropy. Thus, it will in the following be taken for granted that\nthis time is much longer than the life-span of our universe.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14654098451137543, + "y": 0.9598144888877869 + }, + { + "x": 0.16953966952860355, + "y": 0.9598144888877869 + }, + { + "x": 0.16953966952860355, + "y": 0.9680450642481446 + }, + { + "x": 0.14654098451137543, + "y": 0.9680450642481446 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 591, + "content": { + "text": "312\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000111.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0906093493103981, + "y": 0.08626773953437805 + }, + { + "x": 0.9068665280938148, + "y": 0.08626773953437805 + }, + { + "x": 0.9068665280938148, + "y": 0.41044023633003235 + }, + { + "x": 0.0906093493103981, + "y": 0.41044023633003235 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 234, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
a) Cylindrical vessel 3-way valve8 mm Q16 mm Q24 mm Q
Outlet valve Inlet pipe 15-degree angled tubes 60-degree angled tubesc)d)
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THEORY\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09177706390619278, + "y": 0.522121787071228 + }, + { + "x": 0.9065509811043739, + "y": 0.522121787071228 + }, + { + "x": 0.9065509811043739, + "y": 0.578303225338459 + }, + { + "x": 0.09177706390619278, + "y": 0.578303225338459 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 251, + "content": { + "text": "Two types of vortices are distinguished in the dynamics of the motion: forced and free vortices. The\nforced vortex is caused by external forces on the fluid, such as the impeller of a pump, and the free\nvortex naturally occurs in the flow and can be observed in a drain or in the atmosphere of a tornado.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09229429811239243, + "y": 0.5983477830886841 + }, + { + "x": 0.2652151808142662, + "y": 0.5983477830886841 + }, + { + "x": 0.2652151808142662, + "y": 0.6094199847429991 + }, + { + "x": 0.09229429811239243, + "y": 0.6094199847429991 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 252, + "content": { + "text": "7.1. FREE VORTEX\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09108612686395645, + "y": 0.6275674104690552 + }, + { + "x": 0.9067044630646706, + "y": 0.6275674104690552 + }, + { + "x": 0.9067044630646706, + "y": 0.6834157034754753 + }, + { + "x": 0.09108612686395645, + "y": 0.6834157034754753 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 253, + "content": { + "text": "A free vortex is formed when water flows out of a vessel through a central hole in the base (Figure 8.2).\nThe degree of the rotation depends on the initial disturbance. In a free cylindrical vortex, the velocity\nvaries inversely with the distance from the axis of rotation (Figure 8.3).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09196344763040543, + "y": 0.7360387444496155 + }, + { + "x": 0.7637415304780006, + "y": 0.7360387444496155 + }, + { + "x": 0.7637415304780006, + "y": 0.7527532260864973 + }, + { + "x": 0.09196344763040543, + "y": 0.7527532260864973 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 254, + "content": { + "text": "The equation governing the surface profile is derived from the Bernoulli's theorem:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09187571704387665, + "y": 0.767776608467102 + }, + { + "x": 0.5770914703607559, + "y": 0.767776608467102 + }, + { + "x": 0.5770914703607559, + "y": 0.8240993469953537 + }, + { + "x": 0.09187571704387665, + "y": 0.8240993469953537 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 255, + "content": { + "text": "N2 + z = C\n(2)\nSubstituting Equation (1) into (2) will give a new expression:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09247750043869019, + "y": 0.8400691747665405 + }, + { + "x": 0.2804848551750183, + "y": 0.8400691747665405 + }, + { + "x": 0.2804848551750183, + "y": 0.8667720090597868 + }, + { + "x": 0.09247750043869019, + "y": 0.8667720090597868 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 256, + "content": { + "text": "k2\n+\nZ\n=\n2gr2\n(3)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09266266971826553, + "y": 0.8856074213981628 + }, + { + "x": 0.11409768275916576, + "y": 0.8856074213981628 + }, + { + "x": 0.11409768275916576, + "y": 0.8930974011309445 + }, + { + "x": 0.09266266971826553, + "y": 0.8930974011309445 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 257, + "content": { + "text": "or:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09246311336755753, + "y": 0.9416496753692627 + }, + { + "x": 0.3697187975049019, + "y": 0.9416496753692627 + }, + { + "x": 0.3697187975049019, + "y": 0.9501092340797186 + }, + { + "x": 0.09246311336755753, + "y": 0.9501092340797186 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 258, + "content": { + "text": "68 APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS LAB MANUAL\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000077.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1899181604385376, + "y": 0.08350397646427155 + }, + { + "x": 0.8809747099876404, + "y": 0.08350397646427155 + }, + { + "x": 0.8809747099876404, + "y": 0.11644729226827621 + }, + { + "x": 0.1899181604385376, + "y": 0.11644729226827621 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 373, + "content": { + "text": "decline in 2020 in absolute numbers and as a percentage of 2019 deployment\n(Figure 1.9b).9\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1908283233642578, + "y": 0.13135474920272827 + }, + { + "x": 0.8808465600013733, + "y": 0.13135474920272827 + }, + { + "x": 0.8808465600013733, + "y": 0.16376418247818947 + }, + { + "x": 0.1908283233642578, + "y": 0.16376418247818947 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 374, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 1.9b. Deployment of Overseas Foreign Workers by sex, new hires only\n(in thousands)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.18891552090644836, + "y": 0.1747007966041565 + }, + { + "x": 0.8809796869754791, + "y": 0.1747007966041565 + }, + { + "x": 0.8809796869754791, + "y": 0.4078384190797806 + }, + { + "x": 0.18891552090644836, + "y": 0.4078384190797806 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 375, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.19023990631103516, + "y": 0.42072582244873047 + }, + { + "x": 0.5262030959129333, + "y": 0.42072582244873047 + }, + { + "x": 0.5262030959129333, + "y": 0.43337497394531965 + }, + { + "x": 0.19023990631103516, + "y": 0.43337497394531965 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 376, + "content": { + "text": "Source: Philippine Statistics Authority (2022)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1432415097951889, + "y": 0.4559457302093506 + }, + { + "x": 0.6917935460805893, + "y": 0.4559457302093506 + }, + { + "x": 0.6917935460805893, + "y": 0.47108236979693174 + }, + { + "x": 0.1432415097951889, + "y": 0.47108236979693174 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 377, + "content": { + "text": "1.5. Migrant Workers More at Risk of COVID-19 Infection\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1895238608121872, + "y": 0.4865959882736206 + }, + { + "x": 0.8815876692533493, + "y": 0.4865959882736206 + }, + { + "x": 0.8815876692533493, + "y": 0.6560332626104355 + }, + { + "x": 0.1895238608121872, + "y": 0.6560332626104355 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 378, + "content": { + "text": "COVID-19 infection among migrants appears to be higher than among\nnon-migrant groups (Hintermeier et al., 2020). Migrant workers are\ndisproportionately exposed to COVID-19 because of the nature of their\nwork and their living conditions. Many migrant workers performed essential\nservices, including jobs in healthcare, selected manufacturing, transportation,\nlogistics, construction, and maintenance, which continued during periods of\nmovement restrictions (OECD, ADBI and ILO, 2021). Many migrant workers\nalso have less access to personal protective equipment and testing and\ntreatment facilities (OECD, ADBI and ILO, 2021). The lack of access was\nespecially true for undocumented migrants.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.18941468000411987, + "y": 0.670819878578186 + }, + { + "x": 0.8807525038719177, + "y": 0.670819878578186 + }, + { + "x": 0.8807525038719177, + "y": 0.7725658193230629 + }, + { + "x": 0.18941468000411987, + "y": 0.7725658193230629 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 379, + "content": { + "text": "Additionally, migrant workers employed in plantations far away from urban\ncentres had limited access to information and testing. High rates of infection\nwere also linked to overcrowded housing conditions, including shared facilities\nand sleeping areas, which increase the risk of transmission (ASEAN MP, 2021).\nMany workers in processing or assembly plants worked in conditions where\nphysical distancing was rarely observed.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.18995466828346252, + "y": 0.7868915796279907 + }, + { + "x": 0.8815793693065643, + "y": 0.7868915796279907 + }, + { + "x": 0.8815793693065643, + "y": 0.8881495445966721 + }, + { + "x": 0.18995466828346252, + "y": 0.8881495445966721 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 380, + "content": { + "text": "In Malaysia, out of 2,188 positive cases recorded nationwide on 25 November\n2020, 1,511 were foreign workers employed by Top Glove Corporation Bhd.,\none of the world's largest personal protective equipment (PPE) manufacturers\n(The Straits Times, 2020; Ngui, 2020). Many other migrant workers were\nemployed as delivery agents, public transport drivers, or restaurant waiters,\nand are in constant contact with the general public. Infection risk is also higher\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1422392576932907, + "y": 0.9065491557121277 + }, + { + "x": 0.6799186319112778, + "y": 0.9065491557121277 + }, + { + "x": 0.6799186319112778, + "y": 0.9190387511625886 + }, + { + "x": 0.1422392576932907, + "y": 0.9190387511625886 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 381, + "content": { + "text": "9\nKeeping in mind that for 2020 the figures are only up to October of the year.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14071707427501678, + "y": 0.9516689777374268 + }, + { + "x": 0.4201541990041733, + "y": 0.9516689777374268 + }, + { + "x": 0.4201541990041733, + "y": 0.9669047528877854 + }, + { + "x": 0.14071707427501678, + "y": 0.9669047528877854 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 382, + "content": { + "text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.9286197423934937, + "y": 0.9526430368423462 + }, + { + "x": 0.9490419086068869, + "y": 0.9526430368423462 + }, + { + "x": 0.9490419086068869, + "y": 0.9637904735282063 + }, + { + "x": 0.9286197423934937, + "y": 0.9637904735282063 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 383, + "content": { + "text": "21\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000044.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16221562027931213, + "y": 0.18004556000232697 + }, + { + "x": 0.8908676207065582, + "y": 0.18004556000232697 + }, + { + "x": 0.8908676207065582, + "y": 0.5480738133192062 + }, + { + "x": 0.16221562027931213, + "y": 0.5480738133192062 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 64, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
Executive Summary4
Legal Framework6
Election Administration11
Civil Society Engagement15
Political Parties, Candidates Registration and Election Campaign18
Media Freedom and Access to Information25
Voter Education and Awareness29
Participation of Marginalized Sectors31
Recommendations39
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Candidates Registration and Election\nCampaign\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8538841009140015, + "y": 0.34608525037765503 + }, + { + "x": 0.8778876829892397, + "y": 0.34608525037765503 + }, + { + "x": 0.8778876829892397, + "y": 0.35898550041019917 + }, + { + "x": 0.8538841009140015, + "y": 0.35898550041019917 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 94, + "content": { + "text": "18\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.17281310260295868, + "y": 0.4072706699371338 + }, + { + "x": 0.6509975343942642, + "y": 0.4072706699371338 + }, + { + "x": 0.6509975343942642, + "y": 0.42177222948521376 + }, + { + "x": 0.17281310260295868, + "y": 0.42177222948521376 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 95, + "content": { + "text": "Media Freedom and Access to Information\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.852042555809021, + "y": 0.4082077741622925 + }, + { + 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Birrell, Sir Robert Shirley [graphic]. Engraving\non wove paper.\nPUBLISHED BY EDWARD HARDING, LONDON, 1799\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10228294879198074, + "y": 0.5216037631034851 + }, + { + "x": 0.4871719852089882, + "y": 0.5216037631034851 + }, + { + "x": 0.4871719852089882, + "y": 0.8298143446445465 + }, + { + "x": 0.10228294879198074, + "y": 0.8298143446445465 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 552, + "content": { + "text": "knowledge about remote civilizations. There is an\nobvious cultural coincidence, for instance, between\ncarpet-making and storytelling among nomadic\npeoples, which these stories convey through their\nintricate plot development. They also tell fascinat-\ning stories about the the traffic in diamonds, gold,\nand spices between the Indies, China, Arabia, and\nWestern Europe that still wait to be unveiled. Rather\nthan looking at the things of the Nights as colorful\ndetails in Sheherazade's tales or protagonists in the\nfantastic stories they make for themselves, we could\nexplore, instead, their role as as bearers of cultural\nknowledge unintentionally embedded in the fabric\nof the text. In such a reading, \"historically and theo-\nretically overdetermined material charactersitics\nof objects are sought out beyond the immediate\ncontext in which they appear\" \"86 in order to\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5110616683959961, + "y": 0.08249150961637497 + }, + { + "x": 0.8972749412059784, + "y": 0.08249150961637497 + }, + { + "x": 0.8972749412059784, + "y": 0.792585127055645 + }, + { + "x": 0.5110616683959961, + "y": 0.792585127055645 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 553, + "content": { + "text": "defetishize them and expose the power structures\nin which they are involved.\nThus, as Makdisi and Nussbaum sum up in their\nintroduction to The Arabian Nights in Historical\nContext: Between East and West, \"the Nights offered\na particularly powerful vision of an Asiatic culture\nseemingly saturated with references to sensuality,\nextravagance, indulgence, violence, supernatural-\nism, and eroticism [and] added a supernatural\ndimension to the Enlightenment; the tales offered\nan avenue into modernity through its magical op-\nposite, an alternative to European identity, and an\nantidote to neoclassicism.\"87 However, reading\nsuch imports as an expression of European pow-\ners' disavowal of the East in order to \"justify their\nconquest and rule over other peoples, particularly\nin\nAsia,\"88 is an oversimplification of a rather com-\nplicated process of cultural exchange. None of\nthese descriptions of Arabia were caused by colo-\nnial \"distortions,\" as Said feared, but by false attri-\nbutions: \"Arabian\" was a misnomer that rarely de-\nscribed Arabia itself. While fictional narratives like\nArabian Nights' Entertainments represented Ara-\nbia as a land of magic and exorbitant riches, they\nwere too far-fetched to be part of a Westerner's\nbelief system during the Age of Reason; rather,\nthey were popularized because their wild fiction-\nality turned them into bestsellers at the time. Such\nstories competed with descriptions of the Arabi-\nan Peninsula by travelers and traders who had vis-\nited the area and had unmediated contact with the\nlocal culture. However, while the Orientalist litera-\nture described Arabia in terms that emphasized\nits exoticism, magic, superstitions, extravagance,\nwealth, eroticism, excess, and myriads of other pe-\nculiarities that contrasted it with the European\nnormativity, travel narratives created an \"Arabian\"\nidentity that was generally congruent with the\nreality of the place.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1030462458729744, + "y": 0.8578222990036011 + }, + { + "x": 0.4863953962922096, + "y": 0.8578222990036011 + }, + { + "x": 0.4863953962922096, + "y": 0.9184581376612186 + }, + { + "x": 0.1030462458729744, + "y": 0.9184581376612186 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 554, + "content": { + "text": "86\nElaine Freedgood, \"Introduction: Reading Things,\" in\nThe Idea in Things: Fugitive Meaning in the Victorian\nNovel (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006),\n5-6.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5126389861106873, + "y": 0.8739372491836548 + }, + { + "x": 0.8955887258052826, + "y": 0.8739372491836548 + }, + { + "x": 0.8955887258052826, + "y": 0.9168812371790409 + }, + { + "x": 0.5126389861106873, + "y": 0.9168812371790409 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 555, + "content": { + "text": "87\nMakdisi and Nussbaum, introduction to The Arabian\nNights in Historical Context, 5.\n88\nIbid.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000160.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.182479128241539, + "y": 0.12306512892246246 + }, + { + "x": 0.8156568855047226, + "y": 0.12306512892246246 + }, + { + "x": 0.8156568855047226, + "y": 0.34512190520763397 + }, + { + "x": 0.182479128241539, + "y": 0.34512190520763397 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 301, + "content": { + "text": "Other advice that might smooth the way for this exercise\nis to remind students right before they start that we aren't\ninterested in what these organizations' websites say about\nthemselves, but what they can learn about them from the\nrest of the internet. Encourage use of Wikipedia for this\ntype of source research. Encourage them to slow down and\nto practice \"click restraint\" once they have Googled one of\nthese orgs. What can they learn from looking at just the\nsearch results page, without clicking through to anything?\nWhat is the overall impression from a variety of results?\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2166479229927063, + "y": 0.36639997363090515 + }, + { + "x": 0.8119146227836609, + "y": 0.36639997363090515 + }, + { + "x": 0.8119146227836609, + "y": 0.520577684044838 + }, + { + "x": 0.2166479229927063, + "y": 0.520577684044838 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 303, + "content": { + "text": "Center for Consumer Freedom: Many of the Google\nsearch results (with or without including the search\nterm funding) indicate this is astroturing. A look at\nthe Wikipedia page tells us that this org was started\nby a pretty well known PR guy and the sidebar lists\ntheir focus as \"represents the interests of restaurant\nand food companies\" and their method as \"lobbying.\"\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.21673093736171722, + "y": 0.5265010595321655 + }, + { + "x": 0.7897136062383652, + "y": 0.5265010595321655 + }, + { + "x": 0.7897136062383652, + "y": 0.6116166561841965 + }, + { + "x": 0.21673093736171722, + "y": 0.6116166561841965 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 304, + "content": { + "text": "National Consumers League: Students may note\nthat it has been around since 1899, has no critical\nresults on the first page of Google results, and even\nhas an entry in the Encyclopedia Britannica.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.21669639647006989, + "y": 0.6179261207580566 + }, + { + "x": 0.7983216196298599, + "y": 0.6179261207580566 + }, + { + "x": 0.7983216196298599, + "y": 0.6574629843235016 + }, + { + "x": 0.21669639647006989, + "y": 0.6574629843235016 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 305, + "content": { + "text": "One Fair Wage: a legitimately grass-roots effort to\nraise the minimum wage for restaurant workers.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.21657849848270416, + "y": 0.6640005707740784 + }, + { + "x": 0.8155117779970169, + "y": 0.6640005707740784 + }, + { + "x": 0.8155117779970169, + "y": 0.8139756321907043 + }, + { + "x": 0.21657849848270416, + "y": 0.8139756321907043 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 306, + "content": { + "text": "Save Our Tips: This is one case where adding the\nword funding to the search helps a bit. If we do that\nwe find sources indicating that this group is funded in\npart by the National Restaurant Association and a\nconservative strategy and consulting group. Not\nwhat you would expect for a grassroots effort lead by\nwaitstaff.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1424490511417389, + "y": 0.9244097471237183 + }, + { + "x": 0.1733726654201746, + "y": 0.9244097471237183 + }, + { + "x": 0.1733726654201746, + "y": 0.9346693316474557 + }, + { + "x": 0.1424490511417389, + "y": 0.9346693316474557 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 307, + "content": { + "text": "104\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.19905023276805878, + "y": 0.9243102073669434 + }, + { + "x": 0.3968605548143387, + "y": 0.9243102073669434 + }, + { + "x": 0.3968605548143387, + "y": 0.9349665325134993 + }, + { + "x": 0.19905023276805878, + "y": 0.9349665325134993 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 308, + "content": { + "text": "Instructor Resources\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000066.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15838809311389923, + "y": 0.10434657335281372 + }, + { + "x": 0.8077626377344131, + "y": 0.10434657335281372 + }, + { + "x": 0.8077626377344131, + "y": 0.15645833685994148 + }, + { + "x": 0.15838809311389923, + "y": 0.15645833685994148 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 367, + "content": { + "text": "consumption onsite or offsite. Food Service Establishments (FSE) refers to the business\nengaged in the Food Service Industry. For purposes of the survey, the FSE is segmented\ninto:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16099974513053894, + "y": 0.1648971438407898 + }, + { + "x": 0.6354048550128937, + "y": 0.1648971438407898 + }, + { + "x": 0.6354048550128937, + "y": 0.17876009177416563 + }, + { + "x": 0.16099974513053894, + "y": 0.17876009177416563 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 369, + "content": { + "text": "full-service restaurants, with full menu and waiting service;\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16151143610477448, + "y": 0.1851656585931778 + }, + { + "x": 0.7946687489748001, + "y": 0.1851656585931778 + }, + { + "x": 0.7946687489748001, + "y": 0.2196231707930565 + }, + { + "x": 0.16151143610477448, + "y": 0.2196231707930565 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 370, + "content": { + "text": "limited-service restaurants or quick service restaurants (QSR), with full menu but\npay-as-you-order such as fast food or turo-turo type8;\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16128180921077728, + "y": 0.2255067676305771 + }, + { + "x": 0.6692113727331161, + "y": 0.2255067676305771 + }, + { + "x": 0.6692113727331161, + "y": 0.2391473464667797 + }, + { + "x": 0.16128180921077728, + "y": 0.2391473464667797 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 371, + "content": { + "text": "cafes/bars/pop-ups (selected menu with few chairs and tables);\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1612675040960312, + "y": 0.24586409330368042 + }, + { + "x": 0.6652082651853561, + "y": 0.24586409330368042 + }, + { + "x": 0.6652082651853561, + "y": 0.25975275598466396 + }, + { + "x": 0.1612675040960312, + "y": 0.25975275598466396 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 372, + "content": { + "text": "kiosks and stalls (purely retail, to be consumed elsewhere); and\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1614692658185959, + "y": 0.2663910686969757 + }, + { + "x": 0.43910934031009674, + "y": 0.2663910686969757 + }, + { + "x": 0.43910934031009674, + "y": 0.2800700645893812 + }, + { + "x": 0.1614692658185959, + "y": 0.2800700645893812 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 373, + "content": { + "text": "catering or 100% home delivery.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16176962852478027, + "y": 0.3061879873275757 + }, + { + "x": 0.7893654108047485, + "y": 0.3061879873275757 + }, + { + "x": 0.7893654108047485, + "y": 0.34099169820547104 + }, + { + "x": 0.16176962852478027, + "y": 0.34099169820547104 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 374, + "content": { + "text": "Full-service restaurants, limited-service restaurants and cafes/bars/pop-ups may also\noffer \"to go\" or \"take away\" services.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1351976841688156, + "y": 0.3788457214832306 + }, + { + "x": 0.2643247991800308, + "y": 0.3788457214832306 + }, + { + "x": 0.2643247991800308, + "y": 0.4767107293009758 + }, + { + "x": 0.1351976841688156, + "y": 0.4767107293009758 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 375, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.27138563990592957, + "y": 0.37794631719589233 + }, + { + "x": 0.4008485972881317, + "y": 0.37794631719589233 + }, + { + "x": 0.4008485972881317, + "y": 0.47581591457128525 + }, + { + "x": 0.27138563990592957, + "y": 0.47581591457128525 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 376, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4083411693572998, + "y": 0.3757126033306122 + }, + { + "x": 0.5371695160865784, + "y": 0.3757126033306122 + }, + { + "x": 0.5371695160865784, + "y": 0.47592198103666306 + }, + { + "x": 0.4083411693572998, + "y": 0.47592198103666306 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 377, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5444447994232178, + "y": 0.37848374247550964 + }, + { + "x": 0.6715544909238815, + "y": 0.37848374247550964 + }, + { + "x": 0.6715544909238815, + "y": 0.4760265424847603 + }, + { + "x": 0.5444447994232178, + "y": 0.4760265424847603 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 378, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.38375604152679443, + "y": 0.4877486824989319 + }, + { + "x": 0.5446241945028305, + "y": 0.4877486824989319 + }, + { + "x": 0.5446241945028305, + "y": 0.49890604987740517 + }, + { + "x": 0.38375604152679443, + "y": 0.49890604987740517 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 379, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 1. FSI Segmentation\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6818569898605347, + "y": 0.3789199888706207 + }, + { + "x": 0.8098424971103668, + "y": 0.3789199888706207 + }, + { + "x": 0.8098424971103668, + "y": 0.47613413631916046 + }, + { + "x": 0.6818569898605347, + "y": 0.47613413631916046 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 380, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11748077720403671, + "y": 0.5396525859832764 + }, + { + "x": 0.815504215657711, + "y": 0.5396525859832764 + }, + { + "x": 0.815504215657711, + "y": 0.7356688678264618 + }, + { + "x": 0.11748077720403671, + "y": 0.7356688678264618 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 381, + "content": { + "text": "b.\nPlastic. The Baseline Study looked into the extent of Plastic use of FSEs in Dasmariñas\nCity. Plastics are categorized by food grade. The six food grades are 1) Polyethylene\nTerephthalate: clear, tough plastic such as soft drinks, juice and water, (2) High Density\nPolyethylene: white or colored plastic such as milk containers, (3) Polyvinyl Chloride:\nhard rigid clear plastic such as cordial bottles; (4) Low Density Polyethylene: soft,\nflexible such as squeezable bottles; 5) Polypropylene: hard but flexible plastics such as\nmicrowave ware; takeaway containers, some yogurt or jam containers and hinged lunch\nboxes, and (6) Polystyrene: rigid, brittle plastics such as small tubes and margarine or\nbutter container. See Figure 1. Plastic litter found in the rivers are of categories 1-6. There\nare also other plastics that do not fall under food grade 1-6.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11843636631965637, + "y": 0.825494647026062 + }, + { + "x": 0.8222257196903229, + "y": 0.825494647026062 + }, + { + "x": 0.8222257196903229, + "y": 0.8841634765267372 + }, + { + "x": 0.11843636631965637, + "y": 0.8841634765267372 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 382, + "content": { + "text": "8\nFilipino word for restaurants where a menu of cooked or ready-to-eat food are on display and clients point to their choice of food and\npay as they take their food to their tables or ask for take-out packaging.\n9\nFood grade plastics refer to plastic containers, tools or other supplies made of plastics that are cleared to be used for food\npreparation, handling, and service.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.03219043090939522, + "y": 0.9456509351730347 + }, + { + "x": 0.05396519787609577, + "y": 0.9456509351730347 + }, + { + "x": 0.05396519787609577, + "y": 0.958944546058774 + }, + { + "x": 0.03219043090939522, + "y": 0.958944546058774 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 383, + "content": { + "text": "18\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08475057035684586, + "y": 0.9476402401924133 + }, + { + "x": 0.5654876306653023, + "y": 0.9476402401924133 + }, + { + "x": 0.5654876306653023, + "y": 0.9605842772871256 + }, + { + "x": 0.08475057035684586, + "y": 0.9605842772871256 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 384, + "content": { + "text": "Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000166.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09040644019842148, + "y": 0.5146045684814453 + }, + { + "x": 0.40088339895009995, + "y": 0.5146045684814453 + }, + { + "x": 0.40088339895009995, + "y": 0.6598532497882843 + }, + { + "x": 0.09040644019842148, + "y": 0.6598532497882843 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 297, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
Mineral or colloid typeCEC of pure colloid
cmolc/kg
kaolinite10
illite30
montmorillonite/smectite100
vermiculite150
humus200
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Calculating versus estimating CEC\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09139379858970642, + "y": 0.12254905700683594 + }, + { + "x": 0.7940567433834076, + "y": 0.12254905700683594 + }, + { + "x": 0.7940567433834076, + "y": 0.1360490769147873 + }, + { + "x": 0.09139379858970642, + "y": 0.1360490769147873 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 314, + "content": { + "text": "There are two ways you can calculate the CEC: the sum of cations method and the mineralogy method.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09218904376029968, + "y": 0.17841053009033203 + }, + { + "x": 0.3585145175457001, + "y": 0.17841053009033203 + }, + { + "x": 0.3585145175457001, + "y": 0.1933843744918704 + }, + { + "x": 0.09218904376029968, + "y": 0.1933843744918704 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 315, + "content": { + "text": "The Sum-of-Cations Method\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09219886362552643, + "y": 0.22695206105709076 + }, + { + "x": 0.9065866023302078, + "y": 0.22695206105709076 + }, + { + "x": 0.9065866023302078, + "y": 0.2580425050109625 + }, + { + "x": 0.09219886362552643, + "y": 0.2580425050109625 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 316, + "content": { + "text": "If you have a soil analysis where the quantities of all cations in the soil are listed, simply summing all those exchangeable\nquantities will yield the CEC you found in the preceding problems.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09207823127508163, + "y": 0.301254004240036 + }, + { + "x": 0.3329271748661995, + "y": 0.301254004240036 + }, + { + "x": 0.3329271748661995, + "y": 0.319772457703948 + }, + { + "x": 0.09207823127508163, + "y": 0.319772457703948 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 317, + "content": { + "text": "The \"Mineralogy\" Method\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0916634127497673, + "y": 0.34920093417167664 + }, + { + "x": 0.908295564353466, + "y": 0.34920093417167664 + }, + { + "x": 0.908295564353466, + "y": 0.3806289844214916 + }, + { + "x": 0.0916634127497673, + "y": 0.3806289844214916 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 318, + "content": { + "text": "As you know from your reading and class discussion, clay minerals have a range of values for CEC. If the mineralogy of\nthe clay fraction is known (that is, the type and amounts of each clay mineral), then the CEC can be approximated.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09138435870409012, + "y": 0.396052747964859 + }, + { + "x": 0.906662292778492, + "y": 0.396052747964859 + }, + { + "x": 0.906662292778492, + "y": 0.42703009583055973 + }, + { + "x": 0.09138435870409012, + "y": 0.42703009583055973 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 319, + "content": { + "text": "To make these calculations easier, Table 13.4 contains representative values for CEC to use in all calculations for this\nclass unless otherwise noted. In nature, however, these soil colloids will have a range of values.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09228072315454483, + "y": 0.46976372599601746 + }, + { + "x": 0.5254763439297676, + "y": 0.46976372599601746 + }, + { + "x": 0.5254763439297676, + "y": 0.48883094266057014 + }, + { + "x": 0.09228072315454483, + "y": 0.48883094266057014 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 320, + "content": { + "text": "Table 13.4. Typical CEC of various soil colloids.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09169244766235352, + "y": 0.678482711315155 + }, + { + "x": 0.9065955281257629, + "y": 0.678482711315155 + }, + { + "x": 0.9065955281257629, + "y": 0.72710932046175 + }, + { + "x": 0.09169244766235352, + "y": 0.72710932046175 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 322, + "content": { + "text": "As an example of this mineralogy approach to CEC calculations, consider a soil having 100% clay where the clay is 100%\nkaolinite. The CEC would then be 10 cmolc/kg. If a soil contains only 10% kaolinite (or 10 kg clay in 100 kg soil), however,\nthis clay would contribute\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.20004504919052124, + "y": 0.740894079208374 + }, + { + "x": 0.6630668640136719, + "y": 0.740894079208374 + }, + { + "x": 0.6630668640136719, + "y": 0.767117066308856 + }, + { + "x": 0.20004504919052124, + "y": 0.767117066308856 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 323, + "content": { + "text": "cmol\nclay\nTotal CEC of the soil\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09142983704805374, + "y": 0.7986702919006348 + }, + { + "x": 0.9065466597676277, + "y": 0.7986702919006348 + }, + { + "x": 0.9065466597676277, + "y": 0.8294000271707773 + }, + { + "x": 0.09142983704805374, + "y": 0.8294000271707773 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 324, + "content": { + "text": "A prairie soil contains 30% clay. This clay sized fraction is dominantly montmorillonite. The soil also contains 5% humus\n(organic matter).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09211656451225281, + "y": 0.847275972366333 + }, + { + "x": 0.12312529236078262, + "y": 0.847275972366333 + }, + { + "x": 0.12312529236078262, + "y": 0.8719868157058954 + }, + { + "x": 0.09211656451225281, + "y": 0.8719868157058954 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 325, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1451529711484909, + "y": 0.8451310992240906 + }, + { + "x": 0.8177332729101181, + "y": 0.8451310992240906 + }, + { + "x": 0.8177332729101181, + "y": 0.858734336681664 + }, + { + "x": 0.1451529711484909, + "y": 0.858734336681664 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 326, + "content": { + "text": "Using the mineralogy method, what is the cation exchange capacity (CEC) contributed by the clay?\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09204268455505371, + "y": 0.9412393569946289 + }, + { + "x": 0.20367290824651718, + "y": 0.9412393569946289 + }, + { + "x": 0.20367290824651718, + "y": 0.9501921674236655 + }, + { + "x": 0.09204268455505371, + "y": 0.9501921674236655 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 327, + "content": { + "text": "120 Soil Colloids\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000126.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16457787156105042, + "y": 0.09933408349752426 + }, + { + "x": 0.6858815252780914, + "y": 0.09933408349752426 + }, + { + "x": 0.6858815252780914, + "y": 0.3620591387152672 + }, + { + "x": 0.16457787156105042, + "y": 0.3620591387152672 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 175, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7312429547309875, + "y": 0.09447378665208817 + }, + { + "x": 0.8564431071281433, + "y": 0.09447378665208817 + }, + { + "x": 0.8564431071281433, + "y": 0.23299776762723923 + }, + { + "x": 0.7312429547309875, + "y": 0.23299776762723923 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 176, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 4.3-\nOntario\narea (in\nsquare feet)\nused to\nharvest\nmushroom\nS over the\nyears.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1434294730424881, + "y": 0.4499095380306244 + }, + { + "x": 0.28407829999923706, + "y": 0.4499095380306244 + }, + { + "x": 0.28407829999923706, + "y": 0.4690476283431053 + }, + { + "x": 0.1434294730424881, + "y": 0.4690476283431053 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 177, + "content": { + "text": "Closure\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1417653113603592, + "y": 0.5120053887367249 + }, + { + "x": 0.857316866517067, + "y": 0.5120053887367249 + }, + { + "x": 0.857316866517067, + "y": 0.6433807164430618 + }, + { + "x": 0.1417653113603592, + "y": 0.6433807164430618 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 178, + "content": { + "text": "Closure refers to our mind completing missing portions of a\ndesign. There must be enough parts available for the image\nto be \"filled in\"; if the image is too abstract, there are minimal\nreference points for the mind to complete it. See Figure 4.44\n4\nfor an example of how our mind automatically imagine a line\nconnecting the 2 broken ones.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11980095505714417, + "y": 0.788356602191925 + }, + { + "x": 0.8517759740352631, + "y": 0.788356602191925 + }, + { + "x": 0.8517759740352631, + "y": 0.9034690484404564 + }, + { + "x": 0.11980095505714417, + "y": 0.9034690484404564 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 179, + "content": { + "text": "4. Statistics Canada. Table 18-10-0002-01 Monthly average retail prices for\nfood and other selected products. Data is reproduced and distributed\non an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved\nFebruary 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/1810000201-eng.\nStatistics Canada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/\nreference/licence\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.614632785320282, + "y": 0.9345943927764893 + }, + { + "x": 0.8560900092124939, + "y": 0.9345943927764893 + }, + { + "x": 0.8560900092124939, + "y": 0.9483423931524158 + }, + { + "x": 0.614632785320282, + "y": 0.9483423931524158 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 180, + "content": { + "text": "Gestalt's Principles 89\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000024.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15511389076709747, + "y": 0.08670894801616669 + }, + { + "x": 0.2824777513742447, + "y": 0.08670894801616669 + }, + { + "x": 0.2824777513742447, + "y": 0.09637163672596216 + }, + { + "x": 0.15511389076709747, + "y": 0.09637163672596216 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 452, + "content": { + "text": "At Home in Exile\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15579184889793396, + "y": 0.11888886988162994 + }, + { + "x": 0.8692381083965302, + "y": 0.11888886988162994 + }, + { + "x": 0.8692381083965302, + "y": 0.27558633685112 + }, + { + "x": 0.15579184889793396, + "y": 0.27558633685112 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 453, + "content": { + "text": "We received the clear impression from grim customs officials and money-\nchangers at the border that we had entered a part of the world still not\nentirely recovered from post-War economic depression. Roadside stands\nsold plaster garden statues, especially gnomes, and other wares were also\nfor sale, judging by the surreptitious lifting of skirts to reveal totally bare\nflesh, from women sheltering under their umbrellas. I wondered where\nthey would take their truck driver customers in a place where there seemed\nto be only road and forest.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15578016638755798, + "y": 0.29103976488113403 + }, + { + "x": 0.8694375455379486, + "y": 0.29103976488113403 + }, + { + "x": 0.8694375455379486, + "y": 0.40791184455156326 + }, + { + "x": 0.15578016638755798, + "y": 0.40791184455156326 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 454, + "content": { + "text": "Anthea's navigation skills took us promptly to the clean and pleasant\nTumski Hotel on the Sand Island near the oldest part of Wroclaw. I was\nimmensely moved when I found that my room overlooked a canal of the\nOder. This was a place of which mother had often spoken. Maria on the\nSand (die Sandkirche) is still there, one of the large old Gothic red-brick\nchurches that escaped bombing.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.155416801571846, + "y": 0.4227970838546753 + }, + { + "x": 0.869069829583168, + "y": 0.4227970838546753 + }, + { + "x": 0.869069829583168, + "y": 0.5400027260184288 + }, + { + "x": 0.155416801571846, + "y": 0.5400027260184288 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 455, + "content": { + "text": "That Saturday afternoon, too late for lunch, we sampled Polish beer and\nvodka. We explored the famous Rynek, the central seventeenth-century\nmarket square with its famed Gothic town hall where American soldiers\nhad stolen the gold from the astrological clock. The bombed-out buildings\nhad been restored, but they were too garishly painted to revive a sense\nof their history. The adjoining salt square now mostly sells flowers.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15567757189273834, + "y": 0.5555379390716553 + }, + { + "x": 0.8692297488451004, + "y": 0.5555379390716553 + }, + { + "x": 0.8692297488451004, + "y": 0.632627584040165 + }, + { + "x": 0.15567757189273834, + "y": 0.632627584040165 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 456, + "content": { + "text": "We wondered at how few smiling faces there were, and were puzzled\nby how little German or English anyone spoke. Why was there SO little\ntourism? Only a pair of elegant teenagers had fluent German. We turned\ndown their offers of pornographic pictures and sexual experiences.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15589185059070587, + "y": 0.6477404236793518 + }, + { + "x": 0.8693446666002274, + "y": 0.6477404236793518 + }, + { + "x": 0.8693446666002274, + "y": 0.7047189921140671 + }, + { + "x": 0.15589185059070587, + "y": 0.7047189921140671 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 457, + "content": { + "text": "We covered enough of the area to get a strong impression of a once-\nlively city devastated by War and hastily repaired. These were convenient\nreconstructions, done without an eye to matching styles.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15509964525699615, + "y": 0.7206199765205383 + }, + { + "x": 0.8698158413171768, + "y": 0.7206199765205383 + }, + { + "x": 0.8698158413171768, + "y": 0.8173422664403915 + }, + { + "x": 0.15509964525699615, + "y": 0.8173422664403915 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 458, + "content": { + "text": "I was especially anxious to find out where Neumarkt Platz had been.\nThat evening at the hotel, I kept going to the window and trying to\nimagine my mother as a young woman taking an evening stroll with\na companion along the banks of the Oder. But this was autumn. Thick\nmists hung above the water. Few people were out walking.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15552011132240295, + "y": 0.8322709202766418 + }, + { + "x": 0.8689157664775848, + "y": 0.8322709202766418 + }, + { + "x": 0.8689157664775848, + "y": 0.9098236337304115 + }, + { + "x": 0.15552011132240295, + "y": 0.9098236337304115 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 459, + "content": { + "text": "On Sunday we set out seriously to find the location of the old square.\nWe walked through once-stately streets, past the Metropole Hotel from\nwhere Hitler had addressed the crowds, to the Ethnographic Museum.\nThis proved disappointing. The contents of two rooms were a mere\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09253610670566559, + "y": 0.9318408370018005 + }, + { + "x": 0.11022869311273098, + "y": 0.9318408370018005 + }, + { + "x": 0.11022869311273098, + "y": 0.9406159054487944 + }, + { + "x": 0.09253610670566559, + "y": 0.9406159054487944 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 460, + "content": { + "text": "10\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000061.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.21409273147583008, + "y": 0.10333661735057831 + }, + { + "x": 0.8092865347862244, + "y": 0.10333661735057831 + }, + { + "x": 0.8092865347862244, + "y": 0.18765582144260406 + }, + { + "x": 0.21409273147583008, + "y": 0.18765582144260406 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 177, + "content": { + "text": "iii. Looking at cost items, the cost of raw woods procurement will be highest\nshare at 42%, followed by labour cost at 35%, electricity cost of the\nfabrication department at 10% (refer to figure 5-2). For this analysis, $35 per\ntonne is assumed for raw wood costs and this assumption will be crucial to\nmaintain the economics of this business model.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.21495173871517181, + "y": 0.19536402821540833 + }, + { + "x": 0.8087925761938095, + "y": 0.19536402821540833 + }, + { + "x": 0.8087925761938095, + "y": 0.2632761001586914 + }, + { + "x": 0.21495173871517181, + "y": 0.2632761001586914 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 178, + "content": { + "text": "iv. This business model will be operating cost-oriented not capital cost-oriented\n(refer to figure 5.1); thus, management of raw wood cost, labour cost, and\nelectricity cost is essential. Few variations of capital cost will not affect this\nbusiness seriously.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.21812103688716888, + "y": 0.2680610120296478 + }, + { + "x": 0.7773098796606064, + "y": 0.2680610120296478 + }, + { + "x": 0.7773098796606064, + "y": 0.2814430948346853 + }, + { + "x": 0.21812103688716888, + "y": 0.2814430948346853 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 179, + "content": { + "text": "V. Assumed selling price of wood pellet is $100 per tonne and appropriate.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.17976047098636627, + "y": 0.3195749819278717 + }, + { + "x": 0.7721939235925674, + "y": 0.3195749819278717 + }, + { + "x": 0.7721939235925674, + "y": 0.33251345809549093 + }, + { + "x": 0.17976047098636627, + "y": 0.33251345809549093 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 180, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 5.1. Operating Cost Structure by the Three Departments of A Company\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.24414804577827454, + "y": 0.343092679977417 + }, + { + "x": 0.7685737907886505, + "y": 0.343092679977417 + }, + { + "x": 0.7685737907886505, + "y": 0.5635216236114502 + }, + { + "x": 0.24414804577827454, + "y": 0.5635216236114502 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 181, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14226244390010834, + "y": 0.5767815709114075 + }, + { + "x": 0.23973920196294785, + "y": 0.5767815709114075 + }, + { + "x": 0.23973920196294785, + "y": 0.5858647814020514 + }, + { + "x": 0.14226244390010834, + "y": 0.5858647814020514 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 182, + "content": { + "text": "Source: Author.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.214774951338768, + "y": 0.6147331595420837 + }, + { + "x": 0.7369227260351181, + "y": 0.6147331595420837 + }, + { + "x": 0.7369227260351181, + "y": 0.6275640558451414 + }, + { + "x": 0.214774951338768, + "y": 0.6275640558451414 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 183, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 5.2. Operating Cost Structure by the Cost Items of a Company\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.25137466192245483, + "y": 0.6374570727348328 + }, + { + "x": 0.7673131227493286, + "y": 0.6374570727348328 + }, + { + "x": 0.7673131227493286, + "y": 0.8589266240596771 + }, + { + "x": 0.25137466192245483, + "y": 0.8589266240596771 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 184, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1422409564256668, + "y": 0.8723915815353394 + }, + { + "x": 0.23822326958179474, + "y": 0.8723915815353394 + }, + { + "x": 0.23822326958179474, + "y": 0.8806980801746249 + }, + { + "x": 0.1422409564256668, + "y": 0.8806980801746249 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 185, + "content": { + "text": "Source: Author.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4669537842273712, + "y": 0.9455525875091553 + }, + { + "x": 0.484855230897665, + "y": 0.9455525875091553 + }, + { + "x": 0.484855230897665, + "y": 0.9543643891811371 + }, + { + "x": 0.4669537842273712, + "y": 0.9543643891811371 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 186, + "content": { + "text": "50\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000172.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.13516677916049957, + "y": 0.0861741229891777 + }, + { + "x": 0.9121541529893875, + "y": 0.0861741229891777 + }, + { + "x": 0.9121541529893875, + "y": 0.8716906830668449 + }, + { + "x": 0.13516677916049957, + "y": 0.8716906830668449 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 330, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
Section 5.1: The Linear Model35
Section 5.2: Simple Regression Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up36
Section 5.3: Multiple Regression Explanation, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up39
Section 5.4: Hierarchical Regression Explanation, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up43
Section 5.5: Chapter Five Self-Test47
Part VI. Chapter Six - Comparing Three or More Group Means
Section 6.1: Between Versus Within Group Analyses49
Section 6.2: One-Way ANOVA Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up51
Section 6.3 Repeated Measures ANOVA Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up54
Section 6.4: Chapter Six Self-Test62
Part VII. Chapter Seven - Moderation and Mediation Analyses
Section 7.1: Mediation and Moderation Models64
Section 7.2: Mediation Assumptions, The PROCESS Macro, Interpretation, and Write Up66
Section 7.3: Moderation Models, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up69
Section 7.4: Chapter Seven Self-Test73
Part VIII. Chapter Eight - Factor Analysis and Scale Reliability
Section 8.1: Factor Analysis Definitions75
Section 8.2: EFA versus CFA76
Section 8.3: EFA Steps with Factor Extraction78
Section 8.4: EFA Determining the Number of Factors80
Section 8.5: EFA Interpretation84
Section 8.6: EFA Write Up86
Section 8.7: Scale Reliability87
Section 8.8: Chapter Eight Self-Test89
Part IX. Chapter Nine - Nonparametric Statistics
Section 9.1: Nonparametric Definitions91
Section 9.2: Choosing Appropriate Tests93
Section 9.3: Comparing Two Independent Conditions: The Mann- Whitney U Test94
Section 9.4: Comparing Two Dependent Conditions or Paired Samples - Wilcoxon Sign-Rank Test96
Section 9.5: Differences Between Several Independent Groups: The Kruskal-Wallis Test98
Section 9.6: Chapter Nine Self-Test100
References101
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The survey and interviews with\nkey informants asked key questions to\nregional experts on violent extremism to\nascertain if hostile sentiments espoused\nare exacerbating insecurities for women.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11784353107213974, + "y": 0.25229504704475403 + }, + { + "x": 0.462588332593441, + "y": 0.25229504704475403 + }, + { + "x": 0.462588332593441, + "y": 0.4783068150281906 + }, + { + "x": 0.11784353107213974, + "y": 0.4783068150281906 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 472, + "content": { + "text": "The survey was made available in\nEnglish, Bahasa, Thai and Tagalog. We\nused the Qualtrics platform to facilitate\nthe lease of dissemination and response\nfrom home computers, iPads or mobile\nphone survey options. Qualtrics, one of\nthe most widely used research platforms,\nsupports the implementation of both\nlarge-scale survey and experimental\nstudy designs. It is administered online\nwith responses gathered into a central\nand privacy protected database that only\nthe approved researchers have access to.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1179041638970375, + "y": 0.5074421167373657 + }, + { + "x": 0.4620747044682503, + "y": 0.5074421167373657 + }, + { + "x": 0.4620747044682503, + "y": 0.6623960882425308 + }, + { + "x": 0.1179041638970375, + "y": 0.6623960882425308 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 473, + "content": { + "text": "The platform allows for the easy\nmigration of data into various statistical\npackages, including STATA, the main\nstatistical analysis package that we will\nuse to analyse the data. A limitation\nof this study is that we were unable\nto translate the survey in all ASEAN\nlanguages, and there is a selection bias in\nthat we are focussing the survey in areas\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.528387188911438, + "y": 0.08717107027769089 + }, + { + "x": 0.8765886425971985, + "y": 0.08717107027769089 + }, + { + "x": 0.8765886425971985, + "y": 0.1688365936279297 + }, + { + "x": 0.528387188911438, + "y": 0.1688365936279297 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 474, + "content": { + "text": "of the region that most experience violent\nextremism and terrorism. However,\nthrough our networks, where possible,\nwe disseminated the survey throughout\nall ASEAN countries.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5279846787452698, + "y": 0.20013682544231415 + }, + { + "x": 0.8775826990604401, + "y": 0.20013682544231415 + }, + { + "x": 0.8775826990604401, + "y": 0.40845686197280884 + }, + { + "x": 0.5279846787452698, + "y": 0.40845686197280884 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 475, + "content": { + "text": "It is important to note the limitations\nof this six-month study. Although the\nsurvey was disseminated among all\nmember states, the majority of expert\nrespondents came from Indonesia, the\nPhilippines and Thailand. While this can\nbe regarded as highly selective rather\nthan representative, it is important to\nnote that Indonesia, the Philippines and\nThailand are the countries that continue\nto face the most pressing threat of\nongoing violent extremism and conflict.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5282807946205139, + "y": 0.43759986758232117 + }, + { + "x": 0.8772114217281342, + "y": 0.43759986758232117 + }, + { + "x": 0.8772114217281342, + "y": 0.6637648046016693 + }, + { + "x": 0.5282807946205139, + "y": 0.6637648046016693 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 476, + "content": { + "text": "This is with the exception of Myanmar.\nGiven the current political circumstances\nand challenges posed by COVID-19, on\ntop of the short project time span, it was\nunfeasible to include Myanmar within the\nscope of this study. It is also important\nto note that the data derived from the\nsurveys and interviews were based on the\nperceptions of experts and key informants,\nwho are involved in peacebuilding, and\non P/CVE strategies throughout the\nregion. As a result, it is important to note\nthe subjectivity of responses.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3280533254146576, + "y": 0.7012555599212646 + }, + { + "x": 0.6720615327358246, + "y": 0.7012555599212646 + }, + { + "x": 0.6720615327358246, + "y": 0.7135603204369545 + }, + { + "x": 0.3280533254146576, + "y": 0.7135603204369545 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 477, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 1: Age by gender of respondents\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11118833720684052, + "y": 0.7247406244277954 + }, + { + "x": 0.8884141892194748, + "y": 0.7247406244277954 + }, + { + "x": 0.8884141892194748, + "y": 0.9333638846874237 + }, + { + "x": 0.11118833720684052, + "y": 0.9333638846874237 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 478, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.03296156972646713, + "y": 0.9753262996673584 + }, + { + "x": 0.7164840921759605, + "y": 0.9753262996673584 + }, + { + "x": 0.7164840921759605, + "y": 0.9856872633099556 + }, + { + "x": 0.03296156972646713, + "y": 0.9856872633099556 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 479, + "content": { + "text": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.9273097515106201, + "y": 0.9761351346969604 + }, + { + "x": 0.9445667192339897, + "y": 0.9761351346969604 + }, + { + "x": 0.9445667192339897, + "y": 0.9836487197317183 + }, + { + "x": 0.9273097515106201, + "y": 0.9836487197317183 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 480, + "content": { + "text": "26\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000155.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.17495617270469666, + "y": 0.2381679266691208 + }, + { + "x": 0.8658976852893829, + "y": 0.2381679266691208 + }, + { + "x": 0.8658976852893829, + "y": 0.5175928324460983 + }, + { + "x": 0.17495617270469666, + "y": 0.5175928324460983 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 72, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
1. Front Matter1
2. Introduction to Researching Wicked Problems3
3. Our Mental Shortcuts13
4. Identifying a Topic25
5. Types of Sources38
6. Access & Searching55
7. SIFTing Information67
8. Evaluating News Sources80
9. Audience, Presentation & Citation88
Instructor Resources97
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Front Matter\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8465030789375305, + "y": 0.2427593469619751 + }, + { + "x": 0.855799532495439, + "y": 0.2427593469619751 + }, + { + "x": 0.855799532495439, + "y": 0.2541050370782614 + }, + { + "x": 0.8465030789375305, + "y": 0.2541050370782614 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 97, + "content": { + "text": "1\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.17908769845962524, + "y": 0.26947227120399475 + }, + { + "x": 0.8553149700164795, + "y": 0.26947227120399475 + }, + { + "x": 0.8553149700164795, + "y": 0.28528513945639133 + }, + { + "x": 0.17908769845962524, + "y": 0.28528513945639133 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 98, + "content": { + "text": "2. Introduction to Researching Wicked Problems\n3\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1776968538761139, + "y": 0.29683512449264526 + }, + { + "x": 0.8554186522960663, + "y": 0.29683512449264526 + }, + { + "x": 0.8554186522960663, + "y": 0.30918582528829575 + }, + { + "x": 0.1776968538761139, + "y": 0.30918582528829575 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 99, + "content": { + "text": "3. Our Mental Shortcuts\n13\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.17751064896583557, + "y": 0.32385602593421936 + }, + { + "x": 0.8561298549175262, + "y": 0.32385602593421936 + }, + { + "x": 0.8561298549175262, + "y": 0.33998518995940685 + }, + { + "x": 0.17751064896583557, + "y": 0.33998518995940685 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 100, + "content": { + "text": "4. Identifying a Topic\n25\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.17854127287864685, + "y": 0.3509797751903534 + }, + { + "x": 0.8557539880275726, + "y": 0.3509797751903534 + }, + { + "x": 0.8557539880275726, + "y": 0.3669093009084463 + }, + { + "x": 0.17854127287864685, + "y": 0.3669093009084463 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 101, + "content": { + "text": "5. Types of Sources\n38\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.17820727825164795, + "y": 0.37822607159614563 + }, + { + "x": 0.856059730052948, + "y": 0.37822607159614563 + }, + { + "x": 0.856059730052948, + "y": 0.39437009766697884 + }, + { + "x": 0.17820727825164795, + "y": 0.39437009766697884 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 102, + "content": { + "text": "6. Access & Searching\n55\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1806020587682724, + "y": 0.4054495394229889 + }, + { + "x": 0.8565159291028976, + "y": 0.4054495394229889 + }, + { + "x": 0.8565159291028976, + "y": 0.42126940935850143 + }, + { + "x": 0.1806020587682724, + "y": 0.42126940935850143 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 103, + "content": { + "text": "7. SIFTing Information\n67\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.17875240743160248, + "y": 0.43281668424606323 + }, + { + "x": 0.8556173294782639, + "y": 0.43281668424606323 + }, + { + "x": 0.8556173294782639, + "y": 0.4487435445189476 + }, + { + "x": 0.17875240743160248, + "y": 0.4487435445189476 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 104, + "content": { + "text": "8. Evaluating News Sources\n80\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.17811745405197144, + "y": 0.4601399898529053 + }, + { + "x": 0.8559651374816895, + "y": 0.4601399898529053 + }, + { + "x": 0.8559651374816895, + "y": 0.4742598868906498 + }, + { + "x": 0.17811745405197144, + "y": 0.4742598868906498 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 105, + "content": { + "text": "9. Audience, Presentation & Citation\n88\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.21400725841522217, + "y": 0.5050918459892273 + }, + { + "x": 0.8566542863845825, + "y": 0.5050918459892273 + }, + { + "x": 0.8566542863845825, + "y": 0.517170432023704 + }, + { + "x": 0.21400725841522217, + "y": 0.517170432023704 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 106, + "content": { + "text": "Instructor Resources\n97\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000007.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.44286444783210754, + "y": 0.1499014049768448 + }, + { + "x": 0.5852426588535309, + "y": 0.1499014049768448 + }, + { + "x": 0.5852426588535309, + "y": 0.15968066360801458 + }, + { + "x": 0.44286444783210754, + "y": 0.15968066360801458 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 387, + "content": { + "text": "CHAPTER 2\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3993232846260071, + "y": 0.20555777847766876 + }, + { + "x": 0.6254162490367889, + "y": 0.20555777847766876 + }, + { + "x": 0.6254162490367889, + "y": 0.22754798643290997 + }, + { + "x": 0.3993232846260071, + "y": 0.22754798643290997 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 388, + "content": { + "text": "Narratives in Chuj\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14869381487369537, + "y": 0.2912306785583496 + }, + { + "x": 0.8781206160783768, + "y": 0.2912306785583496 + }, + { + "x": 0.8781206160783768, + "y": 0.45519761741161346 + }, + { + "x": 0.14869381487369537, + "y": 0.45519761741161346 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 389, + "content": { + "text": "T\nHIS COLLECTION OF SIX narratives told in Chuj demonstrates the\nbroad variety of stories people tell one another and the variety of sources\nof those stories: personal narratives, legendary events, mythological\ntales, and stories borrowed from other cultures. All were recorded by me during\nfield work on Chuj from 1964 to 1965. (See the Archive of the Indigenous Lan-\nguages of Latin America, www.ailla.utexas.org, for these and other samples of\nChuj speech recorded during field work; AILLA reference codes for each text\nare given below and at the head of each transcription.)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.37557870149612427, + "y": 0.4872702360153198 + }, + { + "x": 0.6510082185268402, + "y": 0.4872702360153198 + }, + { + "x": 0.6510082185268402, + "y": 0.5021223267540336 + }, + { + "x": 0.37557870149612427, + "y": 0.5021223267540336 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 390, + "content": { + "text": "Introduction to the Texts\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15175595879554749, + "y": 0.520527720451355 + }, + { + "x": 0.874506026506424, + "y": 0.520527720451355 + }, + { + "x": 0.874506026506424, + "y": 0.6639223098754883 + }, + { + "x": 0.15175595879554749, + "y": 0.6639223098754883 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 391, + "content": { + "text": "Two of the stories are ultimately of foreign origin, but their origins are not the\nsame. In one case, the story known to the narrator as An Old Man Whose Son\nKilled Him [CAC 002 R022], the story clearly comes from the European tra-\ndition, and must have been introduced to the Chuj by schoolteachers. It is the\nclassic Greek tale of a couple whose child is destined to kill his father and how\nthat came about, including the solution to a famous riddle: What animal walks\non four legs at dawn, on two legs at noon, and on three legs in the evening?\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1513914167881012, + "y": 0.6663059592247009 + }, + { + "x": 0.8770457208156586, + "y": 0.6663059592247009 + }, + { + "x": 0.8770457208156586, + "y": 0.8504086881875992 + }, + { + "x": 0.1513914167881012, + "y": 0.8504086881875992 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 392, + "content": { + "text": "The other tale, Coyote and Rabbit [CAC 002 R027], is probably ultimately\nof African origin, although some of its episodes are traditional in the American\nSouth and may have been introduced secondhand to the Chuj. This is the series\nof incidents that make up the Br'er Rabbit stories, stories that reflected earlier\nAfrican tales involving Hyena instead of Fox (Diarassouba 2007). Here the story\nfeatures Coyote instead of either Fox or Hyena. Coyote stories and stories of\nRabbit Trickster abound in the native New World, and some of the episodes may\nbe of American origin, adapted to the framework of the African stories. Some ep-\nisodes have a local flavor (such as misty mountains) and are likely of local origin.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15298853814601898, + "y": 0.8534417748451233 + }, + { + "x": 0.8749045580625534, + "y": 0.8534417748451233 + }, + { + "x": 0.8749045580625534, + "y": 0.8924188613891602 + }, + { + "x": 0.15298853814601898, + "y": 0.8924188613891602 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 393, + "content": { + "text": "A third story, Friend of the Animals [CAC 002 Ro20], expresses such a\nuniversal theme that it could possibly be of foreign origin as well, but it has\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.504201352596283, + "y": 0.9228633642196655 + }, + { + "x": 0.5223113428801298, + "y": 0.9228633642196655 + }, + { + "x": 0.5223113428801298, + "y": 0.9298441102728248 + }, + { + "x": 0.504201352596283, + "y": 0.9298441102728248 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 394, + "content": { + "text": "22\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000123.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1417372077703476, + "y": 0.10242512077093124 + }, + { + "x": 0.6767517179250717, + "y": 0.10242512077093124 + }, + { + "x": 0.6767517179250717, + "y": 0.14023644104599953 + }, + { + "x": 0.1417372077703476, + "y": 0.14023644104599953 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 203, + "content": { + "text": "The Data Journey\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14176447689533234, + "y": 0.1777866929769516 + }, + { + "x": 0.8549892455339432, + "y": 0.1777866929769516 + }, + { + "x": 0.8549892455339432, + "y": 0.21952448785305023 + }, + { + "x": 0.14176447689533234, + "y": 0.21952448785305023 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 204, + "content": { + "text": "1\nTo get started, let's consider the data visualization in Figure 1.1\nbelow.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16144885122776031, + "y": 0.23916229605674744 + }, + { + "x": 0.7004759460687637, + "y": 0.23916229605674744 + }, + { + "x": 0.7004759460687637, + "y": 0.43506087362766266 + }, + { + "x": 0.16144885122776031, + "y": 0.43506087362766266 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 205, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7325695157051086, + "y": 0.23522546887397766 + }, + { + "x": 0.8528700917959213, + "y": 0.23522546887397766 + }, + { + "x": 0.8528700917959213, + "y": 0.40258288383483887 + }, + { + "x": 0.7325695157051086, + "y": 0.40258288383483887 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 206, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 7.7.\nProduction\nof apples,\nblueberries,\ncranberries,\ngraphs,\nand\nstrawberrie\nS in British\nColumbia,\n2016-2020.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14185966551303864, + "y": 0.5210451483726501 + }, + { + "x": 0.8558943420648575, + "y": 0.5210451483726501 + }, + { + "x": 0.8558943420648575, + "y": 0.5791791491210461 + }, + { + "x": 0.14185966551303864, + "y": 0.5791791491210461 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 207, + "content": { + "text": "The underlying raw data went through many stages before it\nwas presented to you in this data visualization. The information\nhad to be:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1629725843667984, + "y": 0.6110047698020935 + }, + { + "x": 0.42326296865940094, + "y": 0.6110047698020935 + }, + { + "x": 0.42326296865940094, + "y": 0.6255259467288852 + }, + { + "x": 0.1629725843667984, + "y": 0.6255259467288852 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 209, + "content": { + "text": "Collected via surveys\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16206331551074982, + "y": 0.633647620677948 + }, + { + "x": 0.46761782467365265, + "y": 0.633647620677948 + }, + { + "x": 0.46761782467365265, + "y": 0.6481448216363788 + }, + { + "x": 0.16206331551074982, + "y": 0.6481448216363788 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 210, + "content": { + "text": "Inputted into a database\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16221541166305542, + "y": 0.6566228866577148 + }, + { + "x": 0.46602678298950195, + "y": 0.6566228866577148 + }, + { + "x": 0.46602678298950195, + "y": 0.6684623127803206 + }, + { + "x": 0.16221541166305542, + "y": 0.6684623127803206 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 211, + "content": { + "text": "Stored on secure servers\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16191263496875763, + "y": 0.6796256303787231 + }, + { + "x": 0.6160215884447098, + "y": 0.6796256303787231 + }, + { + "x": 0.6160215884447098, + "y": 0.6942001059651375 + }, + { + "x": 0.16191263496875763, + "y": 0.6942001059651375 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 212, + "content": { + "text": "Cleaned for accuracy and consistency\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16191309690475464, + "y": 0.7023710608482361 + }, + { + "x": 0.5837548077106476, + "y": 0.7023710608482361 + }, + { + "x": 0.5837548077106476, + "y": 0.7168515175580978 + }, + { + "x": 0.16191309690475464, + "y": 0.7168515175580978 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 213, + "content": { + "text": "Analyzed to understand the trends\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16191355884075165, + "y": 0.7251403331756592 + }, + { + "x": 0.47117961943149567, + "y": 0.7251403331756592 + }, + { + "x": 0.47117961943149567, + "y": 0.7397546116262674 + }, + { + "x": 0.16191355884075165, + "y": 0.7397546116262674 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 214, + "content": { + "text": "Presented as a bar graph\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12546022236347198, + "y": 0.8096774816513062 + }, + { + "x": 0.8460726886987686, + "y": 0.8096774816513062 + }, + { + "x": 0.8460726886987686, + "y": 0.9045628234744072 + }, + { + "x": 0.12546022236347198, + "y": 0.9045628234744072 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 215, + "content": { + "text": "1. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate\nvalue of marketed fruits. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as\nis\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved January\n9th, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/3210036401-eng. Statistics\nCanada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16771502792835236, + "y": 0.9350911378860474 + }, + { + "x": 0.1711032255552709, + "y": 0.9350911378860474 + }, + { + "x": 0.1711032255552709, + "y": 0.94795629568398 + }, + { + "x": 0.16771502792835236, + "y": 0.94795629568398 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 216, + "content": { + "text": "I\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14344991743564606, + "y": 0.935444176197052 + }, + { + "x": 0.15527575742453337, + "y": 0.935444176197052 + }, + { + "x": 0.15527575742453337, + "y": 0.946107130497694 + }, + { + "x": 0.14344991743564606, + "y": 0.946107130497694 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 217, + "content": { + "text": "4\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.18261772394180298, + "y": 0.9352940320968628 + }, + { + "x": 0.36144810914993286, + "y": 0.9352940320968628 + }, + { + "x": 0.36144810914993286, + "y": 0.9479340799152851 + }, + { + "x": 0.18261772394180298, + "y": 0.9479340799152851 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 218, + "content": { + "text": "The Data Journey\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000031.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14643791317939758, + "y": 0.027195187285542488 + }, + { + "x": 0.4343035817146301, + "y": 0.027195187285542488 + }, + { + "x": 0.4343035817146301, + "y": 0.04126351699233055 + }, + { + "x": 0.14643791317939758, + "y": 0.04126351699233055 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 531, + "content": { + "text": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.36688029766082764, + "y": 0.08313822746276855 + }, + { + "x": 0.8287975788116455, + "y": 0.08313822746276855 + }, + { + "x": 0.8287975788116455, + "y": 0.1059661041945219 + }, + { + "x": 0.36688029766082764, + "y": 0.1059661041945219 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 532, + "content": { + "text": "and\nlim\n(13)\nPLH + PHL\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1473306268453598, + "y": 0.12203793972730637 + }, + { + "x": 0.83561871945858, + "y": 0.12203793972730637 + }, + { + "x": 0.83561871945858, + "y": 0.15353436768054962 + }, + { + "x": 0.1473306268453598, + "y": 0.15353436768054962 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 533, + "content": { + "text": "equal zero when certain parameters tend to infinity in some well-defined way.\nHowever, it is worthwhile at this stage to note their implications for cosmology.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14630037546157837, + "y": 0.1547001600265503 + }, + { + "x": 0.8502842783927917, + "y": 0.1547001600265503 + }, + { + "x": 0.8502842783927917, + "y": 0.34818558394908905 + }, + { + "x": 0.14630037546157837, + "y": 0.34818558394908905 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 534, + "content": { + "text": "The strong broken symmetry in Definition 5 actually means that a monotonic\nbehavior of the entropy is far more probable than a non-monotonic one. In the case\nof a weak broken symmetry, this is not necessarily so; it could very well be that the\nmost probable scenario would be high entropy at both ends. Thus, this is definitely a\nweaker statement, but it can nevertheless be argued that it can be used to explain\nthe time asymmetry that we observe, referring to a kind of anthropic principle: it is\nan obvious observational fact that we live in a universe with low entropy at at least\none end. If the statement in Definition 4 is fulfilled, then clearly among such\nscenarios, the monotonic ones (LH and HL) are the by far most probable ones.\nThus, since universes with high entropy at both ends would seem to be quite\nuninhabitable, one can argue that given the existence of an observer, then with\nalmost certainty he must live in a universe with monotonic entropy.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14671862125396729, + "y": 0.34923234581947327 + }, + { + "x": 0.8490155339241028, + "y": 0.34923234581947327 + }, + { + "x": 0.8490155339241028, + "y": 0.3969750590622425 + }, + { + "x": 0.14671862125396729, + "y": 0.3969750590622425 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 535, + "content": { + "text": "Summing up, both limits above can be used to argue in favor of time asymmetry.\nNevertheless, at least to the mind of the author, the strong broken symmetry is the\npreferable one. This alternative will be further studied in Section 9.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14688484370708466, + "y": 0.4299117922782898 + }, + { + "x": 0.7296769469976425, + "y": 0.4299117922782898 + }, + { + "x": 0.7296769469976425, + "y": 0.4462500475347042 + }, + { + "x": 0.14688484370708466, + "y": 0.4462500475347042 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 536, + "content": { + "text": "8. Numerical computations in the combinatorial multiverse\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14669585227966309, + "y": 0.46309757232666016 + }, + { + "x": 0.8500277996063232, + "y": 0.46309757232666016 + }, + { + "x": 0.8500277996063232, + "y": 0.5430413484573364 + }, + { + "x": 0.14669585227966309, + "y": 0.5430413484573364 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 537, + "content": { + "text": "With the setup in Sections 6 and 7, we can now use Mathematica or MATLAB to\ngenerate instances of the combinatorial multiverse for small values of m and W and\nthen compute the corresponding probability weights PLL, PLH, PHL and . It is\nimportant to note that the matrices here can be treated as sparse, rather than as full\nmatrices, which make the computations considerably faster.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14676058292388916, + "y": 0.5438425540924072 + }, + { + "x": 0.814618706703186, + "y": 0.5438425540924072 + }, + { + "x": 0.814618706703186, + "y": 0.6082137897610664 + }, + { + "x": 0.14676058292388916, + "y": 0.6082137897610664 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 538, + "content": { + "text": "In particular, in the case m = 2 in Section 6 and with a randomly generated\ndynamics which is manifested by an adjacency matrix A, we can compute the\npower A4 and read of the first row, which contains all the information we need\nabout the paths from the state at t = -2 with S = 0. So what do we find?\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1468561738729477, + "y": 0.6089180111885071 + }, + { + "x": 0.8501767963171005, + "y": 0.6089180111885071 + }, + { + "x": 0.8501767963171005, + "y": 0.6729093790054321 + }, + { + "x": 0.1468561738729477, + "y": 0.6729093790054321 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 539, + "content": { + "text": "In Figure 3, I have plotted the ratio NLL (NLH + NHL) for the cases m = 2 (light\ngray) and m = 3 (dark gray) for values of W ranging from 3 to 30. What is actually\ndisplayed are the mean values of 1000 randomly generated matrices as above for\neach value of W. Although the picture clearly supports the claim that\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2727801501750946, + "y": 0.7041665315628052 + }, + { + "x": 0.7205512225627899, + "y": 0.7041665315628052 + }, + { + "x": 0.7205512225627899, + "y": 0.8928920775651932 + }, + { + "x": 0.2727801501750946, + "y": 0.8928920775651932 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 540, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1466311514377594, + "y": 0.9083433747291565 + }, + { + "x": 0.8417285978794098, + "y": 0.9083433747291565 + }, + { + "x": 0.8417285978794098, + "y": 0.9322780705988407 + }, + { + "x": 0.1466311514377594, + "y": 0.9322780705988407 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 541, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 3.\nThe ratio NLL/NLH + NHL) as a function of W for the cases m = 2 (light gray) and 1=3 (dark gray) [4].\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14663316309452057, + "y": 0.9598013758659363 + }, + { + "x": 0.1699171606451273, + "y": 0.9598013758659363 + }, + { + "x": 0.1699171606451273, + "y": 0.9682214772328734 + }, + { + "x": 0.14663316309452057, + "y": 0.9682214772328734 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 542, + "content": { + "text": "318\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000115.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12988556921482086, + "y": 0.05139254778623581 + }, + { + "x": 0.40503285825252533, + "y": 0.05139254778623581 + }, + { + "x": 0.40503285825252533, + "y": 0.0658027920871973 + }, + { + "x": 0.12988556921482086, + "y": 0.0658027920871973 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 294, + "content": { + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.811305046081543, + "y": 0.05309353768825531 + }, + { + "x": 0.8812450617551804, + "y": 0.05309353768825531 + }, + { + "x": 0.8812450617551804, + "y": 0.06582551915198565 + }, + { + "x": 0.811305046081543, + "y": 0.06582551915198565 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 295, + "content": { + "text": "BIO181\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14638414978981018, + "y": 0.09327571094036102 + }, + { + "x": 0.8394132554531097, + "y": 0.09327571094036102 + }, + { + "x": 0.8394132554531097, + "y": 0.12770353257656097 + }, + { + "x": 0.14638414978981018, + "y": 0.12770353257656097 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 296, + "content": { + "text": "5. Sample problem: If the ocular has a 10x lens and the objective has a 45x lens the total\nmagnification is 10 X 45 = 450x\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11733170598745346, + "y": 0.14117319881916046 + }, + { + "x": 0.29192090779542923, + "y": 0.14117319881916046 + }, + { + "x": 0.29192090779542923, + "y": 0.15643001068383455 + }, + { + "x": 0.11733170598745346, + "y": 0.15643001068383455 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 297, + "content": { + "text": "Changing objectives:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14899474382400513, + "y": 0.16969722509384155 + }, + { + "x": 0.8216459155082703, + "y": 0.16969722509384155 + }, + { + "x": 0.8216459155082703, + "y": 0.20578527823090553 + }, + { + "x": 0.14899474382400513, + "y": 0.20578527823090553 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 299, + "content": { + "text": "1. When changing objectives from scanning power to lower power to high power the\nfollowing changes will occur:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.20504158735275269, + "y": 0.21035335958003998 + }, + { + "x": 0.5352981686592102, + "y": 0.21035335958003998 + }, + { + "x": 0.5352981686592102, + "y": 0.22228265926241875 + }, + { + "x": 0.20504158735275269, + "y": 0.22228265926241875 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 300, + "content": { + "text": "a. The size of the field of view decreases\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2054714411497116, + "y": 0.23033195734024048 + }, + { + "x": 0.4994877129793167, + "y": 0.23033195734024048 + }, + { + "x": 0.4994877129793167, + "y": 0.24218806251883507 + }, + { + "x": 0.2054714411497116, + "y": 0.24218806251883507 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 301, + "content": { + "text": "b. The field of view becomes darker\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.20568497478961945, + "y": 0.25041520595550537 + }, + { + "x": 0.47980014979839325, + "y": 0.25041520595550537 + }, + { + "x": 0.47980014979839325, + "y": 0.2652433952316642 + }, + { + "x": 0.20568497478961945, + "y": 0.2652433952316642 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 302, + "content": { + "text": "C. The size of the image increases\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.20600683987140656, + "y": 0.27016976475715637 + }, + { + "x": 0.5915838032960892, + "y": 0.27016976475715637 + }, + { + "x": 0.5915838032960892, + "y": 0.2852449370548129 + }, + { + "x": 0.20600683987140656, + "y": 0.2852449370548129 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 303, + "content": { + "text": "d. The resolution (ability to see detail) increases\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2055726945400238, + "y": 0.2903019189834595 + }, + { + "x": 0.8006362020969391, + "y": 0.2903019189834595 + }, + { + "x": 0.8006362020969391, + "y": 0.3056985652074218 + }, + { + "x": 0.2055726945400238, + "y": 0.3056985652074218 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 304, + "content": { + "text": "e. The working distance between the slide and the objective lens decreases\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.20611055195331573, + "y": 0.31014135479927063 + }, + { + "x": 0.7962752133607864, + "y": 0.31014135479927063 + }, + { + "x": 0.7962752133607864, + "y": 0.32567592058330774 + }, + { + "x": 0.20611055195331573, + "y": 0.32567592058330774 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 305, + "content": { + "text": "f. The depth of focus (thickness of the specimen that is visible) is reduced\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14627516269683838, + "y": 0.330295205116272 + }, + { + "x": 0.8630604147911072, + "y": 0.330295205116272 + }, + { + "x": 0.8630604147911072, + "y": 0.36472896486520767 + }, + { + "x": 0.14627516269683838, + "y": 0.36472896486520767 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 306, + "content": { + "text": "2. When changing from scanning to low power the field of view gets smaller. In fact, every\ntime you increase the power of the objective, the field gets smaller.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11733748763799667, + "y": 0.40715843439102173 + }, + { + "x": 0.38283421844244003, + "y": 0.40715843439102173 + }, + { + "x": 0.38283421844244003, + "y": 0.42230190336704254 + }, + { + "x": 0.11733748763799667, + "y": 0.42230190336704254 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 307, + "content": { + "text": "Steps for Using the Microscope:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14820590615272522, + "y": 0.43568742275238037 + }, + { + "x": 0.8731231391429901, + "y": 0.43568742275238037 + }, + { + "x": 0.8731231391429901, + "y": 0.4716865010559559 + }, + { + "x": 0.14820590615272522, + "y": 0.4716865010559559 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 309, + "content": { + "text": "1. Place the slide on the stage lining it up with the rectangle and using the stage clip to hold\nit in place.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.147202268242836, + "y": 0.7113455533981323 + }, + { + "x": 0.8494864255189896, + "y": 0.7113455533981323 + }, + { + "x": 0.8494864255189896, + "y": 0.7268335912376642 + }, + { + "x": 0.147202268242836, + "y": 0.7268335912376642 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 310, + "content": { + "text": "2. Click the nosepiece to the lowest (shortest) setting, the scanning objective lens or 4x.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14719977974891663, + "y": 0.731610119342804 + }, + { + "x": 0.35868264734745026, + "y": 0.731610119342804 + }, + { + "x": 0.35868264734745026, + "y": 0.7465129774063826 + }, + { + "x": 0.14719977974891663, + "y": 0.7465129774063826 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 311, + "content": { + "text": "3. Look into the eyepiece.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1471947729587555, + "y": 0.7513052821159363 + }, + { + "x": 0.8788988888263702, + "y": 0.7513052821159363 + }, + { + "x": 0.8788988888263702, + "y": 0.7872586399316788 + }, + { + "x": 0.1471947729587555, + "y": 0.7872586399316788 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 312, + "content": { + "text": "4.\nUse the coarse adjustment knob to bring the specimen into view. The specimen must be\nin focus before moving to the next steps.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14762437343597412, + "y": 0.7917941808700562 + }, + { + "x": 0.6166002452373505, + "y": 0.7917941808700562 + }, + { + "x": 0.6166002452373505, + "y": 0.8068563742563128 + }, + { + "x": 0.14762437343597412, + "y": 0.8068563742563128 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 313, + "content": { + "text": "5. Rotate the nosepiece to the low-power objective or 10x.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14708183705806732, + "y": 0.811619758605957 + }, + { + "x": 0.5104667991399765, + "y": 0.811619758605957 + }, + { + "x": 0.5104667991399765, + "y": 0.8267684485763311 + }, + { + "x": 0.14708183705806732, + "y": 0.8267684485763311 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 314, + "content": { + "text": "6. Refocus using the coarse adjustment knob.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14729541540145874, + "y": 0.8315572738647461 + }, + { + "x": 0.47325536608695984, + "y": 0.8315572738647461 + }, + { + "x": 0.47325536608695984, + "y": 0.8464935263618827 + }, + { + "x": 0.14729541540145874, + "y": 0.8464935263618827 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 315, + "content": { + "text": "7. Move the slide to get a centered view.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14740090072155, + "y": 0.8515586853027344 + }, + { + "x": 0.7318129986524582, + "y": 0.8515586853027344 + }, + { + "x": 0.7318129986524582, + "y": 0.8670502109453082 + }, + { + "x": 0.14740090072155, + "y": 0.8670502109453082 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 316, + "content": { + "text": "8. Now use the fine adjustment knob to get the specimen in perfect focus.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1471824049949646, + "y": 0.8716254234313965 + }, + { + "x": 0.7754199504852295, + "y": 0.8716254234313965 + }, + { + "x": 0.7754199504852295, + "y": 0.88705038651824 + }, + { + "x": 0.1471824049949646, + "y": 0.88705038651824 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 317, + "content": { + "text": "9.\nYour slide MUST be focused on low power before attempting this next step.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1746433973312378, + "y": 0.4711681008338928 + }, + { + "x": 0.5071035921573639, + "y": 0.4711681008338928 + }, + { + "x": 0.5071035921573639, + "y": 0.6696389615535736 + }, + { + "x": 0.1746433973312378, + "y": 0.6696389615535736 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 318, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4896472692489624, + "y": 0.92514967918396 + }, + { + "x": 0.5091034807264805, + "y": 0.92514967918396 + }, + { + "x": 0.5091034807264805, + "y": 0.9359703939408064 + }, + { + "x": 0.4896472692489624, + "y": 0.9359703939408064 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 319, + "content": { + "text": "20\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000038.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15879227221012115, + "y": 0.07628824561834335 + }, + { + "x": 0.7940811067819595, + "y": 0.07628824561834335 + }, + { + "x": 0.7940811067819595, + "y": 0.08794368989765644 + }, + { + "x": 0.15879227221012115, + "y": 0.08794368989765644 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 415, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 6.1.1: Will they fire more staff in the next 2 months - across survey phases (%)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.25963470339775085, + "y": 0.09917249530553818 + }, + { + "x": 0.8284842073917389, + "y": 0.09917249530553818 + }, + { + "x": 0.8284842073917389, + "y": 0.3543700501322746 + }, + { + "x": 0.25963470339775085, + "y": 0.3543700501322746 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 416, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1587412804365158, + "y": 0.3750841021537781 + }, + { + "x": 0.8889429420232773, + "y": 0.3750841021537781 + }, + { + "x": 0.8889429420232773, + "y": 0.38697077333927155 + }, + { + "x": 0.1587412804365158, + "y": 0.38697077333927155 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 417, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 6.1.2: Will they fire more staff in the next 2 months - across sectors and survey phases (%)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.18805445730686188, + "y": 0.39880725741386414 + }, + { + "x": 0.9009581953287125, + "y": 0.39880725741386414 + }, + { + "x": 0.9009581953287125, + "y": 0.6836310923099518 + }, + { + "x": 0.18805445730686188, + "y": 0.6836310923099518 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 418, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15846744179725647, + "y": 0.7039679884910583 + }, + { + "x": 0.47437673807144165, + "y": 0.7039679884910583 + }, + { + "x": 0.47437673807144165, + "y": 0.7152437651529908 + }, + { + "x": 0.15846744179725647, + "y": 0.7152437651529908 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 419, + "content": { + "text": "6.2. Expectations for Re-Hiring Employees\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15872593224048615, + "y": 0.7323624491691589 + }, + { + "x": 0.537201538681984, + "y": 0.7323624491691589 + }, + { + "x": 0.537201538681984, + "y": 0.8146688267588615 + }, + { + "x": 0.15872593224048615, + "y": 0.8146688267588615 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 420, + "content": { + "text": "In July 2020, 81% of the MSMEs that had laid off\nemployees expected to re-hire all of them when the\nsituation improved. This number reduced to 23% in\nOctober 2020 and further to just 7% in January 2021.5\nIn July 2020, all MSMEs had plans to re-hire at least\nsome of their staff. But in October 2020, 17% said\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5522592663764954, + "y": 0.7039004564285278 + }, + { + "x": 0.93126380443573, + "y": 0.7039004564285278 + }, + { + "x": 0.93126380443573, + "y": 0.8148877546191216 + }, + { + "x": 0.5522592663764954, + "y": 0.8148877546191216 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 421, + "content": { + "text": "they had no plans to re-hire and another 36% said\nthey didn't know whether they would re-hire or not. In\nJanuary 2021, 20% said they had no plans to re-hire\nand another 27% said they did not know. This question\nwas only posed to those who had let staff go since the\nlast survey round, and in October 2020 and January\n2021, the base numbers reduced as fewer MSMEs\nreported letting staff go. In July 2020, 195 MSMEs\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15879063308238983, + "y": 0.8461421132087708 + }, + { + "x": 0.914679691195488, + "y": 0.8461421132087708 + }, + { + "x": 0.914679691195488, + "y": 0.8839907757937908 + }, + { + "x": 0.15879063308238983, + "y": 0.8839907757937908 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 422, + "content": { + "text": "5.\nThe question on re-hiring was asked to those who had laid-off employees since the last survey. In the latter two survey rounds,\nrespondents were asked about plans to re-hire staff whom they had let go since the previous interview, whereas in July 2020, they\nwere asked about plans to re-hire staff they had let go since their business was first affected by the pandemic.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.06521790474653244, + "y": 0.940329372882843 + }, + { + "x": 0.07941325567662716, + "y": 0.940329372882843 + }, + { + "x": 0.07941325567662716, + "y": 0.9476110655814409 + }, + { + "x": 0.06521790474653244, + "y": 0.9476110655814409 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 423, + "content": { + "text": "23\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000144.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15074007213115692, + "y": 0.08618641644716263 + }, + { + "x": 0.4022378474473953, + "y": 0.08618641644716263 + }, + { + "x": 0.4022378474473953, + "y": 0.09868568368256092 + }, + { + "x": 0.15074007213115692, + "y": 0.09868568368256092 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 358, + "content": { + "text": "Chapter 3. Numerical differentiation\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8448402881622314, + "y": 0.08653674274682999 + }, + { + "x": 0.8615587055683136, + "y": 0.08653674274682999 + }, + { + "x": 0.8615587055683136, + "y": 0.09577921032905579 + }, + { + "x": 0.8448402881622314, + "y": 0.09577921032905579 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 359, + "content": { + "text": "35\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15056176483631134, + "y": 0.12382902950048447 + }, + { + "x": 0.38268521428108215, + "y": 0.12382902950048447 + }, + { + "x": 0.38268521428108215, + "y": 0.1366345575079322 + }, + { + "x": 0.15056176483631134, + "y": 0.1366345575079322 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 360, + "content": { + "text": "Note that the exact error equals\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.354326069355011, + "y": 0.14997471868991852 + }, + { + "x": 0.6305768489837646, + "y": 0.14997471868991852 + }, + { + "x": 0.6305768489837646, + "y": 0.16215698048472404 + }, + { + "x": 0.354326069355011, + "y": 0.16215698048472404 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 361, + "content": { + "text": "M Q(h) = -2.7525... -0.0342\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1502998322248459, + "y": 0.17586515843868256 + }, + { + "x": 0.799411877989769, + "y": 0.17586515843868256 + }, + { + "x": 0.799411877989769, + "y": 0.21033328771591187 + }, + { + "x": 0.1502998322248459, + "y": 0.21033328771591187 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 362, + "content": { + "text": "In this example the error estimate is very reliable.\nTo receive a better approximation the error estimate can be added to the approximation:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.33326393365859985, + "y": 0.22279994189739227 + }, + { + "x": 0.6725326180458069, + "y": 0.22279994189739227 + }, + { + "x": 0.6725326180458069, + "y": 0.23614887986332178 + }, + { + "x": 0.33326393365859985, + "y": 0.23614887986332178 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 363, + "content": { + "text": "(h)+cph==2.7525... - 0.0348\n= 2.7177.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15045776963233948, + "y": 0.2564871311187744 + }, + { + "x": 0.8623377978801727, + "y": 0.2564871311187744 + }, + { + "x": 0.8623377978801727, + "y": 0.3118032477796078 + }, + { + "x": 0.15045776963233948, + "y": 0.3118032477796078 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 364, + "content": { + "text": "In the above example, the value of p was computed using Richardson's extrapolation. However,\nusing Theorem 3.2.1, it is clear that p = 1, and this value could have been used immediately in\nequation (3.13b) in order to determine Cphp. In practice, more complex situations are found, and\nthe following complications may occur:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.17911189794540405, + "y": 0.3250553607940674 + }, + { + "x": 0.7528787851333618, + "y": 0.3250553607940674 + }, + { + "x": 0.7528787851333618, + "y": 0.33803840819746256 + }, + { + "x": 0.17911189794540405, + "y": 0.33803840819746256 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 366, + "content": { + "text": "- It is not known whether higher-order derivatives exist and/or are bounded.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.17889492213726044, + "y": 0.34867140650749207 + }, + { + "x": 0.8615458458662033, + "y": 0.34867140650749207 + }, + { + "x": 0.8615458458662033, + "y": 0.3759862333536148 + }, + { + "x": 0.17889492213726044, + "y": 0.3759862333536148 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 367, + "content": { + "text": "- The final result is a combination of various approximation methods. The influence of these\napproximations on p is not always clear.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1791616529226303, + "y": 0.3868425488471985 + }, + { + "x": 0.8271981328725815, + "y": 0.3868425488471985 + }, + { + "x": 0.8271981328725815, + "y": 0.3999189669266343 + }, + { + "x": 0.1791616529226303, + "y": 0.3999189669266343 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 368, + "content": { + "text": "- During implementation of the algorithm in a computer program, errors may be made.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15032777190208435, + "y": 0.41294336318969727 + }, + { + "x": 0.8614880740642548, + "y": 0.41294336318969727 + }, + { + "x": 0.8614880740642548, + "y": 0.4400771502405405 + }, + { + "x": 0.15032777190208435, + "y": 0.4400771502405405 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 369, + "content": { + "text": "To reveal any of these complications it is good practice to verify whether the calculated p is close\nto the p that follows from theory.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15053999423980713, + "y": 0.4606427252292633 + }, + { + "x": 0.7831409573554993, + "y": 0.4606427252292633 + }, + { + "x": 0.7831409573554993, + "y": 0.4755250960588455 + }, + { + "x": 0.15053999423980713, + "y": 0.4755250960588455 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 370, + "content": { + "text": "3.7.3 Formulae of higher accuracy from Richardson's extrapolation *\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15062540769577026, + "y": 0.4844839870929718 + }, + { + "x": 0.8615355491638184, + "y": 0.4844839870929718 + }, + { + "x": 0.8615355491638184, + "y": 0.5118246544152498 + }, + { + "x": 0.15062540769577026, + "y": 0.5118246544152498 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 371, + "content": { + "text": "In several applications the value of p in (3.10) is known. In that case Richardson's extrapolation\ncan be used to determine formulae of higher accuracy.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15022288262844086, + "y": 0.5202494859695435 + }, + { + "x": 0.7983559221029282, + "y": 0.5202494859695435 + }, + { + "x": 0.7983559221029282, + "y": 0.533212348818779 + }, + { + "x": 0.15022288262844086, + "y": 0.533212348818779 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 372, + "content": { + "text": "This is done by making use of the fact that the error estimates for Q(h) and Q(2h) equal\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3797989785671234, + "y": 0.5455997586250305 + }, + { + "x": 0.8616071343421936, + "y": 0.5455997586250305 + }, + { + "x": 0.8616071343421936, + "y": 0.5810511261224747 + }, + { + "x": 0.3797989785671234, + "y": 0.5810511261224747 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 373, + "content": { + "text": "M - Q(h) =cphP+O(hP+1) =\n(3.15a)\nM Q(2h)=cp(2h)p+O(hp+1)\n(3.15b)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1504586935043335, + "y": 0.5939779281616211 + }, + { + "x": 0.7687777280807495, + "y": 0.5939779281616211 + }, + { + "x": 0.7687777280807495, + "y": 0.6070591965690255 + }, + { + "x": 0.1504586935043335, + "y": 0.6070591965690255 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 374, + "content": { + "text": "Multiplying equation (3.15a) by 2P and subtracting equation (3.15b) from this yields\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15018098056316376, + "y": 0.6210854053497314 + }, + { + "x": 0.8613149374723434, + "y": 0.6210854053497314 + }, + { + "x": 0.8613149374723434, + "y": 0.7139642387628555 + }, + { + "x": 0.15018098056316376, + "y": 0.7139642387628555 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 375, + "content": { + "text": "2P =\nsuch that\n(2P -1)M-2PQ(h)+Q(2h)=O(hp+1). =\nThis means that\n(3.16)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1502581089735031, + "y": 0.7283007502555847 + }, + { + "x": 0.8615368455648422, + "y": 0.7283007502555847 + }, + { + "x": 0.8615368455648422, + "y": 0.7556830830872059 + }, + { + "x": 0.1502581089735031, + "y": 0.7556830830872059 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 376, + "content": { + "text": "The value (2PQ(h) - Q(2h))/(2P - 1) is a new approximation formula for M with an accuracy\nthat is one order higher than the order of Q(h).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1508415937423706, + "y": 0.7740947604179382 + }, + { + "x": 0.5587624609470367, + "y": 0.7740947604179382 + }, + { + "x": 0.5587624609470367, + "y": 0.7865880345925689 + }, + { + "x": 0.1508415937423706, + "y": 0.7865880345925689 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 377, + "content": { + "text": "Example 3.7.2 (Forward difference of higher accuracy)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15072883665561676, + "y": 0.7975350618362427 + }, + { + "x": 0.8626365810632706, + "y": 0.7975350618362427 + }, + { + "x": 0.8626365810632706, + "y": 0.8244309928268194 + }, + { + "x": 0.15072883665561676, + "y": 0.8244309928268194 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 378, + "content": { + "text": "As an example, the forward-difference method is considered. The error in the forward-difference\nformula may be written as\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15058453381061554, + "y": 0.8256134986877441 + }, + { + "x": 0.8613037616014481, + "y": 0.8256134986877441 + }, + { + "x": 0.8613037616014481, + "y": 0.8615596480667591 + }, + { + "x": 0.15058453381061554, + "y": 0.8615596480667591 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 379, + "content": { + "text": "f(x)-Q/(h)=qh+0(if)\n(3.17)\nand the difference for 2h equals\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3876124620437622, + "y": 0.8747643828392029 + }, + { + "x": 0.8614301383495331, + "y": 0.8747643828392029 + }, + { + "x": 0.8614301383495331, + "y": 0.8902175519615412 + }, + { + "x": 0.3876124620437622, + "y": 0.8902175519615412 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 380, + "content": { + "text": "f'(x)-Qf(2h)=c12h+(h2) -\n(3.18)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000133.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09717441350221634, + "y": 0.08160246163606644 + }, + { + "x": 0.45996174961328506, + "y": 0.08160246163606644 + }, + { + "x": 0.45996174961328506, + "y": 0.10581916384398937 + }, + { + "x": 0.09717441350221634, + "y": 0.10581916384398937 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 544, + "content": { + "text": "7.6 Examples of Women's Impact\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09760905057191849, + "y": 0.1414737105369568 + }, + { + "x": 0.901396282017231, + "y": 0.1414737105369568 + }, + { + "x": 0.901396282017231, + "y": 0.3121047616004944 + }, + { + "x": 0.09760905057191849, + "y": 0.3121047616004944 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 545, + "content": { + "text": "Sportfishing Among those who fish for sport, only 27% of U.S. anglers are female (Burkett and Carter 2020).\nUnderrepresentation of females in sportfishing is ironic, as the first publication on fly-fishing, dating from the\n15th century, was written by Dame Juliana Berners, entitled Treatyse of Fysshynge with an Angle, a publication\nthat heavily influenced novelty of the sport for European enthusiasts. Though sometimes invisible, women are\nslowly changing the world of sportfishing by breaking stereotypes. Future growth of sportfishing will rely on\nfemale anglers, instructors, and guides. Here I share a few examples on women making a substantial impact\nthrough their passion toward fishing. These examples demonstrate women who loved and valued what they\ndid. If the paucity of female role models discourages females from seeing the relevance of fishing to them, these\nexamples should inspire.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09729494154453278, + "y": 0.32943472266197205 + }, + { + "x": 0.5735231786966324, + "y": 0.32943472266197205 + }, + { + "x": 0.5735231786966324, + "y": 0.7497001886367798 + }, + { + "x": 0.09729494154453278, + "y": 0.7497001886367798 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 546, + "content": { + "text": "Frederick Buller (2013) chronicled the very long list of large\nAtlantic Salmon caught by female anglers, which are\noutnumbered 200 to 1 by male salmon anglers. Georgina\nBallantine holds the British record for a 64-pound rod-caught\nAtlantic Salmon from River Tay, Scotland, in 1922 (Figure 7.5). Joan\nWulff was introduced to fly-fishing by her father when she was\nten and won several fly-fishing accuracy championships before\nwinning the 1951 Fishermen's Distance competition against all-\nmale competitors. She became the first female spokesperson for\nGarcia Corporation in 1959 and advocated for women anglers in\nher writings for Outdoor Life and Rod & Reel. Today, females make\nup 30% of participants in the sport of fly-fishing (Recreational\nFishing and Boating Foundation 2021). Joan Wulff participated in\nmany distance casting events and did trick casting. She snapped a\ncigarette from the mouth of Johnny Carson on the TV show \"Who\nDo You Trust?\" (Fogt 2017). Starting in 1978, Wulff opened a fly-\ncasting school on the Upper Beaverkill River in New York. Her Fly-\nCasting Techniques, published in 1987, and New Fly-Casting\nTechniques, published in 2012, are classic guides to learning her\ntechniques. When asked about her favorite fish, she would\nrespond, \"Whatever I'm fishing for,\" and her favorite place to fish\nwas \"Wherever I am.\"\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5880823135375977, + "y": 0.31928935647010803 + }, + { + "x": 0.9027732014656067, + "y": 0.31928935647010803 + }, + { + "x": 0.9027732014656067, + "y": 0.6627709865570068 + }, + { + "x": 0.5880823135375977, + "y": 0.6627709865570068 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 547, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.588659942150116, + "y": 0.6688763499259949 + }, + { + "x": 0.889540284872055, + "y": 0.6688763499259949 + }, + { + "x": 0.889540284872055, + "y": 0.7082112431526184 + }, + { + "x": 0.588659942150116, + "y": 0.7082112431526184 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 548, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 7.5: Georgina Ballantine holds the British\nrecord for a 64-pound rod-caught salmon from\nRiver Tay, Scotland in 1922.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09756364673376083, + "y": 0.7701817154884338 + }, + { + "x": 0.9017621502280235, + "y": 0.7701817154884338 + }, + { + "x": 0.9017621502280235, + "y": 0.9016565233469009 + }, + { + "x": 0.09756364673376083, + "y": 0.9016565233469009 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 549, + "content": { + "text": "Most avid bass anglers can identify Roland Martin, Bill Dance, and Jimmy Houston, who dominated competitive\nbass fishing in the first decade of Bass Anglers Sportsman Society (B.A.S.S.) and have had TV fishing shows for\ndecades. Kim Bain-Moore began competing in bass tournaments at age 19 and in 2009 became the first woman\nto compete in the Bassmaster Classic tournament. Only three females have been inducted into the Bass Fishing\nHall of Fame. The first was Christine Houston, who organized the first-ever all women's bass club, the \"Tulsa\nBass Belles.\" But female participation in competitive bass fishing never took off as expected. Fewer that one in\nfive readers of Field & Stream, Outdoor Life, and Bassmaster magazines are female (Carini and Weber 2017).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7374674081802368, + "y": 0.9355994462966919 + }, + { + "x": 0.9008689820766449, + "y": 0.9355994462966919 + }, + { + "x": 0.9008689820766449, + "y": 0.94789884891361 + }, + { + "x": 0.7374674081802368, + "y": 0.94789884891361 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 550, + "content": { + "text": "Gender and Fishing 155\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000100.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11803387105464935, + "y": 0.08624923974275589 + }, + { + "x": 0.8907881826162338, + "y": 0.08624923974275589 + }, + { + "x": 0.8907881826162338, + "y": 0.41841552406549454 + }, + { + "x": 0.11803387105464935, + "y": 0.41841552406549454 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 165, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11515598744153976, + "y": 0.44611477851867676 + }, + { + "x": 0.8941832706332207, + "y": 0.44611477851867676 + }, + { + "x": 0.8941832706332207, + "y": 0.7756443917751312 + }, + { + "x": 0.11515598744153976, + "y": 0.7756443917751312 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 166, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10277752578258514, + "y": 0.7882518172264099 + }, + { + "x": 0.20509222894906998, + "y": 0.7882518172264099 + }, + { + "x": 0.20509222894906998, + "y": 0.7989071514457464 + }, + { + "x": 0.10277752578258514, + "y": 0.7989071514457464 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 167, + "content": { + "text": "(Yoeli et al. 2013)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09175630658864975, + "y": 0.8144433498382568 + }, + { + "x": 0.9069429859519005, + "y": 0.8144433498382568 + }, + { + "x": 0.9069429859519005, + "y": 0.928177498281002 + }, + { + "x": 0.09175630658864975, + "y": 0.928177498281002 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 168, + "content": { + "text": "On a final note, Yoeli et al. provide evidence that indirect reciprocity among Homo sapiens is unique\nto public goods. Their hypothesis is that choosing not to participate in a demand response program\nshould carry the threat of social sanctions only if participation is considered to be for the public good.\nTo test their hypothesis, the authors solicited an additional 1,000 customers with exactly the same\ntreatments as described above, except that the informational materials the customers received ahead\nof time to entice them to participate in the demand response program were stripped of any language\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6405817270278931, + "y": 0.9509419202804565 + }, + { + "x": 0.9062611162662506, + "y": 0.9509419202804565 + }, + { + "x": 0.9062611162662506, + "y": 0.9588031675666571 + }, + { + "x": 0.6405817270278931, + "y": 0.9588031675666571 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 169, + "content": { + "text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 213\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000094.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.19858567416667938, + "y": 0.06949901580810547 + }, + { + "x": 0.8396195024251938, + "y": 0.06949901580810547 + }, + { + "x": 0.8396195024251938, + "y": 0.37503549456596375 + }, + { + "x": 0.19858567416667938, + "y": 0.37503549456596375 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 290, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.17102855443954468, + "y": 0.3957608640193939 + }, + { + "x": 0.8944607377052307, + "y": 0.3957608640193939 + }, + { + "x": 0.8944607377052307, + "y": 0.49591730535030365 + }, + { + "x": 0.17102855443954468, + "y": 0.49591730535030365 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 292, + "content": { + "text": "6. Warning: This question concerns a politically charged event that occurred on January\n18, 2019, at the Indigenous People's March in Washington, D.C. After reading this\naccount of what happened at the march, and viewing this video of the event, which of\nthe effects presented in this chapter do you think best describes this episode in our\nnation's history?\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.17124046385288239, + "y": 0.5146101117134094 + }, + { + "x": 0.9011945277452469, + "y": 0.5146101117134094 + }, + { + "x": 0.9011945277452469, + "y": 0.5970002114772797 + }, + { + "x": 0.17124046385288239, + "y": 0.5970002114772797 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 293, + "content": { + "text": "7. Think of a situation in your own life when you framed information (either wittingly or\nunwittingly) in such a way that helped pre-determine an outcome. Describe the\nsituation and how you framed the information. Was the outcome improved or\nworsened as a result of how you framed the information?\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.17208416759967804, + "y": 0.6146894097328186 + }, + { + "x": 0.8923184424638748, + "y": 0.6146894097328186 + }, + { + "x": 0.8923184424638748, + "y": 0.6582273952662945 + }, + { + "x": 0.17208416759967804, + "y": 0.6582273952662945 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 294, + "content": { + "text": "8. After having learned about the Anchoring Effect in this chapter, do you think you will\never fall for something like this again?\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1706985980272293, + "y": 0.6755284070968628 + }, + { + "x": 0.9072432070970535, + "y": 0.6755284070968628 + }, + { + "x": 0.9072432070970535, + "y": 0.7427085712552071 + }, + { + "x": 0.1706985980272293, + "y": 0.7427085712552071 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 295, + "content": { + "text": "9. When someone admonishes you \"not to judge a book by its cover,\" or as British\nmanagement journalist Robert Heller once noted, \"Never ignore a gut feeling, but never\nbelieve that it's enough,\" what heuristic(s) is he unwittingly advising you to avoid using?\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16327054798603058, + "y": 0.7565283179283142 + }, + { + "x": 0.8763434439897537, + "y": 0.7565283179283142 + }, + { + "x": 0.8763434439897537, + "y": 0.8169406875967979 + }, + { + "x": 0.16327054798603058, + "y": 0.8169406875967979 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 296, + "content": { + "text": "10. Browse the internet for information about an effect that was not discussed in this\nchapter. Can you classify this effect as a special case of a Priming or Framing Effect?\nExplain.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16321225464344025, + "y": 0.8369156122207642 + }, + { + "x": 0.8677567392587662, + "y": 0.8369156122207642 + }, + { + "x": 0.8677567392587662, + "y": 0.8796649426221848 + }, + { + "x": 0.16321225464344025, + "y": 0.8796649426221848 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 297, + "content": { + "text": "11. Browse the internet for a heuristic other than the Affect and Availability Heuristics\ndescribed in this chapter. Explain the heuristic.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16431105136871338, + "y": 0.8972420692443848 + }, + { + "x": 0.8766883015632629, + "y": 0.8972420692443848 + }, + { + "x": 0.8766883015632629, + "y": 0.9234457835555077 + }, + { + "x": 0.16431105136871338, + "y": 0.9234457835555077 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 298, + "content": { + "text": "12. It's one thing to detect the existence of a Silo Effect and quite another to measure its\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09214959293603897, + "y": 0.9498514533042908 + }, + { + "x": 0.22996971756219864, + "y": 0.9498514533042908 + }, + { + "x": 0.22996971756219864, + "y": 0.9598653241991997 + }, + { + "x": 0.09214959293603897, + "y": 0.9598653241991997 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 299, + "content": { + "text": "24 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000103.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12227077037096024, + "y": 0.1542963981628418 + }, + { + "x": 0.9471921995282173, + "y": 0.1542963981628418 + }, + { + "x": 0.9471921995282173, + "y": 0.8161741495132446 + }, + { + "x": 0.12227077037096024, + "y": 0.8161741495132446 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 215, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
- Open
o E R COMMONSStart by searching for information on platforms like OER Commons, where authors share their materials freely, ensuring no copyright issues.
02- Prepare Your Content Summarize or extract the key points from the materials you've found. This will be the content for your slides.
03- Generate Slides with ChatGPT Provide the summarized content to ChatGPT and instruct it to create a structured outline for Google Slides, including titles, main points, and any specific instructions for slide design.
04 - Create App Script Code After finalizing the slide structure, ask ChatGPT to generate a Google Apps Script code that can create these slides automatically.
05 - Execute in Google Apps Script Open Google Apps Script, start a new project, and paste the code provided by ChatGPT. Run the script to auto-generate your slide deck.
06 - Edit and Customize Once the slides are created, you can further edit and customize them in Google Slides according to your needs.
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This will be the content for your slides.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10537830740213394, + "y": 0.3688308298587799 + }, + { + "x": 0.25194307416677475, + "y": 0.3688308298587799 + }, + { + "x": 0.25194307416677475, + "y": 0.4619745910167694 + }, + { + "x": 0.10537830740213394, + "y": 0.4619745910167694 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 240, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3074057996273041, + "y": 0.37218886613845825 + }, + { + "x": 0.6771465241909027, + "y": 0.37218886613845825 + }, + { + "x": 0.6771465241909027, + "y": 0.3840690543875098 + }, + { + "x": 0.3074057996273041, + "y": 0.3840690543875098 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 241, + "content": { + "text": "03- Generate Slides with ChatGPT\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3071753978729248, + "y": 0.39610156416893005 + }, + { + "x": 0.9293132424354553, + "y": 0.39610156416893005 + }, + { + "x": 0.9293132424354553, + "y": 0.4466363377869129 + }, + { + "x": 0.3071753978729248, + "y": 0.4466363377869129 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 242, + "content": { + "text": "Provide the summarized content to ChatGPT and instruct it to\ncreate a structured outline for Google Slides, including titles,\nmain points, and any specific instructions for slide design.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10359205305576324, + "y": 0.4899180829524994 + }, + { + "x": 0.246819868683815, + "y": 0.4899180829524994 + }, + { + "x": 0.246819868683815, + "y": 0.5907450765371323 + }, + { + "x": 0.10359205305576324, + "y": 0.5907450765371323 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 243, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.30710938572883606, + "y": 0.4979487955570221 + }, + { + "x": 0.6054742336273193, + "y": 0.4979487955570221 + }, + { + "x": 0.6054742336273193, + "y": 0.5123875038698316 + }, + { + "x": 0.30710938572883606, + "y": 0.5123875038698316 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 244, + "content": { + "text": "04 - Create App Script Code\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.30626457929611206, + "y": 0.5213486552238464 + }, + { + "x": 0.9255204200744629, + "y": 0.5213486552238464 + }, + { + "x": 0.9255204200744629, + "y": 0.5723966211080551 + }, + { + "x": 0.30626457929611206, + "y": 0.5723966211080551 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 245, + "content": { + "text": "After finalizing the slide structure, ask ChatGPT to generate a\nGoogle Apps Script code that can create these slides\nautomatically.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.30744919180870056, + "y": 0.6083049774169922 + }, + { + "x": 0.6813295185565948, + "y": 0.6083049774169922 + }, + { + "x": 0.6813295185565948, + "y": 0.6227168394252658 + }, + { + "x": 0.30744919180870056, + "y": 0.6227168394252658 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 246, + "content": { + "text": "05 - Execute in Google Apps Script\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09100880473852158, + "y": 0.604003369808197 + }, + { + "x": 0.2652270868420601, + "y": 0.604003369808197 + }, + { + "x": 0.2652270868420601, + "y": 0.7135346159338951 + }, + { + "x": 0.09100880473852158, + "y": 0.7135346159338951 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 247, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3069574534893036, + "y": 0.6324039101600647 + }, + { + "x": 0.9469720423221588, + "y": 0.6324039101600647 + }, + { + "x": 0.9469720423221588, + "y": 0.6803034394979477 + }, + { + "x": 0.3069574534893036, + "y": 0.6803034394979477 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 248, + "content": { + "text": "Open Google Apps Script, start a new project, and paste the\ncode provided by ChatGPT. Run the script to auto-generate your\nslide deck.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3074134588241577, + "y": 0.7328197956085205 + }, + { + "x": 0.5629608333110809, + "y": 0.7328197956085205 + }, + { + "x": 0.5629608333110809, + "y": 0.7446707198396325 + }, + { + "x": 0.3074134588241577, + "y": 0.7446707198396325 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 249, + "content": { + "text": "06 - Edit and Customize\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09052179008722305, + "y": 0.7367880940437317 + }, + { + "x": 0.2657202109694481, + "y": 0.7367880940437317 + }, + { + "x": 0.2657202109694481, + "y": 0.8476699069142342 + }, + { + "x": 0.09052179008722305, + "y": 0.8476699069142342 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 250, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3075633943080902, + "y": 0.7565896511077881 + }, + { + "x": 0.9367015659809113, 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{ + "x": 0.14347614347934723, + "y": 0.21473729331046343 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 252, + "content": { + "text": "Unutilised wood: domestic thinned wood\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1432487964630127, + "y": 0.22364471852779388 + }, + { + "x": 0.8085050582885742, + "y": 0.22364471852779388 + }, + { + "x": 0.8085050582885742, + "y": 0.25217026844620705 + }, + { + "x": 0.1432487964630127, + "y": 0.25217026844620705 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 253, + "content": { + "text": "Construction wood waste: wood waste salvaged from construction and other wood\nmaterials\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14303018152713776, + "y": 0.2609272599220276 + }, + { + "x": 0.8085535913705826, + "y": 0.2609272599220276 + }, + { + "x": 0.8085535913705826, + "y": 0.2918114010244608 + }, + { + "x": 0.14303018152713776, + "y": 0.2918114010244608 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 254, + "content": { + "text": "Waste materials and other biomass: pruned branched, paper, food waste, waste\ncooking oil, and black liquor\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14328427612781525, + "y": 0.29828909039497375 + }, + { + "x": 0.7270039469003677, + "y": 0.29828909039497375 + }, + { + "x": 0.7270039469003677, + "y": 0.3107496192678809 + }, + { + "x": 0.14328427612781525, + "y": 0.3107496192678809 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 255, + "content": { + "text": "Biogas: methane derived from sewage sludge, manure, and food waste.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14229433238506317, + "y": 0.3240020275115967 + }, + { + "x": 0.8086674064397812, + "y": 0.3240020275115967 + }, + { + "x": 0.8086674064397812, + "y": 0.3729473054409027 + }, + { + "x": 0.14229433238506317, + "y": 0.3729473054409027 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 256, + "content": { + "text": "While inexpensive biomass sources such as wood waste from construction and waste\nmaterials, were the main fuels under the RPS, the domestic unutilised wood and the\ngeneral wood whose tariff rates are set higher increased specifically (Figure 4.1, 4.2).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2760060131549835, + "y": 0.4047834277153015 + }, + { + "x": 0.6758437156677246, + "y": 0.4047834277153015 + }, + { + "x": 0.6758437156677246, + "y": 0.41682905703783035 + }, + { + "x": 0.2760060131549835, + "y": 0.41682905703783035 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 257, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 4.1. Approved Capacity under the FIT Scheme\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.17572690546512604, + "y": 0.43209660053253174 + }, + { + "x": 0.7813443690538406, + "y": 0.43209660053253174 + }, + { + "x": 0.7813443690538406, + "y": 0.5992838591337204 + }, + { + "x": 0.17572690546512604, + "y": 0.5992838591337204 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 258, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14230813086032867, + "y": 0.6154898405075073 + }, + { + "x": 0.8085179477930069, + "y": 0.6154898405075073 + }, + { + "x": 0.8085179477930069, + "y": 0.6704160645604134 + }, + { + "x": 0.14230813086032867, + "y": 0.6704160645604134 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 259, + "content": { + "text": "FIT = feed-in-tariff.\nNote: Liquid biomass approved under the FIT scheme between FY2012 and FY2017 is included in general wood\nand no liquid biomass has been approved since FY2018.\nSource: METI (2021a).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4668204188346863, + "y": 0.9454425573348999 + }, + { + "x": 0.4849369693547487, + "y": 0.9454425573348999 + }, + { + "x": 0.4849369693547487, + "y": 0.954356336966157 + }, + { + "x": 0.4668204188346863, + "y": 0.954356336966157 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 260, + "content": { + "text": "30\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000071.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12076114863157272, + "y": 0.08732742071151733 + }, + { + "x": 0.8795386478304863, + "y": 0.08732742071151733 + }, + { + "x": 0.8795386478304863, + "y": 0.19699964672327042 + }, + { + "x": 0.12076114863157272, + "y": 0.19699964672327042 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 391, + "content": { + "text": "be used as a good opportunity to learn from each other and increase the capacity of\nhuman rights institutions in various countries. 94\nWhat works in other countries, can be learned and developed according to the\nsituation in Indonesia.\n95 Partnerships can be carried out formally through\na\nmemorandum of understanding or with a partnerships agreement for potential\nstrategic partners.\n96\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12051921337842941, + "y": 0.21955861151218414 + }, + { + "x": 0.5302613601088524, + "y": 0.21955861151218414 + }, + { + "x": 0.5302613601088524, + "y": 0.23152471333742142 + }, + { + "x": 0.12051921337842941, + "y": 0.23152471333742142 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 392, + "content": { + "text": "3.2.6. SDGs Dissemination in Social Media\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12010225653648376, + "y": 0.25701311230659485 + }, + { + "x": 0.8792018592357635, + "y": 0.25701311230659485 + }, + { + "x": 0.8792018592357635, + "y": 0.42005881667137146 + }, + { + "x": 0.12010225653648376, + "y": 0.42005881667137146 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 393, + "content": { + "text": "Information dissemination in the digital era is closely related to the use of social\nmedia. Therefore, the dissemination of the SDGs through social media platforms\nowned by the Komnas HAM needs to be optimized as a way to increase public\nparticipation to be active as \"agents\" of the Komnas HAM in Indonesia. To be able to\nachieve this, the community needs to first receive education about the SDGs to clearly\nunderstand the focus of each goal and its derivatives. Once there is a fairly good\nunderstanding at the level of the general public, especially those who interact with the\nKomnas HAM's social media, an easier way to report SDGs related to human rights\nviolations can be formulated.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12061446160078049, + "y": 0.4265764653682709 + }, + { + "x": 0.8786477372050285, + "y": 0.4265764653682709 + }, + { + "x": 0.8786477372050285, + "y": 0.5173230245709419 + }, + { + "x": 0.12061446160078049, + "y": 0.5173230245709419 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 394, + "content": { + "text": "The Komnas HAM, for example, has used social media Instagram, Twitter, and\nYouTube There has been an increase in the frequency of Instagram social media\nuploads from 2019-2020 from 111 uploads in 2019 to 198 uploads in 2020. The variety\nof content uploaded by the Komnas HAM on Instagram is also increasingly diverse\nwith the following details:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12180093675851822, + "y": 0.5221339464187622 + }, + { + "x": 0.8862808123230934, + "y": 0.5221339464187622 + }, + { + "x": 0.8862808123230934, + "y": 0.7273510247468948 + }, + { + "x": 0.12180093675851822, + "y": 0.7273510247468948 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 395, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1533377319574356, + "y": 0.7553743720054626 + }, + { + "x": 0.2338498830795288, + "y": 0.7553743720054626 + }, + { + "x": 0.2338498830795288, + "y": 0.7670670542865992 + }, + { + "x": 0.1533377319574356, + "y": 0.7670670542865992 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 396, + "content": { + "text": "Diagram 4\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2763611376285553, + "y": 0.7548248171806335 + }, + { + "x": 0.7636035680770874, + "y": 0.7548248171806335 + }, + { + "x": 0.7636035680770874, + "y": 0.7672847816720605 + }, + { + "x": 0.2763611376285553, + "y": 0.7672847816720605 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 397, + "content": { + "text": "Distribution of @komnas.ham Instagram Content (2019-2020)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12098298221826553, + "y": 0.7918950319290161 + }, + { + "x": 0.8792221322655678, + "y": 0.7918950319290161 + }, + { + "x": 0.8792221322655678, + "y": 0.8260165862739086 + }, + { + "x": 0.12098298221826553, + "y": 0.8260165862739086 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 398, + "content": { + "text": "If observed from the Komnas HAM's Instagram account within the 2019-2020\nperiod, the SDGs have only been mentioned explicitly twice in the following contents:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12045305967330933, + "y": 0.8613814115524292 + }, + { + "x": 0.8783614635467529, + "y": 0.8613814115524292 + }, + { + "x": 0.8783614635467529, + "y": 0.9131349138915539 + }, + { + "x": 0.12045305967330933, + "y": 0.9131349138915539 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 399, + "content": { + "text": "94 See also Komnas HAM, \"The NHRI Practice and Experience in Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, and Palestine\nin Supporting Sustainable Development Goals Achievements\" (n. 93).\n95 Ibid.\n96 Ibid.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.49092379212379456, + "y": 0.9322063326835632 + }, + { + "x": 0.5088631082326174, + "y": 0.9322063326835632 + }, + { + "x": 0.5088631082326174, + "y": 0.9415519302710891 + }, + { + "x": 0.49092379212379456, + "y": 0.9415519302710891 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 400, + "content": { + "text": "18\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000176.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14184343814849854, + "y": 0.09702857583761215 + }, + { + "x": 0.8578086495399475, + "y": 0.09702857583761215 + }, + { + "x": 0.8578086495399475, + "y": 0.1585264466702938 + }, + { + "x": 0.14184343814849854, + "y": 0.1585264466702938 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 275, + "content": { + "text": "vapor and other gases, making it useless. Only in the vacuum of\nspace can optical elements be cooled to hundreds of degrees below\nfreezing and still remain operational.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14213819801807404, + "y": 0.1658615916967392 + }, + { + "x": 0.8563614040613174, + "y": 0.1658615916967392 + }, + { + "x": 0.8563614040613174, + "y": 0.5476295202970505 + }, + { + "x": 0.14213819801807404, + "y": 0.5476295202970505 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 276, + "content": { + "text": "The first orbiting infrared observatory, launched in 1983, was the\nInfrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), built as a joint project by\nthe United States, the Netherlands, and Britain. IRAS was equipped\nwith a 0.6-meter telescope cooled to a temperature of less than 10\nK. For the first time, the infrared sky could be seen as if it were\nnight, rather than through a bright foreground of atmospheric and\ntelescope emissions. IRAS carried out a rapid but comprehensive\nsurvey of the entire infrared sky over a 10-month period, cataloging\nabout 350,000 sources of infrared radiation. Since then, several\nother infrared telescopes have operated in space with much better\nsensitivity and resolution due to improvements in infrared\ndetectors. The most powerful of these infrared telescopes is the\n0.85-meter Spitzer Space Telescope, which launched in 2003. A\nfew of its observations are shown in Figure 2. With infrared\nobservations, astronomers can detect cooler parts of cosmic\nobjects, such as the dust clouds around star nurseries and the\nremnants of dying stars, that visible-light images don't reveal.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16834087669849396, + "y": 0.603997528553009 + }, + { + "x": 0.8305204063653946, + "y": 0.603997528553009 + }, + { + "x": 0.8305204063653946, + "y": 0.6529007218778133 + }, + { + "x": 0.16834087669849396, + "y": 0.6529007218778133 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 277, + "content": { + "text": "Observations from the Spitzer Space Telescope\n(SST).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14215119183063507, + "y": 0.6908164024353027 + }, + { + "x": 0.3523958772420883, + "y": 0.6908164024353027 + }, + { + "x": 0.3523958772420883, + "y": 0.8262483477592468 + }, + { + "x": 0.14215119183063507, + "y": 0.8262483477592468 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 278, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.20576980710029602, + "y": 0.8340831995010376 + }, + { + "x": 0.2889470234513283, + "y": 0.8340831995010376 + }, + { + "x": 0.2889470234513283, + "y": 0.8416230948641896 + }, + { + "x": 0.20576980710029602, + "y": 0.8416230948641896 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 279, + "content": { + "text": "Flame nebula\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3917773365974426, + "y": 0.6900831460952759 + }, + { + "x": 0.6075338870286942, + "y": 0.6900831460952759 + }, + { + "x": 0.6075338870286942, + "y": 0.8263138681650162 + }, + { + "x": 0.3917773365974426, + "y": 0.8263138681650162 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 280, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4599784314632416, + "y": 0.8342413306236267 + }, + { + "x": 0.5403908938169479, + "y": 0.8342413306236267 + }, + { + "x": 0.5403908938169479, + "y": 0.8432074012234807 + }, + { + "x": 0.4599784314632416, + "y": 0.8432074012234807 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 281, + "content": { + "text": "Cassiopeia A\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6484284400939941, + "y": 0.6909210085868835 + }, + { + "x": 0.8566505163908005, + "y": 0.6909210085868835 + }, + { + "x": 0.8566505163908005, + "y": 0.8255927860736847 + }, + { + "x": 0.6484284400939941, + "y": 0.8255927860736847 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 282, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7145559787750244, + "y": 0.8341606855392456 + }, + { + "x": 0.7897257804870605, + "y": 0.8341606855392456 + }, + { + "x": 0.7897257804870605, + "y": 0.8416902162134647 + }, + { + "x": 0.7145559787750244, + "y": 0.8416902162134647 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 283, + "content": { + "text": "Helix nebula\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1729806810617447, + "y": 0.8555821180343628 + }, + { + "x": 0.8429785519838333, + "y": 0.8555821180343628 + }, + { + "x": 0.8429785519838333, + "y": 0.8945405185222626 + }, + { + "x": 0.1729806810617447, + "y": 0.8945405185222626 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 284, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 2. These infrared images-a region of star formation, the\nremnant of an exploded star, and a region where an old star is\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14300431311130524, + "y": 0.9242676496505737 + }, + { + "x": 0.1758676841855049, + "y": 0.9242676496505737 + }, + { + "x": 0.1758676841855049, + "y": 0.93441266939044 + }, + { + "x": 0.14300431311130524, + "y": 0.93441266939044 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 285, + "content": { + "text": "336\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2033425122499466, + "y": 0.9238237142562866 + }, + { + "x": 0.8039126545190811, + "y": 0.9238237142562866 + }, + { + "x": 0.8039126545190811, + "y": 0.9380489094182849 + }, + { + "x": 0.2033425122499466, + "y": 0.9380489094182849 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 286, + "content": { + "text": "Chapter 6 Section 6.5: Observations outside Earth's Atmosphere\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000157.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14420011639595032, + "y": 0.0987279936671257 + }, + { + "x": 0.21804751455783844, + "y": 0.0987279936671257 + }, + { + "x": 0.21804751455783844, + "y": 0.12402292154729366 + }, + { + "x": 0.14420011639595032, + "y": 0.12402292154729366 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 281, + "content": { + "text": "Stop\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14177173376083374, + "y": 0.16662244498729706 + }, + { + "x": 0.540476381778717, + "y": 0.16662244498729706 + }, + { + "x": 0.540476381778717, + "y": 0.591293528676033 + }, + { + "x": 0.14177173376083374, + "y": 0.591293528676033 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 282, + "content": { + "text": "Check your emotions. If a claim\ncauses strong emotion - anger, glee,\npride, vindication - STOP. You must\nfact-check this claim. Remember\nfrom the chapter, Our Mental\nShortcuts, that we more readily\naccept information that confirms our\nbeliefs (confirmation bias) and we\ntend to think less critically about that\nkind of information than we do about\ninformation that challenges our\nbeliefs (motivated reasoning.) A\nstrong emotional reaction is a sign\nthat these cognitive biases are at\nwork. Remember, these mental\nshortcuts don't make us bad people,\nwe all have them. But we do need to\naccount for them if we want to move\ntoward better information.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14176341891288757, + "y": 0.6011942028999329 + }, + { + "x": 0.6045429706573486, + "y": 0.6011942028999329 + }, + { + "x": 0.6045429706573486, + "y": 0.7973736822605133 + }, + { + "x": 0.14176341891288757, + "y": 0.7973736822605133 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 283, + "content": { + "text": "In addition, if you get lost while\nworking on the other moves, or hit\ndead ends, or find yourself going\ndown an increasingly confusing\nrabbit hole during your investigation,\nSTOP. Back up and start over knowing\nwhat you know now. You're likely to\ntake a more informed path with\ndifferent search terms and better decisions.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6188990473747253, + "y": 0.14941944181919098 + }, + { + "x": 0.794226884841919, + "y": 0.14941944181919098 + }, + { + "x": 0.794226884841919, + "y": 0.7141047269105911 + }, + { + "x": 0.6188990473747253, + "y": 0.7141047269105911 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 284, + "content": { + "text": "In these\nchapters we're\nfocusing on\nresearching a\nwicked problem,\nbut the SIFT\nmethod is a\ngreat thing to\nuse before you\nshare\ninformation on\nsocial media.\nOften we feel\ncompelled to\nshare the things\nthat evoke the\nstrongest\nfeelings, but\nthose strong\nfeelings are a\ngood sign that\nthose things\nneed to be\nchecked before\nthey are shared.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6186667084693909, + "y": 0.9237281680107117 + }, + { + "x": 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Almost all respondents (87.8%) are interested in approaches to\nrecycle plastics. 87% (20) are interested in improving waste management systems in\ntheir LGUs.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1763830929994583, + "y": 0.1827700287103653 + }, + { + "x": 0.8805920630693436, + "y": 0.1827700287103653 + }, + { + "x": 0.8805920630693436, + "y": 0.27726396173238754 + }, + { + "x": 0.1763830929994583, + "y": 0.27726396173238754 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 339, + "content": { + "text": "d.\nAwareness of Plastics Ordinance. About 68% of respondents know that there is a city\nordinance on plastics, while 52% are aware of the provincial plastic ordinance. 9% do not\nknow of any ordinance and 17% do not know whether or not there is a plastic ordinance.\nIn the same way, only 70% knows of the implementation of an ordinance regulating or\nprohibiting Single Use Plastics. 30% of the respondents are not aware of the ordinance.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1770196110010147, + "y": 0.3018420338630676 + }, + { + "x": 0.4231394827365875, + "y": 0.3018420338630676 + }, + { + "x": 0.4231394827365875, + "y": 0.31822612695395947 + }, + { + "x": 0.1770196110010147, + "y": 0.31822612695395947 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 340, + "content": { + "text": "6.2 Waste Management\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.17608320713043213, + "y": 0.34463173151016235 + }, + { + "x": 0.8671957850456238, + "y": 0.34463173151016235 + }, + { + "x": 0.8671957850456238, + "y": 0.3981996551156044 + }, + { + "x": 0.17608320713043213, + "y": 0.3981996551156044 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 341, + "content": { + "text": "a.\nWaste Management Fee Collection. At the Barangay level, only 5 respondent\nbarangays - Sampaloc II, H-2, Salitran-II, San Roque-Sta. Cristina II, and Salawag - collect\nwaste management fees.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.17658072710037231, + "y": 0.4253724217414856 + }, + { + "x": 0.8814213275909424, + "y": 0.4253724217414856 + }, + { + "x": 0.8814213275909424, + "y": 0.539894163608551 + }, + { + "x": 0.17658072710037231, + "y": 0.539894163608551 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 342, + "content": { + "text": "b.\nWaste Management Budget. Majority of the respondents (44%) do not know the\nbudget allocation of their LGUS for waste management. 12% of respondents replied that\ntheir LGUs have no allocation for waste management while 32% of respondents replied\nthat their budget allocation is below 5% of their LGU budget. Only 8% of respondents\nreplied that their budget allocation for waste management is between 10-20% if the LGU\nbudget. See Figure 20.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3183065950870514, + "y": 0.8015269041061401 + }, + { + "x": 0.7345990836620331, + "y": 0.8015269041061401 + }, + { + "x": 0.7345990836620331, + "y": 0.8131221225485206 + }, + { + "x": 0.3183065950870514, + "y": 0.8131221225485206 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 343, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 20. Percentage of LGU Budget Allocated for Waste Management\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.17649582028388977, + "y": 0.8512135744094849 + }, + { + "x": 0.8611140549182892, + "y": 0.8512135744094849 + }, + { + "x": 0.8611140549182892, + "y": 0.8848644010722637 + }, + { + "x": 0.17649582028388977, + "y": 0.8848644010722637 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 344, + "content": { + "text": "C.\nWaste Collection and Segregation. For 70% of the respondents, wastes are collected\nby the city government. 35% responded that barangays collect their wastes and still,\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2555045485496521, + "y": 0.5770013332366943 + }, + { + "x": 0.7896600365638733, + "y": 0.5770013332366943 + }, + { + "x": 0.7896600365638733, + "y": 0.7964123636484146 + }, + { + "x": 0.2555045485496521, + "y": 0.7964123636484146 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 345, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4155089855194092, + "y": 0.947778046131134 + }, + { + "x": 0.8960571885108948, + "y": 0.947778046131134 + }, + { + "x": 0.8960571885108948, + "y": 0.9602280259132385 + }, + { + "x": 0.4155089855194092, + "y": 0.9602280259132385 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 346, + "content": { + "text": "Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.9388139247894287, + "y": 0.9456579685211182 + }, + { + "x": 0.960952477529645, + "y": 0.9456579685211182 + }, + { + "x": 0.960952477529645, + "y": 0.9589611776173115 + }, + { + "x": 0.9388139247894287, + "y": 0.9589611776173115 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 347, + "content": { + "text": "49\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000043.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5538205504417419, + "y": 0.3065322935581207 + }, + { + "x": 0.858323484659195, + "y": 0.3065322935581207 + }, + { + "x": 0.858323484659195, + "y": 0.35669952630996704 + }, + { + "x": 0.5538205504417419, + "y": 0.35669952630996704 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 354, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
47% AGREE23% STRONGLY AGREE
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However, the tendency to\nutilize online spaces to disseminate\nthese has increased since the use\nof online activities is mandatory in\nvarious sectors, such as working\nand education. Most people\ncertainly use online platforms to\ndisseminate false information\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5882770419120789, + "y": 0.0872250497341156 + }, + { + "x": 0.8804611563682556, + "y": 0.0872250497341156 + }, + { + "x": 0.8804611563682556, + "y": 0.15284167230129242 + }, + { + "x": 0.5882770419120789, + "y": 0.15284167230129242 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 363, + "content": { + "text": "regarding the outbreak, as well as\nradical ideas targeted at people,\nincluding recruiting them as a\npart of groups.\"\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5287880897521973, + "y": 0.20357392728328705 + }, + { + "x": 0.8337510228157043, + "y": 0.20357392728328705 + }, + { + "x": 0.8337510228157043, + "y": 0.2870190367102623 + }, + { + "x": 0.5287880897521973, + "y": 0.2870190367102623 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 364, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 8: Respondents' view to the\nstatement, \"Online radicalization\nand the proliferation of extremist\npropaganda has increased\nduring COVID-1\".\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5351179838180542, + "y": 0.3050520420074463 + }, + { + "x": 0.8792567849159241, + "y": 0.3050520420074463 + }, + { + "x": 0.8792567849159241, + "y": 0.5695700347423553 + }, + { + "x": 0.5351179838180542, + "y": 0.5695700347423553 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 365, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5281789898872375, + "y": 0.5987885594367981 + }, + { + "x": 0.832874596118927, + "y": 0.5987885594367981 + }, + { + "x": 0.832874596118927, + "y": 0.6264001503586769 + }, + { + "x": 0.5281789898872375, + "y": 0.6264001503586769 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 366, + "content": { + "text": "Another interviewee from Indonesia\nobserved that:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5885260701179504, + "y": 0.6574432849884033 + }, + { + "x": 0.8813556730747223, + "y": 0.6574432849884033 + }, + { + "x": 0.8813556730747223, + "y": 0.917074978351593 + }, + { + "x": 0.5885260701179504, + "y": 0.917074978351593 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 367, + "content": { + "text": "\"(Based on my experience),\nduring 2020-2021 one of the\ninteresting things has been\nthe impact of misinformation\nand disinformation related to\nCOVID, affecting people's views\nand attitudes in responding to,\npreventing and handling of (the\nvirus). At the beginning of the\nIndonesian government's policy\non limiting religious activities\nin places of worship, this issue\ncaused a strong, adverse reaction\namong extremist groups, giving\nrise to a narrative that the\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.03302466869354248, + "y": 0.9753531813621521 + }, + { + "x": 0.7159243226051331, + "y": 0.9753531813621521 + }, + { + "x": 0.7159243226051331, + "y": 0.9856095183640718 + }, + { + "x": 0.03302466869354248, + "y": 0.9856095183640718 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 368, + "content": { + "text": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.9271694421768188, + "y": 0.976122260093689 + }, + { + "x": 0.9441997706890106, + "y": 0.976122260093689 + }, + { + "x": 0.9441997706890106, + "y": 0.9835388883948326 + }, + { + "x": 0.9271694421768188, + "y": 0.9835388883948326 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 369, + "content": { + "text": "36\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000053.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10309804230928421, + "y": 0.11110816150903702 + }, + { + "x": 0.8547869399189949, + "y": 0.11110816150903702 + }, + { + "x": 0.8547869399189949, + "y": 0.4005316272377968 + }, + { + "x": 0.10309804230928421, + "y": 0.4005316272377968 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 286, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula424
X Northern Mindanao222
XI - Davao Region135
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN221
XIII Caraga133
ARMM122
Party-List101520
TOTAL (w/ Party- List)556688
TOTAL (w/o Party- List)455168
", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10283767431974411, + "y": 0.05725551396608353 + }, + { + "x": 0.12651529721915722, + "y": 0.05725551396608353 + }, + { + "x": 0.12651529721915722, + "y": 0.0687993885949254 + }, + { + "x": 0.10283767431974411, + "y": 0.0687993885949254 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 325, + "content": { + "text": "16\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15702500939369202, + "y": 0.05723060294985771 + }, + { + "x": 0.4080096483230591, + "y": 0.05723060294985771 + }, + { + "x": 0.4080096483230591, + "y": 0.07177844736725092 + }, + { + "x": 0.15702500939369202, + "y": 0.07177844736725092 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 326, + "content": { + "text": "Encinas Franco and Laguna\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10395117104053497, + "y": 0.42043352127075195 + }, + { + "x": 0.6191705614328384, + "y": 0.42043352127075195 + }, + { + "x": 0.6191705614328384, + "y": 0.43556468468159437 + }, + { + "x": 0.10395117104053497, + "y": 0.43556468468159437 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 328, + "content": { + "text": "Source: HOR 2022. Computations made by the authors.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1029566153883934, + "y": 0.47642090916633606 + }, + { + "x": 0.85394736379385, + "y": 0.47642090916633606 + }, + { + "x": 0.85394736379385, + "y": 0.6445965468883514 + }, + { + "x": 0.1029566153883934, + "y": 0.6445965468883514 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 329, + "content": { + "text": "Overall, the abovementioned situation indicates that Filipino\nwomen have gradually increased their presence in formal politics.\nIn Asia, the Philippines and Taiwan are the only countries above the\nglobal average of 24.5 percent of women in parliament (Liu 2021).\nHowever, challenges remain as the increased participation of women\ncomes from dysfunctional features of the country's political system:\npolitical dynasties and the Party-List law. Nonetheless, not all women\nfrom these groups are necessarily averse to women's issues.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10492324829101562, + "y": 0.6901755332946777 + }, + { + "x": 0.6654456853866577, + "y": 0.6901755332946777 + }, + { + "x": 0.6654456853866577, + "y": 0.7106590606272221 + }, + { + "x": 0.10492324829101562, + "y": 0.7106590606272221 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 330, + "content": { + "text": "Barriers to Filipino Women's Participation\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10366209596395493, + "y": 0.7353756427764893 + }, + { + "x": 0.8539568409323692, + "y": 0.7353756427764893 + }, + { + "x": 0.8539568409323692, + "y": 0.8362638354301453 + }, + { + "x": 0.10366209596395493, + "y": 0.8362638354301453 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 331, + "content": { + "text": "Previous studies have identified political, economic, and cultural\nfactors that impede women's participation in politics. However, context\nstill matters since the perception of women's role in societies and the\nevolution of political systems differ. The following section examines\nsome of these barriers.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10326679050922394, + "y": 0.8575431108474731 + }, + { + "x": 0.8535207659006119, + "y": 0.8575431108474731 + }, + { + "x": 0.8535207659006119, + "y": 0.939888171851635 + }, + { + "x": 0.10326679050922394, + "y": 0.939888171851635 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 332, + "content": { + "text": "The Philippine electoral system's \"first-past-the-post\" electoral\ntype, coupled with the lack of well-developed political parties, inhibits\nwomen's entry into politics. Encinas-Franco (2021) argues that \"[w]\nithout party discipline and institutionalized rules within parties, one\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000008.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10387101769447327, + "y": 0.05034290626645088 + }, + { + "x": 0.4833170771598816, + "y": 0.05034290626645088 + }, + { + "x": 0.4833170771598816, + "y": 0.05951686017215252 + }, + { + "x": 0.10387101769447327, + "y": 0.05951686017215252 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 710, + "content": { + "text": "CIRCULATING THINGS, CIRCULATING STEREOTYPES\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8802040219306946, + "y": 0.050067223608493805 + }, + { + "x": 0.8956783656030893, + "y": 0.050067223608493805 + }, + { + "x": 0.8956783656030893, + "y": 0.05807988066226244 + }, + { + "x": 0.8802040219306946, + "y": 0.05807988066226244 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 711, + "content": { + "text": "73\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10265033692121506, + "y": 0.08304575830698013 + }, + { + "x": 0.4870060309767723, + "y": 0.08304575830698013 + }, + { + "x": 0.4870060309767723, + "y": 0.22624940425157547 + }, + { + "x": 0.10265033692121506, + "y": 0.22624940425157547 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 712, + "content": { + "text": "indicates the use of balsam, which is \"indigenous\nin various parts of Arabia,\" as an ingredient in the\n\"Myrabolan comfit.\"25 Such references emphasize\nArabia's exoticism and refined taste, as well as the\nsweetness and fragrance of its products, which\nwere much valued during a time when the con-\nsumption of sugar and spices was rising rapidly\namong European populations.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1015024408698082, + "y": 0.22954189777374268 + }, + { + "x": 0.4882652685046196, + "y": 0.22954189777374268 + }, + { + "x": 0.4882652685046196, + "y": 0.682940810918808 + }, + { + "x": 0.1015024408698082, + "y": 0.682940810918808 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 713, + "content": { + "text": "Coffee is another staple thing customarily asso-\nciated with the area. In his Dictionary, Johnson indi-\ncates the Arabic origin of coffee and rightly so, as\none the most popular types of coffee is called \"Ara-\nbica\" because it was first domesticated for commer-\ncial use in the southern part of Arabia the Happy\n(present-day Yemen). Given the Muslim prohibi-\ntion of alcohol, coffee became particularly attrac-\ntive to the Muslim world as \"the wine of Islam,\"26\nand spread through the ports of the Persian Gulf in\nWestern Europe, where it became immensely pop-\nular. Collections of travels published during the\ntime mention that coffee was \"the product of Ara-\nbia only.\"27 Imported largely from Yemen, which\nwas credited with producing the best coffee in the\nworld, coffee was considered to have stimulating\nand therapeutic properties. 28 The former quality is\nfamously described by Pope in The Rape of the Lock:\n\"Coffee (which makes the politician wise), / And\nthro' all things with his half-shut Eyes) / Sent up in\nvapours to the Baron's brain / New Stratagems, the\nradiant Lock to gain.\" According to Beawes, the\nproduct was brought to Mecca through the port of\nJeddah, whose \"[t]]rade consists mainly of coffee\nbrought here by the Arabians and bought by the\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5179761052131653, + "y": 0.08052874356508255 + }, + { + "x": 0.8714549243450165, + "y": 0.08052874356508255 + }, + { + "x": 0.8714549243450165, + "y": 0.2936272397637367 + }, + { + "x": 0.5179761052131653, + "y": 0.2936272397637367 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 714, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.513256847858429, + "y": 0.32022643089294434 + }, + { + "x": 0.8774382770061493, + "y": 0.32022643089294434 + }, + { + "x": 0.8774382770061493, + "y": 0.3759385459125042 + }, + { + "x": 0.513256847858429, + "y": 0.3759385459125042 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 715, + "content": { + "text": "FIGURE 4.2 William Hogarth, Taste in High Life [graphic].\nPRINT MADE BY ISAAC MILLS AFTER WILLIAM\nHOGARTH'S PAINTING, WITHOUT THE ARTIST'S\nPERMISSION, LONDON, 1798\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5121224522590637, + "y": 0.41132792830467224 + }, + { + "x": 0.896203488111496, + "y": 0.41132792830467224 + }, + { + "x": 0.896203488111496, + "y": 0.5725377202033997 + }, + { + "x": 0.5121224522590637, + "y": 0.5725377202033997 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 716, + "content": { + "text": "Turks [and] by the Merchants of Mogul, Persia,\nand several places on the coast of Ehiopia. \"30 From\nhere, coffee spread rapidly in England, France, and\nItaly, giving rise to the coffeehouse culture that is a\nhallmark of the eighteenth century. Coffee was also\nregularly paired in the visual culture of the time\nwith expensive china (fig. 4.2), was employed as a\nmark of the culture of sociability (fig. 4.3), or was\nused for its oracular properties31 (fig. 4.4).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5125131607055664, + "y": 0.5757180452346802 + }, + { + "x": 0.8964022994041443, + "y": 0.5757180452346802 + }, + { + "x": 0.8964022994041443, + "y": 0.7184617519378662 + }, + { + "x": 0.5125131607055664, + "y": 0.7184617519378662 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 717, + "content": { + "text": "Arabian medicines were also much sought-after\nin the Western world. As indicated by Beawes,\n\"from Arabia, Medicinal drugs, Dragon's Blood,\nManna, Myrrh, [and] Incense,\"32 were brought to\nthe British metropolis. Pharmacopoia Reformata\n(1744) mentions gum Arabic, aloe, cassia, acacia,\ncardamom, saffron, myrrh, and spikenard, which\nwere all used for their therapeutic properties. 33 To\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10344383865594864, + "y": 0.7280178070068359 + }, + { + "x": 0.4873335435986519, + "y": 0.7280178070068359 + }, + { + "x": 0.4873335435986519, + "y": 0.9195141941308975 + }, + { + "x": 0.10344383865594864, + "y": 0.9195141941308975 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 718, + "content": { + "text": "25\nWiliam Beckford, An Arabian Tale, from an Unpub-\nlished Manuscript: With Notes Critical and Explanatory\n(London: Printed for Johnson, 1786), 165.\n26\nFor the association between coffee and wine, see Ralph\nS. Hattox, Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a So-\ncial Beverage in the Medieval Middle East (Seattle: Uni-\nversity of Washington Press, 1985), 18-19.\n27\nA Collection of Voyages and Travels, 1:440.\n28\nCoffee was customarily used as a mild painkiller during\nthe eighteenth century. Poet Alexander Pope, for in-\nstance, used it as a palliative for his migraines.\n29\nPope, The Rape of the Lock, 69.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5124385356903076, + "y": 0.7445831894874573 + }, + { + "x": 0.782772421836853, + "y": 0.7445831894874573 + }, + { + "x": 0.782772421836853, + "y": 0.7561352690681815 + }, + { + "x": 0.5124385356903076, + "y": 0.7561352690681815 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 720, + "content": { + "text": "30\nBeawes, Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, 791.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5115187764167786, + "y": 0.7605510950088501 + }, + { + "x": 0.8960508406162262, + "y": 0.7605510950088501 + }, + { + "x": 0.8960508406162262, + "y": 0.8219464719295502 + }, + { + "x": 0.5115187764167786, + "y": 0.8219464719295502 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 721, + "content": { + "text": "31\nAgain, the custom of reading one's fortune in coffee\ngrounds is of Turkish provenance, not Arabic. Such\nmistaken attributions were pervasive during the eigh-\nteenth century.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5119638442993164, + "y": 0.8261616230010986 + }, + { + "x": 0.7850291430950165, + "y": 0.8261616230010986 + }, + { + "x": 0.7850291430950165, + "y": 0.8376952614635229 + }, + { + "x": 0.5119638442993164, + "y": 0.8376952614635229 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 722, + "content": { + "text": "32\nBeawes, Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, 792.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5123887658119202, + "y": 0.8419908881187439 + }, + { + "x": 0.8966035544872284, + "y": 0.8419908881187439 + }, + { + "x": 0.8966035544872284, + "y": 0.9196459800004959 + }, + { + "x": 0.5123887658119202, + "y": 0.9196459800004959 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 723, + "content": { + "text": "33\nM.M., Pharmacopoia Reformata: Or, An Essay for a Ref-\normation of the London Pharmacopoia, by a Set of Re-\nmarks on the Draught for a New One, and a Brief Ac-\ncount of the Proceedings of the Committee Appointed by\nthe College of Physicians, to Thoroughly Reform Their\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000055.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14286181330680847, + "y": 0.10382550209760666 + }, + { + "x": 0.8096927106380463, + "y": 0.10382550209760666 + }, + { + "x": 0.8096927106380463, + "y": 0.15264008566737175 + }, + { + "x": 0.14286181330680847, + "y": 0.15264008566737175 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 426, + "content": { + "text": "pharmaceutical products (Casson, Muliastra, and Obidzinski, 2014). The development of\nbiofuels from biomass has raised interest in expanding the palm oil plantation area.\nThis\nis because palm oil is the main raw material for biodiesel in Indonesia.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1425635814666748, + "y": 0.16599668562412262 + }, + { + "x": 0.8095229268074036, + "y": 0.16599668562412262 + }, + { + "x": 0.8095229268074036, + "y": 0.2696603685617447 + }, + { + "x": 0.1425635814666748, + "y": 0.2696603685617447 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 427, + "content": { + "text": "CPO is the primary product derived from the red fruit of the oil palm, while palm kernel\noil, derived from the fruit's nut, is considered a secondary product. Oil palm biomass\nincludes EFBs, palm mesocarps fibres (PMFs), PKS, oil palm fronds, oil palm trunks, as well\nas palm oil mill effluent (POME). Oil palm fronds account for 70% of the total oil palm\nbiomass produced, while EFB accounts for 10% and oil palm trunks account for only about\n5% of the total biomass produced.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1420544981956482, + "y": 0.28301864862442017 + }, + { + "x": 0.8089630007743835, + "y": 0.28301864862442017 + }, + { + "x": 0.8089630007743835, + "y": 0.36870088428258896 + }, + { + "x": 0.1420544981956482, + "y": 0.36870088428258896 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 428, + "content": { + "text": "According to Harahap et al. (2019), Indonesia housed 11 million hectares (Mha) of oil palm\nplantations and produced 31 million tonnes (Mt) of CPO in 2015. Oil extraction from palm\nfruits occurs in palm oil mills. One tonne (t) of CPO production results in nearly 5 t of solid\nbiomass waste, including EFBs, PKSs, PMFs, and POME; see Figure 3.3. This implies that,\nin 2015, Indonesia produced around 155 Mt of palm biomass residue.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3083316385746002, + "y": 0.3998539447784424 + }, + { + "x": 0.6438964605331421, + "y": 0.3998539447784424 + }, + { + "x": 0.6438964605331421, + "y": 0.41153507214039564 + }, + { + "x": 0.3083316385746002, + "y": 0.41153507214039564 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 429, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 3.3. Biomass Use in Oil Palm Industry\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14358076453208923, + "y": 0.4220959544181824 + }, + { + "x": 0.8141961991786957, + "y": 0.4220959544181824 + }, + { + "x": 0.8141961991786957, + "y": 0.6575399041175842 + }, + { + "x": 0.14358076453208923, + "y": 0.6575399041175842 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 430, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14248938858509064, + "y": 0.6708357930183411 + }, + { + "x": 0.3245691955089569, + "y": 0.6708357930183411 + }, + { + "x": 0.3245691955089569, + "y": 0.6806613272055984 + }, + { + "x": 0.14248938858509064, + "y": 0.6806613272055984 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 431, + "content": { + "text": "Source: Harahap et al. (2019).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14220701158046722, + "y": 0.7101495265960693 + }, + { + "x": 0.8100640624761581, + "y": 0.7101495265960693 + }, + { + "x": 0.8100640624761581, + "y": 0.812012068927288 + }, + { + "x": 0.14220701158046722, + "y": 0.812012068927288 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 432, + "content": { + "text": "Regarding the potential for biodiesel, the previous Table 2.10 projected the demand of\nFAME for both B30 and B40 mandates using the volume of diesel fuel needed for the road\ntransport sector. As shown, the FAME demand will reach 19.1 million kL in 2040 for the\nB30 mandate and 25.4 million kL for the B40 mandate. The current FAME production\ncapacity is 12.85 million kL, indicating a shortage of supply to meet the 2040 demand for\nboth the B30 and B40 mandates.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1424371600151062, + "y": 0.8274065256118774 + }, + { + "x": 0.8085893392562866, + "y": 0.8274065256118774 + }, + { + "x": 0.8085893392562866, + "y": 0.8943668156862259 + }, + { + "x": 0.1424371600151062, + "y": 0.8943668156862259 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 433, + "content": { + "text": "Increasing the capacity for FAME production implies that the demand for domestic CPO\nwill continue to increase. The estimated CPO required to produce FAME in 2040 is also\ncalculated above (Table 2.11). The estimated CPO consumption for B30 and B40 mandate\nin 2040 will be 17.5 and 23.4 million tonnes, respectively. This was calculated based on\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.46704480051994324, + "y": 0.9455405473709106 + }, + { + "x": 0.4847941417247057, + "y": 0.9455405473709106 + }, + { + "x": 0.4847941417247057, + "y": 0.9540981808677316 + }, + { + "x": 0.46704480051994324, + "y": 0.9540981808677316 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 434, + "content": { + "text": "24\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000138.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.20076702535152435, + "y": 0.07849536836147308 + }, + { + "x": 0.7994804829359055, + "y": 0.07849536836147308 + }, + { + "x": 0.7994804829359055, + "y": 0.242210254073143 + }, + { + "x": 0.20076702535152435, + "y": 0.242210254073143 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 451, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.20031467080116272, + "y": 0.24782003462314606 + }, + { + "x": 0.618123471736908, + "y": 0.24782003462314606 + }, + { + "x": 0.618123471736908, + "y": 0.2600128296762705 + }, + { + "x": 0.20031467080116272, + "y": 0.2600128296762705 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 452, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 11.2: Arapaima gigas displayed in the Siam Centre, Bangkok.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.097149558365345, + "y": 0.32457518577575684 + }, + { + "x": 0.9010177925229073, + "y": 0.32457518577575684 + }, + { + "x": 0.9010177925229073, + "y": 0.43617866933345795 + }, + { + "x": 0.097149558365345, + "y": 0.43617866933345795 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 453, + "content": { + "text": "Arapaima is an important flagship genus for flooded forest ecosystem and human floodplain communities.\nFlagship taxa are used as a symbol to promote conservation awareness (Caro 2010). Their large size makes them\na true freshwater megafauna like crocodiles, river dolphins, and other large fish. Freshwater megafauna face\nmany threats, and 71% of these species are in decline (He et al. 2017, 2018). Arapaima continue to face intense\nfishing throughout their range (Watson et al. 2021). However, freshwater megafauna like the Arapaima have\nfewer conservation resources and efforts than marine or terrestrial megafaunas.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09735935181379318, + "y": 0.45437079668045044 + }, + { + "x": 0.9012643024325371, + "y": 0.45437079668045044 + }, + { + "x": 0.9012643024325371, + "y": 0.5853851586580276 + }, + { + "x": 0.09735935181379318, + "y": 0.5853851586580276 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 454, + "content": { + "text": "Fishing, in general, and fishing for Arapaima in particular, is a central element of the local economy and\nculture in Amazonia. Because these fish are obligate breathers, they are traditionally harvested by fishers\nusing harpoons at the time when they surface to breathe. Men typically fish from canoes and search for\nsigns of Arapaima near the surface. As they near the Arapaima, the harpooner throws the harpoon by hand.\nThis is a specialized type of fishing, and the local fishers possess knowledge of the behavior that increases\ntheir likelihood of catching one. With appropriate training, fishers' participation in management processes can\ncontribute to the conservation and governance of these small-scale fisheries.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09767412394285202, + "y": 0.6032547354698181 + }, + { + "x": 0.9010954424738884, + "y": 0.6032547354698181 + }, + { + "x": 0.9010954424738884, + "y": 0.7144036963582039 + }, + { + "x": 0.09767412394285202, + "y": 0.7144036963582039 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 455, + "content": { + "text": "Many populations of Arapaima have been driven to local extinction due to overfishing (Castello et al. 2015a;\nGurdak 2019a; Watson et al. 2021; Freitas and Sousa 2021). Much of the catch is illegal, with most specimens\nbeing caught below the minimum size limit or during the closed season (Cavole et al. 2015). The small-scale\nfishers are geographically dispersed, and governments in these regions have insufficient resources to devote\nto enforcing fishing rules. The riverine fishers who target Arapaima are marginalized and have limited formal\neducation. Yet, compliance with regulations is essential to prevent overfishing and local extinction.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09679004549980164, + "y": 0.7327816486358643 + }, + { + "x": 0.9017125070095062, + "y": 0.7327816486358643 + }, + { + "x": 0.9017125070095062, + "y": 0.8629089146852493 + }, + { + "x": 0.09679004549980164, + "y": 0.8629089146852493 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 456, + "content": { + "text": "Arapaima represent only a small fraction of the fisheries harvest, but they are culturally important and symbolic\nas a flagship genus of tropical South American fisheries and floodplain management and conservation. Reducing\nthe threats to Arapaima will also provide protections for many of the highly migratory fish of the Amazon basin.\nCollectively, the migratory fish contribute most of the fishery's landings in the basin (Duponchelle et al. 2021).\nMigratory fish depend on multiple, distant, but interconnected habitats during their life cycle. Any threat to\none of the habitats or the corridor that connects them can influence these important food fish (Goulding et al.\n2019).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5321054458618164, + "y": 0.9355465173721313 + }, + { + "x": 0.9008924663066864, + "y": 0.9355465173721313 + }, + { + "x": 0.9008924663066864, + "y": 0.9477614741772413 + }, + { + "x": 0.5321054458618164, + "y": 0.9477614741772413 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 457, + "content": { + "text": "Integrating Fishers in the Management of Arapaima 251\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000078.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16465438902378082, + "y": 0.427310585975647 + }, + { + "x": 0.8592609316110611, + "y": 0.427310585975647 + }, + { + "x": 0.8592609316110611, + "y": 0.6390412896871567 + }, + { + "x": 0.16465438902378082, + "y": 0.6390412896871567 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 369, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
AMS Average Annual Growth Remittance inflows in 2020 (US$ Million)
2000-20042004-20092009-20142014-20192019-2020
Cambodia7.5%-0.7%50.6%6.7%-16.6%1,272
Indonesia9.4%29.5%4.7%6.4%-17.3%9,651
Lao PDR4.0%115.7%38.0%9.5%-10.6%265
Malaysia18.6%7.1%6.9%0.7%-11.2%1,454
Myanmar2.7%-14.1%102.7%5.4%-7.1%2,250
Philippines10.6%11.7%7.5%4.2%-0.7%34,913
Thailand-0.9%18.6%11.4%4.6%-1.2%8,067
Viet Nam11.5%21.1%14.8%7.2%1.2%17,200
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Migrant remittances inflows (in US$ billion)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16481813788414001, + "y": 0.10869885236024857 + }, + { + "x": 0.8589373528957367, + "y": 0.10869885236024857 + }, + { + "x": 0.8589373528957367, + "y": 0.35907409340143204 + }, + { + "x": 0.16481813788414001, + "y": 0.35907409340143204 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 446, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16644605994224548, + "y": 0.37591367959976196 + }, + { + "x": 0.48100945353507996, + "y": 0.37591367959976196 + }, + { + "x": 0.48100945353507996, + "y": 0.38829374499619007 + }, + { + "x": 0.16644605994224548, + "y": 0.38829374499619007 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 447, + "content": { + "text": "Source: World Bank and KNOMAD (2021)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16580766439437866, + "y": 0.40501999855041504 + }, + { + "x": 0.6112062931060791, + "y": 0.40501999855041504 + }, + { + "x": 0.6112062931060791, + "y": 0.4197853049263358 + }, + { + "x": 0.16580766439437866, + "y": 0.4197853049263358 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 448, + "content": { + "text": "Table 1.4.\nGrowth in migrant remittance inflows\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.17313581705093384, + "y": 0.6469506621360779 + }, + { + "x": 0.4871620833873749, + "y": 0.6469506621360779 + }, + { + "x": 0.4871620833873749, + "y": 0.6589767849072814 + }, + { + "x": 0.17313581705093384, + "y": 0.6589767849072814 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 450, + "content": { + "text": "Source: World Bank and KNOMAD (2021)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16565611958503723, + "y": 0.6759009957313538 + }, + { + "x": 0.8577934801578522, + "y": 0.6759009957313538 + }, + { + "x": 0.8577934801578522, + "y": 0.8279045522212982 + }, + { + "x": 0.16565611958503723, + "y": 0.8279045522212982 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 451, + "content": { + "text": "In the Philippines, of the returning Filipino migrant workers in 2020, 55 percent\nearned a monthly income of between PHP20,000 and PHP50,000, and 19\npercent earned between PHP5000 and PHP20,000. Before their return, 50\npercent reported remitting amounts ranging from PHP10,000 to PHP20,000\n(US$200 to US$400) monthly. It is highly unlikely that the families of these\nmigrant workers would have savings to rely on after they lost their jobs.\nAdditionally, 83 percent of these workers were still unemployed after three\nmonths, resulting in a 60 percent drop in household income for 48 percent of\nthe returned migrant workers.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.047617338597774506, + "y": 0.9528430104255676 + }, + { + "x": 0.07002720981836319, + "y": 0.9528430104255676 + }, + { + "x": 0.07002720981836319, + "y": 0.9635456893593073 + }, + { + "x": 0.047617338597774506, + "y": 0.9635456893593073 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 452, + "content": { + "text": "26\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5783733129501343, + "y": 0.9519748091697693 + }, + { + "x": 0.8571445643901825, + "y": 0.9519748091697693 + }, + { + "x": 0.8571445643901825, + "y": 0.9666071170940995 + }, + { + "x": 0.5783733129501343, + "y": 0.9666071170940995 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 453, + "content": { + "text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000086.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1861502230167389, + "y": 0.09516331553459167 + }, + { + "x": 0.8126409947872162, + "y": 0.09516331553459167 + }, + { + "x": 0.8126409947872162, + "y": 0.14162472262978554 + }, + { + "x": 0.1861502230167389, + "y": 0.14162472262978554 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 440, + "content": { + "text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in\nSelected Jurisdictions\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3359212577342987, + "y": 0.15216057002544403 + }, + { + "x": 0.6640051305294037, + "y": 0.15216057002544403 + }, + { + "x": 0.6640051305294037, + "y": 0.16701167356222868 + }, + { + "x": 0.3359212577342987, + "y": 0.16701167356222868 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 441, + "content": { + "text": "Staff of the Global Legal Research Directorate\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1171468123793602, + "y": 0.2139544039964676 + }, + { + "x": 0.2530108764767647, + "y": 0.2139544039964676 + }, + { + "x": 0.2530108764767647, + "y": 0.22582944203168154 + }, + { + "x": 0.1171468123793602, + "y": 0.22582944203168154 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 442, + "content": { + "text": "I. Introduction\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1155875101685524, + "y": 0.24805103242397308 + }, + { + "x": 0.882078506052494, + "y": 0.24805103242397308 + }, + { + "x": 0.882078506052494, + "y": 0.31494706124067307 + }, + { + "x": 0.1155875101685524, + "y": 0.31494706124067307 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 443, + "content": { + "text": "This report, prepared by the research staff of the Law Library of Congress, surveys 39\njurisdictions regarding whether, and if SO how, they restrict ownership of land by foreigners.1\nThe jurisdictions surveyed were among those with the highest gross domestic product according\nto 2021 World Bank data, selected to ensure broadly representative coverage.2\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11714499443769455, + "y": 0.334619402885437 + }, + { + "x": 0.8820008561015129, + "y": 0.334619402885437 + }, + { + "x": 0.8820008561015129, + "y": 0.38361330330371857 + }, + { + "x": 0.11714499443769455, + "y": 0.38361330330371857 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 444, + "content": { + "text": "We identified 10 countries that do not restrict land ownership by foreigners: Belgium, France,\nGermany, Ireland, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, and the\nUnited Kingdom.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1169506162405014, + "y": 0.40341657400131226 + }, + { + "x": 0.8823191970586777, + "y": 0.40341657400131226 + }, + { + "x": 0.8823191970586777, + "y": 0.45284320414066315 + }, + { + "x": 0.1169506162405014, + "y": 0.45284320414066315 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 445, + "content": { + "text": "We found that the following countries do not permit foreign ownership of land, although\nexceptions may apply in some cases or other rights to land may be acquired: China, Indonesia,\nNigeria, Philippines, and Thailand.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1170651987195015, + "y": 0.4727959930896759 + }, + { + "x": 0.8826596215367317, + "y": 0.4727959930896759 + }, + { + "x": 0.8826596215367317, + "y": 0.5567877814173698 + }, + { + "x": 0.1170651987195015, + "y": 0.5567877814173698 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 446, + "content": { + "text": "Among the other jurisdictions surveyed, some have restrictions that apply to different types of\nland, including agricultural, residential, and commercial land. Other types of restriction are based\non the location of the land, such as near the border or military establishments. Some jurisdictions\nrestrict particular categories of foreigners from land ownership. Some require special permission\nor approval for foreigners before they can acquire land.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11575541645288467, + "y": 0.576055645942688 + }, + { + "x": 0.8818413391709328, + "y": 0.576055645942688 + }, + { + "x": 0.8818413391709328, + "y": 0.6597779169678688 + }, + { + "x": 0.11575541645288467, + "y": 0.6597779169678688 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 447, + "content": { + "text": "Ownership of agricultural land by foreigners is restricted by some provinces of Canada, and by\nEgypt, India (restricted for diplomatic personnel, nonresidents of Indian origin and nonresident\ncitizens without registration), Iran, Poland (permit required), and Russia. Argentina, Brazil, and\nTurkey restrict ownership of rural or local land to a percentage of the total land of the local\njurisdiction.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11712809652090073, + "y": 0.6797512769699097 + }, + { + "x": 0.8819042667746544, + "y": 0.6797512769699097 + }, + { + "x": 0.8819042667746544, + "y": 0.7288647852838039 + }, + { + "x": 0.11712809652090073, + "y": 0.7288647852838039 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 448, + "content": { + "text": "Article XVII of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) obligates members to provide\nnational treatment to other members, i.e., \"treatment no less favourable than that it accords to its\nown.\"3 If land ownership restrictions result in less favorable treatment of foreigners, GATS\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11678950488567352, + "y": 0.7541813254356384 + }, + { + "x": 0.8721656054258347, + "y": 0.7541813254356384 + }, + { + "x": 0.8721656054258347, + "y": 0.826521746814251 + }, + { + "x": 0.11678950488567352, + "y": 0.826521746814251 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 449, + "content": { + "text": "1\nThe surveyed jurisdictions are Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Egypt,\nFinland, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands,\nNew Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South\nKorea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and the United\nKingdom.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1166691854596138, + "y": 0.8360605835914612 + }, + { + "x": 0.795839436352253, + "y": 0.8360605835914612 + }, + { + "x": 0.795839436352253, + "y": 0.8491602363064885 + }, + { + "x": 0.1166691854596138, + "y": 0.8491602363064885 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 450, + "content": { + "text": "2 World Bank Databank, Gross Domestic Product 2021 (Jan. 15, 2023), https://perma.cc/GP7Y-Z8K8.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11481144279241562, + "y": 0.8586622476577759 + }, + { + "x": 0.8806759342551231, + "y": 0.8586622476577759 + }, + { + "x": 0.8806759342551231, + "y": 0.8991063423454762 + }, + { + "x": 0.11481144279241562, + "y": 0.8991063423454762 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 451, + "content": { + "text": "3 General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World\nTrade Organization, Annex 1B, art. XVII, 1869 U.N.T.S. 183, 33 I.L.M. 1167 (1994), https://perma.cc/Z89Y-\nSEVS.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11686422675848007, + "y": 0.94076007604599 + }, + { + "x": 0.3390442058444023, + "y": 0.94076007604599 + }, + { + "x": 0.3390442058444023, + "y": 0.9544305512681603 + }, + { + "x": 0.11686422675848007, + "y": 0.9544305512681603 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 452, + "content": { + "text": "The Law Library of Congress\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8655149936676025, + "y": 0.9413285255432129 + }, + { + "x": 0.8732451242394745, + "y": 0.9413285255432129 + }, + { + "x": 0.8732451242394745, + "y": 0.9512153957039118 + }, + { + "x": 0.8655149936676025, + "y": 0.9512153957039118 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 453, + "content": { + "text": "1\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000182.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.028966514393687248, + "y": 0.2818114161491394 + }, + { + "x": 0.9692688267678022, + "y": 0.2818114161491394 + }, + { + "x": 0.9692688267678022, + "y": 0.9444939494132996 + }, + { + "x": 0.028966514393687248, + "y": 0.9444939494132996 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 256, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
OCRRecommendationProduct semantic search
PackA solution that recognizes characters in an image and extracts necessary informationA solution that recommends the best products and contentsA solution that enables semantic search, analyzes and organizes key information in unstructured text data into a standardized form (DB)
ApplicationApplicable to all fields that require text extraction from standardized documents, such as receipts, bills, credit cards, ID cards, certificates, and medical receiptsApplicable to all fields that use any form of recommendation including alternative products, products and contents that are likely to be purchased nextApplicable to all fields that deal with various types of unstructured data containing text information that require semantic search and conversion into a DB
HighlightAchieved 1st place in the OCR World Competition The team includes specialists who have presented 14 papers in the world's most renowned Al conferencesTeam with specialists and technologies that received Kaggle's Gold Medal recommendation (Education platform) Proven superior performance of more than 170% compared to other global top-tier recommendation modelsCreation of the first natural language evaluation system in Korean (KLUE) World's No.1 in Kaggle text embedding competition in E-commerce subject (Shopee)
", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.07366440445184708, + "y": 0.07639086246490479 + }, + { + "x": 0.11326251178979874, + "y": 0.07639086246490479 + }, + { + "x": 0.11326251178979874, + "y": 0.09328206814825535 + }, + { + "x": 0.07366440445184708, + "y": 0.09328206814825535 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 274, + "content": { + "text": "Al Pack\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.07387454807758331, + "y": 0.11093553900718689 + }, + { + "x": 0.7606330662965775, + "y": 0.11093553900718689 + }, + { + "x": 0.7606330662965775, + "y": 0.20462821424007416 + }, + { + "x": 0.07387454807758331, + "y": 0.20462821424007416 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 275, + "content": { + "text": "Upstage offers 3 Al packs that process unstructured information and data,\nmaking a tangible impact on your business\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.9663792848587036, + "y": 0.9487667679786682 + }, + { + "x": 0.9760476872324944, + "y": 0.9487667679786682 + }, + { + "x": 0.9760476872324944, + "y": 0.9618439748883247 + }, + { + "x": 0.9663792848587036, + "y": 0.9618439748883247 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 277, + "content": { + "text": "11\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000129.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0886685699224472, + "y": 0.09771489351987839 + }, + { + "x": 0.13196957483887672, + "y": 0.09771489351987839 + }, + { + "x": 0.13196957483887672, + "y": 0.11048516910523176 + }, + { + "x": 0.0886685699224472, + "y": 0.11048516910523176 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 378, + "content": { + "text": "(15.19)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08775736391544342, + "y": 0.1403363198041916 + }, + { + "x": 0.9113696962594986, + "y": 0.1403363198041916 + }, + { + "x": 0.9113696962594986, + "y": 0.22945238649845123 + }, + { + "x": 0.08775736391544342, + "y": 0.22945238649845123 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 379, + "content": { + "text": "n the case that the distributions were identically distributed with expected value and variance of Ux\nand o2 each partner would face the same expected value as before, Ux. But, the variance of their\nindividual earnings would be = half of what it was before without combining\ntheir businesses. Furthermore, the standard deviation of the earnings each partner would face would\nbe:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08871188759803772, + "y": 0.28109875321388245 + }, + { + "x": 0.13641753047704697, + "y": 0.28109875321388245 + }, + { + "x": 0.13641753047704697, + "y": 0.2937129382044077 + }, + { + "x": 0.08871188759803772, + "y": 0.2937129382044077 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 380, + "content": { + "text": "(15.20)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08715366572141647, + "y": 0.3252977132797241 + }, + { + "x": 0.9113901183009148, + "y": 0.3252977132797241 + }, + { + "x": 0.9113901183009148, + "y": 0.36074717342853546 + }, + { + "x": 0.08715366572141647, + "y": 0.36074717342853546 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 381, + "content": { + "text": "And if n partners joined together, then they would each face the same expected value as before, but\nthe variance each partner would receive is Ox/Vn. We now illustrate these important results.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08720327168703079, + "y": 0.3774752914905548 + }, + { + "x": 0.9110521748661995, + "y": 0.3774752914905548 + }, + { + "x": 0.9110521748661995, + "y": 0.44921059906482697 + }, + { + "x": 0.08720327168703079, + "y": 0.44921059906482697 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 382, + "content": { + "text": "Assume that business one's earnings are determined by outcomes associated with the toss of a fair\ncoin. If the outcome of the coin toss is tails, the firm pays (loses) $5,000. If the toss is a heads, the\nfirm wins $8,000. Thus, the firm wins either $8,000 or loses $5,000 and earns on average (.5) (-5,000) +\n(.5) (8,000) = $1500.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08720547705888748, + "y": 0.4687708020210266 + }, + { + "x": 0.47813306003808975, + "y": 0.4687708020210266 + }, + { + "x": 0.47813306003808975, + "y": 0.529437642544508 + }, + { + "x": 0.08720547705888748, + "y": 0.529437642544508 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 383, + "content": { + "text": "The standard deviation of this risky outcomes is:\n(15.21)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0877041295170784, + "y": 0.5548856258392334 + }, + { + "x": 0.9107498005032539, + "y": 0.5548856258392334 + }, + { + "x": 0.9107498005032539, + "y": 0.6066748164594173 + }, + { + "x": 0.0877041295170784, + "y": 0.6066748164594173 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 384, + "content": { + "text": "Furthermore, assuming a normal distribution, 68% of the time, the average outcome will be between\nthe mean and plus or minus one standard deviation: ($1,500 + $6,500) = $8,000 and\n($1,500 - $6,500) = -$5,000.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08780263364315033, + "y": 0.6263942718505859 + }, + { + "x": 0.9114543050527573, + "y": 0.6263942718505859 + }, + { + "x": 0.9114543050527573, + "y": 0.7375611290335655 + }, + { + "x": 0.08780263364315033, + "y": 0.7375611290335655 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 385, + "content": { + "text": "Now suppose that two persons decide to combine their operations and share the average of the\noutcomes. Then the possible outcomes of two coin tosses are two heads (H, H) which earns on\naverage $16,000/2 = $8,000 and occurs with a probability of .25; two tails (T,T) which earns on average\n-$10,000/2=-$5,000 = and occurs with a probability of .25, and one head and one tail (H, T) or one tail\nand one head (T, H) which both earn on average $3,000/2 = $1,500 and each occurs with a probability\nof .25. The expected value for each of the two players can now can be expressed as:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0886656865477562, + "y": 0.75204998254776 + }, + { + "x": 0.7686400040984154, + "y": 0.75204998254776 + }, + { + "x": 0.7686400040984154, + "y": 0.7718615513294935 + }, + { + "x": 0.0886656865477562, + "y": 0.7718615513294935 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 386, + "content": { + "text": "(15.22) + (.25) )(-$5,000) + (.25) ($1,500) + (.25) ($1,50 =\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08715565502643585, + "y": 0.7897613644599915 + }, + { + "x": 0.910624161362648, + "y": 0.7897613644599915 + }, + { + "x": 0.910624161362648, + "y": 0.822601068764925 + }, + { + "x": 0.08715565502643585, + "y": 0.822601068764925 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 387, + "content": { + "text": "The two players now receive on average the same as before, $1,500, but consider the standard\ndeviation of the average outcome:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12023267149925232, + "y": 0.9510847926139832 + }, + { + "x": 0.12287482619285583, + "y": 0.9510847926139832 + }, + { + "x": 0.12287482619285583, + "y": 0.9611556082963943 + }, + { + "x": 0.12023267149925232, + "y": 0.9611556082963943 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 388, + "content": { + "text": "I\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08750518411397934, + "y": 0.9514905214309692 + }, + { + "x": 0.11218217015266418, + "y": 0.9514905214309692 + }, + { + "x": 0.11218217015266418, + "y": 0.9595254762098193 + }, + { + "x": 0.08750518411397934, + "y": 0.9595254762098193 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 389, + "content": { + "text": "340\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.13033781945705414, + "y": 0.951378345489502 + }, + { + "x": 0.36727192997932434, + "y": 0.951378345489502 + }, + { + "x": 0.36727192997932434, + "y": 0.9616122068837285 + }, + { + "x": 0.13033781945705414, + "y": 0.9616122068837285 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 390, + "content": { + "text": "Ch. 15. Homogeneous Risk Measures\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000096.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1552896499633789, + "y": 0.07648468017578125 + }, + { + "x": 0.6633549928665161, + "y": 0.07648468017578125 + }, + { + "x": 0.6633549928665161, + "y": 0.3203612118959427 + }, + { + "x": 0.1552896499633789, + "y": 0.3203612118959427 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 258, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.118596151471138, + "y": 0.3539857268333435 + }, + { + "x": 0.9046577960252762, + "y": 0.3539857268333435 + }, + { + "x": 0.9046577960252762, + "y": 0.44729260355234146 + }, + { + "x": 0.118596151471138, + "y": 0.44729260355234146 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 260, + "content": { + "text": "8. Suppose Evelyn the Environmental Economist is presenting her case in a public meeting for\nwhy raising the price of municipal water in the face of persistent drought conditions would be\na good thing for the community, when someone in the audience yells out, \"That's unfair for\nseniors and others living on fixed incomes.\" How might Evelyn frame her response in a way\nthat dispels the audience's concerns about the fairness of a price increase?\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11815284937620163, + "y": 0.4733201265335083 + }, + { + "x": 0.896496407687664, + "y": 0.4733201265335083 + }, + { + "x": 0.896496407687664, + "y": 0.5082503370940685 + }, + { + "x": 0.11815284937620163, + "y": 0.5082503370940685 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 261, + "content": { + "text": "9. How would the indifference curve in Figure 6.1 change when drawn for a person who suffers\nfrom guilt but not envy? Draw the curve.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1110185906291008, + "y": 0.5343079566955566 + }, + { + "x": 0.902142159640789, + "y": 0.5343079566955566 + }, + { + "x": 0.902142159640789, + "y": 0.5691823735833168 + }, + { + "x": 0.1110185906291008, + "y": 0.5691823735833168 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 262, + "content": { + "text": "10. Can you recall an example from your own life where you exhibited an Endowment Effect that\nultimately led to regret?\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1100316271185875, + "y": 0.5951906442642212 + }, + { + "x": 0.8939981684088707, + "y": 0.5951906442642212 + }, + { + "x": 0.8939981684088707, + "y": 0.6499177850782871 + }, + { + "x": 0.1100316271185875, + "y": 0.6499177850782871 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 263, + "content": { + "text": "11. The Gender Gap experiment discussed in this chapter measured gender differences in terms\nof how males and females deal with competitive situations. Think of another situation where\na gender gap may exist and design an experiment to test for it.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1097424179315567, + "y": 0.6759655475616455 + }, + { + "x": 0.8944791704416275, + "y": 0.6759655475616455 + }, + { + "x": 0.8944791704416275, + "y": 0.7496603205800056 + }, + { + "x": 0.1097424179315567, + "y": 0.7496603205800056 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 264, + "content": { + "text": "12. It was shown in this chapter that a Homo economicus who exhibits convex-shaped indifference\ncurves exhibits an Endowment Effect. Does this result still hold if Homo economicus exhibits\nlinearly shaped indifference curves, as depicted in the figure below? Show your result using\nthis graph.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6404423117637634, + "y": 0.9512497186660767 + }, + { + "x": 0.9062101244926453, + "y": 0.9512497186660767 + }, + { + "x": 0.9062101244926453, + "y": 0.9586885944008827 + }, + { + "x": 0.6404423117637634, + "y": 0.9586885944008827 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 265, + "content": { + "text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 117\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000134.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09745077788829803, + "y": 0.0823872908949852 + }, + { + "x": 0.9015337079763412, + "y": 0.0823872908949852 + }, + { + "x": 0.9015337079763412, + "y": 0.17427046597003937 + }, + { + "x": 0.09745077788829803, + "y": 0.17427046597003937 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 290, + "content": { + "text": "What's unique about the growth of Alligator Gars is their fast growth in the first years of life followed by slower\ngrowth (Figure 8.6; Figure 8.7). Juvenile Alligator Gars quickly transition to fish-eating habits (Butler et al. 2018).\nA fish diet means the juveniles grow at 4-5 mm per day in the first three months of life, SO that by the end of the\nfirst growing season they may reach 1.5 to 2 feet in length (~40-70 cm) and 8-10 pounds in weight (Sakaris et al.\n2019). Despite their fast growth, young Alligator Gars are preyed upon by many larger fish.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.20505718886852264, + "y": 0.19840769469738007 + }, + { + "x": 0.7961509078741074, + "y": 0.19840769469738007 + }, + { + "x": 0.7961509078741074, + "y": 0.47310371696949005 + }, + { + "x": 0.20505718886852264, + "y": 0.47310371696949005 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 291, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.19723987579345703, + "y": 0.4879043400287628 + }, + { + "x": 0.7962462902069092, + "y": 0.4879043400287628 + }, + { + "x": 0.7962462902069092, + "y": 0.5137000232934952 + }, + { + "x": 0.19723987579345703, + "y": 0.5137000232934952 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 292, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 8.6: Growth in length of Alligator Gar in Texas. Figure 8.7: Growth in weight of Alligator\nGar in Texas. Long description.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.22132129967212677, + "y": 0.5850711464881897 + }, + { + "x": 0.7794517427682877, + "y": 0.5850711464881897 + }, + { + "x": 0.7794517427682877, + "y": 0.8449916839599609 + }, + { + "x": 0.22132129967212677, + "y": 0.8449916839599609 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 293, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2097754180431366, + "y": 0.8583696484565735 + }, + { + "x": 0.5502572059631348, + "y": 0.8583696484565735 + }, + { + "x": 0.5502572059631348, + "y": 0.8716329084709287 + }, + { + "x": 0.2097754180431366, + "y": 0.8716329084709287 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 294, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 8.7: Growth in weight of Alligator Gar in Texas.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5351362228393555, + "y": 0.9350046515464783 + }, + { + "x": 0.877175897359848, + "y": 0.9350046515464783 + }, + { + "x": 0.877175897359848, + "y": 0.9481025049462914 + }, + { + "x": 0.5351362228393555, + "y": 0.9481025049462914 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 295, + "content": { + "text": "Angling and Conservation of Living Fishy Dinosaurs I\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8842992186546326, + "y": 0.9361100792884827 + }, + { + "x": 0.9012443199753761, + "y": 0.9361100792884827 + }, + { + "x": 0.9012443199753761, + "y": 0.9448324916884303 + }, + { + "x": 0.8842992186546326, + "y": 0.9448324916884303 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 296, + "content": { + "text": "171\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000131.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09366405755281448, + "y": 0.0696595311164856 + }, + { + "x": 0.8275547102093697, + "y": 0.0696595311164856 + }, + { + "x": 0.8275547102093697, + "y": 0.3450985550880432 + }, + { + "x": 0.09366405755281448, + "y": 0.3450985550880432 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 186, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.286744624376297, + "y": 0.4106541872024536 + }, + { + "x": 0.7131662666797638, + "y": 0.4106541872024536 + }, + { + "x": 0.7131662666797638, + "y": 0.4235063409432769 + }, + { + "x": 0.286744624376297, + "y": 0.4235063409432769 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 187, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 17.2. Year-to-year changes in housing prices.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08958717435598373, + "y": 0.48633480072021484 + }, + { + "x": 0.8234314545989037, + "y": 0.48633480072021484 + }, + { + "x": 0.8234314545989037, + "y": 0.7507611513137817 + }, + { + "x": 0.08958717435598373, + "y": 0.7507611513137817 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 188, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0869646966457367, + "y": 0.7751903533935547 + }, + { + "x": 0.9117704927921295, + "y": 0.7751903533935547 + }, + { + "x": 0.9117704927921295, + "y": 0.9253712296485901 + }, + { + "x": 0.0869646966457367, + "y": 0.9253712296485901 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 189, + "content": { + "text": "Inflationary, nominal, and real interest rates. To understand price volatility of durables, it is necessary\nto describe inflationary, nominal, and real interest rates. Recall from your earlier training that the\ninflation rate i is equal to the rate of change in average prices, changes often linked to monetary or\nfiscal policies of governments. The nominal interest rate r depends on the rate of inflation and a real\ncomponent that is dependent on factors other than the rate of inflation such as changing market\nconditions or changes in productivity. To describe the effects of inflation on the nominal interest, let\none plus the nominal interest rate r equal one plus the real rate r times one plus the inflation rate\ni\nSO\nthat:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7106746435165405, + "y": 0.951325535774231 + }, + { + "x": 0.9113201797008514, + "y": 0.951325535774231 + }, + { + "x": 0.9113201797008514, + "y": 0.9613621402531862 + }, + { + "x": 0.7106746435165405, + "y": 0.9613621402531862 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 190, + "content": { + "text": "Ch. 17. Land Investments I 385\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000170.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08930566161870956, + "y": 0.14142738282680511 + }, + { + "x": 0.7178875431418419, + "y": 0.14142738282680511 + }, + { + "x": 0.7178875431418419, + "y": 0.3268326669931412 + }, + { + "x": 0.08930566161870956, + "y": 0.3268326669931412 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 303, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
Terrace IntervalUnderground OutletsWaterways with percent grade of:
(ft)0.1-0.30.4-0.70.8
Pt ValuesPt ValuesPt ValuesPt Values
<1100.50.60.71.0
110-1400.60.70.81.0
140-1800.70.80.91.0
180-2250.80.80.91.0
225-3000.90.91.01.0
300+1.01.01.01.0
", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09158646315336227, + "y": 0.07348614931106567 + }, + { + "x": 0.8731752559542656, + "y": 0.07348614931106567 + }, + { + "x": 0.8731752559542656, + "y": 0.11478690803050995 + }, + { + "x": 0.09158646315336227, + "y": 0.11478690803050995 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 352, + "content": { + "text": "Table 16.5. Conservation practice (P) values for terraces with underground outlets or\nwaterways.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09152309596538544, + "y": 0.34593355655670166 + }, + { + "x": 0.46355439722537994, + "y": 0.34593355655670166 + }, + { + "x": 0.46355439722537994, + "y": 0.35874921921640635 + }, + { + "x": 0.09152309596538544, + "y": 0.35874921921640635 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 354, + "content": { + "text": "Table adapted from Jones et al. (1988) with permission.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09131643176078796, + "y": 0.37471532821655273 + }, + { + "x": 0.9070585072040558, + "y": 0.37471532821655273 + }, + { + "x": 0.9070585072040558, + "y": 0.4233621694147587 + }, + { + "x": 0.09131643176078796, + "y": 0.4233621694147587 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 356, + "content": { + "text": "Assume that one terrace has a length of slope of 130 ft, has the same percent slope as above (2%), uses\nunderground outlets to remove excess water, and that contour tillage practices are being used as described\nabove, calculate the erosion rate for that single terrace.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1427895575761795, + "y": 0.439230352640152 + }, + { + "x": 0.193208497017622, + "y": 0.439230352640152 + }, + { + "x": 0.193208497017622, + "y": 0.4528625337406993 + }, + { + "x": 0.1427895575761795, + "y": 0.4528625337406993 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 357, + "content": { + "text": "A4 =\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0916772112250328, + "y": 0.46848058700561523 + }, + { + "x": 0.6006673201918602, + "y": 0.46848058700561523 + }, + { + "x": 0.6006673201918602, + "y": 0.4816794143989682 + }, + { + "x": 0.0916772112250328, + "y": 0.4816794143989682 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 358, + "content": { + "text": "How does that erosion rate compare to the tolerable erosion rate?\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09146378934383392, + "y": 0.5266656875610352 + }, + { + "x": 0.7402978390455246, + "y": 0.5266656875610352 + }, + { + "x": 0.7402978390455246, + "y": 0.5397931709885597 + }, + { + "x": 0.09146378934383392, + "y": 0.5397931709885597 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 359, + "content": { + "text": "How does that erosion rate compare to the likely geologic erosion rate of 1 ton/ac/yr?\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09151987731456757, + "y": 0.58430016040802 + }, + { + "x": 0.9071309417486191, + "y": 0.58430016040802 + }, + { + "x": 0.9071309417486191, + "y": 0.6152759920805693 + }, + { + "x": 0.09151987731456757, + "y": 0.6152759920805693 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 360, + "content": { + "text": "Now, calculate the erosion rate if conservation tillage, contour tillage, and terraces were all used together for\nsoil conservation as they were described above.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14211319386959076, + "y": 0.6304653882980347 + }, + { + "x": 0.4665425270795822, + "y": 0.6304653882980347 + }, + { + "x": 0.4665425270795822, + "y": 0.6445244811475277 + }, + { + "x": 0.14211319386959076, + "y": 0.6445244811475277 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 361, + "content": { + "text": "A5 = R X K X LS X C Pt\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14225037395954132, + "y": 0.6604572534561157 + }, + { + "x": 0.19315053522586823, + "y": 0.6604572534561157 + }, + { + "x": 0.19315053522586823, + "y": 0.6741019329056144 + }, + { + "x": 0.14225037395954132, + "y": 0.6741019329056144 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 362, + "content": { + "text": "A5 =\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09162330627441406, + "y": 0.6911171078681946 + }, + { + "x": 0.6006039381027222, + "y": 0.6911171078681946 + }, + { + "x": 0.6006039381027222, + "y": 0.7040275344625115 + }, + { + "x": 0.09162330627441406, + "y": 0.7040275344625115 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 363, + "content": { + "text": "How does that erosion rate compare to the tolerable erosion rate?\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09146327525377274, + "y": 0.7486786842346191 + }, + { + "x": 0.7403907850384712, + "y": 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253, + "content": { + "text": "If you run aground, call for help\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.023690257221460342, + "y": 0.2575953006744385 + }, + { + "x": 0.21849017217755318, + "y": 0.2575953006744385 + }, + { + "x": 0.21849017217755318, + "y": 0.27470626682043076 + }, + { + "x": 0.023690257221460342, + "y": 0.27470626682043076 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 254, + "content": { + "text": "Wear polarized sunglasses\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.023530825972557068, + "y": 0.2796521484851837 + }, + { + "x": 0.21916070580482483, + "y": 0.2796521484851837 + }, + { + "x": 0.21916070580482483, + "y": 0.2963869720697403 + }, + { + "x": 0.023530825972557068, + "y": 0.2963869720697403 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 255, + "content": { + "text": "Take a safe boating course\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.01595764234662056, 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Government PositionNo. of SeatsAquino Administration (1986-1992)Ramos Administration (1992-1998)
Senate248.316.7
House of Representatives2029.410.4
Cabinet2015.05.0
Governor735.45.4
Provincial Board Member6269.910.9
City/Municipal Mayor1,5787.411.2
City/Municipal Vice Mayor1,5786.514.9
City Municipal Councilor12,40610.5N/A
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It can also be observed that in executive positions such\nas the cabinet, few women are appointed, especially during President\nFidel Ramos's time, compared to Cory Aquino's administration\n(Table 1). As mentioned above, the Philippines has made significant\nstrides in legislating for women's rights. 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+ "y": 0.9218788221478462 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 277, + "content": { + "text": "MENDELIAN GENETICS, PROBABILITY, PEDIGREES AND CHI-SQUARE STATISTICS . 80\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.9173812866210938, + "y": 0.9356061816215515 + }, + { + "x": 0.9429192766547203, + "y": 0.9356061816215515 + }, + { + "x": 0.9429192766547203, + "y": 0.9474219717085361 + }, + { + "x": 0.9173812866210938, + "y": 0.9474219717085361 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 278, + "content": { + "text": "92\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.05526465177536011, + "y": 0.9355397820472717 + }, + { + "x": 0.269759401679039, + "y": 0.9355397820472717 + }, + { + "x": 0.269759401679039, + "y": 0.9505773317068815 + }, + { + "x": 0.05526465177536011, + "y": 0.9505773317068815 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 279, + "content": { + "text": "Chi-Square Data Table\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.49604126811027527, + "y": 0.9683797955513 + }, + { + "x": 0.5023035579361022, + "y": 0.9683797955513 + }, + { + "x": 0.5023035579361022, + "y": 0.9790438180789351 + }, + { + "x": 0.49604126811027527, + "y": 0.9790438180789351 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 280, + "content": { + "text": "1\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000139.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4073466360569, + "y": 0.0919460654258728 + }, + { + "x": 0.6334517598152161, + "y": 0.0919460654258728 + }, + { + "x": 0.6334517598152161, + "y": 0.10564438719302416 + }, + { + "x": 0.4073466360569, + "y": 0.10564438719302416 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 457, + "content": { + "text": "Top 10 tuna fishing nations (2018)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.19061081111431122, + "y": 0.11929299682378769 + }, + { + "x": 0.7725478261709213, + "y": 0.11929299682378769 + }, + { + "x": 0.7725478261709213, + "y": 0.3820299729704857 + }, + { + "x": 0.19061081111431122, + "y": 0.3820299729704857 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 458, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16392260789871216, + "y": 0.4019980728626251 + }, + { + "x": 0.8066375851631165, + "y": 0.4019980728626251 + }, + { + "x": 0.8066375851631165, + "y": 0.4158846475183964 + }, + { + "x": 0.16392260789871216, + "y": 0.4158846475183964 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 459, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 12.8: Top tuna fishing nations based on landings of seven tuna species in 2018. Long description.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09748457372188568, + "y": 0.4786410927772522 + }, + { + "x": 0.9010543674230576, + "y": 0.4786410927772522 + }, + { + "x": 0.9010543674230576, + "y": 0.6106454581022263 + }, + { + "x": 0.09748457372188568, + "y": 0.6106454581022263 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 460, + "content": { + "text": "Today most tuna are captured in purse seines, and longlines are the second-most-common gear. Indonesia\nand Japan are consistently the top-two fishing nations (Figure 12.8). Five of the top tuna fishing nations-Japan,\nTaiwan (Republic of China), Spain, Korea, and the -have large fishing fleets that operate far from their home\nwaters, whereas the others have large local or regional fleets. New technologies, such as sonar, have made tuna\nfishing much more effective. In response, the use of spotter planes is banned for fishing Atlantic Bluefin Tuna in\nthe Mediterranean (Di Natale 2020). Many recreational tuna boats also use spotter planes in the eastern Atlantic\nOcean, although the traditionalist harpoon fishers shun the technology (Whynott 1995; Decker 2016).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09731559455394745, + "y": 0.6270300149917603 + }, + { + "x": 0.901023730635643, + "y": 0.6270300149917603 + }, + { + "x": 0.901023730635643, + "y": 0.8949724733829498 + }, + { + "x": 0.09731559455394745, + "y": 0.8949724733829498 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 461, + "content": { + "text": "The Pacific Ocean has consistently had the highest landings, about 66% of the world's tuna catch. The western\nand central Pacific Ocean is where many artisanal and industrial fisheries overlap. For the small island nations,\nfishing provides a major source of income, jobs, and food security (Bell et al. 2019). Yet, Pacific island nations\nhave not fully realized the economic potential with the global tuna industry, despite the fact that 80% of it is\ncaught within their exclusive economic zones (EEZs, i.e., within 200 miles). The 1982 United Nations Convention\non the Law of the Sea awarded coastal states sovereign rights to (1) exploit and manage all living resources\nwithin their EEZ, (2) exclude distant water fleets in favor of developing their own fleets, and (3) charge distant\nwater fleets rent for access. Eight island nations-the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands,\nNauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu, which support 80% of the purse-seine catch in\ntheir waters-formed an alliance and require collective bargaining to set rents for access by foreign vessels. The\nalliance also prioritized domestic over foreign vessels and set limits on the number of purse-seine vessels. The\nissue of sovereignty over tuna that migrate freely among EEZs remains a concern for small island nations (Bailey\net al. 2012). Working to establish fair and equitable allocations of total allowable catches to the many parties will\nrequire more equitable sharing with the larger tuna-fishing nations.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09781564772129059, + "y": 0.9359697103500366 + }, + { + "x": 0.12030106224119663, + "y": 0.9359697103500366 + }, + { + "x": 0.12030106224119663, + "y": 0.9447331475093961 + }, + { + "x": 0.09781564772129059, + "y": 0.9447331475093961 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 462, + "content": { + "text": "282\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.13846838474273682, + "y": 0.9353508353233337 + }, + { + "x": 0.5563785135746002, + "y": 0.9353508353233337 + }, + { + "x": 0.5563785135746002, + "y": 0.9479608498513699 + }, + { + "x": 0.13846838474273682, + "y": 0.9479608498513699 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 463, + "content": { + "text": "Conserving Tuna: The Most Commercially Valuable Fish on Earth\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000025.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.680572509765625, + "y": 0.08668317645788193 + }, + { + "x": 0.8425238132476807, + "y": 0.08668317645788193 + }, + { + "x": 0.8425238132476807, + "y": 0.09665372502058744 + }, + { + "x": 0.680572509765625, + "y": 0.09665372502058744 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 408, + "content": { + "text": "2. The Lost Homeland\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1298343688249588, + "y": 0.1190674677491188 + }, + { + "x": 0.8424514085054398, + "y": 0.1190674677491188 + }, + { + "x": 0.8424514085054398, + "y": 0.1762753129005432 + }, + { + "x": 0.1298343688249588, + "y": 0.1762753129005432 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 409, + "content": { + "text": "gesture in honour of local culture. Few of the artefacts were authentically\npart of this area. It told us nothing of any interest or with any authority.\nWe wondered whose culture we were looking at.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1290736049413681, + "y": 0.19131863117218018 + }, + { + "x": 0.8434682339429855, + "y": 0.19131863117218018 + }, + { + "x": 0.8434682339429855, + "y": 0.2644413635134697 + }, + { + "x": 0.1290736049413681, + "y": 0.2644413635134697 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 410, + "content": { + "text": "At the central railway station, we tried to question officials, in German and\nEnglish, about the location of Steinkirche. But only Polish was spoken at\nthe information office and other counters. Nor could we locate the correct\ntrain line on the information screens.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12971585988998413, + "y": 0.284071147441864 + }, + { + "x": 0.8432009220123291, + "y": 0.284071147441864 + }, + { + "x": 0.8432009220123291, + "y": 0.4800657331943512 + }, + { + "x": 0.12971585988998413, + "y": 0.4800657331943512 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 411, + "content": { + "text": "On our walk back to the centre of town, past the dilapidated theatre where\nmy mother had attended performances, John spotted another bookshop.\nSurprisingly it was trading busily on a Polish Catholic Sunday. It sold old\nmaps and books. We found old pictures of Breslau labelled in Polish and\nEnglish. We found descriptions in both Polish and English of Neumarkt\nPlatz (Novi Targ). Various maps showed clear plans of its location. They\nalso showed the Neptune fountain I had been seeking. For centuries it had\na conspicuous place in town maps as a well drawing water from the Oder,\nwhose tributaries flowed together and separated the town into different\nquarters, spanned by a multitude of bridges.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.13033975660800934, + "y": 0.4956875145435333 + }, + { + "x": 0.843234971165657, + "y": 0.4956875145435333 + }, + { + "x": 0.843234971165657, + "y": 0.5526662282645702 + }, + { + "x": 0.13033975660800934, + "y": 0.5526662282645702 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 412, + "content": { + "text": "I was thrilled. Before this find, my family had begun to question whether\nthe fountain had actually existed. 'You and your fountain!' they cried.\nBut I always knew it was there, in my memory and beyond.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1297529935836792, + "y": 0.5678828954696655 + }, + { + "x": 0.8431596159934998, + "y": 0.5678828954696655 + }, + { + "x": 0.8431596159934998, + "y": 0.7010708451271057 + }, + { + "x": 0.1297529935836792, + "y": 0.7010708451271057 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 413, + "content": { + "text": "When we walked to Novi Targ, we found the old houses by the square\nhad been destroyed totally by the War. So, to my disappointment, had\nthe Neptune fountain In Microcosm, his history of Wroclaw, Norman\nDavies tells how, after the War, the rubble of Breslau had been removed\nin trainloads to rebuild Warsaw in its original style. Some fine Breslau\nbuildings left standing by War were even knocked down for their\nold bricks.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.13016429543495178, + "y": 0.720707356929779 + }, + { + "x": 0.8433103263378143, + "y": 0.720707356929779 + }, + { + "x": 0.8433103263378143, + "y": 0.7777450829744339 + }, + { + "x": 0.13016429543495178, + "y": 0.7777450829744339 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 414, + "content": { + "text": "I viewed this horrible information as being akin to the punishment Dante\ndished out to sinners in his Purgatory. Atonement was to be made only\nby suffering punishment that fitted the spirit of a crime.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12940341234207153, + "y": 0.792762815952301 + }, + { + "x": 0.8433189988136292, + "y": 0.792762815952301 + }, + { + "x": 0.8433189988136292, + "y": 0.849788423627615 + }, + { + "x": 0.12940341234207153, + "y": 0.849788423627615 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 415, + "content": { + "text": "We then looked for the air-raid shelters in which my grandmother and\naunt Else had sheltered from the fire-bombs that rained down on the city\nin early 1945.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8893632292747498, + "y": 0.9314473867416382 + }, + { + "x": 0.9059146512299776, + "y": 0.9314473867416382 + }, + { + "x": 0.9059146512299776, + "y": 0.9409008556976914 + }, + { + "x": 0.8893632292747498, + "y": 0.9409008556976914 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 416, + "content": { + "text": "11\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000036.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.26902520656585693, + "y": 0.08657541126012802 + }, + { + "x": 0.8386737704277039, + "y": 0.08657541126012802 + }, + { + "x": 0.8386737704277039, + "y": 0.11370310373604298 + }, + { + "x": 0.26902520656585693, + "y": 0.11370310373604298 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 533, + "content": { + "text": "2. General Profile of MSMEs\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.06745069473981857, + "y": 0.14786088466644287 + }, + { + "x": 0.4468049928545952, + "y": 0.14786088466644287 + }, + { + "x": 0.4468049928545952, + "y": 0.2870059609413147 + }, + { + "x": 0.06745069473981857, + "y": 0.2870059609413147 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 534, + "content": { + "text": "In July 2020, the survey established a general profile\nof the MSMEs interviewed. The respondents updated\nthe interviewers on the status of their business in each\nsubsequent phase. Respondents whose business\nhad permanently closed were only asked the reasons\nfor closing (Section 2.4) and about government\nassistance programs (Section 7). The demographics\nof respondents and business characteristics (i.e., the\nproportions) remained roughly the same across all\nthree survey phases.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.461188942193985, + "y": 0.14809206128120422 + }, + { + "x": 0.8417754471302032, + "y": 0.14809206128120422 + }, + { + "x": 0.8417754471302032, + "y": 0.22859999537467957 + }, + { + "x": 0.461188942193985, + "y": 0.22859999537467957 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 535, + "content": { + "text": "Business characteristics. Business size was\ndetermined by the number of staff at the time of\ninterview. Following Government Decree number 25/\nGOV, firms with five or less staff are microenterprises,\nthose with six - 50 staff are small, and those with 51\n- 99 staff are medium.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.46187448501586914, + "y": 0.24789471924304962 + }, + { + "x": 0.8408768475055695, + "y": 0.24789471924304962 + }, + { + "x": 0.8408768475055695, + "y": 0.2878699563443661 + }, + { + "x": 0.46187448501586914, + "y": 0.2878699563443661 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 536, + "content": { + "text": "Micro and small enterprises made up most of\nthe respondents. Approximately 58% were\nmicroenterprises, 40% were small, and only two\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.06811775267124176, + "y": 0.3037278354167938 + }, + { + "x": 0.480828657746315, + "y": 0.3037278354167938 + }, + { + "x": 0.480828657746315, + "y": 0.31543863844126463 + }, + { + "x": 0.06811775267124176, + "y": 0.31543863844126463 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 537, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 2.1: Surveyed MSMEs by size across sectors (%)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2003970742225647, + "y": 0.329654723405838 + }, + { + "x": 0.7088945508003235, + "y": 0.329654723405838 + }, + { + "x": 0.7088945508003235, + "y": 0.5572469681501389 + }, + { + "x": 0.2003970742225647, + "y": 0.5572469681501389 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 538, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.06730656325817108, + "y": 0.5750409364700317 + }, + { + "x": 0.4477548450231552, + "y": 0.5750409364700317 + }, + { + "x": 0.4477548450231552, + "y": 0.6696289926767349 + }, + { + "x": 0.06730656325817108, + "y": 0.6696289926767349 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 539, + "content": { + "text": "percent were medium. The tourism MSME sample\nincluded a higher percentage of microenterprises than\nthe other two sectors. All of the tourism and handicraft/\ntextile MSMEs interviewed were registered, or formal,\nconstituting approximately 71% of the sample. The\nremainder (agriculture MSMEs) were informal, as they\nwere individual farmers.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.06733240187168121, + "y": 0.6889426112174988 + }, + { + "x": 0.4476384073495865, + "y": 0.6889426112174988 + }, + { + "x": 0.4476384073495865, + "y": 0.8002012819051743 + }, + { + "x": 0.06733240187168121, + "y": 0.8002012819051743 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 540, + "content": { + "text": "The geographic focus of sampling sought to emulate\nthe concentration of businesses nationwide.\nInterviewed MSMEs in the tourism and handicraft/\ntextile sectors were mainly based in Vientiane Capital,\nLuang Prabang, and Champasack provinces. For the\nagriculture sector, MSMEs were based in 12 provinces\nand the capital. Annex 1 provides the locations of\nrespondents who participated in all three phases.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.06710708886384964, + "y": 0.8171557188034058 + }, + { + "x": 0.4467041566967964, + "y": 0.8171557188034058 + }, + { + "x": 0.4467041566967964, + "y": 0.87138357385993 + }, + { + "x": 0.06710708886384964, + "y": 0.87138357385993 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 541, + "content": { + "text": "The tourism sub-sectors interviewed included\nlodging, restaurants and bars, and tour operators.\nMost handicraft/textile respondents were involved\nin production, with the remaining in sales. The\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4620667099952698, + "y": 0.5750918388366699 + }, + { + "x": 0.8409702181816101, + "y": 0.5750918388366699 + }, + { + "x": 0.8409702181816101, + "y": 0.6708971261978149 + }, + { + "x": 0.4620667099952698, + "y": 0.6708971261978149 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 542, + "content": { + "text": "main products are silk and cotton products such as\nbags, clothes, and scarves, bamboo wicker, pottery,\ncarvings, and mulberry paper products. MSMEs\ninterviewed in the agriculture sector focused on the\ncultivation and trade of cash crops such as vegetables,\ncassava, banana, sugar cane, tea and coffee, livestock\nor fish, and rice.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4617045819759369, + "y": 0.6888726949691772 + }, + { + "x": 0.8420882225036621, + "y": 0.6888726949691772 + }, + { + "x": 0.8420882225036621, + "y": 0.8569783270359039 + }, + { + "x": 0.4617045819759369, + "y": 0.8569783270359039 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 543, + "content": { + "text": "Demographics of respondents. The overall gender\nratio of interviewees was slightly skewed towards\nmen (52%). Within the handicraft/textile sector,\n80% were women, while the agriculture sector\nwas dominated by male representatives (74%). The\ntourism sector respondents were 51% men. Most\nof the interviewees were MSME owners (80%),\nfollowed by managers (17%), while the other three\npercent comprised positions such as accountant,\nassistant, and deputy manager. More than half (58%)\nof interviewees were 36 to 55 years old; the youngest\nrespondent was 23 and the eldest was 83.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.9272695183753967, + "y": 0.9403039813041687 + }, + { + "x": 0.9339231643825769, + "y": 0.9403039813041687 + }, + { + "x": 0.9339231643825769, + "y": 0.9475362682715058 + }, + { + "x": 0.9272695183753967, + "y": 0.9475362682715058 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 544, + "content": { + "text": "6\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000151.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09228526800870895, + "y": 0.14810901880264282 + }, + { + "x": 0.20705463737249374, + "y": 0.14810901880264282 + }, + { + "x": 0.20705463737249374, + "y": 0.15937296207994223 + }, + { + "x": 0.09228526800870895, + "y": 0.15937296207994223 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 241, + "content": { + "text": "CHAPTER 1.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09162239730358124, + "y": 0.18634995818138123 + }, + { + "x": 0.22274474799633026, + "y": 0.18634995818138123 + }, + { + "x": 0.22274474799633026, + "y": 0.1983309853821993 + }, + { + "x": 0.09162239730358124, + "y": 0.1983309853821993 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 242, + "content": { + "text": "CALIFORNIA\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09208296984434128, + "y": 0.3043159246444702 + }, + { + "x": 0.3001892492175102, + "y": 0.3043159246444702 + }, + { + "x": 0.3001892492175102, + "y": 0.31370087154209614 + }, + { + "x": 0.09208296984434128, + "y": 0.31370087154209614 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 243, + "content": { + "text": "JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.092430479824543, + "y": 0.3759878873825073 + }, + { + "x": 0.36189601570367813, + "y": 0.3759878873825073 + }, + { + "x": 0.36189601570367813, + "y": 0.38751442451030016 + }, + { + "x": 0.092430479824543, + "y": 0.38751442451030016 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 244, + "content": { + "text": "COURSE MARKING DRIVERS\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09227873384952545, + "y": 0.4058399796485901 + }, + { + "x": 0.907135620713234, + "y": 0.4058399796485901 + }, + { + "x": 0.907135620713234, + "y": 0.49932700395584106 + }, + { + "x": 0.09227873384952545, + "y": 0.49932700395584106 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 245, + "content": { + "text": "SB1359 was passed in September 2016, going into force in January 2018. The law \"requires California\nCommunity Colleges and California State Universities and requests the University of California\nsystem to include a symbol/logo in the online campus course schedule by January 1, 2018 for courses\nthat exclusively use digital course materials that are free of charge to students and therefore not\nrequired to be purchased.\"\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09129542857408524, + "y": 0.5164058804512024 + }, + { + "x": 0.9073443487286568, + "y": 0.5164058804512024 + }, + { + "x": 0.9073443487286568, + "y": 0.6108276695013046 + }, + { + "x": 0.09129542857408524, + "y": 0.6108276695013046 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 246, + "content": { + "text": "The potential scale of impact is significant. With 114 colleges serving 2.1 million students, the\nCalifornia Community Colleges (CCCs) comprise the largest public system of higher education in the\nUS. The California State University (CSU) with 23 campuses serving nearly 500,000 students, is the\nlargest four-year public university system in the US. Notably, the law does not apply to the state's\nresearch-focused University of California.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4034990668296814, + "y": 0.6198394894599915 + }, + { + "x": 0.5966031402349472, + "y": 0.6198394894599915 + }, + { + "x": 0.5966031402349472, + "y": 0.7279586791992188 + }, + { + "x": 0.4034990668296814, + "y": 0.7279586791992188 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 247, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4041299521923065, + "y": 0.7419170141220093 + }, + { + "x": 0.5814975500106812, + "y": 0.7419170141220093 + }, + { + "x": 0.5814975500106812, + "y": 0.768336171284318 + }, + { + "x": 0.4041299521923065, + "y": 0.768336171284318 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 248, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 1.1: Zero Cost Textbook\nLogo\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09302186220884323, + "y": 0.7933060526847839 + }, + { + "x": 0.26589102298021317, + "y": 0.7933060526847839 + }, + { + "x": 0.26589102298021317, + "y": 0.8044889010488987 + }, + { + "x": 0.09302186220884323, + "y": 0.8044889010488987 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 249, + "content": { + "text": "IMPLEMENTATION\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09190935641527176, + "y": 0.8227576017379761 + }, + { + "x": 0.9070897772908211, + "y": 0.8227576017379761 + }, + { + "x": 0.9070897772908211, + "y": 0.915407344698906 + }, + { + "x": 0.09190935641527176, + "y": 0.915407344698906 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 250, + "content": { + "text": "Between the passage of the law in 2016 and the implementation of the law in 2018, both the CCCs\nand CSU systems engaged in outreach to the field. The CCCs' system office issued a memo to college\nleadership explaining the requirements and created a sample logo that colleges could choose to adopt.\nThe CSU system's Affordable Learning Solutions team engaged the field with a series of webinars and\nFAQs.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7556752562522888, + "y": 0.9510771036148071 + }, + { + "x": 0.9062568098306656, + "y": 0.9510771036148071 + }, + { + "x": 0.9062568098306656, + "y": 0.9588145795278251 + }, + { + "x": 0.7556752562522888, + "y": 0.9588145795278251 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 251, + "content": { + "text": "PRICE TRANSPARENCY 1\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000137.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10111922770738602, + "y": 0.07665503770112991 + }, + { + "x": 0.9021291211247444, + "y": 0.07665503770112991 + }, + { + "x": 0.9021291211247444, + "y": 0.36741507798433304 + }, + { + "x": 0.10111922770738602, + "y": 0.36741507798433304 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 446, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.44429638981819153, + "y": 0.39714473485946655 + }, + { + "x": 0.5872828960418701, + "y": 0.39714473485946655 + }, + { + "x": 0.5872828960418701, + "y": 0.41534388437867165 + }, + { + "x": 0.44429638981819153, + "y": 0.41534388437867165 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 447, + "content": { + "text": "Catch Per Day\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09569783508777618, + "y": 0.43337562680244446 + }, + { + "x": 0.8852718621492386, + "y": 0.43337562680244446 + }, + { + "x": 0.8852718621492386, + "y": 0.45906314440071583 + }, + { + "x": 0.09569783508777618, + "y": 0.45906314440071583 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 448, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 10.5: Frequency distribution displays the number of angler days resulting in differing catch per day for a hypothetical 8\nfish per day creel limit and estimated change if creel limit is reduced to 4 fish per day. Long description.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09780054539442062, + "y": 0.5236511826515198 + }, + { + "x": 0.9012949392199516, + "y": 0.5236511826515198 + }, + { + "x": 0.9012949392199516, + "y": 0.6733384877443314 + }, + { + "x": 0.09780054539442062, + "y": 0.6733384877443314 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 449, + "content": { + "text": "Creel limits are one of many elements that may be used by anglers to define fishing success. When more\nfish are harvested per trip, anglers rate fishing higher. High creel limits may cause anglers to have unrealistic\nexpectations about the potential supply of fish compared to the demand (Cook et al. 2001). Creel limit\nreductions may be unsuccessful in reducing angler harvest or affecting fish populations. The hypothetical\nangler success graph (Figure 10.5) demonstrates that a reduction in creel from 8 to 4 would affect only a few\ntrips and result in a small harvest reduction. Furthermore, creel limits are applied on a per-angler basis, SO they\ncannot control total harvest if total fishing effort increases or if noncompliance is high. Finally, since anglers\nhave a variety of motivations, they likely respond differently to regulation changes (Beard et al. 2011).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09771743416786194, + "y": 0.6918067932128906 + }, + { + "x": 0.9010585248470306, + "y": 0.6918067932128906 + }, + { + "x": 0.9010585248470306, + "y": 0.8027789816260338 + }, + { + "x": 0.09771743416786194, + "y": 0.8027789816260338 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 450, + "content": { + "text": "The ethic of fairness is involved in setting creel limit regulations because many anglers do not harvest a single\nfish during an angling trip. In Wisconsin lakes, Walleye harvest was not equally distributed. Only 7.4% of Walleye\nangler trips were successful in harvesting at least one Walleye, and <1% harvested a limit during a fishing trip\n(Staggs 1989). In Minnesota, anglers were slightly more successful, where 27.2% of angler trips ended with a\nharvest of at least one Walleye and about 1% harvesting a limit. The ideal creel limit would distribute the catch\namong more anglers and prevent overuse by a few individuals.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09768207371234894, + "y": 0.8209468722343445 + }, + { + "x": 0.9013444930315018, + "y": 0.8209468722343445 + }, + { + "x": 0.9013444930315018, + "y": 0.9123579114675522 + }, + { + "x": 0.09768207371234894, + "y": 0.9123579114675522 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 451, + "content": { + "text": "Long-term trends in panfish populations (i.e., Bluegill, Yellow Perch, Black Crappie, Pumpkinseed, and Rock\nBass) in Wisconsin lakes showed significant declines due to overfishing (Rypel et al. 2016). The daily limit for\npanfish was 50 aggregate per day from 1967 through 1998, which was reduced to 25 in 1998. Further reduction\nin daily limits for panfish (10) to improve undesirable small sizes of Bluegill populations increased both mean\nlength and mean maximum length relative to sizes in control lakes (Jacobson 2005; Rypel et al. 2015).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09789931029081345, + "y": 0.9360834360122681 + }, + { + "x": 0.12059779092669487, + "y": 0.9360834360122681 + }, + { + "x": 0.12059779092669487, + "y": 0.9447328355163336 + }, + { + "x": 0.09789931029081345, + "y": 0.9447328355163336 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 452, + "content": { + "text": "226\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1391076147556305, + "y": 0.9357467889785767 + }, + { + "x": 0.3926316499710083, + "y": 0.9357467889785767 + }, + { + "x": 0.3926316499710083, + "y": 0.947722758166492 + }, + { + "x": 0.1391076147556305, + "y": 0.947722758166492 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 453, + "content": { + "text": "Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000002.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14146023988723755, + "y": 0.0553143247961998 + }, + { + "x": 0.16897930763661861, + "y": 0.0553143247961998 + }, + { + "x": 0.16897930763661861, + "y": 0.0641276529058814 + }, + { + "x": 0.14146023988723755, + "y": 0.0641276529058814 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 480, + "content": { + "text": "316\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8063533306121826, + "y": 0.055937767028808594 + }, + { + "x": 0.8832463398575783, + "y": 0.055937767028808594 + }, + { + "x": 0.8832463398575783, + "y": 0.06400234159082174 + }, + { + "x": 0.8063533306121826, + "y": 0.06400234159082174 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 481, + "content": { + "text": "YARROW\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1409352570772171, + "y": 0.09195401519536972 + }, + { + "x": 0.8836676627397537, + "y": 0.09195401519536972 + }, + { + "x": 0.8836676627397537, + "y": 0.14838847145438194 + }, + { + "x": 0.1409352570772171, + "y": 0.14838847145438194 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 482, + "content": { + "text": "where SOAS below some threshold cannot be recovered, SO that an observer\ncan only guess about order.19 However, either kind of model can easily be fitted\nand interpreted from either theoretical perspective.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14164362847805023, + "y": 0.19327601790428162 + }, + { + "x": 0.8379883617162704, + "y": 0.19327601790428162 + }, + { + "x": 0.8379883617162704, + "y": 0.20971192605793476 + }, + { + "x": 0.14164362847805023, + "y": 0.20971192605793476 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 483, + "content": { + "text": "8\nChoosing between Observer Models and Rejecting Participants\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14081493020057678, + "y": 0.2335512936115265 + }, + { + "x": 0.883965939283371, + "y": 0.2335512936115265 + }, + { + "x": 0.883965939283371, + "y": 0.33070485293865204 + }, + { + "x": 0.14081493020057678, + "y": 0.33070485293865204 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 484, + "content": { + "text": "Two further reasonable questions one might ask are: 1) could my observer\nmodel have generated these data? and 2) does another observer model de-\nscribe the data better? Model comparison is a large and complex topic, SO once\nagain, what I have to say here should be treated as a brief introduction rather\nthan a comprehensive summary.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1405801624059677, + "y": 0.334850013256073 + }, + { + "x": 0.8835633248090744, + "y": 0.334850013256073 + }, + { + "x": 0.8835633248090744, + "y": 0.6742098033428192 + }, + { + "x": 0.1405801624059677, + "y": 0.6742098033428192 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 485, + "content": { + "text": "Let's begin by considering a metric I have not yet mentioned: Deviance. De-\nviance (sometimes called G2) is a measure based on log likelihood, but which\nlooks rather more like summed squared error, in that it is zero for a perfectly\nfitting model and large/positive for a poorly fitting model. Formally, deviance\nis two times the difference in log likelihood between the saturated model and\nthe model with our current set of parameters. A saturated model is one that\nexactly predicts the data (which can always be accomplished by a model that\nhas one parameter per data point). Hence it represents the situation with the\nmaximum possible log-likelihood when predicting this particular set of data.\nDeviance is closely related to a simpler calculation (-2 X log likelihood) that\nforms the basis of a couple of well-known metrics for model comparison (the\nAkaike information criterion, AIC, and the Bayesian information criterion,\nBIC) and indeed is occasionally defined this way. That's because we are of-\nten only really interested in differences (in Deviance, or AIC, or BIC) between\nmodels, and the log-likelihood of the saturated model gets subtracted out in a\ncomparison between two models (because it has contributed to the deviance\nin the same way for both) SO calculating it is not necessary.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14044690132141113, + "y": 0.6783859133720398 + }, + { + "x": 0.8835555911064148, + "y": 0.6783859133720398 + }, + { + "x": 0.8835555911064148, + "y": 0.7956254929304123 + }, + { + "x": 0.14044690132141113, + "y": 0.7956254929304123 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 486, + "content": { + "text": "However, if you want to say something about the goodness of fit of a model\nwithout relating it to any other model, based on asymptotic statistical theory,\nyou do need to calculate deviance properly. Asymptotically, it turns out that\nthe deviance of a model fitted to data when that model actually generated those\ndata follows a chi-square (x2) distribution, with degrees of freedom equal to\nthe number of data points minus the number of model parameters (note: for\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14277416467666626, + "y": 0.8281773924827576 + }, + { + "x": 0.8835122585296631, + "y": 0.8281773924827576 + }, + { + "x": 0.8835122585296631, + "y": 0.8961969539523125 + }, + { + "x": 0.14277416467666626, + "y": 0.8961969539523125 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 487, + "content": { + "text": "19\nGarcía-Pérez and Alcalá-Quintana's commitment to this account is a little unclear, be-\ncause they often let 8 vary across experimental conditions, suggesting flexibility more\nakin to a criterion-based account. It may be that they believe a low-threshold exists, but\nthat synchrony is often additionally reported beyond this hard limit.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000014.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1028226912021637, + "y": 0.04979516938328743 + }, + { + "x": 0.12530256994068623, + "y": 0.04979516938328743 + }, + { + "x": 0.12530256994068623, + "y": 0.05827586259692907 + }, + { + "x": 0.1028226912021637, + "y": 0.05827586259692907 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 413, + "content": { + "text": "158\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7157919406890869, + "y": 0.05036139860749245 + }, + { + "x": 0.8968182057142258, + "y": 0.05036139860749245 + }, + { + "x": 0.8968182057142258, + "y": 0.05816553672775626 + }, + { + "x": 0.7157919406890869, + "y": 0.05816553672775626 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 414, + "content": { + "text": "AL-OGAYYEL AND OSKAY\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10388131439685822, + "y": 0.07451087236404419 + }, + { + "x": 0.8946848660707474, + "y": 0.07451087236404419 + }, + { + "x": 0.8946848660707474, + "y": 0.3156074583530426 + }, + { + "x": 0.10388131439685822, + "y": 0.3156074583530426 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 415, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10331390053033829, + "y": 0.3280866742134094 + }, + { + "x": 0.44608766585588455, + "y": 0.3280866742134094 + }, + { + "x": 0.44608766585588455, + "y": 0.3403879450634122 + }, + { + "x": 0.10331390053033829, + "y": 0.3403879450634122 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 416, + "content": { + "text": "FIGURE 8.15\nTypical black-and-white Bedouin tent.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10311704128980637, + "y": 0.37513649463653564 + }, + { + "x": 0.48622044175863266, + "y": 0.37513649463653564 + }, + { + "x": 0.48622044175863266, + "y": 0.5815739929676056 + }, + { + "x": 0.10311704128980637, + "y": 0.5815739929676056 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 417, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10335691273212433, + "y": 0.592440664768219 + }, + { + "x": 0.41502635180950165, + "y": 0.592440664768219 + }, + { + "x": 0.41502635180950165, + "y": 0.6044535795226693 + }, + { + "x": 0.10335691273212433, + "y": 0.6044535795226693 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 418, + "content": { + "text": "FIGURE 8.16\nTypical three-poled Bedouin tent\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1027684435248375, + "y": 0.6318629384040833 + }, + { + "x": 0.48759638518095016, + "y": 0.6318629384040833 + }, + { + "x": 0.48759638518095016, + "y": 0.7009618207812309 + }, + { + "x": 0.1027684435248375, + "y": 0.7009618207812309 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 419, + "content": { + "text": "black and white, with a little red-dyed wool for\ndecoration. This wool comes from sheep and cam-\nels, whose wool is known for its softness and, when\nleft undyed, for its beautiful natural colors. 49\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10305045545101166, + "y": 0.7051630616188049 + }, + { + "x": 0.4870549291372299, + "y": 0.7051630616188049 + }, + { + "x": 0.4870549291372299, + "y": 0.8291813433170319 + }, + { + "x": 0.10305045545101166, + "y": 0.8291813433170319 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 420, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 8.16 indicates the complex nature of the\ninterior of a Bedouin tent. The inside area is divid-\ned into many parts, each of them with its specific\nuse. It is important to note that a \"well-to-do\" Bed-\nouin tent like the one shown in figure 8.16 indi-\ncates the higher status of the family living in it\nthan that of a family living in the humbler,\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5121384859085083, + "y": 0.3749692738056183 + }, + { + "x": 0.896800696849823, + "y": 0.3749692738056183 + }, + { + "x": 0.896800696849823, + "y": 0.5541861802339554 + }, + { + "x": 0.5121384859085083, + "y": 0.5541861802339554 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 421, + "content": { + "text": "three-poled tent in figure 8.15. These images also\nshow that different areas are used by men and by\nwomen. 50 For example, the tent contains a space\nwhich is allocated to female weavers, like a studio\nwhere they perform their craft and practice their\nskills. 51 Thus, in the Bedouin society, the tent is a\nnot only a signifier of social relationships and fam-\nily status but also of gender roles. It is, therefore,\nan extremely important space because here wom-\nen make items that support their family or tribe.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5120289921760559, + "y": 0.5580850839614868 + }, + { + "x": 0.8964222073554993, + "y": 0.5580850839614868 + }, + { + "x": 0.8964222073554993, + "y": 0.719095453619957 + }, + { + "x": 0.5120289921760559, + "y": 0.719095453619957 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 422, + "content": { + "text": "While the function of the textile is to create and\ndemarcate the Bedouin space, the way the space is\nconstructed influences the way the nomads live\nand the way the family or the tribe is perceived\nby the outside world. The textile is, therefore,\nstructuring the formation of a private and a public\nidentity by delineating the space: the outside, non-\npatterned textiles are public, while the inside,\npatterned textiles are private. 52 We can infer,\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5126762390136719, + "y": 0.7586629390716553 + }, + { + "x": 0.8963363766670227, + "y": 0.7586629390716553 + }, + { + "x": 0.8963363766670227, + "y": 0.836309403181076 + }, + { + "x": 0.5126762390136719, + "y": 0.836309403181076 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 423, + "content": { + "text": "50\nSee also Dickson, The Arab of the Desert, 66-67; and\nCanavan, \"Applications of Textile Products,\" 541. Here,\nCanavan explains that dividers were parts of women's\npossessions, accompanying them into marriage, as well\nas \"testimony of a tribe's wealth and prestige.\"\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5128650665283203, + "y": 0.8402041792869568 + }, + { + "x": 0.8961882293224335, + "y": 0.8402041792869568 + }, + { + "x": 0.8961882293224335, + "y": 0.8684211913496256 + }, + { + "x": 0.5128650665283203, + "y": 0.8684211913496256 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 424, + "content": { + "text": "51\nRefah Al Raheel, interviewed by Rana Al-Ogayyel, Ri-\nyadh, 2017.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5129105448722839, + "y": 0.8725453019142151 + }, + { + "x": 0.8974558711051941, + "y": 0.8725453019142151 + }, + { + "x": 0.8974558711051941, + "y": 0.9013450611382723 + }, + { + "x": 0.5129105448722839, + "y": 0.9013450611382723 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 425, + "content": { + "text": "52\nWhile the outside of the traditional tents is black and\nwithout much pattern except for stripes, the inside of\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10288859158754349, + "y": 0.8919503688812256 + }, + { + "x": 0.1191101036965847, + "y": 0.8919503688812256 + }, + { + "x": 0.1191101036965847, + "y": 0.9004188599064946 + }, + { + "x": 0.10288859158754349, + "y": 0.9004188599064946 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 426, + "content": { + "text": "49\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14462977647781372, + "y": 0.8891799449920654 + }, + { + "x": 0.35669414699077606, + "y": 0.8891799449920654 + }, + { + "x": 0.35669414699077606, + "y": 0.9012481039389968 + }, + { + "x": 0.14462977647781372, + "y": 0.9012481039389968 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 427, + "content": { + "text": "For details, see Al-Sabah, Ibjad, 17.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000105.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08680994063615799, + "y": 0.08664650470018387 + }, + { + "x": 0.5335281565785408, + "y": 0.08664650470018387 + }, + { + "x": 0.5335281565785408, + "y": 0.10926525853574276 + }, + { + "x": 0.08680994063615799, + "y": 0.10926525853574276 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 189, + "content": { + "text": "The Scholarly Publishing Cycle\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08787153661251068, + "y": 0.1468266397714615 + }, + { + "x": 0.9109362810850143, + "y": 0.1468266397714615 + }, + { + "x": 0.9109362810850143, + "y": 0.18432708084583282 + }, + { + "x": 0.08787153661251068, + "y": 0.18432708084583282 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 190, + "content": { + "text": "Having explored the scholarly publishing ecosystem and its primary relationships, we\ncan update the cycle as follows:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.20690490305423737, + "y": 0.21163977682590485 + }, + { + "x": 0.7867276817560196, + "y": 0.21163977682590485 + }, + { + "x": 0.7867276817560196, + "y": 0.5413403660058975 + }, + { + "x": 0.20690490305423737, + "y": 0.5413403660058975 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 191, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.087866872549057, + "y": 0.6259969472885132 + }, + { + "x": 0.9109969437122345, + "y": 0.6259969472885132 + }, + { + "x": 0.9109969437122345, + "y": 0.6630158610641956 + }, + { + "x": 0.087866872549057, + "y": 0.6630158610641956 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 192, + "content": { + "text": "Our project set out to explore and address the shortfall in serving the scholarly reader\nidentified in this section. This shortfall is made clear in two connected points:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10744445770978928, + "y": 0.6902067065238953 + }, + { + "x": 0.8614060208201408, + "y": 0.6902067065238953 + }, + { + "x": 0.8614060208201408, + "y": 0.7251029126346111 + }, + { + "x": 0.10744445770978928, + "y": 0.7251029126346111 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 194, + "content": { + "text": "Scholarly readers are not just content consumers; scholarly reading is an act of\ncreation as well.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10793060809373856, + "y": 0.7339032292366028 + }, + { + "x": 0.8796084597706795, + "y": 0.7339032292366028 + }, + { + "x": 0.8796084597706795, + "y": 0.7714538350701332 + }, + { + "x": 0.10793060809373856, + "y": 0.7714538350701332 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 195, + "content": { + "text": "Publishers and aggregators are not incentivized to create better tools to support\nscholarly reading.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08714255690574646, + "y": 0.7979447245597839 + }, + { + "x": 0.9112875759601593, + "y": 0.7979447245597839 + }, + { + "x": 0.9112875759601593, + "y": 0.8985975310206413 + }, + { + "x": 0.08714255690574646, + "y": 0.8985975310206413 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 196, + "content": { + "text": "From here, this report will consider the experiences of publishers, librarians and readers\nthrough a synthesis of interviews conducted with several members of each group, as\nwell as a short online survey aimed at readers. We will then share some of our own\nphilosophy on the future of scholarly reading, then detail the path forward we see for our\nown work in the area.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08728533238172531, + "y": 0.937059760093689 + }, + { + "x": 0.3534754440188408, + "y": 0.937059760093689 + }, + { + "x": 0.3534754440188408, + "y": 0.9481020383536816 + }, + { + "x": 0.08728533238172531, + "y": 0.9481020383536816 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 197, + "content": { + "text": "10 I The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000180.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11575496941804886, + "y": 0.4834585189819336 + }, + { + "x": 0.8838348463177681, + "y": 0.4834585189819336 + }, + { + "x": 0.8838348463177681, + "y": 0.5956747233867645 + }, + { + "x": 0.11575496941804886, + "y": 0.5956747233867645 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 200, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
VersionDateChangeAffected Sections
1.0April 30, 2022Original
1.0June 3, 2022Small edits for clarity on Creative Commons licensing and attribution.1. Introduction to Open Educational Resources
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If the change is minor, the version number increases by 0.1. If the edits involve\nsubstantial updates, the edition number increases to the next whole number.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1151762455701828, + "y": 0.26707565784454346 + }, + { + "x": 0.8833343833684921, + "y": 0.26707565784454346 + }, + { + "x": 0.8833343833684921, + "y": 0.3184352442622185 + }, + { + "x": 0.1151762455701828, + "y": 0.3184352442622185 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 216, + "content": { + "text": "The files posted alongside this book always reflect the most recent version. If you find an error in\nthis book, please let us know in the Rebus Community forum, where reported errors will be visible\nto others.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11517896503210068, + "y": 0.34051215648651123 + }, + { + "x": 0.883786641061306, + "y": 0.34051215648651123 + }, + { + "x": 0.883786641061306, + "y": 0.39200957864522934 + }, + { + "x": 0.11517896503210068, + "y": 0.39200957864522934 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 217, + "content": { + "text": "We will contact the author, make the necessary changes, and replace all file types as soon as\npossible. Once we receive the updated files, this Version History page will be updated to reflect\nthe edits made.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1148335263133049, + "y": 0.425385445356369 + }, + { + "x": 0.2983732745051384, + "y": 0.425385445356369 + }, + { + "x": 0.2983732745051384, + "y": 0.44530225917696953 + }, + { + "x": 0.1148335263133049, + "y": 0.44530225917696953 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 218, + "content": { + "text": "Version History\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.44189348816871643, + "y": 0.4659624695777893 + }, + { + "x": 0.5568647086620331, + "y": 0.4659624695777893 + }, + { + "x": 0.5568647086620331, + "y": 0.477574972435832 + }, + { + "x": 0.44189348816871643, + "y": 0.477574972435832 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 219, + "content": { + "text": "Version History\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000145.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15167886018753052, + "y": 0.20345160365104675 + }, + { + "x": 0.3037359416484833, + "y": 0.20345160365104675 + }, + { + "x": 0.3037359416484833, + "y": 0.2280922643840313 + }, + { + "x": 0.15167886018753052, + "y": 0.2280922643840313 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 296, + "content": { + "text": "Chapter 4\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15157468616962433, + "y": 0.2592187523841858 + }, + { + "x": 0.5410945266485214, + "y": 0.2592187523841858 + }, + { + "x": 0.5410945266485214, + "y": 0.2883995249867439 + }, + { + "x": 0.15157468616962433, + "y": 0.2883995249867439 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 297, + "content": { + "text": "Nonlinear equations\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15042589604854584, + "y": 0.33692723512649536 + }, + { + "x": 0.3443648964166641, + "y": 0.33692723512649536 + }, + { + "x": 0.3443648964166641, + "y": 0.3498117569833994 + }, + { + "x": 0.15042589604854584, + "y": 0.3498117569833994 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 298, + "content": { + "text": "4.1 Introduction\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.150164395570755, + "y": 0.36718234419822693 + }, + { + "x": 0.8613612949848175, + "y": 0.36718234419822693 + }, + { + "x": 0.8613612949848175, + "y": 0.39424635656178 + }, + { + "x": 0.150164395570755, + "y": 0.39424635656178 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 299, + "content": { + "text": "The pressure drop in a fluid in motion is examined. For a flow in a pipe with a circular cross\nsection of diameter D (meter), the Reynolds number, Re, is given by\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.470042884349823, + "y": 0.4039001166820526 + }, + { + "x": 0.545296385884285, + "y": 0.4039001166820526 + }, + { + "x": 0.545296385884285, + "y": 0.42984469421207905 + }, + { + "x": 0.470042884349823, + "y": 0.42984469421207905 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 300, + "content": { + "text": "Re = Do ,\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15060734748840332, + "y": 0.438906192779541 + }, + { + "x": 0.8614143133163452, + "y": 0.438906192779541 + }, + { + "x": 0.8614143133163452, + "y": 0.4788407124578953 + }, + { + "x": 0.15060734748840332, + "y": 0.4788407124578953 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 301, + "content": { + "text": "in which V (m/s) is the average flow velocity and V (m2/s) is the viscosity of the fluid. The flow is\ncalled laminar if Re < 2100 (low flow velocity) and turbulent if Re > 3000. For 2100 < Re < 3000,\nthe flow is neither laminar nor turbulent.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15065909922122955, + "y": 0.48897498846054077 + }, + { + "x": 0.7304976731538773, + "y": 0.48897498846054077 + }, + { + "x": 0.7304976731538773, + "y": 0.5020936587825418 + }, + { + "x": 0.15065909922122955, + "y": 0.5020936587825418 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 302, + "content": { + "text": "For turbulent flows, the pressure drop between inflow and outflow is given by\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15068648755550385, + "y": 0.5522183179855347 + }, + { + "x": 0.8618259280920029, + "y": 0.5522183179855347 + }, + { + "x": 0.8618259280920029, + "y": 0.5953130349516869 + }, + { + "x": 0.15068648755550385, + "y": 0.5953130349516869 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 303, + "content": { + "text": "in which w is a friction coefficient, p g/m3 is the fluid density, L (m) is the length and g (m/s2)\nis the acceleration of gravity. If the fluid contains particles (sand, paper fibers), then the friction\ncoefficient W satisfies the equation\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1506815254688263, + "y": 0.6467920541763306 + }, + { + "x": 0.5316709876060486, + "y": 0.6467920541763306 + }, + { + "x": 0.5316709876060486, + "y": 0.6591318231076002 + }, + { + "x": 0.1506815254688263, + "y": 0.6591318231076002 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 304, + "content": { + "text": "in which k is a parameter known from experiments.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1506684422492981, + "y": 0.6668089032173157 + }, + { + "x": 0.8611376881599426, + "y": 0.6668089032173157 + }, + { + "x": 0.8611376881599426, + "y": 0.6910041458904743 + }, + { + "x": 0.1506684422492981, + "y": 0.6910041458904743 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 305, + "content": { + "text": "In this chapter, numerical methods will be discussed that can be used to determine W if the values\nof Re and k are known.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1504596471786499, + "y": 0.7179387211799622 + }, + { + "x": 0.3295123130083084, + "y": 0.7179387211799622 + }, + { + "x": 0.3295123130083084, + "y": 0.7309589367359877 + }, + { + "x": 0.1504596471786499, + "y": 0.7309589367359877 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 306, + "content": { + "text": "4.2 Definitions\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15055222809314728, + "y": 0.748091995716095 + }, + { + "x": 0.861526682972908, + "y": 0.748091995716095 + }, + { + "x": 0.861526682972908, + "y": 0.7896326705813408 + }, + { + "x": 0.15055222809314728, + "y": 0.7896326705813408 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 307, + "content": { + "text": "In this chapter, various iterative methods will be considered to solve nonlinear equations of the\nform f(p) = 0. The point p is called a zero of the function f, or a root of the equation f(x) = 0.\nFirst, some useful definitions and concepts are introduced.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15120480954647064, + "y": 0.7975093722343445 + }, + { + "x": 0.24992821365594864, + "y": 0.7975093722343445 + }, + { + "x": 0.24992821365594864, + "y": 0.8094393219798803 + }, + { + "x": 0.15120480954647064, + "y": 0.8094393219798803 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 308, + "content": { + "text": "Convergence\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1504937708377838, + "y": 0.8104657530784607 + }, + { + "x": 0.8616810142993927, + "y": 0.8104657530784607 + }, + { + "x": 0.8616810142993927, + "y": 0.8525247797369957 + }, + { + "x": 0.1504937708377838, + "y": 0.8525247797369957 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 309, + "content": { + "text": "Each numerical method generates a sequence {pn} = P0,P1,P2, which should converge to p:\nlimn->00 Pn = p. Assume that the sequence indeed converges, with Pn # p for all n. If there exist\npositive constants l and a satisfying\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4335089325904846, + "y": 0.8709803819656372 + }, + { + "x": 0.5620080679655075, + "y": 0.8709803819656372 + }, + { + "x": 0.5620080679655075, + "y": 0.880106552504003 + }, + { + "x": 0.4335089325904846, + "y": 0.880106552504003 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 310, + "content": { + "text": "lim =\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8296472430229187, + "y": 0.8705659508705139 + }, + { + "x": 0.8613904081285, + "y": 0.8705659508705139 + }, + { + "x": 0.8613904081285, + "y": 0.8825829504057765 + }, + { + "x": 0.8296472430229187, + "y": 0.8825829504057765 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 311, + "content": { + "text": "(4.1)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000029.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14625874161720276, + "y": 0.027396289631724358 + }, + { + "x": 0.4867408275604248, + "y": 0.027396289631724358 + }, + { + "x": 0.4867408275604248, + "y": 0.055364903062582016 + }, + { + "x": 0.14625874161720276, + "y": 0.055364903062582016 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 634, + "content": { + "text": "Combinatorial Cosmology\nDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90696\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14663027226924896, + "y": 0.07473926246166229 + }, + { + "x": 0.3069392144680023, + "y": 0.07473926246166229 + }, + { + "x": 0.3069392144680023, + "y": 0.0901351198554039 + }, + { + "x": 0.14663027226924896, + "y": 0.0901351198554039 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 635, + "content": { + "text": "5. The dynamics\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14641320705413818, + "y": 0.10753875970840454 + }, + { + "x": 0.8504499793052673, + "y": 0.10753875970840454 + }, + { + "x": 0.8504499793052673, + "y": 0.2522898316383362 + }, + { + "x": 0.14641320705413818, + "y": 0.2522898316383362 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 636, + "content": { + "text": "The next step is to construct a model for the dynamics. The idea, which essen-\ntially goes back to Boltzmann (see [12]), is that any given macro-state at any given\ntime is extremely likely to develop into a state with higher entropy at the next\nmoment of time, simply because there are SO many more states with higher entropy\nthan with lower entropy (compare with (3)). The problem with this in the present\nsituation, however, is that this way of thinking in fact presupposes a preferred\ndirection of time. Otherwise, given that the dynamical laws are time symmetric,\nwhy can we not similarly argue that the entropy should also grow when we go\nbackward in time? (compare [9]).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14614418148994446, + "y": 0.2533315122127533 + }, + { + "x": 0.8498418033123016, + "y": 0.2533315122127533 + }, + { + "x": 0.8498418033123016, + "y": 0.3012283034622669 + }, + { + "x": 0.14614418148994446, + "y": 0.3012283034622669 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 637, + "content": { + "text": "There have been many attempts to avoid this problem by looking for defects in\nthe symmetries. But my conclusion here is that we must actually accept Boltzmann's\nargument in both directions of time and hence we are led to the following:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1462610363960266, + "y": 0.3023702800273895 + }, + { + "x": 0.850200891494751, + "y": 0.3023702800273895 + }, + { + "x": 0.850200891494751, + "y": 0.3788866922259331 + }, + { + "x": 0.1462610363960266, + "y": 0.3788866922259331 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 638, + "content": { + "text": "Principle 1. At every moment of time t and for every state with entropy S, there\nare very many \"accessible states\" with higher entropy, both at the previous moment\nof time t - 1 and at the next one t + 1. On the other hand, the chance for finding\nsuch accessible states with lower entropy, both at times t - 1 and t + 1, is extremely\nsmall.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14671236276626587, + "y": 0.38332265615463257 + }, + { + "x": 0.8499724268913269, + "y": 0.38332265615463257 + }, + { + "x": 0.8499724268913269, + "y": 0.443820022046566 + }, + { + "x": 0.14671236276626587, + "y": 0.443820022046566 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 639, + "content": { + "text": "This principle also implies a shift of perspective in the search for time's arrow.\nRather than trying to find the reason for the asymmetry, we must concentrate on\nunderstanding why we cannot observe the symmetric structure of the multiverse as\na whole.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14628247916698456, + "y": 0.44830384850502014 + }, + { + "x": 0.8522165268659592, + "y": 0.44830384850502014 + }, + { + "x": 0.8522165268659592, + "y": 0.5608130693435669 + }, + { + "x": 0.14628247916698456, + "y": 0.5608130693435669 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 640, + "content": { + "text": "As still one more simplification, let us assume that the entropy can only change\nby 1 during each unit of time. This assumption, however, has to be modified near\nthe endpoints (BB and BC) for the following reason: it is a very important aspect of\nthis approach to assume that physics during the first and last moments is very\ndifferent from the rest of the time, since at these moments quantum phenomena\ncan be expected to become global. To model this in a simple way, we can split the\nlife-span of our multiverse up into three parts:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.36165651679039, + "y": 0.5761613845825195 + }, + { + "x": 0.8283088803291321, + "y": 0.5761613845825195 + }, + { + "x": 0.8283088803291321, + "y": 0.5910484027117491 + }, + { + "x": 0.36165651679039, + "y": 0.5910484027117491 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 641, + "content": { + "text": "[-To,-T1]u[-T1,T1]UT1,To].\n(4)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14671571552753448, + "y": 0.6068145632743835 + }, + { + "x": 0.833632305264473, + "y": 0.6068145632743835 + }, + { + "x": 0.833632305264473, + "y": 0.6710752248764038 + }, + { + "x": 0.14671571552753448, + "y": 0.6710752248764038 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 642, + "content": { + "text": "Here the first and last parts may be called \"the extreme phases,\" which are\ncharacterized by the property that transition between very different states can be\npossible. During the \"normal phase\" in between on the other hand, physics is\nsupposed to behave more or less as we are used to.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14697322249412537, + "y": 0.7096943855285645 + }, + { + "x": 0.400370717048645, + "y": 0.7096943855285645 + }, + { + "x": 0.400370717048645, + "y": 0.7255346644669771 + }, + { + "x": 0.14697322249412537, + "y": 0.7255346644669771 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 643, + "content": { + "text": "6. Modeling the dynamics\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14671190083026886, + "y": 0.7427776455879211 + }, + { + "x": 0.8503942042589188, + "y": 0.7427776455879211 + }, + { + "x": 0.8503942042589188, + "y": 0.8348256722092628 + }, + { + "x": 0.14671190083026886, + "y": 0.8348256722092628 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 644, + "content": { + "text": "To construct a miniature multiverse for computational purposes, one can pro-\nceed as follows: first of all, in the very small multiverses studied here, the extreme\nphases will only last for one single unit of time. Also, for ease of notation, let us put\nT1 = m, SO that the moments of time can in this context be denoted as\n-m - 1, m, m + 1, , m - + 1.\n(5)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14642249047756195, + "y": 0.8527779579162598 + }, + { + "x": 0.8501725643873215, + "y": 0.8527779579162598 + }, + { + "x": 0.8501725643873215, + "y": 0.9328102171421051 + }, + { + "x": 0.14642249047756195, + "y": 0.9328102171421051 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 645, + "content": { + "text": "The dynamics is specified by randomly choosing for each state at time t with\nentropy S, K edges to states at time + 1 with entropy S + 1, and similarly K edges to\nstates at time t - 1 with entropy S+1 (with obvious modifications at the end-\npoints). In this section, again to make everything as simple as possible, K will be set\nequal to 2. These random choices are in practice carried out by the random number\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1464182585477829, + "y": 0.9596924185752869 + }, + { + "x": 0.1696963794529438, + "y": 0.9596924185752869 + }, + { + "x": 0.1696963794529438, + "y": 0.9683752665296197 + }, + { + "x": 0.1464182585477829, + "y": 0.9683752665296197 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 646, + "content": { + "text": "313\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000150.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11871100217103958, + "y": 0.21982209384441376 + }, + { + "x": 0.8755227401852608, + "y": 0.21982209384441376 + }, + { + "x": 0.8755227401852608, + "y": 0.7176831215620041 + }, + { + "x": 0.11871100217103958, + "y": 0.7176831215620041 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 215, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
Competence Area#1 THE 3 Rs: RECYCLE-REUSE-REDUCE
Competence StatementTo know the basics of the 3 Rs and their importance and implementation into daily life in relation to green entrepreneurship and circular economy.
Learning Outcomes
KnowledgeTo understand the meaning of reducing, reusing and recycling and how they connect To understand the importance of the 3 Rs as waste management To be familiar with the expansion of the 3 Rs - the 7 Rs
SkillsTo implement different ways of waste management into daily life To properly implement recycling in day-to-day activities To promote reducing and reusing before recycling
Attitudes and ValuesTo acquire a proactive approach to implementing the 3 Rs into daily personal life To educate others on the importance of sustainable waste management
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This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3678869903087616, + "y": 0.9397825002670288 + }, + { + "x": 0.6442329585552216, + "y": 0.9397825002670288 + }, + { + "x": 0.6442329585552216, + "y": 0.9485743409022689 + }, + { + "x": 0.3678869903087616, + "y": 0.9485743409022689 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 237, + "content": { + "text": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000183.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.07423170655965805, + "y": 0.07585133612155914 + }, + { + "x": 0.2782024219632149, + "y": 0.07585133612155914 + }, + { + "x": 0.2782024219632149, + "y": 0.09335741028189659 + }, + { + "x": 0.07423170655965805, + "y": 0.09335741028189659 + } + ], + "category": "header", + 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Beauty Commerce\nRecommendation Models\nRecommendation model Hit Ratio comparison\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.07247208803892136, + "y": 0.4407727122306824 + }, + { + "x": 0.28308146446943283, + "y": 0.4407727122306824 + }, + { + "x": 0.28308146446943283, + "y": 0.913190484046936 + }, + { + "x": 0.07247208803892136, + "y": 0.913190484046936 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 188, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3680463433265686, + "y": 0.27970337867736816 + }, + { + "x": 0.5849985331296921, + "y": 0.27970337867736816 + }, + { + "x": 0.5849985331296921, + "y": 0.3866335302591324 + }, + { + "x": 0.3680463433265686, + "y": 0.3866335302591324 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 189, + "content": { + "text": "Comparison Case of Domestic Subscription\nPlatform Recommendation Model\nComparison of quantitative evaluations among\npersonalized content recommendations\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3636162281036377, + "y": 0.4409559369087219 + }, + { + "x": 0.6118052750825882, + "y": 0.4409559369087219 + }, + { + "x": 0.6118052750825882, + "y": 0.9238583147525787 + }, + { + "x": 0.3636162281036377, + "y": 0.9238583147525787 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 190, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6837027668952942, + "y": 0.2799226641654968 + }, + { + "x": 0.9004294276237488, + "y": 0.2799226641654968 + }, + { + "x": 0.9004294276237488, + "y": 0.3532792553305626 + }, + { + "x": 0.6837027668952942, + "y": 0.3532792553305626 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 191, + "content": { + "text": "Education Content Platform PoC Case\nComparison of prediction rates of correct/incorrect\nanswers based on personalized questions\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6980741620063782, + "y": 0.5279005169868469 + }, + { + "x": 0.9250346422195435, + "y": 0.5279005169868469 + }, + { + "x": 0.9250346422195435, + "y": 0.8477827906608582 + }, + { + "x": 0.6980741620063782, + "y": 0.8477827906608582 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 192, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.9661781191825867, + "y": 0.9481317400932312 + }, + { + "x": 0.9763915240764618, + "y": 0.9481317400932312 + }, + { + "x": 0.9763915240764618, + "y": 0.9613270545378327 + }, + { + "x": 0.9661781191825867, + "y": 0.9613270545378327 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 193, + "content": { + "text": "20\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000143.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15137770771980286, + "y": 0.203761488199234 + }, + { + "x": 0.3032683879137039, + "y": 0.203761488199234 + }, + { + "x": 0.3032683879137039, + "y": 0.2286198828369379 + }, + { + "x": 0.15137770771980286, + "y": 0.2286198828369379 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 422, + "content": { + "text": "Chapter 3\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15128479897975922, + "y": 0.25956255197525024 + }, + { + "x": 0.6415127366781235, + "y": 0.25956255197525024 + }, + { + "x": 0.6415127366781235, + "y": 0.282449834048748 + }, + { + "x": 0.15128479897975922, + "y": 0.282449834048748 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 423, + "content": { + "text": "Numerical differentiation\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1508294939994812, + "y": 0.33766666054725647 + }, + { + "x": 0.3448096960783005, + "y": 0.33766666054725647 + }, + { + "x": 0.3448096960783005, + "y": 0.3508493881672621 + }, + { + "x": 0.1508294939994812, + "y": 0.3508493881672621 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 424, + "content": { + "text": "3.1 Introduction\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1501743644475937, + "y": 0.36848190426826477 + }, + { + "x": 0.8625354021787643, + "y": 0.36848190426826477 + }, + { + "x": 0.8625354021787643, + "y": 0.5772454142570496 + }, + { + "x": 0.1501743644475937, + "y": 0.5772454142570496 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 425, + "content": { + "text": "Everyone who possesses a car and/or a driver's licence is familiar with speeding tickets. In\nThe Netherlands, speeding tickets are usually processed in a fully automated fashion, and the\nperpetrator will receive the tickets within a couple of weeks after the offence. The Dutch police\noptimized the procedures of speed control such that this effort has become very profitable to the\nDutch government. Various strategies for speed control are carried out by police forces, which\nare all based on the position of the vehicle at consecutive times. The actual velocity follows from\nthe first-order derivative of the position of the vehicle with respect to time. Since no explicit\nformula for this position is available, the velocity can only be estimated using an approximation\nof the velocity based on several discrete vehicle positions at discrete times. This motivates the use\nof approximate derivatives, also called numerical derivatives. If the police want to know whether\nthe offender drove faster before speed detection (in other words, whether the perpetrator hit the\nbrakes after having seen the police patrol), or whether the driver was already accelerating, then\nthey are also interested in the acceleration of the 'bad guy'. This acceleration can be estimated\nusing numerical approximations of the second-order derivative of the car position with respect\nto time.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15023714303970337, + "y": 0.5894237756729126 + }, + { + "x": 0.8626498579978943, + "y": 0.5894237756729126 + }, + { + "x": 0.8626498579978943, + "y": 0.7165191918611526 + }, + { + "x": 0.15023714303970337, + "y": 0.7165191918611526 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 426, + "content": { + "text": "Since the time-interval of recording is nonzero, the velocity is not determined exactly in general.\nIn this chapter, the resulting error, referred to as the truncation error, is estimated using Taylor se-\nries. In most cases, the truncation error increases with an increasing size of the recording interval\n(Sections 3.2 and 3.4). Next to the truncation error, the measurement of the position of the vehicle\nis also prone to measurement errors. Issues that influence the results are, for example, paral-\nlax, the measurement equipment, and in some cases even the performance of the police officer\n(in car-videoing and laser control). These measurement errors provide an additional deteriora-\ntion of the approximation of the speed and acceleration. The impact of measurement errors on\napproximations of derivatives is treated in Section 3.3.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15072917938232422, + "y": 0.7420822978019714 + }, + { + "x": 0.7537193894386292, + "y": 0.7420822978019714 + }, + { + "x": 0.7537193894386292, + "y": 0.7593760322779417 + }, + { + "x": 0.15072917938232422, + "y": 0.7593760322779417 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 427, + "content": { + "text": "3.2 Simple difference formulae for the first derivative\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1502445936203003, + "y": 0.7731943130493164 + }, + { + "x": 0.7866356372833252, + "y": 0.7731943130493164 + }, + { + "x": 0.7866356372833252, + "y": 0.8907003328204155 + }, + { + "x": 0.1502445936203003, + "y": 0.8907003328204155 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 428, + "content": { + "text": "Suppose f is a continuously differentiable function. The forward difference is defined as\nh>0,\nin which h is called the step size. By definition,\nlim\nf(x+h)-f(x) - f((x),\nh->\nh\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000188.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.17518742382526398, + "y": 0.08375255763530731 + }, + { + "x": 0.822940781712532, + "y": 0.08375255763530731 + }, + { + "x": 0.822940781712532, + "y": 0.22746849060058594 + }, + { + "x": 0.17518742382526398, + "y": 0.22746849060058594 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 953, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
ModelSizeTypeH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct~11BAlignment-tuned74.2071.0888.1666.2171.4383.5864.75
Qwen 72B~72BPretrained73.6065.1985.9477.3760.1982.4870.43
Mixtral 8x7B-Instruct-v0.1~47BInstruction-tuned72.6270.2287.6371.1664.5881.3760.73
Yi 34B-200K~34BPretrained70.8165.3685.58
", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11765452474355698, + "y": 0.24034230411052704 + }, + { + "x": 0.8807533606886864, + "y": 0.24034230411052704 + }, + { + "x": 0.8807533606886864, + "y": 0.308675117790699 + }, + { + "x": 0.11765452474355698, + "y": 0.308675117790699 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 96, + "content": { + "text": "Table 2: Evaluation results in the Open LLM Leaderboard for SOLAR 10.7B and SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct along with\nother top-performing models. We report the scores for the six tasks mentioned in Sec. 4.1 along with the H6 score\n(average of six tasks). We also report the size of the models in units of billions of parameters. The type indicates the\ntraining stage of the model and is chosen from {Pretrained, Instruction-tuned, Alignment-tuned}. Models based on\nSOLAR 10.7B are colored purple. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11786814033985138, + "y": 0.3373909294605255 + }, + { + "x": 0.4036434143781662, + "y": 0.3373909294605255 + }, + { + "x": 0.4036434143781662, + "y": 0.3493930511176586 + }, + { + "x": 0.11786814033985138, + "y": 0.3493930511176586 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 97, + "content": { + "text": "MetaMathQA (Yu et al., 2023) dataset.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11826154589653015, + "y": 0.35327744483947754 + }, + { + "x": 0.4879090189933777, + "y": 0.35327744483947754 + }, + { + "x": 0.4879090189933777, + "y": 0.510845497250557 + }, + { + "x": 0.11826154589653015, + "y": 0.510845497250557 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 98, + "content": { + "text": "We reformatted the instruction datasets with an\nAlpaca-styled chat template. For datasets such as\nOpenOrca, which are derived from FLAN (Long-\npre et al., 2023), we filter data that overlaps with\nthe benchmark datasets (see Tab. 8 in Appendix. C\nfor more information). The alignment datasets\nare in the {prompt, chosen, rejected} triplet for-\nmat. We preprocess the alignment datasets follow-\ning Zephyr (Tunstall et al., 2023). We use Data-\nverse (Park et al., 2024) for data preprocessing.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11767911911010742, + "y": 0.5224691033363342 + }, + { + "x": 0.4878557622432709, + "y": 0.5224691033363342 + }, + { + "x": 0.4878557622432709, + "y": 0.7122047245502472 + }, + { + "x": 0.11767911911010742, + "y": 0.7122047245502472 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 99, + "content": { + "text": "Evaluation. In the HuggingFace Open LLM\nLeaderboard (Beeching et al., 2023), six types of\nevaluation methods are presented: ARC (Clark\net al., 2018), HellaSWAG (Zellers et al., 2019),\nMMLU (Hendrycks et al., 2020), TruthfulQA (Lin\net al., 2022), Winogrande (Sakaguchi et al., 2021),\nand GSM8K (Cobbe et al., 2021). We utilize these\ndatasets as benchmarks for evaluation and also re-\nport the average scores for the six tasks, e.g., H6.\nWe either submit directly to the Open LLM Leader-\nboard or utilize Evalverse (Kim et al., 2024b) for\nrunning evaluations locally.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11819107830524445, + "y": 0.7240952849388123 + }, + { + "x": 0.488234207034111, + "y": 0.7240952849388123 + }, + { + "x": 0.488234207034111, + "y": 0.8333276882767677 + }, + { + "x": 0.11819107830524445, + "y": 0.8333276882767677 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 100, + "content": { + "text": "Model merging. Model merging methods such\nas Yadav et al. (2023) can boost model perfor-\nmance without further training. We merge some\nof the models that we trained in both the instruc-\ntion and alignment tuning stages. We implement\nour own merging methods although popular open\nsource also exist such as MergeKit3.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11829550564289093, + "y": 0.8471915125846863 + }, + { + "x": 0.26327870786190033, + "y": 0.8471915125846863 + }, + { + "x": 0.26327870786190033, + "y": 0.8572915839031339 + }, + { + "x": 0.11829550564289093, + "y": 0.8572915839031339 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 101, + "content": { + "text": "4.2\nMain Results\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11771776527166367, + "y": 0.8680927753448486 + }, + { + "x": 0.4855184480547905, + "y": 0.8680927753448486 + }, + { + "x": 0.4855184480547905, + "y": 0.8966567292809486 + }, + { + "x": 0.11771776527166367, + "y": 0.8966567292809486 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 102, + "content": { + "text": "We present evaluation results for our SOLAR\n10.7B and SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct models along\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5131834745407104, + "y": 0.3372955918312073 + }, + { + "x": 0.88373202085495, + "y": 0.3372955918312073 + }, + { + "x": 0.88373202085495, + "y": 0.5429677367210388 + }, + { + "x": 0.5131834745407104, + "y": 0.5429677367210388 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 103, + "content": { + "text": "with other top-performing models in Tab. 2. SO-\nLAR 10.7B outperforms other pretrained models\nof similar sizes, such as Qwen 14B and Mistral\n7B, which shows that DUS is an effective method\nto up-scale base LLMs. Furthermore, despite the\nsmaller size, SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct scores the\nhighest in terms of H6, even surpassing the recent\ntop-performing open-source LLM Mixtral 8x7B-\nInstruct-v0.1 or Qwen 72B. The above results indi-\ncate DUS can up-scale models that are capable of\nachieving state-of-the-art performance when fine-\ntuned. We also report data contamination results\nfor SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct in Appendix C.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5134632587432861, + "y": 0.5605387091636658 + }, + { + "x": 0.6850573867559433, + "y": 0.5605387091636658 + }, + { + "x": 0.6850573867559433, + "y": 0.5703170169144869 + }, + { + "x": 0.5134632587432861, + "y": 0.5703170169144869 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 104, + "content": { + "text": "4.3 Ablation Studies\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5126290321350098, + "y": 0.5829470157623291 + }, + { + "x": 0.8833940923213959, + "y": 0.5829470157623291 + }, + { + "x": 0.8833940923213959, + "y": 0.6596772894263268 + }, + { + "x": 0.5126290321350098, + "y": 0.6596772894263268 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 105, + "content": { + "text": "We present ablation studies for both the instruction\nand alignment tuning stages. Note that the evalua-\ntion results for the following studies are ran locally\nand may vary from results obtained by submitting\nto the Open LLM Leaderboard.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5135378837585449, + "y": 0.67542564868927 + }, + { + "x": 0.7167008072137833, + "y": 0.67542564868927 + }, + { + "x": 0.7167008072137833, + "y": 0.6877841455861926 + }, + { + "x": 0.5135378837585449, + "y": 0.6877841455861926 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 106, + "content": { + "text": "4.3.1 Instruction Tuning\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5135684013366699, + "y": 0.6961216926574707 + }, + { + "x": 0.8832401037216187, + "y": 0.6961216926574707 + }, + { + "x": 0.8832401037216187, + "y": 0.853371724486351 + }, + { + "x": 0.5135684013366699, + "y": 0.853371724486351 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 107, + "content": { + "text": "Ablation on the training datasets. We present\nablation studies using different training datasets\nfor the instruction tuning in Tab. 3. The ablated\nmodels are prefixed with SFT for supervised fine-\ntuning. 'SFT v1' only uses the Alpaca-GPT4\ndataset, whereas 'SFT v2' also uses the OpenOrca\ndataset. 'SFT v3' uses the Synth. Math-Instruct\ndataset along with the datasets used in 'SFT v2'.\nSimilarly, 'SFT v4' uses the Synth. Math-Instruct\ndataset along with the datasets used in 'SFT v1'.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5138345956802368, + "y": 0.8577955365180969 + }, + { + "x": 0.8834183812141418, + "y": 0.8577955365180969 + }, + { + "x": 0.8834183812141418, + "y": 0.9186091721057892 + }, + { + "x": 0.5138345956802368, + "y": 0.9186091721057892 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 108, + "content": { + "text": "First, we analyze how Alpaca-GPT4 and\nOpenOrca affect the trained models. The first ab-\nlated model, 'SFT v1', which used only the Alpaca-\nGPT4 dataset for training, resulted in 69.15 for H6.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1406230926513672, + "y": 0.9076164960861206 + }, + { + "x": 0.4435923993587494, + "y": 0.9076164960861206 + }, + { + "x": 0.4435923993587494, + "y": 0.9181238813325763 + }, + { + "x": 0.1406230926513672, + "y": 0.9181238813325763 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 109, + "content": { + "text": "\"https://github.com/cg123/mergekit\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000073.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.569725513458252, + "y": 0.46424204111099243 + }, + { + "x": 0.8791851699352264, + "y": 0.46424204111099243 + }, + { + "x": 0.8791851699352264, + "y": 0.5198988243937492 + }, + { + "x": 0.569725513458252, + "y": 0.5198988243937492 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 225, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
Figure 6DPN Argentina Content: World Health Day Celebration (7 April 2021).98
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extbookNoLoCred
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It required the\naddition of the designator to the section title prior to registration and then its removal after add/drop\nto ensure the label didn't appear on the student transcript. This process severely hampered our long-\nterm reporting abilities. In total, four colleges adopted the #NOLO designator in this fashion.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09171534329652786, + "y": 0.21707488596439362 + }, + { + "x": 0.9078852608799934, + "y": 0.21707488596439362 + }, + { + "x": 0.9078852608799934, + "y": 0.31027789413928986 + }, + { + "x": 0.09171534329652786, + "y": 0.31027789413928986 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 386, + "content": { + "text": "To assist in greater faculty and institutional adoption as well as improve data capture, the CSCU OER\nAdvisory Council made a formal recommendation to the provost's academic council in Spring 2018\nto implement the #NOLO designator as a course section attribute within the student information\nsystem. In addition to adding a course section attribute, a student-facing course search filter was\nadded as well as an additional column within the course search results page.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3711603581905365, + "y": 0.3413635790348053 + }, + { + "x": 0.4915933459997177, + "y": 0.3413635790348053 + }, + { + "x": 0.4915933459997177, + "y": 0.3501075888052583 + }, + { + "x": 0.3711603581905365, + "y": 0.3501075888052583 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 387, + "content": { + "text": "Your materials for:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3721334636211395, + "y": 0.3592032790184021 + }, + { + "x": 0.5419378727674484, + "y": 0.3592032790184021 + }, + { + "x": 0.5419378727674484, + "y": 0.36817216593772173 + }, + { + "x": 0.3721334636211395, + "y": 0.36817216593772173 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 388, + "content": { + "text": "LIB 100 - Lib & Resch Methods\n", + 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2.1: Filtered Search Option for NOLO Sections.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3580857217311859, + "y": 0.5872789025306702 + }, + { + "x": 0.634649008512497, + "y": 0.5872789025306702 + }, + { + "x": 0.634649008512497, + "y": 0.7984873652458191 + }, + { + "x": 0.3580857217311859, + "y": 0.7984873652458191 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 399, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.34528303146362305, + "y": 0.8217079043388367 + }, + { + "x": 0.615527331829071, + "y": 0.8217079043388367 + }, + { + "x": 0.615527331829071, + "y": 0.8485416267067194 + }, + { + "x": 0.34528303146362305, + "y": 0.8485416267067194 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 400, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 2.2: Added Column in Results for NOLO\nDesignator.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09164907038211823, + "y": 0.8632962107658386 + }, + { + "x": 0.9078689962625504, + "y": 0.8632962107658386 + }, + { + "x": 0.9078689962625504, + "y": 0.9372145757079124 + }, + { + "x": 0.09164907038211823, + "y": 0.9372145757079124 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 401, + "content": { + "text": "The request to implement the designator within the student information system was supported in\nFall 2018 by the president's cabinet. The ability to mark courses was enabled late Fall 2018 and the\nstudent-facing features were enabled in January 2019. Each institutional representative on the OER\ncouncil engaged with their local governance structures to request a vote for adoption.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09185444563627243, + "y": 0.9509012699127197 + }, + { + "x": 0.8988788649439812, + "y": 0.9509012699127197 + }, + { + "x": 0.8988788649439812, + "y": 0.9600072940811515 + }, + { + "x": 0.09185444563627243, + "y": 0.9600072940811515 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 402, + "content": { + "text": "4 BOYOUNG CHAE, KEVIN CORCORAN, MICHAEL DALY, ANN FIDDLER, JEFF GALLANT, JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG, AMY HOFER, AND\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000092.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09158002585172653, + "y": 0.07201752066612244 + }, + { + "x": 0.9082934185862541, + "y": 0.07201752066612244 + }, + { + "x": 0.9082934185862541, + "y": 0.3395726978778839 + }, + { + "x": 0.09158002585172653, + "y": 0.3395726978778839 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 666, + "content": { + "text": "laboratory experiments that have formed key pillars of the field, such as those experiments depicted in\nExamples 1 and 2 in the book's Introduction section. The thought experiments in Section 1 are, for the\nmost part, re-castings of the simple cognitive tests devised by psychologists and economists over the\npast three-to-four decades to illustrate the fallacies, miscalculations, and biases distinguishing Homo\nsapiens from Homo economicus. Similarly, the laboratory experiments presented in Section 2 are, for the\nmost part, re-castings of the seminal experiments conducted by Kahneman and Tversky (among many\nothers). These experiments helped motivate the revised theories of human choice behavior, such\nas\nKahneman and Tversky's (1979) Prospect Theory, which form another pillar of behavioral economics.\nAlongside these experiments, Section 2 presents the revised theories of human choice behavior with\nvarying degrees of rigor. This is where the theoretical bases of Homo economicus' rational choice\nbehavior are examined, and where key refinements to this theory are developed-theoretical\nrefinements underpinning the myriad departures from rational choice behavior we witness Homo\nsapiens make in this section's laboratory and field experiments (and which are examined further in\nSections 3 and 4).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09203049540519714, + "y": 0.3447307348251343 + }, + { + "x": 0.9071857035160065, + "y": 0.3447307348251343 + }, + { + "x": 0.9071857035160065, + "y": 0.5347451418638229 + }, + { + "x": 0.09203049540519714, + "y": 0.5347451418638229 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 667, + "content": { + "text": "Section 3 submerses the student in the world of behavioral game theory. Here we explore games\nsuch as Ultimatum Bargaining presented in Example 5. We follow Camerer (2003)'s lead, first by\ncharacterizing the games analytically (i.e., identifying solution, or equilibrium, concepts that are\npredicted to result when members of Homo economicus play the games), and then by discussing\nempirical results obtained from corresponding field experiments conducted with Homo sapiens. It\nis within the context of these games and field experiments that theories of social interaction are\ntested concerning inter alia trust and trustworthiness, honesty, fairness, reciprocity, etc. As with the\nthought and laboratory experiments presented in Sections 1 and 2, the games and field experiments\npresented in Section 3 are meant to be replicated with students as subjects and the instructor as the\nexperimenter, or researcher.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09190507978200912, + "y": 0.5390998721122742 + }, + { + "x": 0.9082606062293053, + "y": 0.5390998721122742 + }, + { + "x": 0.9082606062293053, + "y": 0.7106191217899323 + }, + { + "x": 0.09190507978200912, + "y": 0.7106191217899323 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 668, + "content": { + "text": "Finally, Section 4 wades into the vast sea of empirical research and choice architecture. Here the\nstudent explores studies reporting on (1) the outcomes of actual policy nudges, such as the SMarT\nretirement-savings plan presented in Example 3 of the Introduction, (2) analyses of secondary datasets\nto test for choice behavior consistent with the revised theories discussed in Section 2, such as the test\nfor loss aversion in Example 4 of the Introduction, and (3) analyses of primary datasets obtained from\nnovel field experiments to further test the revised theories. The main purpose of this section is not\nonly to introduce the student to interesting empirical studies and policy adaptations in the field of\nbehavioral economics, but also, in the process, to incubate in the student an abiding appreciation for\n3\nthe obscure settings that sometimes lend themselves to such study.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09169081598520279, + "y": 0.730876088142395 + }, + { + "x": 0.5530886128544807, + "y": 0.730876088142395 + }, + { + "x": 0.5530886128544807, + "y": 0.7426741383969784 + }, + { + "x": 0.09169081598520279, + "y": 0.7426741383969784 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 669, + "content": { + "text": "THE TEXTBOOK'S DIFFERENT LEVELS OF RIGOR\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09192410856485367, + "y": 0.7613270878791809 + }, + { + "x": 0.9073180928826332, + "y": 0.7613270878791809 + }, + { + "x": 0.9073180928826332, + "y": 0.8745952546596527 + }, + { + "x": 0.09192410856485367, + "y": 0.8745952546596527 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 670, + "content": { + "text": "Because the mathematical and computational rigor of material presented in this textbook varies\nthroughout, particularly in Sections 2 - 4, the extent of the rigor used in the presentation of a\ngiven topic is indicated with superscripts. Topics without a superscript are considered basic and\nuniversal enough that backgrounds in economics, mathematics, or statistics are not required for the\nreader to understand the material. Topics with a single asterisk (*) indicate that higher mathematical\nreasoning skills are recommended for the reader to fully grasp the material. Topics with a double\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.07759005576372147, + "y": 0.8988639116287231 + }, + { + "x": 0.8904734328389168, + "y": 0.8988639116287231 + }, + { + "x": 0.8904734328389168, + "y": 0.9443218149244785 + }, + { + "x": 0.07759005576372147, + "y": 0.9443218149244785 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 671, + "content": { + "text": "3. Our approach to studying behavioral economics is focused on the underlying laboratory experimentation and behavioral\ngames that form the bedrock of the field. As such, we eschew delving into related fields such as neuroeconomics and\nauction theory. See Cartwright (2018) and Just (2013) for introductions to the former and latter fields, respectively.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09160753339529037, + "y": 0.9511936902999878 + }, + { + "x": 0.23153576999902725, + "y": 0.9511936902999878 + }, + { + "x": 0.23153576999902725, + "y": 0.958794770296663 + }, + { + "x": 0.09160753339529037, + "y": 0.958794770296663 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 672, + "content": { + "text": "XX ARTHUR J. CAPLAN\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000017.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12310224026441574, + "y": 0.08137089014053345 + }, + { + "x": 0.8852128311991692, + "y": 0.08137089014053345 + }, + { + "x": 0.8852128311991692, + "y": 0.461247056722641 + }, + { + "x": 0.12310224026441574, + "y": 0.461247056722641 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 323, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11964046955108643, + "y": 0.07593239843845367 + }, + { + "x": 0.8854823112487793, + "y": 0.07593239843845367 + }, + { + "x": 0.8854823112487793, + "y": 0.464522048830986 + }, + { + "x": 0.11964046955108643, + "y": 0.464522048830986 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 333, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12814614176750183, + "y": 0.47794151306152344 + }, + { + "x": 0.28214456140995026, + "y": 0.47794151306152344 + }, + { + "x": 0.28214456140995026, + "y": 0.49010957684367895 + }, + { + "x": 0.12814614176750183, + "y": 0.49010957684367895 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 334, + "content": { + "text": "16 Face Your World\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12474443018436432, + "y": 0.4970542788505554 + }, + { + "x": 0.8745101243257523, + "y": 0.4970542788505554 + }, + { + "x": 0.8745101243257523, + "y": 0.6143688187003136 + }, + { + "x": 0.12474443018436432, + "y": 0.6143688187003136 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 335, + "content": { + "text": "A girl at work with the Interactor during the Face Your World participation process (image\ncourtesy of Van Heeswijk). On top of the workstation we see the drawing the girl made in an\nearlier stage of the process. The drawing depicts a large tree with a little house inside the tree\nand a rope ladder leading up to the little house. On the screen we see the girl working on a new\nobject for the library. She is digitally redrawing her design for a tree house. Once this drawing\nis finished, she can save it to the library of the Interactor and use it when designing the park.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1230432465672493, + "y": 0.6563695669174194 + }, + { + "x": 0.880706675350666, + "y": 0.6563695669174194 + }, + { + "x": 0.880706675350666, + "y": 0.9212012588977814 + }, + { + "x": 0.1230432465672493, + "y": 0.9212012588977814 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 336, + "content": { + "text": "ticipating in Face Your World Slotervaart made a total of 1216 sketches in this phase\nof the planning project and Kaspori considered this the most creative part of the\nprocess (interview with Kaspori, 2007). In the third phase of the game, children\nwould discuss each other's sketches, vote for the best sketch and write down why\nthey had voted for that particular sketch. In the final stage, children entered the\nmulti-player mode and had to start designing the park together. This final design-\ning phase was directed at cooperation between the children: they had to agree on\nhow to design the park and work together in order to be able to realize their ideas\n(interview with Heeswijk, 2007). To realize their ideas, players thus needed to\ncommunicate and cooperate. The discussion option of the game was facilitated\nthrough a chat function. This chat function was one of the few aspects of the\ngame that did not work as it had been intended and projected by the designers.\nChildren working with the Interactor did not use the chat function for communi-\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1286231428384781, + "y": 0.94309002161026 + }, + { + "x": 0.4627867788076401, + "y": 0.94309002161026 + }, + { + "x": 0.4627867788076401, + "y": 0.9629919230937958 + }, + { + "x": 0.1286231428384781, + "y": 0.9629919230937958 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 337, + "content": { + "text": "PART IV: SERIOUS GEOGRAPHIES OF PLAY\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.845263659954071, + "y": 0.9478665590286255 + }, + { + "x": 0.8716055005788803, + "y": 0.9478665590286255 + }, + { + "x": 0.8716055005788803, + "y": 0.9602952878922224 + }, + { + "x": 0.845263659954071, + "y": 0.9602952878922224 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 338, + "content": { + "text": "115\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000001.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1416923552751541, + "y": 0.055422887206077576 + }, + { + "x": 0.16937686502933502, + "y": 0.055422887206077576 + }, + { + "x": 0.16937686502933502, + "y": 0.06404288858175278 + }, + { + "x": 0.1416923552751541, + "y": 0.06404288858175278 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 482, + "content": { + "text": "314\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8069751858711243, + "y": 0.056034862995147705 + }, + { + "x": 0.8837667405605316, + "y": 0.056034862995147705 + }, + { + "x": 0.8837667405605316, + "y": 0.06394196022301912 + }, + { + "x": 0.8069751858711243, + "y": 0.06394196022301912 + } + ], + "category": "header", + "id": 483, + "content": { + "text": "YARROW\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1404949426651001, + "y": 0.0922166034579277 + }, + { + "x": 0.8835323452949524, + "y": 0.0922166034579277 + }, + { + "x": 0.8835323452949524, + "y": 0.27020343393087387 + }, + { + "x": 0.1404949426651001, + "y": 0.27020343393087387 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 484, + "content": { + "text": "1999 such iterations to form parameter distributions. If these distributions are\nsymmetric, we can pretty much just read values straight out of them to form\nconfidence intervals (e.g., the 50th and 1950th values out of 1999 will give us a\nroughly 95% confidence interval). If they are not, we must do something more\ncomplicated, with the best choice being the bias-corrected and accelerated\n(BCa) approach. Because of the large number of fits that are required,\nbootstrapping is fairly slow. If the experiment contains many trials, the BCa\nmethod makes it even slower (because it incorporates additional \"jackknife\"\nresampling, implying one further fitting iteration for almost every trial).¹\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14065879583358765, + "y": 0.2743264138698578 + }, + { + "x": 0.8842673301696777, + "y": 0.2743264138698578 + }, + { + "x": 0.8842673301696777, + "y": 0.452118843793869 + }, + { + "x": 0.14065879583358765, + "y": 0.452118843793869 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 485, + "content": { + "text": "The code accompanying this chapter offers options to generate confidence\nintervals on fitted parameters. Confidence intervals sometimes imply\nstatistical inference, as for example when they fail to overlap some value and\nthus imply that our statistic differs significantly from that value. However, in\nSJ experiments we are more likely to want to ask a question such as whether\na particular parameter differs between two conditions for a single observer.\nTo answer this kind of question, you will need to modify or develop the code.\nIf we take the example of whether parameters vary across conditions, my\nrecommendation would be to adopt a permutation test approach.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1409256011247635, + "y": 0.4561774730682373 + }, + { + "x": 0.8838564902544022, + "y": 0.4561774730682373 + }, + { + "x": 0.8838564902544022, + "y": 0.7110489904880524 + }, + { + "x": 0.1409256011247635, + "y": 0.7110489904880524 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 486, + "content": { + "text": "To do so, take the trials from both conditions and think of each trial as a\ncard in a deck of cards. Making sure you keep each trial intact (i.e., without\nbreaking the link between SOAS and responses) shuffle the trials and then deal\nthem at random into two new piles, each representing a pseudo-condition.\nIf your original conditions contained different numbers of trials, make sure\nthe two pseudo-conditions match the size of the original conditions. For each\npseudo-condition, perform a model fit. Now calculate the difference between\nmodel parameters in the two pseudo-conditions. This is the value you want to\nretain. Now repeat this whole process many times. What you are forming is a\nnull distribution of the expected difference between model parameters that\nwould occur just by chance. You can then compare the difference you actually\nobtained against this null distribution to generate a p value for your difference\nof interest.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14141307771205902, + "y": 0.7599781155586243 + }, + { + "x": 0.5225434750318527, + "y": 0.7599781155586243 + }, + { + "x": 0.5225434750318527, + "y": 0.7746820412576199 + }, + { + "x": 0.14141307771205902, + "y": 0.7746820412576199 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 487, + "content": { + "text": "7\nVariants of SJ Observer Models\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14128698408603668, + "y": 0.8002118468284607 + }, + { + "x": 0.8836587220430374, + "y": 0.8002118468284607 + }, + { + "x": 0.8836587220430374, + "y": 0.8563465662300587 + }, + { + "x": 0.14128698408603668, + "y": 0.8563465662300587 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 488, + "content": { + "text": "In this chapter, I have presented two variants of a latency-based observer mod-\nel applied to the SJ task. Both assume that a single SOA will generate an inter-\nnal response (At) that is a Gaussian random variable. Both assume a simple\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1430029422044754, + "y": 0.8860598206520081 + }, + { + "x": 0.16119584813714027, + "y": 0.8860598206520081 + }, + { + "x": 0.16119584813714027, + "y": 0.895104356110096 + }, + { + "x": 0.1430029422044754, + "y": 0.895104356110096 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 489, + "content": { + "text": "18\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1928456723690033, + "y": 0.885151743888855 + }, + { + "x": 0.8833434879779816, + "y": 0.885151743888855 + }, + { + "x": 0.8833434879779816, + "y": 0.9162696097046137 + }, + { + "x": 0.1928456723690033, + "y": 0.9162696097046137 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 490, + "content": { + "text": "E.g., SimultaneityNoisyCriteriaMultistart 225-386>. Note that Matlab has inbuilt func-\ntions, which could have done most of this if you have the statistics toolbox extensions.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000102.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11889377981424332, + "y": 0.07399608939886093 + }, + { + "x": 0.8788631930947304, + "y": 0.07399608939886093 + }, + { + "x": 0.8788631930947304, + "y": 0.38112839311361313 + }, + { + "x": 0.11889377981424332, + "y": 0.38112839311361313 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 584, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11295231431722641, + "y": 0.3989922106266022 + }, + { + "x": 0.21762778609991074, + "y": 0.3989922106266022 + }, + { + "x": 0.21762778609991074, + "y": 0.40955963265150785 + }, + { + "x": 0.11295231431722641, + "y": 0.40955963265150785 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 585, + "content": { + "text": "(Kaza et al. 2018)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09216760843992233, + "y": 0.4254471957683563 + }, + { + "x": 0.9080537483096123, + "y": 0.4254471957683563 + }, + { + "x": 0.9080537483096123, + "y": 0.5344260782003403 + }, + { + "x": 0.09216760843992233, + "y": 0.5344260782003403 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 586, + "content": { + "text": "Canada is currently the world's largest producer of MSW per capita. At slightly more than 36 metric\ntons per person per year, Canadians generate roughly 10 tons more MSW per person annually than\nthe next highest garbage producers, Bulgarians and Americans (Tiseo, 2021). Summiting a list like this\nis obviously not in any country's best interest-there are no kudos for reaching the top of the heap,\nSO to speak. Is it therefore possible that those nations reaching the top will take the lead in reversing\ncourse?\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09196576476097107, + "y": 0.5420653820037842 + }, + { + "x": 0.9074024856090546, + "y": 0.5420653820037842 + }, + { + "x": 0.9074024856090546, + "y": 0.7714342921972275 + }, + { + "x": 0.09196576476097107, + "y": 0.7714342921972275 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 587, + "content": { + "text": "Halifax is one Canadian city that apparently has. On August 1st, 2015, the city began providing a\n\"green nudge\" to citizens living in its urban core area with the introduction of the Clear Bag Policy, a\npolicy designed to nudge households toward more responsible sorting of their waste, which, in turn,\nwould result in an overall reduction in the total amount of waste generated. As Akbulut-Yuksel and\nBoulatoff point out, under the new policy, households were mandated to replace their black garbage\nbags, traditionally used for the disposal of their refuse, with clear, transparent bags. The Clear Bag\nPolicy allowed households to put out the same number of garbage bags at the curb (six every other\nweek), but all waste destined for the landfill was required to be disposed of in a clear bag (except for\none dark bag permitted for privacy's sake). This allowed waste collectors to screen and refuse any bags\ncontaining materials that should otherwise have been diverted from the landfill, such as recyclables,\nfood waste, and hazardous waste. Clear bags also made apparent to everyone, neighbors and passersby\n33\nalike, a given household's waste-generation and disposal habits.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09193126857280731, + "y": 0.7755603790283203 + }, + { + "x": 0.9072459191083908, + "y": 0.7755603790283203 + }, + { + "x": 0.9072459191083908, + "y": 0.8492226228117943 + }, + { + "x": 0.09193126857280731, + "y": 0.8492226228117943 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 588, + "content": { + "text": "To test the Clear Bag Policy's impact on a typical household's generation of MSW, Akbulut-Yuksel\nand Boulatoff designed a quasi-experiment spanning the period from January 6, 2014, to July 28,\n2017, with January 6, 2014, to July 31, 2015, serving as the pre-treatment period and August 1, 2015,\nto July 28, 2017, serving as the post-treatment period. MSW data collected during this time span\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.06887117773294449, + "y": 0.8672546744346619 + }, + { + "x": 0.9034327045083046, + "y": 0.8672546744346619 + }, + { + "x": 0.9034327045083046, + "y": 0.9440674558281898 + }, + { + "x": 0.06887117773294449, + "y": 0.9440674558281898 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 589, + "content": { + "text": "33. As Akbulut-Yuksel and Boulatoff point out, Halifax households are required to sort waste in four ways: (1) recyclable\ncontainers (plastics, glass, and aluminum) are put in a transparent blue bag, (2) paper and cardboard are put in a separate\nbag, (3) organic food waste goes in a green bin provided by the city, and (4) the remaining waste (refuse) goes into garbage\nbags. Recyclable materials are collected each week, while garbage and organic waste are each collected every other week on\nopposite weeks (except in the summer months when, thank goodness, organic waste is collected on a weekly basis).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09217444807291031, + "y": 0.9510509967803955 + }, + { + "x": 0.2367662861943245, + "y": 0.9510509967803955 + }, + { + "x": 0.2367662861943245, + "y": 0.9587354226969182 + }, + { + "x": 0.09217444807291031, + "y": 0.9587354226969182 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 590, + "content": { + "text": "234 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000192.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11150902509689331, + "y": 0.08879776298999786 + }, + { + "x": 0.8865939974784851, + "y": 0.08879776298999786 + }, + { + "x": 0.8865939974784851, + "y": 0.9201581031084061 + }, + { + "x": 0.11150902509689331, + "y": 0.9201581031084061 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 767, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
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", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11833027750253677, + "y": 0.08672566711902618 + }, + { + "x": 0.2117352932691574, + "y": 0.08672566711902618 + }, + { + "x": 0.2117352932691574, + "y": 0.09750615432858467 + }, + { + "x": 0.11833027750253677, + "y": 0.09750615432858467 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 796, + "content": { + "text": "References\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11841733753681183, + "y": 0.11005508899688721 + }, + { + "x": 0.4858957678079605, + "y": 0.11005508899688721 + }, + { + "x": 0.4858957678079605, + "y": 0.186557337641716 + }, + { + "x": 0.11841733753681183, + "y": 0.186557337641716 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 797, + "content": { + "text": "Ian L Alberts, Lorenzo Mercolli, Thomas Pyka, George\nPrenosil, Kuangyu Shi, Axel Rominger, and Ali\nAfshar-Oromieh. 2023. Large language models\n(llm) and chatgpt: what will the impact on nuclear\nmedicine be? 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Think you have solved question an-\nswering? try arc, the ai2 reasoning challenge. arXiv\npreprint 1803.05457.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11868883669376373, + "y": 0.6368460059165955 + }, + { + "x": 0.4865780621767044, + "y": 0.6368460059165955 + }, + { + "x": 0.4865780621767044, + "y": 0.7007221728563309 + }, + { + "x": 0.11868883669376373, + "y": 0.7007221728563309 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 803, + "content": { + "text": "Karl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian,\nMark Chen, Heewoo Jun, Lukasz Kaiser, Matthias\nPlappert, Jerry Tworek, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro\nNakano, et al. 2021. Training verifiers to solve math\nword problems. arXiv preprint iv:2110.14168.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11873775720596313, + "y": 0.7138634324073792 + }, + { + "x": 0.48759129643440247, + "y": 0.7138634324073792 + }, + { + "x": 0.48759129643440247, + "y": 0.7774789035320282 + }, + { + "x": 0.11873775720596313, + "y": 0.7774789035320282 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 804, + "content": { + "text": "Ganqu Cui, Lifan Yuan, Ning Ding, Guanming Yao,\nWei Zhu, Yuan Ni, Guotong Xie, Zhiyuan Liu, and\nMaosong Sun. 2023. Ultrafeedback: Boosting lan-\nguage models with high-quality feedback. arXiv\npreprint MarXiv:2310.01377.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.118314728140831, + "y": 0.7909969687461853 + }, + { + "x": 0.48771388828754425, + "y": 0.7909969687461853 + }, + { + "x": 0.48771388828754425, + "y": 0.8416782990098 + }, + { + "x": 0.118314728140831, + "y": 0.8416782990098 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 805, + "content": { + "text": "Chunyuan Deng, Yilun Zhao, Xiangru Tang, Mark Ger-\nstein, and Arman Cohan. 2023. Investigating data\ncontamination in modern benchmarks for large lan-\nguage models. arXiv preprint rXiv:2311.09783.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11867113411426544, + "y": 0.8548693656921387 + }, + { + "x": 0.4865807741880417, + "y": 0.8548693656921387 + }, + { + "x": 0.4865807741880417, + "y": 0.9182724505662918 + }, + { + "x": 0.11867113411426544, + "y": 0.9182724505662918 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 806, + "content": { + "text": "Hanze Dong, Wei Xiong, Deepanshu Goyal, Rui Pan,\nShizhe Diao, Jipeng Zhang, Kashun Shum, and\nTong Zhang. 2023. Raft: Reward ranked finetuning\nfor generative foundation model alignment. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:2304.06767.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5136328339576721, + "y": 0.08829754590988159 + }, + { + "x": 0.8827742040157318, + "y": 0.08829754590988159 + }, + { + "x": 0.8827742040157318, + "y": 0.1493935063481331 + }, + { + "x": 0.5136328339576721, + "y": 0.1493935063481331 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 807, + "content": { + "text": "Mohammad Fraiwan and Natheer Khasawneh. 2023. 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Proceedings of Machine\nLearning and Systems, 5.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5138355493545532, + "y": 0.2269199788570404 + }, + { + "x": 0.8829207420349121, + "y": 0.2269199788570404 + }, + { + "x": 0.8829207420349121, + "y": 0.2642904445528984 + }, + { + "x": 0.5138355493545532, + "y": 0.2642904445528984 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 809, + "content": { + "text": "Andrea Gesmundo and Kaitlin Maile. 2023. Compos-\nable function-preserving expansions for transformer\narchitectures. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.06103.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5141130685806274, + "y": 0.2767353951931 + }, + { + "x": 0.881049394607544, + "y": 0.2767353951931 + }, + { + "x": 0.881049394607544, + "y": 0.31425704061985016 + }, + { + "x": 0.5141130685806274, + "y": 0.31425704061985016 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 810, + "content": { + "text": "Shahriar Golchin and Mihai Surdeanu. 2023. Time\ntravel in llms: Tracing data contamination in large\nlanguage models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.08493.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5135267376899719, + "y": 0.3264683485031128 + }, + { + "x": 0.8827352821826935, + "y": 0.3264683485031128 + }, + { + "x": 0.8827352821826935, + "y": 0.3900412768125534 + }, + { + "x": 0.5135267376899719, + "y": 0.3900412768125534 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 811, + "content": { + "text": "Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou,\nMantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt.\n2020. Measuring massive multitask language under-\nstanding. In International Conference on Learning\nRepresentations.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5135985016822815, + "y": 0.40226686000823975 + }, + { + "x": 0.8827300369739532, + "y": 0.40226686000823975 + }, + { + "x": 0.8827300369739532, + "y": 0.4636196568608284 + }, + { + "x": 0.5135985016822815, + "y": 0.4636196568608284 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 812, + "content": { + "text": "Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Saurav Kadavath, Akul\nArora, Steven Basart, Eric Tang, Dawn Song, and Ja-\ncob Steinhardt. 2021. Measuring mathematical prob-\nlem solving with the math dataset. arXiv preprint\nMarXiv:2103.03874.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5137715339660645, + "y": 0.47805872559547424 + }, + { + "x": 0.8827014565467834, + "y": 0.47805872559547424 + }, + { + "x": 0.8827014565467834, + "y": 0.5155559331178665 + }, + { + "x": 0.5137715339660645, + "y": 0.5155559331178665 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 813, + "content": { + "text": "Danny Hernandez, Jared Kaplan, Tom Henighan, and\nSam McCandlish. 2021. Scaling laws for transfer.\narXiv preprint JarXiv:2102.01293.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5136852264404297, + "y": 0.5277225375175476 + }, + { + "x": 0.8819017112255096, + "y": 0.5277225375175476 + }, + { + "x": 0.8819017112255096, + "y": 0.5914173126220703 + }, + { + "x": 0.5136852264404297, + "y": 0.5914173126220703 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 814, + "content": { + "text": "Changho Hwang, Wei Cui, Yifan Xiong, Ziyue Yang,\nZe Liu, Han Hu, Zilong Wang, Rafael Salas, Jithin\nJose, Prabhat Ram, et al. 2023. Tutel: Adaptive\nmixture-of-experts at scale. Proceedings of Machine\nLearning and Systems, 5.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5136290192604065, + "y": 0.6035547852516174 + }, + { + "x": 0.8824026882648468, + "y": 0.6035547852516174 + }, + { + "x": 0.8824026882648468, + "y": 0.6281977221369743 + }, + { + "x": 0.5136290192604065, + "y": 0.6281977221369743 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 815, + "content": { + "text": "Intel. 2023. Supervised fine-tuning and direct prefer-\nence optimization on intel gaudi2.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.513539731502533, + "y": 0.6404497623443604 + }, + { + "x": 0.8828491270542145, + "y": 0.6404497623443604 + }, + { + "x": 0.8828491270542145, + "y": 0.7143530249595642 + }, + { + "x": 0.513539731502533, + "y": 0.7143530249595642 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 816, + "content": { + "text": "Hamish Ivison, Yizhong Wang, Valentina Pyatkin,\nNathan Lambert, Matthew Peters, Pradeep Dasigi,\nJoel Jang, David Wadden, Noah A. Smith, Iz Belt-\nagy, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. 2023. Camels in a\nchanging climate: Enhancing lm adaptation with tulu\n2.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5137925148010254, + "y": 0.7293757200241089 + }, + { + "x": 0.8827603459358215, + "y": 0.7293757200241089 + }, + { + "x": 0.8827603459358215, + "y": 0.7926611751317978 + }, + { + "x": 0.5137925148010254, + "y": 0.7926611751317978 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 817, + "content": { + "text": "Albert Q Jiang, Alexandre Sablayrolles, Arthur Men-\nsch, Chris Bamford, Devendra Singh Chaplot, Diego\nde las Casas, Florian Bressand, Gianna Lengyel, Guil-\nlaume Lample, Lucile Saulnier, et al. 2023. Mistral\n7b. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.06825.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5135089755058289, + "y": 0.8053814768791199 + }, + { + "x": 0.881239503622055, + "y": 0.8053814768791199 + }, + { + "x": 0.881239503622055, + "y": 0.8663830235600471 + }, + { + "x": 0.5135089755058289, + "y": 0.8663830235600471 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 818, + "content": { + "text": "Jean Kaddour, Oscar Key, Piotr Nawrot, Pasquale\nMinervini, and Matt J Kusner. 2023. No train no\ngain: Revisiting efficient training algorithms for\ntransformer-based language models. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2307.06440.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5131475329399109, + "y": 0.8808876872062683 + }, + { + "x": 0.8825134038925171, + "y": 0.8808876872062683 + }, + { + "x": 0.8825134038925171, + "y": 0.9183892458677292 + }, + { + "x": 0.5131475329399109, + "y": 0.9183892458677292 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 819, + "content": { + "text": "Jared Kaplan, Sam McCandlish, Tom Henighan, Tom B\nBrown, Benjamin Chess, Rewon Child, Scott Gray,\nAlec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, and Dario Amodei. 2020.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000179.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11356451362371445, + "y": 0.07035472244024277 + }, + { + "x": 0.8884877189993858, + "y": 0.07035472244024277 + }, + { + "x": 0.8884877189993858, + "y": 0.5203833803534508 + }, + { + "x": 0.11356451362371445, + "y": 0.5203833803534508 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 212, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
NOL
", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11400914192199707, + "y": 0.0674595981836319 + }, + { + "x": 0.889453113079071, + "y": 0.0674595981836319 + }, + { + "x": 0.889453113079071, + "y": 0.5199591368436813 + }, + { + "x": 0.11400914192199707, + "y": 0.5199591368436813 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 247, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11504713445901871, + "y": 0.5237593054771423 + }, + { + "x": 0.8635139837861061, + "y": 0.5237593054771423 + }, + { + "x": 0.8635139837861061, + "y": 0.5573912411928177 + }, + { + "x": 0.11504713445901871, + "y": 0.5573912411928177 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 248, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 12.2. A set of open textbooks printed in bulk are featured in this photo. Open textbooks from the\nOpen Course Library, picture by Tom Caswell, CC BY 2.0.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11461091041564941, + "y": 0.5834099650382996 + }, + { + "x": 0.626046895980835, + "y": 0.5834099650382996 + }, + { + "x": 0.626046895980835, + "y": 0.6078305002301931 + }, + { + "x": 0.11461091041564941, + "y": 0.6078305002301931 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 249, + "content": { + "text": "What tool(s) do you typically use in your course?\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1149899810552597, + "y": 0.6205781102180481 + }, + { + "x": 0.8839673846960068, + "y": 0.6205781102180481 + }, + { + "x": 0.8839673846960068, + "y": 0.6816740036010742 + }, + { + "x": 0.1149899810552597, + "y": 0.6816740036010742 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 250, + "content": { + "text": "Ask whether the instructor utilizes your institution's course management system (Canvas,\nBlackboard, etc.), or a separate course website to communicate and share content with students.\nThis may affect the tools and practices you recommend.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11460991948843002, + "y": 0.7031024694442749 + }, + { + "x": 0.7161675915122032, + "y": 0.7031024694442749 + }, + { + "x": 0.7161675915122032, + "y": 0.7278631012886763 + }, + { + "x": 0.11460991948843002, + "y": 0.7278631012886763 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 251, + "content": { + "text": "What supporting materials do you utilize for this course?\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11474405974149704, + "y": 0.7407936453819275 + }, + { + "x": 0.8839632198214531, + "y": 0.7407936453819275 + }, + { + "x": 0.8839632198214531, + "y": 0.803209874778986 + }, + { + "x": 0.11474405974149704, + "y": 0.803209874778986 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 252, + "content": { + "text": "If the instructor relies on self-grading homework platforms or ancillary presentations and lecture\nnotes from publishers, you will want to discuss the various free and low-cost options available to\nreplace that content (See Chapter 15, Finding Ancillaries for OER).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11423754692077637, + "y": 0.8135856986045837 + }, + { + "x": 0.8849608898162842, + "y": 0.8135856986045837 + }, + { + "x": 0.8849608898162842, + "y": 0.9160989746451378 + }, + { + "x": 0.11423754692077637, + "y": 0.9160989746451378 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 253, + "content": { + "text": "Alternatively, does the instructor already supplement their course materials with course notes or\nmaterials they have personally created? Often, when traditional materials are lacking or require\nsupplement, instructors will create notes, reading lists, or other content to \"back up\" any\ntraditional, commercial content used in their course. This instructor-created content can be\nreused with OER as well, or even adapted into a new open resource in the future.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11551933735609055, + "y": 0.940889835357666 + }, + { + "x": 0.14091640524566174, + "y": 0.940889835357666 + }, + { + "x": 0.14091640524566174, + "y": 0.9509417936205864 + }, + { + "x": 0.11551933735609055, + "y": 0.9509417936205864 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 254, + "content": { + "text": "164\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16353638470172882, + "y": 0.9394218325614929 + }, + { + "x": 0.36604636907577515, + "y": 0.9394218325614929 + }, + { + "x": 0.36604636907577515, + "y": 0.9523744201287627 + }, + { + "x": 0.16353638470172882, + "y": 0.9523744201287627 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 255, + "content": { + "text": "SUPPORTING OER ADOPTION\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000032.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1402384340763092, + "y": 0.08710197359323502 + }, + { + "x": 0.31456324458122253, + "y": 0.08710197359323502 + }, + { + "x": 0.31456324458122253, + "y": 0.11205206997692585 + }, + { + "x": 0.1402384340763092, + "y": 0.11205206997692585 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 347, + "content": { + "text": "Prologue\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1399451643228531, + "y": 0.1417609304189682 + }, + { + "x": 0.5972738415002823, + "y": 0.1417609304189682 + }, + { + "x": 0.5972738415002823, + "y": 0.15939538925886154 + }, + { + "x": 0.1399451643228531, + "y": 0.15939538925886154 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 348, + "content": { + "text": "Programming and Understanding\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14025656878948212, + "y": 0.18023154139518738 + }, + { + "x": 0.8605581372976303, + "y": 0.18023154139518738 + }, + { + "x": 0.8605581372976303, + "y": 0.376224160194397 + }, + { + "x": 0.14025656878948212, + "y": 0.376224160194397 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 349, + "content": { + "text": "One way to become aware of the precision required to unam-\nbiguously communicate a mathematical idea is to program it for\na computer. Rather than using canned programs purely as an\naid to visualization or numerical computation, we use computer\nprogramming in a functional style to encourage clear thinking.\nProgramming forces us to be precise and unambiguous, without\nforcing us to be excessively rigorous. The computer does not toler-\nate vague descriptions or incomplete constructions. Thus the act\nof programming makes us keenly aware of our errors of reasoning\nor unsupported conclusions.1\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.13983605802059174, + "y": 0.37993037700653076 + }, + { + "x": 0.8609059303998947, + "y": 0.37993037700653076 + }, + { + "x": 0.8609059303998947, + "y": 0.49608172476291656 + }, + { + "x": 0.13983605802059174, + "y": 0.49608172476291656 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 350, + "content": { + "text": "Although this book is about differential geometry, we can show\nhow thinking about programming can help in understanding in a\nmore elementary context. The traditional use of Leibniz's notation\nand Newton's notation is convenient in simple situations, but in\nmore complicated situations it can be a serious handicap to clear\nreasoning.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14016370475292206, + "y": 0.4995552897453308 + }, + { + "x": 0.8614338487386703, + "y": 0.4995552897453308 + }, + { + "x": 0.8614338487386703, + "y": 0.6126848608255386 + }, + { + "x": 0.14016370475292206, + "y": 0.6126848608255386 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 351, + "content": { + "text": "A mechanical system is described by a Lagrangian function of\nthe system state (time, coordinates, and velocities). A motion of\nthe system is described by a path that gives the coordinates for\neach moment of time. A path is allowed if and only if it satisfies\nthe Lagrange equations. Traditionally, the Lagrange equations are\nwritten\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14325347542762756, + "y": 0.6274218559265137 + }, + { + "x": 0.27049247920513153, + "y": 0.6274218559265137 + }, + { + "x": 0.27049247920513153, + "y": 0.6672855280339718 + }, + { + "x": 0.14325347542762756, + "y": 0.6672855280339718 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 352, + "content": { + "text": "d OL\nOL\ndt dq dq\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14034171402454376, + "y": 0.682586669921875 + }, + { + "x": 0.6153666228055954, + "y": 0.682586669921875 + }, + { + "x": 0.6153666228055954, + "y": 0.699090164154768 + }, + { + "x": 0.14034171402454376, + "y": 0.699090164154768 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 353, + "content": { + "text": "What could this expression possibly mean?\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14030969142913818, + "y": 0.7028843760490417 + }, + { + "x": 0.8602010607719421, + "y": 0.7028843760490417 + }, + { + "x": 0.8602010607719421, + "y": 0.7989846840500832 + }, + { + "x": 0.14030969142913818, + "y": 0.7989846840500832 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 354, + "content": { + "text": "Let's try to write a program that implements Lagrange equa-\ntions. What are Lagrange equations for? Our program must take\na proposed path and give a result that allows us to decide if the\npath is allowed. This is already a problem; the equation shown\nabove does not have a slot for a path to be tested.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1399839073419571, + "y": 0.8272173404693604 + }, + { + "x": 0.860082820057869, + "y": 0.8272173404693604 + }, + { + "x": 0.860082820057869, + "y": 0.8741414360702038 + }, + { + "x": 0.1399839073419571, + "y": 0.8741414360702038 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 355, + "content": { + "text": "1\nThe idea of using computer programming to develop skills of clear thinking\nwas originally advocated by Seymour Papert. An extensive discussion of this\nidea, applied to the education of young children, can be found in Papert [13].\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000146.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.13317736983299255, + "y": 0.5817894339561462 + }, + { + "x": 0.8753783404827118, + "y": 0.5817894339561462 + }, + { + "x": 0.8753783404827118, + "y": 0.8617828488349915 + }, + { + "x": 0.13317736983299255, + "y": 0.8617828488349915 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 402, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
AreaCompetence
1. Embodying sustainability values 1.1 Valuing sustainability
1.2 Supporting fairness
1.3 Promoting nature
2. Embracing complexity in sustainability 2.1 Systems thinking
2.2 Critical thinking
2.3 Problem framing
3. Envisioning sustainable futures 3.1 Futures literacy
3.2 Adaptability
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Finally each of the identified\ncompetences, within the Framework will correspond to the different e-learning modules (PR2)\nand e-game levels (PR3)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14345993101596832, + "y": 0.16926631331443787 + }, + { + "x": 0.35389140248298645, + "y": 0.16926631331443787 + }, + { + "x": 0.35389140248298645, + "y": 0.18083897978067398 + }, + { + "x": 0.14345993101596832, + "y": 0.18083897978067398 + } + ], + "category": "heading1", + "id": 431, + "content": { + "text": "Reference frameworks:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2028285712003708, + "y": 0.21225060522556305 + }, + { + "x": 0.8640372008085251, + "y": 0.21225060522556305 + }, + { + "x": 0.8640372008085251, + "y": 0.2567513845860958 + }, + { + "x": 0.2028285712003708, + "y": 0.2567513845860958 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 432, + "content": { + "text": "GreenComp - \"The European Sustainability Competence Framework\" responds to\nthe growing need for people to improve and develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes\nto live, work and act in a sustainable manner.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14225779473781586, + "y": 0.27628469467163086 + }, + { + "x": 0.8666334599256516, + "y": 0.27628469467163086 + }, + { + "x": 0.8666334599256516, + "y": 0.4327971339225769 + }, + { + "x": 0.14225779473781586, + "y": 0.4327971339225769 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 433, + "content": { + "text": "GreenComp is a reference framework for sustainability competences. It provides a common\nground to learners and guidance to educators, providing a consensual definition of what\nsustainability as a competence entails. It is designed to support education and training\nprogrammes for lifelong learning. It is written for all learners, irrespective of their age and their\neducation level and in any learning setting - formal, non-formal and informal. Sustainability\ncompetences can help learners become systemic and critical thinkers, as well as develop agency,\nand form a knowledge basis for everyone who cares about our planet's present and future state.\nThe aim of GreenComp is to foster a sustainability mindset by helping users develop the\nknowledge, skills and attitudes to think, plan and act with empathy, responsibility, and care for\nour planet.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14267273247241974, + "y": 0.4513351321220398 + }, + { + "x": 0.8648915439844131, + "y": 0.4513351321220398 + }, + { + "x": 0.8648915439844131, + "y": 0.5286466628313065 + }, + { + "x": 0.14267273247241974, + "y": 0.5286466628313065 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 434, + "content": { + "text": "Green- Comp is the result of a robust research methodology that has involved a large and\ndiverse group of experts and stakeholders, to build a consensus on an agreed proposal. It\nprovides a general reference model that everyone involved in lifelong learning can use to design\nlearning opportunities aimed at developing sustainability competences and to assess progress in\nsupporting education and training for sustainability.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14304552972316742, + "y": 0.5506247282028198 + }, + { + "x": 0.759365901350975, + "y": 0.5506247282028198 + }, + { + "x": 0.759365901350975, + "y": 0.56377231515944 + }, + { + "x": 0.14304552972316742, + "y": 0.56377231515944 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 435, + "content": { + "text": "GreenComp consists of 12 competences organised into the four main areas below:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1522938311100006, + "y": 0.9041920304298401 + }, + { + "x": 0.8593505918979645, + "y": 0.9041920304298401 + }, + { + "x": 0.8593505918979645, + "y": 0.9266219772398472 + }, + { + "x": 0.1522938311100006, + "y": 0.9266219772398472 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 437, + "content": { + "text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.36783409118652344, + "y": 0.9398090839385986 + }, + { + "x": 0.6439386010169983, + "y": 0.9398090839385986 + }, + { + "x": 0.6439386010169983, + "y": 0.9486242700368166 + }, + { + "x": 0.36783409118652344, + "y": 0.9486242700368166 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 438, + "content": { + "text": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000088.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11667052656412125, + "y": 0.13328155875205994 + }, + { + "x": 0.882990874350071, + "y": 0.13328155875205994 + }, + { + "x": 0.882990874350071, + "y": 0.8942146599292755 + }, + { + "x": 0.11667052656412125, + "y": 0.8942146599292755 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 316, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
JurisdictionGATS XVII Reservation (1994)Foreign Ownership PermittedRestrictions on Foreign OwnershipForeign Ownership Reporting Requirements
ArgentinaYYProhibition on ownership of property that contains or borders large and permanent bodies of water and of land in border security zones. Rural land can only be acquired upon certificate being granted (total percentage must not exceed 15% of the territory, in which shares of nationals of one country must not exceed 30%; maximum limit per foreigner; certain long-term residents exempted).
AustraliaNYApproval is needed from the Treasurer if the acquisition constitutes a \"significant action,\" including acquiring an interest in different types of land where the monetary threshold is met for that type of land. The Treasurer may prohibit a significant action that is found to be contrary to the national interest.Acquisitions of residential and agricultural land by foreign persons must be reported to the relevant government agency.
AustriaYYPrior authorization required with exceptions; authorization may be refused if the acquisition contradicts national public policy interests.
BelgiumNYNone.
BrazilYYAcquisition of rural property by an alien individual or company, including Brazilian companies controlled by foreigners, may not exceed 50 modules; foreign ownership of rural areas may not exceed a quarter of the surface of the municipalities, and ownership
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Imprisonment termsNumber of clausesPercentage of all statesPercentage of total
Less than 3 months4,44821.3%17.0%
3 months to less than 1 year4,80623.0%18.4%
1 year to less than 3 years9,76646.7%37.4%
3 years to less than 5 years8344.0%3.2%
5 years to less than 10 years1,0214.9%3.9%
More than 10 years200.1%0.1%
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StateNumber of clausesGSDP (In Rs lakh crore)GSDP (In $ billion)
Gujarat146915.6200.4
Punjab12735.370.2
Maharashtra121026.3351.0
Karnataka117515.4205.9
Tamil Nadu104316.3217.4
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With our focus on monographs, the two most\nsignificant groups are large commercial publishers and university presses. These publish\nthe vast majority of monographs in circulation, although in recent years, smaller open\naccess publishers have also begun to emerge.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08695917576551437, + "y": 0.7320979833602905 + }, + { + "x": 0.5841099545359612, + "y": 0.7320979833602905 + }, + { + "x": 0.5841099545359612, + "y": 0.7477296274155378 + }, + { + "x": 0.08695917576551437, + "y": 0.7477296274155378 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 163, + "content": { + "text": "The role of publishers includes (among other things):\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10763230919837952, + "y": 0.7747458219528198 + }, + { + "x": 0.3940769135951996, + "y": 0.7747458219528198 + }, + { + "x": 0.3940769135951996, + "y": 0.7894931444898248 + }, + { + "x": 0.10763230919837952, + "y": 0.7894931444898248 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 165, + "content": { + "text": "acquisitions and list curation\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10765736550092697, + "y": 0.7964765429496765 + }, + { + "x": 0.5362977012991905, + "y": 0.7964765429496765 + }, + { + "x": 0.5362977012991905, + "y": 0.8119210628792644 + }, + { + "x": 0.10765736550092697, + "y": 0.8119210628792644 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 166, + "content": { + "text": "editorial work and coordinating peer review\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10719641298055649, + "y": 0.8180075287818909 + }, + { + "x": 0.8928922638297081, + "y": 0.8180075287818909 + }, + { + "x": 0.8928922638297081, + "y": 0.8337892293930054 + }, + { + "x": 0.10719641298055649, + "y": 0.8337892293930054 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 167, + "content": { + "text": "design and production (for various formats, typically: print, digital PDF, and EPUB)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10749147087335587, + "y": 0.8398801684379578 + }, + { + "x": 0.8677375689148903, + "y": 0.8398801684379578 + }, + { + "x": 0.8677375689148903, + "y": 0.8771086856722832 + }, + { + "x": 0.10749147087335587, + "y": 0.8771086856722832 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 168, + "content": { + "text": "distribution and marketing of finished products into various channels (libraries,\naggregators, stores) where readers can access books\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08768772333860397, + "y": 0.9377602934837341 + }, + { + "x": 0.0957854837179184, + "y": 0.9377602934837341 + }, + { + "x": 0.0957854837179184, + "y": 0.9458172991871834 + }, + { + "x": 0.08768772333860397, + "y": 0.9458172991871834 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 169, + "content": { + "text": "6\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.10322969406843185, + "y": 0.9372755885124207 + }, + { + "x": 0.3478568568825722, + "y": 0.9372755885124207 + }, + { + "x": 0.3478568568825722, + "y": 0.948186719790101 + }, + { + "x": 0.10322969406843185, + "y": 0.948186719790101 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 170, + "content": { + "text": "I The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000068.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15748389065265656, + "y": 0.09050286561250687 + }, + { + "x": 0.7703508287668228, + "y": 0.09050286561250687 + }, + { + "x": 0.7703508287668228, + "y": 0.12437068670988083 + }, + { + "x": 0.15748389065265656, + "y": 0.12437068670988083 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 448, + "content": { + "text": "The World Bank/PEMSEA Assessment of Policies and Regulations to Guide Country\nDialogue at National Level to Reduce Plastic Waste in the Philippines indicated:\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.19056594371795654, + "y": 0.15107367932796478 + }, + { + "x": 0.76795494556427, + "y": 0.15107367932796478 + }, + { + "x": 0.76795494556427, + "y": 0.3066190481185913 + }, + { + "x": 0.19056594371795654, + "y": 0.3066190481185913 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 449, + "content": { + "text": "\"Despite these efforts, there seemed to be very limited information that shows the\neffectiveness of the bans on reducing plastics and litter, or even diversion from\nlandfills in the country. For the majority of LGUs in the country, however, there\nseemed to be no clear documentation and reporting of progress and updated\nwaste data possibly due to the difficulty and complexity of data generation and\nassessment. Another possible constraint is that the scope of the LGU ordinances\nvary and covered different kinds of SUPP, including the exemptions, which makes\nintegration of the various reports, if available, a challenge.\"\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15740801393985748, + "y": 0.33279290795326233 + }, + { + "x": 0.818840816617012, + "y": 0.33279290795326233 + }, + { + "x": 0.818840816617012, + "y": 0.4072199836373329 + }, + { + "x": 0.15740801393985748, + "y": 0.4072199836373329 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 450, + "content": { + "text": "The World Bank/PEMSEA report also recommended that a baseline assessment be\nconducted to obtain a better understanding which SUPP are the most prevalent and\nproblematic in the Philippines and to also identify the sources and extent and impacts of\nmismanagement.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11620699614286423, + "y": 0.4337720274925232 + }, + { + "x": 0.8186428472399712, + "y": 0.4337720274925232 + }, + { + "x": 0.8186428472399712, + "y": 0.6497379690408707 + }, + { + "x": 0.11620699614286423, + "y": 0.6497379690408707 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 452, + "content": { + "text": "b.\nExtended producer responsibility (EPR). EPR schemes use a combination of regulatory\napproaches to extend manufacturers' responsibility for single-use plastic products\nthroughout their life cycle, including to the end-of-life stage. These schemes are aimed\nat decreasing the overall environmental impact from a product and its packaging.\nThe primary responsibility under EPR lies with the producer, who makes design and\nmarketing decisions. In most European countries, product manufacturers are charged\na fee for every piece of packaging they put onto the market based on the reusability or\nrecyclability of the packaging, supported by technical analysis. These fees are intended\nto cover some or all of the costs of collection, sorting and recycling. Since the recycling\nof plastic packaging costs more than it yields, companies will benefit from a more cost-\neffective system of packaging.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.11755186319351196, + "y": 0.6764548420906067 + }, + { + "x": 0.5599355697631836, + "y": 0.6764548420906067 + }, + { + "x": 0.5599355697631836, + "y": 0.8919088691473007 + }, + { + "x": 0.11755186319351196, + "y": 0.8919088691473007 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 453, + "content": { + "text": "C.\nRegulated Storage, Manufacture and Use of\nplastics. India required its states to enforce existing\nrules on the storage, manufacture, and use of some\nsingle-use plastics in lieu of a nationwide ban.\nMeanwhile, the Department of Environment and\nNatural Resources (DENR) is yet to issue a list of\nnon-environmentally accepted products (NEAP) as\nprovided in Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid\nWaste Management Act, passed a decade ago. This\nwill include single use plastics in all product forms per\ntechnical advice of the Department of Science and\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6221060156822205, + "y": 0.8751264214515686 + }, + { + "x": 0.8031724840402603, + "y": 0.8751264214515686 + }, + { + "x": 0.8031724840402603, + "y": 0.9005549028515816 + }, + { + "x": 0.6221060156822205, + "y": 0.9005549028515816 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 454, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 27. Soft drinks can with\nthe message \"Recycle Me\"\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5979143381118774, + "y": 0.6768330335617065 + }, + { + "x": 0.8238436877727509, + "y": 0.6768330335617065 + }, + { + "x": 0.8238436877727509, + "y": 0.8658896684646606 + }, + { + "x": 0.5979143381118774, + "y": 0.8658896684646606 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 455, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.03155423700809479, + "y": 0.9454143047332764 + }, + { + "x": 0.05415887571871281, + "y": 0.9454143047332764 + }, + { + "x": 0.05415887571871281, + "y": 0.9589721169322729 + }, + { + "x": 0.03155423700809479, + "y": 0.9589721169322729 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 456, + "content": { + "text": "64\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.08472571521997452, + "y": 0.9475904107093811 + }, + { + "x": 0.5653392747044563, + "y": 0.9475904107093811 + }, + { + "x": 0.5653392747044563, + "y": 0.9605868207290769 + }, + { + "x": 0.08472571521997452, + "y": 0.9605868207290769 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 457, + "content": { + "text": "Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000174.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5269607305526733, + "y": 0.5225322246551514 + }, + { + "x": 0.8562803864479065, + "y": 0.5225322246551514 + }, + { + "x": 0.8562803864479065, + "y": 0.7824628949165344 + }, + { + "x": 0.5269607305526733, + "y": 0.7824628949165344 + } + ], + "category": "table", + "id": 201, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "
LOANNIS KEPPLERI Mathematici Carfarei hand Imaginem ARCENTORATINS MATTHIAS BERNEGGERVS MOCKEVEL
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He developed\nan early interest in astronomy and, as a young man, made significant\nastronomical observations. Among these was a careful study of what\nwe now know was an exploding star that flared up to great brilliance\nin the night sky. His growing reputation gained him the patronage of\nthe Danish King Frederick II, and at the age of 30, Brahe was able to\nestablish a fine astronomical observatory on the North Sea island of\nHven (Figure 1). Brahe was the last and greatest of the pre-telescopic\nobservers in Europe.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1778244525194168, + "y": 0.43763992190361023 + }, + { + "x": 0.820918396115303, + "y": 0.43763992190361023 + }, + { + "x": 0.820918396115303, + "y": 0.4910399429500103 + }, + { + "x": 0.1778244525194168, + "y": 0.4910399429500103 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 207, + "content": { + "text": "Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) and Johannes Kepler\n(1571-1630).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14290761947631836, + "y": 0.5232678055763245 + }, + { + "x": 0.8576629161834717, + "y": 0.5232678055763245 + }, + { + "x": 0.8576629161834717, + "y": 0.8002308309078217 + }, + { + "x": 0.14290761947631836, + "y": 0.8002308309078217 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 208, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3041781485080719, + "y": 0.8080310821533203 + }, + { + "x": 0.32084483839571476, + "y": 0.8080310821533203 + }, + { + "x": 0.32084483839571476, + "y": 0.8178676776587963 + }, + { + "x": 0.3041781485080719, + "y": 0.8178676776587963 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 209, + "content": { + "text": "(a)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.68141770362854, + "y": 0.8081198334693909 + }, + { + "x": 0.6986339632421732, + "y": 0.8081198334693909 + }, + { + "x": 0.6986339632421732, + "y": 0.81794822961092 + }, + { + "x": 0.68141770362854, + "y": 0.81794822961092 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 210, + "content": { + "text": "(b)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.15376399457454681, + "y": 0.8289955854415894 + }, + { + "x": 0.8443947285413742, + "y": 0.8289955854415894 + }, + { + "x": 0.8443947285413742, + "y": 0.891200341284275 + }, + { + "x": 0.15376399457454681, + "y": 0.891200341284275 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 211, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 1. (a) A stylized engraving shows Tycho Brahe using his\ninstruments to measure the altitude of celestial objects above the\nhorizon. The large curved instrument in the foreground allowed\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2625370919704437, + "y": 0.9157862663269043 + }, + { + "x": 0.8564305603504181, + "y": 0.9157862663269043 + }, + { + "x": 0.8564305603504181, + "y": 0.9302647039294243 + }, + { + "x": 0.2625370919704437, + "y": 0.9302647039294243 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 212, + "content": { + "text": "Chapter 3 Orbits and Gravity Section 3.1: The Laws of Planetary\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7390730381011963, + "y": 0.9321434497833252 + }, + { + "x": 0.8069536909461021, + "y": 0.9321434497833252 + }, + { + "x": 0.8069536909461021, + "y": 0.9428323907777667 + }, + { + "x": 0.7390730381011963, + "y": 0.9428323907777667 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 213, + "content": { + "text": "Motion\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8330168724060059, + "y": 0.9323349595069885 + }, + { + "x": 0.855875650420785, + "y": 0.9323349595069885 + }, + { + "x": 0.855875650420785, + "y": 0.9428288359194994 + }, + { + "x": 0.8330168724060059, + "y": 0.9428288359194994 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 214, + "content": { + "text": "99\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000075.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1898810863494873, + "y": 0.08407701551914215 + }, + { + "x": 0.8803758025169373, + "y": 0.08407701551914215 + }, + { + "x": 0.8803758025169373, + "y": 0.1495240181684494 + }, + { + "x": 0.1898810863494873, + "y": 0.1495240181684494 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 449, + "content": { + "text": "2020 and 2021, and, for approximately half of AMS, working hours lost were\nhigher in 2021 compared to 2020 (Figure 1.3). The disruptions in global supply\nchains because of travel and transport restrictions hit some AMS particularly\nhard because of supply needs from other countries.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.18943695724010468, + "y": 0.16610297560691833 + }, + { + "x": 0.8808668702840805, + "y": 0.16610297560691833 + }, + { + "x": 0.8808668702840805, + "y": 0.40294933319091797 + }, + { + "x": 0.18943695724010468, + "y": 0.40294933319091797 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 450, + "content": { + "text": "Despite these tremendous job losses, many countries also experienced labour\nshortages due to previously unprecedented demand for certain products,\nsuch as rubber gloves in Malaysia and for fishery products in Thailand. The\nreturn of migrant workers to their home countries contributed to significant\nlabour shortages (Lee and David, 2021; Sriring and Staporncharnchai, 2021). 4\nCOVID-related movement restrictions caused many workers to withdraw\nfrom the labour force (especially women) and labour force participation rates\ndeclined in most countries. 5 This was the case for Indonesia, Malaysia, the\nPhilippines, and Viet Nam (Figure 1.4). According to the ILO (2021c), female\nemployment in AMS in 2020 was 3.9 percent lower than the expected level,\nwhich is markedly less than the 2.7 percent figure for male employment. 6\nThe impact of the pandemic on employment is evident in lower labour force\nparticipation, lower working hours, and higher unemployment rates in most\ncountries (Figure 1.5).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.19098623096942902, + "y": 0.41908395290374756 + }, + { + "x": 0.8476020842790604, + "y": 0.41908395290374756 + }, + { + "x": 0.8476020842790604, + "y": 0.4334185943007469 + }, + { + "x": 0.19098623096942902, + "y": 0.4334185943007469 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 451, + "content": { + "text": "Figure 1.3. Decline in weekly working hours compared to 2019 (percent)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.18982623517513275, + "y": 0.44650039076805115 + }, + { + "x": 0.8815566748380661, + "y": 0.44650039076805115 + }, + { + "x": 0.8815566748380661, + "y": 0.6856354773044586 + }, + { + "x": 0.18982623517513275, + "y": 0.6856354773044586 + } + ], + "category": "figure", + "id": 452, + "content": { + "text": "", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.19012810289859772, + "y": 0.6967325210571289 + }, + { + "x": 0.3416188955307007, + "y": 0.6967325210571289 + }, + { + "x": 0.3416188955307007, + "y": 0.7083634790033102 + }, + { + "x": 0.19012810289859772, + "y": 0.7083634790033102 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 453, + "content": { + "text": "Source: ILO (2022a)\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14185327291488647, + "y": 0.7946274876594543 + }, + { + "x": 0.8807739019393921, + "y": 0.7946274876594543 + }, + { + "x": 0.8807739019393921, + "y": 0.8269953913986683 + }, + { + "x": 0.14185327291488647, + "y": 0.8269953913986683 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 455, + "content": { + "text": "4\nThere are of course long-standing reasons for the labour shortages in these sectors, which accounts for\ntheir high reliance for migrant workers, including poor working conditions, that is prone to abuse, and lack\nof attractiveness for local workers (Looi, 2020; Ng, 2020; ILO, 2015).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14257752895355225, + "y": 0.8297422528266907 + }, + { + "x": 0.8808612823486328, + "y": 0.8297422528266907 + }, + { + "x": 0.8808612823486328, + "y": 0.881416879594326 + }, + { + "x": 0.14257752895355225, + "y": 0.881416879594326 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 456, + "content": { + "text": "5\nMcKinsey Global Institute (2020) estimates that at the beginning of the pandemic, women accounted for\nmore than half of total job losses from COVID-19 though they made up only two-fifths of the global labour\nforce. This is because they are overrepresented in sectors hardest hit by the pandemic: accommodation\nand food services; retail and wholesale trade; and other services, such as arts, recreation, and public\nadministration.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1430756002664566, + "y": 0.8859089612960815 + }, + { + "x": 0.880343034863472, + "y": 0.8859089612960815 + }, + { + "x": 0.880343034863472, + "y": 0.9180246405303478 + }, + { + "x": 0.1430756002664566, + "y": 0.9180246405303478 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 457, + "content": { + "text": "6\nThis is equivalent to saying there is greater increase in unemployment or inactivity for women compared\nto men. According to the report, one reason is the increase in unpaid care responsibilities for women as\nschools closed (ILO, 2021c).\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14079849421977997, + "y": 0.9519280195236206 + }, + { + "x": 0.4196150451898575, + "y": 0.9519280195236206 + }, + { + "x": 0.4196150451898575, + "y": 0.9666325869038701 + }, + { + "x": 0.14079849421977997, + "y": 0.9666325869038701 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 458, + "content": { + "text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.929643988609314, + "y": 0.9527359008789062 + }, + { + "x": 0.9513212498277426, + "y": 0.9527359008789062 + }, + { + "x": 0.9513212498277426, + "y": 0.9634732371196151 + }, + { + "x": 0.929643988609314, + "y": 0.9634732371196151 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 459, + "content": { + "text": "15\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + }, + "01030000000125.pdf": { + "elements": [ + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14180932939052582, + "y": 0.09026207029819489 + }, + { + "x": 0.8579423278570175, + "y": 0.09026207029819489 + }, + { + "x": 0.8579423278570175, + "y": 0.22708280384540558 + }, + { + "x": 0.14180932939052582, + "y": 0.22708280384540558 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 122, + "content": { + "text": "8\nways.\nReview Figure 2.16 below, which is a line graph of the\npercentage of Canadian VS. foreign television programmes\nwatched in New Brunswick from 2000 to 2004. Because of\nthe similar colours of the lines, it is difficult for the reader to\nunderstand which line graph corresponds to which colour\nfrom the legend.\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12003746628761292, + "y": 0.7882397174835205 + }, + { + "x": 0.8522433340549469, + "y": 0.7882397174835205 + }, + { + "x": 0.8522433340549469, + "y": 0.9050642251968384 + }, + { + "x": 0.12003746628761292, + "y": 0.9050642251968384 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 123, + "content": { + "text": "8. Statistics Canada. Table 22-10-0097-01 Television viewing time of all\ntelevision stations, by province, content and type of programme. Data\nis reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission\nof Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/\n10.25318/2210009701-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence:\nhttps://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14263154566287994, + "y": 0.935317873954773 + }, + { + "x": 0.16751376539468765, + "y": 0.935317873954773 + }, + { + "x": 0.16751376539468765, + "y": 0.9457565173506737 + }, + { + "x": 0.14263154566287994, + "y": 0.9457565173506737 + } + ], + "category": "paragraph", + "id": 124, + "content": { + "text": "54\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + }, + { + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.19555509090423584, + "y": 0.9347661137580872 + }, + { + "x": 0.5020487010478973, + "y": 0.9347661137580872 + }, + { + "x": 0.5020487010478973, + "y": 0.948271312750876 + }, + { + "x": 0.19555509090423584, + "y": 0.948271312750876 + } + ], + "category": "footer", + "id": 125, + "content": { + "text": "Misleading Data Visualizations\n", + "html": "", + "markdown": "" + } + } + ] + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/dataset/sample_results/google_241010.json b/dataset/sample_results/google_241010.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fe0bd77fceec96747a299eed8bdef7547e7707ea --- /dev/null +++ b/dataset/sample_results/google_241010.json @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +{"01030000000047.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "ANFREL Pre-Election Assessment Mission Report", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "24", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
No.Political partyProvisional result on Number of commune/ sangkatregistration 7 March Number of candidatesOfficial registration result on 29 April Number of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidatesDifference in the number of candidates
11Khmer United Party3549830457-41
12Grassroots Democracy Party3243532481+46
13Beehive Social Democratic Party2542523392-33
14Cambodian Indigeneous Peoples Democracy Party1919419202+8
15Ekpheap Cheat Khmer Party1517514178+3
16Reaksmey Khemara Party779688+9
17Khmer Economic Development Party465464-1
Total84,20886,092+1,884
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000084.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Jailed for Doing Business", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "TABLE 38: THREE CASE STUDIES ON NBFC COMPLIANCES*", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
SmallMediumLarge
Total applicable compliances7841,1881,693
Compliances with imprisonment154362622
Percentage of imprisonment clauses20%30%37%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "* These are real data from three NBFCs", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "TABLE 39: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN NBFC CASE STUDIES*", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Small Mid RangeLarge
Less than 3 months 10 4282
3 months to less than 1 year 67 203373
1 year to less than 3 years 50 5868
3 years to less than 5 years 40 880
19 19 5 years to 10 years19
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "* In table 38", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "86", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000035.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Basis Fields", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "A vector field may be written as a linear combination of basis vector fields. If n is the dimension, then any set of n linearly independent vector fields may be used as a basis. The coordinate basis X is an example of a basis.\u00b9 We will see later that not every basis is a coordinate basis: in order to be a coordinate basis, there must be a coordinate system such that each basis element is the directional derivative operator in a corresponding coordinate direction.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Let e be a tuple of basis vector fields, such as the coordinate basis X. The general vector field v applied to an arbitrary manifold function f can be expressed as a linear combination", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "v(f)(m)=e(f)(m)b(m)=\\sum_{i}e_{i}(f)(m)b^{i}(m) ,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "(4.1)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "where bis a tuple-valued coefficient function on the manifold. When expressed in a coordinate basis, the coefficients that specify the direction of the vector are naturally expressed as functions b^{i} of the coordinates of the manifold point. Here, the coefficient function bis more naturally expressed as a tuple-valued function on the manifold. If b is the coefficient function expressed as a function of coordinates, then b=b\\circ\\chi is the coefficient function as a function on the manifold.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "The coordinate-basis forms have a simple definition in terms of the coordinate-basis vectors and the coordinates (equation 3.40). With this choice, the dual property, equation (3.41), holds without further fuss. More generally, we can define a basis of one-forms \u1ebd that is dual to e in that the property", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "\\tilde{e}^{i}(e_{j})(m)=\\delta_{j}^{i}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "(4.2)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "is satisfied, analogous to property (3.41). Figure 4.1 illustrates the duality of basis fields.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "1We cannot say if the basis vectors are orthogonal or normalized until we introduce a metric.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000161.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "of any individual to color their decisions, even when they're acting in good faith.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Credentials: Academic credentials tend to represent a significant commitment of time towards gaining mastery of a subject, and therefore requiring a particular degree may increase the likelihood of accurate information. However, not all groups are equally represented in higher education. Degree completion is uneven across race and income factors (among others), making academia not demographically representative of our society as a whole. Some perspectives are therefore systematically underrepresented in groups with advanced degrees.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Peer Review: Peer review sometimes only results in collaborative improvements to a work. It can also prevent the publication of very obviously flawed or poorly executed or analyzed research. Very new or radical ideas may be initially rejected because they are such a departure from existing dogma. Peer review is largely a practice of academia, therefore has the same exclusionary problems mentioned in the credentials section. It is possible for individual reviewers to act in a biased or unethical way to prevent the publication of some works.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Fact Checking: Not a lot of downside here. Let me know if your students come up with anything good. Domains: For some top level domains (mostly just .gov and .edu) looking at the domain provides some assurance that the web content there is an official communication of a particular institution. There really isn't any problem with domains excluding", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "106 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000149.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "ECD", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Circle", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Co-funded by the European Union", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "With this in mind, here we have the 7 key competence areas selected to form a part of Eco- Circle's Competence Framework:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Eco-Circle Competence Framework
#1: The 3 Rs: Recycle-Reuse-Reduce #2: Lifecycle of Circular Economy #3: Social Entrepreneurship and Circular Economy
#4: Corporate Environmental Sustainability
#5: Embodying Sustainable Values
#6: Environmental Engagement
#7: Supporting Local Eco-friendly and Green Activities
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Project No:: 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000030.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Combinatorial Cosmology DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90696", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "As for the normal phase, the choice will, to start with, be the simplest possible one: each path is either possible or not, corresponding to the probability weights 1 and 0. During the extreme phases, this assumption is no longer reasonable. Again the model will be extremely simplified, but still it is based on physical intuition and, most importantly, completely time symmetric. Assume that the only types of edges having a non-neglectable chance of occurring during the extreme phase [-m-1,-m] are of the following two kinds: The first scenario is that the universe passes through the extreme phase into a state of zero entropy. The other scenario is that it passes into a state with high entropy (equal to 2m). Universes of one of these two types will be given the (un-normalized) probability 1 or p, respectively. Here p>0 should be thought of as a very small number, at least when the size of the model becomes large. During the other extreme phase [m,m+1], near the Big Crunch, we make the completely symmetric assumption.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Remark 3. These assumptions may perhaps seem somewhat arbitrary. And to a certain extent, this may be so. However, they do represent the following viewpoint of what may happen at the full cosmological scale: we may think of the Big Bang and the Big Crunch as states of complete order with zero volume and entropy. Such states can very well be metastable, very much like an oversaturated gas at a tem- perature below the point of condensation. If no disturbance takes place, such meta- stable states can very well continue to exist for a substantial period of time. In particular, a low-entropy state can have a very good chance of surviving the intense but extremely short extreme phase. On the other hand, if a sufficiently large dis- turbance occurs, then the metastable state may almost immediately decay into a very disordered state of high entropy.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "It is not my intension to further argue in favor of this viewpoint here. The main thing in this chapter is to show that completely symmetric boundary conditions at the endpoints may give rise to a broken time symmetry.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "The multiverse now splits up into four different kinds of paths:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u2022 LL: The entropy is low (=0) at both ends (\u2013m and m).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "\u2022 LH: The entropy is 0 at \u2014m and 2m at m.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "\u2022 HL: The entropy is 2m at \u2014m and 0 at m.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "\u2022 HH: The entropy is high (=2m) at both ends (\u2212m and m).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "If we now denote by N_{LL}, N_{LH}, N_{HL} and N_{HH} the number of paths of the indicated kinds, then with the above assumptions we also get the corresponding probability weights for the corresponding types as", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "P_{LL}=N_{LL} , P_{LH}=pN_{LH} , P_{HL}=pN_{HL} ,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "P_{HH}=p^{2}N_{HH}.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "(10)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "We can now consider the following two types of broken time symmetry: Definition 4. A multiverse is said to exhibit a weak broken time symmetry if", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "P_{LL}\\ll P_{LH}+P_{HL}.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "(11)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Definition 5. A multiverse is said to exhibit a strong broken time symmetry if", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "P_{LL}+P_{HH}\\ll P_{LH}+P_{HL}\u00b7", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "(12)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Both these definitions should of course be made more precise when applied to specific models for the multiverse, e.g., by showing that the corresponding limits", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "317", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000021.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "2 The Lost Homeland", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Since the death of my mother, Elfriede, ten years ago, I have been haunted by the desire to visit the homeland, the Heimat, that she never saw again after her fifty years in Australia. In more ways than one, Germany had become her lost homeland, the spiritual place of her ancestors from which she was exiled. I sensed the pain she felt over the tangible loss of connection to her own past. For me to be able to go so far away and pay tribute to her German home in what is now Poland, to savour the environment of her childhood, at first seemed impossible. I nevertheless hoped for the opportunity to do so, although I expected to find all the names of the places changed, and that people spoke a language I did not understand. It would be confronting to go there, I thought.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "When in 1997 I visited Vienna, my father's Austrian birth city, and after that my German cousins in Germany, I was not regarded as a stranger. Despite being an almost lifelong Australian, I spoke their language and somehow belonged. I was accepted by people as someone who had come home to reclaim my heritage. I could merge with crowds unobtrusively, like a 'local'. The only subtle tremors of feeling generated by what people are used to were shown up in my too-German ways for the Austrians, and my too-Austrian ways for the Germans. The Austrians reacted more firmly. This suggests that my mother's influence on me was strongest.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "I was born in Turkey, north of Ankara, in 1935, and when I also went there on my trip home, I was treated to a special welcome by each Turk who found this out, from my passport or my conversation. My birth in Turkey entitled me to Turkish citizenship. Naturally I was delighted,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000127.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Year3-Year5-Year7-Year
133.0%20.00%14.29%
244.45%32.00%24.49%
314.81%19.20%17.49%
47.41%11.52%12.49%
511.52%8.93%
65.76%8.93%
78.93%
84.46%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Suppose your business just purchased a $100,000 asset that has a 3-year useful life, and falls into 3-year class of assets. Using the SL method, the depreciation expense each year for the next 3 years would be:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
YearRecovery RateUnadjusted BasisDepreciation ExpenseAccumulated Depreciation
1.1667$100,000$16,670$16,670
2.3333$100,000$33,330$50,000
3.3333$100,000$33,330$88,330
4.1667$100,000$16,670$100,000
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Note that the book value or basis of the asset (acquisition cost \u2013 accumulated depreciation) would be $0 after it has been fully depreciated at the end of 4 years. Because of the half-year convention, it takes 4 years to depreciate the asset, even though it falls into the 3-year classification.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Depreciation expense for the same asset using the MACRS method would be calculated as:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
YearRecovery RateUnadjusted BasisDepreciation ExpenseAccumulated Depreciation
1.3333$100,000$33,333$33,333
2.4445$100,000$44,450$77,780
3.1481$100,000$14,810$92,950
4.741$100,000$7,410$100,000
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Note again that the depreciation expense using MACRS is higher in the early years and lower in later years than with the SL method and that the book value after 4 years is again zero. Businesses often use MACRS for tax purposes and SL for profit reporting. Can you think of any reasons why?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Some businesses that invest small amounts in capital assets are allowed to deduct up to $1,000,000 of the cost of acquired depreciable property as a current expenditure instead of a capital expenditure. This is known as direct expensing, and is available only to businesses that don't make large capital purchases each year. The allowable expensing amount is reduced by one dollar for each dollar of capital investment expenditure over $2,500,000 during the year. Other restrictions also apply.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "42 | Ch. 3. The Federal Tax System", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000070.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "two meetings are related to the initial meeting of VNR and as particular human rights focus.73", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Number of Participating", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Institutions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "180", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "160", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "160", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "140", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "120", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "100", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "80", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "60", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "43", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "40", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Diagram 2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "18", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "9", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "111", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "Meeting Participation Frequency", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "1x 2x 3x 4x 5x 7x 8x 11x 23x 24x", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "Participation of Institutions in the VNR Meeting of Indonesia 2021.74", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "The distribution of participating institutions in VNR-related meetings are as follows:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "16 (7%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "\u25a0 Government", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "7 (3%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "57 (24%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "\u25a0 Other State Institutions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "31 (13%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "19 (8%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "90 (37%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "20 (8%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "\u25a0 Civil Society Organizations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "\u25a0Philanthropic Foundation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "\u25a0 Educational Institution", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": {"text": "\u25a0 Private and State-Owned Companies", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 39, "content": {"text": "\u25a0 Other Institutions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 40, "content": {"text": "Diagram 3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 41, "content": {"text": "Distribution of Participating Institutions within VNR Meeting of Indonesia 2021.75", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 42, "content": {"text": "74 Data is processed based on: ibid., 332-345.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 43, "content": {"text": "75 Data is processed based on: Kementerian PPN / Bappenas, \u201cAnnexes Indonesia's VNR 2021\" (n. 68), 332-345.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 44, "content": {"text": "14", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000004.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "322", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "YARROW", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "observer model with three parameters captures PSS, sensory noise and an in- terval bias (i.e., a tendency to select one interval in preference to the other under uncertainty).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The 2xSJ task provides estimates that correlate fairly well with equivalent parameters estimated using ToJS, SJs, and ternary tasks. However, each trial takes longer than in those single-presentation tasks, which makes experi- ments more onerous. There are a few reasons why the roving-standard 2xSJ is still worth considering. Firstly, it asks about synchrony explicitly (unlike the TOJ) and by requiring relative judgements it reveals a point of maximal syn- chrony perception (whereas the sJ and ternary tasks often reveal a range of SOA values that are classified as synchronous). Secondly, it can be added in to a single-presentation task (as a follow-up question every two trials), which somewhat mitigates the burden of additional experimental time. Finally, a case can be made that it will be more resistant to some forms of decision-level bias (Morgan, Grant, Melmoth, & Solomon, 2015; Morgan, Melmoth, & Solomon, 2013). As with the other tasks I have described, code to fit data from the 2xSJ accompanies this chapter.23 For further information, read the comments there and consult Yarrow et al. (2016).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "12 Conclusion", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "In this chapter, I have outlined the benefits of fitting formal observer models to judgements about simultaneity, and described how this can be achieved us- ing Matlab code (see book's GitHub repository). In doing so, I have presented one particular observer model in some detail, and highlighted the fundamen- tally subjective nature of the sJ task, which requires us to think carefully about how both the strategic decisions and perceptual sensitivity of a participant can affect their psychometric function. I have gone on to supply a brief over- view of appropriate models for several closely related timing tasks. I hope I have also provided enough of a tutorial regarding bespoke model fitting and evaluation to allow the interested reader to go forward and explore their own models of perceived simultaneity. Modelling may seem intimidating, but in fact, a good understanding of just a few basic concepts (which is best gained through practical exploration) will take you a long way, providing tools to engage more fully with the timing literature. This is an endeavour I would very much encourage!", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "23 .", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000079.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Executive Summary", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "I", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "ndia suffers from 'regulatory cholesterol' that is getting in", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "the way of doing business. The legislations, rules and regulations enacted by the Union and State governments have over time created barriers to the smooth flow of ideas, organisation, money, entrepreneurship and through them the creation of jobs, wealth and GDP.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "The presence of hostile clauses in these laws, rules and regulations has grown since Independence, surviving three decades of economic reforms initiated in 1991. The biggest challenges come from the continuance of imprisonment as a tool of control. As automation increases in the coming years, the pre-Independence 1940s-style administrative controls meant to protect labour will prove counter-productive in 21st-century India.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "There are 1,536 laws that govern doing business in India, of which 678 are implemented at the Union level. Within these laws is a web of 69,233 compliances, of which 25,537 are at the Union level. These compliances need to be communicated to the governments through 6,618 annual filings, 2,282 (34.5 percent) at the Union level and at the states, 4,336.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "These changes in compliance requirements occur constantly and add to business uncertainty. In the 12 months up to 31 December 2021, there have been 3,577 regulatory changes;", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000165.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Record your observations in Table 13.2.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 13.2. Effect of cations on flocculation of a clay suspension.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Added cationRelative Size & Settling Rates of Floccules
K+
Na+
Ca2+
Al3+
Check
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Activity 4. Determining CEC by replacing adsorbed cations.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "In this activity, you will titrate the filtrate with a 0.01 molar solution of NaOH using phenolphthalein as an indicator. Phenolphthalein changes from colorless to faint pink when the quantity of OH ions added via the NaOH equals the quantity of H^{+} ions in the solution (that is, when the pH is raised to 7). For this activity, assume the soil samples have been extracted and the filtrates are now available for analysis.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "1. Place 10 ml of each filtrate into separate 125 ml flasks. This 10 ml quantity is the amount of filtrate from 1.0 gram of soil.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "2. Add 10 drops of the phenolphthalein indicator.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "3. Titrate the extract with the NaOH solution to a faint pink endpoint. The titration must be done very carefully to obtain meaningful results. If you put too much NaOH in the flask and get a bright pink color, discard the solution and repeat the process. In the table below, record the milliliters of NaOH solution used to achieve the endpoint.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Calculate the CEC and record your data in Table 13.3.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Here is an example of how to calculate the CEC, assuming 2.5 mL of NaOH was required to achieve an end point. The reaction occurring during titration is", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "NaOH+H^{+}\\rightarrow Na^{+}+H_{2}O", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Thus, one mole of NaOH reacts with one mole of = moles of H+ in solution.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "H^{+}. Therefore, at the phenolphthalein end point, moles of NaOH added", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "The solution of 0.01 molar NaOH contains 1 cmol charge per liter (1~cmol_{c}/L). Therefore 2.5 mL NaOH contains", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "vol_{e}of~NaOH=2.5~mL~NaOH\\times\\frac{1~L}{1000~mL}\\times\\frac{0.01~mol~NaOH}{1~L}\\times\\frac{1~mol_{c}}{1~mol~NaOH}\\times\\frac{100~cmol_{c}}{1~mol_{c}}=0.0025~mol_{c}NaOH", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Thus, the CEC is", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "\\frac{cmol_{c}}{kg~soil}=\\frac{0.0025~cmol_{c}}{1~g~soil}\\times\\frac{1000g~soil}{1~kg~soil}=\\frac{2.5cmolc}{kg~soil}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "114 Soil Colloids", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000015.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "FROM CRADLE TO GRAVE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "207", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 11.12 A Bahraini bride in traditional green thobe. She wears a circular gold plate (hama or taasa) on her head, with the chains of discs talaat suspended from the rim. Sweet basil (mishmun), jasmine, and rosebuds adorn her hair. Around her wrists she wears gold bangles, including the shmelat, studded with turquoise and pink glass. She wears a murta\u02bbasha choker and a long murtahish necklace ending in a crescent element.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "central element. As seen in figure 11.11, a seytemi may be added to this; it can be identified by the row of gold coins running up the chain and \u201cit is among the most sought after pieces of jewellery by women in the U.A.E.\u201d72 All these pieces may vary in size and weight. At her waist, the bride will wear a", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "72", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Gubash and Lootah, Traditional Emirati Jewels, 62.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "gold belt (hizam), which is usually composed of articulated square or round elements with smaller dangling bells or tassels. On her hands, she will of- ten have rings on each finger, especially the shahi- da ring, worn on both forefingers, and the marami on the middle finger. The back of her hand may be covered in the kaf or chef ornament, which runs from rings and is anchored to a bracelet. She also", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000119.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "chromosome. Meiosis and mitosis are both nuclear divisions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "that result in new daughter cells. However, the two processes have significant differences. Fill out the following chart comparing the two forms of nuclear division.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
MitosisMeiosis
(begins with a single cell)(begins with a single cell)
#chromosomes in parent cells # DNA replications
#nuclear divisions
#daughter cells produced
purpose
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "5. Using your beads, strings, and magnets recreate the process of meiosis. Ensuring you have two different colored beads, demonstrate the process of crossing over. When you think you have it down, flag your instructor over. Have them sign off on your handiwork. Instructor signature:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "6. By now hopefully you've noticed that these processes are denoted with \u201c2n\u201d and \u201cn\u201d in various places. This is a reference to the number of sets of chromosomes that cell has at any given moment. Autosomal human cells are 2n. Gametes are 1n. Mitosis begins with one 2n cell and ends with two 2n cells. Meiosis begins with one 2n cell and ends with 4 1n cells. Sketch those two processes here to show every time the \u201cn\u201d classification changes. (Hint: draw every step, it'll make your life easier, evenif it takes a little bit longer!)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "71", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000060.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "1,000 tonne", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "1,800", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "1,600", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.8. Domestic Wood Pellets Production", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "1,400", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "1,200", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "1,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "800", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "600", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "400", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "200", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "126", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "120", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "120", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "127", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "131", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "147", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "2014", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "2015", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "2016", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "2017", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "2018", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "2019", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "Domestic production", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "Source: Forestry Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (MAFF), 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "Applications of wood pellets in Japan include power generation, boilers, stoves, agriculture use, and others. Although the trade statistics do not specify the usage of the imported wood pellets, according to the Japan Wood Pellet Association (JPA), most are used for power generation.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "The price of domestic wood pellets for power generation has a wide range. According to a survey of domestic wood pellet manufacturers undertaken by JPA in 2020, the average price of domestic wood pellets for power generation is around 14,000^{\\sim}29,000\\ne/tonne, while according to the Trade Statistics of Japan, the average cost, insurance, and freight (CIF) price of imported wood pellets is around 18,000 \\/tonne in 2020 (Figure 4.9).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "Figure 4-9. Average Cost, Insurance, and Freight Prices of Wood Pellets and Wood Chips", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "Yen/tonne", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "30,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "25,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "20,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "15,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "10,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 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"markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 47, "content": {"text": "Komnas HAM's YouTube channel as of 1 December 2021", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 48, "content": {"text": "21", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 49, "content": {"text": "0:46", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000048.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Encinas Franco and Laguna", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Filipino Women in Electoral Politics", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The nature and extent of Filipino women's political participation is a product of the country's colonial history, martial law, and democratization post-1986. Historians argue that Spain's strong Catholic traditions ushered in patriarchal norms and practices that were not present in the pre-Hispanic period. National hero, Jose Rizal, has documented this in his \u201cLetter to the Women of Malolos,\u201d praising the women for advocating their right to education. Historians also found proof of women's contribution to the Philippine revolution (Camagay 1998). Decades later, the suffragist movement ushered in one of the first national issues to have brought Filipino women together. It was a hard- fought battle; the movement had to contend with staunch opposition from antisuffragists in the Constitutional Convention that drafted the 1935 Constitution. The reluctance was expected because only 21-year- old Filipino men had been allowed to vote during the time. They framed their opposition based on traditional notions of womanhood and their role in the private sphere, foremost of which is motherhood. Another key argument against female suffrage was the idea that politics is supposed to be \u201cdirty\u201d and that this would taint families if women took part in politics. The assumptions catered to the age-old public-private divide, strongly suggesting that only men are qualified to occupy the former.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Eventually, the 1935 Constitution granted women suffrage on the condition that more than 300,000 women would vote affirmatively in a plebiscite. When signing the law paving the way for the said plebiscite, President Manuel Quezon had this to say to Filipino men: \u201cAre you going to deprive our women of the opportunity to say how their lives are going to be regulated and is it fair for us to presume that men can always speak in this country for women?\" (Official Gazette 1936). In April 1937, more than 400,000 women voted in favor of their right to vote and participate in political life. In 1946 and 1947, Filipinos elected the first woman member of the House of Representatives, and senator, respectively. Nonetheless, data from 1946 to 1992 indicate an uphill climb. For instance, in the 1949 and 1953 elections for the House of Representatives, only one woman was elected out of the 100 positions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000184.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Semantic Search Pack: Value", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "SS Pack allows businesses to access further data more rapidly", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The SS Pack can reduce the information acquisition time by returning all the information that matches the user's search intent.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The performance optimized for individual search systems is maintained by automatic updates of real-time search log records, augmented by Upstage's technological know-how.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "1.8X \u21911", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Higher Return of Information", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Unlike existing search systems that only return information limited to the entered search keywords, SS Pack returns all relevant data that meet the user's search intent", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Optimal Attempt", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Reduced Information Acquisition Time", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "By returning all semantic-based information of the search keywords, the time required for information acquisition is reduced drastically compared to that of traditional keyword-matching search systems", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "SOTA", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Cutting-Edge Technology", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "The analysis of user logs saved in real-time allows us to further optimize the individual search services over time", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "1 Evaluated against 100 internal test queries. Comparison of the amount of information returned with at least one keyword included in the search term and the amount of returned information against that of SS Pack", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "2 State-of-the-art, current highest level of results and performance", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "22", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000093.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "survey responses and outcomes from the experiments and games. This spreadsheet is linked to the students' randomly assigned course ID (CID) numbers. The other spreadsheet, which is linked to their university student ID numbers and their names, compiles their performances on quizzes, homework, and exams assigned throughout the semester.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "At the risk of sounding draconian, this is a course where it may make sense to base upwards of 50% of a student's grade upon their in-person attendance, which would entail carefully taking role at the beginning of each class. If the class meets 30 times face-to-face during the semester, for example, their grade attributable to attendance would then drop by 3.33 percentage points for each missed class (excused absences withstanding). Granted, students who foresee having difficulty attending class in-person throughout the semester would likely choose to drop the course immediately. For those students who remain, the remaining 50% of their course grade would then be based upon their quizzes, homework, and exam scores.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The issue of how best to convey written information to the student a priori (i.e., before conducting a given experiment or game) also looms large in a participatory-learning setting such as this, especially if the instructor desires to obtain unbiased responses from the students (or more practically, to control for potential biases). For example, the first set of thought experiments presented in Section 1 is meant to demonstrate firsthand to the students the extent to which automatic, knee-jerk responses from what Kahneman (2011) identifies as the System 1 portion of the brain can result in miscalculations. Students who choose to read ahead (small in number though these types of students may be) potentially skew the distribution of responses away from its otherwise true representation of these miscalculations. Such skewness may be tolerable for strictly educational purposes, where the goal is to demonstrate that at least a certain percentage of students are prone to miscalculation. But if the instructor also hopes to compile student responses into a dataset amenable for statistical analysis, then this type of potential bias draws into question the validity of the data.\u00b2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "To help control for potential biases associated with students having read ahead about the game or experiment they are now participating in, I recommend including the following question on each Response Card: \u201cDid you read about this topic ahead of time?\u201d (see Appendix A). Answers to this question provide a control for the level of student foreknowledge, which is the potential bias of concern.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "I am personally unaware of any studies that have looked at how well students learn the lessons of behavioral economics in a cumulative sense over a span of time (e.g., an entire semester) and across a variety of experiments and games. In other words, I know of no studies that estimate the extent to which individuals who begin a course in behavioral economics as bona fide Homo sapiens evolve toward \u201cHomo economism\u201d in their individual and social choices. The pedagogy promoted in this textbook-in particular, the data it generates-offers instructors the opportunity to empirically test the hypothesis that students make this evolution.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "2. Note that this potential biasedness problem also extends to the laboratory experiments of Section 2 and games of Section 3. BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM XXV", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000013.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "150", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "AL-OGAYYEL AND OSKAY", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 8.7A-C A gazelle horn used in al-Sadu weaving.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "4 Al-Sadu Symbols and Social Significance", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Perhaps the main reason for the uniqueness of al-Sadu weaving is that it was never mass-pro- duced for export in the same way other carpets were. Although it was traded among tribes, due to the length of time it takes to produce a tent, and due to its particular function in the harsh climate of the desert, it was not replicable in other geographies. Al-Sadu weaving could not be commercialized in the same way that other", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 8.8 Symbol of stars in contemporary al-Sadu weaving by Leila Yaser.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "objects such as kilims, clothes, bags, blankets, and tablecloths\u2014were in other parts of the world. Therefore, although the weaving practice and the symbols used may have changed, they did not change as much as in other textiles, so examining the symbols embedded in these weav- ings may yield a wealth of information about the life of local populations. In the absence of writ- ten records, al-Sadu weavings become, thus, re- cords of memories embodied in a thing.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "The natural environment of the nomadic tribe can be seen in al-Sadu designs, which contain symbols that reflect astronomical elements and the desert environment.24 Quite frequently, al- Sadu symbols indicate constellations and stars (fig. 8.8).25 In the vast sky of the pre-electric desert, the stars, the moon, and the sun had a great signifi- cance, being the main sources of orientation. It is important to note that, currently, the weavers in Kuwait explain these symbols simply as \u201cstars,\u201d", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "24", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "25", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "For more details on the symbols that appear in al-Sadu weavings, see also Altaf Salem Al-Ali Al-Sabah, Ibjad: Ornate Tent Dividers and Weavings of the Kuwait Desert (Kuwait: Al Sadu Society, 2006); Khawla Mohamed Ab- del and Aziez Al Manai, Al Sadu (Doha: National Mu- seum of Qatar, 2013); and Ali S. Alnajadah, \u201cThe Picto- graphic Codes in Al-Sadu Weavings of Kuwait,\u201d International Design Journal 8, no. 3 (2018): 63^{-74}. In this latter study, Alnajadah tracks changes in the mean- ings of some al-Sadu symbols.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Khawlah M. Manna, Al-Sadu in Qatar: Traditional Tech- nical Values and Techniques (Doha: Qatar Museums Authority, Qatar National Museum, 2013), 99-100.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000057.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.2. Operating Capacity under the FIT Scheme", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "MW", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "400", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "350", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "300", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "250", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "200", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "150", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "100", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "50", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Waste materials", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Biogas", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Construction wood waste", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "General wood (10MW\u2264)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "General wood (<10MW)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Unutilised wood (2MW\u2264)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Unutilised wood (<2MW)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "12-13 2014", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "FIT= feed-in-tariff. Source: METI (2021a).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "The newly approved capacity has stagnated lately because some strict measures reduced the accumulated idle capacity in the revised FIT Act of 2017. For instance, developers are required to have entered into the grid connection agreement with a utility company for an FIT approval and to submit a business plan for assessment of feasibility and sustainability. As a result, the approved biomass power capacity is about 160MW on average in FY2018 and FY2019.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "A recent change in the FIT scheme is that new projects of biomass co-firing with coal in the category of unutilised wood, general wood, and construction wood waste are no longer eligible for the FIT scheme from FY2019.4 The data collected after implementation of the FIT scheme revealed that the generation costs of these biomass co-firing with coal are lower than the estimated costs of conventional biomass power plants in terms of capital expenditures, operation and maintenance, and fuels. Hence, biomass co-firing with coal does not have a rationale to receive support through the FIT scheme since it could make profits without it. For reference, Figure 4.3 illustrates a biomass co-firing ratio of the major power utilities' coal-fired power plants. Nearly half of the coal-fired power plants co-combusted biomass in FY2019 and most of them are less than 1% ratio of biomass.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "4 Biomass of waste materials co-firing with coal is not eligible for the FIT scheme from FY2021.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "31", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000173.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Humanity's Home Base.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 1. This image shows the Western hemisphere as viewed from space 35,400 kilometers (about 22,000 miles) above Earth. Data about the land surface from one satellite was combined with another satellite's data about the clouds to create the image. (credit: modification of work by R. Stockli, A. Nelson, F. Hasler,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "NASA/GSFC/NOAA/USGS)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Our nearest astronomical neighbor is Earth's satellite, commonly called the Moon. Figure 2 shows Earth and the Moon drawn to scale on the same diagram. Notice how small we have to make these bodies to fit them on the page with the right scale. The Moon's distance from Earth is about 30 times Earth's diameter, or approximately 384,000 kilometers, and it takes about a month for the Moon to revolve around Earth. The Moon's diameter is 3476 kilometers, about one fourth the size of Earth.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Earth and Moon, Drawn to Scale.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "10 | Chapter 1 Section 1.6: A Tour of the Universe", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000122.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "For use with CarolinaBLU\u2122\u2122 stain:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
TubeBamHI-HindIII restriction enzyme mixtureRestriction Buffer-RNaseSuspect 1 DNASuspect 2 DNAEvidence A or BH_{2}O
S13 \u03bcL3 \u03bcL10 \u03bcL2 \u03bcL
S23 \u03bcL3 \u03bcL10 \u03bcL2 \u03bcL
EA or EB3 \u03bcL3 \u03bcL10 \u03bcL2 \u03bcL
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "3. Mix reagents by pipetting gently up and down.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "4. Incubate all of the reaction tubes for 1 hour at 37^{\\circ}C.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "NOTE: Your instructor will freeze your completed restriction digests at -20^{\\circ}C until the next lab period.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "III. Electrophorese Digests", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Reagents:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Restriction digests from Part II, on ice", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "10x loading dye, 10 \u00b5L", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Supplies and Equipment", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Gel electrophoresis chamber with agarose gel in gel tray, power supply 1-20 \u00b5L Micropipette and pipet tips", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Load the Gel", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "1. Use a micropipette to add 2 \u00b5L of 10\u00d7 loading dye to a reaction tube. Use the pipet tip and gently pipet up and down a couple of times to mix the 10x loading dye with the digested DNA. Use a new pipet tip and repeat for each digest.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "2. Use a micropipette to load the contents of each reaction tube (20 \u00b5L total) into a separate well in the gel. Use a fresh pipet tip for each reaction tube and write down the order in which the samples are loaded.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "NOTE: Be careful not to punch the tip of the pipet through the bottom or side of the well.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "While loading,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "steady the pipet over the well using two hands. You may wish to place one or both elbows on the lab bench to steady your hands.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "be careful to expel any air in the pipet tip end before loading the gel. If an air bubble forms a cap over the well, the sample will flow into the buffer around the edges of the well.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "133", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000023.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "2. The Lost Homeland", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "This description told me that Steinkirche was somewhere in the vicinity of Strehlen. Then, according to Elfriede's stories about walking her animals, ducks, geese and a goat to the railway station to meet visitors, a station once existed near the village. I wondered whether it had survived the bombing. I have seen films of the utter devastation along the Oder River in early May 1945, just before the War in Europe ended. Did the railway still pass Steinkirche? My mother's father had been a railway line pointsman, a signal attendant. From a station close to home he would have undertaken the long journeys his work demanded.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "I went back to the old German maps in the National Library and located Steinkirche on one of several contiguous contour maps perhaps designed for military purposes. They covered Lower Silesia in 1938 in remarkable detail, although such detail also helped obscure the printed names of villages, which were lost in the depictions of miniature hills, rivers, quarries, castles, lakes and even houses.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Eventually I did locate the village through this superb map. Steinkirche was off the main road near the second railway station south of Strehlen, probably on a hill, something my mother had never mentioned. If one passed it, one could also locate it as station number two of the seven between Strehlen and Milnsterberg, on the railway running south of Breslau towards the Carpathian Mountains. Then I noted the Polish names for the two townships south of Wroclaw (Breslau). In the German- to-Polish Gazeteer they are given as Strzelin and Ziebice.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "My intention was to take a train or a car to the new Polish ex-Steinkirche, visit it discreetly, and search the old cemetery for family connections. I wanted to photograph my two-year-old granddaughter beside my own grandfather Friedrich's grave. I wanted to look for other evidence of family history, and just savour the atmosphere of the place. I also wanted to see what had happened to Neumarkt Platz.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "It was difficult to achieve anything in a hurry. In London, my daughter, granddaughter and I visited the office of the Polish Consulate. Tourist brochures were generously given to us, but none of the authoritative road maps of Poland showed the villages between Strzelin and Ziebice. Did our village still exist? And by what name?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "After flying to Berlin, we set out in a hire car for Wroclaw on 13 September 2003. Beside the Hitler-era Autobahn, there are still extensive forests, between flat farmlands. It was raining when we entered Poland.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "9", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000186.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Step 1-1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Step 1-2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Input", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Input", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Input", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "24 Layers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Continued Pretraining", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "\u2192 48 Layers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Input", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "32 Layers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "24 Layers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "HIPH", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Output", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Output", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "24 Layers 24 Layers Merge 8 Layers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Output", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Output", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Output", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "8 Layers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Output Copy 32 Layers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Input Input Step 1. Depthwise Scaling Figure 1: Depth up-scaling for the case with n=32, s=48, and m=8 Depth up-scaling is achieved through a", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "Step 2. Continued Pretraining", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "dual-stage process of depthwise scaling followed by continued pretraining.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "for wider access and application of these models", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "by researchers and developers globally.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "2 Depth Up-Scaling", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "To efficiently scale-up LLMs, we aim to utilize pre-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "trained weights of base models to scale up to larger LLMs (Komatsuzaki et al., 2022). While exist- ing methods such as Komatsuzaki et al. (2022) use MoE (Shazeer et al., 2017) to scale-up the model ar- chitecture, we opt for a different depthwise scaling strategy inspired by Tan and Le (2019). We then continually pretrain the scaled model as just scaling the model without further pretraining degrades the performance.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "Base model. Any n-layer transformer architec- ture can be used but we select the 32-layer Llama 2 architecture as our base model. We initialize the Llama 2 architecture with pretrained weights from Mistral 7B, as it is one of the top performers com- patible with the Llama 2 architecture. By adopting the Llama 2 architecture for our base model, we aim to leverage the vast pool of community re- sources while introducing novel modifications to further enhance its capabilities.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "Depthwise scaling. From the base model with n layers, we set the target layer count s for the scaled model, which is largely dictated by the available hardware.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "With the above, the depthwise scaling process is as follows. The base model with n layers is duplicated for subsequent modification. Then, we remove the final m layers from the original model and the initial m layers from its duplicate, thus forming two distinct models with n-m layers. These two models are concatenated to form a scaled model with s=2\\cdot(n-m) layers. Note that n=32 from our base model and we set s=48 considering", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "our hardware constraints and the efficiency of the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "scaled model, i.e., fitting between 7 and 13 billion", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "parameters. Naturally, this leads to the removal of", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "m=8 layers. The depthwise scaling process with n=32, s=48, and m=8 is depicted in 'Step 1: Depthwise Scaling' of Fig. 1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "We note that a method in the community that also scale the model in the same manner 2 as 'Step 1: Depthwise Scaling' of Fig. 1 has been concurrently developed.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "Continued pretraining. The performance of the depthwise scaled model initially drops below that of the base LLM. Thus, we additionally apply the continued pretraining step as shown in \u2018Step 2: Continued Pretraining' of Fig. 1. Experimen- tally, we observe rapid performance recovery of the scaled model during continued pretraining, a phenomenon also observed in Komatsuzaki et al. (2022). We consider that the particular way of depthwise scaling has isolated the heterogeneity in the scaled model which allowed for this fast performance recovery.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "Delving deeper into the heterogeneity of the scaled model, a simpler alternative to depthwise scaling could be to just repeat its layers once more, i.e., from n to 2n layers. Then, the 'layer distance', or the difference in the layer indices in the base model, is only bigger than 1 where layers n and n+1 are connected, i.e., at the seam.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": {"text": "However, this results in maximum layer distance at the seam, which may be too significant of a discrepancy for continued pretraining to quickly resolve. Instead, depthwise scaling sacrifices the 2m middle layers, thereby reducing the discrep- ancy at the seam and making it easier for continued", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 39, "content": {"text": "2https://huggingface.co/Undi95/ Mistral-11B-v0.1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000087.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "members should specify this in their schedule of specific commitments.4 Reservation of the ability to lease or own land to nationals is one such treatment; therefore, it should be listed in the schedule as a limitation on national treatment.5 This applies to services that the GATS covers.6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Some jurisdictions do not list foreign land ownership on their schedules, but restrict it for national security or similar interests.\u201d Such jurisdictions include Australia and Finland (national interest), Chile and Greece (border area), Russia (national security), and Spain (zones of interest to national defense and the military). Several other jurisdictions that also restrict ownership for national security purposes have entered restrictions on their GATS schedules. Such jurisdictions include Argentina and Mexico (border area), Iran (sensitive areas), South Korea (military bases and installation protection zones), Taiwan (lands within fortified and military areas and adjacent to the national frontiers), and Turkey (designated military zones).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "There are other various restrictions on foreigners' land ownership. Figure 1 below shows in simplified format the surveyed jurisdictions that impose particular categories of restrictions. On page 4, a color-coded map sets forth which jurisdictions permit foreign acquisition, prohibit it, or impose restrictions. A Comparative Summary Table beginning on page 5 presents the essential findings of our study for each jurisdiction. Lastly, the textual surveys for each jurisdiction provide further detail.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "4 Id. art. XX.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "5 Julia Nielson & Daria Taglioni, A Quick Guide to the GATS and Mode 4, OECD, World Bank, IOM Seminar on Trade and Migration (Nov. 12-14, 2003), at 11, https://perma.cc/B8XW-LNZ4.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "6 World Trade Organization, The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS): Objectives, Coverage and Disciplines, Question 3, https://perma.cc/4J7Y-WAG7. It states, \u201c[t]he GATS applies in principle to all service sectors, with two exceptions.\u201d", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "7 See GATS art. XIV General Exceptions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "The Law Library of Congress", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000062.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "1. Shipping as a vector for marine IAS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "List of Philippine Ports is in Appendix 3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Shipping remains as the only scientifically documented pathway for marine biological invasion in the Philippines with the introduction and invasion of the South American mussel Mytella strigata (Vallejo et al. 2017). This invasive was first recorded from the South Harbor of Manila in 2014 and has been known to have spread throughout Manila Bay, to Lingayen Gulf, Aparri, Cagayan and Batangas Port in the Philippines. It has since then reported in Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, the Gulf of Thailand, and Sri Lanka.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Figure 2. Foulers from the South Harbor of Manila Bay. Photo by SAILS-PORTEC Manila Bay", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Mytella was likely spread through hull fouling and ballast water release. In the Philippines its spread to other ports was likely through small vessel hull fouling as the first adult samples were recorded from the fishing boat FV Ocean in 2015 which was docked in Manila Bay. An intensive monitoring of the South Harbor area in 2014 resulted in the detection of the first cohort of recruits in Manila Bay. The likely first introduction by ballast water release or by biofouling was in December 2013 and the first cohort of recruits was detected in July 2014.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "There are at least 15 marine non-indigenous species ship hull fouling recorded from Manila Bay's South Harbor (Vallejo et al. 2019; Trinidad et al 2017.) Only Mytella is considered invasive enough to have wide scale ecological and economic impacts. The most numerous species is the well- studied Hydroides elegans, which is a known ship fouler with a present pantropical distribution.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000020.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "X", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "At Home in Exile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "to speak, using half my allocated 20 minutes because he had a different memory of our internment. As a young boy he had a wonderful time in camp, getting up to mischief, playing games, feeling adventurous. Girls are more vulnerable. Puberty can be a greater problem for them.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Another interesting matter associated with this book is that the Iranian- born anthropologist Dr Pedram Khosronejad contacted me in 2019 after reading my book in the house of a friend. Pandanus Press having ceased to exist, Pedram took considerable trouble to locate and invite me to join a small group for a project he was devising. Their parents had also been interned from Persia during the period covered by my book. The group is now aged between 64 and 85 years of age \u2013 the children of internees from Persia'. The group works collectively and individually in association with Dr Khosronejad's experiment of a reciprocal anthropology of the aged. Outcomes of their work will include a publication as well as documentary film. This book remains one of several unique contributions within the development of the project.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "With the literary title used in its initial hard copy, this book has not been part of bibliographies on civilian or refugee internment in Australia, although it is unusual as an account of a female's personal experiences.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000012.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "96", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "MACDONALD", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "M Bologna fun as Kalim Azack in Aladdin ortheth onderful Lamp London Pablished as the Ase dirver My Wrote Theatrical Dinerenti Extra Exeter d", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 5.1 Mr. Bologna Jun-r as Kalim Azack in Aladdin, or", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "The Wonderful Lamp.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "theatrical prints, which are informed by intercul- turation and illustrate the Orientalized look of the tale's theatrical life: one of John (\u201cJack\u201d) Peter Bo- logna as Kalim Azack, the vizier's son betrothed to Badroulboudour, and one of the extraordinary pantomime clown Joseph Grimaldi as Kazrac, the magician's Chinese slave, who, disillusioned by the magician's cruel plans concerning the lamp, be- friends Aladdin (figs. 5.1 and 5.2). The creation of this non-speaking role (Kazrac's tongue had been removed by the \u201cTartarian Hord\u201d from whom the magician rescued him) added much to the play, besides giving both the magician and Aladdin an ally and a confidant. Interestingly, these two prints likely represent a notable scene in the play, cer- tainly a favorite with children playing with a toy theater. The prints show Kalim Azack and Kazrac fighting while Aladdin follows the princess to the royal baths. The wealthy Kalim Azack is depicted wearing an elaborate ensemble: long embroidered tunic with fringe, short jacket with embroidery and tassels, full trousers tucked into boots, a sash,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "M. Grimaldi as Kazrac (the Chinese Starve) in Aladdin Wonderfor lokp", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Price 1 Plain FIGURE 5.2 Mr. Grimaldi as Kazrac (the Chinese slave) in Aladdin, or The Wonderful Lamp.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "necklace, earrings, and brooches. With his fanciful hat and long moustache, he depicts a theatrical version of \"a Tartar,\" or \"a Man from Crimea.\" An illustration with the same title was included in an 1804 edition of The Costume of Turkey that aptly as- sociates Kalim Azack with the \"Tartarian Hord\" responsible for Kazrac's disfigurement.41 Kazrac's \u201cChinese\u201d costume resembles contemporary Qing Dynasty (1636-1912) fashion with its changshan tu- nic, long, loose trousers, and a cap with upturned brim, topped with a knob. Despite his role as a poor peasant, Kazrac's theatrical costume is em- bellished with embroidery and a gold trim, and the character wears white stockings. Additionally, Grimaldi sports a braided pigtail and long mous- tache and brandishes two curved swords. Taken together, these two cultural images exemplify the Orientalized look that contributed to the fantasy", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "41", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "\"A Tartar. A Man from Crimea,\" in Octavien Dalvimart, The Costume of Turkey, 1802 (London: Printed for Will- iam Miller, 1804), n.p.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000200.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Introduction of product services and key features", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Key Functions by Main Service Flow", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Service StageFunction NameExplanationExpected Benefit
1. Project creationProject creation and managementSelect document type to automatically run project creation, Pipeline configuration with recommended Modelset and Endpoint deploymentThe intuitive Ul environment allows the the person in charge to quickly proceed with the entire process from project creation to deployment, improving work efficiency
2. Data labeling and fine-tuningData storage managementProvides convenient functions for uploading raw data, viewer, and data management (search using image metadata, sorting, filtering, hashtags settings on image data) Image data bookmark for Qualitative EvaluationConveniently manage raw data to be used for OCR Pack and actual date from live service
Create and manage Labeling SpaceCreating a Labeling Space to manage raw data annotation, managing labeling resources (Ontology, Characters to be Recognized), data set dump, data set version management 3Labeling work can be outsourced within the pack. Labeled data is continuously supplied from which data sets can be created with ease. The Auto Labeling function increases both efficiency and convenience.
Model trainingVarious basic models for each selected document, information comparison betweenProviding a foundation for customers to implement, manage, and upgrade their own
models, basic model training, training pause function, re-training, cancel function, and configuration support for Characters to be Recognized and Ontology that is frequentlyOCR model specialized to the customers' needs
modified while developing specialized models
3. Pipeline configuration andPipeline, EndpointChoose Detector, Recognizer, or Parser to create a Pipeline or an EndpointProviding a foundation for customers to implement, manage, and upgrade their own
deploymentCreation and managementConnect Pipelines to Endpoints, perform tasks such as deployment controllers,OCR model specialized to the customers' needs
deployment recovery, and more
4. Monitoring and evaluationProject monitoringMonitoring of deployed Pipelines and Endpoints, notifying the customer of importantMonitor important indicators for each project and quickly identify and respond to
issues such as suspicion of model performance degradation, and Qualitative Evaluationissues
of actual incoming customer data
Full Pack MonitoringMonitoring traffic of all deployed Endpoints, quality monitoring of all deployed models, and monitoring of resources (GPU, CPU, Storage) connected to the PackMonitoring useful information about the overall OCR Pack at a glance
Quantitative / Qualitative EvaluationQuantitative evaluation leaderboard / Qualitative EvaluationViewing the model's performance to help the customer choose the appropriate model
Guide and helpProvides context-specific guides to help you troubleshoot yourself, download terminalThe customer can diagnose, respond to, and solve problems occurring in the Pack
logs for error situations and Pack documentationon their own without external help
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "upstage |", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000010.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "CIRCULATING THINGS, CIRCULATING STEREOTYPES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "MA", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The Three Pigeons,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "m", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Billy T'ape", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "M", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "\u062d", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "A", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "83", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "J.G.dt fa", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "High-Change in Bond Street.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "otl", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 4.10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "March 27.1796.. by Humphrey Now Bond flowers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "la Politesse du Grande Monde,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "417", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "James Gillray, High Change in Bond Street; ou la politesse du grande monde [graphic]. Etching on wove paper, hand-colored. PUBLISHED BY H. HUMPHREY, LONDON, 1796", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "meant to bewilder the viewer. Satins, silks, ivory, gigantic eggs, and \u201cartificial\u201d apples describe, in fact, the things of the trade: expensive and rare fabrics, on the one hand, strange collectibles and exotica, on the other. Lavish dresses and embel- lishments become insignia of wealth, power, and nonconformity, of a way of life outside the eco- nomic constraints of the Western civilization. In- terestingly, such projections were internalized by eighteenth-century British subjects in the fashion- able \"Turquerie\" that allowed the wearers to dis- play their wealth by wearing Oriental dress, tur- bans, ostrich plumes, longcapes, veils, and flattering shalvars (figs. 4.9 and 4.10). Another infusion of Ori- entalism in the West, the tradition of painting Euro- pean figures in Middle Eastern dress, becomes a form of cultural cross-dressing meant to suggest", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "misuse of power or excessive wealth (fig. 4.11). Such cultural imports are difficult to be under- stood, to use Said's qualification, as expressions of the Occident's cultural \u201cantipathy\"84 toward the Orient; rather, they reflect the West's attraction to a space that connotes difference understood as ex- traordinariness rather than inferiority.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Besides their connotations of magic, exoticism, and wealth, the things in the Arabian Nights are also rich bearers of cultural information: as Marina War- ner correctly pointed out, \u201cstories are lodged in goods\"85 and as such, they expand the reader's", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "84", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "85", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "Said, Orientalism, 260.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "Marina Warner, introduction to Stranger Magic: Charmed States and the Arabian Nights (London: Chat- to & Windus, 2011), 8.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000009.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "74", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "The HONEYMOON.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "351", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Carington Bowles, ar A Map &Print Warhead and London", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Published as the Ath", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "S", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 4.3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "The Honey-Moon [graphic]. Mezzotint, hand-colored.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "PRINTED FOR CARINGTON BOWLES, LONDON, JUNE 1777", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "this list, Richard Walker, apothecary to the Prince of Wales, adds Arabic henna, manna, and rhu- barb.34 The influence of the Arabian medicine first on the Greek, then on the French and English phy- sicians, although often decried, brought an influx of medicinal plants from or through the Arabian", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "34", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Book. Interspersed with Some Occasional Observations on Some of the Most Celebrated Modern Dispensatories, and the Present State of Pharmacy (London: Printed and Sold by R. Willock, 1744). This volume contains a wealth of detailed recipes for various afflictions, albeit providing few specifics as to what was treated by using them.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Richard Walker, Memoirs of Medicine; Including a Sketch of Medical History from the Earliest Accounts to the Eighteenth Century (London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1799).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Peninsula to Europe, where they were customarily used in tinctures, purges, and other more or less effective elixirs.35 Alternately, incense was used for its love-inducing and rejuvenating properties, as seen in an 1787 etching by James Gillray represent- ing a group of five elderly women of fashion at- tending an altar of Love (fig. 4.5).36", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "35", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "36", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "For the influence of the Arabian medicine on Western Europe, see volume 3 of John Astruc's Treatise on the Diseases of Women, in Which Is Attempted to Join a Just Theory to the Most Safe and Approved Practice... (Lon- don: Printed for J. Nourse, 1767). For detailed recipes of medicines containing ingredients of Arabic origin, see Pharmacopoia Reformata cited above.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Arabian incense is made by using frankincense or gum Arabic resin mixed with sweet-smelling essential oils, such as myrrh and oud.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "BAIRD", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000132.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Fish species on IUCN Red List
Potosi PupfishCyprinodon alvarezi
La Palma PupfishCyprinodon longidorsalis
Butterfly SplitfinAmeca splendens
Golden SkiffiaSkiffia francesae
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 6.1: Four fish species on IUCN Red List \"Extinct in the Wild\" held in public aquariums.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Public aquariums, because of their in- house expertise, can act quickly to collect and breed rare fish. Actions to prevent the extinction of the Barrens Topminnow include monitoring populations and propagating and stocking juveniles into existing or newly created spring habitats. The Tennessee Aquarium assisted with propagations and developed a program called \"Keeper Kids,\" where students on spring break help feed the Barrens Topminnows in a behind-the-scenes experience.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Figure 6.3: Photo of the critically endangered Butterfly Splitfin (Ameca spendens).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "The breeding colonies of the Butterfly Splitfin (Figure 6.3) at the London Zoo and elsewhere serve as ark populations essential to the survival of this species. Butterfly Splitfins are endemic to the R\u00edo Ameca in western Mexico and almost extinct in the wild. Actions such as nonnative fish removal, stream restoration, and sanctuary designation may take decades before eventual introduction and survival in the wild. The Tennessee Aquarium is part of a large partnership to guide hatchery augmentation and recovery of the rarest darter in North America (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2019). The Conasauga Logperch (Percina jenkinsi), a federally endangered darter (Percidae), is found only in a 30-mile (48 km) stretch of the Conasauga River in Georgia and Tennessee (Moyer et al. 2015).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "THE LAKE STURGEON. Acipenser rubicundus, Le S. (p. 661.) Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 10252, U. S. National Museum, collected at Ecorse, Michigan, by J. W. Milner.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Figure 6.4: Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "The", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Banggai Cardinalfish (Pterapogon kauderni), a small, endangered tropical cardinalfish in the family Apogonidae, is now bred and displayed in numerous public aquariums after overharvest in the wild drove wild populations to near extinction. Consequently, most Banggai Cardinalfish sold to hobbyists in the United States and European Union today are captive bred.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "132 Public Aquariums and Their Role in Education, Science, and Conservation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000108.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "CONTENTS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
About the Publishervii
About This Projectix
Acknowledgmentsxi
LAB MANUAL
Experiment #1: Hydrostatic Pressure3
Experiment #2: Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration13
Experiment #3: Energy Loss in Pipe Fittings24
Experiment #4: Energy Loss in Pipes33
Experiment #5: Impact of a Jet43
Experiment #6: Orifice and Free Jet Flow50
Experiment #7: Osborne Reynolds' Demonstration59
Experiment #8: Free and Forced Vortices66
Experiment #9: Flow Over Weirs76
Experiment #10: Pumps84
References101
Links by Chapter102
Image Credits104
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000117.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Saccharometer DI Water Glucose Solution Yeast Suspension
224 ml 0 ml4 ml
312 ml 12 ml4 ml
44 ml 12 ml12 ml
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Employing Steps in the Scientific Method:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "1. Record the Question that is being investigated in this experiment.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "2. Record a Hypothesis for the question stated above.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "3. Predict the results of the experiment based on your hypothesis (if/then).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "4. Perform the experiment below and collect your data.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Procedure:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "1. Prepare yeast suspension: Add 7 grams yeast to 50 ml warm tap water. Stir to mix. Alternatively, you can use the yeast suspension from Part 2. Optional: Add a few drops of red food coloring to the yeast to increase contrast, allowing easier measuring of the height of yeast in saccharometers.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "2. Label 4 test tubes and 4 saccharometers # 1- 4. Use a transfer pipette to add the appropriate amount of glucose and distilled water listed in Table 2 to the corresponding labeled test tubes.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "3. Use a transfer pipette to add the appropriate amount of yeast solution listed in Table 1 to the corresponding labeled test tubes. It is important to work carefully and quickly after adding the yeast solution to the glucose and water.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "4. Carefully pour the contents of the test tubes into the correspondingly labeled saccharometer, ensuring that the solutions are well mixed.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "5. Carefully tilt the saccharometers to allow any air bubbles that are trapped in the arms of the vertical tube to escape.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "6. Begin the timer for the experiment and measure the size of any bubbles (in mm) that are trapped in the vertical arms of the saccharometers. Record this measurement as the 0 time point.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "7. Position the saccharometers on the large plastic tray, positioning them around a plastic weigh boat to catch any fermentation overflow that may occur.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "59", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000041.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "tweets, videos) inciting violence towards religious minorities, ethnic minorities, the LGBTI community, and women and girls. Forty-four per cent of respondents had \"sometimes\" seen extremist social media content inciting violence towards religious minorities, with 31% seeing this content \"very often\".", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Both men and women acknowledged that they had \"sometimes\u201d seen this content on social media (62% and 41%, respectively). Indonesia was the country from which most respondents had viewed this content \"very often\" (50%). When collapsing the \"always\" and \"very often\" categories, 41% of Instagram users had often seen intolerant content, followed by 36% of WhatsApp users and 34% of Facebook users. Among the Twitter users in the sample, 48% had seen intolerant content towards religious minorities.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "When asked about how often social media content was inciting violence towards ethnic minorities, 46% of respondents had \"sometimes\" seen this type of extremist social media content inciting violence towards ethnic minorities whereas only 27% have seen this content rarely or never. Women have seen such content more frequently than men (90%), and Indonesia was the country from which most", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "respondents had seen this content \"very often\" (58%). Users of Facebook, WhatsApp and Instagram acknowledged that they had seen this content \"very often\" (26%, 31% and 35% respectively).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Thirty-nine per cent of respondents acknowledged that they had \u201csometimes\"\" seen social media content inciting violence towards the LGBTI community. Women saw this type of content more frequently than men (84%), and Indonesia was the country from which more respondents saw this content with a higher frequency (53% saw such content \"always\" and \"very often\"). Participants in the survey observed intolerant content directed towards the LGBTI community. For example, one participant from the Philippines observed that,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u201c", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "There were instances when women were humiliated in public and on social media after they were labelled as part of the LGBTQ+ community. The comments on posts regarding them were mostly commending their public humiliation (cutting their hair) instead of condemning the act\".", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Figure 3: Frequency of viewing extremist social media inciting violence toward women and girls", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "7,7%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "53,9%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "35,7%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "30,4%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "30,8%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "28,6%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "OFTEN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "SOMETIMES.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "RARELY", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Male Female", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "7,7%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "5,4%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "NEVER", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "29", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000033.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Prologue", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Functional Abstraction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "xvii", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "But this corrected use of Leibniz notation is ugly. We had to introduce extraneous symbols (q and \u0121) in order to indicate the ar- gument position specifying the partial derivative. Nothing would change here if we replaced q and \u0121 by a and b.^{3} We can sim- plify the notation by admitting that the partial derivatives of the Lagrangian are themselves new functions, and by specifying the particular partial derivative by the position of the argument that is varied", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\\frac{d}{dt}((\\partial_{2}L)(t,w(t),\\frac{d}{dt}w(t)))-(\\partial_{1}L)(t,w(t),\\frac{d}{dt}w(t))=0 ,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "where \\partial_{i}L is the function which is the partial derivative of the function L with respect to the ith argument.4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Two different notions of derivative appear in this expression. The functions \\partial_{2}L and \\partial_{1}L, constructed from the Lagrangian L, have the same arguments as L. The derivative d/dt is an expression derivative. It applies to an expression that involves the variable t and it gives the rate of change of the value of the expression as the value of the variable t is varied.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "These are both useful interpretations of the idea of a derivative. But functions give us more power. There are many equivalent ways to write expressions that compute the same value. For example 1/(1/r_{1}+1/r_{2})=(r_{1}r_{2})/(r_{1}+r_{2}). These expressions compute the same function of the two variables r_{1} and r_{2}. The first expression fails if r_{1}=0 but the second one gives the right value of the function. If we abstract the function, say as \\Pi(r_{1},r_{2}), we can ignore the details of how it is computed. The ideas become clearer because they do not depend on the detailed shape of the expressions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "That the symbols q and \u0121 can be replaced by other arbitrarily chosen non- conflicting symbols without changing the meaning of the expression tells us that the partial derivative symbol is a logical quantifier, like forall and exists (\u2200 and \u2203).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "4The argument positions of the Lagrangian are indicated by indices starting with zero for the time argument.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000158.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "to expand this section to include notes, tips and feedback from TWP instructors. If you use these materials, please let me know how it went, what worked for you, and any suggested changes or additions. I'd love to hear from you at chwixson (at) plymouth (dot) edu or fill out as much of [this form] as you'd like.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Introduction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Throughout the chapters, I tried to generate Reflection & Discussion Questions that could be used either as in class (whole group or think/pair/share) discussion prompts or as written reflections assigned out of class. If your students generate any written answers to any of the Reflection & Discussion Questions in this chapter, I would be very interested to see them.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Our Mental Shortcuts", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "If you'd like to reinforce Kahneman's ideas about System 1 and System 2 thinking the video below (12 minutes) is very good, (thanks to Mike Davidson for this suggestion.) //www.youtube.com/embed/UBVV8pch1dM", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Reflection & Discussion Question 1: Taking Stock of What You Already Know", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "98 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000026.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "12", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "At Home in Exile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Else had told us how phosphorenscence burning on human skin could not be put out, and how a seventeen-year-old soldier, weak from starvation, had been fed at a stranger mother's breast in the bunker before he returned to fight Russian soldiers in the final Breslau street battles. She had told us how a fat man had wedged himself into the shelter's entrance, and had been mown down by the hysterical mob. She had told us how she herself had carried her sick mother across a burning rooftop.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Beneath the reconstructed Novi Targ square, John identified shelters in two places, downstairs bolted against public entry. Plain and ugly high- rise public housing of cheap materials now stood around the bare square, where once interesting seventeenth-century merchant houses had stood amid a lively marketplace. People had lived in apartments even before the Communist-style transformations. Before their destruction, the old buildings of Breslau were of stately proportions, made of good material by experienced artisans who valued their talents and who took pride in a town with depth to its history.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Novi Targ now looks much sadder and more neglected than my glossy photos show. Breslau's lively markets that were once a feature of the city, as shown in my photographs of 1905, were relocated by the council in the second half of the twentieth century to a large new market hall. This was allegedly because of the congestion caused in the city's central squares by traders with their cars, animals and stalls.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "I was nevertheless deeply moved. This ugly restoration was on ground where my grandmother and her children had walked so many times. Grandmother Emma and my beloved aunt Else had lived there for fifteen years before 1945. My mother had corresponded with them from far away.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Had we stayed longer, we would have enjoyed other moments of pleasure in a city that remains drab, and in which not even the theatre has been restored. The original buildings, and what they stood for, were German. The culture of Silesia before 1945 has not yet been generally acknowledged. It is also part of Polish history. 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However, with simultaneous two-way communication between the two players, they coordinate only 42% of the time! Explain what happened.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "10. We demonstrated how to solve for the Penalty Kick game's mixed-strategy equilibrium. Suppose you were new to the game of soccer (or football) and assigned to play the goalie position. After watching the following YouTube video, what strategy might make the most sense for you to adopt on penalty kicks: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3yWZZR9ZodI.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "11. The map below identifies (with red markers) the locations of gas stations in Salt Lake City, Utah (Utah's capital city). Do these gas station locations depict a pure strategy equilibrium for the Hotelling Game? 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In this chapter, we learned that when an individual acquires private information about something, this added information does not necessarily make the individual better off. In particular, when an individual (say, Player 1) acquires private information about something of common interest to both himself and another individual (say, Player 2), and Player 2 knows Player 1 has acquired this private information, Player 1 could actually be made worse off as a result of Player 2 changing her strategy in response to the fact that she knows Player 1 now has additional information. Whew! Can you think of a real-life example where the acquisition", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 64, "content": {"text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 175", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000080.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "III. Regulatory cholesterol", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "T", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "his", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "report", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "'regulatory", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "defines", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "cholesterol'", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "as the policy actions of the three arms of the State, i.e. the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary, using the instruments of legislations, rules, regulations or orders, to create or raise barriers to a smooth flow of ideas, organisation, money and most importantly, the flow of the entrepreneurial spirit. In India, a wrong political choice in the early decades of Independence has created a policy fraternity that shuns data and causalities and leans on rhetoric and ideologies to frame economic policies. Inflation in the 1970s, for instance, was not caused by hoarders and speculators; it was a matter of supply and demand. \u201cExcoriating, coercing, or imprisoning the hoarders and speculators changes nothing in terms of creating new supply,\" write Vijay Kelkar and Ajay Shah.28 \"The economic theory of people hostile to economic forces is wrong.\u201d", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "By taking one policy tool imprisonment this report highlights the excesses of overregulation and the resultant regulatory cholesterol while doing business in India. Although the biggest constituency at the receiving end of these laws is that of entrepreneurs running for- profit firms and corporations, this regulatory overreach also impacts not-for-profits such as schools and hospitals-both necessary institutions for India with a huge demand. Step", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000054.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "EFB = empty fruit bunch. Source: Murdiyatmo (2021).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "However, the main obstacle with producing second-generation bioethanol is the cost of enzymes. Murdiyatmo (2021) stated that, at the pilot scale, the cost of enzymes is very high, i.e. Rp18,000 per litre of ethanol produced. Some studies provided the cost of enzymes in the US. NREL (2011), for instance, estimated that the cost of enzymes to produce second-generation bioethanol in the US was equivalent to around $0.34 per gallon or Rp1,5292 per litre of ethanol produced, i.e. less than one-tenth of the cost of enzymes in Indonesia.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "In the next sub-sections, we analyse biodiesel and bioethanol introduction in Indonesia. In each sub-section, we first discuss the current supply and demand of the biofuels and the related conventional transport fuel. Second, we estimate the conventional transport fuel, i.e. gasoline and diesel fuel demand in road transportation during the period of 2020-50. Third, we estimate the volume of pure biofuel (fatty acid methyl ester [FAME]/biodiesel and bioethanol) needs in scenarios, and in the amount of feedstock, i.e. CPO in biodiesel and molasses in bioethanol needed to meet the demand required in each scenario.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "2.1. Diesel and biodiesel use", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "The consumption of diesel fuel in Indonesia, used primarily for road freight transport, fluctuated between 2010 and 2019 as it correlated with the economic condition (Table 2.8). Diesel consumption in the industry sector decreased significantly, around 10% per year between 2010 and 2019, resulting from the shift to another energy type. During the same period, with some fluctuations, diesel production increased at 3.6% annual growth rate, while imports were cut by half from nearly 13 billion litres in 2010 to nearly 6.5 billion litres in 2018. The biodiesel blending rate increased from only 1% in 2010 to nearly 20% in 2019, representing a growing level of mandatory biodiesel programmes. Apparently, diesel imports dropped with the increase of the biodiesel (B100) blending rate.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "2 Assuming average inflation rate of 2% between 2011 and 2021 and an exchange rate of \\zeta1= Rp14,131.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "11", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000091.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "THIS BOOK'S APPROACH", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "This book's approach is premised on a simple assumption: because behavioral economics is foremost a \"test-and-learn\" field of scientific inquiry that evolves according to experimental outcomes and practical, policy-orientated applications of the knowledge garnered from these outcomes, so too should students test-and-learn. Studying and practicing behavioral economics should occur simultaneously, which, in turn, suggests a course taught more according to a practicum approach than in a traditionally styled lecture format. As such, the book's information and lessons are presented in a succinct and precise format.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The goal of this textbook is to help students experience behavioral economics through actual participation in the same experiments and economic games that have served as the foundations for, and shaped the contours of, the field. With the help of this book, students have the opportunity to learn behavioral economics firsthand and, in the process, create their own data and experiences. They will learn about themselves-about how they make private and public choices under experimental conditions-at the same time as they learn about the field of behavioral economics itself. They will be both the subjects and students of behavioral economics. What better way to learn?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "HOMO ECONOMICUS VS. HOMO SAPIENS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "For ease of reference and exposition, we henceforth refer to the type of individual construed by the traditional rational-choice model as Homo economicus, a peculiar subspecies of human beings that is unfailingly omniscient, dispassionate, and self-interested when it comes to making choices. Homo sapiens, on the other hand, represents the rest of us-the often-flawed reasoners and sometimes- altruistic competitors who are prone to making decisions based primarily on emotion and 12 heuristics.,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "THE TEXTBOOK'S DIFFERENT SECTIONS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "The textbook consists of four sections that, taken together, portray in full the eclectic methodologies comprising the field of behavioral economics. Sections 1 and 2 present the thought and actual", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "1. Homo economicus is Latin for \"economic man.\u201d Persky (1995) traces its use back to the late 1800s when it was used by critics of John Stuart Mill's work on political economy. In contrast (and, as we will see, with no small touch of irony) Homo sapiens is Latin for \u201cwise man.\u201d For a deep dive into evolution of Homo sapiens, particularly from the start of the Cognitive Revolution 70,000 years ago, see Harari (2015).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "2. We have all heard the saying that \"words matter.\" The titles and descriptions we use to distinguish people and their behaviors (e.g., Homo economicus vs. Homo sapiens) can reinforce or diminish behaviors such as pride in cultural heritage, respect for the living world, and trust in community, a process known as \u201ccrowding out\u201d of \u201cintrinsic motivation and commitment.\u201d As an example of this phenomenon, Bauer et al. (2012) asked participants in an online survey to imagine themselves as one of four households facing a water shortage due to a drought affecting their shared well. The survey assigned the label \u201cconsumers\u201d to half of the participants and \u201cindividuals\u201d to the other half. Those imagining themselves as consumers reported feeling less personal responsibility to reduce their water demand, and less trust in others to do the same, than did those referred to as individuals. As we are about to learn, behavioral economics is all about exposing these types of \"framing effects\" existing in the \"real world\u201d inhabited by Homo sapiens.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM XIX", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000168.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Soils with the same pH may require different amounts of limestone due to differences in CEC, which would imply differences in buffering capacities. For example, consider the amount of limestone necessary to raise the base saturation of two soils from 70% to 90% when one soil has a CEC of 15~cmol_{c}/kg and the other has a CEC of 40~cmol_{c}/kg.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "15\\frac{cmol_{c}}{kg}\\times20\\%increase=3\\frac{cmol_{c}}{kg} basic cations required from lime 40\\frac{cmol_{c}}{kg}\\times20\\%increase=8\\frac{cmol_{c}}{kg} basic cations required from lime", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Lastly, soil pH is governed by base saturation. If other factors are constant, the lower the pH, the more lime that is required to achieve a desired pH. This is because at a low pH, a larger percentage of the CEC is occupied by acid cations, which requires larger amounts of lime to neutralize.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Activity 1: Determining pH With Indicator Strips (Field Method)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Of the several techniques available for determining pH, one that can be used easily in the field is the indicator strip method. This technique uses the principle of pH sensitivity of certain dyes, which cause differences in color across a range in pH. With the soils provided, complete the following pH determination:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Weigh 10.0 g of soil into a small plastic cup. Add 20 ml of distilled water and stir. Allow to stand for 5 minutes, occasionally stirring.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Using the pH indicator strips provided, dip the strip into the cup until the tip is wetted. Determine the pH by comparing the color change of the pH test strip to the color chart.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Record the soil pH in Table 14.1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Activity 2: Determining Soil pH with a pH Meter", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Laboratory pH meters are more accurate than pH dyes and strips. The pH meter measures the hydrogen ion activity [H^{+}] by measuring the electric potential across a thin, porous glass membrane at the base of the electrode. This potential changes in response to \\lceil H^{+}\\rceil, and by standardizing the instrument with buffers of known pH, we can measure the pH of any solution, including soil solutions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Using the samples prepared in Activity 1, carefully place the electrode in the suspension. Gently swirl the electrode in the solution, and note the pH reading. Wait for the pH meter to reach a steady reading, indicated by the word \"ready\" on the screen.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Record the value for this 1:2 soil-water suspension in Table 14.1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH | 127", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000042.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "this content \"very often\", 71% were from Indonesia and 28.6% were from Thailand. When asked about how often participants had heard of groups expressing the importance of men accompanying women when travelling to conflict zones, more respondents had heard this message with a higher frequency (\"always\" or \"very often\", 37.1%) than those who had rarely or never heard it (34%). Forty-six per cent of respondents from Indonesia heard this message with a higher frequency, followed by the Philippines (38%) and Thailand (15%). When grouping the answer options of \"always\", \"very often\" and \"sometimes\", 66% of respondents said they had heard groups stress the importance of women being accompanied by men when travelling to conflict areas.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 5: Importance of a male guardian accompanying women when travelling to conflict zones", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Yes No", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "34,3%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "65,7%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "In the second part of the survey, using a five-point Likert scale from \u201cstrong- ly agree\" to \"strongly disagree\", partic- ipants were presented with a series of statements regarding how worried they were about intolerant content being es- poused in the offline space by violent ex-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "tremist groups. Most respondents (77%) agreed (combining both \u201cstrongly agree\" and \"agree\") that they were worried about intolerance in their communities, partic- ularly respondents from Indonesia and the Philippines. Almost all respondents in the sample (93%) agreed that they were worried about violent extremism in their countries. This appeared to be a general concern among both men and women as 85% of men and 95% of women agreed that they were concerned.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Significantly, 89% of respondents agreed that religious extremism would impede women's rights. Half of the participants in Indonesia agreed they were concerned that religious extremism would hamper women's rights, 27% in Philippines and 16% in Thailand. Both men (84.6%) and women (89.2%) expressed their concerns on this issue. Furthermore, 91% of respondents agreed that religious extremism prioritizes men's rights over women's rights \u2013 93.1% of women strongly agreed with the statement compared to 6.90% of men.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "For example, one interviewee from Indonesia observed that the teachings of extremism have entered schools, such as high schools, and have also begun to penetrate student organizations. She observed that the teachings \u201cspread from the Middle East, bringing misogynistic teachings towards women as part of their subjugation strategy\". She acknowledged that it was part of the organizational strategy where women appeared to look empowered:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "\u201c", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "\"However, this is just manipulation; behind it is the practice of misogyny, women's consciousness, their bodies and minds are controlled, even though", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "31", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000099.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Fraction of putts made", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "0.8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "0.6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "0.4.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "0.2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Putt for par", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "- Putt for birdie", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "0. 0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "25", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "50", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "75", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "100", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "125", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "150", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "175", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "200", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "(Pope and Schweitzer 2011)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "Distance to hole (inches)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "To reiterate, this study's main econometric results reveal a negative effect on sinking a putt when the typical golfer is putting for birdie, and a positive effect on putting for bogey. Consistent with the previous graphs, these numerical results suggest that the typical professional golfer is more likely to sink a put for bogey and less likely to sink the putt for birdie (i.e., the typical golfer is indeed loss averse). 10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "ARE CIGARETTE SMOKERS HYPERBOLIC TIME DISCOUNTERS?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "Recall from Chapter 4 the distinction between time-consistent exponential time discounters (Homo economicus) and potentially time-inconsistent hyperbolic discounters (Homo sapiens). The discounting time paths for exponential versus hyperbolic discounting looked like this:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "10. A negative effect associated with putting for double bogey suggests that the typical golfer suppresses his inclination for loss aversion when putting for a score worse than bogey. BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 193", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000148.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "ECD", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Circle", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Co-funded by the European Union", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "As seen in this chart of responses, we were very satisfied to reach diversity in age groups, with all groups being represented by over 10%. The main group reached was of ages 36-45, and the least represented was the youngest age group of 18-25.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Education Level 122 responses", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "76.2%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "18%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Primary", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Lower Secondary", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Upper Secondary", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Non-formal Training", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Bachelor's Degree or Higher", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Master degree", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Bac+5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Ph. D.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Regarding the education level of responders, we were satisfied to receive a very high level of responses with Bachelor's or higher degrees, with the significant share of others coming from", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Upper Secondary-educated participants. There was also a small representation of non-formal training, as well as >1\\% representation for other options.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Profession", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "122 responses", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "12.3%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "19.7%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "18.9%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "19.7%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "Social Entrepreneur", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "Youth Worker", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "Educator/Trainer", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "University Professor", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "Expert in Circular Economy Youth Leader", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "Project Manager Student", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "1/3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "For responders' profession, the most common answers representing 19.7% equally, were Youth Workers and Project Managers, although practising Social Entrepreneurs were also well represented, along with an 8% response rate from self-declared circular economy experts.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. 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[0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "Table 1. Top 10 ports in the Philippines in shipcalls (2020 data from PPA, CPA and SBMA)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "The port of Manila has been documented to have a significant number of possible IAS. The on- going SAILS-PORTEC research program has detected IAS in Davao, Cebu and Matnog ports. These ports are adjacent to specific oil tanker pathways/routes. In Luzon where the refineries and oil storage facilities are located such as Batangas, are at higher risk. These loading ports are at high risk for IAS/MNIS and these are located near to international ports.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "The shipcall statistics in Table 1 represent the year 2020, when the COVID 19 pandemic caused a global and domestic maritime transport slowdown. The average reduction in shipcalls is around 40%. Nonetheless, Manila and Cebu are likely the main ports that need to be closely monitored for potential IAS bioinvasion. In 2018, before the COVID-19 pandemic, Manila was experiencing port congestion with a report that ships may stay at berth for five days (Wallis, 2019). This will increase the risks for biofouling. Based on the 2021 statistics from the PPA, the average berthing time has been reduced to 1 day. This is a result of less shipping traffic due to the pandemic.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000164.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "3Btg2-26 to 31 in; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) crushed, silty clay; common coarse prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate coarse subangular blocky; extremely hard, very firm; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine moderate continuity tubular pores; common distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), moist, clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 15 in thick)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "3Btg3-31 to 35 in; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) crushed, silty clay; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint continuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; common medium rounded very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) soft clay bodies pedogenic throughout and few medium rounded white (10YR 8/1) soft nests of gypsum pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 10 in thick)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "3Btg4-35 to 42 in; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) crushed, silty clay loam; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) moist irregular mottles throughout; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; very hard, friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/or pores; few medium rounded white (10YR 8/1) soft nests of gypsum pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 10 in thick)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "3Btg5/E-42 to 54 in; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; hard, friable; common very and fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR~4/2) moist clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR~3/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/or pores; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 15 in thick)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "3Btg6/E-54 to 69 in; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common coarse prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common coarse prominent dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky; slightly hard, very friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous dark grayish brown(10YR 4/2) moist silt coats in root channels and/or pores; common fine rounded black (N 2/0) soft iron/manganese concretions pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 20 in thick)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "3Btg7/E-69 to 86 in; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common coarse prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common fine prominent dark brown (7.5YR 3/4.) moist irregular mottles throughout; weak coarse prismatic structure; slightly hard, very friable; few very fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/or pores; common fine rounded black (N~2/0) soft iron/manganese concretions pedogenic throughout and few medium irregular brown (10YR 5/3) soft clay bodies pedogenic in cracks; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 20 in thick)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "3Btg8/E-86 to 97 in; 80% light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) exterior, and 15% yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), exterior, and 5% strong brown (7.5 YR 4/6), exterior, silty clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Soil Formation | 27", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000059.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.6. Input Biomass Fuel for Each Type of Biomass Power Generation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "100%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "90%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "80%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "2%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "8%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "27%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "70%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "60%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "50%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "98%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "33%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "100%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "100%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "40%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "30%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "20%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "31%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "10%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "0%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Biogas", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "Unutilised wood General wood", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "Construction wood waste", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "Waste materials", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "and other biomass", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "Domestic logs and wood chips Import pellets, chips Construction wood waste", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "Domestic wood pellets", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "PKS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "Other waste", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "Others", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "PKS = palm kernel shell.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "Heat value used: Domestic logs and wood chips: 19.4~MJ/kg; Domestic wood pellets, Import pellets, chips: 15.5~MJ/kg PKS: 18~MJ/kg; Construction wood waste, Other waste, and Others: assuming the same with wood pellets.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "Source: Depicted by IEEJ based on Japan Woody Bioenergy Association, 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "According to Japan's trade statistics, its import of wood pellets has increased around 16 times from 2014 to 2019. Viet Nam and Canada are the largest suppliers of Japan's wood pellet imports (Figure 4.7). On the other hand, domestic wood pellet production stayed almost the same over the same period (Figure 4.8).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "1,000 tonne", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.7. 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Our scatter graph is identified as Figure 15.3.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "Figure 15.3. 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OCR model predicted to be True from those that were actually True 4 Precision: Percentage of what the OCR model classifies as True, which is actually True", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 51, "content": {"text": "5 F1: Harmonic mean value of Recall and Precision", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 52, "content": {"text": "6. Parsing-F1: Comparison of parsing model F1 of both companies for business registration document form. Company A is excluded from comparison due to the absence of the document parsing model.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 53, "content": {"text": "Company A Company B", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 54, "content": {"text": "upstage", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 55, "content": {"text": "upstage |", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000159.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "be a starting point for asking questions too, but I would recommend against brainstorming as the only strategy towards topic and question identification since it does not enable students to get to topics they didn't know existed.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "I struggle with getting students to actually read the sources we find together in our research consultations. They seem to want to do all the searching first and all the reading later. No matter how I tell them it's iterative and you need to go back and forth between reading and searching many many times, the messages wasn't landing. This chapter is my next iteration in how to talk about the research process, but I really don't now what the secret recipe is yet. Let me know if you think this one lands.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Types of Sources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "I am a big fan of Mike Caulfield's information literacy work (see the next chapter, SIFTing Information.) Sometimes I have found my attempts to use his strategies in the classroom were hard for students. For example, when I've tried the exercise about the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Pediatricians (Reflection & Discussion Question 1) without first talking about professional organizations, students rarely got how they were different, and it did not build their confidence.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "It's hard to identify a legitimate professional association if you've never heard of the concept of professional associations. This chapter may be long, but I felt it was important to enumerate at least some of the dimensions of the sources they may find, so that when we get to Caulfield's SIFT method they are set up for success.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "102 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000154.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "24%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "18%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "12%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "8%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "6%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "66%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "No textbook required", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Affordable", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Zero cost", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Free", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Low cost", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "OER", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Figure 7.1: Texas OER landscape survey results show terms used in course schedules", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "IMPLEMENTATION", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Locally, we implemented a quick and free solution that reflects the constraints of system capabilities, no financial support, and a local directive to vet every course to be tagged. Based on what was feasible in the short term and conversations with key stakeholders (i.e., registrar, early OER adopters, curriculum coordinators, student representatives, and the campus store), we incorporated an \"educational resources cost\" option into an existing \u201ccourse attribute\" drop-down menu under the system's advanced search options.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "18 BOYOUNG CHAE, KEVIN CORCORAN, MICHAEL DALY, ANN FIDDLER, JEFF GALLANT, JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG, AMY HOFER, AND", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000076.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.6. Alien temporary work permits, Thailand", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "140000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "120000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "100000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "80000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "60000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "40000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "20000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "01/2019", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "...................", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Source: Department of Employment, Thailand (2022)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.7. Non-citizen population in Malaysia (in thousands)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "3,288", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "3,323", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "||||||", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "3,500", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "3,230", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "3,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "2,500", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "2,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "1,500", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "1,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "500", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "2016", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "2017", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "2018", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "2019", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "2021", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "Source: Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2022). Figure for 2021 is an estimate.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.8. Singapore foreign workforce stock (in thousands)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "1,450", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "1,427", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "1,393", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "1,400", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "1,386", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": {"text": "1,368", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 39, "content": {"text": "1,350", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 40, "content": {"text": "1,300", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 41, "content": {"text": "1,250", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 42, "content": {"text": "1,232", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 43, "content": {"text": "1,200", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 44, "content": {"text": "1,200", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 45, "content": {"text": "1,150", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 46, "content": {"text": "1,100", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 47, "content": {"text": "1,050", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 48, "content": {"text": "2016 (Dec) 2017 (Dec) 2018 (Dec) 2019 (Dec) 2020 (Dec) 2021 (Dec)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 49, "content": {"text": "Source: Compilation by Manpower Research & Statistics Department (Ministry of Manpower, Singapore, 2022).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 50, "content": {"text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 51, "content": {"text": "19", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000156.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Fact-Checking 2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "In this", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "context, we are talking about fact-checking that is done", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "before a source", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "is published.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Over the last two decades there has been an increase in fact checking as an activity that takes place after a source has been published, a practice discussed in more detail in the chapter, SIFTing Information.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Fact checkers verify that the names, dates, and facts in a work (usually an article or book) are correct. For example, they may contact a person who is quoted in a proposed news article and ask the person whether this quotation is correct, or how to", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "name. spell the person's Fact- checkers are primarily useful in catching accidental mistakes.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "The number of people employed in fact-checking varies by publication. Some organizations have substantial fact-checking departments. Others may hire freelancers per piece, or may combine fact-checking with other duties. Magazines are more likely to use fact checkers than newspapers. Television and radio programs rarely employ dedicated fact checkers, and instead expect others, including senior staff, to engage in fact-checking in addition to their other duties.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "2. Content in this section is adapted from the Wikipedia entry \"Fact-checking\" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Fact-checking) and is used under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "48 | Types of Sources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000083.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "TABLE 35: UNION-STATE BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES BY CATEGORIES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Appendices", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
CategoryNumber of clauses in Union lawsIn percentNumber of clauses in State lawsIn percent
Commercial52910.1%8173.9%
Environment, Health and Safety83415.9%3451.7%
Finance & Taxation410.8%8884.2%
General751.4%3601.7%
Industry Specific297956.9%12005.7%
Labour53410.2%1728582.7%
Secretarial2474.7%00.0%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "TABLE 36: THREE CASE STUDIES ON MANUFACTURING COMPLIANCES*", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
SmallMediumLarge
Total Applicable Compliances6693,1095,796
Compliances with imprisonment4612,1724,085
Percentage of imprisonment clauses69%70%70%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "* These are real data from three companies operating in the automotive components", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "business", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "TABLE 37: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "MANUFACTURING CASE STUDIES*", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
SmallMediumLarge
Less than 3 months 2582185
3 months to less than 1 year 1876991,220
1 year to less than 3 years 1781,0701,964
3 years to less than 5 years 59245505
5 years to 10 years 1276211
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "* In Table 36", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "85", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000187.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
PropertiesInstructionTraining DatasetsAlignment
Alpaca-GPT4OpenOrca Synth. Math-InstructOrca DPO PairsUltrafeedback CleanedSynth. Math-Alignment
Total # Samples52K2.91M 126K12.9K60.8K126K
Maximum # Samples Used52K100K 52K12.9K60.8K20.1K
Open Source\u039f\u039f X0X
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 1: Training datasets used for the instruction and alignment tuning stages, respectively. For the instruction tuning process, we utilized the Alpaca-GPT4 (Peng et al., 2023), OpenOrca (Mukherjee et al., 2023), and Synth. Math-Instruct datasets, while for the alignment tuning, we employed the Orca DPO Pairs (Intel, 2023), Ultrafeedback Cleaned (Cui et al., 2023; Ivison et al., 2023), and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets. The 'Total # Samples' indicates the total number of samples in the entire dataset. The 'Maximum # Samples Used' indicates the actual maximum number of samples that were used in training, which could be lower than the total number of samples in a given dataset. 'Open Source' indicates whether the dataset is open-sourced.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "pretraining to quickly recover performance. We attribute the success of DUS to reducing such dis- crepancies in both the depthwise scaling and the continued pretraining steps. We also hypothesize that other methods of depthwise scaling could also work for DUS, as long as the discrepancy in the scaled model is sufficiently contained before the continued pretraining step.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Comparison to other up-scaling methods. Un- like Komatsuzaki et al. (2022), depthwise scaled models do not require additional modules like gat- ing networks or dynamic expert selection. Conse- quently, scaled models in DUS do not necessitate a distinct training framework for optimal training efficiency, nor do they require specialized CUDA kernels for fast inference. A DUS model can seam- lessly integrate into existing training and inference frameworks while maintaining high efficiency.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "3 Training Details", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "After DUS, including continued pretraining, we perform fine-tuning of SOLAR 10.7B in two stages: 1) instruction tuning and 2) alignment tuning.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Instruction tuning. In the instruction tuning stage, the model is trained to follow instructions in a QA format (Zhang et al., 2023). We mostly use open-source datasets but also synthesize a math QA dataset to enhance the model's mathematical capa- bilities. A rundown of how we crafted the dataset is as follows. First, seed math data are collected from the Math (Hendrycks et al., 2021) dataset only, to avoid contamination with commonly used bench- mark datasets such as GSM8K (Cobbe et al., 2021). Then, using a process similar to MetaMath (Yu et al., 2023), we rephrase the questions and an- swers of the seed math data. We use the resulting rephrased question-answer pairs as a QA dataset", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "and call it 'Synth. Math-Instruct'.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Alignment tuning. In the alignment tuning stage, the instruction-tuned model is further fine-tuned to be more aligned with human or strong AI (e.g., GPT4 (OpenAI, 2023)) preferences using SDPO (Kim et al., 2024a), an improved version of direct preference optimization (DPO) (Rafailov et al., 2023). Similar to the instruction tuning stage, we use mostly open-source datasets but also syn- thesize a math-focused alignment dataset utilizing the 'Synth. Math-Instruct' dataset mentioned in the instruction tuning stage.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "The alignment data synthesis process is as follows. We take advantage of the fact that the rephrased question-answer pairs in Synth. Math-Instruct data are beneficial in enhancing the model's mathematical capabilities (see Sec. 4.3.1). Thus, we speculate that the rephrased answer to the rephrased question is a better answer than the orig- inal answer, possibly due to the interim rephrasing step. Consequently, we set the rephrased question as the prompt and use the rephrased answer as the chosen response and the original answer as the re- jected response and create the {prompt, chosen, rejected} DPO tuple. We aggregate the tuples from the rephrased question-answer pairs and call the resulting dataset \u2018Synth. Math-Alignment'.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "4 Results", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "4.1 Experimental Details", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Training datasets. We present details regarding our training datasets for the instruction and align- ment tuning stages in Tab. 1. We do not always use the entire dataset and instead subsample a set amount. Note that most of our training data is open-source, and the undisclosed datasets can be substituted for open-source alternatives such as the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000065.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 6. Mytella strigata biofouling green mussel farms in Bacoor City, Cavite, Manila Bay Photo from https://businessmirror.com.ph/2020/02/17/fake-tahong-invades-bacoor-mussel-farms/", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "5. Natural dispersal", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Dispersal by purely natural means is not included as a pathway of biological invasions (Gaston 1996). Examples include range expansion by flight or any other medium of natural locomotion or transport. However if human created or crafted material is involved in rafting dispersal of IAS, then this may be considered as a case of biological invasion. The 2011 Great East Japan earthquake generated a large tsunami that caused an unprecedented biological transoceanic rafting event from the northwestern Pacific coastline of Japan towards North America on the eastern Pacific(Carlton et al. 2017). Millions of human made objects from small plastics to large docks and whole ships were cast adrift in the Pacific (Murray et al. 2018). This provided a substrate for biofoulers. Large debris could carry up to 20 to 30 mega-species of biofoulers (Carlton et al. 2017). These biofouled debris can constitute an IAS risk (Therriault 2017).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "While a tsunami is a relatively rare event, a more common one is fouler dispersal by rafting on coastal currents of floating plastic debris, wood and, bamboo. Marine litter often originate from", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "14", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000198.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Contents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "1. Overview of OCR Pack", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "2. Introduction of Product Services and Key Features", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "3. Product - Detail Specification", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "4. Integration Policy", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "5. FAQ", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "upstage |", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000018.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Contents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Author's Note to the 2021 Editionix
Foreword to the 2021 Editionxi
Foreword and AcknowledgementsXV
A Fountain in the Square 1..1
The Lost Homeland 2...5
Steinkirche 3.13
4. A Jewel in the Austrian Crown.19
Meeting the Relatives 5..37
For the Love of Iran. 6.41
To the Bottom of the World 7..53
8. Das Lager.65
His Majesty's Guests 9..79
The Imaginary Homeland. 10.91
11. Shadows and Flames .119
12. After the War123
13. Stranded in Exile.127
14. Swimming for the Eucharist139
15. Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam.155
16. Mirror Without Identity173
17. The Wreck of the Deutschland191
18. Intelligence Testing209
19. A Banquet of Life223
20. Marriage in Rome .249
21. Integration257
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000136.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Getting away from the usual demands", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Being close to nature", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Enjoying the sounds and smells of nature", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Catching fish", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Spending time with family or friends", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "The scenic beauty", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Experiencing solitude", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "14%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Experiencing excitement/adventure", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Reliving my childhood memories of going fishing", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Catching my own food", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "12%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "12%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "14%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "16%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "29%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "34%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "33%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "32%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "31%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "0%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "5%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "10%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "15%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "20%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "25%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "30%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "35%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "40%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "Figure 10.2: Positive attributes reported by recreational anglers in the United States. Long description.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "Over time, an angler's motivation may change from a catch orientation to emphasize noncatch motivations, such as being outdoors or passing on their passion for fishing (McKenna 2013). The progression often follows these stages:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Stage 1: I just want to catch a fish!", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Stage 2: I want to catch a lot of fish!", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Stage 3: I want to catch big fish.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Stage 4: I'm just happy to be out fishing.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Stage 5: I want to pass on my knowledge and passion for fishing.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "Studies of angler characteristics confirm that there is no such thing as an \u201caverage\u201d angler. Rather, anglers are a heterogeneous and changing group. Therefore, we can segment anglers in distinct categories for analysis (Bryan 1977; Kyle et al. 2007; Beardmore et al. 2013; TenHarmsel et al. 2019). For example, Magee (2018) categorized recreational anglers into five distinct fisher classes with differing motivations (Table 10.1).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "216 Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000121.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "16. Place the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge and spin for 3 minutes.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "17. Carefully pour off the supernatant from both tubes. Do not disturb the nucleic acid pellets. Invert the tubes and tap them gently on the surface of a clean paper towel to drain them thoroughly.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "18. Briefly spin the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge to bring any remaining ethanol to the bottom of the tube. Then use the micropipette to remove any remaining ethanol. Use a fresh tip for each tube. Be careful not to disturb the nucleic acid pellet.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "19. Allow the tubes to dry by leaving the tube caps open for 3-5 minutes. Inspect each tube carefully to ensure that the tube interior is completely dry.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "***Congratulations, you have just completed the miniprep plasmid DNA extraction!!!***", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Restriction Enzyme Digest Prep (switch to the 1- 20-\u00b5L micropipette):", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "20. Use a micropipette to add 10 \u00b5L of tris-EDTA solution (TE) to each tube. Use a new tip for each tube. Dissolve the pellets by pipetting in and out. Rinse the sides of the tube several times, concentrating on the area where the nucleic acid pellet or particles were observed. Check that no particles remain in the pipet tip or on the side of the tube. Use the entire contents of each tube in the restriction digest that follows.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "II. Set Up the Restriction Digests of the \u201cSuspect\u201d and \u201cEvidence\u201d DNA", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
ReagentsSupplies and Equipment
At each student station: Resuspended DNA or ethanol precipitates from Part 1*Microcentrifuge tube rack 3 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes Micropipet, 1-20 \u00b5L Micropipet tips
To be shared by all groups: \"Evidence A^{\\prime\\prime}DNA^{*}Beaker or similar container for waste Beaker or similar container filled with ice
\"Evidence B\" DNA*Permanent marker
Restriction Buffer-RNase A* BamHI-HindIII restriction enzyme mixture* Sterile distilled or deionized waterWater bath at 37^{\\circ}(
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "*Store on ice", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "NOTE: Your instructor will assign you to use either \u201cEvidence A\u201d DNA or \u201cEvidence B\u201d DNA", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "1. Label the three 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes in which you will perform the restriction digests: \"S1\" for Suspect 1, \"S2\" for Suspect 2, and either \"EA\" for Evidence A or \"EB\u201d for Evidence B. All three samples will be digested by the restriction enzymes BamHI and HindIII.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "2. Use the table below (next page) as a checklist while adding reagents to each reaction. Read down each column, adding the same reagent to all appropriate tubes. To avoid cross contamination, use a fresh pipet tip each time you add a reagent to a tube.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "132", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000190.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
ModelH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
Cand. 173.7370.4887.4765.7370.6281.5366.57
Cand. 273.2871.5988.3966.1472.5081.9959.14
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 6: Performance comparison amongst the merge candidates. 'Cand. 1' and 'Cand. 2' are trained using the same setting as 'DPO v2^{\\prime} and 'DPO v3^{,}, respectively, but with slightly different hyper-parameters. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
ModelMerge MethodH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
Merge v1Average (0.5, 0.5)74.0071.1688.0166.1471.7182.0864.90
Merge v2Average (0.4, 0.6)73.9371.0888.0866.2771.8981.7764.52
Merge v3Average (0.6, 0.4)74.0571.0887.8866.1371.6182.0865.50
Merge v4SLERP73.9671.1688.0366.2571.7981.9364.59
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Table 7: Ablation studies on the different merge methods used for obtaining the final model. We use 'Cand. 1' and 'Cand. 2' from Tab. 6 as our two models for merging. We name the merged models with the 'Merge' prefix to indicate they are merged. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "scores for tasks like ARC, HellaSwag, and Truth- fulQA all improved by good margins, the score for GSM8K is 58.83, which is lower than the SFT base model score of 64.14. Adding Synth. Math-Alignment to train \u2018DPO v2', we see that the GSM8k score improves to 60.27, which is lower than the SFT base model but still higher than 'DPO v1'. Other task scores are also not nega- tively impacted by adding Synth. Math-Alignment. Thus, we can conclude that adding Synth. Math- Alignment is beneficial for H6.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Then, we experiment whether merging 'DPO v1' and 'DPO v2' is beneficial. Unfortunately, 'DPO v1+v2' scores 73.21 in H6, which is worse than 'DPO v2^{\\prime}. More importantly, the gain in the GSM8K score from adding Synth. Math- Alignment is gone, which is undesirable. One reason for this could be that 'DPO v2' is a strict improvement over \u2018DPO v1', unlike the case for merging 'SFT v3' and 'SFT v4^{\\prime} where the models had different strengths and weaknesses.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Ablation on the SFT base models. When ap- plying DPO, we start from a model that is already instruction tuned, i.e., the SFT base model and ab- late on using different SFT base models. We use Ultrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets for this ablation. Each of the ablated mod- els is trained as follows. 'DPO v2^{\\prime} uses 'SFT v3' as the base SFT model, while 'DPO v3' uses 'SFT v3+v4' as the SFT base model instead.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Note that 'SFT v3+v4' has higher scores on all tasks compared to \u2018SFT v3', and the gap is espe- cially large for ARC (+1.45) and GSM8K (+2.43). Surprisingly, the two models perform similarly in terms of H6. A closer look at the scores for the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "individual tasks shows only a small margin in the GSM8K scores, and other task scores show little difference. Thus, the performance gaps in certain tasks in the SFT base models do not always carry over to the alignment-tuned models.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Ablation on different merge methods. From Tab. 3, we saw that merging two models that have different strengths can be beneficial to performance. To utilize this for the alignment-tuned model as well, we train two models named 'Cand. 1' and 'Cand. 2' using the same training dataset and SFT base model as 'DPO v2^{,} and 'DPO v3' but with dif- ferent hyper-parameters to maximize each model's respective strengths. We compare \u2018Cand. 1' and 'Cand. 2' in Tab. 6 where we can see that 'Cand. 1' has high GSM8K scores but relatively low scores for the other tasks, whereas 'Cand. 2' has low scores for GSM8K but high scores for the other tasks. We merge these two models using various methods and ablate the results in Tab.. 7.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "We use two merge methods: 1) Average (a, b), where a and b denote the weighting for 'Cand. 1' and 'Cand. 2' when averaging weights and 2) SLERP (Shoemake, 1985). We use (0.5, 0.5), (0.4, 0.6), and (0.6, 0.4) for Average (a, b). From Tab. 7, we can see that the different merge methods have little effect on the H6 scores. The scores for the individual tasks also do not differ by much, suggest- ing that as long as the merge candidates have suffi- ciently different strengths, the exact merge method may not be as crucial. Thus, we chose 'Merge v1' as our SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct model.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000120.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Sickle cell hemoglobin and normal hemoglobin differ in only a single amino acid out of more than 100 amino acids in the complete hemoglobin protein. This difference in a single amino acid results in the different properties of sickle cell hemoglobin compared to normal hemoglobin.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Hemoglobin is carried inside red blood cells. Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the watery cytosol of red blood cells. Sickle cell hemoglobin is less soluble in the cytosol because:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Valine (Val) is much less water-soluble than glutamic acid (Glu). Amino acid 6 is in a crucial location on the outer surface of the hemoglobin protein. The chart on the next page shows how the lower solubility of sickle cell hemoglobin results in the symptoms of sickle cell anemia.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Genes in DNA", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "2 copies of the allele", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "that codes for", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "normal hemoglobin", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "(SS)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Protein", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Characteristics", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the cytosol of red blood cells.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Disk-shaped red blood cells can squeeze through the smallest blood vessels \u2192 normal health", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "2 copies of the allele", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "that codes for", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "sickle cell hemoglobin (ss)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "Sickle cell hemoglobin can clump in long rods in red blood cells.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "If sickle cell hemoglobin clumps in long rods", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "sickle-shaped red blood cells clogged small blood vessels + fragile red blood cells", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "pain, damage to body organs", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "+ anemia = sickle cell anemia", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "29a. Circle the arrows in the chart that represent transcription + translation.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "115", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000039.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "39", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 9.4.1: Challenges in importing amongst tourism MSMEs who import \u2013 all survey phases (%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "100", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "22", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "32", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "80", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "37", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "60", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "17", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "30", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "40", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "57", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "46", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "38", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "July 2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "October 2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "January 2021", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Big Challenge", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "Small Challenge", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "No Challenge", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "There were very few tourism MSMEs that exported in each survey round. The base is too small for any conclusive analysis.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "9.5. Adapting to the New Normal: Changing Business Models", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "In all survey phases, several MSMEs in the tourism sector reported changing their business models. In July 2020, 167 tourism MSMEs mentioned that they changed their business model, in October 2020, 223 mentioned the same, and in January 2021, it was 183 MSMEs. Some changed models in more ways than one. The main ways across all phases that MSMEs made changes were:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Adapting to social distancing;", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Devising new ways to reach customers through online markets or social media;", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Moving into new products and services in high demand during COVID-19;", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Reducing employee salaries.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "Compared to previous survey round results, in January 2021, tourism MSMEs had increasingly shifted towards adapting to social distancing to operate (57%). Starting online marketing remained a popular choice, as nearly a quarter (24%) mentioned it in January 2021, compared to 28% in July 2020 and 31% in October 2020. Reducing employee salaries as an approach reduced considerably in January 2021 at 8% of responses compared to 21% in July 2020 and 24% in October 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "6. Compared to 38% in July 2020 and 22% in October 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000112.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Adjust the point gauge to read 10 mm greater than the datum.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Record the reading as h.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Turn on the pump, and slightly adjust the flow until the water level coincides with the point gauge. Check that the level has stabilized before taking readings.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Measure the flow rate using the volumetric tank.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Observe the shape of the nappe and take pictures of it.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Note: The surface of the water will fall as it approaches the weir. This is particularly noticeable at high flow rates by high heads. To obtain an accurate measurement of the undisturbed water level above the crest of the weir, it is necessary to place the measuring gauge at a distance of at least three times the head above the weir.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Increase the flow by opening the bench regulating valve to set the heads above the datum level in 10 mm increments until the regulating valve is fully open. Take care not to allow spillage to occur over the plate top that is adjacent to the notch. At each condition, measure the flow rate and observe the shape of the nappe.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Note: To obtain a sufficiently accurate result, collect around 25 liters of water each time, or collect the water for at least 120 seconds.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Close the regulating valve, stop the pump, and then replace the weir with the V-notch. \u2022 Repeat the experiment with the V-notch weir plate, but with 5 mm increments in water surface elevation.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Collect seven head and discharge readings for each weir.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Figure 9.3: Position of the notch and Vernier height gauge to set the datum.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "80 APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS LAB MANUAL", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000045.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Civil Society Engagement", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "election integrity. The registration of local election observers runs until 25 May, and the NEC is still reviewing the application of nearly 5,000 observers.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Table: The number of accredited observers as of 28 April 2022^{15}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
No.Name of organizationNumber of accredited observers
1Union of Youth Federations of Cambodia (UYFC)17,266
2Cambodian Women for Peace and Development9,835
3Association of Democratic Students of Cambodia711
4Association of Intellectual and Youth Volunteer46
5Our Friends Association27
6COMFREL26
7Traditional and Modern Mental Health Organization15
Total27,926
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "15 https://www.nec.gov.kh/khmer/content/5524", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "17", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000178.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Promotional Materials", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "A good promotional strategy should include multiple facets, from physical materials to digital communications. Below, we've compiled a table of promotional materials you might use on campus, and examples of each type.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Table 7.1. Types of promotional materials", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Communication ChannelMediumExamples
Direct communicationsPhysical or digitalmeetings, consultations, listening sessions, email lists
Indirect communicationsPrimarily digitalwebsites, videos, news articles, newsletters, social media posts,
MessagingPhysical or digitalbrochures, posters, signs, booklets
EventsPhysical or digitalpresentations, webinars, seminars, panels, training sessions
InteractivePhysical or digitalOER \"petting zoos,\u201d games, exhibits, surveys
GoodiesPrimarily physicalpens, notepads, bookmarks, stickers, buttons, etc
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Get in contact with partners at your institution to learn more about the processes and options available to you and how you can best leverage the support at your disposal. If you have a marketing team available to you that orders pens and other materials for campus events, get in contact with them about their vendors and how you can leverage their existing workflows for ordering materials to support your OER Program. This might be as simple as ordering buttons and posters through your University Printing Office, or it may require you to browse a third party's marketing catalog or to create materials yourself, if you lack funding for your work.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Annual Events", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Creating promotional materials and graphics can make your OER program recognizable on your college's campus, but just because you've created materials doesn't mean that people will find or learn from them. As a program manager, you will need to find ways to implement your messaging and events on campus. Leveraging annual events like Open Education Week in March and International Open Access Week in October can ground your work in a given time of year and focus your programming around a topic or theme (Open Education Global, n.d.; SPARC, n.d.). The Open Education Week website lists past events and provides downloadable promotional materials to help you kickstart your event planning and coordination. If these weeks regularly conflict with other events at your institution, that's okay. You can celebrate Open Education Week the week before or after it falls. So long as you are consistent in the general time you hold these events, they will still gain recognition at your institution and faculty will come to expect them.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "92 | PROGRAM MANAGEMENT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000069.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "76", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Replace", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Trash", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Replace Plastics with Recyclable Materials. Plastics can be replaced by material made from polypropylene, a material type that is 100% recyclable. However, recyclable materials should have a forward linkage \u2013 link to a recycler who is willing to take on the recyclables. Paper-based wrappers are another alternative for bagels and sandwich papers. Containers and packaging can use plastics with a certain percentage of recycled content and designed to be recyclable or reusable. Highly recyclable packaging is of little benefit if it is not disposed of correctly. The success of a recyclable package is an equal demand from recycling companies through improved recyclability of packaging and investments in efficient recycling facilities and systems. This requires investment and innovation since quality and availability are still often a stumbling block for companies to use recycled plastic. The recyclability of plastic packaging can often be improved by: choosing a common type of plastic (such as PE, PP or PET);", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "choosing a common color (white or transparent); and", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "avoiding combinations of materials, such as plastic windows in cardboard packaging. Watermarking technology is also being developed so that packaging can be more easily recognized by sorters.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "m. Waste Segregation and Segregated Bins. Shakey's Philippines implementation of waste segregation and 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) in its corporate office is one good testament of compliance to RA 9003. The country's premier pizza restaurant has installed \"Stop Before You Drop\" trash bins for the implementation of company-wide proper waste management. The bins are labeled to indicate the different types of waste to aid in proper disposal and culture development of its employees. Waste collected are weighed on a daily basis to aid in monitoring wastages and to map out more waste management initiatives. 56", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "n.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "In-store Sorting and Recycling Bins. McDonalds has installed sorting and recycling points in select restaurants in its markets. It also improved its recycling bin signage to make the recycling process easier to understand. McDonald's Germany, Austria, Czech Republic and Slovakia on the other hand, collect customer waste to sort for recycling. initiatives.57", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Figure 32. In-store Sorting and Recycling Bins, McDonalds", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "56", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "57", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "https://www.shakeyspizza.ph/images/asm-2021/PIZZA_ASM_2020_Report.pdf https://corporate.mcdonalds.com/corpmcd/our-purpose-and-impact/our-planet/packaging-and-waste.html", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000037.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "3. Impact on Business Operations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "This section investigates the impact of public health measures on business operations. MSMEs were asked about their expectations for recovery and the main effects of COVID-19 on their businesses.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "3.1. Status of Business Operations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "As shown in Figure 3.1.1, the number of MSMEs \"working as usual\" gradually increased over the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "course of the research period. The impacts of the lockdown from March 30 to May 4, 2020, were starkly felt, with only 30% of the MSMEs \u201cworking as usual,\u201d while over half (58%) were temporarily completely closed.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "In the agriculture sector, a large majority of MSMEs (93% in July 2020, 98% in October 2020, and 99% in January 2021) were operating normally, though", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Figure 3.1.1: Status of operations during each survey phase (%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "100", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "13", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "13", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "21", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "80", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "60", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "58", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "40", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "30", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "85", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "83", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "71", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "Lockdown Period", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "July 2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "October 2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "January 2021", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "Business premises closed to customers, but some business operations continue Business premises still open, but reduced operations Temporarily closed Working as usual", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "during the first lockdown period, just over three quarters (77%) were working as usual. In contrast, 63% of firms from the tourism sector and 62% from the handicraft/textile sector were working as usual as of July 2020, rising to 80% of tourism and 82% of handicraft/textile firms as of January 2021. During the lockdown period, tourism and handicraft/ textile MSMEs were the hardest hit with just 12% and 15% respectively working as usual. As shown in Table 3.1.1., a majority of tourism and handicraft/ textile MSMEs were temporarily closed during the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "lockdown period. In the handicraft/textile sector, 30% of MSMEs were temporarily closed as of July 2020, reducing to 12% in January 2021. Similarly, in tourism, 27% of businesses were temporarily closed as of July 2020 and that reduced to 18% in January 2021. Figure 3.1.1 and Table 3.1.1 do not reflect those MSMEs who were permanently closed; this was four in July 2020, 22 in October 2020, and 24 in January 2021. Of these 50 businesses who permanently closed during the research period, 30 were in the tourism sector, 18 in handicraft/textile, and two in agriculture.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000109.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "the jet velocity can be assumed to remain constant. Therefore, the horizontal distance traveled by jet (x) in time (t) is equal to:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "x=v.t ( 7 )", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The vertical component of the trajectory of the jet will have a constant acceleration downward due to the force of gravity. Therefore, at any time, t, the y-position of the jet may be calculated as:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "y=\\frac{1}{2}gt^{2} ( 8 )", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Rearranging Equation (8) gives:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "t=(\\frac{2y}{g})^{0.5}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "( 9 )", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Substitution of t and v from Equations 9 and 2 into Equation 7 results in:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "x=C_{v}\\sqrt{2gh}(\\frac{2y}{g})^{0.5} ( 10 )", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Equations (10) can be rearranged to find C_{v}:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "C_{v}=\\frac{x}{2\\sqrt{yh}} ( 11 )", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Therefore, for steady flow conditions (i.e., constant h in the head tank), the value of C_{v} can be determined from the x, y coordinates of the jet trajectory. A graph of x plotted against \\sqrt{yh} will have a slope of 2C_{v}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "7.2. DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "If C_{d} is assumed to be constant, then a graph of Q plotted against \\sqrt{h} (Equation 6) will be linear, and", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "the slope of this graph will be:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "s=C_{d}A_{o}\\sqrt{2g} ( 12 )", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "EXPERIMENT #6: ORIFICE AND FREE JET FLOW 53", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000177.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "\u039f", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 7.3. You can read more about KSU's marketing approach in Marking Open and Affordable Courses (Hare, Kirschner, and Reed 2020).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "For an even simpler graphic, we can look to Kansas State University. KSU's Open/Alternative Textbook Initiative developed their OER icon, a book with an \u201cO\u201d on the cover, to be recognizable even at a small scale. This was done because it would be used as a marking denoting the use of open materials in their course schedule. This graphic is clear, easy to read, and emblematic of the initiative itself, by representing open textbooks with a book icon.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Aligning with Your Identity", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Like KSU did with their OER icon, your branding should be reflective of your initiative's work in some way. Think about your audience and what you want them to feel when they see your program's marketing on campus. Does your program have a unique name or tagline that influences the way you present it (e.g., playful, bold, colorful, or innovative)?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "CC", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "OpenEd CVCC", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Innovation & Affordability", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Figure 7.4. You can read more about CVCC's marketing approach in Marking Open and Affordable Courses (Hare, Kirschner, and Reed 2020).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "A great example of a program whose name and messaging align clearly with their work is Central Virginia Community College (CVCC). CVCC uses the tagline \u201cOpenEd CVCC: Innovation and Affordability\" as their program's name and their icon features this theme of innovation through graphics of light bulbs, gears, and representations of various disciplines.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "CVCC's logo is more complex than the ones we shared in our \"simple\" section. However, this isn't a problem in their case. Keep in mind that the simplicity of any graphic will depend on where and how it's used. CVCC's logo might have more going on than KSU's icon, but it is meant to be used at a larger scale, so it can accommodate this complexity. If your logo will be used in print materials or as a smaller icon, that's when you'll want to focus on simpler designs. For graphics that will be displayed more prominently, though, a larger graphic works fine.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "90 | PROGRAM MANAGEMENT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000162.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Edward Bernays", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "2.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "3.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Wikipedia. Public Relations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Pinterest. Retrieved June 10, 2021.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "4.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Bernays, Edward. Crystalizing Public Opinion.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "5.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Encyclopedia of Propaganda", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Possible directions for the discussion:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "\u2022 What the sources suggest about the level of", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "research. Do sources like Wikipedia and Pinterest indicate a deep engagement with the topic? What about the Encyclopedia of Propaganda? Call back to the chapter, Identifying a Topic, encyclopedias are good preliminary sources, but if research stops with an overview source, how valuable is it?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Ways in which the citations are ambiguous. Is enough information provided that readers can find the original information? Is number 1 about that person or written by that person? Is number 4 a book or an article? It has implications for how we would look for it. For number 5, there is more than one book with the title Encyclopedia of Propaganda, and also it's unlikely they meant to refer to the whole encyclopedia.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "\u2022 The difference between discovering a source on a social media platform and citing the content. Is enough information given to find the Pinterest source? Revisit the creator concept from the chapter, Types of Sources. Social media companies distribute but do not create content, so they are not the ones that should be cited. Opportunity to talk about specific sources students have found on social media", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "114 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000169.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Lime is recommended if pH<5.8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Target pH of 5.5=", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "[6,405-(1,590\\times buffer~pH)+(98\\times buffer~pH\\times buffer~pH)]\\times depth", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Depth is in inches", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Used if cash flow is limited or in lime availability problem areas in Central and Western Kansas Lime is recommended if pH<5.5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "This buffer contains chromium (Cr), a toxic heavy metal. Therefore, your lab instructor will perform the SMP buffer analysis. As a class, determine which soil-water mixtures from Activity 1 need lime (pH\\le6.4). To those solutions, add 10 ml of the SMP buffer solution, and stir with a glass rod. Allow the mixtures to stand for 30 minutes, which should be enough time for the acid cations to be displaced from the CEC and forced into solution. Read the pH on meter.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Assuming the desired pH is 6.0 (i.e. use the middle equation), calculate the lime requirement, show your work below, and record your results in Table 14.1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Activity 5: Evaluating Liming Materials", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "The type of liming material and the size or fineness of the material determine how efficiently liming materials raise soil pH. This experiment was actually initiated earlier in the semester to allow time for the liming agents to react. Amending the soil with several different liming agents allows us assess the effects of particle size and liming material based on the relative changes in soil. The treatments included the following:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Reagent grade CaCO_{3}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Reagent grade CaO", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Reagent grade CaSO_{4}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Coarse dolomitic limestone (35 mesh)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Fine dolomitic limestone (120 mesh)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Control (no amendments)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "When this experiment was initiated, each lab section was divided into six groups, with each group responsible for one of the six treatments. Your laboratory instructor assigned a treatment to your group, and you completed the following steps:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "1. Label four plastic bags", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "2. Weigh 20 g of air-dry soil into each plastic bag.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "3. Weigh 0.1 gram of designated liming material onto weighing paper.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "4. Add the liming material to the soil and mix thoroughly to distribute evenly in the soil.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "5. Add a few mL of water to each bag and mix.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "6. Close the bags to start incubation.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "Now that the liming agents have had time to react, you will collect the results.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "130 Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000089.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
JurisdictionGATS XVII | ReservationForeign Restrictions on Foreign Ownership OwnershipForeign Ownership Requirements
(1994)PermittedReporting
by persons of same nationality must not exceed 40% of the quarter.
Canada ChileY NProhibition on ownership of residential property with exceptions; some provinces also restrict ownership, including of agricultural land. Prohibition on acquisition of public lands within 10 Y Y
kilometers from the border and favorable military report required for acquisition of land 5 kilometers from the coast; nationals of bordering countries and legal persons with their principal place of business in one of those countries cannot obtain rights to real estate located totally or partially in the border area.
ChinaN (2001)No individuals, domestic or foreign, can privately own land. The state grants land use rights to land users for a N
certain number of years.
Foreigners can obtain such
land use rights, own residential
houses and apartments, or
incorporate foreign-invested
enterprises to invest in real estate.
EgyptYProhibition on ownership of agriculture lands, land in Sinai Peninsula; otherwise, Y
permitted to own up to two properties, up to 4,000 square meters, for residential
purposes; no disposition for 5
years; approval required to
acquire land in tourist areas; joint ownership with an Egyptian who has majority
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The Law Library of Congress", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000135.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Fly fishers targeting trout had an important influence in developing and sustaining conservation programs, although they were sometimes criticized for exclusive or single-interest advocacy. Here I review the history of trout fishing and fly-fishing with special focus on the Rocky Mountain West, where fly fishers first exerted their influence on conservation ethics and sportfishing policy. Although many individuals and organizations played roles, I concentrate on only two: Fly Fishers International (FFI) and Trout Unlimited (TU). These two organizations had similar interests in conservation, but important differences prevented them from working together on a unified goal of conservation. The legacy of fly-fishing demonstrates the importance of passion, persistence, and partnerships in fish conservation.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Trout and salmon are the only sport fish native to the Western states, and fly-fishing here became more than a leisure activity. Norman Maclean's novel, A River Runs through It (1976), begins, \u201cIn our family there was no 1 clear line between religion and fly fishing.\" Later Maclean writes that \u201cSomething within fishermen tries to make fishing into a world perfect and apart.\u201d The iconography of Western fly-fishing that Maclean and others wrote about was created by anglers, fisheries managers, tourists, guides, businesses, and region promoters. The history of Rocky Mountain fly-fishing parallels the history of the expansion of our Western frontier as well as fisheries management (Brown 2015). Although Henry David Thoreau (1862) maintained that \u201cIn wildness is the preservation of the world,\u201d humans are part of the trout fishing system and helped create, destroy, maintain, and restore the trout fishing we have today.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The first trout fishers were Native Americans. Native Americans used a variety of fishing methods, including weirs, spears, nets, traps, baskets, hook-and-line methods, and baits. They also caught fish by hand via tickling. Tickling for trout involves rubbing the underbelly of a trout with fingers to get the trout to go into a trance, after which they can then easily be thrown onto the bank (Martindale 1901). Native Americans were more patient than others. This method is different from noodling for catfish, where the noodler uses fingers as bait and grabs the catfish by its mouth. Native Americans also caught fish by fly-fishing with deer-hair flies, according to the writings of early American naturalist William Bartram (1739\u20131823) (Monahan, no date).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The story of Rocky Mountain trout fishing begins with displacement of Native Americans from their historical fishing and hunting grounds. Uninhabited wilderness had to be created through the dispossession of Native people before it could be preserved (Spence 1999). Explorers, trappers, pioneers, soldiers, and homesteaders brought fishing gear to frontier outposts. The Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804\u20131806) included a designated angler named Silas Goodrich. The expedition first described several new species of fish, including the Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout and Westslope Cutthroat Trout, caught by Goodrich. Later military expeditions spent time trout fishing in addition to fighting Native Americans. Custer's Last Stand at Little Bighorn might have been avoided if he'd joined a column of reinforcements under General George Crook. Crook's soldiers were comfortably camped close by on Goose Creek near the Tongue River-fishing, not fighting (Monnett 1993; Owens 2002a; Lessner 2010).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "1. Although Maclean and other writers use the term fishermen, women are active anglers and contribute significantly to the sport.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Fly-Fishing's Legacy for Conservation | 191", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000005.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "CHAPTER I", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 1.5. The San Mateo Ixtat\u00e1n men's jacket, lopil (Spanish capixay). Photo by Elizabeth Purdum.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 1.6. Vegetation along the trail from San Mateo Ixtat\u00e1n to Bulej, May 1965. Photo by author.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000058.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "3. Perspective of supply and demand balance of wood pellets and cost structure in Japan", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "According to a survey taken by the Japan Woody Bioenergy Association in FY2018 (from April 2018 to March 2019) with 55 biomass power generators, more than half of fuel for biomass power generation is domestically produced wood biomass at present in Japan in terms of weight (Figure 4.5).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.5. Breakdown of Biomass Power Generation Fuel in Japan", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Waste materials", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Others", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Construction wood waste", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "PKS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Import pellets, chips", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Domestic logs and wood chips", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "PKS = palm kernel shell.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Domestic wood pellets", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Note: The share of fuel calculated in terms of biomass fuel weight ('Wood pellets', 'Construction wood waste',", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "'Waste materials', 'Others': tonne; others: dry tonne).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Source: Depicted by IEEJ based on Japan Woody Bioenergy Association (JWBA), 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "When translating the survey result into energy form, it is estimated that, within biomass power generation using wood biomass ('Unutilised wood', 'General wood', and 'Construction wood waste'), around 30% of input fuel is met by import biomass fuel (Figure 4.6).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "38", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000006.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Chuj Country", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "19", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 1.15. On the trail in the Yolcultac (yol k'ultak, \"center of the brushland\u201d) forest, municipio of Nent\u00f3n. May 1965, at the end of the dry season. Photo by the author.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000095.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "W", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "0.8M", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "0.6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "0.4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "0.2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "4-Worst quartile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "(Niederle and Vesterlund 2007)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "1=Best", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "In other words, while women shy away from competition, men are drawn to it.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Turning to Task 4, recall that although this choice is very similar to that of Task 3, Task 4's choice eliminates the prospect of having to subsequently participate in a competition. Thus, only in Task 3 could a gender gap in preference for competition have played a role in the choice of compensation scheme. As the figure below shows, there is no statistically significant gender gap in the choice of compensation scheme in Task 4 based upon perceived ranking in Task 1. A higher percentage of women than men who guessed their Task 1 ranking to be low (i.e., at level \u201c3\u201d) chose the tournament scheme in Task 4, while the percentages were reversed for those participants who guessed their Task 1 rankings to be high (at levels \u201c1\u201d and \u201c2\u201d). But because the two lines in the figure remain close together, these differences are not statistically significant (i.e., we should treat the groups' respective choices as being no different from one another).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "0.8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "W M", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "0.6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "0.4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "0.2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "4 4= Worst rank", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "1 1= Best rank", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "(Niederle and Vesterlund 2007)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "This result from Task 4 cements the authors' finding that women shy away from actual competition slated to occur at a future point in time, not implicit competition based upon their interpretations of 10 how their past performance compares with others.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "10. In a related study of the performances of men and women in professional judo fights for bronze medals (of all things!), Cohen-Zada et al. (2017) find that men's performances are significantly affected by what the authors' call \"psychological momentum\", while women's is not. Psychological momentum is defined as the tendency of an outcome (such as a win in an initial judo match) to be followed by a similar outcome (a win in a subsequent match) that is not caused by any strategic incentives of the players. The authors point out that this result is consistent with evidence in the biological literature that BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 111", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000019.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Author's Note to the 2021 Edition", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "This book is a minimally amended, reprinted version of Sing me that lovely song again (Pandanus Press, 2006). The title was chosen by Ian Templeman, the publisher, because he was more interested in its literary merits than in academic history. For that reason, many of my dates were removed from the original manuscript during editing.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "My original intention was to get my parents and the elder of my two brothers to write their own memories of how they experienced their internment in Persia and five years behind barbed wire in Australia during World War II, focusing on individual memory by gender and age. It seemed a remarkable opportunity to make this anecdotal and analytical contribution to social science: they had each lived in the same space with the same people for the same period. It was to be an experiment made in heaven, that is, within an impeccable laboratory. But my parents had been too distressed by their loss of freedom and the congested and pressured atmosphere of life in camp to collaborate.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Because I wanted to keep the focus on my own memories, and the tone of voice my own, I wrote my own book with only minimal research in various archives in Australia and abroad. I did some research as a check on some important facts.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Asked to speak about my book at an academic conference at the University of Queensland in 2006, I did some further research to validate my contribution. My speech was then published in National Socialism in Oceania (edited by Emily Turner-Graham and Christine Winter, Peter Lang, 2010) with the title I had originally suggested to Pandanus Press, 'At Home in Exile: Ambiguities of wartime patriotism'. When in 2015 I was asked by Japanese scholars to speak at Cowra, NSW, at a conference on internment, I suggested that my younger brother, Peter, also be invited", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "ix", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000016.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Table of contents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Introduction7
1. Changing Practices, Shifting Sites7
2. Core and Periphery of Play12
Part I: New Children, Different Toys21
3. The Child as Consumer26
4. Domesticating Play30
5. The Child in the City35
6. Toys as Containers, Mediators and Promoters39
Part II: From Solitary to Networked Geographies of Play45
7. LEGO Toys: from Wooden Blocks to Plastic Bricks50
8. Brand Extension & Product Differentiation58
9. Bringing the Fans into the Company62
10. Many-to-Many Geographies of Play66
Part III: Commercial Geographies of Play71
11. Toy Towns and Simulated Cities73
12. A 21st-century Dollhouse: The Sims83
13. Unwanted Play Practices in The Sims Online94
14. Commodified Geographies of Play103
Part IV: Serious Geographies of Play107
15. Participation Tools111
16. Participation Processes119
17. Purposeful Play122
18. Serious Geographies of Play124
Conclusion127
19. Changing Geographies of Play127
20. Making Do132
Notes137
Bibliography139
Index153
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000097.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Invade", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Player 2 Nature Player 2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "weak", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Concede", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "p", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Strong", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "(1-p)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Concede", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Invade", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Concede", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "0,1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "0,1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Fight", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "1,0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "-0.2, 0.8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Now, how do we solve for the game's analytical equilibrium?12", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Here, Player 2 applies backward induction to find what's known as a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium (PBE). As we already know, if Player 2 is the weak type and Player 1 has chosen to invade, then Player 2 should concede. If he is the strong type, then Player 2 should fight. We also know that Player 1 recognizes that she gets a payoff of $0 if she concedes in the first round, regardless of Player 2's type. If she instead chooses to invade in the first round, then Player 1's expected payoff from invading is p-0.2(1-p)=1.2p-0.2. This is merely the weighted average of Player 1's expected payoff when Player 2 is weak and her expected payoff when Player 2 is strong. Thus, invade is a better strategy than concede for Player 1 when 1.2p-0.2>0\\Rightarrow p>1/6. In other words, if the probability that Player 1 assigns to Player 2 being weak is greater than one-sixth, Player 1 should choose to invade in the first round. Otherwise, Player 1 should concede and be done with it.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "What's the outcome when you and your classmates play this more complicated version of the Escalation Game?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "BURNING BRIDGES GAME", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "This game shares starkly similar features with the Escalation Game, but there is no uncertainty (thus, the analytical equilibrium is an SPE rather than a PBE). The SPE has much to say about the relationship between two tenacious competitors. Spaniel (2011) portrays the game as follows:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "12. This equilibrium is known as a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium (PBE) rather than an SPE because of the uncertainty that at least one of the players is forced to contend with. Similar to Nash, Thomas Bayes is considered a towering figure. He was an 18th-century English statistician, philosopher, and Presbyterian minister who is known for formulating a specific case of the theorem that bears his name: Bayes Theorem. Bayes never published his theory himself-his notes were edited and published posthumously.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "132 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000195.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "A Contributions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "The contributions of this study are as follows:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Introduction of the SOLAR 10.7 Billion- Parameter Model: We have released the SO- LAR 10.7B model, which is not only depth- wise scaled but also continually pretrained. The availability of SOLAR 10.7B under the Apache 2.0 license permits commercial us- age, enabling the integration of this advanced model into a diverse range of products and ser- vices. This bridges the gap between academic research and practical applications, fostering wider accessibility and utility in various fields.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Superior Performance Across Diverse Benchmarks: SOLAR 10.7B excels in var- ious benchmarks, outperforming established models like Llama 2 and Mistral 7B in reason- ing, mathematics, and the MMLU framework.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Advancement in Instruction-Following Ca- pabilities: The introduction of SOLAR 10.7B- Instruct, a variant fine-tuned for enhanced instruction-following abilities, marks a sig- nificant improvement in the model's ability to understand and execute complex instructions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Sanghoon Kim, Dahyun Kim, Chanjun Park, Wonsung Lee, Wonho Song, Yunsu Kim and Hyeonwoo Kim contributed equally to this paper. Sanghoon Kim led the Foundation Model part, with Dahyun Kim, Wonho Song, Yunsu Kim, and Hyeonwoo Kim. Chanjun Park led the Data and Evaluation (Data-Centric LLM) part, with Yungi Kim, Jihoo Kim, Changbae Ahn, Seonghoon Yang, Sukyung Lee, and Hyunbyung Park. Wonsung Lee led the Adaptation Modeling part, with Gyoungjin Gim, Hyeonju Lee, and Mikyoung Cha. Hwalsuk Lee performed the role of the overall project opera- tion. Dahyun Kim and Chanjun Park were the main technical writers. All these individuals contributed to the creation of SOLAR 10.7B.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "B Related Works and Background", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "B.1 Large Language Models", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Following the advent of context-based language models, various studies have revealed a \u201cscaling law\" (Kaplan et al., 2020; Hernandez et al., 2021; Anil et al., 2023), demonstrating a positive corre- lation between the size of model and training data", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "and model performance. This has led to the emer- gence of Large Language Models (LLMs). Un- like previous language models, LLMs possess the ability for In-context learning, including Zero-shot learning (Radford et al., 2019) and Few-shot learn- ing (Brown et al., 2020), allowing them to perform new tasks without updating model weights. These capabilities of LLMs, not evident in smaller mod- els, are referred to as Emergent abilities (Wei et al., 2022a).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "B.2 Mixture of Experts", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "In the landscape of machine learning architectures, the Mixture of Experts (MoE) models like (Shazeer et al., 2017; Shen et al., 2019; Komatsuzaki et al., 2022) has gained attention for its capability to ad- dress the challenges posed by complex and hetero- geneous data. MoE models offer notable benefits, including enhanced output diversity, allowing for the capture of intricate patterns within the input space. Moreover, their computational efficiency, especially when implemented in a sparse form, has made them valuable in scenarios where resource constraints are a consideration (Shazeer et al., 2017; Komatsuzaki et al., 2022).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "However, efficient implementation of MoE mod- els poses a considerable challenge, primarily due to the intricacies associated with dynamic routing and load-imbalanced computation (Gale et al., 2023). Existing hardware and software for deep learning, such as TPUs and XLA compilers, often demand static knowledge of tensor shapes, making MoE implementation on TPU challenging.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "While GPU implementation offers more flexi- bility, sparse computation compatibility becomes a hurdle. Striking the right balance between fix- ing the size of each expert to facilitate efficient computation and maintaining model quality creates a tradeoff between information preservation and hardware efficiency. This tradeoff, in turn, necessi- tates careful consideration during hyperparameter tuning, adding a layer of complexity to the imple- mentation of MoE models, potentially offsetting their advantages. Given the formidable challenges in MoE model implementation, it becomes almost inevitable for researchers and practitioners to re- sort to specialized tools and frameworks, such as Tutel (Hwang et al., 2023) or Megablocks (Gale et al., 2023).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Departing from the horizontal expansion char- acteristic of MoE models, the DUS method intro-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000189.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
ModelAlpaca-GPT4OpenOrcaSynth. Math-InstructH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
SFT v10XX69.1567.6686.0365.8860.1282.9552.24
SFT v20\u039fX69.2165.3685.3965.9358.4782.7957.32
SFT v30\u039f70.0365.8785.5565.3157.9381.3764.14
SFT v40070.8867.3285.8765.8758.9782.4864.75
SFT v3 + v40071.1167.3285.9665.9558.8082.0866.57
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 3: Ablation studies on the different datasets used for instruction tuning. 'SFT v3+v4' indicates that the model", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "is merged from 'SFT v3^{\\prime} and 'SFT v4' by simply averaging the model weights. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
ModelUltrafeedback CleanSynth. Math-AlignmentH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
DPO v1X73.0671.4288.4966.1472.0481.4558.83
DPO v273.4271.5088.2865.9771.7182.7960.27
DPO v1 + v20073.2171.3388.3665.9272.6582.7958.23
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Table 4: Ablation studies on the different datasets used during the direct preference optimization (DPO) stage. 'SFT v3^{,} is used as the SFT base model for DPO. We name ablated models with the 'DPO' prefix to indicate the alignment tuning stage. 'DPO v1+v2' indicates that the model is merged from 'DPO v1' and 'DPO v2^{\\prime} by simply averaging the model weights. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
ModelBase SFT ModelH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
DPO v2SFT v373.4271.5088.2865.9771.7182.7960.27
DPO v3SFT v3 + v473.5871.3388.0865.3972.4581.9362.32
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Table 5: Ablation studies on the different SFT base models used during the direct preference optimization (DPO) stage. Ultrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets are used. We name ablated models with the \u2018DPO' prefix to indicate the alignment tuning stage. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "When we add the OpenOrca dataset to train the second ablated model, 'SFT v2^{\\prime}, the resulting H6 score is 69.21, which is little change from 69.15 of 'SFT v1'. However, the task scores vary more as 'SFT v2' gets a substantially higher GSM8K score of 57.32 compared to 52.24 of \u2018SFT v1' but also gets noticeably lower scores across the board for ARC, HellaSwag, and TruthfulQA. This seems to indicate that using OpenOrca results in a model that behaves differently from using only Alpaca-GPT4.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Second, we investigate whether Synth. Math- Instruct dataset is beneficial. For 'SFT v^{3^{\\prime}}, we add the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset, which boosts GSM8K scores to 64.14 and achieves comparable scores for the other tasks. Interestingly, when we add the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset to 'SFT v1' to train 'SFT v4', we get our highest H6 score of 70.88 with higher scores than \u2018SFT v3' for all tasks. From the above, we can see that adding the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset is helpful.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Lastly, we see whether merging models trained with and without OpenOrca can boost performance. In the first analysis, we saw that using OpenOrca re- sulted in a model that behaved differently from the model that was trained without OpenOrca. Build- ing on this intuition, we merge \u2018SFT v3^{\\prime} and 'SFT v4' as they are the best-performing models with", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "and without OpenOrca. To our surprise, the result- ing merged model 'SFT v3+v4' retains the high scores for non-GSM8K tasks from 'SFT v4' but also achieves a higher GSM8K score than \u2018SFT v3' or 'SFT v4^{\\prime}. Thus, we see that merging models that specialize in different tasks is a promising way to obtain a model that performs well generally.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "4.3.2 Alignment Tuning", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "As we utilize sDPO for practical alignment tun- ing, there are additional aspects to ablate such as the SFT base models used. Thus, we present ab- lations for the different training datasets used for training, the different SFT base models to initialize the sDPO training, and finally, the model merging strategy to obtain the final alignment-tuned model.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Ablation on the training datasets. We ablate on the different alignment datasets used during DPO in Tab. 4. We use 'SFT v3^{\\prime} as the SFT base model for DPO. 'DPO v1^{\\prime} only uses the Ultrafeedback Clean dataset while \u2018DPO v2^{\\prime} also used the Synth. Math-Alignment dataset.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "First, we test how Ultrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment impacts model perfor- mance. For 'DPO v1', it achieves 73.06 in H6, which is a substantial boost from the SFT base model score of 70.03. However, we note that while", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000003.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "INTERPRETING SIMULTANEITY JUDGEMENTS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "321", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "model (discussed for a binary fit in Section 6.2). Because there are three pos- sible choices, the appropriate data model (applied at each SOA) is no longer the binomial distribution, but rather the multinomial distribution, which can provide an exact likelihood of obtaining any particular combination of prob- abilities that divide N choices into three bins when the actual probabilities of selecting each bin are known (or rather, for fitting purposes, predicted).22", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "11 Dual-Presentation sJ Data", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Several authors have investigated the use of a dual-presentation sJ task in which two bimodal stimuli are presented (one after another) and compared, for example by reporting which one was (most) synchronous (Allan & Kristof- ferson, 1974; Powers, Hillock, & Wallace, 2009; Roseboom, Nishida, Fujisaki, & Arnold, 2011). This is a form of what would, in classical signal detection theory, be described as a two-alternative forced choice (specifically the two-interval forced choice variant). However, that designation is ambiguous (about wheth- er there are two presentations or two response categories) and has been ap- plied to cases where either or both of the possible qualifying conditions are met, which is probably why the dual-presentation sj task has ended up being given a variety of names (e.g., temporal 2AFC; forced-choice successiveness discrimination; 2IFC SJ, where the classic sJ is referred to as 2AFC sj in the same paper). I will label it the 2xSJ.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "The simplest form of the 2xSJ would have a synchronous standard on every trial along with a non-synchronous test pair. Based on the kind of observer models discussed in this chapter, the resulting psychometric function (plotting the probability of judging the standard more synchronous than the test against the test's SOA) is U-shaped and centred over the PSS. This approach represents a reasonable way to derive estimates of inverse precision (i.e., \\sigma_{\\Delta t}) but a fairly poor way to estimate the PSS, because having a synchronous standard on every trial provides feedback about objective synchrony. A simple solution is to also include a range of standards as well as a range of tests, in a roving standard design.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "The observer model can be fitted to data even when both standard and test are non-zero, as described in detail by Yarrow et al. (2016; see also Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez & Peli, 2014). \u03a4o present all of the data, it is necessary to plot a function for each standard sOA (using several standard plots, or a single 3D plot), which is somewhat cumbersome, but not a major obstacle to using the task. A simple", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "22 .", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000128.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
ABCE
1timeobservedForecast(observed)Lower Confidence Bound(observed)Upper Confidence Bound(observed)
\u039f 213
3112
4213.5
5 315
6416
7518
8617.5
9717.917.9017.9017.90
8 1019.7321445817.9921.47
9 1121.5996299819.8123.39
121021.6264585719.7823.47
11 1322.8599311620.9624.76
141224.7274165622.7826.68
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Printing out articles or chapters of interest and annotating them with pen or pencil is still seen as the way to go by many. Having physical copies on hand also means easier management as this benefits from the very natural use of space for arranging things, e.g.: \u201cThe pile on the right contains my primary sources; on the left are things I've flagged as potentially interesting and to revisit.\u201d Often mentioned was the use of digital editions for quick consultation and search, but print versions for in-depth reading and annotation. Most collect important works in print.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "While some note taking did take place alongside annotation, each of our researchers would reach a point where they needed to take the texts they had read and turn the notes, quotes, and other takeaways into something they could then begin to incorporate into their writing. Again, the approaches to this varied widely, and depended on the tools used initially. Some would take handwritten annotations and highlighting and type them into a word processor. Others would export annotations from tools in whatever", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "32 | Considering Scholarly Readers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000052.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 15", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "the way for women to enter the House of Representatives. In 2019, 20 women from party lists have contributed to the increase in female legislators. However, the Party-List Law's implementation has been controversial owing to the entry of political dynasties and traditional politicians. The ideal that it serve as the gateway to political power of disadvantaged groups has been lost due to vague provisions in the law and subsequent Supreme Court decisions. The party list system has also been \"co-opted by the traditional political system or have become the training ground for future influence-peddling traditional politicians\" (Tigno 2019). In other words, it has deviated from the idea of proportional representation practiced in other countries. Dynastic families took advantage of the system's flaws and used them to field relatives, including some women, to expand their political power. However, recent interviews with legislators from progressive party lists demonstrate a better understanding of women's issues than some representatives elected from single-member districts (Encinas-Franco 2022, 157).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Table 2. Women-Members of the House of Representatives per Region, 2007-2019", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
REGIONS2007-2010 2010-20132016-2019
National Capital Region9 85
Cordillera Autonomous Region2 11
I - Ilocos Region5 14
II - Cagayan Valley1 35
III - Central Luzon9 811
IVA - CALABARZON4 211
IVB - MIMAROPA1 11
V - Bicol Region0 24
VI - Western Visayas2 33
VII - Central Visayas2 23
VIII - Eastern Visayas3 23
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000116.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Transfer pipettes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Test tube rack", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "4 large (20 ml) test tubes or small Erlenmeyer flasks for larger volumes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Large plastic tray", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Masking tape or lab tape", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Large weigh boat (4/group)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Metric ruler", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Electronic balance", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Spatula", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Weigh paper", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Red food coloring (optional)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Figure 3. Saccharometer", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "Table 2. Contents of Saccharometers when testing fermentation with various yeast", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "concentrations.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Saccharometer DI WaterGlucose SolutionYeast Suspension
1*8 ml*6 ml0 ml
2*12 ml0 ml*2 ml
3*6 ml*6 ml*2 ml
4*2 ml*6 ml*6 ml
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "*Double these amounts if using saccharometers that have a 15-cm vertical tube. See table below", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "Saccharometer DI Water Glucose Solution Yeast Suspension", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n
16 ml 112 ml0 ml
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "58", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000074.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore. In these three countries, per capita GDP fell between 4 percent to 7 percent.3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.2. Per capita GDP growth in 2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "2.0%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "2.5%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "4.0%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "2.0%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "0.2%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "0.0%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "-2.0%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "-1.0%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "-4.0%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "-3.1%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "-4.4%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "-6.0%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "-8.0%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "-10.0%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "-12.0%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "\u05d5\u05d9\u05df'\u05d3\u05d9\u05d9\u05d9", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "-3.8%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "-6.4%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Viet Nam", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "-6.9%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "Malaysia", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "Myanmar", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "-10.7%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "Philippines", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "Singapore", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "Thailand", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "Lao PDR", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "Brunei Darussalam", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "Cambodia", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "Indonesia", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "Source: World Bank (2022a)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "It is also noteworthy that in two of these major destination countries \u2013 Thailand and Malaysia the most-affected sectors were also ones heavily reliant on migrant workers. In Thailand, affected sectors include manufacturing, construction, agriculture, fishing, seafood processing, domestic work, and hospitality (United Nations Thematic Working Group, 2019; ILO, 2020). In Malaysia, migrant workers were, in 2019, especially prevalent in manufacturing (705,000), construction (435,000), services (306,000), plantation (282,000), agriculture (160,000), and domestic work (127,000) (Wahab, 2020a; Theng, Noor and Khalidi, 2020).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "The construction sector in Malaysia crashed in the second quarter of 2020 and did not experience growth again until the second quarter of 2021, before suffering negative growth again the next quarter after a COVID-19 resurgence. Accommodation and dining establishments which includes many tourism-related jobs, fared even worse. Furthermore, wholesale trade and related activities in Malaysia have not recovered to pre-pandemic levels, even after growing in the first two quarters of 2021. In Thailand, the construction sector avoided a massive output decline similar to Malaysia's, although it did decline in the first quarter of 2020. However, manufacturing, accommodation, and wholesale trade in Thailand all suffered large contractions due to travel restrictions, supply chain disruptions, and weak aggregate demand, and, despite some recovery in the second quarter of 2021, remain well below pre- pandemic levels (Table 1.1).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "3 The Philippine economy was hit hardest because of the length and severity of the movement restrictions imposed in the country (Olanday and Rigby, 2020).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "13", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000191.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "5 Conclusion", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "We introduce SOLAR 10.7B and its fine-tuned vari- ant SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, which are depth up- scaled (DUS) models with 10.7 billion parameters\u2074. They show superior performance over models like Llama 2, Mistral 7B, and Mixtral-7B-Instruct in es- sential NLP tasks while maintaining computational efficiency. Thus, DUS is effective in scaling-up highly performant LLMs from smaller ones. With more exploration, DUS could be further improved, paving a new path to efficiently scaling LLMs.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Acknowledgements", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "We would like to extend our gratitude to the teams at Hugging Face, particularly Cl\u00e9mentine Four- rier, Lewis Tunstall, Omar Sanseviero, and Philipp Schmid. Our appreciation also extends to the teams at AWS, notably Rahul Sharma, Jeongwon Yoon, Nieves Garcia, Ritesh Vajaria, Gal Oshri, Jay Kwon, Brandon Lee and Effie Bae. We are grateful to the teams at Korea Telecom (KT), especially Jin Hyoung Lee, Jungsuk Park, Sungjoon Park, Hong- rae Wang, Kyeongsoo Jung, and Sunyoong Yoon, whose significant support has been instrumental in ensuring the broad compatibility of our model. Ad- ditionally, we would like to extend our thanks to the open community for their invaluable contributions and feedback.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Limitations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Our study on the Depth Up-Scaling (DUS) has im- portant limitations and considerations. One key limitation is the need for more thorough explo- rations of hyperparameters used in the DUS ap- proach. Namely, we removed m=8 layers from both ends of our base model, primarily due to hard- ware limitations. However, we have not yet deter- mined if this value is optimal for enhancing perfor- mance. The extended time and cost of continued pretraining made it challenging to conduct more comprehensive experiments, which we aim to ad- dress in future work through various comparative analyses.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "In terms of the model's broader implications, there are several points to note. The model's sig- nificant computational demands for training and inference might limit its use, especially for those with restricted computational resources. Addition-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Preprint version is available on https://arxiv. org/abs/2312.15166.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "ally, like all machine learning models, it is vulnera- ble to biases in its training data, which could lead to skewed outcomes in certain situations. Further- more, the substantial energy consumption required for training and operating the model raises environ- mental concerns, which are critical in the pursuit of sustainable AI development.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Lastly, while the fine-tuned variant of the model shows improved performance in following instruc- tions, it still requires task-specific fine-tuning for optimal performance in specialized applications. This fine-tuning process can be resource-intensive and not always effective. Recognizing and address- ing these limitations is essential for a comprehen- sive understanding of the proposed Large Language Model's capabilities and for guiding future research and development in the field of LLMs.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Ethics Statement", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "We conscientiously address and emphasize the commitment of SOLAR 10.7B in maintaining the highest ethical standards. First, we highlight that SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct has shown low levels of data contamination in our evaluations, a testament to our rigorous data handling and processing pro- tocols. This aspect is crucial, as it underpins the reliability and integrity of the results obtained from SOLAR.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Furthermore, during the course of our experi- ments, we ensured that all setups and methodolo- gies employed steer clear of any potential ethical pitfalls. This preemptive consideration and avoid- ance of ethically questionable practices underscore our dedication to conducting research that is not only innovative but also responsible.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Additionally, we ensure that SOLAR complies with general ethical considerations in all aspects of its operation. This includes adherence to pri- vacy norms, respect for intellectual property, and ensuring the absence of bias in our algorithms. Our commitment to these ethical principles is unwaver- ing, and we believe it significantly contributes to the credibility and societal acceptance of SOLAR.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "In conclusion, the ethical framework within which SOLAR operates is robust and comprehen- sive, ensuring that our advancements in this field are not only scientifically sound but also ethically responsible.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000022.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "At Home in Exile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "To prepare myself for the journey from my home in Canberra, Australia, I visited the National Library's vast collection of maps. But I could not find Steinkirche, even in old German records of Silesia. The Polish- German Gazeteer, which has a remarkable list of old German place-names in relation to their Polish replacements, and vice versa, gave the names for many places, including M\u00e4rzdorf where my mother had worked as a young woman, on an estate near the Oder River. But there was nothing for Steinkirche. The people assembling the directory must have thought it simply the description of a stone church, as the name suggests, rather than the actual name for the place where the church stood.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Obviously it was not an important village. No one in our extended family could give me the Polish names for rural Steinkirche or of Neumarkt Platz in the Silesian metropolis. Had Steinkirche been north, east, west or south of Breslau? In my mind's eye I assumed it to be east\u2014towards Posen\u2014 mistakenly, so I was to discover. In answer to one of my many questions, I recalled that my mother had once told me that it had taken her about an hour by train to travel to the school she attended briefly in Breslau. It was an important clue.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "I then rang my cousin, Peter Erlanger, but neither he nor his older sister could help me. Peter advised me to try to find Steinkirche using my computer's Internet search engine. It was enlightened advice, and was to provide me with a key clue. The website yielded a huge list of entries, mostly concerning stone churches in present-day Germany. But there was also a reference to a 1928 visit by a church official inspecting a number of communities overseen by the Lutheran Church at Strehlen. I had often heard my mother and her sister refer to acquaintances in Strehlen.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "The article about Steinkirche described it as having a 1264 Polish Catholic foundation, on a site where pagan sacrifices had taken place. This seemed to have the ring of truth. The description offered a brief history of the church and gave illustrations of it in various stages of alteration. By the seventeenth century, the place had become Lutheran and in the following 200 years the community's religious confidence expressed itself architecturally, through continual improvements. A church tower with baroque spire was raised and the interior refurbished with an upper-storey balcony with pews on three sides.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000118.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Cellular Replication", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Mitotic phase", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Telophase", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Anaphase", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Metaphase", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Prophase", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Growth and preparation for mitosis", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "econd growth", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "phase", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "DNA replication", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Growth", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "normal", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "and", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "metabolic", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "roles", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Cellular Cycle and Replication", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "Growth and the Creation of Life", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "One of the characteristics of living things is the ability to replicate and passon genetic information to the next generation. Cell division in individual bacteria and archaea usually occurs by binary fission. Mitochondria and chloroplasts also replicate by binary fission, which is evidence of the evolutionary relationship between these organelles and prokaryotes.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Cell division in eukaryotes is more complex. It requires the cell to manage acomplicated process of duplicating the nucleus, other organelles, and multiple linear chromosomes. It is controlled in the cell cycle, which is divided into three parts: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. We spilt those further for ease of study. Let's start with interphase, which is broken into three stages. In the first growth phase (G1), the cell grows and prepares to duplicate its DNA. In the synthesis phase (S), the chromosomes are replicated. In the second growth phase (G2), the cell prepares to divide.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "A step by step", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "guide to growing a human!", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "Mitosis and Meiosis", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "Similiar processes with VERY different results!", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "66", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000049.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 9", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "The post-World War II period saw women participating in formal politics and even attempting to form a political party and an alliance supporting President Ramon Magsaysay's candidacy for the presidency (He served as president from 1953 to 1957), while the advent of the martial law period in 1972 witnessed feminist movements. Roces (2012, 6) attributes this to the burgeoning student movement and activism, so much so that by the time Marcos declared martial law, women were prepared to take on the resistance. Though inspired by North America's second-wave feminists, Filipino women were also drawn to the era's discourses and contexts, such as the Vietnam War and the civil rights movement.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The women's movement continued to flourish in the Cory Aquino regime (1986\u20131992). The democratic transition provided political opportunity structures and venues ensuring women's access to the state and nonstate spheres. The drafting of the 1987 Constitution was one such opportunity. The movement managed to advocate for important provisions paving the way for women's rights legislation from the 1980s to the present. The provision in the 1987 Constitution mandates the state to recognize \u201cthe role of women in nation building and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of men and women\" (Article 2, Section 14). This provision is said to be unique and is not even found in other countries' charters (Masilungan n.d.).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The post-Marcos period advanced the participation of women not only in civil society and nongovernment organizations but also in formal politics and bureaucracy. Several women from the movement joined formal politics, while others were invited by the Aquino and Ramos governments (1992\u20131998) to executive posts. The entry of women activists, NGO leaders, and those from the academe ensured that the new democracy would significantly help push measures promoting women's rights and gender equality. The House of Representative (HOR) and Philippine Commission on Women (PCW)'s \"How to Be a Gender-Responsive Legislator\" (2021, 52) listed several recent laws responding to women's empowerment and gender equality.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Republic Act No. 11313: Safe Spaces Act (April 17, 2019)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Republic Act No. 11210: 105-Day Expanded Maternity Leave Law (March 11, 2019)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000063.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "The other potentially invasive fouler is the tropical American Mytilopsis sallei and M. adamsi which has been recorded invasive in Singapore, Australia, Thailand among other regions. While they are recorded from the Manila South Harbor, there is no evidence that it is invasive as it exists in low abundances.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "A", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "B", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "C", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "D", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "E", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "F", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "G", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "H", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "J", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "K", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "L", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Figure 3. Non-indigenous macrofoulers from Manila Bay with IAS, Mytilopsis sallei and Mytella strigata (=charruana). (From Trinidad et al 2019)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Newer estimates (2021) on the number of possible IAS in Manila Bay is likely more than 30 species based on more intensive biofouling ecological monitoring and the use environmental DNA in detecting species. When research started in 2006 on IAS in Manila Bay, 3 species were initially observed.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000101.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "[markets] build loyalty and\u2014more important-make people want to extend themselves to the degree that corporations need today: to be flexible, concerned, and willing to pitch in. That's what a social relationship delivers.\" (page 90)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Hence, in the less-predictable world of Homo sapiens, businesses must decide the extent to which they participate with their employees and customers in monetary and/or social markets.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "As a follow-on to Heyman and Ariely's (2004) experiments exploring the payment-effort trade-off, Vohs et al. (2006) sought to understand the behavioral psychology underscoring the trade-off. In its most general terms, the authors' hypothesis is that money makes Homo sapiens feel self-sufficient and behave accordingly. When reminded of money, people desire to be free from dependency upon others and prefer that others not depend upon them. Vohs et al. designed several experiments to test this hypothesis from a variety of angles.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "In one experiment, the authors found that participants (a sample of University of Minnesota students) who were reminded about money-both Monopoly money and real money\u2014in the context of a series of word descrambling tasks worked longer at the tasks than participants in a non-money- 25 primed control group before requesting help from the experimenter. In subsequent experiments with different groups of students, Vohs et al. found that (1) participants in a high-money treatment worked significantly longer than participants in a low-money treatment before asking for help from another available participant, (2) participants in a money-primed treatment volunteered to help code fewer data sheets than did participants in the non-money-primed control condition, (3) participants in a high-money treatment volunteered to gather fewer pencils that had spilled onto the floor than did participants in a low-money treatment, and (4) participants in a money-primed treatment donated significantly less money to a university student fund than participants in the non-money primed control. Three final experiments tested the effects of money on social intimacy, desire to engage in leisure activities alone, and preference to work alone. As expected, participants who were primed with money ahead of time were subsequently less socially intimate and exhibited a stronger preference for engaging in leisure activities and working alone.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "So yes, Vohs et al.'s experiments suggest that money makes Homo sapiens feel self-sufficient and behave accordingly.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "PRICE AND THE PLACEBO EFFECT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Is it possible that the magnitudes of placebo effects experienced by Homo sapiens (e.g., through medical therapies or medications) are somehow influenced by the prices we pay for them? To investigate this possibility, Waber et al. (2008) studied the effect of price on a group of Homo sapiens' analgesic responses to placebo pills. Over 80 healthy volunteers in Boston, MA were recruited via an online advertisement to participate in a field experiment where each participant was informed by a brochure about a purported new opioid analgesic recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The opioid was described as similar to codeine but with a faster onset time. In reality, and not disclosed to the participants, the pill was a placebo. After randomization, half of the participants were informed that the drug had a regular price of $2.50 per pill (\u201cregular price\u201d), and half of the participants that", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "25. The descrambling task consisted of 30 sets of five jumbled words. Participants created sensible phrases using four of the five words. In the control and play-money treatment, the phrases primed neutral concepts (e.g., \u201ccold it desk outside is\" became \"it is cold outside\"). In the real-money treatment, 15 of the phrases primed the concept of money (e.g., \"high a salary desk paying\" became \"a high-paying salary\"), whereas the remaining 15 were neutral phrases. Participants in the play- money treatment were primed with money by a stack of Monopoly money in their visual periphery while completing the neutral descrambling task.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "220 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000085.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "LAW LIBRARY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "June 2023", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "LL File No. 2023-022255", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "LRA-D-PUB-002612", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate (202) 707-5080 \u2022 law@loc.gov \u2022 http://www.law.gov", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000181.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Upstage aims to enrich your business by providing Easy-to-Apply Al solutions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Our Purpose", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Making Al Beneficial", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Our Mission", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Easy-to-apply Al, Everywhere", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "What We Do", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Providing the world's best and easy-to-use", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Al solutions for everyone", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Plug-and-play to cross/multi-cloud system", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Ensuring performance tailored to customer data via retraining", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Providing a platform that allows easy distribution and management of Al solutions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Al consulting service to help Al transformation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000171.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Contents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Acknowledgment of CountryV
Accessibility Informationvi
Acknowledgmentsvii
About the Authorsviii
Introduction1
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Part I. Chapter One - Exploring Your Data", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Section 1.1: Data and Types of Statistical Variables3
Section 1.2: Descriptive Statistics5
Section 1.3: Missing Data6
Section 1.4: Checking Values7
Section 1.5: Normality8
Section 1.6: Outliers9
Section 1.7: Chapter One Self-Test10
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Part II. Chapter Two - Test Statistics, p Values, Confidence Intervals and Effect Sizes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Section 2.1: p Values12
Section 2.2: Significance13
Section 2.3: Confidence Intervals14
Section 2.4: Effect Sizes16
Section 2.5: Statistical Power17
Section 2.6: Chapter Two Self-Test18
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Part III. Chapter Three - Comparing Two Group Means", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Section 3.1: Looking at Group Differences20
Section 3.2: Between Versus Within Groups Analysis21
Section 3.3: Independent T-test Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up22
Section 3.4: Paired T-test Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up25
Section 3.5: Chapter Three Self-Test27
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Part IV. Chapter Four - Comparing Associations Between Two Variables", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Section 4.1: Examining Relationships29
Section 4.2: Correlation Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up31
Section 4.3: Chapter Four Self-Test33
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000167.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "The acidic cations adsorbed on the negative exchange sites are called the reserve (also residual or potential) and salt- replaceable (also exchangeable) acidity. The reserve and salt-replaceable acidity controls the level of soluble or active acidity in the soil solution. Only the active acidity is measured in a routine pH determination. The reserve and salt- replaceable acidity is always many times higher than the active acidity.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "A soil is acid when hydrogen ions predominate in the soil. The degree of acidity is expressed in terms of pH, which is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity. Therefore, the pH of a 0.01-molar hydrogen ion solution is", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "pH=-log(\\frac{10^{-2}mol~H^{+}}{L})=2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "At pH 7, the concentration of H+ ions and OH- ions are equal, and the soil or solution is neutral. At pH values less than 7, the soil is acid; at values more than 7, the soil is alkaline. Most soils vary in pH from about 4 to 10. Soils in areas with high rainfall are generally acid with a pH less than 7. Soils developed in high-lime deposits often will be alkaline. Soils high in calcium seldom have pH values higher than 7.5, but the presence of large amounts of calcium carbonate may cause the pH to be as high as 8.5. Where the pH is higher than 8.5, an excess of sodium is highly probable.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "The most desirable soil pH for most crops in Kansas is 6.8. However, crops like blueberries need a lower pH, and other crops, like alfalfa, need a higher pH. At soil pH less than 5.8, several problems may occur:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Al and Mn toxicity", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Inhibited growth of N-fixing bacteria", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Possible deficiencies in Mg and/or Ca.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "\u2022 P deficiency (P reacts with Fe and Al)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "\u2022 At more than pH 7.5, other problems may occur:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Deficiency of Fe, Mn, Cu, or Zn", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "\u2022 P deficiency (P reacts with Ca)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Buffering Capacity", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Buffering capacity is a measure of the soil's ability to resist a change in pH, directly related to the magnitude of the exchange capacity. Small fluctuations in acid or base content can occur without a noticeable pH change as cations are adsorbed or released from the exchange complex. Soils with the largest cation exchange capacity have the greatest buffering of a pH change. In other words, two soils may have the same pH (active acidity in soil solution), but the one with the largest cation exchange capacity will have the most acidity stored in reserve and therefore the highest buffering capacity or ability to resist a change in pH. For this reason, it takes less lime to increase the pH of a sandy soil (low CEC) by a given amount than it takes to increase the pH of a clay soil (higher CEC) the same amount.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Sources of Soil Acidity", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Controlling soil pH is vital to optimal use and productivity of soils. Adding lime is the most effective and practical way to raise the pH of acid soils. Elemental sulfur, iron sulfate, or aluminum sulfate can be used to reduce soil pH. Because acidity is a concern in Kansas, we will focus on raising soil pH. Understanding the following equations should help you understand the sources of soil acidity and soil reactions to lime.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "124 Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000185.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "arXiv:2312.15166v3 [cs.CL] 4 Apr 2024", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "SOLAR 10.7B: Scaling Large Language Models with Simple yet Effective Depth Up-Scaling", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Dahyun Kim*, Chanjun Park*\u2020, Sanghoon Kim*\u2020, Wonsung Lee*\u2020, Wonho Song* Yunsu Kim*, Hyeonwoo Kim*, Yungi Kim, Hyeonju Lee, Jihoo Kim Changbae Ahn, Seonghoon Yang, Sukyung Lee, Hyunbyung Park, Gyoungjin Gim", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Mikyoung Cha, Hwalsuk Lee\u2020, Sunghun Kim", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Upstage AI, South Korea", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "{kdahyun, chanjun.park, limerobot, wonsung.lee, hwalsuk.lee, hunkim}@upstage.ai", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Abstract", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "We introduce SOLAR 10.7B, a large language model (LLM) with 10.7 billion parameters, demonstrating superior performance in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. In- spired by recent efforts to efficiently up-scale LLMs, we present a method for scaling LLMS called depth up-scaling (DUS), which encom- passes depthwise scaling and continued pre- training. In contrast to other LLM up-scaling methods that use mixture-of-experts, DUS does not require complex changes to train and infer- ence efficiently. We show experimentally that DUS is simple yet effective in scaling up high- performance LLMs from small ones. Building on the DUS model, we additionally present SO- LAR 10.7B-Instruct, a variant fine-tuned for instruction-following capabilities, surpassing Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct. SOLAR 10.7B is pub- licly available under the Apache 2.0 license, promoting broad access and application in the LLM field 1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "1 Introduction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "The field of natural language processing (NLP) has been significantly transformed by the introduc- tion of large language models (LLMs), which have enhanced our understanding and interaction with human language (Zhao et al., 2023). These ad- vancements bring challenges such as the increased need to train ever larger models (Rae et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2023; Pan et al., 2023; Lian, 2023; Yao et al., 2023; Gesmundo and Maile, 2023) ow- ing to the performance scaling law (Kaplan et al., 2020; Hernandez et al., 2021; Anil et al., 2023; Kaddour et al., 2023). To efficiently tackle the above, recent works in scaling language models such as a mixture of experts (MoE) (Shazeer et al., 2017; Komatsuzaki et al., 2022) have been pro- posed. While those approaches are able to effi-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "*Equal Contribution Corresponding Author https://huggingface.co/upstage/", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "SOLAR-10.7B-v1.0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "ciently and effectively scale-up LLMs, they often require non-trivial changes to the training and infer- ence framework (Gale et al., 2023), which hinders widespread applicability. Effectively and efficiently scaling up LLMs whilst also retaining the simplic- ity for ease of use is an important problem (Alberts et al., 2023; Fraiwan and Khasawneh, 2023; Sallam et al., 2023; Bahrini et al., 2023).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Inspired by Komatsuzaki et al. (2022), we present depth up-scaling (DUS), an effective and efficient method to up-scale LLMs whilst also re- maining straightforward to use. DUS consists of scaling the number of layers in the base model and continually pretraining the scaled model. Unlike (Komatsuzaki et al., 2022), DUS does not scale the model using MoE and rather use a depthwise scaling method analogous to Tan and Le (2019) which is adapted for the LLM architecture. Thus, there are no additional modules or dynamism as with MoE, making DUS immediately compatible with easy-to-use LLM frameworks such as Hug- gingFace (Wolf et al., 2019) with no changes to the training or inference framework for maximal efficiency. Furthermore, DUS is applicable to all transformer architectures, opening up new gate- ways to effectively and efficiently scale-up LLMs in a simple manner. Using DUS, we release SO- LAR 10.7B, an LLM with 10.7 billion parameters, that outperforms existing models like Llama 2 (Tou- vron et al., 2023) and Mistral 7B (Jiang et al., 2023) in various benchmarks.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "We have also developed SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, a variant fine-tuned for tasks requiring strict adher- ence to complex instructions. It significantly out- performs the Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct model across various evaluation metrics, evidencing an advanced proficiency that exceeds the capabilities of even larger models in terms of benchmark performance.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "By releasing SOLAR 10.7B under the Apache 2.0 license, we aim to promote collaboration and in- novation in NLP. This open-source approach allows", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000090.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "The Law Library of Congress", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
JurisdictionGATS XVII | ForeignRestrictions on ForeignForeign
ReservationOwnershipOwnershipOwnership
(1994)PermittedReporting Requirements
right required to acquire desert lands. No restrictions on lands
in Investment Zones,
Technological Zones, or Free
Zones.
FinlandNYPrior approval for a foreigner's purchase of certain businesses
may be required when it includes land purchase and the purchase of business or land interferes with vital interests
for Finland; prior approval from the Government of \u00c5land is required for acquisitions within the autonomous region of \u00c5land.
FranceNYNone.
GermanyNYNone.
GreeceNYPrior approval required for purchase by non-European
Union and non-European Free Trade Association natural and legal persons of real estate located in border areas.
IndiaNYProhibition on acquisition of land by citizens of Pakistan,
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, China, Iran,
Nepal, and Bhutan, except for one residential property for self-occupation and one
property for carrying out self-
employment for long-term visa
holders residing in India who
are citizens of Afghanistan,
Bangladesh or Pakistan and
belong to minority religions in
those countries, subject to
conditions; nonresident foreign nationals not of Indian origin, except for inheritance from a
resident; and of agricultural land by diplomatic personnel,
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000196.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "duces model scaling in the vertical dimension. No- tably, DUS does not introduce dynamism in the scaled model, which significantly reduces the com- plexity when compared to MoE. This shift in ap- proach offers a unique and more straightforward way of working, moving away from conventional MoE challenges. Not only that, DUS also under- goes continued pretraining to quickly recover per- formance of the scaled model.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "B.3 Prompt Engineering", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "A key research area to harness the emergent abil- ities of LLMs is prompt engineering. Prompt en- gineering is the study of how to design inputs (prompts) that enable LLMs to better perform spe- cific tasks. A prime example of this research is Chain-of-Thought (CoT) (Wei et al., 2022b), which proposes CoT prompting that decomposes multi-step problems into a series of intermedi- ate reasoning steps. Moreover, efforts are under- way to replace even such prompt engineering with LLMs (Yang et al., 2023).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "B.4 Instruction Tuning", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "To enhance the steerability of LLMs, instruction tuning (Wei et al., 2021) has emerged as a learning technique. This involves fine-tuning LLMs using data formatted as (instruction, input, output) for various tasks (Wang et al., 2022). Instruction tuning allows for targeted adjustments, providing a more controlled and task-oriented improvement to the model's capabilities.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Before instruction tuning, existing methods faced challenges in effectively guiding and control- ling the behavior of large language models (Zhang et al., 2023). The sheer complexity of these models made it difficult to ensure precise and task-oriented responses. The need for a more targeted approach arose from the limitations of existing methods, lead- ing to the development of instruction tuning. This targeted approach enables better control over the model's behavior, making it more suitable for spe- cific tasks and improving its overall performance in alignment with user-defined objectives. Therefore, instruction tuning is computationally efficient and facilitates the rapid adaptation of LLMs to a spe- cific domain without requiring extensive retraining or architectural changes.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "B.5 Alignment Tuning", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "LLM has been observed to generate sentences that may be perceived as linguistically incongruent by", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "human readers since they learned not human inten- tion, but only vast knowledge across various do- mains in the pretraining step (Ziegler et al., 2019). To overcome this limitation and align with human intentions, previous research (Ziegler et al., 2019) have proposed Reinforcement Learning with Hu- man Feedback (RLHF). RLHF operates by learning a reward model based on human preferences, em- ploying reinforcement learning to guide the LLM towards prioritizing answers with the highest re- ward scores. This process enhances the safety, propriety, and overall quality of the generated re- sponses. Despite demonstrating satisfactory per- formance, RLHF encounters challenges such as managing numerous hyperparameters and necessi- tating the incorporation of multiple models (policy, value, reward, and reference models).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "In response to these challenges, the supervised fine-tuning based approaches have proposed, such as Rank Responses to align Human Feedback (RRHF) (Yuan et al., 2023), Reward ranked Fine- Tuning (RAFT) (Dong et al., 2023), and Direct Policy Optimization (DPO) (Intel, 2023). They avoid the complexities associated with reinforce- ment learning while achieving empirical perfor- mance comparable to RLHF. Among them, DPO that we used directly guides the LLM to increase the probability of positive responses and decrease the probability of negative responses through a \"di- rect\" approach. Interestingly, DPO demonstrates more stable learning results compared to RLHF, despite its simple training approach.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "B.6 Data Contamination", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Recent researches (Zhou et al., 2023; Sainz et al., 2023; Golchin and Surdeanu, 2023; Deng et al., 2023) emphasize the need to measure whether a specific benchmark was used to train the large lan- guage models. There are three types of the data contamination: guideline, raw text and annota- tion (Sainz et al., 2023). Guideline contamination occurs when a model accesses detailed annotation guidelines for a dataset, providing advantages in specific tasks, and its impact should be considered, especially in zero and few-shot evaluations. Raw text contamination occurs when a model has ac- cess to the original text. Wikipedia is widely used as a pretraining data, but also as a source for cre- ating new datasets. The caution is advised in the development of automatically annotated datasets sourced from the web. Annotation contamina-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000141.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "10 THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "COPYRIGHT \u266b", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "COPYRIGHT PROTECTS CREATIVE WORK YOURS, MINE, EVERYONE'S!", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "BUT COPYRIGHT DOESN'T COVER EVERYTHING", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "We're all both consumers and creators of creative work. As consumers, we watch movies, listen to music, read books, and more! As creators, we take photos, write songs, make videos, etc.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "!", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Copyright protects creative work, so people can't generally copy or share or perform other people's work without permission.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Copyright comes from the Constitution. Its purpose is to promote more creativity. The idea is that letting each of us decide what happens to our own creations will encourage us to keep creating.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Copyright gives a lot of protection, but it also has limitations. Not everything gets copyright protection. Facts and ideas are not protected by copyright, neither are US Government documents, like NASA photos and reports by federal agencies.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Another limitation of copyright is \"fair use,\" which allows us to copy and re-use copyrighted work without the artist's permission in certain, limited ways that are still fair to the creator.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "When you re-use portions of someone else's work for a school project-like using images or songs for a presentation in class-that's a fair use situation. You don't need the author's permission.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "All creative work is protected by copyright as soon as it's written down or recorded or saved-and not just work by professional artists or big studios. Copyright protects all of us-our photos on Instagram and everything we write or create.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "9", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "Copyright protection doesn't last forever. Eventually it expires, and the creative work falls into the \"public domain.\" Works in the public domain are free to re-use and share however you want.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "If you copy or share other people's creative works without permission, that's called copyright infringement. Examples:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Downloading music, movies, ebooks, or games from illegal sources that operate without artists' permission.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "Uploading your collection of music, movies, ebooks, or games for your friends to copy.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "Copyright infringement is illegal and carries serious penalties.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "CC", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "Some creators are happy to share their creative work. They use a licensing system for sharing called Creative Commons. You can find millions of CC work that are free to share or re-use.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "Copyrightand Creativity.org", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "C", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000046.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Political Parties, Candidates Registration and Election Campaign", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Table: Provisional Results of Registration of Candidates on 8 March 2022^{21} and Official Results of Registration of Candidates on 29 April 2022^{22}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
No.Political partyProvisional registration result on 7 MarchOfficial registration 29 Aprilresult onDifference in the number of candidates
Number of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidatesNumber of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidates
1Cambodian People's Party1,65228,0081,65228,0080
2Candlelight Party1,64923,6791,62323,939+260
3Funcinpec Party7159,4076809,952+545
4Khmer National United Party6508,3405968,815+475
5Cambodian National Love Party3884,6343155,050+416
6Cambodian National's Party3103,9802453,956-24
7Cambodian Youth Party1161,8241141,8240
8Khmer Will Party671,000581,050+50
9Cambodian Reform Party5882359978+155
10Kampucheaniyum Party3964238658+16
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "21 https://www.nec.gov.kh/khmer/content/5393", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "22 https://www.nec.gov.kh/khmer/content/5525", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "23", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000107.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Print vs. Digital", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Why do some researchers abhor digital and favor print, or vice-versa? The classic print vs. digital debate was necessary for us to understand readers' preferences with each", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Q11 What factors influence your choice of print? (select all that apply) Answered: 80 Skipped: 24", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "format.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Convenience", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Reading", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "experience", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Workflow", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "(managing...", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Habit/personal", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "preference", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Access options", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "via my library", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Other (please specify)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Q12 What factors influence your choice of digital? (select all that apply)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Answered: 80 Skipped: 24", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Convenience", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "Reading", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "experience", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Workflow", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "(managing...", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "Habit/personal preference", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "Access options", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "via my library", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "Other (please specify)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "0% 10% 20%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "Online Survey | 39", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000153.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "CHAPTER 7.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "TEXAS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "MICHELLE REED", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "COURSE MARKING DRIVERS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "I've worked at the University of Texas at Arlington (UTA) for the last three years as Open Education Librarian and was recently promoted to the leadership team as Director of Open Educational Resources following a half-million-dollar investment in OER from university administration. It was in my first year as Open Education Librarian that the Texas Legislature passed Senate Bill 810 (SB810), which requires institutions of higher education across the state to provide searchable information to students about OER-only courses. A strong definition of OER was provided:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\"teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under an intellectual property license that allows for free use, reuse, modification, and sharing with others, including full courses, course materials, modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests, software, and any other tools, materials, or techniques used to support access to knowledge.\u201d", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "However, Texas was not given a very long implementation window. The bill passed in June 2017, effective immediately, with a compliance deadline of Spring 2018. We in higher education know a change of this scope, and impacting as many stakeholders as course marking does, takes longer. A recent survey commissioned by the Digital Higher Education Consortium of Texas (DigiTex) and administered in May 2019 shows only 59 respondents of the 158 two-and four-year institutions that received the statewide survey have a course marking solution in place. The findings were presented in Open Educational Resources (OER) in Texas Higher Education, 2019.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "1. Jimes, C., Karaglani, A., Petrides, L., Rios, J., Sebesta, J., & Torre, K. (2019). Open Educational Resources (OER) in Texas Higher Education, 2019. Austin, TX: Digital Higher Education Consortium of Texas and Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board; Half Moon Bay, CA: Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "PRICE TRANSPARENCY 17", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000140.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "There is no question that fishing is the major factor driving grouper stocks on the downward spiral, but those that have large spawning aggregations are most vulnerable to declines (Coleman et al. 1996; Asch and Erisman 2018; Sadovy de Mitcheson et al. 2020). Because it takes a long time for scientists to obtain needed life history information, fisheries- independent survey data, and catch history, grouper populations may be overfished long before data are even available for a stock assessment. Without formal stock assessments, general indicators of population status are based on catch trends. Very few grouper stocks that have spawning aggregations are managed sustainably. In a recent global analysis of the status of populations that form spawning aggregations, 45% were unknown, 33% were decreasing, and 5% were already gone (Figure 13.5). Only 12% had stable populations, and 5% were increasing.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Same 12%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Increasing 5%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Gone 5%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Decreasing 33%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Unknown 45%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Figure 13.5: Current known status reflecting changes of exploited grouper aggregations globally, as noted by fisher interviews, monitoring, or underwater surveys (N=509). Long description.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Of the 167 species of grouper, 9.6% are vulnerable, 4.8% are near threatened, 1.2% are endangered, and 0.6% are critically endangered (Figure 13.6). The majority of species (68.9%) are classified as least concern and 15% are data deficient, with insufficient data for classification. The larger (>50 cm total length) and long-lived (>20 years) species of grouper that also had smaller geographic ranges were most likely to be endangered or critically endangered (Luiz et al. 2016). Market prices for grouper are escalating, and other lower-valued fish are often mislabeled or substituted.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Critically endangered", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Endangered 1%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "1%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Data deficient 15%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Vulnerable 9%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Least concern 69%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Near threatened 5%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Figure 13.6: Categories of all grouper species (N=167) according to the IUCN Red List (IUCN Red List Assessments, updated November 2018). Long description.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "To protect grouper from overfishing, many measures are being implemented, such as minimum and slot-size limits, recreational bag limits, commercial fishing quotas, gear and seasonal controls, marine protected areas, and limited entry (Rocklin et al. 2022). The effectiveness will depend on traits of the species and the local context. Regulations to prevent marketing of undersize fish will mitigate growth overfishing. Allowing smaller fish to reach maturity at least once before harvest will mitigate recruitment overfishing. Size-limit regulations focused on protecting spawning-size fish may be ineffective for deepwater recreational fishing. Grouper have a physoclistous (i.e., closed) swim bladder, making them particularly susceptible to ruptured swim bladders, bloating, stomach distention, and protruding eyes caused by rapid decompression when hauled to the surface (Brul\u00e9 et al. 2015). The proportion of grouper with distended stomachs was 70% in one study of commercial hook-and-line fishing and as high as 95% for Red", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "312 Grouper and Spawning Aggregations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000194.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Peihao Wang, Rameswar Panda, Lucas Torroba Hen- nigen, Philip Greengard, Leonid Karlinsky, Roge- rio Feris, David Daniel Cox, Zhangyang Wang, and Yoon Kim. 2023. Learning to grow pretrained mod- els for efficient transformer training. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.00980.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Yizhong Wang, Yeganeh Kordi, Swaroop Mishra, Al- isa Liu, Noah A Smith, Daniel Khashabi, and Han- naneh Hajishirzi. 2022. Self-instruct: Aligning lan- guage model with self generated instructions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2212.10560.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Jason Wei, Maarten Bosma, Vincent Y Zhao, Kelvin Guu, Adams Wei Yu, Brian Lester, Nan Du, An- drew M Dai, and Quoc V Le. 2021. Finetuned lan- guage models are zero-shot learners. arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.01652.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Jason Wei, Yi Tay, Rishi Bommasani, Colin Raffel, Barret Zoph, Sebastian Borgeaud, Dani Yogatama, Maarten Bosma, Denny Zhou, Donald Metzler, et al. 2022a. Emergent abilities of large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2206.07682.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc V Le, Denny Zhou, et al. 2022b. Chain-of-thought prompting elicits rea- soning in large language models. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 35:24824\u201324837.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Thomas Wolf, Lysandre Debut, Victor Sanh, Julien Chaumond, Clement Delangue, Anthony Moi, Pier- ric Cistac, Tim Rault, R\u00e9mi Louf, Morgan Funtowicz, et al. 2019. Huggingface's transformers: State-of- the-art natural language processing. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.03771.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Prateek Yadav, Derek Tam, Leshem Choshen, Colin Raffel, and Mohit Bansal. 2023. Ties-merging: Re- solving interference when merging models. In Thirty- seventh Conference on Neural Information Process- ing Systems.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Chengrun Yang, Xuezhi Wang, Yifeng Lu, Hanxiao Liu, Quoc V Le, Denny Zhou, and Xinyun Chen. 2023. Large language models as optimizers. arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.03409.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Yiqun Yao, Zheng Zhang, Jing Li, and Yequan Wang. 2023. 2x faster language model pre-training via masked structural growth. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.02869.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Longhui Yu, Weisen Jiang, Han Shi, Jincheng Yu, Zhengying Liu, Yu Zhang, James T Kwok, Zhen- guo Li, Adrian Weller, and Weiyang Liu. 2023. Metamath: Bootstrap your own mathematical ques- tions for large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.12284.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Zheng Yuan, Hongyi Yuan, Chuanqi Tan, Wei Wang, Songfang Huang, and Fei Huang. 2023. Rrhf: Rank responses to align language models with human feedback without tears. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.05302.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Rowan Zellers, Ari Holtzman, Yonatan Bisk, Ali Farhadi, and Yejin Choi. 2019. Hellaswag: Can a machine really finish your sentence? In Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 4791-4800.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Shengyu Zhang, Linfeng Dong, Xiaoya Li, Sen Zhang, Xiaofei Sun, Shuhe Wang, Jiwei Li, Runyi Hu, Tian- wei Zhang, Fei Wu, et al. 2023. Instruction tuning for large language models: A survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.10792.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Wayne Xin Zhao, Kun Zhou, Junyi Li, Tianyi Tang, Xiaolei Wang, Yupeng Hou, Yingqian Min, Beichen Zhang, Junjie Zhang, Zican Dong, et al. 2023. A survey of large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.18223.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Kun Zhou, Yutao Zhu, Zhipeng Chen, Wentong Chen, Wayne Xin Zhao, Xu Chen, Yankai Lin, Ji-Rong Wen, and Jiawei Han. 2023. Don't make your Ilm an evaluation benchmark cheater. arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.01964.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Daniel M Ziegler, Nisan Stiennon, Jeffrey Wu, Tom B Brown, Alec Radford, Dario Amodei, Paul Chris- tiano, and Geoffrey Irving. 2019. Fine-tuning lan- guage models from human preferences. arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.08593.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000081.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Jailed for Doing Business", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "TABLE 22: COMMERCIAL LAWS WITH MORE THAN 100 IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
LawUnion/State ruleImprisonment clauses
Arms Act, 1959 and Arms Rules 2016Union152
Food Safety & Standards Act, 2006 &
Food Safety and Standards (LicensingUnion123
and Registration of Food Businesses)
Regulations, 2011
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Source: TeamLease Regtech", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "TABLE 23: IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND SAFETY LAWS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Imprisonment term Number of clausesNumber of laws
Less than 3 months 15035
3 months to less than 1 year 19914
1 year to less than 3 years 32616
3 years to less than 5 years 35722
5 years to less than 10 years 14727
More than 10 years 00
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Source: TeamLease Regtech", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "NOTE: The inconsistency in number of laws is because a single law could have multiple clauses on criminality; it could have a few clauses of less than three months and few of between three and five years.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "78", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000197.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "tion occurs when the annotations of the specific benchmark are exposed during model training.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "C Additional Information", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "We present additional information for the sake of space in the main paper.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Filtered task names. We present task names we use to filter FLAN dervied datasets such as OpenOrca in Table 8.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Filtered Task Name
task228_arc_answer_generation_easy
ai2_arcARCChallenge:1.0.0
ai2_arcARCEasy:1.0.0
task229_arc_answer_generation_hard
hellaswag:1.1.0
task1389_hellaswag_completion
cot_gsm8k
cot_gsm8k_ii
drop:2.0.0
winogrande:1.1.0
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Table 8: Task names that we use to filter data for FLAN derived datasets such as OpenOrca.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
0.06N/A0.150.28N/A0.70
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Table 9: Data contamination test results for SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct. We show 'result < 0.1, %' values where a value higher than 0.9 indicates high probability of data contamination. HellaSwag and Winogrande datasets are not currently supported. We set SOLAR 10.7B as our reference model when performing the data contamina- tion tests.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Results on data contamination. To show the in- tegrity of SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, we also report the data contamination test (Shi et al., 2023) results in Table. 9. All four tested benchmark datasets yield results well below the contamination thresh- old, affirming the absence of data contamination in our model. One interesting point is that the value for GSM8K is noticeably higher than for other datasets, even without contamination. One potential reason for this is the stronger data similar- ity in math-related instruction datasets.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000147.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "ECO", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Circle", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "3. RECOLLECTION OF NATIONAL INITIATIVES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Co-funded by the European Union", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Partners were also asked to recollect initiatives from their respective countries that represented the core values and practices of a Circular Economy or Social Entrepreneurship:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
SourceYearDescription of the initiativeCircular Economy
(doc, report, etc.)issues addressed
Eco-Ecole Program https://www.ec o-ecole.org/le- programme/2005Eco-Ecole instructions offers for teaching teams to deploy effectively sustainable
Eco-Ecole is the French version of Eco-Schools, an international program for education in sustainable development (ESD), developed by the Foundation for Environmental Education. The Teragir association launched the Eco-School program in 2005. The program aims to help students better understand the world around them in order to flourish and participate in it.development from kindergarten to high school.
Horsnormes https://horsnor mes.co/ Fondation Terre Solidaire (Solidarity Earth Foundation) https://fondatio n-2020 2016Horsnormes is a website which provide baskets of fruits and vegetables that are directly collected from farmers. It helps farmers to gain money while the consumers pay a faire price in exchange of the product, which foster the reduction of food waste. The Terre Solidaire Foundation was created in 2016 by CCFD-Terre Solidaire to act, particularly in France, in the face of the two major challenges of our time: the massive degradation of our environment (including biodiversity and climate), and theWaste reduction of fruits and vegetables. Support and encourage initiatives carried out by citizen mobilizations and actors of the social and solidarity economy in the
terresolidaire.o rg/quest-ce- que-need to building a fairer and more ecologically responsible society. The association remains mobilized on itsdesign, implementation, dissemination and
experimentation of
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Project No:: 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000110.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "in the flow. There is also a transitional stage between laminar and turbulent flows, in which the dye stream will wander about and show intermittent bursts of mixing, followed by a more laminar behavior.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "The Reynolds number (Re), provides a useful way of characterizing the flow. It is defined as:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Re=\\frac{vd}{\\nu} ( 1 )", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "where (v) is the kinematic viscosity of the water (Figure 7.2), v is the mean flow velocity and d is the diameter of the pipe.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "The Reynolds number is a dimensionless parameter that is the ratio of the inertial (destabilizing) force to the viscosity (stabilizing) force. As Re increases, the inertial force becomes relatively larger, and the flow destabilizes and becomes fully turbulent.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "The Reynolds experiment determines the critical Reynolds number for pipe flow at which laminar flow (Re<2000) becomes transitional (20004000). The advantage of using a critical Reynolds number, instead of critical velocity, is that the results of the experiments are applicable to all Newtonian fluid flows in pipes with a circular cross- section.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Temperature (degree C)Kinematic viscosity v (m^{2}/s)Temperature (degree C)Kinematic viscosity v (m^{2}/s)
01.793E-06258.930E-07
11.732E-06268.760E-07
21.674E-06278.540E-07
31.619E-06288.360E-07
41.522E-06298.180E-07
51.520E-06308.020E-07
61.474E-06317.850E-07
71.429E-06327.690E-07
81.386E-06337.530E-07
91.346E-06347.380E-07
101.307E-06357.240E-07
111.270E-06367.110E-07
121.235E-06376.970E-07
131.201E-06386.840E-07
141.169E-06396.710E-07
151.138E-06406.580E-07
161.108E-06456.020E-07
171.080E-06505.540E-07
181.053E-06555.110E-07
191.027E-06604.760E-07
201.002E-06654.430E-07
219.780E-07704.130E-07
229.550E-07753.860E-07
239.330E-07803.630E-07
249.110E-07853.420E-07
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Figure 7.2: Kinematic Viscosity of Water at Atmospheric Pressure.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "EXPERIMENT #7: OSBORNE REYNOLDS' DEMONSTRATION 61", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000124.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Ontario Television Viewing in 2004", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "29%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "3%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "5%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "22%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "3%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Figure 2.9.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "A pie chart displaying 12", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "categories", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "of television", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": 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0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "14%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "Religion", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Variety and games Comedy", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Documentary", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "Seelend/or recreationaltruction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "Sports", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "Music and dance", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "Creme", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "Other television programmes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "too much", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "visual", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": ",", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "information", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "making it", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "hard to", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "read.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "False Causation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "Correlation does not imply causation.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "If you've ever taken a statistics or data analysis course, you have almost certainly come across this common phrase. It means that, just because two trends seem to fluctuate alongside each other, it doesn't prove that one causes the other or that they are related in a meaningful way.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "Review Figure below, which shows a line graph of the 2.10^{23}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "2. Statistics Canada. Table 37-10-0079-01 Registered apprenticeship training, registrations by major trade groups and sex. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.25318/3710007901-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": {"text": "3. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 39, "content": {"text": "46 | Misleading Data Visualizations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000034.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "xviii", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Prologue", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "So let's get rid of the expression derivative d/dt and replace it with an appropriate functional derivative. If f is a function then we will write Df as the new function that is the derivative of f:5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "(Df)(t)=\\frac{d}{dx}f(x)|_{x=t}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "To do this for the Lagrange equation we need to construct a function to take the derivative of.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Given a configuration-space path w, there is a standard way to make the state-space path. We can abstract this method as a mathematical function \u0393:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "\\Gamma[w](t)=(t,w(t),\\frac{d}{dt}w(t)) .", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Using \u0393 we can write:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "\\frac{d}{dt}((\\partial_{2}L)(\\Gamma[w](t)))-(\\partial_{1}L)(\\Gamma[w](t))=0 .", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "If we now define composition of functions (f\\circ g)(x)=f(g(x)), we can express the Lagrange equations entirely in terms of func- tions:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "D((\\partial_{2}L)\\circ(\\Gamma[w]))-(\\partial_{1}L)\\circ(\\Gamma[w])=0.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "The functions \\partial_{1}L and \\partial_{2}L are partial derivatives of the func- tion L. Composition with \\Gamma[w] evaluates these partials with coor- dinates and velocites appropriate for the path w, making functions of time. Applying D takes the time derivative. The Lagrange equation states that the difference of the resulting functions of time must be zero. This statement of the Lagrange equation is complete, unambiguous, and functional. It is not encumbered with the particular choices made in expressing the Lagrangian. For example, it doesn't matter if the time is named t or r, and it has an explicit place for the path to be tested.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "This expression is equivalent to a computer program:6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "An explanation of functional derivatives is in Appendix B, page 202. 6The programs in this book are written in Scheme, a dialect of Lisp. The details of the language are not germane to the points being made. What is important is that it is mechanically interpretable, and thus unambiguous. In this book we require that the mathematical expressions be explicit enough", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000142.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Numerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "also plays an important role in error analysis (investigating the difference between the numerical approximation and the solution).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Calculating with only a finite subset of the rational numbers has many consequences. For exam- ple: a computer cannot distinguish between two polynomials of sufficiently high degree. Conse- quently, methods based on the main theorem of algebra (i.e. that an nth degree polynomial has exactly n complex zeros) cannot be trusted. Errors that follow from the use of finitely many digits are called rounding errors (Section 1.4).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "An important aspect of numerical mathematics is the emphasis on efficiency. Contrary to or- dinary mathematics, numerical mathematics considers an increase in efficiency, i.e. a decrease of the number of operations and/or amount of storage required, as an essential improvement. Progress in this aspect is of great practical importance and the end of this development has not been reached yet. Here, the creative mind will meet many challenges. On top of that, revolutions in computer architecture will overturn much conventional wisdom.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "1.3 Why numerical mathematics?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "A big advantage of numerical mathematics is that it can provide answers to problems that do not admit closed-form solutions. Consider for example the integral", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "\\int_{0}^{\\pi}\\sqrt{1+cos^{2}x}dx .", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "This is an expression for the arc length of one arc of the curve y(x)=sin~x, which does not have a solution in closed form. A numerical method, however, can approximate this integral in a very simple way (Chapter 5). An additional advantage is that a numerical method only uses stan- dard function evaluations and the operations addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Because these are exactly the operations a computer can perform, numerical mathematics and computers form a perfect combination.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "An advantage of analytical methods is that the solution is given by a mathematical formula. From this, insight in the behavior and the properties of the solution can be gained. For numerical approximations, however, this is not the case. In that case, visualization tools may be used to gain insight in the behavior of the solution. Using a numerical method to draw a graph of a function is usually a more useful tool than evaluating the solution at a large number of points.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "1.4 Rounding errors", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "A computer uses a finite representation of the all numbers in R. These are stored in a computer in the form", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "\\pm0.d_{1}d_{2}...d_{n}\\cdot\\beta^{e},", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "(1.1)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "in which, by definition, d_{1}>0 and 0\\le d_{i}<\\beta. The normalization is needed in order to prevent a waste of digits and to make the representation unambiguous. We call the value in equation (1.1) a floating point number (representation) in which 0.d_{1}d_{2}...d_{n} is called the mantissa, \u1e9e the base and e (integer) the exponent, where L\n \n Executive Summary\n 4\n \n \n Legal Framework\n 6\n \n \n Election Administration\n 11\n \n \n Civil Society Engagement\n 15\n \n \n Political Parties, Candidates Registration and Election Campaign\n 18\n \n \n Media Freedom and Access to Information\n 25\n \n \n Voter Education and Awareness\n 29\n \n \n Participation of Marginalized Sectors\n 31\n \n \n Recommendations\n 39\n \n", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000011.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "84", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "BAIRD", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "SIRROB SHIRLEY From the Collection at Scbevith", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 4.11 A. Birrell, Sir Robert Shirley [graphic]. Engraving", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "on wove paper.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "PUBLISHED BY EDWARD HARDING, LONDON, 1799", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "knowledge about remote civilizations. There is an obvious cultural coincidence, for instance, between carpet-making and storytelling among nomadic peoples, which these stories convey through their intricate plot development. They also tell fascinat- ing stories about the the traffic in diamonds, gold, and spices between the Indies, China, Arabia, and Western Europe that still wait to be unveiled. Rather than looking at the things of the Nights as colorful details in Sheherazade's tales or protagonists in the fantastic stories they make for themselves, we could explore, instead, their role as as bearers of cultural knowledge unintentionally embedded in the fabric of the text. In such a reading, \u201chistorically and theo- retically overdetermined material charactersitics of objects are sought out beyond the immediate context in which they appear\"86 in order to", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "86", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Elaine Freedgood, \"Introduction: Reading Things,\" in The Idea in Things: Fugitive Meaning in the Victorian Novel (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 5-6.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "defetishize them and expose the power structures in which they are involved.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Thus, as Makdisi and Nussbaum sum up in their introduction to The Arabian Nights in Historical Context: Between East and West, \u201cthe Nights offered a particularly powerful vision of an Asiatic culture seemingly saturated with references to sensuality, extravagance, indulgence, violence, supernatural- ism, and eroticism [and] added a supernatural dimension to the Enlightenment; the tales offered an avenue into modernity through its magical op- posite, an alternative to European identity, and an antidote to neoclassicism.\u201d87 However, reading such imports as an expression of European pow- ers' disavowal of the East in order to \u201cjustify their conquest and rule over other peoples, particularly in Asia,\"88 is an oversimplification of a rather com- plicated process of cultural exchange. None of these descriptions of Arabia were caused by colo- nial \u201cdistortions,\u201d as Said feared, but by false attri- butions: \u201cArabian\u201d was a misnomer that rarely de- scribed Arabia itself. While fictional narratives like Arabian Nights' Entertainments represented Ara- bia as a land of magic and exorbitant riches, they were too far-fetched to be part of a Westerner's belief system during the Age of Reason; rather, they were popularized because their wild fiction- ality turned them into bestsellers at the time. Such stories competed with descriptions of the Arabi- an Peninsula by travelers and traders who had vis- ited the area and had unmediated contact with the local culture. However, while the Orientalist litera- ture described Arabia in terms that emphasized its exoticism, magic, superstitions, extravagance, wealth, eroticism, excess, and myriads of other pe- culiarities that contrasted it with the European normativity, travel narratives created an \u201cArabian\u201d identity that was generally congruent with the reality of the place.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "87", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "88", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Makdisi and Nussbaum, introduction to The Arabian Nights in Historical Context, 5. Ibid.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000160.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Other advice that might smooth the way for this exercise is to remind students right before they start that we aren't interested in what these organizations' websites say about themselves, but what they can learn about them from the rest of the internet. Encourage use of Wikipedia for this type of source research. Encourage them to slow down and to practice \"click restraint\u201d once they have Googled one of these orgs. What can they learn from looking at just the search results page, without clicking through to anything? What is the overall impression from a variety of results?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Center for Consumer Freedom: Many of the Google search results (with or without including the search term funding) indicate this is astroturing. A look at the Wikipedia page tells us that this org was started by a pretty well known PR guy and the sidebar lists their focus as \"represents the interests of restaurant and food companies\" and their method as \u201clobbying.\" National Consumers League: Students may note that it has been around since 1899, has no critical results on the first page of Google results, and even has an entry in the Encyclopedia Britannica.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u2022 One Fair Wage: a legitimately grass-roots effort to raise the minimum wage for restaurant workers. \u2022 Save Our Tips: This is one case where adding the word funding to the search helps a bit. If we do that we find sources indicating that this group is funded in part by the National Restaurant Association and a conservative strategy and consulting group. Not what you would expect for a grassroots effort lead by waitstaff.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "104 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000066.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "consumption onsite or offsite. Food Service Establishments (FSE) refers to the business engaged in the Food Service Industry. For purposes of the survey, the FSE is segmented into:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "full-service restaurants, with full menu and waiting service;", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "limited-service restaurants or quick service restaurants (QSR), with full menu but pay-as-you-order such as fast food or turo-turo types;", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "cafes/bars/pop-ups (selected menu with few chairs and tables);", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "kiosks and stalls (purely retail, to be consumed elsewhere); and catering or 100% home delivery.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Full-service restaurants, limited-service restaurants and cafes/bars/pop-ups may also offer \"to go\" or \"take away\u201d services.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Jollibee", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Max's", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Red Ribben", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Full service", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Limited Service", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Cafes, bars and Pop ups", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Kiosks and stalls", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "catering", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Figure 1. FSI Segmentation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "b.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Plastic. The Baseline Study looked into the extent of Plastic use of FSEs in Dasmari\u00f1as City. Plastics are categorized by food grade. The six food grades are 1) Polyethylene Terephthalate: clear, tough plastic such as soft drinks, juice and water, (2) High Density", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Polyethylene: white or colored plastic such as milk containers, (3) Polyvinyl Chloride: hard rigid clear plastic such as cordial bottles; (4) Low Density Polyethylene: soft, flexible such as squeezable bottles; 5) Polypropylene: hard but flexible plastics such as microwave ware; takeaway containers, some yogurt or jam containers and hinged lunch boxes, and (6) Polystyrene: rigid, brittle plastics such as small tubes and margarine or butter container. See Figure 1. Plastic litter found in the rivers are of categories 1-6. There are also other plastics that do not fall under food grade 1-6.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "9", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Filipino word for restaurants where a menu of cooked or ready-to-eat food are on display and clients point to their choice of food and pay as they take their food to their tables or ask for take-out packaging.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "Food grade plastics refer to plastic containers, tools or other supplies made of plastics that are cleared to be used for food preparation, handling, and service.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "18 Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000166.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Activity 5. Calculating versus estimating CEC", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "There are two ways you can calculate the CEC: the sum of cations method and the mineralogy method.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The Sum-of-Cations Method", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "If you have a soil analysis where the quantities of all cations in the soil are listed, simply summing all those exchangeable quantities will yield the CEC you found in the preceding problems.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "The \"Mineralogy\" Method", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "As you know from your reading and class discussion, clay minerals have a range of values for CEC. If the mineralogy of the clay fraction is known (that is, the type and amounts of each clay mineral), then the CEC can be approximated.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "To make these calculations easier, Table 13.4 contains representative values for CEC to use in all calculations for this class unless otherwise noted. In nature, however, these soil colloids will have a range of values.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Table 13.4. Typical CEC of various soil colloids.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Mineral or colloid typeCEC of pure colloid
cmolc/kg
kaolinite10
illite30
montmorillonite/smectite100
vermiculite150
humus200
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "As an example of this mineralogy approach to CEC calculations, consider a soil having 100% clay where the clay is 100% kaolinite. The CEC would then be 10~cmol_{c}/kg. If a soil contains only 10% kaolinite (or 10 kg clay in 100 kg soil), however, this clay would contribute", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Total~CEC~of~the~soil=\\frac{10~cmol_{c}}{kg~clay}\\times\\frac{10~kg~clay}{100~kg~soil}=\\frac{1.0~cmol_{c}}{kg~soil}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "A prairie soil contains 30% clay. This clay sized fraction is dominantly montmorillonite. The soil also contains 5% humus (organic matter).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Using the mineralogy method, what is the cation exchange capacity (CEC) contributed by the clay?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "120 Soil Colloids", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000126.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Total Area Harvested Square Feet)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "35,000,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "33,250,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "31,500,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "29,750,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Area Harvested for Mushrooms in Ontario", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "28,000,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "2016", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "2017", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "2018", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "2019", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Year", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Closure", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.3-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Ontario", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "area (in", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "square feet)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "used to", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "harvest", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "mushroom", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "s over the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "years.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "Closure refers to our mind completing missing portions of a design. There must be enough parts available for the image to be \"filled in\u201d; if the image is too abstract, there are minimal reference points for the mind to complete it. See Figure 4.4^{4}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "for an example of how our mind automatically imagine a line connecting the 2 broken ones.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "4. Statistics Canada. Table 18-10-0002-01 Monthly average retail prices for food and other selected products. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/1810000201-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/ reference/licence", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "Gestalt's Principles | 89", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000024.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "At Home in Exile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "We received the clear impression from grim customs officials and money- changers at the border that we had entered a part of the world still not entirely recovered from post-War economic depression. Roadside stands sold plaster garden statues, especially gnomes, and other wares were also for sale, judging by the surreptitious lifting of skirts to reveal totally bare flesh, from women sheltering under their umbrellas. I wondered where they would take their truck driver customers in a place where there seemed to be only road and forest.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Anthea's navigation skills took us promptly to the clean and pleasant Tumski Hotel on the Sand Island near the oldest part of Wroclaw. I was immensely moved when I found that my room overlooked a canal of the Oder. This was a place of which mother had often spoken. Maria on the Sand (die Sandkirche) is still there, one of the large old Gothic red-brick churches that escaped bombing.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "That Saturday afternoon, too late for lunch, we sampled Polish beer and vodka. We explored the famous Rynek, the central seventeenth-century market square with its famed Gothic town hall where American soldiers had stolen the gold from the astrological clock. The bombed-out buildings had been restored, but they were too garishly painted to revive a sense of their history. The adjoining salt square now mostly sells flowers.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "We wondered at how few smiling faces there were, and were puzzled by how little German or English anyone spoke. Why was there so little tourism? Only a pair of elegant teenagers had fluent German. We turned down their offers of pornographic pictures and sexual experiences.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "We covered enough of the area to get a strong impression of a once- lively city devastated by War and hastily repaired. These were convenient reconstructions, done without an eye to matching styles.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "I was especially anxious to find out where Neumarkt Platz had been. That evening at the hotel, I kept going to the window and trying to imagine my mother as a young woman taking an evening stroll with a companion along the banks of the Oder. But this was autumn. Thick mists hung above the water. Few people were out walking.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "On Sunday we set out seriously to find the location of the old square. We walked through once-stately streets, past the Metropole Hotel from where Hitler had addressed the crowds, to the Ethnographic Museum. This proved disappointing. The contents of two rooms were a mere", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000061.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "iii. Looking at cost items, the cost of raw woods procurement will be highest share at 42%, followed by labour cost at 35%, electricity cost of the fabrication department at 10% (refer to figure 5-2). For this analysis, $35 per tonne is assumed for raw wood costs and this assumption will be crucial to maintain the economics of this business model.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "iv. This business model will be operating cost-oriented not capital cost-oriented (refer to figure 5.1); thus, management of raw wood cost, labour cost, and electricity cost is essential. Few variations of capital cost will not affect this business seriously.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "v. Assumed selling price of wood pellet is $100 per tonne and appropriate.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Figure 5.1. Operating Cost Structure by the Three Departments of A Company", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Source: Author.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u25a0 Cutting raw woods \u25a0 Fabrication \u25a0 Transportation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Figure 5.2. Operating Cost Structure by the Cost Items of a Company", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Source: Author.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "\u25a0 Raw woods Electricity Diesel oil Labour Depreciation Interest payment", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "50", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000172.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Part V. Chapter Five - Comparing Associations Between Multiple Variables", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Section 5.1: The Linear Model35
Section 5.2: Simple Regression Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up36
Section 5.3: Multiple Regression Explanation, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up39
Section 5.4: Hierarchical Regression Explanation, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up43
Section 5.5: Chapter Five Self-Test47
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Part VI. Chapter Six - Comparing Three or More Group Means", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Section 6.1: Between Versus Within Group Analyses49
Section 6.2: One-Way ANOVA Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up51
Section 6.3 Repeated Measures ANOVA Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up54
Section 6.4: Chapter Six Self-Test62
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Part VII. Chapter Seven - Moderation and Mediation Analyses", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Section 7.1: Mediation and Moderation Models64
Section 7.2: Mediation Assumptions, The PROCESS Macro, Interpretation, and Write Up66
Section 7.3: Moderation Models, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up69
Section 7.4: Chapter Seven Self-Test73
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Part VIII. Chapter Eight - Factor Analysis and Scale Reliability", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Section 8.1: Factor Analysis Definitions75
Section 8.2: EFA versus CFA76
Section 8.3: EFA Steps with Factor Extraction78
Section 8.4: EFA Determining the Number of Factors80
Section 8.5: EFA Interpretation84
Section 8.6: EFA Write Up86
Section 8.7: Scale Reliability87
Section 8.8: Chapter Eight Self-Test89
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Part IX. Chapter Nine - Nonparametric Statistics", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Section 9.1: Nonparametric Definitions91
Section 9.2: Choosing Appropriate Tests93
Section 9.3: Comparing Two Independent Conditions: The Mann-Whitney U Test94
Section 9.4: Comparing Two Dependent Conditions or Paired Samples \u2013 Wilcoxon Sign-Rank Test96
Section 9.5: Differences Between Several Independent Groups: The Kruskal-Wallis Test98
Section 9.6: Chapter Nine Self-Test100
References101
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000040.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Thailand, Philippines and Indonesia in particular, identifying known experts at the national, subnational and community level. The survey and interviews with key informants asked key questions to regional experts on violent extremism to ascertain if hostile sentiments espoused are exacerbating insecurities for women.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "The survey was made available in English, Bahasa, Thai and Tagalog. We used the Qualtrics platform to facilitate the ease of dissemination and response from home computers, iPads or mobile phone survey options. Qualtrics, one of the most widely used research platforms, supports the implementation of both large-scale survey and experimental study designs. It is administered online with responses gathered into a central and privacy protected database that only the approved researchers have access to.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The platform allows for the easy migration of data into various statistical packages, including STATA, the main statistical analysis package that we will use to analyse the data. A limitation of this study is that we were unable to translate the survey in all ASEAN languages, and there is a selection bias in that we are focussing the survey in areas", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "of the region that most experience violent extremism and terrorism. However, through our networks, where possible, we disseminated the survey throughout all ASEAN countries.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "It is important to note the limitations of this six-month study. Although the survey was disseminated among all member states, the majority of expert respondents came from Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand. While this can be regarded as highly selective rather than representative, it is important to note that Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand are the countries that continue to face the most pressing threat of ongoing violent extremism and conflict.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "This is with the exception of Myanmar. Given the current political circumstances and challenges posed by COVID-19, on top of the short project time span, it was unfeasible to include Myanmar within the scope of this study. It is also important to note that the data derived from the surveys and interviews were based on the perceptions of experts and key informants, who are involved in peacebuilding, and on P/CVE strategies throughout the region. As a result, it is important to note the subjectivity of responses.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "OVER 50", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "41-50", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "31-40", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "25-30", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Figure 1: Age by gender of respondents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "15", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Male Female", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "26", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000155.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Contents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
1. Front Matter1
2. Introduction to Researching Wicked Problems3
3. Our Mental Shortcuts13
4. Identifying a Topic25
5. Types of Sources38
6. Access & Searching55
7. SIFTing Information67
8. Evaluating News Sources80
9. Audience, Presentation & Citation88
Instructor Resources97
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000007.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "CHAPTER 2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Narratives in Chuj", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "T", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "HIS COLLECTION OF SIX narratives told in Chuj demonstrates the broad variety of stories people tell one another and the variety of sources of those stories: personal narratives, legendary events, mythological tales, and stories borrowed from other cultures. All were recorded by me during field work on Chuj from 1964 to 1965. (See the Archive of the Indigenous Lan- guages of Latin America, www.ailla.utexas.org, for these and other samples of Chuj speech recorded during field work; AILLA reference codes for each text are given below and at the head of each transcription.)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Introduction to the Texts", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Two of the stories are ultimately of foreign origin, but their origins are not the same. In one case, the story known to the narrator as An Old Man Whose Son Killed Him [CAC 002 R022], the story clearly comes from the European tra- dition, and must have been introduced to the Chuj by schoolteachers. It is the classic Greek tale of a couple whose child is destined to kill his father and how that came about, including the solution to a famous riddle: What animal walks on four legs at dawn, on two legs at noon, and on three legs in the evening?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "The other tale, Coyote and Rabbit [CAC 002 R027], is probably ultimately of African origin, although some of its episodes are traditional in the American South and may have been introduced secondhand to the Chuj. This is the series of incidents that make up the Br'er Rabbit stories, stories that reflected earlier African tales involving Hyena instead of Fox (Diarassouba 2007). Here the story features Coyote instead of either Fox or Hyena. Coyote stories and stories of Rabbit Trickster abound in the native New World, and some of the episodes may be of American origin, adapted to the framework of the African stories. Some ep- isodes have a local flavor (such as misty mountains) and are likely of local origin. A third story, Friend of the Animals [CAC 002 R020], expresses such a universal theme that it could possibly be of foreign origin as well, but it has", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "22", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000123.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "The Data Journey", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "To get started, let's consider the data visualization' in Figure 1.1 below.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "140,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "120,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "100,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "80,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "60,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "40,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "20,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Fruit Production in British Columbia", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "2016", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "2017", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "2018 Year", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "2010", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.1. Production", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "of apples,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "blueberries,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "cranberries,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "graphs, and", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "strawberrie", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "s in British", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "Columbia, 2016-2020.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "Apples Blueberries Cranberries Grapes Strawberries", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "The underlying raw data went through many stages before it", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "was presented to you in this data visualization. The information had to be:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "Collected via surveys", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "Inputted into a database", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "Stored on secure servers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "Cleaned for accuracy and consistency Analyzed to understand the trends Presented as a bar graph", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "1. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate value of marketed fruits. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved January 9th, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/3210036401-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "4 | The Data Journey", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000031.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "lim\\frac{P_{LL}}{P_{LH}+P_{HL}}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "and", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "lim\\frac{P_{LL}+P_{HH}}{P_{LH}+P_{HL}}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "(13)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "equal zero when certain parameters tend to infinity in some well-defined way. However, it is worthwhile at this stage to note their implications for cosmology.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "The strong broken symmetry in Definition 5 actually means that a monotonic behavior of the entropy is far more probable than a non-monotonic one. In the case of a weak broken symmetry, this is not necessarily so; it could very well be that the most probable scenario would be high entropy at both ends. Thus, this is definitely a weaker statement, but it can nevertheless be argued that it can be used to explain the time asymmetry that we observe, referring to a kind of anthropic principle: it is an obvious observational fact that we live in a universe with low entropy at at least one end. If the statement in Definition 4 is fulfilled, then clearly among such scenarios, the monotonic ones (LH and HL) are the by far most probable ones. Thus, since universes with high entropy at both ends would seem to be quite uninhabitable, one can argue that given the existence of an observer, then with almost certainty he must live in a universe with monotonic entropy.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Summing up, both limits above can be used to argue in favor of time asymmetry. Nevertheless, at least to the mind of the author, the strong broken symmetry is the preferable one. This alternative will be further studied in Section 9.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "8. Numerical computations in the combinatorial multiverse", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "With the setup in Sections 6 and 7, we can now use Mathematica or MATLAB to generate instances of the combinatorial multiverse for small values of m and W and then compute the corresponding probability weights P_{LL}, P_{LH}, P_{HI} and P_{HH} It is important to note that the matrices here can be treated as sparse, rather than as full matrices, which make the computations considerably faster.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "In particular, in the case m=2 in Section 6 and with a randomly generated dynamics which is manifested by an adjacency matrix A, we can compute the power A^{4} and read of the first row, which contains all the information we need about the paths from the state at t=-2 with S=0 So what do we find?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "In Figure 3, I have plotted the ratio N_{LL}/(N_{LH}+N_{HL}) for the cases m=2 (light gray) and m=3 (dark gray) for values of W ranging from 3 to 30. What is actually displayed are the mean values of 1000 randomly generated matrices as above for each value of W. Although the picture clearly supports the claim that", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "0.10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "0.08", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "0.06", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "0.04", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "0.02", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "0.00", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "12345 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920212223242526 27 28 29 30", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Figure 3.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "The ratio N_{LL}/(N_{LH}+N_{HL}) as a function of W for the cases m=2 (light gray) and m=3 (dark gray) [4].", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "318", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000115.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "5. Sample problem: If the ocular has a 10x lens and the objective has a 45x lens the total magnification is 10\\times45=450x", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Changing objectives:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "1. When changing objectives from scanning power to lower power to high power the following changes will occur:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "a. The size of the field of view decreases", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "b.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "The field of view becomes darker", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "c.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "The size of the image increases", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "d.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "The resolution (ability to see detail) increases", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "e.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "The working distance between the slide and the objective lens decreases", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "f. The depth of focus (thickness of the specimen that is visible) is reduced", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "2. When changing from scanning to low power the field of view gets smaller. In fact, every time you increase the power of the objective, the field gets smaller.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Steps for Using the Microscope:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "1. Place the slide on the stage lining it up with the rectangle and using the stage clip to hold it in place.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "TEF", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Plan", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "200", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "90.75", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "2. Click the nosepiece to the lowest (shortest) setting, the scanning objective lens or 4x.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "3. Look into the eyepiece.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "4. Use the coarse adjustment knob to bring the specimen into view. The specimen must be", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "in focus before moving to the next steps.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "5. Rotate the nosepiece to the low-power objective or 10x.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "6. Refocus using the coarse adjustment knob.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "7. Move the slide to get a centered view.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "8. Now use the fine adjustment knob to get the specimen in perfect focus.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "9. Your slide MUST be focused on low power before attempting this next step.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000038.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "23", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 6.1.1: Will they fire more staff in the next 2 months - across survey phases (%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "100", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "80", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": 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"paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "Will not terminate employment", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Will terminate employment", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Don't know", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "Figure 6.1.2: Will they fire more staff in the next 2 months across sectors and survey phases (%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "100", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "16", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": 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{"text": "9", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 46, "content": {"text": "91", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 47, "content": {"text": "94", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 48, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 49, "content": {"text": "Jul 2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 50, "content": {"text": "Oct 2020 Jan 2021 Tourism", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 51, "content": {"text": "Jul 2020 Oct 2020 Jan 2021 Handicraft/Textile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 52, "content": {"text": "Jul 2020 Oct 2020 Jan 2021 Agriculture", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 53, "content": {"text": "Will not terminate employment", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 54, "content": {"text": "Will terminate employment", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 55, "content": {"text": "Don't know", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 56, "content": {"text": "6.2. Expectations for Re-Hiring Employees", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 57, "content": {"text": "In July 2020, 81% of the MSMEs that had laid off employees expected to re-hire all of them when the situation improved. This number reduced to 23% in October 2020 and further to just 7% in January 2021.5 In July 2020, all MSMEs had plans to re-hire at least some of their staff. But in October 2020, 17% said", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 58, "content": {"text": "they had no plans to re-hire and another 36% said they didn't know whether they would re-hire or not. In January 2021, 20% said they had no plans to re-hire and another 27% said they did not know. This question was only posed to those who had let staff go since the last survey round, and in October 2020 and January 2021, the base numbers reduced as fewer MSMEs reported letting staff go. In July 2020, 195 MSMEs", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 59, "content": {"text": "5. The question on re-hiring was asked to those who had laid-off employees since the last survey. In the latter two survey rounds, respondents were asked about plans to re-hire staff whom they had let go since the previous interview, whereas in July 2020, they were asked about plans to re-hire staff they had let go since their business was first affected by the pandemic.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000144.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Chapter 3. Numerical differentiation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Note that the exact error equals", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "35", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "M-Q(h)=e-2.7525...=-0.0342....", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "In this example the error estimate is very reliable.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "To receive a better approximation the error estimate can be added to the approximation:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Q(h)+c_{p}h^{p}=2.7525...-0.0348...=2.7177....", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "In the above example, the value of p was computed using Richardson's extrapolation. However, using Theorem 3.2.1, it is clear that p=1, and this value could have been used immediately in equation (3.13b) in order to determine c_{p}h^{p}. In practice, more complex situations are found, and the following complications may occur:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "It is not known whether higher-order derivatives exist and/or are bounded. The final result is a combination of various approximation methods. The influence of these approximations on p is not always clear.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "During implementation of the algorithm in a computer program, errors may be made.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "To reveal any of these complications it is good practice to verify whether the calculated p is close to the p that follows from theory.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "* 3.7.3 Formulae of higher accuracy from Richardson's extrapolation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "In several applications the value of p in (3.10) is known. In that case Richardson's extrapolation can be used to determine formulae of higher accuracy.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "This is done by making use of the fact that the error estimates for \\mathcal{Q}(h) and Q(2h) equal", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "M-\\mathcal{Q}(h)=c_{p}h^{p}+\\mathcal{O}(h^{p+1}),", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "(3.15a)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "M-\\mathcal{Q}(2h)=c_{p}(2h)^{p}+\\mathcal{O}(h^{p+1}) .", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "(3.15b)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "Multiplying equation (3.15a) by 2^{p} and subtracting equation (3.15b) from this yields 2^{p}(M-Q(h))-(M-Q(2h))=2^{p}(c_{p}h^{p})-c_{p}(2h)^{p}+\\mathcal{O}(h^{p+1}),", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "such that", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "This means that", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "(2^{p}-1)M-2^{p}\\mathcal{Q}(h)+\\mathcal{Q}(2h)=\\mathcal{O}(h^{p+1}).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "M=\\frac{2^{p}Q(h)-Q(2h)}{2^{p}-1}+\\mathcal{O}(h^{p+1}) .", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "(3.16)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "The value (2^{p}Q(h)-Q(2h))/(2^{p}-1) is a new approximation formula for M with an accuracy that is one order higher than the order of \\mathcal{Q}(h).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "Example 3.7.2 (Forward difference of higher accuracy)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "As an example, the forward-difference method is considered. The error in the forward-difference formula may be written as", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "f^{\\prime}(x)-\\mathcal{Q}_{f}(h)=c_{1}h+\\mathcal{O}(h^{2}),", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "(3.17)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "and the difference for 2h equals", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "f^{\\prime}(x)-\\mathcal{Q}_{f}(2h)=c_{1}2h+\\mathcal{O}(h^{2}).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "(3.18)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000133.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "7.6 Examples of Women's Impact", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Sportfishing. Among those who fish for sport, only 27% of U.S. anglers are female (Burkett and Carter 2020). Underrepresentation of females in sportfishing is ironic, as the first publication on fly-fishing, dating from the 15th century, was written by Dame Juliana Berners, entitled Treatyse of Fysshynge with an Angle, a publication that heavily influenced novelty of the sport for European enthusiasts. Though sometimes invisible, women are slowly changing the world of sportfishing by breaking stereotypes. Future growth of sportfishing will rely on female anglers, instructors, and guides. Here I share a few examples on women making a substantial impact through their passion toward fishing. These examples demonstrate women who loved and valued what they did. If the paucity of female role models discourages females from seeing the relevance of fishing to them, these examples should inspire.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Frederick Buller (2013) chronicled the very long list of large Atlantic Salmon caught by female anglers, which are outnumbered 200 to 1 by male salmon anglers. Georgina Ballantine holds the British record for a 64-pound rod-caught Atlantic Salmon from River Tay, Scotland, in 1922 (Figure 7.5). Joan Wulff was introduced to fly-fishing by her father when she was ten and won several fly-fishing accuracy championships before winning the 1951 Fishermen's Distance competition against all- male competitors. She became the first female spokesperson for Garcia Corporation in 1959 and advocated for women anglers in her writings for Outdoor Life and Rod & Reel. Today, females make up 30% of participants in the sport of fly-fishing (Recreational Fishing and Boating Foundation 2021). Joan Wulff participated in many distance casting events and did trick casting. She snapped a cigarette from the mouth of Johnny Carson on the TV show \u201cWho Do You Trust?\" (Fogt 2017). Starting in 1978, Wulff opened a fly- casting school on the Upper Beaverkill River in New York. Her Fly- Casting Techniques, published in 1987, and New Fly-Casting Techniques, published in 2012, are classic guides to learning her techniques. When asked about her favorite fish, she would respond, \"Whatever I'm fishing for,\" and her favorite place to fish was \"Wherever I am.\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Figure 7.5: Georgina Ballantine holds the British record for a 64-pound rod-caught salmon from River Tay, Scotland in 1922.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Most avid bass anglers can identify Roland Martin, Bill Dance, and Jimmy Houston, who dominated competitive bass fishing in the first decade of Bass Anglers Sportsman Society (B.A.S.S.) and have had TV fishing shows for decades. Kim Bain-Moore began competing in bass tournaments at age 19 and in 2009 became the first woman to compete in the Bassmaster Classic tournament. Only three females have been inducted into the Bass Fishing Hall of Fame. The first was Christine Houston, who organized the first-ever all women's bass club, the \u201cTulsa Bass Belles.\" But female participation in competitive bass fishing never took off as expected. Fewer that one in five readers of Field & Stream, Outdoor Life, and Bassmaster magazines are female (Carini and Weber 2017).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Gender and Fishing | 155", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000100.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "A", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "14%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Anonymous", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "12%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Observable", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Participation in public good", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "10%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "8%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "6%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "4%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "2%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "0%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "House", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Apartment", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "B", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "14%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Anonymous", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "12%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "Observable", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Participation in public good", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "10%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "8%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "6%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "4%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "2%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "0%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "(Yoeli et al. 2013)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "Renter", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "Owner", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "On a final note, Yoeli et al. provide evidence that indirect reciprocity among Homo sapiens is unique to public goods. Their hypothesis is that choosing not to participate in a demand response program should carry the threat of social sanctions only if participation is considered to be for the public good. To test their hypothesis, the authors solicited an additional 1,000 customers with exactly the same treatments as described above, except that the informational materials the customers received ahead of time to entice them to participate in the demand response program were stripped of any language", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 213", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000094.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Mean Liking Score", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "5 Exposures", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "6. Warning: This question concerns a politically charged event that occurred on January 18, 2019, at the Indigenous People's March in Washington, D.C. After reading this account of what happened at the march, and viewing this video of the event, which of the effects presented in this chapter do you think best describes this episode in our nation's history?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "7. Think of a situation in your own life when you framed information (either wittingly or unwittingly) in such a way that helped pre-determine an outcome. Describe the situation and how you framed the information. Was the outcome improved or worsened as a result of how you framed the information?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "8. After having learned about the Anchoring Effect in this chapter, do you think you will ever fall for something like this again?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "9. When someone admonishes you \u201cnot to judge a book by its cover,\u201d or as British management journalist Robert Heller once noted, \u201cNever ignore a gut feeling, but never believe that it's enough,\u201d what heuristic(s) is he unwittingly advising you to avoid using?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "10. Browse the internet for information about an effect that was not discussed in this chapter. Can you classify this effect as a special case of a Priming or Framing Effect? Explain.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "11. Browse the internet for a heuristic other than the Affect and Availability Heuristics described in this chapter. Explain the heuristic.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "12. It's one thing to detect the existence of a Silo Effect and quite another to measure its", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "24 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000103.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "WITH CHATGPT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "CREATING SLIDES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "OER", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "COMMONS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u03a3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "01 - Find Open Educational Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Start by searching for information on platforms like OER Commons, where authors share their materials freely, ensuring no copyright issues.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "02- \u0420\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0430re Your Content", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Summarize or extract the key points from the materials you've found. This will be the content for your slides.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "G", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "03-Generate Slides with ChatGPT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Provide the summarized content to ChatGPT and instruct it to create a structured outline for Google Slides, including titles, main points, and any specific instructions for slide design.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "04 - Create App Script Code", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "After finalizing the slide structure, ask ChatGPT to generate a Google Apps Script code that can create these slides automatically.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "05 - Execute in Google Apps Script", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Open Google Apps Script, start a new project, and paste the code provided by ChatGPT. Run the script to auto-generate your slide deck.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "06 - Edit and Customize", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "Once the slides \u0430\u0433\u0435 \u0441\u0433eated, you can further edit and customize them in Google Slides according to your needs.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "INTERESTED IN FREE AI-CONSULTANCE OR COLLABORATION WITH US?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "EMAIL REBECCA.ALLEN@MSJ.EDU FOR MORE INFORMATION", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000056.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "scheme helped the biomass power capacity to increase by more than double in 7 years. Under the FIT scheme, biomass fuels for power generation are grouped into six categories.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "General wood: sawmill residues, import wood such as pellets and chips, palm kernel shell (PKS) and palm trunk", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Liquid biomass: palm oil", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Unutilised wood: domestic thinned wood", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Construction wood waste: wood waste salvaged from construction and other wood materials", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Waste materials and other biomass: pruned branched, paper, food waste, waste cooking oil, and black liquor", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Biogas: methane derived from sewage sludge, manure, and food waste.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "While inexpensive biomass sources such as wood waste from construction and waste materials, were the main fuels under the RPS, the domestic unutilised wood and the general wood whose tariff rates are set higher increased specifically (Figure 4.1, 4.2).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.1. 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SDGs Dissemination in Social Media", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Information dissemination in the digital era is closely related to the use of social media. Therefore, the dissemination of the SDGs through social media platforms owned by the Komnas HAM needs to be optimized as a way to increase public participation to be active as \u201cagents\u201d of the Komnas HAM in Indonesia. To be able to achieve this, the community needs to first receive education about the SDGs to clearly understand the focus of each goal and its derivatives. Once there is a fairly good understanding at the level of the general public, especially those who interact with the Komnas HAM's social media, an easier way to report SDGs related to human rights violations can be formulated.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "The Komnas HAM, for example, has used social media Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube. There has been an increase in the frequency of Instagram social media uploads from 2019-2020 from 111 uploads in 2019 to 198 uploads in 2020. The variety of content uploaded by the Komnas HAM on Instagram is also increasingly diverse with the following details:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "90", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "81", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "76", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "80", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "70", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "60", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, 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{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "9", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "16", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "Events", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "Information", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "Celebration Greetings 2019 2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "Infographics", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "Videographic", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "Diagram 4 Distribution of @komnas.ham Instagram Content (2019-2020)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "If observed from the Komnas HAM's Instagram account within the 2019-2020 period, the SDGs have only been mentioned explicitly twice in the following contents:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "94 See also Komnas HAM, \u201cThe NHRI Practice and Experience in Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, and Palestine in Supporting Sustainable Development Goals Achievements\" (n. 93).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "95 Ibid.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "96 Ibid.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "18", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000176.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "vapor and other gases, making it useless. Only in the vacuum of space can optical elements be cooled to hundreds of degrees below freezing and still remain operational.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "The first orbiting infrared observatory, launched in 1983, was the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), built as a joint project by the United States, the Netherlands, and Britain. IRAS was equipped with a 0.6-meter telescope cooled to a temperature of less than 10 K. For the first time, the infrared sky could be seen as if it were night, rather than through a bright foreground of atmospheric and telescope emissions. IRAS carried out a rapid but comprehensive survey of the entire infrared sky over a 10-month period, cataloging about 350,000 sources of infrared radiation. Since then, several other infrared telescopes have operated in space with much better sensitivity and resolution due to improvements in infrared detectors. The most powerful of these infrared telescopes is the 0.85-meter Spitzer Space Telescope, which launched in 2003. A few of its observations are shown in Figure 2. With infrared observations, astronomers can detect cooler parts of cosmic objects, such as the dust clouds around star nurseries and the remnants of dying stars, that visible-light images don't reveal.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Observations from the Spitzer Space Telescope (SST).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Flame nebula", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Helix nebula", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Cassiopeia A Figure 2. These infrared images-a region of star formation, the remnant of an exploded star, and a region where an old star is", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "336 | Chapter 6 Section 6.5: Observations outside Earth's Atmosphere", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000157.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Stop", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Check your emotions. If a claim causes strong emotion anger, glee, pride, vindication STOP. You must fact-check this claim. Remember from the chapter, Our Mental Shortcuts, that we more readily accept information that confirms our beliefs (confirmation bias) and we tend to think less critically about that kind of information than we do about information that challenges our beliefs (motivated reasoning.) A strong emotional reaction is a sign that these cognitive biases are at work. Remember, these mental shortcuts don't make us bad people, we all have them. But we do need to account for them if we want to move toward better information.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "In addition, if you get lost while working on the other moves, or hit dead ends, or find yourself going down an increasingly confusing rabbit hole during your investigation, STOP. Back up and start over knowing what you know now. You're likely to take a more informed path with different search terms and better decisions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "In these chapters we're focusing on researching a wicked problem, but the SIFT method is a great thing to use before you share information on social media. Often we feel compelled to share the things that evoke the strongest feelings, but those strong feelings are a good sign that those things need to be checked before they are shared.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "SIFTing Information | 69", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000114.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Genetics Lab - Blood Disorders....................................94
Human Traits Governed by Mendelian Genetics...................................................97
1.Record your phenotype and genotype for the following Mendelian traits: ..97
HumanTraits not Governed by Mendelian Genetics98
Human Genetics Problems..............100
Pedigree Analysis ...102
Practice Problems.........102
Lab Materials............. .....104
Contributors and Attributions104
From Gene to Protein via Transcription and Translation.105
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000067.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "d.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "very much interested to know more about plastics as well as the plastics types that can be reused or recycled. Almost all respondents (87.8%) are interested in approaches to recycle plastics. 87% (20) are interested in improving waste management systems in their LGUs.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Awareness of Plastics Ordinance. About 68% of respondents know that there is a city ordinance on plastics, while 52% are aware of the provincial plastic ordinance. 9% do not know of any ordinance and 17% do not know whether or not there is a plastic ordinance. In the same way, only 70% knows of the implementation of an ordinance regulating or prohibiting Single Use Plastics. 30% of the respondents are not aware of the ordinance.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "6.2 Waste Management", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "a.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "b.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Waste Management Fee Collection. At the Barangay level, only 5 respondent barangays - Sampaloc II, H-2, Salitran-II, San Roque-Sta. Cristina II, and Salawag - collect waste management fees.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Waste Management Budget. Majority of the respondents (44%) do not know the budget allocation of their LGUS for waste management. 12% of respondents replied that their LGUs have no allocation for waste management while 32% of respondents replied that their budget allocation is below 5% of their LGU budget. Only 8% of respondents replied that their budget allocation for waste management is between 10-20% if the LGU budget. See Figure 20.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "C.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "12%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "44%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Below 5% of the LGU budget", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "5% to below 10%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "10% to below 20%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "20% and over", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "No Allocation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "8%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "32%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "I don't know", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Figure 20. Percentage of LGU Budget Allocated for Waste Management", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Waste Collection and Segregation. For 70% of the respondents, wastes are collected by the city government. 35% responded that barangays collect their wastes and still,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry 49", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000043.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 7: Respondents' reaction to the statement \"I am worried that misogynistic and hostile beliefs espoused by extremist groups result in violence towards women.\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "56% AGREE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "3%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "UNDECIDED", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "1% STRONGLY DISAGREE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "regarding the outbreak, as well as radical ideas targeted at people, including recruiting them as a part of groups.\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "36%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "STRONGLY AGREE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Figure 8: Respondents' view to the statement, \"Online radicalization and the proliferation of extremist propaganda has increased during COVID-1\".", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "4%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "DISAGREE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "47% AGREE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, 70% of respondents agreed that online radicalization and the proliferation of extremist propaganda had increased. Altogether, 76.9% and 92.9% of women agreed with the statement.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "21% UNDECIDED", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "3%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "STRONGLY DISAGREE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "23%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "STRONGLY", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "AGREE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "6%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "DISAGREE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "One interviewee from Indonesia noted that:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "\u201cCOVID has managed to restrict direct meetings to disseminate propaganda, misinformation and disinformation through most government's large-scale restrictions to prevent the virus' spread. However, the tendency to utilize online spaces to disseminate these has increased since the use of online activities is mandatory in various sectors, such as working and education. Most people certainly use online platforms to disseminate false information", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "Another interviewee from Indonesia observed that:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "\"\"(Based on my experience), during 2020-2021 one of the interesting things has been the impact of misinformation and disinformation related to COVID, affecting people's views and attitudes in responding to, preventing and handling of (the virus). At the beginning of the Indonesian government's policy on limiting religious activities in places of worship, this issue caused a strong, adverse reaction among extremist groups, giving rise to a narrative that the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "36", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000053.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "16 Encinas Franco and Laguna", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula4 24
X - Northern Mindanao2 22
XI - Davao Region3 15
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN2 21
XIII - Caraga1 33
ARMM2 12
Party-List15 1020
TOTAL (w/ Party- List)55 6688
TOTAL (w/o Party- List)45 5168
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Source: HOR 2022. Computations made by the authors.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Overall, the abovementioned situation indicates that Filipino women have gradually increased their presence in formal politics. In Asia, the Philippines and Taiwan are the only countries above the global average of 24.5 percent of women in parliament (Liu 2021). However, challenges remain as the increased participation of women comes from dysfunctional features of the country's political system: political dynasties and the Party-List law. Nonetheless, not all women from these groups are necessarily averse to women's issues.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Barriers to Filipino Women's Participation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Previous studies have identified political, economic, and cultural factors that impede women's participation in politics. However, context still matters since the perception of women's role in societies and the evolution of political systems differ. The following section examines some of these barriers.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "The Philippine electoral system's \"first-past-the-post\" electoral type, coupled with the lack of well-developed political parties, inhibits women's entry into politics. Encinas-Franco (2021) argues that \"[w] ithout party discipline and institutionalized rules within parties, one", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000008.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "CIRCULATING THINGS, CIRCULATING STEREOTYPES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "73", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "indicates the use of balsam, which is \u201cindigenous in various parts of Arabia,\u201d as an ingredient in the \u201cMyrabolan comfit.\u201d25 Such references emphasize Arabia's exoticism and refined taste, as well as the sweetness and fragrance of its products, which were much valued during a time when the con- sumption of sugar and spices was rising rapidly among European populations.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Coffee is another staple thing customarily asso- ciated with the area. In his Dictionary, Johnson indi- cates the Arabic origin of coffee and rightly so, as one the most popular types of coffee is called \u201cAra- bica\" because it was first domesticated for commer- cial use in the southern part of Arabia the Happy (present-day Yemen). Given the Muslim prohibi- tion of alcohol, coffee became particularly attrac- tive to the Muslim world as \u201cthe wine of Islam,\"26 and spread through the ports of the Persian Gulf in Western Europe, where it became immensely pop- ular. Collections of travels published during the time mention that coffee was \u201cthe product of Ara- bia only.\"27 Imported largely from Yemen, which was credited with producing the best coffee in the world, coffee was considered to have stimulating and therapeutic properties.28 The former quality is famously described by Pope in The Rape of the Lock: \u201cCoffee (which makes the politician wise), / And see thro' all things with his half-shut Eyes) / Sent up in vapours to the Baron's brain / New Stratagems, the radiant Lock to gain.\u201d29 According to Beawes, the product was brought to Mecca through the port of Jeddah, whose \u201c[t]rade consists mainly of coffee brought here by the Arabians and bought by the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "TASTE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "HIGH L. 1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 4.2 William Hogarth, Taste in High Life [graphic]. PRINT MADE BY ISAAC MILLS AFTER WILLIAM HOGARTH'S PAINTING, WITHOUT THE ARTIST'S PERMISSION, LONDON, 1798", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Turks ... [and] by the Merchants of Mogul, Persia, and several places on the coast of Ehiopia.\u201d30 From here, coffee spread rapidly in England, France, and Italy, giving rise to the coffeehouse culture that is a hallmark of the eighteenth century. Coffee was also regularly paired in the visual culture of the time with expensive china (fig. 4.2), was employed as a mark of the culture of sociability (fig. 4.3), or was used for its oracular properties31 (fig. 4.4).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Arabian medicines were also much sought-after in the Western world. As indicated by Beawes, \u201cfrom Arabia, Medicinal drugs, Dragon's Blood, Manna, Myrrh, [and] Incense,\u201d32 were brought to the British metropolis. Pharmacopoia Reformata (1744) mentions gum Arabic, aloe, cassia, acacia, cardamom, saffron, myrrh, and spikenard, which were all used for their therapeutic properties.33 To", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Beawes, Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, 791. Again, the custom of reading one's fortune in coffee grounds is of Turkish provenance, not Arabic. Such mistaken attributions were pervasive during the eigh- teenth century.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "25", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Wiliam Beckford, An Arabian Tale, from an Unpub- lished Manuscript: With Notes Critical and Explanatory (London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1786), 165.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "30", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "31", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "26", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "For the association between coffee and wine, see Ralph S. Hattox, Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a So- cial Beverage in the Medieval Middle East (Seattle: Uni- versity of Washington Press, 1985), 18-19.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "32", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "27", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "A Collection of Voyages and Travels, 1:440.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "33", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "28", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "Coffee was customarily used as a mild painkiller during the eighteenth century. Poet Alexander Pope, for in- stance, used it as a palliative for his migraines.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "count of the Proceedings of the Committee Appointed by", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "29", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "Pope, The Rape of the Lock, 69.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "the College of Physicians, to Thoroughly Reform Their", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "Beawes, Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, 792. M.M., Pharmacopoia Reformata: Or, An Essay for a Ref- ormation of the London Pharmacopoia, by a Set of Re- marks on the Draught for a New One, and a Brief Ac-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000055.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "pharmaceutical products (Casson, Muliastra, and Obidzinski, 2014). The development of biofuels from biomass has raised interest in expanding the palm oil plantation area. This is because palm oil is the main raw material for biodiesel in Indonesia.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "CPO is the primary product derived from the red fruit of the oil palm, while palm kernel oil, derived from the fruit's nut, is considered a secondary product. Oil palm biomass includes EFBs, palm mesocarps fibres (PMFs), PKS, oil palm fronds, oil palm trunks, as well as palm oil mill effluent (POME). Oil palm fronds account for 70% of the total oil palm biomass produced, while EFB accounts for 10% and oil palm trunks account for only about 5% of the total biomass produced.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "According to Harahap et al. (2019), Indonesia housed 11 million hectares (Mha) of oil palm plantations and produced 31 million tonnes (Mt) of CPO in 2015. Oil extraction from palm fruits occurs in palm oil mills. One tonne (t) of CPO production results in nearly 5 t of solid biomass waste, including EFBs, PKSs, PMFs, and POME; see Figure 3.3. This implies that, in 2015, Indonesia produced around 155 Mt of palm biomass residue.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Figure 3.3. Biomass Use in Oil Palm Industry", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "One hectare of oil palm plantation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Fresh fruit bunch", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Palm fruits", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Legend:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Residue production", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "~15 t", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "~2 t Effluent", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Mesocarp", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Crude palm oil", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Palm kernel", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "-8 t Shell", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "~1 t Empty fruit bunch", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "~3 t", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Source: Harahap et al. (2019).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "Regarding the potential for biodiesel, the previous Table 2.10 projected the demand of FAME for both B30 and B40 mandates using the volume of diesel fuel needed for the road transport sector. As shown, the FAME demand will reach 19.1 million kL in 2040 for the B30 mandate and 25.4 million kL for the B40 mandate. The current FAME production capacity is 12.85 million kL, indicating a shortage of supply to meet the 2040 demand for both the B30 and B40 mandates.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Increasing the capacity for FAME production implies that the demand for domestic CPO will continue to increase. The estimated CPO required to produce FAME in 2040 is also calculated above (Table 2.11). The estimated CPO consumption for B30 and B40 mandate in 2040 will be 17.5 and 23.4 million tonnes, respectively. This was calculated based on", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "24", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000138.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 11.2: Arapaima gigas displayed in the Siam Centre, Bangkok.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Arapaima is an important flagship genus for flooded forest ecosystem and human floodplain communities. Flagship taxa are used as a symbol to promote conservation awareness (Caro 2010). Their large size makes them a true freshwater megafauna like crocodiles, river dolphins, and other large fish. Freshwater megafauna face many threats, and 71% of these species are in decline (He et al. 2017, 2018). Arapaima continue to face intense fishing throughout their range (Watson et al. 2021). However, freshwater megafauna like the Arapaima have fewer conservation resources and efforts than marine or terrestrial megafaunas.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Fishing, in general, and fishing for Arapaima in particular, is a central element of the local economy and culture in Amazonia. Because these fish are obligate breathers, they are traditionally harvested by fishers using harpoons at the time when they surface to breathe. Men typically fish from canoes and search for signs of Arapaima near the surface. As they near the Arapaima, the harpooner throws the harpoon by hand. This is a specialized type of fishing, and the local fishers possess knowledge of the behavior that increases their likelihood of catching one. With appropriate training, fishers' participation in management processes can contribute to the conservation and governance of these small-scale fisheries.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Many populations of Arapaima have been driven to local extinction due to overfishing (Castello et al. 2015a; Gurdak 2019a; Watson et al. 2021; Freitas and Sousa 2021). Much of the catch is illegal, with most specimens being caught below the minimum size limit or during the closed season (Cavole et al. 2015). The small-scale fishers are geographically dispersed, and governments in these regions have insufficient resources to devote to enforcing fishing rules. The riverine fishers who target Arapaima are marginalized and have limited formal education. Yet, compliance with regulations is essential to prevent overfishing and local extinction.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Arapaima represent only a small fraction of the fisheries harvest, but they are culturally important and symbolic as a flagship genus of tropical South American fisheries and floodplain management and conservation. Reducing the threats to Arapaima will also provide protections for many of the highly migratory fish of the Amazon basin. Collectively, the migratory fish contribute most of the fishery's landings in the basin (Duponchelle et al. 2021). Migratory fish depend on multiple, distant, but interconnected habitats during their life cycle. Any threat to one of the habitats or the corridor that connects them can influence these important food fish (Goulding et al. 2019).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Integrating Fishers in the Management of Arapaima | 251", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000078.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "26", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.10. Migrant remittances inflows (in US$ billion)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "800", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "90", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "694", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "719", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "702", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "700", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", 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{"text": "World (left axis)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 44, "content": {"text": "Source: World Bank and KNOMAD (2021)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 45, "content": {"text": "Table 1.4. Growth in migrant remittance inflows", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 46, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Average Annual GrowthRemittance
AMS2000-2004 2004-2009 2009-2014 2014-20192019-2020inflows in 2020 (US$ Million)
Cambodia50.6% 6.7% 7.5% -0.7%-16.6%1,272
Indonesia9.4% 29.5% 6.4% 4.7%-17.3%9,651
Lao PDR115.7% 9.5% 38.0% 4.0%-10.6%265
Malaysia7.1% 18.6% 6.9% 0.7%-11.2%1,454
Myanmar2.7% 5.4% 102.7% -14.1%-7.1%2,250
Philippines10.6% 11.7% 7.5% 4.2%-0.7%34,913
Thailand11.4% 18.6% 4.6% -0.9%-1.2%8,067
Viet Nam11.5% 21.1% 14.8% 7.2%1.2%17,200
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 47, "content": {"text": "Source: World Bank and KNOMAD (2021)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 48, "content": {"text": "In the Philippines, of the returning Filipino migrant workers in 2020, 55 percent earned a monthly income of between PHP20,000 and PHP50,000, and 19 percent earned between PHP5000 and PHP20,000. Before their return, 50 percent reported remitting amounts ranging from PHP10,000 to PHP20,000 (US$200 to US$400) monthly. It is highly unlikely that the families of these migrant workers would have savings to rely on after they lost their jobs. Additionally, 83 percent of these workers were still unemployed after three months, resulting in a 60 percent drop in household income for 48 percent of the returned migrant workers.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 49, "content": {"text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000086.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Staff of the Global Legal Research Directorate", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "I. Introduction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "This report, prepared by the research staff of the Law Library of Congress, surveys 39 jurisdictions regarding whether, and if so how, they restrict ownership of land by foreigners.1 The jurisdictions surveyed were among those with the highest gross domestic product according to 2021 World Bank data, selected to ensure broadly representative coverage.2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "We identified 10 countries that do not restrict land ownership by foreigners: Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "We found that the following countries do not permit foreign ownership of land, although exceptions may apply in some cases or other rights to land may be acquired: China, Indonesia, Nigeria, Philippines, and Thailand.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Among the other jurisdictions surveyed, some have restrictions that apply to different types of land, including agricultural, residential, and commercial land. Other types of restriction are based on the location of the land, such as near the border or military establishments. Some jurisdictions restrict particular categories of foreigners from land ownership. Some require special permission or approval for foreigners before they can acquire land.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Ownership of agricultural land by foreigners is restricted by some provinces of Canada, and by Egypt, India (restricted for diplomatic personnel, nonresidents of Indian origin and nonresident citizens without registration), Iran, Poland (permit required), and Russia. Argentina, Brazil, and Turkey restrict ownership of rural or local land to a percentage of the total land of the local jurisdiction.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Article XVII of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) obligates members to provide national treatment to other members, i.e., \"treatment no less favourable than that it accords to its own.\"3 If land ownership restrictions result in less favorable treatment of foreigners, GATS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "1 The surveyed jurisdictions are Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Egypt, Finland, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "2 World Bank Databank, Gross Domestic Product 2021 (Jan. 15, 2023), https://perma.cc/GP7Y-Z8K8.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "3 General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1B, art. XVII, 1869 U.N.T.S. 183, 33 I.L.M. 1167 (1994), https://perma.cc/Z89Y- SEVS.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "The Law Library of Congress", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000182.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Al Pack", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Upstage offers 3 Al packs that process unstructured information and data, making a tangible impact on your business", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
OCRRecommendationProduct semantic search
A solution that recognizes characters in anA solution that recommends the best products andA solution that enables semantic search, analyzes and
Packimage and extracts necessary informationcontentsorganizes key information in unstructured text data
into a standardized form (DB)
ApplicationApplicable to all fields that require text extraction from standardized documents, such as receipts, bills, credit cards, ID cards, certificates, and medical receiptsApplicable to all fields that use any form of recommendation including alternative products, products and contents that are likely to be purchased nextApplicable to all fields that deal with various types of unstructured data containing text information that require semantic search and conversion into a DB
Achieved 1st place in the OCR World CompetitionTeam with specialists and technologies thatCreation of the first natural language evaluation
The team includes specialists who havereceived Kaggle's Gold Medal recommendationsystem in Korean (KLUE)
Highlightpresented 14 papers in the world's most(Education platform)World's No.1 in Kaggle text embedding competition in
renowned Al conferencesProven superior performance of more than 170%E-commerce subject (Shopee)
compared to other global top-tier recommendation models
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "11", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000129.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "( 15.19 )", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "\\sigma_{y}^{2}=(\\frac{1}{4})(\\sigma_{x_{1}}^{2}+\\sigma_{x_{2}}^{2})", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "n the case that the distributions were identically distributed with expected value and variance of \\mu_{x} and \\sigma_{x}^{2} each partner would face the same expected value as before , \\mu_{x} But , the variance of their individual earnings would be (\\sigma_{x}^{2}+\\sigma_{x}^{2})/4=\\sigma_{x}^{2}/2 half of what it was before without combining their businesses. Furthermore, the standard deviation of the earnings each partner would face would be:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "( 15.20 )", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\\sqrt{\\frac{\\sigma_{x}^{2}}{2}}=\\frac{\\sigma_{x}}{\\sqrt{2}}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "And if n partners joined together, then they would each face the same expected value as before, but the variance each partner would receive is \\sigma_{x}/\\sqrt{n} We now illustrate these important results.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Assume that business one's earnings are determined by outcomes associated with the toss of a fair coin. If the outcome of the coin toss is tails, the firm pays (loses) $5,000. If the toss is a heads, the firm wins $8,000. Thus, the firm wins either $8,000 or loses $5,000 and earns on average (.5) (\u22125,000) + (.5) (8,000)=\\$1500", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "The standard deviation of this risky outcomes is:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "(15.21) \\sqrt{(.5)(-\\$5,000-\\$1,500)^{2}+(.5)(\\$8,000-\\$1,500)^{2}}=\\$6,500", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Furthermore, assuming a normal distribution, 68% of the time, the average outcome will be between the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "mean and plus or minus one standard deviation: (\\$1,500+\\$6,500)=\\$8,000 and (\\$1,500-\\$6,500)=-\\$5,000.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Now suppose that two persons decide to combine their operations and share the average of the outcomes. Then the possible outcomes of two coin tosses are two heads (H, H) which earns on average \\$16,000/2=\\$8,000 and occurs with a probability of .25; two tails (T, T) which earns on average -\\$10,000/2=-\\$5,000 and occurs with a probability of .25, and one head and one tail (H, T) or one tail and one head (T, H) which both earn on average \\$3,000/2=\\$1,500 and each occurs with a probability of .25. The expected value for each of the two players can now can be expressed as:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "(15.22) (.25)(\\$8,000)+(.25)(-\\$5,000)+(.25)(\\$1,500)+(.25)(\\$1,500)=\\$1,500", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "The two players now receive on average the same as before, $1,500, but consider the standard deviation of the average outcome:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "340 | Ch. 15. Homogeneous Risk Measures", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000096.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Percentile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "100", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "80", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "60", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u0627\u0633\u0627", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "40", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Perceived Ability Actual Test Score", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Q1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Q2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Q3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Q4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Quartile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "8. Suppose Evelyn the Environmental Economist is presenting her case in a public meeting for why raising the price of municipal water in the face of persistent drought conditions would be a good thing for the community, when someone in the audience yells out, \u201cThat's unfair for seniors and others living on fixed incomes.\u201d How might Evelyn frame her response in a way that dispels the audience's concerns about the fairness of a price increase?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "9. How would the indifference curve in Figure 6.1 change when drawn for a person who suffers from guilt but not envy? Draw the curve.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "10. Can you recall an example from your own life where you exhibited an Endowment Effect that ultimately led to regret?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "11. The Gender Gap experiment discussed in this chapter measured gender differences in terms of how males and females deal with competitive situations. Think of another situation where a gender gap may exist and design an experiment to test for it.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "12. It was shown in this chapter that a Homo economicus who exhibits convex-shaped indifference curves exhibits an Endowment Effect. Does this result still hold if Homo economicus exhibits linearly shaped indifference curves, as depicted in the figure below? Show your result using this graph.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 117", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000134.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "What's unique about the growth of Alligator Gars is their fast growth in the first years of life followed by slower growth (Figure 8.6; Figure 8.7). Juvenile Alligator Gars quickly transition to fish-eating habits (Butler et al. 2018). A fish diet means the juveniles grow at 4-5 mm per day in the first three months of life, so that by the end of the first growing season they may reach 1.5 to 2 feet in length (~40\u201370 cm) and 8-10 pounds in weight (Sakaris et al. 2019). Despite their fast growth, young Alligator Gars are preyed upon by many larger fish.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Length (cm and in)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "in cm", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "120 300", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "100 250", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "80 200", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "60", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "150", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "40-100", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "50", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Length of Gar Fish by Age", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "1!!!!!", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "30", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "40", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "50", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "60", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "70", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "80", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "90", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "Age (years)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "Figure 8.6: Growth in length of Alligator Gar in Texas. Figure 8.7: Growth in weight of Alligator Gar in Texas. Long description.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "Weight (kg and lbs)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "lbs kg", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "Weight of Gar Fish by Age", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "140", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "300", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "120", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], 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[0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "2000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "2001", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "2002", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "2003", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "2004", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "2005", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Figure 17.2. Year-to-year changes in housing prices.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "2006", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "2007", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "2008", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "2009", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "2010", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "30.0%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "25.0%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "20.0%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "15.0%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "10.0%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "5.0%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "0.0%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "-5.0%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "-10.0%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "-15.0%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "-20.0%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "Jan 92", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "May 93", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "Sep 94", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "Jan 96", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "May 97", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "Sep 98", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": {"text": "Jan 00", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 39, "content": {"text": "May 01", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 40, "content": {"text": "Sep 02", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 41, "content": {"text": "Jan 04", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 42, "content": {"text": "May 05", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 43, "content": {"text": "Sep 06", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 44, "content": {"text": "Jan 08", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 45, "content": {"text": "May 09", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 46, "content": {"text": "Inflationary, nominal, and real interest rates. To understand price volatility of durables, it is necessary to describe inflationary, nominal, and real interest rates. Recall from your earlier training that the inflation rate i is equal to the rate of change in average prices, changes often linked to monetary or fiscal policies of governments. The nominal interest rate r depends on the rate of inflation and a real component that is dependent on factors other than the rate of inflation such as changing market conditions or changes in productivity. To describe the effects of inflation on the nominal interest, let one plus the nominal interest rate r equal one plus the real rate r^{*} times one plus the inflation rate i so that:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 47, "content": {"text": "Ch. 17. Land Investments | 385", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000170.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Table 16.5. Conservation practice (P) values for terraces with underground outlets or waterways.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Terrace IntervalUnderground OutletsWaterways with percent grade of:
(ft)Pt Values0.1-0.3 0.4-0.7 Pt Values Pt Values0.8 Pt Values
<1100.50.6 0.71.0
110-1400.60.7 0.81.0
140-1800.70.9 0.81.0
180-2250.80.8 0.91.0
225-3000.90.9 1.01.0
300+1.01.0 1.01.0
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Table adapted from Jones et al. (1988) with permission.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Assume that one terrace has a length of slope of 130 ft, has the same percent slope as above (2%), uses underground outlets to remove excess water, and that contour tillage practices are being used as described", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "above, calculate the erosion rate for that single terrace.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "A4=", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "How does that erosion rate compare to the tolerable erosion rate?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "How does that erosion rate compare to the likely geologic erosion rate of 1~ton/ac/yr", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Now, calculate the erosion rate if conservation tillage, contour tillage, and terraces were all used together for soil conservation as they were described above.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "A5=R\\times K\\times LS\\times C\\times Pc\\times Pt", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "A5=", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "How does that erosion rate compare to the tolerable erosion rate?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "How does that erosion rate compare to the likely geologic erosion rate of 1~ton/ac/yr", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Considering your results, would installing terraces in addition to using contour tillage and conservation tillage make economic sense if the goal is to reduce erosion rates to near-geologic rates?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "146 | Soil Erosion and Conservation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000163.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "HOW CAN YOU HELP?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "As a boater:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Check tidal conditions beforehand", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Stay within marked channels", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Pay attention to buoys and markers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Do not run aground", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "\u2022 If you run aground, call for help", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Wear polarized sunglasses", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Take a safe boating course", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "As a developer:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Do careful mapping of seagrass in", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "potential areas for development", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Avoid dredging and filling", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Learn about existing regulations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "As a homeowner:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Diminish fertilizer use (use soaking,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "rain gardens, and native plants instead)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Dispose of pet waste properly", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Keep seagrass in mind during", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "construction (for example, build high", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "docks with grating instead of planks)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "FURTHER RESOURCES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "\u30a4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "SEAGRASS IN SOUTH FLORIDA", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "WHY IT IS IMPORTANT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "&", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "WHAT YOU CAN DO", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "CCO, 2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "10)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "As anyone who wants to help:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Urge politicians to establish stricter", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "water quality regulations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "Mobilize to give seagrass an", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "'endangered' status", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "Follow established laws for seagrass protection", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Reach out to environmental", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": {"text": "organizations and volunteer in", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 39, "content": {"text": "restoration projects", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 40, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Challenge the misconception that seagrass is 'ugly' and 'useless'", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 41, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Tell your friends and family about the importance of this ecosystem", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 42, "content": {"text": "FLOWCODE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 43, "content": {"text": "\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 44, "content": {"text": "PRIVACY.FLOWCODE.COM", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 45, "content": {"text": "Scan this QR code and learn", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 46, "content": {"text": "more about seagrass, what you can do to help, and what organizations are fighting for", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 47, "content": {"text": "its restoration!", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000051.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "12 Encinas Franco and Laguna", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 1: Percentage of Government Positions Held by Women During the Presidencies of Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
No. of Seats Government PositionAquino AdministrationRamos Administration
(1986-1992)(1992-1998)
Senate 248.316.7
House of Representatives 2029.410.4
Cabinet 2015.05.0
Governor 735.45.4
Provincial Board Member 6269.910.9
City/Municipal Mayor 1,5787.411.2
City/Municipal Vice 1,578 Mayor6.514.9
City Municipal Councilor 12,40610.5N/A
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Source: Tancangco 1991 as cited in Valte (1992).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Current Situation: 2001-2019", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Filipino women are still very much a minority in the formal political sphere. It can also be observed that in executive positions such as the cabinet, few women are appointed, especially during President Fidel Ramos's time, compared to Cory Aquino's administration (Table 1). As mentioned above, the Philippines has made significant strides in legislating for women's rights. However, 35 years after re- democratization and 84 years after the grant of suffrage, participation of women in politics is still a work in progress, as in most countries.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "In 2019, the overall percentage of women in all elective posts in the country was only about 20 percent (PCW 2021), barely reaching the 30 percent international requirement for women's political", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000113.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Table of Contents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Measurement Lab worksheet................................... 3
Scientific Method Lab........... 6 ......
Chemistry of the Cell ~ But this is biology!.\u2026\u2026\u2026.\u2026\u2026........ 9
Biological Macromolecules and Their Indicators................... 10
Worksheet for Chemistry of the Cell 12
How molecules move in a liquid........... 12
How molecules move in a solid ....... 12
Introduction to Light Microscopes:................... 16
CellularBiology................................ 32
A cell is the smallest unit of life known to our planet........ 33
34 Cellular Microscopy ...
Viewing prepared slides under a microscope....... 34 ...
Viewing live cells under a microscope............... 34
Cellular Biology Worksheet 35
39 Osmosis and Diffusion ........... ....
Enzymatic Activity Lab......... 45
Cellular Respiration Lab 49
Photosynthesis Lab 61
Observing Stomata, Guard Cells and Chloroplasts.... 65
Cellular Replication ........... 66
Growth and the Creation of Life................. 66
Visualizing the Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis. 67
When it all goes wrong............ 68
Cellular Replication Worksheet ......-----------.... 69
Mammalian Gametogenesis ........ 72
Genetic Crosses................ 75 ......-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
MENDELIAN GENETICS, PROBABILITY, PEDIGREES AND CHI-SQUARE STATISTICS. 80
Chi-Square Data Table......... 92
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000139.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Indonesia", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Japan", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Papua New Guinea", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Taiwan, China", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Spain", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Ecuador", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Republic of Korea", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Top 10 tuna fishing nations (2018)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "USA", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Kiribati", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Philippines", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "100,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "200,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "300,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "400,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "500,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "600,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Catch (metric tons)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "Figure 12.8: Top tuna fishing nations based on landings of seven tuna species in 2018. Long description.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Today most tuna are captured in purse seines, and longlines are the second-most-common gear. Indonesia and Japan are consistently the top-two fishing nations (Figure 12.8). Five of the top tuna fishing nations-Japan, Taiwan (Republic of China), Spain, Korea, and the USA-have large fishing fleets that operate far from their home waters, whereas the others have large local or regional fleets. New technologies, such as sonar, have made tuna fishing much more effective. In response, the use of spotter planes is banned for fishing Atlantic Bluefin Tuna in the Mediterranean (Di Natale 2020). Many recreational tuna boats also use spotter planes in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, although the traditionalist harpoon fishers shun the technology (Whynott 1995; Decker 2016).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "The Pacific Ocean has consistently had the highest landings, about 66% of the world's tuna catch. The western and central Pacific Ocean is where many artisanal and industrial fisheries overlap. For the small island nations, fishing provides a major source of income, jobs, and food security (Bell et al. 2019). Yet, Pacific island nations have not fully realized the economic potential with the global tuna industry, despite the fact that 80% of it is caught within their exclusive economic zones (EEZs, i.e., within 200 miles). The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea awarded coastal states sovereign rights to (1) exploit and manage all living resources within their EEZ, (2) exclude distant water fleets in favor of developing their own fleets, and (3) charge distant water fleets rent for access. Eight island nations-the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu, which support 80% of the purse-seine catch in their waters-formed an alliance and require collective bargaining to set rents for access by foreign vessels. The alliance also prioritized domestic over foreign vessels and set limits on the number of purse-seine vessels. The issue of sovereignty over tuna that migrate freely among EEZs remains a concern for small island nations (Bailey et al. 2012). Working to establish fair and equitable allocations of total allowable catches to the many parties will require more equitable sharing with the larger tuna-fishing nations.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "282 Conserving Tuna: The Most Commercially Valuable Fish on Earth", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000025.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "2. The Lost Homeland", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "gesture in honour of local culture. Few of the artefacts were authentically part of this area. It told us nothing of any interest or with any authority. We wondered whose culture we were looking at.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "At the central railway station, we tried to question officials, in German and English, about the location of Steinkirche. But only Polish was spoken at the information office and other counters. Nor could we locate the correct train line on the information screens.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "On our walk back to the centre of town, past the dilapidated theatre where my mother had attended performances, John spotted another bookshop. Surprisingly it was trading busily on a Polish Catholic Sunday. It sold old maps and books. We found old pictures of Breslau labelled in Polish and English. We found descriptions in both Polish and English of Neumarkt Platz (Novi Targ). Various maps showed clear plans of its location. They also showed the Neptune fountain I had been seeking. For centuries it had a conspicuous place in town maps as a well drawing water from the Oder, whose tributaries flowed together and separated the town into different quarters, spanned by a multitude of bridges.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "I was thrilled. Before this find, my family had begun to question whether the fountain had actually existed. 'You and your fountain!' they cried. But I always knew it was there, in my memory and beyond.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "When we walked to Novi Targ, we found the old houses by the square had been destroyed totally by the War. So, to my disappointment, had the Neptune fountain. In Microcosm, his history of Wroclaw, Norman Davies tells how, after the War, the rubble of Breslau had been removed in trainloads to rebuild Warsaw in its original style. Some fine Breslau buildings left standing by War were even knocked down for their old bricks.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "I viewed this horrible information as being akin to the punishment Dante dished out to sinners in his Purgatory. Atonement was to be made only by suffering punishment that fitted the spirit of a crime.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "We then looked for the air-raid shelters in which my grandmother and aunt Else had sheltered from the fire-bombs that rained down on the city in early 1945.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "11", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000036.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "2. General Profile of MSMES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "In July 2020, the survey established a general profile of the MSMEs interviewed. The respondents updated the interviewers on the status of their business in each subsequent phase. Respondents whose business had permanently closed were only asked the reasons for closing (Section 2.4) and about government assistance programs (Section 7). The demographics of respondents and business characteristics (i.e., the proportions) remained roughly the same across all three survey phases.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Business characteristics. Business size was determined by the number of staff at the time of interview. Following Government Decree number 25/ GOV, firms with five or less staff are microenterprises, those with six \u2013 50 staff are small, and those with 51 99 staff are medium.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Micro and small enterprises made up most of the respondents. Approximately 58% were microenterprises, 40% were small, and only two", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Figure 2.1: Surveyed MSMEs by size across sectors (%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "100", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "80", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "37", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "40", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "40", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "50", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "60", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "40", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "62", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "58", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "56", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "49", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "All MSMES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "Tourism", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "Handicraft/Textile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "Agriculture", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "Micro Small", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "Medium", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "percent were medium. The tourism MSME sample included a higher percentage of microenterprises than the other two sectors. All of the tourism and handicraft/ textile MSMEs interviewed were registered, or formal, constituting approximately 71% of the sample. The remainder (agriculture MSMEs) were informal, as they were individual farmers.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "The geographic focus of sampling sought to emulate the concentration of businesses nationwide. Interviewed MSMEs in the tourism and handicraft/ textile sectors were mainly based in Vientiane Capital, Luang Prabang, and Champasack provinces. For the agriculture sector, MSMEs were based in 12 provinces and the capital. Annex 1 provides the locations of respondents who participated in all three phases.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "The tourism sub-sectors interviewed included lodging, restaurants and bars, and tour operators. Most handicraft/textile respondents were involved in production, with the remaining in sales. The", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "main products are silk and cotton products such as bags, clothes, and scarves, bamboo wicker, pottery, carvings, and mulberry paper products. MSMEs interviewed in the agriculture sector focused on the cultivation and trade of cash crops such as vegetables, cassava, banana, sugar cane, tea and coffee, livestock or fish, and rice.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "Demographics of respondents. The overall gender ratio of interviewees was slightly skewed towards men (52%). Within the handicraft/textile sector, 80% were women, while the agriculture sector was dominated by male representatives (74%). The tourism sector respondents were 51% men. Most of the interviewees were MSME owners (80%), followed by managers (17%), while the other three percent comprised positions such as accountant, assistant, and deputy manager. More than half (58%) of interviewees were 36 to 55 years old; the youngest respondent was 23 and the eldest was 83.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000151.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "CHAPTER 1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "CALIFORNIA", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "COURSE MARKING DRIVERS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "SB1359 was passed in September 2016, going into force in January 2018. The law \u201crequires California Community Colleges and California State Universities and requests the University of California system to include a symbol/logo in the online campus course schedule by January 1, 2018 for courses that exclusively use digital course materials that are free of charge to students and therefore not required to be purchased.\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "The potential scale of impact is significant. With 114 colleges serving 2.1 million students, the California Community Colleges (CCCs) comprise the largest public system of higher education in the US. The California State University (CSU) with 23 campuses serving nearly 500,000 students, is the largest four-year public university system in the US. Notably, the law does not apply to the state's research-focused University of California.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.1: Zero Cost Textbook Logo", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "IMPLEMENTATION", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Between the passage of the law in 2016 and the implementation of the law in 2018, both the CCCs and CSU systems engaged in outreach to the field. The CCCs' system office issued a memo to college leadership explaining the requirements and created a sample logo that colleges could choose to adopt. The CSU system's Affordable Learning Solutions team engaged the field with a series of webinars and FAQs.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "PRICE TRANSPARENCY 1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000137.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Proportion of Anglers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "60", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "50", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "No Daily Limit", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "40", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Daily Limit-4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "30", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": ">8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Catch Per Day", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "Figure 10.5: Frequency distribution displays the number of angler days resulting in differing catch per day for a hypothetical 8 fish per day creel limit and estimated change if creel limit is reduced to 4 fish per day. Long description.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "Creel limits are one of many elements that may be used by anglers to define fishing success. When more fish are harvested per trip, anglers rate fishing higher. High creel limits may cause anglers to have unrealistic expectations about the potential supply of fish compared to the demand (Cook et al. 2001). Creel limit reductions may be unsuccessful in reducing angler harvest or affecting fish populations. The hypothetical angler success graph (Figure 10.5) demonstrates that a reduction in creel from 8 to 4 would affect only a few trips and result in a small harvest reduction. Furthermore, creel limits are applied on a per-angler basis, so they cannot control total harvest if total fishing effort increases or if noncompliance is high. Finally, since anglers have a variety of motivations, they likely respond differently to regulation changes (Beard et al. 2011).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "The ethic of fairness is involved in setting creel limit regulations because many anglers do not harvest a single fish during an angling trip. In Wisconsin lakes, Walleye harvest was not equally distributed. Only 7.4% of Walleye angler trips were successful in harvesting at least one Walleye, and <1% harvested a limit during a fishing trip (Staggs 1989). In Minnesota, anglers were slightly more successful, where 27.2% of angler trips ended with a harvest of at least one Walleye and about 1% harvesting a limit. The ideal creel limit would distribute the catch among more anglers and prevent overuse by a few individuals.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "Long-term trends in panfish populations (i.e., Bluegill, Yellow Perch, Black Crappie, Pumpkinseed, and Rock Bass) in Wisconsin lakes showed significant declines due to overfishing (Rypel et al. 2016). The daily limit for panfish was 50 aggregate per day from 1967 through 1998, which was reduced to 25 in 1998. Further reduction in daily limits for panfish (10) to improve undesirable small sizes of Bluegill populations increased both mean length and mean maximum length relative to sizes in control lakes (Jacobson 2005; Rypel et al. 2015).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "226 | Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000002.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "316", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "YARROW", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "where soas below some threshold cannot be recovered, so that an observer can only guess about order.19 However, either kind of model can easily be fitted and interpreted from either theoretical perspective.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "8 Choosing between Observer Models and Rejecting Participants", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Two further reasonable questions one might ask are: 1) could my observer model have generated these data? and 2) does another observer model de- scribe the data better? Model comparison is a large and complex topic, so once again, what I have to say here should be treated as a brief introduction rather than a comprehensive summary.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Let's begin by considering a metric I have not yet mentioned: Deviance. De- viance (sometimes called G^{2}) is a measure based on log likelihood, but which looks rather more like summed squared error, in that it is zero for a perfectly fitting model and large/positive for a poorly fitting model. Formally, deviance is two times the difference in log likelihood between the saturated model and the model with our current set of parameters. A saturated model is one that exactly predicts the data (which can always be accomplished by a model that has one parameter per data point). Hence it represents the situation with the maximum possible log-likelihood when predicting this particular set of data. Deviance is closely related to a simpler calculation (-2\\times log~likelihood) that forms the basis of a couple of well-known metrics for model comparison (the Akaike information criterion, AIC, and the Bayesian information criterion, BIC) and indeed is occasionally defined this way. That's because we are of- ten only really interested in differences (in Deviance, or AIC, or BIC) between models, and the log-likelihood of the saturated model gets subtracted out in a comparison between two models (because it has contributed to the deviance in the same way for both) so calculating it is not necessary.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "However, if you want to say something about the goodness of fit of a model without relating it to any other model, based on asymptotic statistical theory, you do need to calculate deviance properly. Asymptotically, it turns out that the deviance of a model fitted to data when that model actually generated those data follows a chi-square (\\chi^{2}) distribution, with degrees of freedom equal to the number of data points minus the number of model parameters (note: for", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "19", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez and Alcal\u00e1-Quintana's commitment to this account is a little unclear, be- cause they often let 8 vary across experimental conditions, suggesting flexibility more akin to a criterion-based account. It may be that they believe a low-threshold exists, but that synchrony is often additionally reported beyond this hard limit.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000014.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "158", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 8.15 Typical black-and-white Bedouin tent.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "AL-OGAYYEL AND OSKAY", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "WOMES DOMESTIC SOM", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Typical three-poled Bedouin tent", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 8.16", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Typical three-poled Bedouin tent", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "black and white, with a little red-dyed wool for decoration. This wool comes from sheep and cam- els, whose wool is known for its softness and, when left undyed, for its beautiful natural colors.49", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Figure 8.16 indicates the complex nature of the interior of a Bedouin tent. The inside area is divid- ed into many parts, each of them with its specific use. It is important to note that a \u201cwell-to-do\u201d Bed- ouin tent like the one shown in figure 8.16 indi- cates the higher status of the family living in it than that of a family living in the humbler,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "three-poled tent in figure 8.15. These images also show that different areas are used by men and by women.50 For example, the tent contains a space which is allocated to female weavers, like a studio where they perform their craft and practice their skills.51 Thus, in the Bedouin society, the tent is a not only a signifier of social relationships and fam- ily status but also of gender roles. It is, therefore, an extremely important space because here wom- en make items that support their family or tribe. While the function of the textile is to create and demarcate the Bedouin space, the way the space is constructed influences the way the nomads live and the way the family or the tribe is perceived by the outside world. The textile is, therefore, structuring the formation of a private and a public identity by delineating the space: the outside, non- patterned textiles are public, while the inside, patterned textiles are private.52 We can infer,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "50", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "51", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "52", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "49 For details, see Al-Sabah, Ibjad, 17.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "See also Dickson, The Arab of the Desert, 66-67; and Canavan, \"Applications of Textile Products,\" 541. Here, Canavan explains that dividers were parts of women's possessions, accompanying them into marriage, as well as \"testimony of a tribe's wealth and prestige.\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Refah Al Raheel, interviewed by Rana Al-Ogayyel, Ri- yadh, 2017.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "While the outside of the traditional tents is black and without much pattern except for stripes, the inside of", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000105.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "The Scholarly Publishing Cycle", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Having explored the scholarly publishing ecosystem and its primary relationships, we can update the cycle as follows:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "RETAILERS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "$", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "$", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Content", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "PUBLISHERS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Content", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "S", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "+ Tools Content", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Validation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "READERS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Content", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "AGGREGATORS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Content + Tools", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "$", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "LIBRARIES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Services", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "Content + Tools", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "$", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "INSTITUTIONS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "Our project set out to explore and address the shortfall in serving the scholarly reader identified in this section. This shortfall is made clear in two connected points:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "Scholarly readers are not just content consumers; scholarly reading is an act of creation as well.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "Publishers and aggregators are not incentivized to create better tools to support scholarly reading.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "From here, this report will consider the experiences of publishers, librarians and readers through a synthesis of interviews conducted with several members of each group, as well as a short online survey aimed at readers. We will then share some of our own philosophy on the future of scholarly reading, then detail the path forward we see for our own work in the area.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "10 | The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000180.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Version History", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "This page provides a record of edits and changes made to this book since its initial publication. Whenever edits or updates are made in the text, we provide a record and description of those changes here. If the change is minor, the version number increases by 0.1. If the edits involve substantial updates, the edition number increases to the next whole number.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The files posted alongside this book always reflect the most recent version. If you find an error in this book, please let us know in the Rebus Community forum, where reported errors will be visible to others.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "We will contact the author, make the necessary changes, and replace all file types as soon as possible. Once we receive the updated files, this Version History page will be updated to reflect the edits made.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Version History", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Version History", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
VersionDateChangeAffected Sections
1.0April 30, 2022Original
1.0June 3, 2022Small edits for clarity on Creative Commons licensing and attribution.1. Introduction to Open Educational Resources
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000145.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Chapter 4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Nonlinear equations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "4.1 Introduction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The pressure drop in a fluid in motion is examined. For a flow in a pipe with a circular cross section of diameter D (meter), the Reynolds number, Re, is given by", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Re=\\frac{Dv}{v},", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "in which v (m/s) is the average flow velocity and v (m^{2}/s) is the viscosity of the fluid. The flow is called laminar if Re<2100 (low flow velocity) and turbulent if Re>3000. For 2100\\le Re\\le3000, the flow is neither laminar nor turbulent.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "For turbulent flows, the pressure drop between inflow and outflow is given by", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "P_{out}-P_{in}=\\frac{\\rho wLv^{2}}{2gD}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "in which w is a friction coefficient, \\rho(kg/m^{3}) is the fluid density, L (m) is the length and g (m/s^{2}) is the acceleration of gravity. If the fluid contains particles (sand, paper fibers), then the friction coefficient w satisfies the equation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{w}}=\\frac{ln(Re\\sqrt{w})+14-\\frac{5.6}{k}}{k}", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "in which k is a parameter known from experiments.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "In this chapter, numerical methods will be discussed that can be used to determine w if the values of Re and k are known.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "4.2 Definitions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "In this chapter, various iterative methods will be considered to solve nonlinear equations of the form f(p)=0 The point p is called a zero of the function f, or a root of the equation f(x)=0. First, some useful definitions and concepts are introduced.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Convergence", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Each numerical method generates a sequence \\{p_{n}\\}=p_{0},p_{1},p_{2},... which should converge to p: lim_{n\\rightarrow\\infty}p_{n}=p. Assume that the sequence indeed converges, with p_{n}\\ne p for all n. If there exist positive constants A and a satisfying", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "lim_{n\\rightarrow\\infty}\\frac{|p-p_{n+1}|}{|p-p_{n}|^{\\alpha}}=\\lambda.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "(4.1)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000029.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Combinatorial Cosmology DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90696", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "5. The dynamics", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The next step is to construct a model for the dynamics. The idea, which essen- tially goes back to Boltzmann (see [12]), is that any given macro-state at any given time is extremely likely to develop into a state with higher entropy at the next moment of time, simply because there are so many more states with higher entropy than with lower entropy (compare with (3)). The problem with this in the present situation, however, is that this way of thinking in fact presupposes a preferred direction of time. Otherwise, given that the dynamical laws are time symmetric, why can we not similarly argue that the entropy should also grow when we go backward in time? (compare [9]).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "There have been many attempts to avoid this problem by looking for defects in the symmetries. But my conclusion here is that we must actually accept Boltzmann's argument in both directions of time and hence we are led to the following:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Principle 1. At every moment of time t and for every state with entropy S, there are very many \"accessible states\u201d with higher entropy, both at the previous moment of time t-1 and at the next one t+1 On the other hand, the chance for finding such accessible states with lower entropy, both at times t-1 and t+1, is extremely small.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "This principle also implies a shift of perspective in the search for time's arrow. Rather than trying to find the reason for the asymmetry, we must concentrate on understanding why we cannot observe the symmetric structure of the multiverse as a whole.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "As still one more simplification, let us assume that the entropy can only change by \\pm1 during each unit of time. This assumption, however, has to be modified near the endpoints (BB and BC) for the following reason: it is a very important aspect of this approach to assume that physics during the first and last moments is very different from the rest of the time, since at these moments quantum phenomena can be expected to become global. To model this in a simple way, we can split the life-span of our multiverse up into three parts:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "[-T_{0},-T_{1}]\\cup[-T_{1},T_{1}]\\cup[T_{1},T_{0}].", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "(4)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Here the first and last parts may be called \u201cthe extreme phases,\" which are characterized by the property that transition between very different states can be possible. During the \u201cnormal phase\u201d in between on the other hand, physics is supposed to behave more or less as we are used to.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "6. Modeling the dynamics", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "To construct a miniature multiverse for computational purposes, one can pro- ceed as follows: first of all, in the very small multiverses studied here, the extreme phases will only last for one single unit of time. Also, for ease of notation, let us put T_{1}=m, so that the moments of time can in this context be denoted as", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "-m-1,-m,-m+1,...,m-1,m,m+1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "(5)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "The dynamics is specified by randomly choosing for each state at time t with entropy S, K edges to states at time t + 1 with entropy S+1, and similarly K edges to states at time t-1 with entropy S+1 (with obvious modifications at the end- points). In this section, again to make everything as simple as possible, K will be set equal to 2. These random choices are in practice carried out by the random number", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "313", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000150.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "ECD", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Circle", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "6. ECO CIRCLE COMPETENCE FRAMEWORK", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Co-funded by the European Union", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Competence Area#1 THE 3 RS: RECYCLE-REUSE-REDUCE
Competence StatementTo know the basics of the 3 Rs and their importance and implementation into daily life in relation to green entrepreneurship and circular economy.
Learning Outcomes
KnowledgeTo understand the meaning of reducing, reusing and recycling and how they connect
To understand the importance of the 3 Rs as waste
management To be familiar with the expansion of the 3 Rs - the 7 Rs \u2022
Skills
in to- \u2022
\u2022
Attitudes and ValuesTo implement different ways of waste management into daily life To properly implement recycling day-day activities To promote reducing and reusing before recycling To acquire a proactive approach to implementing the 3 Rs into daily personal life To educate others on the importance of sustainable waste management \u2022 \u2022
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Project No:: 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000183.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Recommendation Pack: Track Record", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Recommendation pack shows outstanding performance of 1.7~2.6 times that of", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "competing models even when using commercial service data", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Comparison with Beauty Commerce", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Recommendation Models", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Recommendation model Hit Ratio comparison", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Comparison Case of Domestic Subscription Platform Recommendation Model Comparison of quantitative evaluations among personalized content recommendations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Education Content Platform PoC Case Comparison of prediction rates of correct/incorrect answers based on personalized questions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Upstage Graph-RecSys", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "0.4048", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Upstage", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "0.3278", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Attn-RecSys", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "aws", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], 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{"text": "CF_BPR", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "AWS Ready 14.3%\u2191", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "0.882", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "Statistic_", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "Current Service", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "0.159", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "MostPop", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], 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"markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 41, "content": {"text": "Compared to regular model 20%\u2191", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 42, "content": {"text": "0.735", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 43, "content": {"text": "Upstage", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 44, "content": {"text": "DKT Model", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 45, "content": {"text": "Traditional Statistical Model (IRT)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 46, "content": {"text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000143.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Chapter 3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Numerical differentiation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "3.1 Introduction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Everyone who possesses a car and/or a driver's licence is familiar with speeding tickets. In The Netherlands, speeding tickets are usually processed in a fully automated fashion, and the perpetrator will receive the tickets within a couple of weeks after the offence. The Dutch police optimized the procedures of speed control such that this effort has become very profitable to the Dutch government. Various strategies for speed control are carried out by police forces, which are all based on the position of the vehicle at consecutive times. The actual velocity follows from the first-order derivative of the position of the vehicle with respect to time. Since no explicit formula for this position is available, the velocity can only be estimated using an approximation of the velocity based on several discrete vehicle positions at discrete times. This motivates the use of approximate derivatives, also called numerical derivatives. If the police want to know whether the offender drove faster before speed detection (in other words, whether the perpetrator hit the brakes after having seen the police patrol), or whether the driver was already accelerating, then they are also interested in the acceleration of the 'bad guy'. This acceleration can be estimated using numerical approximations of the second-order derivative of the car position with respect to time.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Since the time-interval of recording is nonzero, the velocity is not determined exactly in general. In this chapter, the resulting error, referred to as the truncation error, is estimated using Taylor se- ries. In most cases, the truncation error increases with an increasing size of the recording interval (Sections 3.2 and 3.4). Next to the truncation error, the measurement of the position of the vehicle is also prone to measurement errors. Issues that influence the results are, for example, paral- lax, the measurement equipment, and in some cases even the performance of the police officer (in car-videoing and laser control). These measurement errors provide an additional deteriora- tion of the approximation of the speed and acceleration. The impact of measurement errors on approximations of derivatives is treated in Section 3.3.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "3.2 Simple difference formulae for the first derivative", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Suppose f is a continuously differentiable function. The forward difference is defined as", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "in which h is called the step size. By definition,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Q_{f}(h)=\\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h} h>0 , lim_{h\\rightarrow0}\\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}=f^{\\prime}(x),", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000188.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
ModelSizeTypeH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct~11BAlignment-tuned74.2071.0888.1666.2171.4383.5864.75
Qwen 72B~72BPretrained73.6065.1985.9477.3760.1982.4870.43
Mixtral 8x7B-Instruct-v0.1~47BInstruction-tuned72.6270.2287.6371.1664.5881.3760.73
Yi 34B-200K~34BPretrained70.8165.3685.5876.0653.6482.5661.64
Yi 34B~34BPretrained69.4264.5985.6976.3556.2383.0350.64
Mixtral 8x7B-v0.1~47BPretrained68.4266.0486.4971.8246.7881.9357.47
Llama 2 70B~70BPretrained67.8767.3287.3369.8344.9283.7454.06
Falcon 180\u0432~180BPretrained67.8569.4588.8670.5045.4786.9045.94
SOLAR 10.7B~11BPretrained66.0461.9584.6065.4845.0483.6655.50
Qwen 14B~14BPretrained65.8658.2883.9967.7049.4376.8058.98
Mistral 7B-Instruct-v0.2 Yi 34B-Chat~7B ~34BInstruction-tuned Instruction-tuned65.71 65.3263.14 65.4484.88 84.1660.78 74.9068.26 55.3777.19 80.1140.03 31.92
Mistral 7B7BPretrained60.9759.9883.3164.1642.1578.3737.83
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 2: Evaluation results in the Open LLM Leaderboard for SOLAR 10.7B and SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct along with other top-performing models. We report the scores for the six tasks mentioned in Sec. 4.1 along with the H6 score (average of six tasks). We also report the size of the models in units of billions of parameters. The type indicates the training stage of the model and is chosen from {Pretrained, Instruction-tuned, Alignment-tuned}. Models based on SOLAR 10.7B are colored purple. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "MetaMathQA (Yu et al., 2023) dataset.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "We reformatted the instruction datasets with an Alpaca-styled chat template. For datasets such as OpenOrca, which are derived from FLAN (Long- pre et al., 2023), we filter data that overlaps with the benchmark datasets (see Tab. 8 in Appendix. C for more information). The alignment datasets are in the {prompt, chosen, rejected} triplet for- mat. We preprocess the alignment datasets follow- ing Zephyr (Tunstall et al., 2023). We use Data- verse (Park et al., 2024) for data preprocessing.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Evaluation. In the HuggingFace Open LLM Leaderboard (Beeching et al., 2023), six types of evaluation methods are presented: ARC (Clark et al., 2018), HellaSWAG (Zellers et al., 2019), MMLU (Hendrycks et al., 2020), TruthfulQA (Lin et al., 2022), Winogrande (Sakaguchi et al., 2021), and GSM8K (Cobbe et al., 2021). We utilize these datasets as benchmarks for evaluation and also re- port the average scores for the six tasks, e.g., H6. We either submit directly to the Open LLM Leader- board or utilize Evalverse (Kim et al., 2024b) for running evaluations locally.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Model merging. Model merging methods such as Yadav et al. (2023) can boost model perfor- mance without further training. We merge some of the models that we trained in both the instruc- tion and alignment tuning stages. We implement our own merging methods although popular open source also exist such as MergeKit\u00b3.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "4.2 Main Results", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "We present evaluation results for our SOLAR 10.7B and SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct models along", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "3https://github.com/cg123/mergekit", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "with other top-performing models in Tab. 2. SO- LAR 10.7B outperforms other pretrained models of similar sizes, such as Qwen 14B and Mistral 7B, which shows that DUS is an effective method to up-scale base LLMs. Furthermore, despite the smaller size, SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct scores the highest in terms of H6, even surpassing the recent top-performing open-source LLM Mixtral 8x7B- Instruct-v0.1 or Qwen 72B. The above results indi- cate DUS can up-scale models that are capable of achieving state-of-the-art performance when fine- tuned. We also report data contamination results for SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct in Appendix C.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "4.3 Ablation Studies", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "We present ablation studies for both the instruction and alignment tuning stages. Note that the evalua- tion results for the following studies are ran locally and may vary from results obtained by submitting to the Open LLM Leaderboard.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "4.3.1 Instruction Tuning", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Ablation on the training datasets. We present ablation studies using different training datasets for the instruction tuning in Tab. 3. The ablated models are prefixed with SFT for supervised fine- tuning. 'SFT v1' only uses the Alpaca-GPT4 dataset, whereas 'SFT v2' also uses the OpenOrca dataset. 'SFT v3' uses the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset along with the datasets used in 'SFT v2'. Similarly, 'SFT v4' uses the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset along with the datasets used in 'SFT v1'.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "First, we analyze how Alpaca-GPT4 and OpenOrca affect the trained models. The first ab- lated model, 'SFT v1', which used only the Alpaca- GPT4 dataset for training, resulted in 69.15 for H6.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000073.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "In this content, DPN Argentina provides a brief explanation of the SDGs and the 2030 Agenda action plans, and most importantly, their role in advancing the 2030 Agenda through the SDGs Monitoring and Evaluation Program with a focus on certain thematic areas. These focuses allow DPN Argentina to investigate through monitoring and preparing reports on the development of public policies and actions of organizations responsible for compliance with the SDGs, as well as proposals, and recommendations to strengthen related processes.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Furthermore, DPN Argentina also regularly uploads commemorations of days related to the SDGs by also including the SDGs logo in each of these uploads. Examples of such greetings are as follows:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Defensor\u00eda del Pueblo", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "OPNArgentina", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "D\u00eda Mundial de la #Salud", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "La cobertura sanitaria universal es el objetivo primordial de la @opsoms. Para lograrlo es crucial que todas las personas puedan tener la atenci\u00f3n que necesitan, en el seno mismo de la comunidad. Translate Tweet", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "7:00 PM-Apr 7, 2021-Buffer", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "7 de Abril", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "D\u00eda Mundial de la Salud", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "DPN Argentina Content: World Health", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Figure 6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Day Celebration (7 April 2021).98", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "98 DPN Argentina, \u201cD\u00eda Mundial de la #Salud\", accessed on 5 December 2021,https://twitter.com/D PNArgentina/status/1379765916259483648.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "23", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000152.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "should adopt two separate designators to mark no-cost vs. low-cost, but the council felt it was better to simplify the process and allow for some OER providers that have fees associated with their services.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "At this point in time, the application of the #NOLO designator was a manual process. It required the addition of the designator to the section title prior to registration and then its removal after add/drop to ensure the label didn't appear on the student transcript. This process severely hampered our long- term reporting abilities. In total, four colleges adopted the #NOLO designator in this fashion.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "To assist in greater faculty and institutional adoption as well as improve data capture, the CSCU OER Advisory Council made a formal recommendation to the provost's academic council in Spring 2018 to implement the #NOLO designator as a course section attribute within the student information system. In addition to adding a course section attribute, a student-facing course search filter was added as well as an additional column within the course search results page.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Your materials for:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "LIB 100-Lib & Resch Methods", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Adoptions not Required", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "This course does not use books", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Course uses OER/Zero cost course", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Other non-bookstore materials", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Continue", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Figure 2.1: Filtered Search Option for NOLO Sections.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "extbook", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "NoLo Cred", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "textbook info", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "3.00 S", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "textbook info NoLo 3.00 Pu", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "textbook info NoLo 3.00 Pu", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "textbook info NoLo 3.00 Tr", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "tbook info NoLo 3.00", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Figure 2.2: Added Column in Results for NOLO Designator.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "The request to implement the designator within the student information system was supported in Fall 2018 by the president's cabinet. The ability to mark courses was enabled late Fall 2018 and the student-facing features were enabled in January 2019. Each institutional representative on the OER council engaged with their local governance structures to request a vote for adoption.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "4 BOYOUNG CHAE, KEVIN CORCORAN, MICHAEL DALY, ANN FIDDLER, JEFF GALLANT, JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG, AMY HOFER, AND", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000092.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "laboratory experiments that have formed key pillars of the field, such as those experiments depicted in Examples 1 and 2 in the book's Introduction section. The thought experiments in Section 1 are, for the most part, re-castings of the simple cognitive tests devised by psychologists and economists over the past three-to-four decades to illustrate the fallacies, miscalculations, and biases distinguishing Homo sapiens from Homo economicus. Similarly, the laboratory experiments presented in Section 2 are, for the most part, re-castings of the seminal experiments conducted by Kahneman and Tversky (among many others). These experiments helped motivate the revised theories of human choice behavior, such as Kahneman and Tversky's (1979) Prospect Theory, which form another pillar of behavioral economics. Alongside these experiments, Section 2 presents the revised theories of human choice behavior with varying degrees of rigor. This is where the theoretical bases of Homo economicus' rational choice behavior are examined, and where key refinements to this theory are developed-theoretical refinements underpinning the myriad departures from rational choice behavior we witness Homo sapiens make in this section's laboratory and field experiments (and which are examined further in Sections 3 and 4).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Section 3 submerses the student in the world of behavioral game theory. Here we explore games such as Ultimatum Bargaining presented in Example 5. We follow Camerer (2003)'s lead, first by characterizing the games analytically (i.e., identifying solution, or equilibrium, concepts that are predicted to result when members of Homo economicus play the games), and then by discussing empirical results obtained from corresponding field experiments conducted with Homo sapiens. It is within the context of these games and field experiments that theories of social interaction are tested concerning inter alia trust and trustworthiness, honesty, fairness, reciprocity, etc. As with the thought and laboratory experiments presented in Sections 1 and 2, the games and field experiments presented in Section 3 are meant to be replicated with students as subjects and the instructor as the experimenter, or researcher.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Finally, Section 4 wades into the vast sea of empirical research and choice architecture. Here the student explores studies reporting on (1) the outcomes of actual policy nudges, such as the SMarT retirement-savings plan presented in Example 3 of the Introduction, (2) analyses of secondary datasets to test for choice behavior consistent with the revised theories discussed in Section 2, such as the test for loss aversion in Example 4 of the Introduction, and (3) analyses of primary datasets obtained from novel field experiments to further test the revised theories. The main purpose of this section is not only to introduce the student to interesting empirical studies and policy adaptations in the field of behavioral economics, but also, in the process, to incubate in the student an abiding appreciation for 3 the obscure settings that sometimes lend themselves to such study.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "THE TEXTBOOK'S DIFFERENT LEVELS OF RIGOR", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Because the mathematical and computational rigor of material presented in this textbook varies throughout, particularly in Sections 2-4, the extent of the rigor used in the presentation of a given topic is indicated with superscripts. Topics without a superscript are considered basic and universal enough that backgrounds in economics, mathematics, or statistics are not required for the reader to understand the material. Topics with a single asterisk (*) indicate that higher mathematical reasoning skills are recommended for the reader to fully grasp the material. Topics with a double", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "3. Our approach to studying behavioral economics is focused on the underlying laboratory experimentation and behavioral games that form the bedrock of the field. As such, we eschew delving into related fields such as neuroeconomics and auction theory. See Cartwright (2018) and Just (2013) for introductions to the former and latter fields, respectively. XX ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000017.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "100/0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "16 Face Your World", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "A girl at work with the Interactor during the Face Your World participation process (image courtesy of Van Heeswijk). On top of the workstation we see the drawing the girl made in an earlier stage of the process. The drawing depicts a large tree with a little house inside the tree and a rope ladder leading up to the little house. On the screen we see the girl working on a new object for the library. She is digitally redrawing her design for a tree house. Once this drawing is finished, she can save it to the library of the Interactor and use it when designing the park.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "ticipating in Face Your World Slotervaart made a total of 1216 sketches in this phase of the planning project and Kaspori considered this the most creative part of the process (interview with Kaspori, 2007). In the third phase of the game, children would discuss each other's sketches, vote for the best sketch and write down why they had voted for that particular sketch. In the final stage, children entered the multi-player mode and had to start designing the park together. This final design- ing phase was directed at cooperation between the children: they had to agree on how to design the park and work together in order to be able to realize their ideas (interview with Heeswijk, 2007). To realize their ideas, players thus needed to communicate and cooperate. The discussion option of the game was facilitated through a chat function. This chat function was one of the few aspects of the game that did not work as it had been intended and projected by the designers. Children working with the Interactor did not use the chat function for communi-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "PART IV: SERIOUS GEOGRAPHIES OF PLAY", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "115", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000001.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "314", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "YARROW", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "1999 such iterations to form parameter distributions. If these distributions are symmetric, we can pretty much just read values straight out of them to form confidence intervals (e.g., the 50th and 1950th values out of 1999 will give us a roughly 95% confidence interval). If they are not, we must do something more complicated, with the best choice being the bias-corrected and accelerated (BCa) approach. Because of the large number of fits that are required, bootstrapping is fairly slow. If the experiment contains many trials, the BCa method makes it even slower (because it incorporates additional \u201cjackknife\u201d resampling, implying one further fitting iteration for almost every trial).18", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The code accompanying this chapter offers options to generate confidence intervals on fitted parameters. Confidence intervals sometimes imply statistical inference, as for example when they fail to overlap some value and thus imply that our statistic differs significantly from that value. However, in SJ experiments we are more likely to want to ask a question such as whether a particular parameter differs between two conditions for a single observer. To answer this kind of question, you will need to modify or develop the code. If we take the example of whether parameters vary across conditions, my recommendation would be to adopt a permutation test approach.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "To do so, take the trials from both conditions and think of each trial as a card in a deck of cards. Making sure you keep each trial intact (i.e., without breaking the link between SOAs and responses) shuffle the trials and then deal them at random into two new piles, each representing a pseudo-condition. If your original conditions contained different numbers of trials, make sure the two pseudo-conditions match the size of the original conditions. For each pseudo-condition, perform a model fit. Now calculate the difference between model parameters in the two pseudo-conditions. This is the value you want to retain. Now repeat this whole process many times. What you are forming is a null distribution of the expected difference between model parameters that would occur just by chance. You can then compare the difference you actually obtained against this null distribution to generate a p value for your difference of interest.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Variants of sj Observer Models", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "In this chapter, I have presented two variants of a latency-based observer mod- el applied to the sj task. Both assume that a single SOA will generate an inter- nal response (\\Delta t) that is a Gaussian random variable. Both assume a simple", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "18", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "E.g., . Note that Matlab has inbuilt func- tions, which could have done most of this if you have the statistics toolbox extensions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000102.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Millions of tonnes per year", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "714", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "800", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "700", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "661", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", 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"markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 47, "content": {"text": "Canada is currently the world's largest producer of MSW per capita. At slightly more than 36 metric tons per person per year, Canadians generate roughly 10 tons more MSW per person annually than the next highest garbage producers, Bulgarians and Americans (Tiseo, 2021). Summiting a list like this is obviously not in any country's best interest\u2014there are no kudos for reaching the top of the heap, so to speak. Is it therefore possible that those nations reaching the top will take the lead in reversing course?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 48, "content": {"text": "Halifax is one Canadian city that apparently has. On August 1st, 2015, the city began providing a \"green nudge\u201d to citizens living in its urban core area with the introduction of the Clear Bag Policy, a policy designed to nudge households toward more responsible sorting of their waste, which, in turn, would result in an overall reduction in the total amount of waste generated. As Akbulut-Yuksel and Boulatoff point out, under the new policy, households were mandated to replace their black garbage bags, traditionally used for the disposal of their refuse, with clear, transparent bags. The Clear Bag Policy allowed households to put out the same number of garbage bags at the curb (six every other week), but all waste destined for the landfill was required to be disposed of in a clear bag (except for one dark bag permitted for privacy's sake). This allowed waste collectors to screen and refuse any bags containing materials that should otherwise have been diverted from the landfill, such as recyclables, food waste, and hazardous waste. Clear bags also made apparent to everyone, neighbors and passersby 33 alike, a given household's waste-generation and disposal habits.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 49, "content": {"text": "To test the Clear Bag Policy's impact on a typical household's generation of MSW, Akbulut-Yuksel and Boulatoff designed a quasi-experiment spanning the period from January 6, 2014, to July 28, 2017, with January 6, 2014, to July 31, 2015, serving as the pre-treatment period and August 1, 2015, to July 28, 2017, serving as the post-treatment period. MSW data collected during this time span", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 50, "content": {"text": "33. As Akbulut-Yuksel and Boulatoff point out, Halifax households are required to sort waste in four ways: (1) recyclable containers (plastics, glass, and aluminum) are put in a transparent blue bag, (2) paper and cardboard are put in a separate bag, (3) organic food waste goes in a green bin provided by the city, and (4) the remaining waste (refuse) goes into garbage bags. Recyclable materials are collected each week, while garbage and organic waste are each collected every other week on opposite weeks (except in the summer months when, thank goodness, organic waste is collected on a weekly basis). 234 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000192.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "References", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Ian L Alberts, Lorenzo Mercolli, Thomas Pyka, George Prenosil, Kuangyu Shi, Axel Rominger, and Ali Afshar-Oromieh. 2023. Large language models (llm) and chatgpt: what will the impact on nuclear medicine be? European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, 50(6):1549\u20131552.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Rohan Anil, Andrew M Dai, Orhan Firat, Melvin John- son, Dmitry Lepikhin, Alexandre Passos, Siamak Shakeri, Emanuel Taropa, Paige Bailey, Zhifeng Chen, et al. 2023. 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No train no gain: Revisiting efficient training algorithms for transformer-based language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.06440.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "Jared Kaplan, Sam McCandlish, Tom Henighan, Tom B Brown, Benjamin Chess, Rewon Child, Scott Gray, Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, and Dario Amodei. 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000179.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Cortempuray Cabula", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Contemporary Cacula", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Contemporary Calcula", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Contemporary Cacula", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Contemporary Calcul", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Contemporary Cata", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Contemporary Cacuu", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Contemporary Catsu", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Contemporary Calcula", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Contemporary Calcul\u043b\u0430\u0433", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "\u0421\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0440\u043er\u0430r\u0443 \u0421\u0430\u0431\u0430", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Contemporary Cacula", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Cottenphirey ex", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Contemporary Ca", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "NO", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "of Functies", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Strategle Technolegy Plan", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Figure 12.2. A set of open textbooks printed in bulk are featured in this photo. Open textbooks from the Open Course Library, picture by Tom Caswell, CC BY 2.0.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "What tool(s) do you typically use in your course?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Ask whether the instructor utilizes your institution's course management system (Canvas, Blackboard, etc.), or a separate course website to communicate and share content with students. This may affect the tools and practices you recommend.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "What supporting materials do you utilize for this course?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "If the instructor relies on self-grading homework platforms or ancillary presentations and lecture notes from publishers, you will want to discuss the various free and low-cost options available to replace that content (See Chapter 15, Finding Ancillaries for OER).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "Alternatively, does the instructor already supplement their course materials with course notes or materials they have personally created? Often, when traditional materials are lacking or require supplement, instructors will create notes, reading lists, or other content to \u201cback up\u201d any traditional, commercial content used in their course. This instructor-created content can be reused with OER as well, or even adapted into a new open resource in the future.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "164 SUPPORTING OER ADOPTION", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000032.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Prologue", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Programming and Understanding", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "One way to become aware of the precision required to unam- biguously communicate a mathematical idea is to program it for a computer. Rather than using canned programs purely as an aid to visualization or numerical computation, we use computer programming in a functional style to encourage clear thinking. Programming forces us to be precise and unambiguous, without forcing us to be excessively rigorous. The computer does not toler- ate vague descriptions or incomplete constructions. Thus the act of programming makes us keenly aware of our errors of reasoning or unsupported conclusions.\u00b9", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Although this book is about differential geometry, we can show how thinking about programming can help in understanding in a more elementary context. The traditional use of Leibniz's notation and Newton's notation is convenient in simple situations, but in more complicated situations it can be a serious handicap to clear reasoning.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "A mechanical system is described by a Lagrangian function of the system state (time, coordinates, and velocities). A motion of the system is described by a path that gives the coordinates for each moment of time. A path is allowed if and only if it satisfies the Lagrange equations. Traditionally, the Lagrange equations are written", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\\frac{d}{dt}\\frac{\\partial L}{\\partial\\dot{q}}-\\frac{\\partial L}{\\partial q}=0 .", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "What could this expression possibly mean?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Let's try to write a program that implements Lagrange equa- tions. What are Lagrange equations for? Our program must take a proposed path and give a result that allows us to decide if the path is allowed. This is already a problem; the equation shown above does not have a slot for a path to be tested.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "1The idea of using computer programming to develop skills of clear thinking was originally advocated by Seymour Papert. An extensive discussion of this idea, applied to the education of young children, can be found in Papert [13].", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000146.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "ECD", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Circle", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Co-funded by the European Union", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "organizations to navigate successfully the global digital economy. Finally each of the identified competences, within the Framework will correspond to the different e-learning modules (PR2) and e-game levels (PR3)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Reference frameworks:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "GreenComp \u2013 \"The European Sustainability Competence Framework\u201d(1), responds to the growing need for people to improve and develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes to live, work and act in a sustainable manner.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "GreenComp is a reference framework for sustainability competences. It provides a common ground to learners and guidance to educators, providing a consensual definition of what sustainability as a competence entails. It is designed to support education and training programmes for lifelong learning. It is written for all learners, irrespective of their age and their education level and in any learning setting - formal, non-formal and informal. Sustainability competences can help learners become systemic and critical thinkers, as well as develop agency, and form a knowledge basis for everyone who cares about our planet's present and future state. The aim of GreenComp is to foster a sustainability mindset by helping users develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes to think, plan and act with empathy, responsibility, and care for our planet.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Green- Comp is the result of a robust research methodology that has involved a large and diverse group of experts and stakeholders, to build a consensus on an agreed proposal. It provides a general reference model that everyone involved in lifelong learning can use to design learning opportunities aimed at developing sustainability competences and to assess progress in supporting education and training for sustainability.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "GreenComp consists of 12 competences organised into the four main areas below:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
AreaCompetence
1. Embodying sustainability values1.1 Valuing sustainability
1.2 Supporting fairness
1.3 Promoting nature
2. Embracing complexity in sustainability2.1 Systems thinking 2.2 Critical thinking
2.3 Problem framing
3. Envisioning sustainable futures3.1 Futures literacy
3.2 Adaptability
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Project No:: 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000088.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Comparative Summary Table", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The Law Library of Congress", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
JurisdictionGATS XVIIForeignRestrictions on ForeignForeign
Reservation (1994)Ownership PermittedOwnershipOwnership Reporting Requirements
ArgentinaYYProhibition on ownership of
property that contains or
borders large and permanent bodies of water and of land in
border security zones. Rural
land can only be acquired upon
certificate being granted (total percentage must not exceed 15% of the territory, in which shares of nationals of one country must not exceed 30%; maximum limit per foreigner; certain long-term residents exempted).
AustraliaNYApproval is needed from theAcquisitions of
Treasurer if the acquisition constitutes a \"significantresidential and agricultural
action,\" including acquiring an interest in different types ofland by foreign persons must be
reported to the
AustriaYYland where the monetary threshold is met for that type of land. The Treasurer may prohibit a significant action that is found to be contrary to the national interest. Prior authorization required with exceptions; authorization may be refused if therelevant government agency.
acquisition contradicts national public policy interests.
BelgiumNYNone.
BrazilYYAcquisition of rural property by an alien individual or
company, including Brazilian companies controlled by
foreigners, may not exceed 50 modules; foreign ownership of rural areas may not exceed a quarter of the surface of the municipalities, and ownership
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000082.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Appendices", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "TABLE 28: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN STATE LAWS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Imprisonment termsNumber of clausesPercentage of all statesPercentage of total
Less than 3 months4,44821.3%17.0%
3 months to less than 1 year4,80623.0%18.4%
1 year to less than 3 years9,76646.7%37.4%
3 years to less than 5 years8344.0%3.2%
5 years to less than 10 years1,0214.9%3.9%
More than 10 years200.1%0.1%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Source: Team Lease Regtech", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "TABLE 29: STATES WITH MORE THAN 1,000 IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "table", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
StateNumber of clausesGSDP (In Rs lakh crore)GSDP (In $ billion)
Gujarat146915.6200.4
Punjab12735.370.2
Maharashtra121026.3351.0
Karnataka117515.4205.9
Tamil Nadu104316.3217.4
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Sources: Team Lease Regtech, and Reserve Bank of India for GSDPs", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Exchange rate: Rs 75 to USD", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "81", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000104.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "PUBLISHERS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "AGGREGATORS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "LIBRARIANS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "An overview of each actor's role in this ecosystem is described below.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Publishers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "READERS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Publishers work to \u201cmake public\u201d scholarly work in the form of textbooks, journals, and monographs, and represent a wide range of publishing approaches, business models, budgets, and institutional affiliations. With our focus on monographs, the two most significant groups are large commercial publishers and university presses. These publish the vast majority of monographs in circulation, although in recent years, smaller open access publishers have also begun to emerge.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "The role of publishers includes (among other things):", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "acquisitions and list curation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "editorial work and coordinating peer review", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "design and production (for various formats, typically: print, digital PDF, and EPUB) distribution and marketing of finished products into various channels (libraries, aggregators, stores) where readers can access books", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "6 | The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000068.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "The World Bank/PEMSEA Assessment of Policies and Regulations to Guide Country Dialogue at National Level to Reduce Plastic Waste in the Philippines indicated:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "\"Despite these efforts, there seemed to be very limited information that shows the effectiveness of the bans on reducing plastics and litter, or even diversion from landfills in the country. For the majority of LGUs in the country, however, there seemed to be no clear documentation and reporting of progress and updated waste data possibly due to the difficulty and complexity of data generation and assessment. Another possible constraint is that the scope of the LGU ordinances vary and covered different kinds of SUPP, including the exemptions, which makes integration of the various reports, if available, a challenge.\u201d", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The World Bank/PEMSEA report also recommended that a baseline assessment be conducted to obtain a better understanding which SUPP are the most prevalent and problematic in the Philippines and to also identify the sources and extent and impacts of mismanagement.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "b. Extended producer responsibility (EPR). EPR schemes use a combination of regulatory approaches to extend manufacturers' responsibility for single-use plastic products throughout their life cycle, including to the end-of-life stage. These schemes are aimed at decreasing the overall environmental impact from a product and its packaging. The primary responsibility under EPR lies with the producer, who makes design and marketing decisions. In most European countries, product manufacturers are charged a fee for every piece of packaging they put onto the market based on the reusability or recyclability of the packaging, supported by technical analysis. These fees are intended to cover some or all of the costs of collection, sorting and recycling. Since the recycling of plastic packaging costs more than it yields, companies will benefit from a more cost- effective system of packaging.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "C.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Regulated Storage, Manufacture and Use of plastics. India required its states to enforce existing rules on the storage, manufacture, and use of some single-use plastics in lieu of a nationwide ban. Meanwhile, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) is yet to issue a list of non-environmentally accepted products (NEAP) as provided in Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act, passed a decade ago. This will include single use plastics in all product forms per technical advice of the Department of Science and", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Co Cor", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "RECYCLE ME", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "RECYCLE ME", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Figure 27. Soft drinks can with the message \"Recycle Me\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "64 Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000174.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Tycho Brahe's Observatory", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Three years after the publication of Copernicus' De Revolutionibus, Tycho Brahe was born to a family of Danish nobility. He developed an early interest in astronomy and, as a young man, made significant astronomical observations. Among these was a careful study of what we now know was an exploding star that flared up to great brilliance in the night sky. His growing reputation gained him the patronage of the Danish King Frederick II, and at the age of 30, Brahe was able to establish a fine astronomical observatory on the North Sea island of Hven (Figure 1). Brahe was the last and greatest of the pre-telescopic observers in Europe.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Tycho Brahe (I546-I6oI) and Johannes Kepler (1571-1630).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "IOANNIS KEPPLER\u0130 Mathematica Carfarei hanc Imaginem. AGENTORATENS BIBOTHICA", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Confecr MATTHIAS BERNEGGERVS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "MDCZXVL", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "(a)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "(b)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Figure 1. (a) A stylized engraving shows Tycho Brahe using his instruments to measure the altitude of celestial objects above the horizon. The large curved instrument in the foreground allowed", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Chapter 3 Orbits and Gravity Section 3.1: The Laws of Planetary Motion | 99", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000075.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "2020 and 2021, and, for approximately half of AMS, working hours lost were higher in 2021 compared to 2020 (Figure 1.3). The disruptions in global supply chains because of travel and transport restrictions hit some AMS particularly hard because of supply needs from other countries.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Despite these tremendous job losses, many countries also experienced labour shortages due to previously unprecedented demand for certain products, such as rubber gloves in Malaysia and for fishery products in Thailand. The return of migrant workers to their home countries contributed to significant labour shortages (Lee and David, 2021; Sriring and Staporncharnchai, 2021).4 COVID-related movement restrictions caused many workers to withdraw from the labour force (especially women) and labour force participation rates declined in most countries.5 This was the case for Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Viet Nam (Figure 1.4). According to the ILO (2021c), female employment in AMS in 2020 was 3.9 percent lower than the expected level, which is markedly less than the 2.7 percent figure for male employment.6 The impact of the pandemic on employment is evident in lower labour force participation, lower working hours, and higher unemployment rates in most countries (Figure 1.5).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.3. Decline in weekly working hours compared to 2019 (percent)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "18", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "16", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "14", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "12", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam Darussalam", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Source: ILO (2022a)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "2020 2021", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "There are of course long-standing reasons for the labour shortages in these sectors, which accounts for their high reliance for migrant workers, including poor working conditions, that is prone to abuse, and lack of attractiveness for local workers (Looi, 2020; Ng, 2020; ILO, 2015).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "McKinsey Global Institute (2020) estimates that at the beginning of the pandemic, women accounted for more than half of total job losses from COVID-19 though they made up only two-fifths of the global labour force. This is because they are overrepresented in sectors hardest hit by the pandemic: accommodation and food services; retail and wholesale trade; and other services, such as arts, recreation, and public administration.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "6 This is equivalent to saying there is greater increase in unemployment or inactivity for women compared to men. According to the report, one reason is the increase in unpaid care responsibilities for women as schools closed (ILO, 2021c).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "footer", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "15", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000125.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "ways . Review Figure 2.16^{8} below , which is a line graph of the percentage of Canadian vs. foreign television programmes watched in New Brunswick from 2000 to 2004. Because of the similar colours of the lines, it is difficult for the reader to understand which line graph corresponds to which colour from the legend.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "8. Statistics Canada. Table 22-10-0097-01 Television viewing time of all television stations, by province, content and type of programme. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.25318/2210009701-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "54 | Misleading Data Visualizations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/dataset/sample_results/llamaparse_241010.json b/dataset/sample_results/llamaparse_241010.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ec0328b851024cde3fad4dcb9214e8264f24fda5 --- /dev/null +++ b/dataset/sample_results/llamaparse_241010.json @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +{"01030000000047.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 46, "y": 42.52800000000002}, {"x": 223.98000000000008, "y": 42.52800000000002}, {"x": 223.98000000000008, "y": 50.52800000000002}, {"x": 46, "y": 50.52800000000002}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "ANFREL Pre-Election Assessment Mission Report", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
No.Political partyProvisional registration result on 7 MarchOfficial registration result on 29 AprilDifference in the number of candidates
Number of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidatesNumber of commune/ sangkat
11Khmer United Party3549830
12Grassroots Democracy Party3243532
13Beehive Social Democratic Party2542523
14Cambodian Indigeneous Peoples Democracy Party1919419
15Ekpheap Cheat Khmer Party1517514
16Reaksmey Khemara Party7796
17Khmer Economic Development Party4654
Total84,208
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 46, "y": 383.528}, {"x": 54.896, "y": 383.528}, {"x": 54.896, "y": 391.528}, {"x": 46, "y": 391.528}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "24", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000084.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 99, "y": 43.889999999999986}, {"x": 223.2600000000001, "y": 43.889999999999986}, {"x": 223.2600000000001, "y": 53.889999999999986}, {"x": 99, "y": 53.889999999999986}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Jailed for Doing Business", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 99, "y": 108.88999999999999}, {"x": 388.0999999999998, "y": 108.88999999999999}, {"x": 388.0999999999998, "y": 121.38999999999999}, {"x": 99, "y": 121.38999999999999}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "TABLE 38: THREE CASE STUDIES ON NBFC COMPLIANCES*", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
SmallMediumLarge
Total applicable compliances7841,1881,693
Compliances with imprisonment154362622
Percentage of imprisonment clauses20%30%37%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 595.276, "y": 0}, {"x": 595.276, "y": 841.89}, {"x": 0, "y": 841.89}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "*These are real data from three NBFCs", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 99, "y": 218.89}, {"x": 485.6499999999997, "y": 218.89}, {"x": 485.6499999999997, "y": 231.39}, {"x": 99, "y": 231.39}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "TABLE 39: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN NBFC CASE STUDIES*", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
RangeSmallMidLarge
Less than 3 months104282
3 months to less than 1 year67203373
1 year to less than 3 years505868
3 years to less than 5 years84080
5 years to 10 years191919
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 288, "y": 812.89}, {"x": 306.20799999999997, "y": 812.89}, {"x": 306.20799999999997, "y": 828.89}, {"x": 288, "y": 828.89}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "*In table 38\n\n86", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000035.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 60.84, "y": 73.29399999999998}, {"x": 74.770294, "y": 73.29399999999998}, {"x": 74.770294, "y": 98.08099999999999}, {"x": 60.84, "y": 98.08099999999999}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 60.84, "y": 98.29399999999998}, {"x": 161.36527100000006, "y": 98.29399999999998}, {"x": 161.36527100000006, "y": 115.50899999999999}, {"x": 60.84, "y": 115.50899999999999}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Basis Fields", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 60.84, "y": 73.29399999999998}, {"x": 371.7334092000002, "y": 73.29399999999998}, {"x": 371.7334092000002, "y": 98.08099999999999}, {"x": 60.84, "y": 98.08099999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "A vector field may be written as a linear combination of basis vector fields. If n is the dimension, then any set of n linearly independent vector fields may be used as a basis. The coordinate basis X is an example of a basis.[^1] We will see later that not every basis is a coordinate basis: in order to be a coordinate basis, there must be a coordinate system such that each basis element is the directional derivative operator in a corresponding coordinate direction.\n\nLet e be a tuple of basis vector fields, such as the coordinate basis X. The general vector field v applied to an arbitrary manifold function f can be expressed as a linear combination\n\n$$v(f)(m) = e(f)(m) b(m) = \\sum_i e_i(f)(m) b^i(m),$$ (4.1)\n\nwhere b is a tuple-valued coefficient function on the manifold. When expressed in a coordinate basis, the coefficients that specify the direction of the vector are naturally expressed as functions b^i of the coordinates of the manifold point. Here, the coefficient function b is more naturally expressed as a tuple-valued function on the manifold. If b is the coefficient function expressed as a function of coordinates, then b = b \u2218 \u03c7 is the coefficient function as a function on the manifold.\n\nThe coordinate-basis forms have a simple definition in terms of the coordinate-basis vectors and the coordinates (equation 3.40). With this choice, the dual property, equation (3.41), holds without further fuss. More generally, we can define a basis of one-forms \u1ebd that is dual to e in that the property\n\n$$\\tilde{e}^i(e_j)(m) = \\delta^i_j$$ (4.2)\n\nis satisfied, analogous to property (3.41). Figure 4.1 illustrates the duality of basis fields.\n\n[^1]: We cannot say if the basis vectors are orthogonal or normalized until we introduce a metric.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000161.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 92}, {"x": 320.9598, "y": 92}, {"x": 320.9598, "y": 101}, {"x": 56, "y": 101}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "of any individual to color their decisions, even when they're acting in good faith.\n\n- Credentials: Academic credentials tend to represent a significant commitment of time towards gaining mastery of a subject, and therefore requiring a particular degree may increase the likelihood of accurate information. However, not all groups are equally represented in higher education. Degree completion is uneven across race and income factors (among others), making academia not demographically representative of our society as a whole. Some perspectives are therefore systematically underrepresented in groups with advanced degrees.\n\n- Peer Review: Peer review sometimes only results in collaborative improvements to a work. It can also prevent the publication of very obviously flawed or poorly executed or analyzed research. Very new or radical ideas may be initially rejected because they are such a departure from existing dogma. Peer review is largely a practice of academia, therefore has the same exclusionary problems mentioned in the credentials section. It is possible for individual reviewers to act in a biased or unethical way to prevent the publication of some works.\n\n- Fact Checking: Not a lot of downside here. Let me know if your students come up with anything good.\n\n- Domains: For some top level domains (mostly just .gov and .edu) looking at the domain provides some assurance that the web content there is an official communication of a particular institution. There really isn't any problem with domains excluding\n\n106 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000149.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 52.59034482758621, "y": 53.94862068965517}, {"x": 460.9685848275862, "y": 53.94862068965517}, {"x": 460.9685848275862, "y": 67.61206896551724}, {"x": 52.59034482758621, "y": 67.61206896551724}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "With this in mind, here we have the 7 key competence areas selected to form a part of Eco-Circle's Competence Framework:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Eco-Circle Competence Framework
#1: The 3 Rs: Recycle-Reuse-Reduce
#2: Lifecycle of Circular Economy
#3: Social Entrepreneurship and Circular Economy
#4: Corporate Environmental Sustainability
#5: Embodying Sustainable Values
#6: Environmental Engagement
#7: Supporting Local Eco-friendly and Green Activities
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 90, "y": 768.92}, {"x": 511.32032000000004, "y": 768.92}, {"x": 511.32032000000004, "y": 776.9599999999999}, {"x": 90, "y": 776.9599999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.\n\nProject No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000030.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 75, "y": 28.008000000000038}, {"x": 170.14678908000002, "y": 28.008000000000038}, {"x": 170.14678908000002, "y": 36.97430000000004}, {"x": 75, "y": 36.97430000000004}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Combinatorial Cosmology", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 75, "y": 39.00800000000004}, {"x": 433.61574212000005, "y": 39.00800000000004}, {"x": 433.61574212000005, "y": 48.97060000000005}, {"x": 75, "y": 48.97060000000005}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90696\n\nAs for the normal phase, the choice will, to start with, be the simplest possible one: each path is either possible or not, corresponding to the probability weights 1 and 0. During the extreme phases, this assumption is no longer reasonable. Again the model will be extremely simplified, but still it is based on physical intuition and, most importantly, completely time symmetric. Assume that the only types of edges having a non-neglectable chance of occurring during the extreme phase [-m - 1, -m] are of the following two kinds: The first scenario is that the universe passes through the extreme phase into a state of zero entropy. The other scenario is that it passes into a state with high entropy (equal to 2m). Universes of one of these two types will be given the (un-normalized) probability 1 or p, respectively. Here p > 0 should be thought of as a very small number, at least when the size of the model becomes large. During the other extreme phase [m, m + 1], near the Big Crunch, we make the completely symmetric assumption.\n\nRemark 3. These assumptions may perhaps seem somewhat arbitrary. And to a certain extent, this may be so. However, they do represent the following viewpoint of what may happen at the full cosmological scale: we may think of the Big Bang and the Big Crunch as states of complete order with zero volume and entropy. Such states can very well be metastable, very much like an oversaturated gas at a temperature below the point of condensation. If no disturbance takes place, such metastable states can very well continue to exist for a substantial period of time. In particular, a low-entropy state can have a very good chance of surviving the intense but extremely short extreme phase. On the other hand, if a sufficiently large disturbance occurs, then the metastable state may almost immediately decay into a very disordered state of high entropy.\n\nIt is not my intension to further argue in favor of this viewpoint here. The main thing in this chapter is to show that completely symmetric boundary conditions at the endpoints may give rise to a broken time symmetry.\n\nThe multiverse now splits up into four different kinds of paths:\n\n- LL: The entropy is low (=0) at both ends (-m and m).\n- LH: The entropy is 0 at -m and 2m at m.\n- HL: The entropy is 2m at -m and 0 at m.\n- HH: The entropy is high (= 2m) at both ends (-m and m).\n\nIf we now denote by N_LL, N_LH, N_HL and N_HH the number of paths of the indicated kinds, then with the above assumptions we also get the corresponding probability weights for the corresponding types as\n\nP_LL = N_LL, P_LH = pN_LH, P_HL = pN_HL, P_HH = p^2N_HH. (10)\n\nWe can now consider the following two types of broken time symmetry:\n\nDefinition 4. A multiverse is said to exhibit a weak broken time symmetry if\n\nP_LL \u226a P_LH + P_HL. (11)\n\nDefinition 5. A multiverse is said to exhibit a strong broken time symmetry if\n\nP_LL + P_HH \u226a P_LH + P_HL. (12)\n\nBoth these definitions should of course be made more precise when applied to specific models for the multiverse, e.g., by showing that the corresponding limits", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000021.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 203, "y": 161.30700000000002}, {"x": 218, "y": 161.30700000000002}, {"x": 218, "y": 191.30700000000002}, {"x": 203, "y": 191.30700000000002}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 113, "y": 201.30700000000002}, {"x": 307.98560000000003, "y": 201.30700000000002}, {"x": 307.98560000000003, "y": 225.30700000000002}, {"x": 113, "y": 225.30700000000002}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "The Lost Homeland", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 257.307}, {"x": 365.02300000000014, "y": 257.307}, {"x": 365.02300000000014, "y": 268.307}, {"x": 56, "y": 268.307}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Since the death of my mother, Elfriede, ten years ago, I have been haunted by the desire to visit the homeland, the *Heimat*, that she never saw again after her fifty years in Australia. In more ways than one, Germany had become her lost homeland, the spiritual place of her ancestors from which she was exiled. I sensed the pain she felt over the tangible loss of connection to her own past. For me to be able to go so far away and pay tribute to her German home in what is now Poland, to savour the environment of her childhood, at first seemed impossible. I nevertheless hoped for the opportunity to do so, although I expected to find all the names of the places changed, and that people spoke a language I did not understand. It would be confronting to go there, I thought.\n\nWhen in 1997 I visited Vienna, my father's Austrian birth city, and after that my German cousins in Germany, I was not regarded as a stranger. Despite being an almost lifelong Australian, I spoke their language and somehow belonged. I was accepted by people as someone who had come home to reclaim my heritage. I could merge with crowds unobtrusively, like a 'local'. The only subtle tremors of feeling generated by what people are used to were shown up in my too-German ways for the Austrians, and my too-Austrian ways for the Germans. The Austrians reacted more firmly. This suggests that my mother's influence on me was strongest.\n\nI was born in Turkey, north of Ankara, in 1935, and when I also went there on my trip home, I was treated to a special welcome by each Turk who found this out, from my passport or my conversation. My birth in Turkey entitled me to Turkish citizenship. Naturally I was delighted,\n\n5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000127.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Year3-Year5-Year7-Year
133.0%20.00%14.29%
244.45%32.00%24.49%
314.81%19.20%17.49%
47.41%11.52%12.49%
511.52%8.93%
65.76%8.93%
78.93%
84.46%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 54, "y": 67}, {"x": 557.9999999999999, "y": 67}, {"x": 557.9999999999999, "y": 77}, {"x": 54, "y": 77}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Suppose your business just purchased a $100,000 asset that has a 3-year useful life, and falls into 3-year class of assets. Using the SL method, the depreciation expense each year for the next 3 years would be:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
YearRecovery RateUnadjusted BasisDepreciation ExpenseAccumulated Depreciation
1.1667$100,000$16,670$16,670
2.3333$100,000$33,330$50,000
3.3333$100,000$33,330$88,330
4.1667$100,000$16,670$100,000
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 54, "y": 67}, {"x": 558.000095, "y": 67}, {"x": 558.000095, "y": 77}, {"x": 54, "y": 77}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Note that the book value or basis of the asset (acquisition cost \u2013 accumulated depreciation) would be $0 after it has been fully depreciated at the end of 4 years. Because of the half-year convention, it takes 4 years to depreciate the asset, even though it falls into the 3-year classification.\n\nDepreciation expense for the same asset using the MACRS method would be calculated as:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
YearRecovery RateUnadjusted BasisDepreciation ExpenseAccumulated Depreciation
1.3333$100,000$33,333$33,333
2.4445$100,000$44,450$77,780
3.1481$100,000$14,810$92,950
4.741$100,000$7,410$100,000
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 54, "y": 67}, {"x": 558.0002000000001, "y": 67}, {"x": 558.0002000000001, "y": 77}, {"x": 54, "y": 77}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Note again that the depreciation expense using MACRS is higher in the early years and lower in later years than with the SL method and that the book value after 4 years is again zero. Businesses often use MACRS for tax purposes and SL for profit reporting. Can you think of any reasons why?\n\nSome businesses that invest small amounts in capital assets are allowed to deduct up to $1,000,000 of the cost of acquired depreciable property as a current expenditure instead of a capital expenditure. This is known as direct expensing, and is available only to businesses that don't make large capital purchases each year. The allowable expensing amount is reduced by one dollar for each dollar of capital investment expenditure over $2,500,000 during the year. Other restrictions also apply.\n\n42 | Ch. 3. The Federal Tax System", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000070.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 79, "y": 83.91999999999996}, {"x": 522.588, "y": 83.91999999999996}, {"x": 522.588, "y": 99.91999999999996}, {"x": 79, "y": 99.91999999999996}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "two meetings are related to the initial meeting of VNR and as particular human rights focus.73", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Meeting Participation FrequencyNumber of Participating Institutions
1x160
2x43
3x18
4x9
5x4
7x1
8x2
11x1
23x1
24x1
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 79, "y": 396.91999999999996}, {"x": 516.336, "y": 396.91999999999996}, {"x": 516.336, "y": 410.87999999999994}, {"x": 79, "y": 410.87999999999994}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Diagram 2: Participation of Institutions in the VNR Meeting of Indonesia 2021.74\n\nThe distribution of participating institutions in VNR-related meetings are as follows:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Institution TypePercentage
Government24%
Other State Institutions8%
Civil Society Organizations37%
Philanthropic Foundation8%
Educational Institution13%
Private and State-Owned Companies3%
Other Institutions7%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 701.92}, {"x": 423.73820000000006, "y": 701.92}, {"x": 423.73820000000006, "y": 714.88}, {"x": 72, "y": 714.88}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Diagram 3: Distribution of Participating Institutions within VNR Meeting of Indonesia 2021.75\n\n74 Data is processed based on: ibid., 332-345.\n75 Data is processed based on: Kementerian PPN / Bappenas, \"Annexes Indonesia's VNR 2021\" (n. 68), 332-345.\n\n14", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000004.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 62, "y": 43.14200000000005}, {"x": 388.21000000000004, "y": 43.14200000000005}, {"x": 388.21000000000004, "y": 54.14200000000005}, {"x": 62, "y": 54.14200000000005}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "observer model with three parameters captures PSS, sensory noise and an interval bias (i.e., a tendency to select one interval in preference to the other under uncertainty).\n\nThe 2xSJ task provides estimates that correlate fairly well with equivalent parameters estimated using TOJs, SJs, and ternary tasks. However, each trial takes longer than in those single-presentation tasks, which makes experiments more onerous. There are a few reasons why the roving-standard 2xSJ is still worth considering. Firstly, it asks about synchrony explicitly (unlike the TOJ) and by requiring relative judgements it reveals a point of maximal synchrony perception (whereas the SJ and ternary tasks often reveal a range of SOA values that are classified as synchronous). Secondly, it can be added in to a single-presentation task (as a follow-up question every two trials), which somewhat mitigates the burden of additional experimental time. Finally, a case can be made that it will be more resistant to some forms of decision-level bias (Morgan, Grant, Melmoth, & Solomon, 2015; Morgan, Melmoth, & Solomon, 2013). As with the other tasks I have described, code to fit data from the 2xSJ accompanies this chapter.23 For further information, read the comments there and consult Yarrow et al. (2016).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 96, "y": 339.14200000000005}, {"x": 145.467, "y": 339.14200000000005}, {"x": 145.467, "y": 350.14200000000005}, {"x": 96, "y": 350.14200000000005}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Conclusion", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 62, "y": 366.14200000000005}, {"x": 388.00699999999995, "y": 366.14200000000005}, {"x": 388.00699999999995, "y": 377.14200000000005}, {"x": 62, "y": 377.14200000000005}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "In this chapter, I have outlined the benefits of fitting formal observer models to judgements about simultaneity, and described how this can be achieved using Matlab code (see book's GitHub repository). In doing so, I have presented one particular observer model in some detail, and highlighted the fundamentally subjective nature of the SJ task, which requires us to think carefully about how both the strategic decisions and perceptual sensitivity of a participant can affect their psychometric function. I have gone on to supply a brief overview of appropriate models for several closely related timing tasks. I hope I have also provided enough of a tutorial regarding bespoke model fitting and evaluation to allow the interested reader to go forward and explore their own models of perceived simultaneity. Modelling may seem intimidating, but in fact, a good understanding of just a few basic concepts (which is best gained through practical exploration) will take you a long way, providing tools to engage more fully with the timing literature. This is an endeavour I would very much encourage!\n\n23 .", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000079.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 99, "y": 123.88999999999999}, {"x": 253.632, "y": 123.88999999999999}, {"x": 253.632, "y": 157.89}, {"x": 99, "y": 157.89}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Executive Summary", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 293, "y": 122.88999999999999}, {"x": 496.27259999999956, "y": 122.88999999999999}, {"x": 496.27259999999956, "y": 138.89}, {"x": 293, "y": 138.89}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "India suffers from 'regulatory cholesterol' that is getting in the way of doing business. The legislations, rules and regulations enacted by the Union and State governments have over time created barriers to the smooth flow of ideas, organisation, money, entrepreneurship and through them the creation of jobs, wealth and GDP.\n\nThe presence of hostile clauses in these laws, rules and regulations has grown since Independence, surviving three decades of economic reforms initiated in 1991. The biggest challenges come from the continuance of imprisonment as a tool of control. As automation increases in the coming years, the pre-Independence 1940s-style administrative controls meant to protect labour will prove counter-productive in 21st-century India.\n\nThere are 1,536 laws that govern doing business in India, of which 678 are implemented at the Union level. Within these laws is a web of 69,233 compliances, of which 25,537 are at the Union level. These compliances need to be communicated to the governments through 6,618 annual filings, 2,282 (34.5 percent) at the Union level and at the states, 4,336.\n\nThese changes in compliance requirements occur constantly and add to business uncertainty. In the 12 months up to 31 December 2021, there have been 3,577 regulatory changes;", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000165.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 67}, {"x": 415.2257080000001, "y": 67}, {"x": 415.2257080000001, "y": 81.418}, {"x": 56, "y": 81.418}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Record your observations in Table 13.2.\n\nTable 13.2. Effect of cations on flocculation of a clay suspension.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Added cationRelative Size & Settling Rates of Floccules
K+
Na+
Ca2+
Al3+
Check
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 283}, {"x": 396.71299600000003, "y": 283}, {"x": 396.71299600000003, "y": 297.418}, {"x": 56, "y": 297.418}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Activity 4. Determining CEC by replacing adsorbed cations.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 318}, {"x": 554.6141000000003, "y": 318}, {"x": 554.6141000000003, "y": 327}, {"x": 56, "y": 327}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "In this activity, you will titrate the filtrate with a 0.01 molar solution of NaOH using phenolphthalein as an indicator. Phenolphthalein changes from colorless to faint pink when the quantity of OH\u207b ions added via the NaOH equals the quantity of H\u207a ions in the solution (that is, when the pH is raised to 7). For this activity, assume the soil samples have been extracted and the filtrates are now available for analysis.\n\n1. Place 10 ml of each filtrate into separate 125 ml flasks. This 10 ml quantity is the amount of filtrate from 1.0 gram of soil.\n2. Add 10 drops of the phenolphthalein indicator.\n3. Titrate the extract with the NaOH solution to a faint pink endpoint. The titration must be done very carefully to obtain meaningful results. If you put too much NaOH in the flask and get a bright pink color, discard the solution and repeat the process. In the table below, record the milliliters of NaOH solution used to achieve the endpoint.\n\nCalculate the CEC and record your data in Table 13.3.\n\nHere is an example of how to calculate the CEC, assuming 2.5 mL of NaOH was required to achieve an end point. The reaction occurring during titration is\n\n$$NaOH + H^+ \\rightarrow Na^+ + H_2O$$\n\nThus, one mole of NaOH reacts with one mole of H\u207a. Therefore, at the phenolphthalein end point, moles of NaOH added = moles of H\u207a in solution.\n\nThe solution of 0.01 molar NaOH contains 1 cmol charge per liter (1 cmolc/L). Therefore 2.5 mL NaOH contains\n\n$$cmol_c \\text{ of NaOH} = 2.5 \\text{ mL NaOH} \\times \\frac{1 \\text{ L}}{1000 \\text{ mL}} \\times \\frac{0.01 \\text{ mol NaOH}}{1 \\text{ L}} \\times \\frac{1 \\text{ mol}_c}{1 \\text{ mol NaOH}} \\times \\frac{100 \\text{ cmol}_c}{1 \\text{ mol}_c} = 0.0025 \\text{ mol}_c \\text{ NaOH}$$\n\nThus, the CEC is\n\n$$\\frac{cmol_c}{\\text{kg soil}} = \\frac{0.0025 \\text{ cmol}_c}{1 \\text{ g soil}} \\times \\frac{1000 \\text{ g soil}}{1 \\text{ kg soil}} = \\frac{2.5cmolc}{\\text{kg soil}}$$\n\n114 | Soil Colloids", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000015.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 43.00800000000004}, {"x": 428.21899999999994, "y": 43.00800000000004}, {"x": 428.21899999999994, "y": 54.00800000000004}, {"x": 56, "y": 54.00800000000004}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "FROM CRADLE TO GRAVE 207\n\nFigure 11.12\n\nFIGURE 11.12 A Bahraini bride in traditional green thobe. She wears a circular gold plate (hama or taasa) on her head, with \n the chains of discs talaat suspended from the rim. Sweet basil (mishmun), jasmine, and rosebuds adorn her \n hair. Around her wrists she wears gold bangles, including the shmelat, studded with turquoise and pink glass. \n She wears a murta'asha choker and a long murtahish necklace ending in a crescent element.\n\ncentral element. As seen in figure 11.11, a seytemi gold belt (hizam), which is usually composed of\nmay be added to this; it can be identified by the articulated square or round elements with smaller\nrow of gold coins running up the chain and \"it is dangling bells or tassels. On her hands, she will of-\namong the most sought after pieces of jewellery by ten have rings on each finger, especially the shahi-\nwomen in the U.A.E.\"72 All these pieces may vary in da ring, worn on both forefingers, and the marami\nsize and weight. At her waist, the bride will wear a on the middle finger. The back of her hand may\n be covered in the kaf or chef ornament, which runs\n72 Gubash and Lootah, Traditional Emirati Jewels, 62. from rings and is anchored to a bracelet. She also", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000119.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 50}, {"x": 473.83171199999964, "y": 50}, {"x": 473.83171199999964, "y": 64.03999999999999}, {"x": 72, "y": 64.03999999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE BIO181\n\nchromosome. Meiosis and mitosis are both nuclear divisions\n\nthat result in new daughter cells. However, the two processes have significant\ndifferences. Fill out the following chart comparing the two forms of nuclear division.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Mitosis
(begins with a single cell)		Meiosis
(begins with a single cell)
# chromosomes in parent cells
# DNA replications
# nuclear divisions
# daughter cells produced
purpose
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 78, "y": 177}, {"x": 531.6560923999994, "y": 177}, {"x": 531.6560923999994, "y": 189}, {"x": 78, "y": 189}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "5. Using your beads, strings, and magnets recreate the process of meiosis. Ensuring you\nhave two different colored beads, demonstrate the process of crossing over. When you\nthink you have it down, flag your instructor over. Have them sign off on your handiwork.\nInstructor signature:\n\n6. By now hopefully you've noticed that these processes are denoted with \"2n\" and \"n\" in\nvarious places. This is a reference to the number of sets of chromosomes that cell has at\nany given moment. Autosomal human cells are 2n. Gametes are 1n. Mitosis begins with\none 2n cell and ends with two 2n cells. Meiosis begins with one 2n cell and ends with 4 1n\ncells. Sketch those two processes here to show every time the \"n\" classification changes.\n(Hint: draw every step, it'll make your life easier, even if it takes a little bit longer!)\n\n71", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000060.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 139.57264755480608, "y": 95.91999999999996}, {"x": 387.4076800000001, "y": 95.91999999999996}, {"x": 387.4076800000001, "y": 133.79912087912084}, {"x": 139.57264755480608, "y": 133.79912087912084}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.8. Domestic Wood Pellets Production", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
YearDomestic production (1,000 tonne)
2014126
2015120
2016120
2017127
2018131
2019147
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 171.20016483516486}, {"x": 481.7776000000001, "y": 171.20016483516486}, {"x": 481.7776000000001, "y": 209.07928571428573}, {"x": 85, "y": 209.07928571428573}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Source: Forestry Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (MAFF), 2020.\n\nApplications of wood pellets in Japan include power generation, boilers, stoves, agriculture use, and others. Although the trade statistics do not specify the usage of the imported wood pellets, according to the Japan Wood Pellet Association (JPA), most are used for power generation.\n\nThe price of domestic wood pellets for power generation has a wide range. According to a survey of domestic wood pellet manufacturers undertaken by JPA in 2020, the average price of domestic wood pellets for power generation is around 14,000~29,000 \u00a5/tonne, while according to the Trade Statistics of Japan, the average cost, insurance, and freight (CIF) price of imported wood pellets is around 18,000 \u00a5/tonne in 2020 (Figure 4.9).\n\nFigure 4-9. Average Cost, Insurance, and Freight Prices of Wood Pellets and Wood Chips", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
YearWood pelletsWood chips, coniferousWood chips, non-coniferous
2012~21,000~18,000~19,000
2013~24,000~19,000~20,000
2014~27,000~20,000~22,000
2015~24,000~20,000~21,000
2016~20,000~19,000~19,000
2017~19,000~19,000~20,000
2018~20,000~20,000~21,000
2019~19,000~20,000~21,000
2020~18,000~19,000~20,000
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 171.20016483516486}, {"x": 303.8889999999999, "y": 171.20016483516486}, {"x": 303.8889999999999, "y": 209.07928571428573}, {"x": 85, "y": 209.07928571428573}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Average price = import value/import tonne.\nSource: Estimated by IEEJ based on Trade Statistics of Japan.\n\n40", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000072.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Distribution of Komnas HAM's YouTube Content (2019-2020)
Category20192020
Event3123
Celebration12
Information02
Videograph22
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 114.91999999999996}, {"x": 522.9559999999999, "y": 114.91999999999996}, {"x": 522.9559999999999, "y": 126.91999999999996}, {"x": 72, "y": 126.91999999999996}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Diagram 5: Distribution of Komnas HAM's YouTube Content (2019-2020)\n\nAs of 1 December 2021, the Komnas HAM's YouTube channel has 2,290 subscribers with 185,676 total views. In the 2019-2020 period, content that specifically discusses the SDGs explicitly cannot be found on the Komnas HAM's YouTube. Nevertheless, on 15 December 2021, the Tanggap Rasa Podcast with the title of \"Podcast #EP32: SDGs dan Anak Muda\" (Translation: \"Podcast #EP32: SDGs and Youth\") has been broadcast and can increase the awareness and understanding of the citizen on the SDGs, especially towards young generations.\n\nFigure 4: Komnas HAM's YouTube channel as of 1 December 2021\n\n[The image shows a screenshot of the Komnas HAM YouTube channel. It displays the channel header with 2.29K subscribers, various menu options like HOME, VIDEOS, PLAYLISTS, etc. Below are thumbnails of uploaded videos, including titles such as \"Podcast #EP230: Upaya Merawat Warisan Ingatan\", \"Diskusi Panel 7 Festival HAM 2021 #Terobosan...\", \"Paralel Event 1 Festival HAM 2021\", \"Konferensi Pers Festival HAM Tahun 2021\", and \"Menjemput Festival HAM 2021 Semarang\".]\n\n21", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000048.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 44, "y": 45}, {"x": 155.809, "y": 45}, {"x": 155.809, "y": 55}, {"x": 44, "y": 55}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "8 Encinas Franco and Laguna", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 45, "y": 83}, {"x": 250.9638, "y": 83}, {"x": 250.9638, "y": 97}, {"x": 45, "y": 97}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Filipino Women in Electoral Politics", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 44, "y": 45}, {"x": 368.01, "y": 45}, {"x": 368.01, "y": 55}, {"x": 44, "y": 55}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The nature and extent of Filipino women's political participation is a product of the country's colonial history, martial law, and democratization post-1986. Historians argue that Spain's strong Catholic traditions ushered in patriarchal norms and practices that were not present in the pre-Hispanic period. National hero, Jose Rizal, has documented this in his \"Letter to the Women of Malolos,\" praising the women for advocating their right to education. Historians also found proof of women's contribution to the Philippine revolution (Camagay 1998). Decades later, the suffragist movement ushered in one of the first national issues to have brought Filipino women together. It was a hard-fought battle; the movement had to contend with staunch opposition from antisuffragists in the Constitutional Convention that drafted the 1935 Constitution. The reluctance was expected because only 21-year-old Filipino men had been allowed to vote during the time. They framed their opposition based on traditional notions of womanhood and their role in the private sphere, foremost of which is motherhood. Another key argument against female suffrage was the idea that politics is supposed to be \"dirty\" and that this would taint families if women took part in politics. The assumptions catered to the age-old public-private divide, strongly suggesting that only men are qualified to occupy the former.\n\nEventually, the 1935 Constitution granted women suffrage on the condition that more than 300,000 women would vote affirmatively in a plebiscite. When signing the law paving the way for the said plebiscite, President Manuel Quezon had this to say to Filipino men: \"Are you going to deprive our women of the opportunity to say how their lives are going to be regulated and is it fair for us to presume that men can always speak in this country for women?\" (Official Gazette 1936). In April 1937, more than 400,000 women voted in favor of their right to vote and participate in political life. In 1946 and 1947, Filipinos elected the first woman member of the House of Representatives, and senator, respectively. Nonetheless, data from 1946 to 1992 indicate an uphill climb. For instance, in the 1949 and 1953 elections for the House of Representatives, only one woman was elected out of the 100 positions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000184.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 51}, {"x": 221.319981376, "y": 51}, {"x": 221.319981376, "y": 63.999998399999996}, {"x": 70, "y": 63.999998399999996}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Semantic Search Pack: Value", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 87}, {"x": 385.22843696735544, "y": 87}, {"x": 385.22843696735544, "y": 108.9999984}, {"x": 70, "y": 108.9999984}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "SS Pack allows businesses to access further data more rapidly", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 48, "y": 177}, {"x": 673.3579971375999, "y": 177}, {"x": 673.3579971375999, "y": 187.9999992}, {"x": 48, "y": 187.9999992}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The SS Pack can reduce the information acquisition time by returning all the information that matches the user's search intent.\n\nThe performance optimized for individual search systems is maintained by automatic updates of real-time search log records, augmented by Upstage's technological know-how.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
1.8X \u2191\u00b9Optimal AttemptSOTA\u00b2
Higher Return of InformationReduced Information Acquisition TimeCutting-Edge Technology
Unlike existing search systems that only return information limited to the entered search keywords, SS Pack returns all relevant data that meet the user's search intentBy returning all semantic-based information of the search keywords, the time required for information acquisition is reduced drastically compared to that of traditional keyword-matching search systemsThe analysis of user logs saved in real-time allows us to further optimize the individual search services over time
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 51.120000000000005, "y": 281}, {"x": 718.563, "y": 281}, {"x": 718.563, "y": 295.08}, {"x": 51.120000000000005, "y": 295.08}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "1. Evaluated against 100 internal test queries. Comparison of the amount of information returned with at least one keyword included in the search term and the amount of returned information against that of SS Pack\n2. State-of-the-art, current highest level of results and performance\n\n22", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000093.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 47, "y": 67}, {"x": 554.977, "y": 67}, {"x": 554.977, "y": 78}, {"x": 47, "y": 78}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "survey responses and outcomes from the experiments and games. This spreadsheet is linked to the students' randomly assigned course ID (CID) numbers. The other spreadsheet, which is linked to their university student ID numbers and their names, compiles their performances on quizzes, homework, and exams assigned throughout the semester.\n\nAt the risk of sounding draconian, this is a course where it may make sense to base upwards of 50% of a student's grade upon their in-person attendance, which would entail carefully taking role at the beginning of each class. If the class meets 30 times face-to-face during the semester, for example, their grade attributable to attendance would then drop by 3.33 percentage points for each missed class (excused absences withstanding). Granted, students who foresee having difficulty attending class in-person throughout the semester would likely choose to drop the course immediately. For those students who remain, the remaining 50% of their course grade would then be based upon their quizzes, homework, and exam scores.\n\nThe issue of how best to convey written information to the student a priori (i.e., before conducting a given experiment or game) also looms large in a participatory-learning setting such as this, especially if the instructor desires to obtain unbiased responses from the students (or more practically, to control for potential biases). For example, the first set of thought experiments presented in Section 1 is meant to demonstrate firsthand to the students the extent to which automatic, knee-jerk responses from what Kahneman (2011) identifies as the System 1 portion of the brain can result in miscalculations. Students who choose to read ahead (small in number though these types of students may be) potentially skew the distribution of responses away from its otherwise true representation of these miscalculations. Such skewness may be tolerable for strictly educational purposes, where the goal is to demonstrate that at least a certain percentage of students are prone to miscalculation. But if the instructor also hopes to compile student responses into a dataset amenable for statistical analysis, then this type of potential bias draws into question the validity of the data.^2\n\nTo help control for potential biases associated with students having read ahead about the game or experiment they are now participating in, I recommend including the following question on each Response Card: \"Did you read about this topic ahead of time?\" (see Appendix A). Answers to this question provide a control for the level of student foreknowledge, which is the potential bias of concern.\n\nI am personally unaware of any studies that have looked at how well students learn the lessons of behavioral economics in a cumulative sense over a span of time (e.g., an entire semester) and across a variety of experiments and games. In other words, I know of no studies that estimate the extent to which individuals who begin a course in behavioral economics as bona fide Homo sapiens evolve toward \"Homo economism\" in their individual and social choices. The pedagogy promoted in this textbook\u2014in particular, the data it generates\u2014offers instructors the opportunity to empirically test the hypothesis that students make this evolution.\n\n2. Note that this potential biasedness problem also extends to the laboratory experiments of Section 2 and games of Section 3.\n\nBEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM XXV", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000013.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 43.00800000000004}, {"x": 266.102, "y": 43.00800000000004}, {"x": 266.102, "y": 54.00800000000004}, {"x": 56, "y": 54.00800000000004}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "150 AL-OGAYYEL AND OSKAY\n\nA set of images showing al-Sadu weaving tools and techniques\n\nFigure 8.8 Symbol of stars in contemporary al-Sadu\n weaving by Leila Yaser.\n\nobjects\u2014such as kilims, clothes, bags, blankets,\nand tablecloths\u2014were in other parts of the\nworld. Therefore, although the weaving practice\nand the symbols used may have changed, they\ndid not change as much as in other textiles, so\nexamining the symbols embedded in these weav-\nings may yield a wealth of information about the\nlife of local populations. In the absence of writ-\nten records, al-Sadu weavings become, thus, re-\ncords of memories embodied in a thing.\n\nThe natural environment of the nomadic tribe\ncan be seen in al-Sadu designs, which contain\nsymbols that reflect astronomical elements and\nthe desert environment.24 Quite frequently, al-\nSadu symbols indicate constellations and stars\n(fig. 8.8).25 In the vast sky of the pre-electric desert,\nthe stars, the moon, and the sun had a great signifi-\ncance, being the main sources of orientation. It is\nimportant to note that, currently, the weavers in\nKuwait explain these symbols simply as \"stars,\"\n\nFigure 8.7a\u2013c A gazelle horn used in al-Sadu weaving.\n\n4 Al-Sadu Symbols and Social Significance\n\nPerhaps the main reason for the uniqueness of\nal-Sadu weaving is that it was never mass-pro-\nduced for export in the same way other carpets\nwere. Although it was traded among tribes, due\nto the length of time it takes to produce a tent,\nand due to its particular function in the harsh\nclimate of the desert, it was not replicable in\nother geographies. Al-Sadu weaving could not\nbe commercialized in the same way that other\n\n24 For more details on the symbols that appear in al-Sadu\n weavings, see also Altaf Salem Al-Ali Al-Sabah, Ibjad:\n Ornate Tent Dividers and Weavings of the Kuwait Desert\n (Kuwait: Al Sadu Society, 2006); Khawla Mohamed Ab-\n del and Aziez Al Manai, Al Sadu (Doha: National Mu-\n seum of Qatar, 2013); and Ali S. Alnajadah, \"The Picto-\n graphic Codes in Al-Sadu Weavings of Kuwait,\"\n International Design Journal 8, no. 3 (2018): 63\u201374. In\n this latter study, Alnajadah tracks changes in the mean-\n ings of some al-Sadu symbols.\n25 Khawlah M. Manna, Al-Sadu in Qatar: Traditional Tech-\n nical Values and Techniques (Doha: Qatar Museums\n Authority, Qatar National Museum, 2013), 99\u2013100.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000057.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
YearWaste materialsBiogasConstruction wood wasteGeneral wood (10MWs)General wood (<10MW)Unutilised wood (2MWs)Unutilised wood (<2MW)
12-132510505105
201450251002510010
2015752510505012510
2016502510752510010
2017251052525255
2018251025025255
20192510502525255
20205010252525255
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 113.6294389438944}, {"x": 481.85488000000015, "y": 113.6294389438944}, {"x": 481.85488000000015, "y": 124.66943894389442}, {"x": 85, "y": 124.66943894389442}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "FIT = feed-in-tariff.\nSource: METI (2021a).\n\nThe newly approved capacity has stagnated lately because some strict measures reduced the accumulated idle capacity in the revised FIT Act of 2017. For instance, developers are required to have entered into the grid connection agreement with a utility company for an FIT approval and to submit a business plan for assessment of feasibility and sustainability. As a result, the approved biomass power capacity is about 160MW on average in FY2018 and FY2019.\n\nA recent change in the FIT scheme is that new projects of biomass co-firing with coal in the category of unutilised wood, general wood, and construction wood waste are no longer eligible for the FIT scheme from FY2019.\u2074 The data collected after implementation of the FIT scheme revealed that the generation costs of these biomass co-firing with coal are lower than the estimated costs of conventional biomass power plants in terms of capital expenditures, operation and maintenance, and fuels. Hence, biomass co-firing with coal does not have a rationale to receive support through the FIT scheme since it could make profits without it. For reference, Figure 4.3 illustrates a biomass co-firing ratio of the major power utilities' coal-fired power plants. Nearly half of the coal-fired power plants co-combusted biomass in FY2019 and most of them are less than 1% ratio of biomass.\n\n\u2074 Biomass of waste materials co-firing with coal is not eligible for the FIT scheme from FY2021.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000173.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 396, "y": 0}, {"x": 396, "y": 612}, {"x": 0, "y": 612}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Humanity's Home Base.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 251}, {"x": 338.60459999999995, "y": 251}, {"x": 338.60459999999995, "y": 260}, {"x": 56, "y": 260}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 1. This image shows the Western hemisphere as viewed from space 35,400 kilometers (about 22,000 miles) above Earth. Data about the land surface from one satellite was combined with another satellite's data about the clouds to create the image. (credit: modification of work by R. Stockli, A. Nelson, F. Hasler, NASA/ GSFC/ NOAA/ USGS)\n\nOur nearest astronomical neighbor is Earth's satellite, commonly called the Moon. Figure 2 shows Earth and the Moon drawn to scale on the same diagram. Notice how small we have to make these bodies to fit them on the page with the right scale. The Moon's distance from Earth is about 30 times Earth's diameter, or approximately 384,000 kilometers, and it takes about a month for the Moon to revolve around Earth. The Moon's diameter is 3476 kilometers, about one fourth the size of Earth.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 104, "y": 480}, {"x": 290.38750400000004, "y": 480}, {"x": 290.38750400000004, "y": 494.418}, {"x": 104, "y": 494.418}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Earth and Moon, Drawn to Scale.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 572}, {"x": 238.61299999999994, "y": 572}, {"x": 238.61299999999994, "y": 580}, {"x": 56, "y": 580}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "10 | Chapter 1 Section 1.6: A Tour of the Universe", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000122.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 50}, {"x": 240.80467499999997, "y": 50}, {"x": 240.80467499999997, "y": 64.03999999999999}, {"x": 72, "y": 64.03999999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE BIO181\n\nFor use with CarolinaBLU\u2122 stain:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
TubeBamHI-HindIII restriction enzyme mixtureRestriction Buffer-RNaseSuspect 1 DNASuspect 2 DNAEvidence A or BH\u2082O
S13 \u03bcL3 \u03bcL10 \u03bcL2 \u03bcL
S23 \u03bcL3 \u03bcL10 \u03bcL2 \u03bcL
EA or EB3 \u03bcL3 \u03bcL10 \u03bcL2 \u03bcL
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 97.73055309482073}, {"x": 295.73374099718916, "y": 97.73055309482073}, {"x": 295.73374099718916, "y": 110.5958906422311}, {"x": 72, "y": 110.5958906422311}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "3. Mix reagents by pipetting gently up and down.\n\n4. Incubate all of the reaction tubes for 1 hour at 37 \u00b0C.\n\nNOTE: Your instructor will freeze your completed restriction digests at -20 \u00b0C until the next lab period.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 299}, {"x": 217.3092, "y": 299}, {"x": 217.3092, "y": 311}, {"x": 72, "y": 311}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "III. Electrophorese Digests", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 97.73055309482073}, {"x": 343.6623000000001, "y": 97.73055309482073}, {"x": 343.6623000000001, "y": 110.5958906422311}, {"x": 72, "y": 110.5958906422311}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Reagents:\n\n- Restriction digests from Part II, on ice\n- 10x loading dye, 10 \u03bcL\n\nSupplies and Equipment\n\n- Gel electrophoresis chamber with agarose gel in gel tray, power supply\n- 1-20 \u03bcL Micropipette and pipet tips", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 448}, {"x": 134.55374399999997, "y": 448}, {"x": 134.55374399999997, "y": 459.04}, {"x": 72, "y": 459.04}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Load the Gel", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 71, "y": 109.60624929243029}, {"x": 534.6917839999996, "y": 109.60624929243029}, {"x": 534.6917839999996, "y": 122.47158683984065}, {"x": 71, "y": 122.47158683984065}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "1. Use a micropipette to add 2 \u03bcL of 10\u00d7 loading dye to a reaction tube. Use the pipet tip and gently pipet up and down a couple of times to mix the 10\u00d7 loading dye with the digested DNA. Use a new pipet tip and repeat for each digest.\n\n2. Use a micropipette to load the contents of each reaction tube (20 \u03bcL total) into a separate well in the gel. Use a fresh pipet tip for each reaction tube and write down the order in which the samples are loaded.\n\nNOTE: Be careful not to punch the tip of the pipet through the bottom or side of the well.\n\nWhile loading,\n\n- steady the pipet over the well using two hands. You may wish to place one or both elbows on the lab bench to steady your hands.\n- be careful to expel any air in the pipet tip end before loading the gel. If an air bubble forms a cap over the well, the sample will flow into the buffer around the edges of the well.\n\n133", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000023.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 295, "y": 64.30700000000002}, {"x": 365.176, "y": 64.30700000000002}, {"x": 365.176, "y": 72.30700000000002}, {"x": 295, "y": 72.30700000000002}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "2. The Lost Homeland", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 88.30700000000002}, {"x": 365.4608, "y": 88.30700000000002}, {"x": 365.4608, "y": 99.30700000000002}, {"x": 56, "y": 99.30700000000002}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "This description told me that Steinkirche was somewhere in the vicinity of Strehlen. Then, according to Elfriede's stories about walking her animals, ducks, geese and a goat to the railway station to meet visitors, a station once existed near the village. I wondered whether it had survived the bombing. I have seen films of the utter devastation along the Oder River in early May 1945, just before the War in Europe ended. Did the railway still pass Steinkirche? My mother's father had been a railway line pointsman, a signal attendant. From a station close to home he would have undertaken the long journeys his work demanded.\n\nI went back to the old German maps in the National Library and located Steinkirche on one of several contiguous contour maps perhaps designed for military purposes. They covered Lower Silesia in 1938 in remarkable detail, although such detail also helped obscure the printed names of villages, which were lost in the depictions of miniature hills, rivers, quarries, castles, lakes and even houses.\n\nEventually I did locate the village through this superb map. Steinkirche was off the main road near the second railway station south of Strehlen, probably on a hill, something my mother had never mentioned. If one passed it, one could also locate it as station number two of the seven between Strehlen and M\u00fcnsterberg, on the railway running south of Breslau towards the Carpathian Mountains. Then I noted the Polish names for the two townships south of Wroclaw (Breslau). In the German-to-Polish Gazeteer they are given as Strzelin and Ziebice.\n\nMy intention was to take a train or a car to the new Polish ex-Steinkirche, visit it discreetly, and search the old cemetery for family connections. I wanted to photograph my two-year-old granddaughter beside my own grandfather Friedrich's grave. I wanted to look for other evidence of family history, and just savour the atmosphere of the place. I also wanted to see what had happened to Neumarkt Platz.\n\nIt was difficult to achieve anything in a hurry. In London, my daughter, granddaughter and I visited the office of the Polish Consulate. Tourist brochures were generously given to us, but none of the authoritative road maps of Poland showed the villages between Strzelin and Ziebice. Did our village still exist? And by what name?\n\nAfter flying to Berlin, we set out in a hire car for Wroclaw on 13 September 2003. Beside the Hitler-era Autobahn, there are still extensive forests, between flat farmlands. It was raining when we entered Poland.\n\n9", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000186.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 110.17711187250998}, {"x": 524.3741409620002, "y": 110.17711187250998}, {"x": 524.3741409620002, "y": 122.13231187250999}, {"x": 70, "y": 122.13231187250999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "```mermaid\ngraph TD\n subgraph \"Step 1-1\"\n A[32 Layers] --> |Copy| B[32 Layers]\n end\n subgraph \"Step 1-2\"\n C[8 Layers] --> |Merge| D[24 Layers]\n E[8 Layers] --> |Merge| D\n end\n subgraph \"Step 1: Depthwise Scaling\"\n A --> C\n B --> E\n end\n subgraph \"Step 2: Continued Pretraining\"\n F[24 Layers] --> |Continued Pretraining| G[48 Layers]\n H[24 Layers] --> |Continued Pretraining| G\n end\n D --> F\n D --> H\n```\n\nFigure 1: Depth up-scaling for the case with n = 32, s = 48, and m = 8. Depth up-scaling is achieved through a dual-stage process of depthwise scaling followed by continued pretraining.\n\nfor wider access and application of these models by researchers and developers globally.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 303.89}, {"x": 160.6682368, "y": 303.89}, {"x": 160.6682368, "y": 315.8452}, {"x": 70, "y": 315.8452}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "2 Depth Up-Scaling", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 303.89}, {"x": 290.41465640600006, "y": 303.89}, {"x": 290.41465640600006, "y": 315.8452}, {"x": 70, "y": 315.8452}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "To efficiently scale-up LLMs, we aim to utilize pre-trained weights of base models to scale up to larger LLMs (Komatsuzaki et al., 2022). While existing methods such as Komatsuzaki et al. (2022) use MoE (Shazeer et al., 2017) to scale-up the model architecture, we opt for a different depthwise scaling strategy inspired by Tan and Le (2019). We then continually pretrain the scaled model as just scaling the model without further pretraining degrades the performance.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 466.89}, {"x": 127.28324773599999, "y": 466.89}, {"x": 127.28324773599999, "y": 477.7991}, {"x": 70, "y": 477.7991}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Base model.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 303.89}, {"x": 288.27276371200014, "y": 303.89}, {"x": 288.27276371200014, "y": 315.8452}, {"x": 70, "y": 315.8452}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Any n-layer transformer architecture can be used but we select the 32-layer Llama 2 architecture as our base model. We initialize the Llama 2 architecture with pretrained weights from Mistral 7B, as it is one of the top performers compatible with the Llama 2 architecture. By adopting the Llama 2 architecture for our base model, we aim to leverage the vast pool of community resources while introducing novel modifications to further enhance its capabilities.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 608.89}, {"x": 155.1359800375, "y": 608.89}, {"x": 155.1359800375, "y": 619.7991}, {"x": 70, "y": 619.7991}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Depthwise scaling.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 122.2324949800797}, {"x": 468.56184395587, "y": 122.2324949800797}, {"x": 468.56184395587, "y": 134.1876949800797}, {"x": 70, "y": 134.1876949800797}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "From the base model with n layers, we set the target layer count s for the scaled model, which is largely dictated by the available hardware.\n\nWith the above, the depthwise scaling process is as follows. The base model with n layers is duplicated for subsequent modification. Then, we remove the final m layers from the original model and the initial m layers from its duplicate, thus forming two distinct models with n \u2212 m layers. These two models are concatenated to form a scaled model with s = 2\u00b7(n\u2212m) layers. Note that n = 32 from our base model and we set s = 48 considering our hardware constraints and the efficiency of the scaled model, i.e., fitting between 7 and 13 billion parameters. Naturally, this leads to the removal of m = 8 layers. The depthwise scaling process with n = 32, s = 48, and m = 8 is depicted in 'Step 1: Depthwise Scaling' of Fig. 1.\n\nWe note that a method in the community that also scale the model in the same manner\u00b2 as 'Step 1: Depthwise Scaling' of Fig. 1 has been concurrently developed.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 306, "y": 135.86031936254983}, {"x": 436.5264975013954, "y": 135.86031936254983}, {"x": 436.5264975013954, "y": 146.76941936254985}, {"x": 306, "y": 146.76941936254985}], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Continued pretraining.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 135.86031936254983}, {"x": 436.52649750139534, "y": 135.86031936254983}, {"x": 436.52649750139534, "y": 147.81551936254982}, {"x": 70, "y": 147.81551936254982}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "The performance of the depthwise scaled model initially drops below that of the base LLM. Thus, we additionally apply the continued pretraining step as shown in 'Step 2: Continued Pretraining' of Fig. 1. Experimentally, we observe rapid performance recovery of the scaled model during continued pretraining, a phenomenon also observed in Komatsuzaki et al. (2022). We consider that the particular way of depthwise scaling has isolated the heterogeneity in the scaled model which allowed for this fast performance recovery.\n\nDelving deeper into the heterogeneity of the scaled model, a simpler alternative to depthwise scaling could be to just repeat its layers once more, i.e., from n to 2n layers. Then, the 'layer distance', or the difference in the layer indices in the base model, is only bigger than 1 where layers n and n + 1 are connected, i.e., at the seam.\n\nHowever, this results in maximum layer distance at the seam, which may be too significant of a discrepancy for continued pretraining to quickly resolve. Instead, depthwise scaling sacrifices the 2m middle layers, thereby reducing the discrepancy at the seam and making it easier for continued\n\n\u00b2https://huggingface.co/Undi95/Mistral-11B-v0.1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000087.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 140, "y": 47}, {"x": 471.317, "y": 47}, {"x": 471.317, "y": 57.5}, {"x": 140, "y": 57.5}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 97}, {"x": 539.9113000000001, "y": 97}, {"x": 539.9113000000001, "y": 107.98000000000002}, {"x": 72, "y": 107.98000000000002}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "members should specify this in their schedule of specific commitments.\u2074 Reservation of the ability to lease or own land to nationals is one such treatment; therefore, it should be listed in the schedule as a limitation on national treatment.\u2075 This applies to services that the GATS covers.\u2076\n\nSome jurisdictions do not list foreign land ownership on their schedules, but restrict it for national security or similar interests.\u2077 Such jurisdictions include Australia and Finland (national interest), Chile and Greece (border area), Russia (national security), and Spain (zones of interest to national defense and the military). Several other jurisdictions that also restrict ownership for national security purposes have entered restrictions on their GATS schedules. Such jurisdictions include Argentina and Mexico (border area), Iran (sensitive areas), South Korea (military bases and installation protection zones), Taiwan (lands within fortified and military areas and adjacent to the national frontiers), and Turkey (designated military zones).\n\nThere are other various restrictions on foreigners' land ownership. Figure 1 below shows in simplified format the surveyed jurisdictions that impose particular categories of restrictions. On page 4, a color-coded map sets forth which jurisdictions permit foreign acquisition, prohibit it, or impose restrictions. A Comparative Summary Table beginning on page 5 presents the essential findings of our study for each jurisdiction. Lastly, the textual surveys for each jurisdiction provide further detail.\n\n----\n\n\u2074 Id. art. XX.\n\n\u2075 Julia Nielson & Daria Taglioni, A Quick Guide to the GATS and Mode 4, OECD, World Bank, IOM Seminar on Trade and Migration (Nov. 12-14, 2003), at 11, https://perma.cc/B8XW-LNZ4.\n\n\u2076 World Trade Organization, The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS): Objectives, Coverage and Disciplines, Question 3, https://perma.cc/4J7Y-WAG7. It states, \"[t]he GATS applies in principle to all service sectors, with two exceptions.\"\n\n\u2077 See GATS art. XIV General Exceptions.\n\nThe Law Library of Congress 2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000062.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 90, "y": 106}, {"x": 284.2319999999999, "y": 106}, {"x": 284.2319999999999, "y": 118}, {"x": 90, "y": 118}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "1. Shipping as a vector for marine IAS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 128}, {"x": 273, "y": 128}, {"x": 273, "y": 140}, {"x": 72, "y": 140}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "List of Philippine Ports is in Appendix 3\n\nShipping remains as the only scientifically documented pathway for marine biological invasion in the Philippines with the introduction and invasion of the South American mussel Mytella strigata (Vallejo et al. 2017). This invasive was first recorded from the South Harbor of Manila in 2014 and has been known to have spread throughout Manila Bay, to Lingayen Gulf, Aparri, Cagayan and Batangas Port in the Philippines. It has since then reported in Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, the Gulf of Thailand, and Sri Lanka.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Figure 2. Foulers from the South Harbor of Manila Bay. Photo by SAILS-PORTEC Manila Bay
[Image shows a dense cluster of marine organisms, primarily mussels, attached to a surface. The mussels appear to be of various sizes and colors, ranging from dark blue to brown, creating a textured and layered appearance typical of marine fouling.]
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 172}, {"x": 539.888, "y": 172}, {"x": 539.888, "y": 184}, {"x": 72, "y": 184}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Mytella was likely spread through hull fouling and ballast water release. In the Philippines its spread to other ports was likely through small vessel hull fouling as the first adult samples were recorded from the fishing boat FV Ocean in 2015 which was docked in Manila Bay. An intensive monitoring of the South Harbor area in 2014 resulted in the detection of the first cohort of recruits in Manila Bay. The likely first introduction by ballast water release or by biofouling was in December 2013 and the first cohort of recruits was detected in July 2014.\n\nThere are at least 15 marine non-indigenous species ship hull fouling recorded from Manila Bay's South Harbor (Vallejo et al. 2019; Trinidad et al 2017.) Only Mytella is considered invasive enough to have wide scale ecological and economic impacts. The most numerous species is the well-studied Hydroides elegans, which is a known ship fouler with a present pantropical distribution.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000020.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 39, "y": 64.30700000000002}, {"x": 122.58319999999999, "y": 64.30700000000002}, {"x": 122.58319999999999, "y": 72.30700000000002}, {"x": 39, "y": 72.30700000000002}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "At Home in Exile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 39, "y": 88.30700000000002}, {"x": 377.02850000000007, "y": 88.30700000000002}, {"x": 377.02850000000007, "y": 99.30700000000002}, {"x": 39, "y": 99.30700000000002}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "to speak, using half my allocated 20 minutes because he had a different memory of our internment. As a young boy he had a wonderful time in camp, getting up to mischief, playing games, feeling adventurous. Girls are more vulnerable. Puberty can be a greater problem for them.\n\nAnother interesting matter associated with this book is that the Iranian-born anthropologist Dr Pedram Khosronejad contacted me in 2019 after reading my book in the house of a friend. Pandanus Press having ceased to exist, Pedram took considerable trouble to locate and invite me to join a small group for a project he was devising. Their parents had also been interned from Persia during the period covered by my book. The group is now aged between 64 and 85 years of age \u2013 the 'children of internees from Persia'. The group works collectively and individually in association with Dr Khosronejad's experiment of a reciprocal anthropology of the aged. Outcomes of their work will include a publication as well as documentary film. This book remains one of several unique contributions within the development of the project.\n\nWith the literary title used in its initial hard copy, this book has not been part of bibliographies on civilian or refugee internment in Australia, although it is unusual as an account of a female's personal experiences.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000012.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 43.00800000000004}, {"x": 108.02000000000001, "y": 43.00800000000004}, {"x": 108.02000000000001, "y": 54.00800000000004}, {"x": 56, "y": 54.00800000000004}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "96 MACDONALD", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Figure 5.1Figure 5.2
FIGURE 5.1 Mr. Bologna Jun-r as Kalim Azack in Aladdin, or The Wonderful Lamp.FIGURE 5.2 Mr. Grimaldi as Kazrac (the Chinese slave) in Aladdin, or The Wonderful Lamp.
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 380.00800000000004}, {"x": 489.7645, "y": 380.00800000000004}, {"x": 489.7645, "y": 391.00800000000004}, {"x": 56, "y": 391.00800000000004}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "theatrical prints, which are informed by interculturation and illustrate the Orientalized look of the tale's theatrical life: one of John (\"Jack\") Peter Bologna as Kalim Azack, the vizier's son betrothed to Badroulboudour, and one of the extraordinary pantomime clown Joseph Grimaldi as Kazrac, the magician's Chinese slave, who, disillusioned by the magician's cruel plans concerning the lamp, befriends Aladdin (figs. 5.1 and 5.2). The creation of this non-speaking role (Kazrac's tongue had been removed by the \"Tartarian Hord\" from whom the magician rescued him) added much to the play, besides giving both the magician and Aladdin an ally and a confidant. Interestingly, these two prints likely represent a notable scene in the play, certainly a favorite with children playing with a toy theater. The prints show Kalim Azack and Kazrac fighting while Aladdin follows the princess to the royal baths. The wealthy Kalim Azack is depicted wearing an elaborate ensemble: long embroidered tunic with fringe, short jacket with embroidery and tassels, full trousers tucked into boots, a sash, necklace, earrings, and brooches. With his fanciful hat and long moustache, he depicts a theatrical version of \"a Tartar,\" or \"a Man from Crimea.\" An illustration with the same title was included in an 1804 edition of The Costume of Turkey that aptly associates Kalim Azack with the \"Tartarian Hord\" responsible for Kazrac's disfigurement.41 Kazrac's \"Chinese\" costume resembles contemporary Qing Dynasty (1636\u20131912) fashion with its changshan tunic, long, loose trousers, and a cap with upturned brim, topped with a knob. Despite his role as a poor peasant, Kazrac's theatrical costume is embellished with embroidery and a gold trim, and the character wears white stockings. Additionally, Grimaldi sports a braided pigtail and long moustache and brandishes two curved swords. Taken together, these two cultural images exemplify the Orientalized look that contributed to the fantasy\n\n41 \"A Tartar. A Man from Crimea,\" in Octavien Dalvimart,\n The Costume of Turkey, 1802 (London: Printed for Will-\n iam Miller, 1804), n.p.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000200.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 34, "y": 38}, {"x": 293.0060141746923, "y": 38}, {"x": 293.0060141746923, "y": 49.00000060200001}, {"x": 34, "y": 49.00000060200001}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Introduction of product services and key features", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 34, "y": 64}, {"x": 330.1060007663918, "y": 64}, {"x": 330.1060007663918, "y": 81.00000004399999}, {"x": 34, "y": 81.00000004399999}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Key Functions by Main Service Flow", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Service StageFunction NameExplanationExpected Benefit
1. Project creationProject creation and managementSelect document type to automatically run project creation, Pipeline configuration with recommended Modelset and Endpoint deploymentThe intuitive UI environment allows the the person in charge to quickly proceed with the entire process from project creation to deployment, improving work efficiency
2. Data labeling and fine-tuningData storage managementProvides convenient functions for uploading raw data, viewer, and data management (search using image metadata, sorting, filtering, hashtags settings on image data) Image data bookmark for Qualitative EvaluationConveniently manage raw data to be used for OCR Pack and actual data from live service
Create and manage Labeling SpaceCreating a Labeling Space to manage raw data annotation, managing labeling resources (Ontology, Characters to be Recognized), data set dump, data set version managementLabeling work can be outsourced within the pack. Labeled data is continuously supplied from which data sets can be created with ease. The Auto Labeling function increases both efficiency and convenience.
Model trainingVarious basic models for each selected document, information comparison between models, basic model training, training pause function, re-training, cancel function, and configuration support for Characters to be Recognized and Ontology that is frequently modified while developing specialized modelsProviding a foundation for customers to implement, manage, and upgrade their own OCR model specialized to the customers' needs
3. Pipeline configuration and deploymentPipeline, Endpoint Creation and managementChoose Detector, Recognizer, or Parser to create a Pipeline or an Endpoint Connect Pipelines to Endpoints, perform tasks such as deployment controllers, deployment recovery, and moreProviding a foundation for customers to implement, manage, and upgrade their own OCR model specialized to the customers' needs
4. Monitoring and evaluationProject monitoringMonitoring of deployed Pipelines and Endpoints, notifying the customer of important issues such as suspicion of model performance degradation, and Qualitative Evaluation of actual incoming customer dataMonitor important indicators for each project and quickly identify and respond to issues
Full Pack MonitoringMonitoring traffic of all deployed Endpoints, quality monitoring of all deployed models, and monitoring of resources (GPU, CPU, Storage) connected to the PackMonitoring useful information about the overall OCR Pack at a glance
Quantitative / Qualitative EvaluationQuantitative evaluation leaderboard / Qualitative EvaluationViewing the model's performance to help the customer choose the appropriate model
Guide and helpProvides context-specific guides to help you troubleshoot yourself, download terminal logs for error situations and Pack documentationThe customer can diagnose, respond to, and solve problems occurring in the Pack on their own without external help
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000010.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 43.00800000000004}, {"x": 266.042, "y": 43.00800000000004}, {"x": 266.042, "y": 54.00800000000004}, {"x": 56, "y": 54.00800000000004}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "CIRCULATING THINGS, CIRCULATING STEREOTYPES 83\n\nFigure 4.10 James Gillray, High Change in Bond Street; ou la politesse du grande monde \n\nThe image depicts a colorful street scene with several figures in elaborate dress. The central figure wears a polka-dot dress with a large feathered hat. Other figures are dressed in various styles of the period, including men in coats and hats. The scene appears to be satirical in nature, commenting on the fashion and social customs of the time.\n\nmeant to bewilder the viewer. Satins, silks, ivory, gigantic eggs, and \"artificial\" apples describe, in fact, the things of the trade: expensive and rare fabrics, on the one hand, strange collectibles and exotica, on the other. Lavish dresses and embellishments become insignia of wealth, power, and nonconformity, of a way of life outside the economic constraints of the Western civilization. Interestingly, such projections were internalized by eighteenth-century British subjects in the fashionable \"Turquerie\" that allowed the wearers to display their wealth by wearing Oriental dress, turbans, ostrich plumes, long capes, veils, and flattering shalvars (figs. 4.9 and 4.10). Another infusion of Orientalism in the West, the tradition of painting European figures in Middle Eastern dress, becomes a form of cultural cross-dressing meant to suggest misuse of power or excessive wealth (fig. 4.11). Such cultural imports are difficult to be understood, to use Said's qualification, as expressions of the Occident's cultural \"antipathy\"^84 toward the Orient; rather, they reflect the West's attraction to a space that connotes difference understood as extraordinariness rather than inferiority.\n\nBesides their connotations of magic, exoticism, and wealth, the things in the Arabian Nights are also rich bearers of cultural information: as Marina Warner correctly pointed out, \"stories are lodged in goods\"^85 and as such, they expand the reader's\n\n84 Said, Orientalism, 260.\n85 Marina Warner, introduction to Stranger Magic: Charmed States and the Arabian Nights (London: Chatto & Windus, 2011), 8.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000009.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 43.00800000000004}, {"x": 266.3428999999999, "y": 43.00800000000004}, {"x": 266.3428999999999, "y": 54.00800000000004}, {"x": 56, "y": 54.00800000000004}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "74 BAIRD\n\n[A mezzotint image titled \"The HONEY-MOON\" is displayed. It shows a couple in 18th-century attire sitting together. The woman wears a blue dress with white lace and a white headdress. The man wears a light green coat, yellow waistcoat, and white wig. They are seated on ornate furniture with a red curtain in the background.]\n\nFIGURE 4.3\nThe Honey-Moon [graphic]. Mezzotint,\nhand-colored.\nPRINTED FOR CARINGTON BOWLES,\nLONDON, JUNE 1777\n\nthis list, Richard Walker, apothecary to the Prince Peninsula to Europe, where they were customarily\nof Wales, adds Arabic henna, manna, and rhu- used in tinctures, purges, and other more or less\nbarb.34 The influence of the Arabian medicine first effective elixirs.35 Alternately, incense was used for\non the Greek, then on the French and English phy- its love-inducing and rejuvenating properties, as\nsicians, although often decried, brought an influx seen in an 1787 etching by James Gillray represent-\nof medicinal plants from or through the Arabian ing a group of five elderly women of fashion at-\n tending an altar of Love (fig. 4.5).36\n\nBook. Interspersed with Some Occasional Observations\non Some of the Most Celebrated Modern Dispensatories, 35 For the influence of the Arabian medicine on Western\nand the Present State of Pharmacy (London: Printed Europe, see volume 3 of John Astruc's Treatise on the\nand Sold by R. Willock, 1744). This volume contains a Diseases of Women, in Which Is Attempted to Join a Just\nwealth of detailed recipes for various afflictions, albeit Theory to the Most Safe and Approved Practice... (Lon-\nproviding few specifics as to what was treated by using don: Printed for J. Nourse, 1767). For detailed recipes of\nthem. medicines containing ingredients of Arabic origin, see\n34 Richard Walker, Memoirs of Medicine; Including a Pharmacopoia Reformata cited above.\n Sketch of Medical History from the Earliest Accounts to 36 Arabian incense is made by using frankincense or gum\n the Eighteenth Century (London: Printed for J. Johnson, Arabic resin mixed with sweet-smelling essential oils,\n 1799). such as myrrh and oud.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000132.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Fish species on IUCN Red List
Potosi PupfishCyprinodon alvarezi
La Palma PupfishCyprinodon longidorsalis
Butterfly SplitfinAmeca splendens
Golden SkiffiaSkiffia francesae
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 69}, {"x": 518.6142872000001, "y": 69}, {"x": 518.6142872000001, "y": 78}, {"x": 56, "y": 78}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 6.1: Four fish species on IUCN Red List \"Extinct in the Wild\" held in public aquariums.\n\nPublic aquariums, because of their in-house expertise, can act quickly to collect and breed rare fish. Actions to prevent the extinction of the Barrens Topminnow include monitoring populations and propagating and stocking juveniles into existing or newly created spring habitats. The Tennessee Aquarium assisted with propagations and developed a program called \"Keeper Kids,\" where students on spring break help feed the Barrens Topminnows in a behind-the-scenes experience.\n\nFigure 6.3: Photo of the critically endangered Butterfly Splitfin (Ameca splendens).\n\nThe breeding colonies of the Butterfly Splitfin (Figure 6.3) at the London Zoo and elsewhere serve as ark populations essential to the survival of this species. Butterfly Splitfins are endemic to the R\u00edo Ameca in western Mexico and almost extinct in the wild. Actions such as nonnative fish removal, stream restoration, and sanctuary designation may take decades before eventual introduction and survival in the wild. The Tennessee Aquarium is part of a large partnership to guide hatchery augmentation and recovery of the rarest darter in North America (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2019). The Conasauga Logperch (Percina jenkinsi), a federally endangered darter (Percidae), is found only in a 30-mile (48 km) stretch of the Conasauga River in Georgia and Tennessee (Moyer et al. 2015).\n\nFigure 6.4: Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens).\n\nThe Banggai Cardinalfish (Pterapogon kauderni), a small, endangered tropical cardinalfish in the family Apogonidae, is now bred and displayed in numerous public aquariums after overharvest in the wild drove wild populations to near extinction. Consequently, most Banggai Cardinalfish sold to hobbyists in the United States and European Union today are captive bred.\n\n132 | Public Aquariums and Their Role in Education, Science, and Conservation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000108.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 127}, {"x": 154.1259, "y": 127}, {"x": 154.1259, "y": 139.1}, {"x": 85, "y": 139.1}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "CONTENTS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 217}, {"x": 151.898, "y": 217}, {"x": 151.898, "y": 228}, {"x": 56, "y": 228}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "About the Publisher vii\nAbout This Project ix\nAcknowledgments xi", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 279}, {"x": 111.31679999999999, "y": 279}, {"x": 111.31679999999999, "y": 287.8}, {"x": 56, "y": 287.8}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "LAB MANUAL", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 308}, {"x": 304.32500000000005, "y": 308}, {"x": 304.32500000000005, "y": 319}, {"x": 56, "y": 319}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Experiment #1: Hydrostatic Pressure 3\n\nExperiment #2: Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration 13\n\nExperiment #3: Energy Loss in Pipe Fittings 24\n\nExperiment #4: Energy Loss in Pipes 33\n\nExperiment #5: Impact of a Jet 43\n\nExperiment #6: Orifice and Free Jet Flow 50\n\nExperiment #7: Osborne Reynolds' Demonstration 59\n\nExperiment #8: Free and Forced Vortices 66\n\nExperiment #9: Flow Over Weirs 76\n\nExperiment #10: Pumps 84\n\nReferences 101\nLinks by Chapter 102\nImage Credits 104", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000117.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 80, "y": 52}, {"x": 247.966175, "y": 52}, {"x": 247.966175, "y": 66.03999999999999}, {"x": 80, "y": 66.03999999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
SaccharometerDI WaterGlucose SolutionYeast Suspension
224 ml0 ml4 ml
312 ml12 ml4 ml
44 ml12 ml12 ml
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 103}, {"x": 503.55599999999976, "y": 103}, {"x": 503.55599999999976, "y": 115}, {"x": 72, "y": 115}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Employing Steps in the Scientific Method:\n\n1. Record the Question that is being investigated in this experiment.\n ________________________________________________________________\n\n2. Record a Hypothesis for the question stated above.\n ________________________________________________________________\n\n3. Predict the results of the experiment based on your hypothesis (if/then).\n ________________________________________________________________\n\n4. Perform the experiment below and collect your data.\n\nProcedure:\n\n1. Prepare yeast suspension: Add 7 grams yeast to 50 ml warm tap water. Stir to mix.\n Alternatively, you can use the yeast suspension from Part 2. Optional: Add a few drops of\n red food coloring to the yeast to increase contrast, allowing easier measuring of the\n height of yeast in saccharometers.\n\n2. Label 4 test tubes and 4 saccharometers # 1- 4. Use a transfer pipette to add the\n appropriate amount of glucose and distilled water listed in Table 2 to the corresponding\n labeled test tubes.\n\n3. Use a transfer pipette to add the appropriate amount of yeast solution listed in Table 1 to\n the corresponding labeled test tubes. It is important to work carefully and quickly after\n adding the yeast solution to the glucose and water.\n\n4. Carefully pour the contents of the test tubes into the correspondingly labeled\n saccharometer, ensuring that the solutions are well mixed.\n\n5. Carefully tilt the saccharometers to allow any air bubbles that are trapped in the arms of\n the vertical tube to escape.\n\n6. Begin the timer for the experiment and measure the size of any bubbles (in mm) that are\n trapped in the vertical arms of the saccharometers. Record this measurement as the 0 time\n point.\n\n7. Position the saccharometers on the large plastic tray, positioning them around a plastic\n weigh boat to catch any fermentation overflow that may occur.\n\n59", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000041.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 64, "y": 80.88999999999999}, {"x": 285.11999999999995, "y": 80.88999999999999}, {"x": 285.11999999999995, "y": 90.88999999999999}, {"x": 64, "y": 90.88999999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "tweets, videos) inciting violence towards religious minorities, ethnic minorities, the LGBTI community, and women and girls. Forty-four per cent of respondents had \"sometimes\" seen extremist social media content inciting violence towards religious minorities, with 31% seeing this content \"very often\".\n\nBoth men and women acknowledged that they had \"sometimes\" seen this content on social media (62% and 41%, respectively). Indonesia was the country from which most respondents had viewed this content \"very often\" (50%). When collapsing the \"always\" and \"very often\" categories, 41% of Instagram users had often seen intolerant content, followed by 36% of WhatsApp users and 34% of Facebook users. Among the Twitter users in the sample, 48% had seen intolerant content towards religious minorities.\n\nWhen asked about how often social media content was inciting violence towards ethnic minorities, 46% of respondents had \"sometimes\" seen this type of extremist social media content inciting violence towards ethnic minorities whereas only 27% have seen this content rarely or never. Women have seen such content more frequently than men (90%), and Indonesia was the country from which most respondents had seen this content \"very often\" (58%). Users of Facebook, WhatsApp and Instagram acknowledged that they had seen this content \"very often\" (26%, 31% and 35% respectively).\n\nThirty-nine per cent of respondents acknowledged that they had \"sometimes\" seen social media content inciting violence towards the LGBTI community. Women saw this type of content more frequently than men (84%), and Indonesia was the country from which more respondents saw this content with a higher frequency (53% saw such content \"always\" and \"very often\"). Participants in the survey observed intolerant content directed towards the LGBTI community. For example, one participant from the Philippines observed that,\n\n> \"There were instances when women were humiliated in public and on social media after they were labelled as part of the LGBTQ+ community. The comments on posts regarding them were mostly commending their public humiliation (cutting their hair) instead of condemning the act\".", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 46, "y": 80.88999999999999}, {"x": 549.235, "y": 80.88999999999999}, {"x": 549.235, "y": 90.88999999999999}, {"x": 46, "y": 90.88999999999999}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 3: Frequency of viewing extremist social media inciting violence toward women and girls", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
FrequencyMaleFemale
OFTEN7.7%35.7%
SOMETIMES53.9%30.4%
RARELY30.8%28.6%
NEVER7.7%5.4%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 19, "y": 110.88999999999999}, {"x": 425.94720000000024, "y": 110.88999999999999}, {"x": 425.94720000000024, "y": 120.88999999999999}, {"x": 19, "y": 120.88999999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN 29", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000033.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 60.84, "y": 43.29399999999998}, {"x": 97.93822679999997, "y": 43.29399999999998}, {"x": 97.93822679999997, "y": 53.256999999999984}, {"x": 60.84, "y": 53.256999999999984}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Prologue xvii", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 60.84, "y": 67.29399999999998}, {"x": 196.3475339999998, "y": 67.29399999999998}, {"x": 196.3475339999998, "y": 79.24899999999998}, {"x": 60.84, "y": 79.24899999999998}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Functional Abstraction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 59.84, "y": 91.29399999999998}, {"x": 371.5228655000003, "y": 91.29399999999998}, {"x": 371.5228655000003, "y": 102.20299999999999}, {"x": 59.84, "y": 102.20299999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "But this corrected use of Leibniz notation is ugly. We had to introduce extraneous symbols (q and q\u0307) in order to indicate the argument position specifying the partial derivative. Nothing would change here if we replaced q and q\u0307 by a and b\u00b3. We can simplify the notation by admitting that the partial derivatives of the Lagrangian are themselves new functions, and by specifying the particular partial derivative by the position of the argument that is varied\n\n$$\\frac{d}{dt}((\\partial_2L)(t, w(t), \\frac{d}{dt}w(t))) - (\\partial_1L)(t, w(t), \\frac{d}{dt}w(t)) = 0,$$\n\nwhere \u2202\u1d62L is the function which is the partial derivative of the function L with respect to the ith argument.\u2074\n\nTwo different notions of derivative appear in this expression. The functions \u2202\u2082L and \u2202\u2081L, constructed from the Lagrangian L, have the same arguments as L. The derivative d/dt is an expression derivative. It applies to an expression that involves the variable t and it gives the rate of change of the value of the expression as the value of the variable t is varied.\n\nThese are both useful interpretations of the idea of a derivative. But functions give us more power. There are many equivalent ways to write expressions that compute the same value. For example 1/(1/r\u2081 + 1/r\u2082) = (r\u2081r\u2082)/(r\u2081 + r\u2082). These expressions compute the same function of the two variables r\u2081 and r\u2082. The first expression fails if r\u2081 = 0 but the second one gives the right value of the function. If we abstract the function, say as \u03a0(r\u2081, r\u2082), we can ignore the details of how it is computed. The ideas become clearer because they do not depend on the detailed shape of the expressions.\n\n\u00b3That the symbols q and q\u0307 can be replaced by other arbitrarily chosen non-conflicting symbols without changing the meaning of the expression tells us that the partial derivative symbol is a logical quantifier, like forall and exists (\u2200 and \u2203).\n\n\u2074The argument positions of the Lagrangian are indicated by indices starting with zero for the time argument.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000158.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 67}, {"x": 338.6050999999998, "y": 67}, {"x": 338.6050999999998, "y": 76}, {"x": 56, "y": 76}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "to expand this section to include notes, tips and feedback from TWP instructors. If you use these materials, please let me know how it went, what worked for you, and any suggested changes or additions. I'd love to hear from you at chwixson (at) plymouth (dot) edu or fill out as much of [this form] as you'd like.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 177}, {"x": 138.8096605, "y": 177}, {"x": 138.8096605, "y": 193.2203}, {"x": 56, "y": 193.2203}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Introduction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 215}, {"x": 339.246, "y": 215}, {"x": 339.246, "y": 224}, {"x": 56, "y": 224}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Throughout the chapters, I tried to generate Reflection & Discussion Questions that could be used either as in class (whole group or think/pair/share) discussion prompts or as written reflections assigned out of class. If your students generate any written answers to any of the Reflection & Discussion Questions in this chapter, I would be very interested to see them.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 338}, {"x": 198.16091833084002, "y": 338}, {"x": 198.16091833084002, "y": 354.2203}, {"x": 56, "y": 354.2203}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Our Mental Shortcuts", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 390}, {"x": 338.5019000000001, "y": 390}, {"x": 338.5019000000001, "y": 399}, {"x": 56, "y": 399}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "If you'd like to reinforce Kahneman's ideas about System 1 and System 2 thinking the video below (12 minutes) is very good, (thanks to Mike Davidson for this suggestion.)\n\n//www.youtube.com/embed/UBVV8pch1dM", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Reflection & Discussion Question 1: Taking Stock of What You Already Know
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 572}, {"x": 153.58259999999996, "y": 572}, {"x": 153.58259999999996, "y": 580}, {"x": 56, "y": 580}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "98 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000026.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 68, "y": 64.30700000000002}, {"x": 122.58319999999999, "y": 64.30700000000002}, {"x": 122.58319999999999, "y": 72.30700000000002}, {"x": 68, "y": 72.30700000000002}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "At Home in Exile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 68, "y": 88.30700000000002}, {"x": 377.0230000000001, "y": 88.30700000000002}, {"x": 377.0230000000001, "y": 99.30700000000002}, {"x": 68, "y": 99.30700000000002}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Else had told us how phosphorenscence burning on human skin could not be put out, and how a seventeen-year-old soldier, weak from starvation, had been fed at a stranger mother's breast in the bunker before he returned to fight Russian soldiers in the final Breslau street battles. She had told us how a fat man had wedged himself into the shelter's entrance, and had been mown down by the hysterical mob. She had told us how she herself had carried her sick mother across a burning rooftop.\n\nBeneath the reconstructed Novi Targ square, John identified shelters in two places, downstairs bolted against public entry. Plain and ugly high-rise public housing of cheap materials now stood around the bare square, where once interesting seventeenth-century merchant houses had stood amid a lively marketplace. People had lived in apartments even before the Communist-style transformations. Before their destruction, the old buildings of Breslau were of stately proportions, made of good material by experienced artisans who valued their talents and who took pride in a town with depth to its history.\n\nNovi Targ now looks much sadder and more neglected than my glossy photos show. Breslau's lively markets that were once a feature of the city, as shown in my photographs of 1905, were relocated by the council in the second half of the twentieth century to a large new market hall. This was allegedly because of the congestion caused in the city's central squares by traders with their cars, animals and stalls.\n\nI was nevertheless deeply moved. This ugly restoration was on ground where my grandmother and her children had walked so many times. Grandmother Emma and my beloved aunt Else had lived there for fifteen years before 1945. My mother had corresponded with them from far away.\n\nHad we stayed longer, we would have enjoyed other moments of pleasure in a city that remains drab, and in which not even the theatre has been restored. The original buildings, and what they stood for, were German. The culture of Silesia before 1945 has not yet been generally acknowledged. It is also part of Polish history. I am sure this will change.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000027.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 75, "y": 28.008000000000038}, {"x": 237.95392708000003, "y": 28.008000000000038}, {"x": 237.95392708000003, "y": 36.97430000000004}, {"x": 75, "y": 36.97430000000004}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control\n\nFigure 7.\nEstimated cumulative damage for impeller blades.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Number of impellerssingle-frequencemulti-frequence
10.080.16
20.110.27
30.170.28
40.140.28
50.160.24
60.230.23
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 75, "y": 132.6210342988732}, {"x": 298.26682154000014, "y": 132.6210342988732}, {"x": 298.26682154000014, "y": 140.5912342988732}, {"x": 75, "y": 140.5912342988732}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Figure 8.\nEstimated residual life of impeller blades by the criterion of cracking.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Number of impellerssingle-frequencymulti-frequency
153
242
371
474
56.53.5
63.52
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 75, "y": 132.6210342988732}, {"x": 317.9771261400001, "y": 132.6210342988732}, {"x": 317.9771261400001, "y": 140.5912342988732}, {"x": 75, "y": 140.5912342988732}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Figure 9.\nEstimated residual life of impeller blades at the stage of crack development.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Number of impellerssingle-frequencemulti-frequence
16.54.5
27.55.5
393
4117.5
510.57
64.53
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 75, "y": 714.008}, {"x": 84.046177, "y": 714.008}, {"x": 84.046177, "y": 721.9782}, {"x": 75, "y": 721.9782}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "48", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000098.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 66, "y": 98}, {"x": 551.574, "y": 98}, {"x": 551.574, "y": 109}, {"x": 66, "y": 109}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "I understand your concern about copyright, but I don't see any issues with summarizing or quoting from the document image provided, as that appears to be the intended task. I'll proceed with translating the visible content to markdown format as requested, while being mindful not to reproduce any potentially copyrighted material beyond what's shown in the image itself.\n\none of the two players is allowed to communicate with the other player (i.e., there is \"one-way communication\") the players coordinate their choices 96% of the time! However, with simultaneous two-way communication between the two players, they coordinate only 42% of the time! Explain what happened.\n\n10. We demonstrated how to solve for the Penalty Kick game's mixed-strategy equilibrium. Suppose you were new to the game of soccer (or football) and assigned to play the goalie position. After watching the following YouTube video, what strategy might make the most sense for you to adopt on penalty kicks: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3yWZZR9ZodI.\n\n11. The map below identifies (with red markers) the locations of gas stations in Salt Lake City, Utah (Utah's capital city). Do these gas station locations depict a pure strategy equilibrium for the Hotelling Game? Explain.\n\n[A map image of Salt Lake City showing various gas station locations marked with red pins]\n\nSource: Google Maps\n\n12. In this chapter, we learned that when an individual acquires private information about something, this added information does not necessarily make the individual better off. In particular, when an individual (say, Player 1) acquires private information about something of common interest to both himself and another individual (say, Player 2), and Player 2 knows Player 1 has acquired this private information, Player 1 could actually be made worse off as a result of Player 2 changing her strategy in response to the fact that she knows Player 1 now has additional information. Whew! Can you think of a real-life example where the acquisition\n\nBEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 175", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000080.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 99, "y": 126.88999999999999}, {"x": 267.4715999999999, "y": 126.88999999999999}, {"x": 267.4715999999999, "y": 162.89}, {"x": 99, "y": 162.89}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "III. Regulatory cholesterol", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 99, "y": 123.88999999999999}, {"x": 393.962, "y": 123.88999999999999}, {"x": 393.962, "y": 156.89}, {"x": 99, "y": 156.89}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "This report defines 'regulatory cholesterol' as the policy actions of the three arms of the State, i.e. the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary, using the instruments of legislations, rules, regulations or orders, to create or raise barriers to a smooth flow of ideas, organisation, money and most importantly, the flow of the entrepreneurial spirit. In India, a wrong political choice in the early decades of Independence has created a policy fraternity that shuns data and causalities and leans on rhetoric and ideologies to frame economic policies. Inflation in the 1970s, for instance, was not caused by hoarders and speculators; it was a matter of supply and demand. \"Excoriating, coercing, or imprisoning the hoarders and speculators changes nothing in terms of creating new supply,\" write Vijay Kelkar and Ajay Shah.[^28] \"The economic theory of people hostile to economic forces is wrong.\"\n\nBy taking one policy tool \u2014 imprisonment \u2014 this report highlights the excesses of overregulation and the resultant regulatory cholesterol while doing business in India. Although the biggest constituency at the receiving end of these laws is that of entrepreneurs running for-profit firms and corporations, this regulatory overreach also impacts not-for-profits such as schools and hospitals\u2014both necessary institutions for India with a huge demand. Step\n\n[^28]: Footnote reference in the original text.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000054.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 92.91999999999996}, {"x": 481.8684799999999, "y": 92.91999999999996}, {"x": 481.8684799999999, "y": 103.95999999999998}, {"x": 85, "y": 103.95999999999998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "EFB = empty fruit bunch.\nSource: Murdiyatmo (2021).\n\nHowever, the main obstacle with producing second-generation bioethanol is the cost of enzymes. Murdiyatmo (2021) stated that, at the pilot scale, the cost of enzymes is very high, i.e. Rp18,000 per litre of ethanol produced. Some studies provided the cost of enzymes in the US. NREL (2011), for instance, estimated that the cost of enzymes to produce second-generation bioethanol in the US was equivalent to around $0.34 per gallon or Rp1,529\u00b2 per litre of ethanol produced, i.e. less than one-tenth of the cost of enzymes in Indonesia.\n\nIn the next sub-sections, we analyse biodiesel and bioethanol introduction in Indonesia. In each sub-section, we first discuss the current supply and demand of the biofuels and the related conventional transport fuel. Second, we estimate the conventional transport fuel, i.e. gasoline and diesel fuel demand in road transportation during the period of 2020\u201350. Third, we estimate the volume of pure biofuel (fatty acid methyl ester [FAME]/biodiesel and bioethanol) needs in scenarios, and in the amount of feedstock, i.e. CPO in biodiesel and molasses in bioethanol needed to meet the demand required in each scenario.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 361.91999999999996}, {"x": 194.6382399999999, "y": 361.91999999999996}, {"x": 194.6382399999999, "y": 372.96}, {"x": 85, "y": 372.96}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "2.1. Diesel and biodiesel use", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 383.91999999999996}, {"x": 481.98992, "y": 383.91999999999996}, {"x": 481.98992, "y": 394.96}, {"x": 85, "y": 394.96}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The consumption of diesel fuel in Indonesia, used primarily for road freight transport, fluctuated between 2010 and 2019 as it correlated with the economic condition (Table 2.8). Diesel consumption in the industry sector decreased significantly, around 10% per year between 2010 and 2019, resulting from the shift to another energy type. During the same period, with some fluctuations, diesel production increased at 3.6% annual growth rate, while imports were cut by half from nearly 13 billion litres in 2010 to nearly 6.5 billion litres in 2018. The biodiesel blending rate increased from only 1% in 2010 to nearly 20% in 2019, representing a growing level of mandatory biodiesel programmes. Apparently, diesel imports dropped with the increase of the biodiesel (B100) blending rate.\n\n\u00b2 Assuming average inflation rate of 2% between 2011 and 2021 and an exchange rate of $1 = Rp14,131.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000091.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 70}, {"x": 216.50359999999998, "y": 70}, {"x": 216.50359999999998, "y": 82.1}, {"x": 56, "y": 82.1}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "THIS BOOK'S APPROACH", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 70}, {"x": 555.05, "y": 70}, {"x": 555.05, "y": 82.1}, {"x": 56, "y": 82.1}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "This book's approach is premised on a simple assumption: because behavioral economics is foremost a \"test-and-learn\" field of scientific inquiry that evolves according to experimental outcomes and practical, policy-orientated applications of the knowledge garnered from these outcomes, so too should students test-and-learn. Studying and practicing behavioral economics should occur simultaneously, which, in turn, suggests a course taught more according to a practicum approach than in a traditionally styled lecture format. As such, the book's information and lessons are presented in a succinct and precise format.\n\nThe goal of this textbook is to help students experience behavioral economics through actual participation in the same experiments and economic games that have served as the foundations for, and shaped the contours of, the field. With the help of this book, students have the opportunity to learn behavioral economics firsthand and, in the process, create their own data and experiences. They will learn about themselves\u2014about how they make private and public choices under experimental conditions\u2014at the same time as they learn about the field of behavioral economics itself. They will be both the subjects and students of behavioral economics. What better way to learn?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 388}, {"x": 285.387, "y": 388}, {"x": 285.387, "y": 399}, {"x": 56, "y": 399}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "HOMO ECONOMICUS VS. HOMO SAPIENS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 413}, {"x": 555.0932999999999, "y": 413}, {"x": 555.0932999999999, "y": 424}, {"x": 56, "y": 424}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "For ease of reference and exposition, we henceforth refer to the type of individual construed by the traditional rational-choice model as Homo economicus, a peculiar subspecies of human beings that is unfailingly omniscient, dispassionate, and self-interested when it comes to making choices. Homo sapiens, on the other hand, represents the rest of us\u2014the often-flawed reasoners and sometimes-altruistic competitors who are prone to making decisions based primarily on emotion and heuristics.\u00b9,\u00b2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 612, "y": 0}, {"x": 612, "y": 792}, {"x": 0, "y": 792}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "THE TEXTBOOK'S DIFFERENT SECTIONS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 388}, {"x": 554.5896892000001, "y": 388}, {"x": 554.5896892000001, "y": 399}, {"x": 56, "y": 399}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "The textbook consists of four sections that, taken together, portray in full the eclectic methodologies comprising the field of behavioral economics. Sections 1 and 2 present the thought and actual\n\n1. Homo economicus is Latin for \"economic man.\" Persky (1995) traces its use back to the late 1800s when it was used by critics of John Stuart Mill's work on political economy. In contrast (and, as we will see, with no small touch of irony) Homo sapiens is Latin for \"wise man.\" For a deep dive into evolution of Homo sapiens, particularly from the start of the Cognitive Revolution 70,000 years ago, see Harari (2015).\n\n2. We have all heard the saying that \"words matter.\" The titles and descriptions we use to distinguish people and their behaviors (e.g., Homo economicus vs. Homo sapiens) can reinforce or diminish behaviors such as pride in cultural heritage, respect for the living world, and trust in community, a process known as \"crowding out\" of \"intrinsic motivation and commitment.\" As an example of this phenomenon, Bauer et al. (2012) asked participants in an online survey to imagine themselves as one of four households facing a water shortage due to a drought affecting their shared well. The survey assigned the label \"consumers\" to half of the participants and \"individuals\" to the other half. Those imagining themselves as consumers reported feeling less personal responsibility to reduce their water demand, and less trust in others to do the same, than did those referred to as individuals. As we are about to learn, behavioral economics is all about exposing these types of \"framing effects\" existing in the \"real world\" inhabited by Homo sapiens.\n\nBEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM XIX", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000168.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 67}, {"x": 554.6143000000002, "y": 67}, {"x": 554.6143000000002, "y": 76.2}, {"x": 56, "y": 76.2}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Soils with the same pH may require different amounts of limestone due to differences in CEC, which would imply differences in buffering capacities. For example, consider the amount of limestone necessary to raise the base saturation of two soils from 70% to 90% when one soil has a CEC of 15 cmolc/kg, and the other has a CEC of 40 cmolc/kg.\n\n$$15 \\frac{cmol_c}{kg} \\times 20\\% \\text{ increase} = 3 \\frac{cmol_c}{kg} \\text{ basic cations required from lime}$$\n\n$$40 \\frac{cmol_c}{kg} \\times 20\\% \\text{ increase} = 8 \\frac{cmol_c}{kg} \\text{ basic cations required from lime}$$\n\nLastly, soil pH is governed by base saturation. If other factors are constant, the lower the pH, the more lime that is required to achieve a desired pH. This is because at a low pH, a larger percentage of the CEC is occupied by acid cations, which requires larger amounts of lime to neutralize.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 282}, {"x": 426.06697827600016, "y": 282}, {"x": 426.06697827600016, "y": 296.418}, {"x": 56, "y": 296.418}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Activity 1: Determining pH With Indicator Strips (Field Method)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 317}, {"x": 554.6142870999997, "y": 317}, {"x": 554.6142870999997, "y": 326}, {"x": 56, "y": 326}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Of the several techniques available for determining pH, one that can be used easily in the field is the indicator strip method. This technique uses the principle of pH sensitivity of certain dyes, which cause differences in color across a range in pH. With the soils provided, complete the following pH determination:\n\nWeigh 10.0 g of soil into a small plastic cup. Add 20 ml of distilled water and stir. Allow to stand for 5 minutes, occasionally stirring.\n\nUsing the pH indicator strips provided, dip the strip into the cup until the tip is wetted. Determine the pH by comparing the color change of the pH test strip to the color chart.\n\nRecord the soil pH in Table 14.1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 490}, {"x": 336.2362833552001, "y": 490}, {"x": 336.2362833552001, "y": 504.418}, {"x": 56, "y": 504.418}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Activity 2: Determining Soil pH with a pH Meter", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 521}, {"x": 555.231, "y": 521}, {"x": 555.231, "y": 534}, {"x": 56, "y": 534}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Laboratory pH meters are more accurate than pH dyes and strips. The pH meter measures the hydrogen ion activity [H+] by measuring the electric potential across a thin, porous glass membrane at the base of the electrode. This potential changes in response to [H+], and by standardizing the instrument with buffers of known pH, we can measure the pH of any solution, including soil solutions.\n\nUsing the samples prepared in Activity 1, carefully place the electrode in the suspension. Gently swirl the electrode in the solution, and note the pH reading. Wait for the pH meter to reach a steady reading, indicated by the word \"ready\" on the screen.\n\nRecord the value for this 1:2 soil-water suspension in Table 14.1.\n\nSoil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH | 127", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000042.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 95.88999999999999}, {"x": 279.34999999999997, "y": 95.88999999999999}, {"x": 279.34999999999997, "y": 105.88999999999999}, {"x": 70, "y": 105.88999999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "this content \"very often\", 71% were from Indonesia and 28.6% were from Thailand. When asked about how often participants had heard of groups expressing the importance of men accompanying women when travelling to conflict zones, more respondents had heard this message with a higher frequency (\"always\" or \"very often\", 37.1%) than those who had rarely or never heard it (34%). Forty-six per cent of respondents from Indonesia heard this message with a higher frequency, followed by the Philippines (38%) and Thailand (15%). When grouping the answer options of \"always\", \"very often\" and \"sometimes\", 66% of respondents said they had heard groups stress the importance of women being accompanied by men when travelling to conflict areas.\n\nFigure 5: Importance of a male guardian accompanying women when travelling to conflict zones", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ResponsePercentage
Yes65.7%
No34.3%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 19, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 524.2699999999999, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 524.2699999999999, "y": 91.88999999999999}, {"x": 19, "y": 91.88999999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "In the second part of the survey, using a five-point Likert scale from \"strongly agree\" to \"strongly disagree\", participants were presented with a series of statements regarding how worried they were about intolerant content being espoused in the offline space by violent ex-tremist groups. Most respondents (77%) agreed (combining both \"strongly agree\" and \"agree\") that they were worried about intolerance in their communities, particularly respondents from Indonesia and the Philippines. Almost all respondents in the sample (93%) agreed that they were worried about violent extremism in their countries. This appeared to be a general concern among both men and women as 85% of men and 95% of women agreed that they were concerned.\n\nSignificantly, 89% of respondents agreed that religious extremism would impede women's rights. Half of the participants in Indonesia agreed they were concerned that religious extremism would hamper women's rights, 27% in Philippines and 16% in Thailand. Both men (84.6%) and women (89.2%) expressed their concerns on this issue. Furthermore, 91% of respondents agreed that religious extremism prioritizes men's rights over women's rights \u2013 93.1% of women strongly agreed with the statement compared to 6.90% of men.\n\nFor example, one interviewee from Indonesia observed that the teachings of extremism have entered schools, such as high schools, and have also begun to penetrate student organizations. She observed that the teachings \"spread from the Middle East, bringing misogynistic teachings towards women as part of their subjugation strategy\". She acknowledged that it was part of the organizational strategy where women appeared to look empowered:\n\n> \"However, this is just manipulation; behind it is the practice of misogyny, women's consciousness, their bodies and minds are controlled, even though\n\nGender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN 31", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000099.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Distance to hole (inches)Fraction of putts made
01.0
25~0.98
50~0.85
75~0.65
100~0.50
125~0.35
150~0.28
175~0.23
200~0.20
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 117.52731558441559}, {"x": 554.6116502, "y": 117.52731558441559}, {"x": 554.6116502, "y": 148.19181774891774}, {"x": 56, "y": 148.19181774891774}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "(Pope and Schweitzer 2011)\n\nTo reiterate, this study's main econometric results reveal a negative effect on sinking a putt when the typical golfer is putting for birdie, and a positive effect on putting for bogey. Consistent with the previous graphs, these numerical results suggest that the typical professional golfer is more likely to sink a put for bogey and less likely to sink the putt for birdie (i.e., the typical golfer is indeed loss averse).^10^", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 532}, {"x": 419.858, "y": 532}, {"x": 419.858, "y": 543}, {"x": 56, "y": 543}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "ARE CIGARETTE SMOKERS HYPERBOLIC TIME DISCOUNTERS?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 117.52731558441559}, {"x": 555.0932999999999, "y": 117.52731558441559}, {"x": 555.0932999999999, "y": 148.19181774891774}, {"x": 56, "y": 148.19181774891774}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Recall from Chapter 4 the distinction between time-consistent exponential time discounters (Homo economicus) and potentially time-inconsistent hyperbolic discounters (Homo sapiens). The discounting time paths for exponential versus hyperbolic discounting looked like this:\n\n^10^ A negative effect associated with putting for double bogey suggests that the typical golfer suppresses his inclination for loss aversion when putting for a score worse than bogey.\n\nBEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 193", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000148.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 52.59034482758621, "y": 24.084745762711865}, {"x": 549.35, "y": 24.084745762711865}, {"x": 549.35, "y": 38.15677966101695}, {"x": 52.59034482758621, "y": 38.15677966101695}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "ECO Circle logo\n\nCo-funded by the European Union\n\nAs seen in this chart of responses, we were very satisfied to reach diversity in age groups, with all groups being represented by over 10%. The main group reached was of ages 36-45, and the least represented was the youngest age group of 18-25.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 98.1978102189781, "y": 174.31349710982653}, {"x": 167.6182481751825, "y": 174.31349710982653}, {"x": 167.6182481751825, "y": 184.83315028901728}, {"x": 98.1978102189781, "y": 184.83315028901728}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Education Level", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 98.1978102189781, "y": 187.98904624277452}, {"x": 147.63357664233575, "y": 187.98904624277452}, {"x": 147.63357664233575, "y": 197.4567341040462}, {"x": 98.1978102189781, "y": 197.4567341040462}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "122 responses", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Education LevelPercentage
Primary<1%
Lower Secondary<1%
Upper Secondary18%
Non-formal Training2%
Bachelor's Degree or Higher76.2%
Master degree2%
Bac+5<1%
Ph. D.<1%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 174.31349710982653}, {"x": 501.64239999999995, "y": 174.31349710982653}, {"x": 501.64239999999995, "y": 185.35349710982655}, {"x": 85, "y": 185.35349710982655}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Regarding the education level of responders, we were satisfied to receive a very high level of responses with Bachelor's or higher degrees, with the significant share of others coming from Upper Secondary-educated participants. There was also a small representation of non-formal training, as well as >1% representation for other options.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 97.67189781021898, "y": 527.7255491329479}, {"x": 147.10766423357666, "y": 527.7255491329479}, {"x": 147.10766423357666, "y": 540.3491329479768}, {"x": 97.67189781021898, "y": 540.3491329479768}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Profession", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 98.1978102189781, "y": 187.98904624277452}, {"x": 147.63357664233575, "y": 187.98904624277452}, {"x": 147.63357664233575, "y": 197.4567341040462}, {"x": 98.1978102189781, "y": 197.4567341040462}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "122 responses", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ProfessionPercentage
Social Entrepreneur18.9%
Youth Worker19.7%
Educator/Trainer12.3%
University Professor2%
Expert in Circular Economy8%
Youth Leader2%
Project Manager19.7%
Student2%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 527.7255491329479}, {"x": 506.32032000000004, "y": 527.7255491329479}, {"x": 506.32032000000004, "y": 540.3491329479768}, {"x": 85, "y": 540.3491329479768}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "For responders' profession, the most common answers representing 19.7% equally, were Youth Workers and Project Managers, although practising Social Entrepreneurs were also well represented, along with an 8% response rate from self-declared circular economy experts.\n\nThis project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.\n\nProject No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000064.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 84}, {"x": 539.8319999999999, "y": 84}, {"x": 539.8319999999999, "y": 96}, {"x": 72, "y": 96}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "estuarine influenced areas. Batangas, Cebu and Iloilo are located very near to protected areas and tourism areas. Batangas is within the center of the center of global marine biodiversity while Cebu is in the Mactan key biodiversity area. Manila has the highest number of foreign shipcalls while Cebu has the highest domestic shipcalls and second to Manila in international shipcalls.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
PORTSHIPCALLS
ForeignDomestic
MANILA24546,125
CEBU113879,500
BATANGAS95813,196
SUBIC313136
CAGAYAN DE ORO1373,159
DAVAO75017,807
ILOILO21224,381
GENERAL SANTOS112704
ZAMBOANGA4041,27
LUCENA744,428
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 193}, {"x": 540.008, "y": 193}, {"x": 540.008, "y": 205}, {"x": 72, "y": 205}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Table 1. Top 10 ports in the Philippines in shipcalls (2020 data from PPA, CPA and SBMA)\n\nThe port of Manila has been documented to have a significant number of possible IAS. The on-going SAILS-PORTEC research program has detected IAS in Davao, Cebu and Matnog ports. These ports are adjacent to specific oil tanker pathways/routes. In Luzon where the refineries and oil storage facilities are located such as Batangas, are at higher risk. These loading ports are at high risk for IAS/MNIS and these are located near to international ports.\n\nThe shipcall statistics in Table 1 represent the year 2020, when the COVID 19 pandemic caused a global and domestic maritime transport slowdown. The average reduction in shipcalls is around 40%. Nonetheless, Manila and Cebu are likely the main ports that need to be closely monitored for potential IAS bioinvasion. In 2018, before the COVID-19 pandemic, Manila was experiencing port congestion with a report that ships may stay at berth for five days (Wallis, 2019). This will increase the risks for biofouling. Based on the 2021 statistics from the PPA, the average berthing time has been reduced to 1 day. This is a result of less shipping traffic due to the pandemic.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000164.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 81}, {"x": 555.1696, "y": 81}, {"x": 555.1696, "y": 90}, {"x": 56, "y": 90}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "3Btg2\u201426 to 31 in; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) crushed, silty clay; common coarse prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate coarse subangular blocky; extremely hard, very firm; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine moderate continuity tubular pores; common distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), moist, clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 15 in thick)\n\n3Btg3\u201431 to 35 in; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) crushed, silty clay; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint continuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; common medium rounded very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) soft clay bodies pedogenic throughout and few medium rounded white (10YR 8/1) soft nests of gypsum pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 10 in thick)\n\n3Btg4\u201435 to 42 in; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) crushed, silty clay loam; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) moist irregular mottles throughout; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; very hard, friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/or pores; few medium rounded white (10YR 8/1) soft nests of gypsum pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 10 in thick)\n\n3Btg5/E\u201442 to 54 in; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; hard, friable; common very and fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/or pores; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 15 in thick)\n\n3Btg6/E\u201454 to 69 in; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common coarse prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common coarse prominent dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky; slightly hard, very friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous dark grayish brown(10YR 4/2) moist silt coats in root channels and/or pores; common fine rounded black (N 2/0) soft iron/manganese concretions pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 20 in thick)\n\n3Btg7/E\u201469 to 86 in; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common coarse prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common fine prominent dark brown (7.5YR 3/4.) moist irregular mottles throughout; weak coarse prismatic structure; slightly hard, very friable; few very fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/or pores; common fine rounded black (N 2/0) soft iron/manganese concretions pedogenic throughout and few medium irregular brown (10YR 5/3) soft clay bodies pedogenic in cracks; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 20 in thick)\n\n3Btg8/E\u201486 to 97 in; 80% light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) exterior, and 15% yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), exterior, and 5% strong brown (7.5 YR 4/6), exterior, silty clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse\n\nSoil Formation | 27", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000059.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 113, "y": 95.91999999999996}, {"x": 452.3484799999999, "y": 95.91999999999996}, {"x": 452.3484799999999, "y": 106.95999999999995}, {"x": 113, "y": 106.95999999999995}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.6. Input Biomass Fuel for Each Type of Biomass Power Generation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
TypeBiogasUnutilised woodGeneral woodConstruction wood wasteWaste materials and other biomass
Others-2%8%--
Construction wood waste---100%-
Import pellets, chips--27%--
Domestic logs and wood chips98%-33%--
Domestic wood pellets--31%--
PKS--1%--
Other waste2%98%--100%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 219.47997326203205}, {"x": 481.7697599999998, "y": 219.47997326203205}, {"x": 481.7697599999998, "y": 258.34997326203205}, {"x": 85, "y": 258.34997326203205}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "PKS = palm kernel shell.\nHeat value used: Domestic logs and wood chips: 19.4 MJ/kg; Domestic wood pellets, Import pellets, chips: 15.5 MJ/kg; PKS: 18 MJ/kg; Construction wood waste, Other waste, and Others: assuming the same with wood pellets.\nSource: Depicted by IEEJ based on Japan Woody Bioenergy Association, 2020.\n\nAccording to Japan's trade statistics, its import of wood pellets has increased around 16 times from 2014 to 2019. Viet Nam and Canada are the largest suppliers of Japan's wood pellet imports (Figure 4.7). On the other hand, domestic wood pellet production stayed almost the same over the same period (Figure 4.8).\n\nFigure 4.7. Wood Pellets Import", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
YearChinaViet NamMalaysiaIndonesiaCanadaUSAustraliaOthersTotal
201497
2015232
2016347
2017506
20181,060
20191,614
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 706.92}, {"x": 216.81064000000003, "y": 706.92}, {"x": 216.81064000000003, "y": 717.4799999999999}, {"x": 85, "y": 717.4799999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Source: Trade Statistics of Japan.\n\n39", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000130.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 54, "y": 67}, {"x": 447.392, "y": 67}, {"x": 447.392, "y": 77}, {"x": 54, "y": 77}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Table 15.6. Observations of Returns on the Firm's Portfolio of Investments rp and on a Potential New Investment (a Challenger).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Time tObserved returns on the firm's portfolio over time rtpObserved returns on a potential new investment for the firm's rtj
201210%7%
20136%8%
20147%5%
20153%2%
20165%3%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 54, "y": 67}, {"x": 558.0004000000001, "y": 67}, {"x": 558.0004000000001, "y": 77}, {"x": 54, "y": 77}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Another way to represent the two rates of return measures and their relationship to each other is to represent them in a two dimensional scatter graph.\n\nWe may visually observe how the two sets of rates of return move together by drawing a line through the points on the graph in such a way as to minimize the squared distance from the point to the line. Our scatter graph is identified as Figure 15.3.\n\nFigure 15.3. Scatter Graph of Returns on the Firm's Portfolio of Investments and Returns on the Potential New Investment\n\n```\n10% |\n |\n 8% | \u2022\n |\n 6% | \u2022\n |\n 4% | \u2022\n |\n 2% | \u2022\n |\n 0% +----+----+----+----+----+----+\n 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%\n Observed returns on firm's portfolio of investments\n```\n\nThe relationship between the returns on the new investment and the firm's portfolio can be expressed as:\n\n(15.42) $$ r_t^j = a + \\beta r_t^j + e_t $$\n\nCh. 15. Homogeneous Risk Measures | 349", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000199.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 34, "y": 38}, {"x": 152.3930064793261, "y": 38}, {"x": 152.3930064793261, "y": 49.00000060200001}, {"x": 34, "y": 49.00000060200001}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Overview of OCR Pack", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 34, "y": 64}, {"x": 513.6720012415036, "y": 64}, {"x": 513.6720012415036, "y": 81.00000004399999}, {"x": 34, "y": 81.00000004399999}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Base Model Performance Evaluation of Upstage OCR Pack", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 37, "y": 131}, {"x": 284.51101354560217, "y": 131}, {"x": 284.51101354560217, "y": 142.000000602}, {"x": 37, "y": 142.000000602}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Upstage universal OCR model E2E performance evaluation\u00b9", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
CompanyScene (Photographed document image)Document (Scanned document image)
Company A\u00b270.2380.41
Company B\u00b275.6692.4
Upstage82.0795.5
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 361, "y": 131}, {"x": 682.5410175970623, "y": 131}, {"x": 682.5410175970623, "y": 142.000000602}, {"x": 361, "y": 142.000000602}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Upstage universal OCR model performance details: Document criteria", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
CriteriaCompany ACompany BUpstage
OCR-Recall\u00b373.294.294.15
OCR-Precision\u207489.090.6996.89
OCR-F1\u207580.492.495.5
Parsing-F168.0982.65-
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 52, "y": 152}, {"x": 397.06900197395805, "y": 152}, {"x": 397.06900197395805, "y": 163.000000602}, {"x": 52, "y": 163.000000602}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "1. Performance based on universal model, additional performance improvement is possible by implementing specialized models according to business requirements\n2. A: Universal model of global leading AI company / B: Universal model of leading AI company in Korea, 2022. 5 Test criteria\n3. Recall: Percentage of what the OCR model predicted to be True from those that were actually True\n4. Precision: Percentage of what the OCR model classifies as True, which is actually True\n5. F1: Harmonic mean value of Recall and Precision\n6. Parsing-F1: Comparison of parsing model F1 of both companies for business registration document form. Company A is excluded from comparison due to the absence of the document parsing model.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000159.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 67}, {"x": 338.6256999999999, "y": 67}, {"x": 338.6256999999999, "y": 76}, {"x": 56, "y": 76}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "be a starting point for asking questions too, but I would recommend against brainstorming as the only strategy towards topic and question identification since it does not enable students to get to topics they didn't know existed.\n\nI struggle with getting students to actually read the sources we find together in our research consultations. They seem to want to do all the searching first and all the reading later. No matter how I tell them it's iterative and you need to go back and forth between reading and searching many many times, the messages wasn't landing. This chapter is my next iteration in how to talk about the research process, but I really don't now what the secret recipe is yet. Let me know if you think this one lands.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 275}, {"x": 162.4544859, "y": 275}, {"x": 162.4544859, "y": 291.2203}, {"x": 56, "y": 291.2203}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Types of Sources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 327}, {"x": 339.25374239999985, "y": 327}, {"x": 339.25374239999985, "y": 336}, {"x": 56, "y": 336}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "I am a big fan of Mike Caulfield's information literacy work (see the next chapter, SIFTing Information.) Sometimes I have found my attempts to use his strategies in the classroom were hard for students. For example, when I've tried the exercise about the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Pediatricians (Reflection & Discussion Question 1) without first talking about professional organizations, students rarely got how they were different, and it did not build their confidence.\n\nIt's hard to identify a legitimate professional association if you've never heard of the concept of professional associations. This chapter may be long, but I felt it was important to enumerate at least some of the dimensions of the sources they may find, so that when we get to Caulfield's SIFT method they are set up for success.\n\n102 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000154.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
TermPercentage
No textbook required6%
Affordable8%
Zero cost12%
Free18%
Low cost24%
OER66%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 276.78423487084876}, {"x": 451.9237986111112, "y": 276.78423487084876}, {"x": 451.9237986111112, "y": 286.6759802583026}, {"x": 56, "y": 286.6759802583026}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 7.1: Texas OER landscape survey results show terms used in course schedules", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 375}, {"x": 162.97899999999998, "y": 375}, {"x": 162.97899999999998, "y": 386}, {"x": 56, "y": 386}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "IMPLEMENTATION", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 276.78423487084876}, {"x": 554.979, "y": 276.78423487084876}, {"x": 554.979, "y": 287.78423487084876}, {"x": 56, "y": 287.78423487084876}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Locally, we implemented a quick and free solution that reflects the constraints of system capabilities, no financial support, and a local directive to vet every course to be tagged. Based on what was feasible in the short term and conversations with key stakeholders (i.e., registrar, early OER adopters, curriculum coordinators, student representatives, and the campus store), we incorporated an \"educational resources cost\" option into an existing \"course attribute\" drop-down menu under the system's advanced search options.\n\n18 BOYOUNG CHAE, KEVIN CORCORAN, MICHAEL DALY, ANN FIDDLER, JEFF GALLANT, JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG, AMY HOFER, AND", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000076.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 113, "y": 80.88999999999999}, {"x": 322.80800000000005, "y": 80.88999999999999}, {"x": 322.80800000000005, "y": 92.88999999999999}, {"x": 113, "y": 92.88999999999999}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.6. Alien temporary work permits, Thailand", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
DatePermits
01/2019~120000
03/2019~118000
05/2019~115000
07/2019~118000
09/2019~122000
11/2019~125000
01/2020~128000
03/2020~125000
05/2020~118000
07/2020~110000
09/2020~105000
11/2020~102000
01/2021~100000
03/2021~98000
05/2021~96000
07/2021~95000
09/2021~94000
11/2021~93000
01/2022~95000
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 113, "y": 222.89}, {"x": 349.49, "y": 222.89}, {"x": 349.49, "y": 232.89}, {"x": 113, "y": 232.89}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Source: Department of Employment, Thailand (2022)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 113, "y": 301.89}, {"x": 376.14800000000014, "y": 301.89}, {"x": 376.14800000000014, "y": 313.89}, {"x": 113, "y": 313.89}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.7. Non-citizen population in Malaysia (in thousands)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
YearPopulation
20163,230
20173,288
20183,323
20193,140
20202,907
20212,693
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 113, "y": 222.89}, {"x": 479.126, "y": 222.89}, {"x": 479.126, "y": 232.89}, {"x": 113, "y": 232.89}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Source: Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2022). Figure for 2021 is an estimate.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 113, "y": 541.89}, {"x": 375.6896000000002, "y": 541.89}, {"x": 375.6896000000002, "y": 553.89}, {"x": 113, "y": 553.89}], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.8. Singapore foreign workforce stock (in thousands)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
YearWorkforce
2016 (Dec)1,393
2017 (Dec)1,368
2018 (Dec)1,386
2019 (Dec)1,427
2020 (Dec)1,232
2021 (Dec)1,200
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 222.89}, {"x": 524.2789999999998, "y": 222.89}, {"x": 524.2789999999998, "y": 234.89}, {"x": 85, "y": 234.89}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Source: Compilation by Manpower Research & Statistics Department (Ministry of Manpower, Singapore, 2022).\n\nASEAN Migration Outlook 19", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000156.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 79, "y": 179}, {"x": 136.904, "y": 179}, {"x": 136.904, "y": 188}, {"x": 79, "y": 188}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Fact-Checking2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
In this context, we are talking about fact-checking that is done before a source is published. Over the last two decades there has been an increase in fact checking as an activity that takes place after a source has been published, a practice discussed in more detail in the chapter, SIFTing Information.Fact checkers verify that the names, dates, and facts in a work (usually an article or book) are correct. For example, they may contact a person who is quoted in a proposed news article and ask the person whether this quotation is correct, or how to spell the person's name. Fact-checkers are primarily useful in catching accidental mistakes. The number of people employed in fact-checking varies by publication. Some organizations have substantial fact-checking departments. Others may hire freelancers per piece, or may combine fact-checking with other duties. Magazines are more likely to use fact checkers than newspapers. Television and radio programs rarely employ dedicated fact checkers, and instead expect others, including senior staff, to engage in fact-checking in addition to their other duties.
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 45, "y": 137}, {"x": 326.59921319999995, "y": 137}, {"x": 326.59921319999995, "y": 147.6667}, {"x": 45, "y": 147.6667}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "2. Content in this section is adapted from the Wikipedia entry \"Fact-checking\" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact-checking) and is used under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license.\n\n48 | Types of Sources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000083.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 436, "y": 43.889999999999986}, {"x": 495.2899999999998, "y": 43.889999999999986}, {"x": 495.2899999999998, "y": 53.889999999999986}, {"x": 436, "y": 53.889999999999986}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Appendices", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 99, "y": 108.88999999999999}, {"x": 394.6999999999999, "y": 108.88999999999999}, {"x": 394.6999999999999, "y": 121.38999999999999}, {"x": 99, "y": 121.38999999999999}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "TABLE 35: UNION-STATE BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES BY CATEGORIES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
CategoryNumber of clauses in Union lawsIn percentNumber of clauses in State lawsIn percent
Commercial52910.1%8173.9%
Environment, Health and Safety83415.9%3451.7%
Finance & Taxation410.8%8884.2%
General751.4%3601.7%
Industry Specific297956.9%12005.7%
Labour53410.2%1728582.7%
Secretarial2474.7%00.0%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 99, "y": 165.89}, {"x": 474.89999999999964, "y": 165.89}, {"x": 474.89999999999964, "y": 178.39}, {"x": 99, "y": 178.39}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "TABLE 36: THREE CASE STUDIES ON MANUFACTURING COMPLIANCES*", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
SmallMediumLarge
Total Applicable Compliances6693,1095,796
Compliances with imprisonment4612,1724,085
Percentage of imprisonment clauses69%70%70%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 99, "y": 165.89}, {"x": 329.7495, "y": 165.89}, {"x": 329.7495, "y": 176.39}, {"x": 99, "y": 176.39}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "*These are real data from three companies operating in the automotive components business", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 99, "y": 165.89}, {"x": 485.6499999999997, "y": 165.89}, {"x": 485.6499999999997, "y": 178.39}, {"x": 99, "y": 178.39}], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "TABLE 37: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN MANUFACTURING CASE STUDIES*", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
SmallMediumLarge
Less than 3 months2582185
3 months to less than 1 year1876991,220
1 year to less than 3 years1781,0701,964
3 years to less than 5 years59245505
5 years to 10 years1276211
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 288, "y": 165.89}, {"x": 329.7495, "y": 165.89}, {"x": 329.7495, "y": 181.89}, {"x": 288, "y": 181.89}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "*In Table 36\n\n85", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000187.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
PropertiesInstructionAlignment
Alpaca-GPT4OpenOrca
Total # Samples52K2.91M
Maximum # Samples Used52K100K
Open SourceOO
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 79.88999999999999}, {"x": 525.2817839217996, "y": 79.88999999999999}, {"x": 525.2817839217996, "y": 91.84519999999998}, {"x": 70, "y": 91.84519999999998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 1: Training datasets used for the instruction and alignment tuning stages, respectively. For the instruction tuning process, we utilized the Alpaca-GPT4 (Peng et al., 2023), OpenOrca (Mukherjee et al., 2023), and Synth. Math-Instruct datasets, while for the alignment tuning, we employed the Orca DPO Pairs (Intel, 2023), Ultrafeedback Cleaned (Cui et al., 2023; Ivison et al., 2023), and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets. The 'Total # Samples' indicates the total number of samples in the entire dataset. The 'Maximum # Samples Used' indicates the actual maximum number of samples that were used in training, which could be lower than the total number of samples in a given dataset. 'Open Source' indicates whether the dataset is open-sourced.\n\npretraining to quickly recover performance. We attribute the success of DUS to reducing such discrepancies in both the depthwise scaling and the continued pretraining steps. We also hypothesize that other methods of depthwise scaling could also work for DUS, as long as the discrepancy in the scaled model is sufficiently contained before the continued pretraining step.\n\nComparison to other up-scaling methods. Unlike Komatsuzaki et al. (2022), depthwise scaled models do not require additional modules like gating networks or dynamic expert selection. Consequently, scaled models in DUS do not necessitate a distinct training framework for optimal training efficiency, nor do they require specialized CUDA kernels for fast inference. A DUS model can seamlessly integrate into existing training and inference frameworks while maintaining high efficiency.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 524.89}, {"x": 152.4789248, "y": 524.89}, {"x": 152.4789248, "y": 536.8452}, {"x": 70, "y": 536.8452}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "3 Training Details", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 88.88999999999999}, {"x": 402.17552893400006, "y": 88.88999999999999}, {"x": 402.17552893400006, "y": 100.84519999999998}, {"x": 70, "y": 100.84519999999998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "After DUS, including continued pretraining, we perform fine-tuning of SOLAR 10.7B in two stages: 1) instruction tuning and 2) alignment tuning.\n\nInstruction tuning. In the instruction tuning stage, the model is trained to follow instructions in a QA format (Zhang et al., 2023). We mostly use open-source datasets but also synthesize a math QA dataset to enhance the model's mathematical capabilities. A rundown of how we crafted the dataset is as follows. First, seed math data are collected from the Math (Hendrycks et al., 2021) dataset only, to avoid contamination with commonly used benchmark datasets such as GSM8K (Cobbe et al., 2021). Then, using a process similar to MetaMath (Yu et al., 2023), we rephrase the questions and answers of the seed math data. We use the resulting rephrased question-answer pairs as a QA dataset and call it 'Synth. Math-Instruct'.\n\nAlignment tuning. In the alignment tuning stage, the instruction-tuned model is further fine-tuned to be more aligned with human or strong AI (e.g., GPT4 (OpenAI, 2023)) preferences using sDPO (Kim et al., 2024a), an improved version of direct preference optimization (DPO) (Rafailov et al., 2023). Similar to the instruction tuning stage, we use mostly open-source datasets but also synthesize a math-focused alignment dataset utilizing the 'Synth. Math-Instruct' dataset mentioned in the instruction tuning stage.\n\nThe alignment data synthesis process is as follows. We take advantage of the fact that the rephrased question-answer pairs in Synth. Math-Instruct data are beneficial in enhancing the model's mathematical capabilities (see Sec. 4.3.1). Thus, we speculate that the rephrased answer to the rephrased question is a better answer than the original answer, possibly due to the interim rephrasing step. Consequently, we set the rephrased question as the prompt and use the rephrased answer as the chosen response and the original answer as the rejected response and create the {prompt, chosen, rejected} DPO tuple. We aggregate the tuples from the rephrased question-answer pairs and call the resulting dataset 'Synth. Math-Alignment'.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 306, "y": 648.89}, {"x": 343.1926272, "y": 648.89}, {"x": 343.1926272, "y": 660.8452}, {"x": 306, "y": 660.8452}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "4 Results", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 306, "y": 648.89}, {"x": 404.4764457, "y": 648.89}, {"x": 404.4764457, "y": 660.8452}, {"x": 306, "y": 660.8452}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "4.1 Experimental Details", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 182, "y": 79.88999999999999}, {"x": 400.272763712, "y": 79.88999999999999}, {"x": 400.272763712, "y": 90.79909999999998}, {"x": 182, "y": 90.79909999999998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Training datasets. We present details regarding our training datasets for the instruction and alignment tuning stages in Tab. 1. We do not always use the entire dataset and instead subsample a set amount. Note that most of our training data is open-source, and the undisclosed datasets can be substituted for open-source alternatives such as the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000065.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 346}, {"x": 527.92752, "y": 346}, {"x": 527.92752, "y": 357.04}, {"x": 72, "y": 357.04}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 6. Mytella strigata biofouling green mussel farms in Bacoor City, Cavite, Manila Bay Photo from https://businessmirror.com.ph/2020/02/17/fake-tahong-invades-bacoor-mussel-farms/\n\nThe image shows wooden poles partially submerged in water, heavily encrusted with mussels. These poles appear to be part of a mussel farming structure in a coastal area.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 90, "y": 406}, {"x": 192.82799999999997, "y": 406}, {"x": 192.82799999999997, "y": 418}, {"x": 90, "y": 418}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "5. Natural dispersal", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 450}, {"x": 539.8600000000001, "y": 450}, {"x": 539.8600000000001, "y": 462}, {"x": 72, "y": 462}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Dispersal by purely natural means is not included as a pathway of biological invasions (Gaston 1996). Examples include range expansion by flight or any other medium of natural locomotion or transport. However if human created or crafted material is involved in rafting dispersal of IAS, then this may be considered as a case of biological invasion. The 2011 Great East Japan earthquake generated a large tsunami that caused an unprecedented biological transoceanic rafting event from the northwestern Pacific coastline of Japan towards North America on the eastern Pacific(Carlton et al. 2017). Millions of human made objects from small plastics to large docks and whole ships were cast adrift in the Pacific (Murray et al. 2018). This provided a substrate for biofoulers. Large debris could carry up to 20 to 30 mega-species of biofoulers (Carlton et al. 2017). These biofouled debris can constitute an IAS risk (Therriault 2017).\n\nWhile a tsunami is a relatively rare event, a more common one is fouler dispersal by rafting on coastal currents of floating plastic debris, wood and, bamboo. Marine litter often originate from\n\n14", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000198.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 44, "y": 72}, {"x": 157.90600802599218, "y": 72}, {"x": 157.90600802599218, "y": 98.00000183200004}, {"x": 44, "y": 98.00000183200004}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Contents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 240, "y": 155}, {"x": 591.6099986940193, "y": 155}, {"x": 591.6099986940193, "y": 168.99999994799998}, {"x": 240, "y": 168.99999994799998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "1. Overview of OCR Pack\n\n2. Introduction of Product Services and Key Features\n\n3. Product - Detail Specification\n\n4. Integration Policy\n\n5. FAQ", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000018.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 166, "y": 156.30700000000002}, {"x": 254.91040000000007, "y": 156.30700000000002}, {"x": 254.91040000000007, "y": 180.30700000000002}, {"x": 166, "y": 180.30700000000002}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Contents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 214.30700000000002}, {"x": 364.89, "y": 214.30700000000002}, {"x": 364.89, "y": 224.30700000000002}, {"x": 56, "y": 224.30700000000002}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Author's Note to the 2021 Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix\nForeword to the 2021 Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi\nForeword and Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv\n1. A Fountain in the Square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1\n2. The Lost Homeland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\n3. Steinkirche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\n4. A Jewel in the Austrian Crown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\n5. Meeting the Relatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\n6. For the Love of Iran. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41\n7. To the Bottom of the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53\n8. Das Lager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\n9. His Majesty's Guests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79\n10. The Imaginary Homeland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91\n11. Shadows and Flames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119\n12. After the War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123\n13. Stranded in Exile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127\n14. Swimming for the Eucharist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139\n15. Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155\n16. Mirror Without Identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173\n17. The Wreck of the Deutschland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191\n18. Intelligence Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209\n19. A Banquet of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223\n20. Marriage in Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249\n21. Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000136.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Positive attributes reported by recreational anglers in the United StatesPercentage
Getting away from the usual demands34%
Being close to nature33%
Enjoying the sounds and smells of nature32%
Catching fish31%
Spending time with family or friends29%
The scenic beauty16%
Experiencing solitude14%
Experiencing excitement/adventure14%
Reliving my childhood memories of going fishing12%
Catching my own food12%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 301}, {"x": 518.6141000000001, "y": 301}, {"x": 518.6141000000001, "y": 310}, {"x": 56, "y": 310}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 10.2: Positive attributes reported by recreational anglers in the United States. Long description.\n\nOver time, an angler's motivation may change from a catch orientation to emphasize noncatch motivations, such as being outdoors or passing on their passion for fishing (McKenna 2013). The progression often follows these stages:\n\n- Stage 1: I just want to catch a fish!\n- Stage 2: I want to catch a lot of fish!\n- Stage 3: I want to catch big fish.\n- Stage 4: I'm just happy to be out fishing.\n- Stage 5: I want to pass on my knowledge and passion for fishing.\n\nStudies of angler characteristics confirm that there is no such thing as an \"average\" angler. Rather, anglers are a heterogeneous and changing group. Therefore, we can segment anglers in distinct categories for analysis (Bryan 1977; Kyle et al. 2007; Beardmore et al. 2013; TenHarmsel et al. 2019). For example, Magee (2018) categorized recreational anglers into five distinct fisher classes with differing motivations (Table 10.1).\n\n216 | Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000121.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 50}, {"x": 538.4347680000001, "y": 50}, {"x": 538.4347680000001, "y": 64.03999999999999}, {"x": 72, "y": 64.03999999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE BIO181\n\n16. Place the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge and spin for 3 minutes.\n\n17. Carefully pour off the supernatant from both tubes. Do not disturb the nucleic acid pellets. Invert the tubes and tap them gently on the surface of a clean paper towel to drain them thoroughly.\n\n18. Briefly spin the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge to bring any remaining ethanol to the bottom of the tube. Then use the micropipette to remove any remaining ethanol. Use a fresh tip for each tube. Be careful not to disturb the nucleic acid pellet.\n\n19. Allow the tubes to dry by leaving the tube caps open for 3\u20135 minutes. Inspect each tube carefully to ensure that the tube interior is completely dry.\n\n***Congratulations, you have just completed the miniprep plasmid DNA extraction!!!***\n\nRestriction Enzyme Digest Prep (switch to the 1- 20-\u03bcL micropipette):\n\n20. Use a micropipette to add 10 \u03bcL of tris\u2013EDTA solution (TE) to each tube. Use a new tip for each tube. Dissolve the pellets by pipetting in and out. Rinse the sides of the tube several times, concentrating on the area where the nucleic acid pellet or particles were observed. Check that no particles remain in the pipet tip or on the side of the tube. Use the entire contents of each tube in the restriction digest that follows.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 612, "y": 0}, {"x": 612, "y": 792}, {"x": 0, "y": 792}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "II. Set Up the Restriction Digests of the \"Suspect\" and \"Evidence\" DNA", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ReagentsSupplies and Equipment
At each student station:Microcentrifuge tube rack
Resuspended DNA or ethanol precipitates from Part 1*3 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes Micropipet, 1- 20 \u03bcL
Micropipet tips
To be shared by all groups:Beaker or similar container for waste
\"Evidence A\" DNA*Beaker or similar container filled with ice
\"Evidence B\" DNA*Permanent marker
Restriction Buffer\u2013RNase A* BamHI\u2013HindIII restrictionWater bath at 37\u00b0C
enzyme mixture*
Sterile distilled or deionized water
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 384}, {"x": 533.7675120000002, "y": 384}, {"x": 533.7675120000002, "y": 395.03999999999996}, {"x": 72, "y": 395.03999999999996}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "*Store on ice\n\nNOTE: Your instructor will assign you to use either \"Evidence A\" DNA or \"Evidence B\" DNA\n\n1. Label the three 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes in which you will perform the restriction digests: \"S1\" for Suspect 1, \"S2\" for Suspect 2, and either \"EA\" for Evidence A or \"EB\" for Evidence B. All three samples will be digested by the restriction enzymes BamHI and HindIII.\n\n2. Use the table below (next page) as a checklist while adding reagents to each reaction. Read down each column, adding the same reagent to all appropriate tubes. To avoid cross contamination, use a fresh pipet tip each time you add a reagent to a tube.\n\n132", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000190.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ModelH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
Cand. 173.7370.4887.4765.7370.6281.5366.57
Cand. 273.2871.5988.3966.1472.5081.9959.14
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 93.88999999999999}, {"x": 268.7339448, "y": 93.88999999999999}, {"x": 268.7339448, "y": 103.85259999999998}, {"x": 70, "y": 103.85259999999998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 6: Performance comparison amongst the merge candidates. 'Cand. 1' and 'Cand. 2' are trained using the same setting as 'DPO v2' and 'DPO v3', respectively, but with slightly different hyper-parameters. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ModelMerge MethodH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
Merge v1Average (0.5, 0.5)74.0071.1688.0166.1471.7182.0864.90
Merge v2Average (0.4, 0.6)73.9371.0888.0866.2771.8981.7764.52
Merge v3Average (0.6, 0.4)74.0571.0887.8866.1371.6182.0865.50
Merge v4SLERP73.9671.1688.0366.2571.7981.9364.59
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 80.88999999999999}, {"x": 436.10562479999993, "y": 80.88999999999999}, {"x": 436.10562479999993, "y": 91.79910000000001}, {"x": 70, "y": 91.79910000000001}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Table 7: Ablation studies on the different merge methods used for obtaining the final model. We use 'Cand. 1' and 'Cand. 2' from Tab. 6 as our two models for merging. We name the merged models with the 'Merge' prefix to indicate they are merged. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.\n\nscores for tasks like ARC, HellaSwag, and Truth-fulQA all improved by good margins, the score for GSM8K is 58.83, which is lower than the SFT base model score of 64.14. Adding Synth. Math-Alignment to train 'DPO v2', we see that the GSM8k score improves to 60.27, which is lower than the SFT base model but still higher than 'DPO v1'. Other task scores are also not negatively impacted by adding Synth. Math-Alignment. Thus, we can conclude that adding Synth. Math-Alignment is beneficial for H6.\n\nThen, we experiment whether merging 'DPO v1' and 'DPO v2' is beneficial. Unfortunately, 'DPO v1+v2' scores 73.21 in H6, which is worse than 'DPO v2'. More importantly, the gain in the GSM8K score from adding Synth. Math-Alignment is gone, which is undesirable. One reason for this could be that 'DPO v2' is a strict improvement over 'DPO v1', unlike the case for merging 'SFT v3' and 'SFT v4' where the models had different strengths and weaknesses.\n\nAblation on the SFT base models. When applying DPO, we start from a model that is already instruction tuned ,i.e., the SFT base model and ablate on using different SFT base models. We use Ultrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets for this ablation. Each of the ablated models is trained as follows. 'DPO v2' uses 'SFT v3' as the base SFT model, while 'DPO v3' uses 'SFT v3+v4' as the SFT base model instead.\n\nNote that 'SFT v3+v4' has higher scores on all tasks compared to 'SFT v3', and the gap is especially large for ARC (+1.45) and GSM8K (+2.43). Surprisingly, the two models perform similarly in terms of H6. A closer look at the scores for the individual tasks shows only a small margin in the GSM8K scores, and other task scores show little difference. Thus, the performance gaps in certain tasks in the SFT base models do not always carry over to the alignment-tuned models.\n\nAblation on different merge methods. From Tab. 3, we saw that merging two models that have different strengths can be beneficial to performance. To utilize this for the alignment-tuned model as well, we train two models named 'Cand. 1' and 'Cand. 2' using the same training dataset and SFT base model as 'DPO v2' and 'DPO v3' but with different hyper-parameters to maximize each model's respective strengths. We compare 'Cand. 1' and 'Cand. 2' in Tab. 6 where we can see that 'Cand. 1' has high GSM8K scores but relatively low scores for the other tasks, whereas 'Cand. 2' has low scores for GSM8K but high scores for the other tasks. We merge these two models using various methods and ablate the results in Tab. 7.\n\nWe use two merge methods: 1) Average (a, b), where a and b denote the weighting for 'Cand. 1' and 'Cand. 2' when averaging weights and 2) SLERP (Shoemake, 1985). We use (0.5, 0.5), (0.4, 0.6), and (0.6, 0.4) for Average (a, b). From Tab. 7, we can see that the different merge methods have little effect on the H6 scores. The scores for the individual tasks also do not differ by much, suggesting that as long as the merge candidates have sufficiently different strengths, the exact merge method may not be as crucial. Thus, we chose 'Merge v1' as our SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct model.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000120.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 50}, {"x": 528.5614080000003, "y": 50}, {"x": 528.5614080000003, "y": 64.03999999999999}, {"x": 70, "y": 64.03999999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE BIO181\n\nSickle cell hemoglobin and normal hemoglobin differ in only a single amino acid out of more than 100 amino acids in the complete hemoglobin protein. This difference in a single amino acid results in the different properties of sickle cell hemoglobin compared to normal hemoglobin.\n\nHemoglobin is carried inside red blood cells. Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the watery cytosol of red blood cells. Sickle cell hemoglobin is less soluble in the cytosol because:\n\n- Valine (Val) is much less water-soluble than glutamic acid (Glu).\n- Amino acid 6 is in a crucial location on the outer surface of the hemoglobin protein.\n\nThe chart on the next page shows how the lower solubility of sickle cell hemoglobin results in the symptoms of sickle cell anemia.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Genes in DNA\u2192Protein\u2192Characteristics
2 copies of the allele that codes for normal hemoglobin (SS)\u2192Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the cytosol of red blood cells. [Image of normal hemoglobin molecules]\u2192Disk-shaped red blood cells can squeeze through the smallest blood vessels \u2192 normal health [Image of normal red blood cell]
2 copies of the allele that codes for sickle cell hemoglobin (ss)\u2192Sickle cell hemoglobin can clump in long rods in red blood cells. [Image of sickle cell hemoglobin molecules clumped together]\u2192If sickle cell hemoglobin clumps in long rods \u2192 sickle-shaped red blood cells \u2192 clogged small blood vessels + fragile red blood cells \u2192 pain, damage to body organs + anemia = sickle cell anemia [Image of sickle-shaped red blood cell]
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 685}, {"x": 427.67225599999995, "y": 685}, {"x": 427.67225599999995, "y": 696.52}, {"x": 72, "y": 696.52}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "29a. Circle the arrows in the chart that represent transcription + translation.\n\n115", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000039.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 94, "y": 71.88999999999999}, {"x": 536.9555499999997, "y": 71.88999999999999}, {"x": 536.9555499999997, "y": 81.38999999999999}, {"x": 94, "y": 81.38999999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 9.4.1: Challenges in importing amongst tourism MSMEs who import \u2013 all survey phases (%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Survey PeriodBig ChallengeSmall ChallengeNo Challenge
July 2020383032
October 2020461737
January 2021572022
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 94, "y": 311.89}, {"x": 319.625, "y": 311.89}, {"x": 319.625, "y": 321.39}, {"x": 94, "y": 321.39}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "There were very few tourism MSMEs that exported in each survey round. The base is too small for any conclusive analysis.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 94, "y": 359.89}, {"x": 170.00949999999997, "y": 359.89}, {"x": 170.00949999999997, "y": 369.39}, {"x": 94, "y": 369.39}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "9.5. Adapting to the New Normal: Changing Business Models", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 94, "y": 121.88999999999999}, {"x": 445.48654, "y": 121.88999999999999}, {"x": 445.48654, "y": 135.39}, {"x": 94, "y": 135.39}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "In all survey phases, several MSMEs in the tourism sector reported changing their business models. In July 2020, 167 tourism MSMEs mentioned that they changed their business model, in October 2020, 223 mentioned the same, and in January 2021, it was 183 MSMEs. Some changed models in more ways than one. The main ways across all phases that MSMEs made changes were:\n\n- Adapting to social distancing;\n- Devising new ways to reach customers through online markets or social media;\n- Moving into new products and services in high demand during COVID-19;\n- Reducing employee salaries.\n\nCompared to previous survey round results, in January 2021, tourism MSMEs had increasingly shifted towards adapting to social distancing to operate (57%).6 Starting online marketing remained a popular choice, as nearly a quarter (24%) mentioned it in January 2021, compared to 28% in July 2020 and 31% in October 2020. Reducing employee salaries as an approach reduced considerably in January 2021 at 8% of responses compared to 21% in July 2020 and 24% in October 2020.\n\n6. Compared to 38% in July 2020 and 22% in October 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000112.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 125}, {"x": 554.6828117, "y": 125}, {"x": 554.6828117, "y": 136}, {"x": 56, "y": 136}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "- Adjust the point gauge to read 10 mm greater than the datum.\n\n- Record the reading as h.\n\n- Turn on the pump, and slightly adjust the flow until the water level coincides with the point gauge. Check that the level has stabilized before taking readings.\n\n- Measure the flow rate using the volumetric tank.\n\n- Observe the shape of the nappe and take pictures of it.\n\nNote: The surface of the water will fall as it approaches the weir. This is particularly noticeable at high flow rates by high heads. To obtain an accurate measurement of the undisturbed water level above the crest of the weir, it is necessary to place the measuring gauge at a distance of at least three times the head above the weir.\n\n- Increase the flow by opening the bench regulating valve to set the heads above the datum level in 10 mm increments until the regulating valve is fully open. Take care not to allow spillage to occur over the plate top that is adjacent to the notch. At each condition, measure the flow rate and observe the shape of the nappe.\n\nNote: To obtain a sufficiently accurate result, collect around 25 liters of water each time, or collect the water for at least 120 seconds.\n\n- Close the regulating valve, stop the pump, and then replace the weir with the V-notch.\n\n- Repeat the experiment with the V-notch weir plate, but with 5 mm increments in water surface elevation.\n\n- Collect seven head and discharge readings for each weir.\n\nFigure 9.3: Position of the notch and Vernier height gauge to set the datum.\n\nThe image shows a close-up view of a Vernier height gauge positioned over a notch in what appears to be part of a fluid mechanics experimental setup. The gauge is mounted on a metal frame above a yellow-colored apparatus. The notch is visible in the center of the frame, and the pointed tip of the Vernier gauge is positioned just above it to measure the water level or set the datum for the experiment.\n\n80 APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS LAB MANUAL", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000045.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 54, "y": 42.275999999999954}, {"x": 372.72700000000015, "y": 42.275999999999954}, {"x": 372.72700000000015, "y": 53.275999999999954}, {"x": 54, "y": 53.275999999999954}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Civil Society Engagement\n\nelection integrity. The registration of local election observers runs until 25 May, and the NEC is still reviewing the application of nearly 5,000 observers.\n\nTable: The number of accredited observers as of 28 April 2022[^15]", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
No.Name of organizationNumber of accredited observers
1Union of Youth Federations of Cambodia (UYFC)17,266
2Cambodian Women for Peace and Development9,835
3Association of Democratic Students of Cambodia711
4Association of Intellectual and Youth Volunteer46
5Our Friends Association27
6COMFREL26
7Traditional and Modern Mental Health Organization15
Total27,926
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 69, "y": 330.27599999999995}, {"x": 328.008, "y": 330.27599999999995}, {"x": 328.008, "y": 339.27599999999995}, {"x": 69, "y": 339.27599999999995}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "[^15]: https://www.nec.gov.kh/khmer/content/5524\n\n17", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000178.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 73}, {"x": 233.0755, "y": 73}, {"x": 233.0755, "y": 88.75}, {"x": 70, "y": 88.75}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Promotional Materials", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 73}, {"x": 540.2677017500001, "y": 73}, {"x": 540.2677017500001, "y": 88.75}, {"x": 70, "y": 88.75}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "A good promotional strategy should include multiple facets, from physical materials to digital communications. Below, we've compiled a table of promotional materials you might use on campus, and examples of each type.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Communication ChannelMediumExamples
Direct communicationsPhysical or digitalmeetings, consultations, listening sessions, email lists
Indirect communicationsPrimarily digitalwebsites, videos, news articles, newsletters, social media posts,
MessagingPhysical or digitalbrochures, posters, signs, booklets
EventsPhysical or digitalpresentations, webinars, seminars, panels, training sessions
InteractivePhysical or digitalOER \"petting zoos,\" games, exhibits, surveys
GoodiesPrimarily physicalpens, notepads, bookmarks, stickers, buttons, etc
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 307}, {"x": 540.2677999999999, "y": 307}, {"x": 540.2677999999999, "y": 317.5}, {"x": 70, "y": 317.5}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Get in contact with partners at your institution to learn more about the processes and options available to you and how you can best leverage the support at your disposal. If you have a marketing team available to you that orders pens and other materials for campus events, get in contact with them about their vendors and how you can leverage their existing workflows for ordering materials to support your OER Program. This might be as simple as ordering buttons and posters through your University Printing Office, or it may require you to browse a third party's marketing catalog or to create materials yourself, if you lack funding for your work.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 307}, {"x": 162.348907, "y": 307}, {"x": 162.348907, "y": 320.99649999999997}, {"x": 70, "y": 320.99649999999997}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Annual Events", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 73}, {"x": 540.6661000000004, "y": 73}, {"x": 540.6661000000004, "y": 88.75}, {"x": 70, "y": 88.75}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Creating promotional materials and graphics can make your OER program recognizable on your college's campus, but just because you've created materials doesn't mean that people will find or learn from them. As a program manager, you will need to find ways to implement your messaging and events on campus. Leveraging annual events like Open Education Week in March and International Open Access Week in October can ground your work in a given time of year and focus your programming around a topic or theme (Open Education Global, n.d.; SPARC, n.d.). The Open Education Week website lists past events and provides downloadable promotional materials to help you kickstart your event planning and coordination. If these weeks regularly conflict with other events at your institution, that's okay. You can celebrate Open Education Week the week before or after it falls. So long as you are consistent in the general time you hold these events, they will still gain recognition at your institution and faculty will come to expect them.\n\n92 | PROGRAM MANAGEMENT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000069.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 81}, {"x": 110.39, "y": 81}, {"x": 110.39, "y": 92}, {"x": 72, "y": 92}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Replace", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 81}, {"x": 110.39, "y": 81}, {"x": 110.39, "y": 92}, {"x": 72, "y": 92}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "l. Replace Plastics with Recyclable Materials.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 81}, {"x": 476.4997000000002, "y": 81}, {"x": 476.4997000000002, "y": 92}, {"x": 72, "y": 92}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Plastics can be replaced by material made from polypropylene, a material type that is 100% recyclable. However, recyclable materials should have a forward linkage \u2013 link to a recycler who is willing to take on the recyclables. Paper-based wrappers are another alternative for bagels and sandwich papers. Containers and packaging can use plastics with a certain percentage of recycled content and designed to be recyclable or reusable. Highly recyclable packaging is of little benefit if it is not disposed of correctly. The success of a recyclable package is an equal demand from recycling companies through improved recyclability of packaging and investments in efficient recycling facilities and systems. This requires investment and innovation since quality and availability are still often a stumbling block for companies to use recycled plastic. The recyclability of plastic packaging can often be improved by:\n\n- choosing a common type of plastic (such as PE, PP or PET);\n- choosing a common color (white or transparent); and\n- avoiding combinations of materials, such as plastic windows in cardboard packaging. Watermarking technology is also being developed so that packaging can be more easily recognized by sorters.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 369}, {"x": 98.52100000000002, "y": 369}, {"x": 98.52100000000002, "y": 380}, {"x": 72, "y": 380}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Trash", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 385}, {"x": 85.335, "y": 385}, {"x": 85.335, "y": 396}, {"x": 72, "y": 396}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "m. Waste Segregation and Segregated Bins.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 369}, {"x": 476.4018000000001, "y": 369}, {"x": 476.4018000000001, "y": 380}, {"x": 72, "y": 380}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Shakey's Philippines implementation of waste segregation and 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) in its corporate office is one good testament of compliance to RA 9003. The country's premier pizza restaurant has installed \"Stop Before You Drop\" trash bins for the implementation of company-wide proper waste management. The bins are labeled to indicate the different types of waste to aid in proper disposal and culture development of its employees. Waste collected are weighed on a daily basis to aid in monitoring wastages and to map out more waste management initiatives.^56^", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 529}, {"x": 245.1158, "y": 529}, {"x": 245.1158, "y": 540}, {"x": 72, "y": 540}], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "n. In-store Sorting and Recycling Bins.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 99, "y": 545}, {"x": 306.6657, "y": 545}, {"x": 306.6657, "y": 556}, {"x": 99, "y": 556}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "McDonalds has installed sorting and recycling points in select restaurants in its markets. It also improved its recycling bin signage to make the recycling process easier to understand. McDonald's Germany, Austria, Czech Republic and Slovakia on the other hand, collect customer waste to sort for recycling. initiatives.^57^", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Figure 32. In-store Sorting and Recycling Bins, McDonalds
[Image shows a recycling station with multiple bins labeled for different types of waste. The bins are placed against a yellow wall with signage above explaining the sorting process.]
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 19, "y": 637}, {"x": 434.094, "y": 637}, {"x": 434.094, "y": 651}, {"x": 19, "y": 651}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "^56^ https://www.shakeyspizza.ph/images/asm-2021/PIZZA_ASM_2020_Report.pdf\n\n^57^ https://corporate.mcdonalds.com/corpmcd/our-purpose-and-impact/our-planet/packaging-and-waste.html\n\n76 Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000037.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 94, "y": 96.88999999999999}, {"x": 504.5820000000001, "y": 96.88999999999999}, {"x": 504.5820000000001, "y": 125.88999999999999}, {"x": 94, "y": 125.88999999999999}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "3. Impact on Business Operations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 94, "y": 131.89}, {"x": 319.644, "y": 131.89}, {"x": 319.644, "y": 141.39}, {"x": 94, "y": 141.39}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "This section investigates the impact of public health measures on business operations. MSMEs were asked about their expectations for recovery and the main effects of COVID-19 on their businesses.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 94, "y": 143.89}, {"x": 248.16600000000003, "y": 143.89}, {"x": 248.16600000000003, "y": 153.39}, {"x": 94, "y": 153.39}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "3.1. Status of Business Operations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 94, "y": 131.89}, {"x": 554.6601500000002, "y": 131.89}, {"x": 554.6601500000002, "y": 141.39}, {"x": 94, "y": 141.39}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "As shown in Figure 3.1.1, the number of MSMEs \"working as usual\" gradually increased over the course of the research period. The impacts of the lockdown from March 30 to May 4, 2020, were starkly felt, with only 30% of the MSMEs \"working as usual,\" while over half (58%) were temporarily completely closed.\n\nIn the agriculture sector, a large majority of MSMEs (93% in July 2020, 98% in October 2020, and 99% in January 2021) were operating normally, though\n\nFigure 3.1.1: Status of operations during each survey phase (%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
StatusLockdown PeriodJuly 2020October 2020January 2021
Working as usual30718385
Temporarily closed58211313
Business premises still open, but reduced operations7521
Business premises closed to customers, but some business operations continue6221
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 39, "y": 143.89}, {"x": 319.6725000000001, "y": 143.89}, {"x": 319.6725000000001, "y": 153.39}, {"x": 39, "y": 153.39}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "during the first lockdown period, just over three quarters (77%) were working as usual. In contrast, 63% of firms from the tourism sector and 62% from the handicraft/textile sector were working as usual as of July 2020, rising to 80% of tourism and 82% of handicraft/textile firms as of January 2021. During the lockdown period, tourism and handicraft/ textile MSMEs were the hardest hit with just 12% and 15% respectively working as usual. As shown in Table 3.1.1., a majority of tourism and handicraft/ textile MSMEs were temporarily closed during the lockdown period. In the handicraft/textile sector, 30% of MSMEs were temporarily closed as of July 2020, reducing to 12% in January 2021. Similarly, in tourism, 27% of businesses were temporarily closed as of July 2020 and that reduced to 18% in January 2021. Figure 3.1.1 and Table 3.1.1 do not reflect those MSMEs who were permanently closed; this was four in July 2020, 22 in October 2020, and 24 in January 2021. Of these 50 businesses who permanently closed during the research period, 30 were in the tourism sector, 18 in handicraft/textile, and two in agriculture.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000109.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 67}, {"x": 554.6720307, "y": 67}, {"x": 554.6720307, "y": 78}, {"x": 56, "y": 78}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "The jet velocity can be assumed to remain constant. Therefore, the horizontal distance traveled by jet (x) in time (t) is equal to:\n\n$$x = v.t \\quad (7)$$\n\nThe vertical component of the trajectory of the jet will have a constant acceleration downward due to the force of gravity. Therefore, at any time, t, the y-position of the jet may be calculated as:\n\n$$y = \\frac{1}{2}gt^2 \\quad (8)$$\n\nRearranging Equation (8) gives:\n\n$$t = (\\frac{2y}{g})^{0.5} \\quad (9)$$\n\nSubstitution of t and v from Equations 9 and 2 into Equation 7 results in:\n\n$$x = C_v\\sqrt{2gh}(\\frac{2y}{g})^{0.5} \\quad (10)$$\n\nEquations (10) can be rearranged to find Cv:\n\n$$C_v = \\frac{x}{2\\sqrt{yh}} \\quad (11)$$\n\nTherefore, for steady flow conditions (i.e., constant h in the head tank), the value of Cv can be determined from the x, y coordinates of the jet trajectory. A graph of x plotted against $\\sqrt{yh}$ will have a slope of 2Cv.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 432}, {"x": 409.2655000000001, "y": 432}, {"x": 409.2655000000001, "y": 443}, {"x": 56, "y": 443}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "7.2. DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 458}, {"x": 377.2450672, "y": 458}, {"x": 377.2450672, "y": 469}, {"x": 56, "y": 469}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "If Cd is assumed to be constant, then a graph of Q plotted against $\\sqrt{h}$ (Equation 6) will be linear, and the slope of this graph will be:\n\n$$s = C_dA_o\\sqrt{2g} \\quad (12)$$\n\nEXPERIMENT #6: ORIFICE AND FREE JET FLOW 53", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000177.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 214}, {"x": 540.26787605, "y": 214}, {"x": 540.26787605, "y": 224.5}, {"x": 70, "y": 224.5}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 7.3. You can read more about KSU's marketing approach in *Marking Open and Affordable Courses* (Hare, Kirschner, and Reed 2020).\n\nFor an even simpler graphic, we can look to Kansas State University. KSU's Open/Alternative Textbook Initiative developed their OER icon, a book with an \"O\" on the cover, to be recognizable even at a small scale. This was done because it would be used as a marking denoting the use of open materials in their course schedule. This graphic is clear, easy to read, and emblematic of the initiative itself, by representing open textbooks with a book icon.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 343}, {"x": 240.7238399671, "y": 343}, {"x": 240.7238399671, "y": 356.9965}, {"x": 70, "y": 356.9965}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Aligning with Your Identity", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 214}, {"x": 540.2677564, "y": 214}, {"x": 540.2677564, "y": 237.74003248730963}, {"x": 70, "y": 237.74003248730963}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Like KSU did with their OER icon, your branding should be reflective of your initiative's work in some way. Think about your audience and what you want them to feel when they see your program's marketing on campus. Does your program have a unique name or tagline that influences the way you present it (e.g., playful, bold, colorful, or innovative)?\n\nA great example of a program whose name and messaging align clearly with their work is Central Virginia Community College (CVCC). CVCC uses the tagline \"OpenEd CVCC: Innovation and Affordability\" as their program's name and their icon features this theme of innovation through graphics of light bulbs, gears, and representations of various disciplines.\n\nCVCC's logo is more complex than the ones we shared in our \"simple\" section. However, this isn't a problem in their case. Keep in mind that the simplicity of any graphic will depend on where and how it's used. CVCC's logo might have more going on than KSU's icon, but it is meant to be used at a larger scale, so it can accommodate this complexity. If your logo will be used in print materials or as a smaller icon, that's when you'll want to focus on simpler designs. For graphics that will be displayed more prominently, though, a larger graphic works fine.\n\nFigure 7.4. You can read more about CVCC's marketing approach in *Marking Open and Affordable Courses* (Hare, Kirschner, and Reed 2020).\n\n90 | PROGRAM MANAGEMENT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000162.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 92}, {"x": 306.5520999999999, "y": 92}, {"x": 306.5520999999999, "y": 101}, {"x": 56, "y": 101}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "1. Edward Bernays\n2. [Wikipedia. Public Relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations)\n3. Pinterest. Retrieved June 10, 2021.\n4. Bernays, Edward. Crystalizing Public Opinion.\n5. Encyclopedia of Propaganda\n\nPossible directions for the discussion:\n\n- **What the sources suggest about the level of research.** Do sources like Wikipedia and Pinterest indicate a deep engagement with the topic? What about the Encyclopedia of Propaganda? Call back to the chapter, Identifying a Topic, encyclopedias are good preliminary sources, but if research stops with an overview source, how valuable is it?\n\n- **Ways in which the citations are ambiguous.** Is enough information provided that readers can find the original information? Is number 1 about that person or written by that person? Is number 4 a book or an article? It has implications for how we would look for it. For number 5, there is more than one book with the title Encyclopedia of Propaganda, and also it's unlikely they meant to refer to the whole encyclopedia.\n\n- **The difference between discovering a source on a social media platform and citing the content.** Is enough information given to find the Pinterest source? Revisit the creator concept from the chapter, Types of Sources. Social media companies distribute but do not create content, so they are not the ones that should be cited. Opportunity to talk about specific sources students have found on social media\n\n114 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000169.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 67}, {"x": 554.6143999999999, "y": 67}, {"x": 554.6143999999999, "y": 76}, {"x": 56, "y": 76}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Lime is recommended if pH < 5.8\n\nTarget pH of 5.5 =\n\n$$[6,405 - (1,590 \\times \\text{buffer pH}) + (98 \\times \\text{buffer pH} \\times \\text{buffer pH})] \\times \\text{depth}$$\n\n\u2022 Depth is in inches\n\u2022 Used if cash flow is limited or in lime availability problem areas in Central and Western Kansas\n\u2022 Lime is recommended if pH < 5.5\n\nThis buffer contains chromium (Cr), a toxic heavy metal. Therefore, your lab instructor will perform the SMP buffer analysis. As a class, determine which soil-water mixtures from Activity 1 need lime (pH \u2264 6.4). To those solutions, add 10 ml of the SMP buffer solution, and stir with a glass rod. Allow the mixtures to stand for 30 minutes, which should be enough time for the acid cations to be displaced from the CEC and forced into solution. Read the pH on meter.\n\nAssuming the desired pH is 6.0 (i.e. use the middle equation), calculate the lime requirement, show your work below, and record your results in Table 14.1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 353}, {"x": 278.5191872364, "y": 353}, {"x": 278.5191872364, "y": 367.418}, {"x": 56, "y": 367.418}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Activity 5: Evaluating Liming Materials", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 388}, {"x": 554.6143873999999, "y": 388}, {"x": 554.6143873999999, "y": 397.2}, {"x": 56, "y": 397.2}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The type of liming material and the size or fineness of the material determine how efficiently liming materials raise soil pH. This experiment was actually initiated earlier in the semester to allow time for the liming agents to react. Amending the soil with several different liming agents allows us assess the effects of particle size and liming material based on the relative changes in soil. The treatments included the following:\n\n\u2022 Reagent grade CaCO3\n\u2022 Reagent grade CaO\n\u2022 Reagent grade CaSO4\n\u2022 Coarse dolomitic limestone (35 mesh)\n\u2022 Fine dolomitic limestone (120 mesh)\n\u2022 Control (no amendments)\n\nWhen this experiment was initiated, each lab section was divided into six groups, with each group responsible for one of the six treatments. Your laboratory instructor assigned a treatment to your group, and you completed the following steps:\n\n1. Label four plastic bags\n2. Weigh 20 g of air-dry soil into each plastic bag.\n3. Weigh 0.1 gram of designated liming material onto weighing paper.\n4. Add the liming material to the soil and mix thoroughly to distribute evenly in the soil.\n5. Add a few mL of water to each bag and mix.\n6. Close the bags to start incubation.\n\nNow that the liming agents have had time to react, you will collect the results.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000089.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 77, "y": 47}, {"x": 471.317, "y": 47}, {"x": 471.317, "y": 57.980000000000004}, {"x": 77, "y": 57.980000000000004}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
JurisdictionGATS XVII Reservation (1994)Foreign Ownership PermittedRestrictions on Foreign OwnershipForeign Ownership Reporting Requirements
by persons of same nationality must not exceed 40% of the quarter.
CanadaYYProhibition on ownership of residential property with exceptions; some provinces also restrict ownership, including of agricultural land.
ChileNYProhibition on acquisition of public lands within 10 kilometers from the border and favorable military report required for acquisition of land 5 kilometers from the coast; nationals of bordering countries and legal persons with their principal place of business in one of those countries cannot obtain rights to real estate located totally or partially in the border area.
ChinaN (2001)NNo individuals, domestic or foreign, can privately own land. The state grants land use rights to land users for a certain number of years. Foreigners can obtain such land use rights, own residential houses and apartments, or incorporate foreign-invested enterprises to invest in real estate.
EgyptYYProhibition on ownership of agriculture lands, land in Sinai Peninsula; otherwise, permitted to own up to two properties, up to 4,000 square meters, for residential purposes; no disposition for 5 years; approval required to acquire land in tourist areas; joint ownership with an Egyptian who has majority
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 179}, {"x": 207.5445, "y": 179}, {"x": 207.5445, "y": 189.98}, {"x": 72, "y": 189.98}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The Law Library of Congress 6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000135.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 67}, {"x": 518.614517, "y": 67}, {"x": 518.614517, "y": 76}, {"x": 56, "y": 76}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Fly fishers targeting trout had an important influence in developing and sustaining conservation programs, although they were sometimes criticized for exclusive or single-interest advocacy. Here I review the history of trout fishing and fly-fishing with special focus on the Rocky Mountain West, where fly fishers first exerted their influence on conservation ethics and sportfishing policy. Although many individuals and organizations played roles, I concentrate on only two: Fly Fishers International (FFI) and Trout Unlimited (TU). These two organizations had similar interests in conservation, but important differences prevented them from working together on a unified goal of conservation. The legacy of fly-fishing demonstrates the importance of passion, persistence, and partnerships in fish conservation.\n\nTrout and salmon are the only sport fish native to the Western states, and fly-fishing here became more than a leisure activity. Norman Maclean's novel, A River Runs through It (1976), begins, \"In our family there was no clear line between religion and fly fishing.\" Later Maclean writes that \"Something within fishermen\u00b9 tries to make fishing into a world perfect and apart.\" The iconography of Western fly-fishing that Maclean and others wrote about was created by anglers, fisheries managers, tourists, guides, businesses, and region promoters. The history of Rocky Mountain fly-fishing parallels the history of the expansion of our Western frontier as well as fisheries management (Brown 2015). Although Henry David Thoreau (1862) maintained that \"In wildness is the preservation of the world,\" humans are part of the trout fishing system and helped create, destroy, maintain, and restore the trout fishing we have today.\n\nThe first trout fishers were Native Americans. Native Americans used a variety of fishing methods, including weirs, spears, nets, traps, baskets, hook-and-line methods, and baits. They also caught fish by hand via tickling. Tickling for trout involves rubbing the underbelly of a trout with fingers to get the trout to go into a trance, after which they can then easily be thrown onto the bank (Martindale 1901). Native Americans were more patient than others. This method is different from noodling for catfish, where the noodler uses fingers as bait and grabs the catfish by its mouth. Native Americans also caught fish by fly-fishing with deer-hair flies, according to the writings of early American naturalist William Bartram (1739-1823) (Monahan, no date).\n\nThe story of Rocky Mountain trout fishing begins with displacement of Native Americans from their historical fishing and hunting grounds. Uninhabited wilderness had to be created through the dispossession of Native people before it could be preserved (Spence 1999). Explorers, trappers, pioneers, soldiers, and homesteaders brought fishing gear to frontier outposts. The Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806) included a designated angler named Silas Goodrich. The expedition first described several new species of fish, including the Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout and Westslope Cutthroat Trout, caught by Goodrich. Later military expeditions spent time trout fishing in addition to fighting Native Americans. Custer's Last Stand at Little Bighorn might have been avoided if he'd joined a column of reinforcements under General George Crook. Crook's soldiers were comfortably camped close by on Goose Creek near the Tongue River\u2014fishing, not fighting (Monnett 1993; Owens 2002a; Lessner 2010).\n\n\u00b9 Although Maclean and other writers use the term fishermen, women are active anglers and contribute significantly to the sport.\n\nFly-Fishing's Legacy for Conservation | 191", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000005.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 432, "y": 0}, {"x": 432, "y": 648}, {"x": 0, "y": 648}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "CHAPTER 1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 137, "y": 310}, {"x": 306.3804999999999, "y": 310}, {"x": 306.3804999999999, "y": 319.5}, {"x": 137, "y": 319.5}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 1.5. The San Mateo Ixtat\u00e1n men's jacket, lopil (Spanish capixay). Photo by Elizabeth Purdum.\n\nThe image shows a traditional men's jacket from San Mateo Ixtat\u00e1n. It is a dark brown, loose-fitting garment with wide sleeves. The jacket features decorative embroidery along the edges, including the neckline, sleeves, and bottom hem. At the center of the V-shaped neckline, there is a small ornamental piece with colorful details. The overall style of the jacket appears to be a blend of indigenous and Spanish influences.\n\nFIGURE 1.6. Vegetation along the trail from San Mateo Ixtat\u00e1n to Bulej, May 1965. Photo by author.\n\nThis photograph depicts a lush, misty forest landscape. A narrow dirt trail winds through dense tropical vegetation. The foreground shows a variety of green plants and shrubs lining the path. In the middle ground, taller trees can be seen, their tops obscured by fog or low-hanging clouds. The overall atmosphere is one of a humid, verdant environment, typical of a tropical forest ecosystem. The misty conditions add a sense of mystery and depth to the scene.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000058.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 97.91999999999996}, {"x": 452.97328000000016, "y": 97.91999999999996}, {"x": 452.97328000000016, "y": 110.87999999999997}, {"x": 85, "y": 110.87999999999997}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "3. Perspective of supply and demand balance of wood pellets and cost structure in Japan", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 138.91999999999996}, {"x": 481.7665600000002, "y": 138.91999999999996}, {"x": 481.7665600000002, "y": 149.95999999999995}, {"x": 85, "y": 149.95999999999995}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "According to a survey taken by the Japan Woody Bioenergy Association in FY2018 (from April 2018 to March 2019) with 55 biomass power generators, more than half of fuel for biomass power generation is domestically produced wood biomass at present in Japan in terms of weight (Figure 4.5).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 132, "y": 221.91999999999996}, {"x": 433.87536000000006, "y": 221.91999999999996}, {"x": 433.87536000000006, "y": 232.95999999999995}, {"x": 132, "y": 232.95999999999995}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.5. Breakdown of Biomass Power Generation Fuel in Japan", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Fuel TypeProportion
Domestic logs and wood chipsLargest
Import pellets, chipsSecond largest
PKSThird largest
Domestic wood pelletsFourth largest
Construction wood wasteSmall
Waste materialsVery small
OthersVery small
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 235.87940251572323}, {"x": 480.9806399999998, "y": 235.87940251572323}, {"x": 480.9806399999998, "y": 246.91940251572325}, {"x": 85, "y": 246.91940251572325}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "PKS = palm kernel shell.\nNote: The share of fuel calculated in terms of biomass fuel weight ('Wood pellets', 'Construction wood waste', 'Waste materials', 'Others': tonne; others: dry tonne).\nSource: Depicted by IEEJ based on Japan Woody Bioenergy Association (JWBA), 2020.\n\nWhen translating the survey result into energy form, it is estimated that, within biomass power generation using wood biomass ('Unutilised wood', 'General wood', and 'Construction wood waste'), around 30% of input fuel is met by import biomass fuel (Figure 4.6).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000006.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 184, "y": 48}, {"x": 233.98899999999998, "y": 48}, {"x": 233.98899999999998, "y": 57.5}, {"x": 184, "y": 57.5}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Chuj Country", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 432, "y": 0}, {"x": 432, "y": 648}, {"x": 0, "y": 648}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "![Image showing a rocky trail in a dry, brushy landscape. A person riding a horse or mule can be seen in the middle distance, with rocky outcroppings and sparse vegetation surrounding them. Trees are visible on the horizon.]\n\nFIGURE 1.15. On the trail in the Yolcultac (yol k'ultak, \"center of the brushland\") forest, municipio of Nent\u00f3n. May 1965, at the end of the dry season. Photo by the author.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000095.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
QuartileWM
4 (Worst)0.30.58
30.40.65
20.40.92
1 (Best)0.380.76
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 238}, {"x": 554.6054371000002, "y": 238}, {"x": 554.6054371000002, "y": 249}, {"x": 56, "y": 249}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "(Niederle and Vesterlund 2007)\n\nIn other words, while women shy away from competition, men are drawn to it.\n\nTurning to Task 4, recall that although this choice is very similar to that of Task 3, Task 4's choice eliminates the prospect of having to subsequently participate in a competition. Thus, only in Task 3 could a gender gap in preference for competition have played a role in the choice of compensation scheme. As the figure below shows, there is no statistically significant gender gap in the choice of compensation scheme in Task 4 based upon perceived ranking in Task 1. A higher percentage of women than men who guessed their Task 1 ranking to be low (i.e., at level \"3\") chose the tournament scheme in Task 4, while the percentages were reversed for those participants who guessed their Task 1 rankings to be high (at levels \"1\" and \"2\"). But because the two lines in the figure remain close together, these differences are not statistically significant (i.e., we should treat the groups' respective choices as being no different from one another).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
RankWM
4 (Worst rank)00
30.150.05
20.180.32
1 (Best rank)0.780.88
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 42, "y": 238}, {"x": 554.6053620999999, "y": 238}, {"x": 554.6053620999999, "y": 249}, {"x": 42, "y": 249}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "(Niederle and Vesterlund 2007)\n\nThis result from Task 4 cements the authors' finding that women shy away from actual competition slated to occur at a future point in time, not implicit competition based upon their interpretations of how their past performance compares with others.\u00b9\u2070\n\n10. In a related study of the performances of men and women in professional judo fights for bronze medals (of all things!), Cohen-Zada et al. (2017) find that men's performances are significantly affected by what the authors' call \"psychological momentum\", while women's is not. Psychological momentum is defined as the tendency of an outcome (such as a win in an initial judo match) to be followed by a similar outcome (a win in a subsequent match) that is not caused by any strategic incentives of the players. The authors point out that this result is consistent with evidence in the biological literature that\n\nBEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 111", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000019.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 146, "y": 182.30700000000002}, {"x": 274.8224, "y": 182.30700000000002}, {"x": 274.8224, "y": 206.30700000000002}, {"x": 146, "y": 206.30700000000002}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Author's Note to the 2021 Edition", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 238.30700000000002}, {"x": 365.02630000000005, "y": 238.30700000000002}, {"x": 365.02630000000005, "y": 249.30700000000002}, {"x": 56, "y": 249.30700000000002}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "This book is a minimally amended, reprinted version of *Sing me that lovely song again* (Pandanus Press, 2006). The title was chosen by Ian Templeman, the publisher, because he was more interested in its literary merits than in academic history. For that reason, many of my dates were removed from the original manuscript during editing.\n\nMy original intention was to get my parents and the elder of my two brothers to write their own memories of how they experienced their internment in Persia and five years behind barbed wire in Australia during World War II, focusing on individual memory by gender and age. It seemed a remarkable opportunity to make this anecdotal and analytical contribution to social science: they had each lived in the same space with the same people for the same period. It was to be an experiment made in heaven, that is, within an impeccable laboratory. But my parents had been too distressed by their loss of freedom and the congested and pressured atmosphere of life in camp to collaborate.\n\nBecause I wanted to keep the focus on my own memories, and the tone of voice my own, I wrote my own book with only minimal research in various archives in Australia and abroad. I did some research as a check on some important facts.\n\nAsked to speak about my book at an academic conference at the University of Queensland in 2006, I did some further research to validate my contribution. My speech was then published in *National Socialism in Oceania* (edited by Emily Turner-Graham and Christine Winter, Peter Lang, 2010) with the title I had originally suggested to Pandanus Press, 'At Home in Exile: Ambiguities of wartime patriotism'. When in 2015 I was asked by Japanese scholars to speak at Cowra, NSW, at a conference on internment, I suggested that my younger brother, Peter, also be invited", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000016.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 152, "y": 111.30700000000002}, {"x": 289.97273985000004, "y": 111.30700000000002}, {"x": 289.97273985000004, "y": 131.2323}, {"x": 152, "y": 131.2323}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Table of contents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 149.30700000000002}, {"x": 207.83601443000006, "y": 149.30700000000002}, {"x": 207.83601443000006, "y": 161.30700000000002}, {"x": 56, "y": 161.30700000000002}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Introduction 7\n1. Changing Practices, Shifting Sites 7\n2. Core and Periphery of Play 12", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 196.30700000000002}, {"x": 229.28797899000006, "y": 196.30700000000002}, {"x": 229.28797899000006, "y": 208.2621}, {"x": 56, "y": 208.2621}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Part I: New Children, Different Toys 21", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 209.30700000000002}, {"x": 258.7858998500001, "y": 209.30700000000002}, {"x": 258.7858998500001, "y": 219.76770000000002}, {"x": 56, "y": 219.76770000000002}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "3. The Child as Consumer 26\n4. Domesticating Play 30\n5. The Child in the City 35\n6. Toys as Containers, Mediators and Promoters 39", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 269.307}, {"x": 331.07277010815466, "y": 269.307}, {"x": 331.07277010815466, "y": 281.26210000000003}, {"x": 56, "y": 281.26210000000003}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Part II: From Solitary to Networked Geographies of Play 45", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 149.30700000000002}, {"x": 384.7910006, "y": 149.30700000000002}, {"x": 384.7910006, "y": 159.76770000000002}, {"x": 56, "y": 159.76770000000002}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "7. LEGO Toys: from Wooden Blocks to Plastic Bricks 50\n8. Brand Extension & Product Differentiation 58\n9. Bringing the Fans into the Company 62\n10. Many-to-Many Geographies of Play 66", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 149.30700000000002}, {"x": 384.7910006, "y": 149.30700000000002}, {"x": 384.7910006, "y": 161.26210000000003}, {"x": 56, "y": 161.26210000000003}], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Part III: Commercial Geographies of Play 71", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 149.30700000000002}, {"x": 385.14160573000004, "y": 149.30700000000002}, {"x": 385.14160573000004, "y": 159.76770000000002}, {"x": 56, "y": 159.76770000000002}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "11. Toy Towns and Simulated Cities 73\n12. A 21st-century Dollhouse: The Sims 83\n13. Unwanted Play Practices in The Sims Online 94\n14. Commodified Geographies of Play 103", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 149.30700000000002}, {"x": 384.7910006, "y": 149.30700000000002}, {"x": 384.7910006, "y": 161.26210000000003}, {"x": 56, "y": 161.26210000000003}], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Part IV: Serious Geographies of Play 107", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 149.30700000000002}, {"x": 385.14160573000004, "y": 149.30700000000002}, {"x": 385.14160573000004, "y": 161.26210000000003}, {"x": 56, "y": 161.26210000000003}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "15. Participation Tools 111\n16. Participation Processes 119\n17. Purposeful Play 122\n18. Serious Geographies of Play 124\n\nConclusion 127\n19. Changing Geographies of Play 127\n20. Making Do 132\n\nNotes 137\n\nBibliography 139\n\nIndex 153", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000097.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 292.5205015075377}, {"x": 554.6106633999999, "y": 292.5205015075377}, {"x": 554.6106633999999, "y": 304.38604120603014}, {"x": 56, "y": 304.38604120603014}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "```mermaid\ngraph TD\n Nature --> |p| Player2Weak[Player 2 Weak]\n Nature --> |1-p| Player2Strong[Player 2 Strong]\n Player2Weak --> |Invade| 1W[1]\n Player2Strong --> |Invade| 1S[1]\n 1W --> |Concede| W1[0, 1]\n 1W --> |Invade| 2W[2]\n 1S --> |Concede| S1[0, 1]\n 1S --> |Invade| 2S[2]\n 2W --> |Concede| W2[1, 0]\n 2S --> |Fight| S2[-0.2, 0.8]\n```\n\nNow, how do we solve for the game's analytical equilibrium?^12^\n\nHere, Player 2 applies backward induction to find what's known as a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium (PBE). As we already know, if Player 2 is the weak type and Player 1 has chosen to invade, then Player 2 should concede. If he is the strong type, then Player 2 should fight. We also know that Player 1 recognizes that she gets a payoff of $0 if she concedes in the first round, regardless of Player 2's type. If she instead chooses to invade in the first round, then Player 1's expected payoff from invading is $p - 0.2(1 - p) = 1.2p - 0.2$. This is merely the weighted average of Player 1's expected payoff when Player 2 is weak and her expected payoff when Player 2 is strong. Thus, invade is a better strategy than concede for Player 1 when $1.2p - 0.2 > 0 \\implies p > 1/6$. In other words, if the probability that Player 1 assigns to Player 2 being weak is greater than one-sixth, Player 1 should choose to invade in the first round. Otherwise, Player 1 should concede and be done with it.\n\nWhat's the outcome when you and your classmates play this more complicated version of the Escalation Game?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 581}, {"x": 206.535, "y": 581}, {"x": 206.535, "y": 592}, {"x": 56, "y": 592}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "BURNING BRIDGES GAME", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 292.5205015075377}, {"x": 554.5993985000001, "y": 292.5205015075377}, {"x": 554.5993985000001, "y": 304.38604120603014}, {"x": 56, "y": 304.38604120603014}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "This game shares starkly similar features with the Escalation Game, but there is no uncertainty (thus, the analytical equilibrium is an SPE rather than a PBE). The SPE has much to say about the relationship between two tenacious competitors. Spaniel (2011) portrays the game as follows:\n\n^12^ This equilibrium is known as a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium (PBE) rather than an SPE because of the uncertainty that at least one of the players is forced to contend with. Similar to Nash, Thomas Bayes is considered a towering figure. He was an 18th-century English statistician, philosopher, and Presbyterian minister who is known for formulating a specific case of the theorem that bears his name: Bayes Theorem. Bayes never published his theory himself\u2014his notes were edited and published posthumously.\n\n132 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000195.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 141.5040512, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 141.5040512, "y": 93.84519999999999}, {"x": 70, "y": 93.84519999999999}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "A Contributions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 290.175528934, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 290.175528934, "y": 93.84519999999999}, {"x": 70, "y": 93.84519999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "The contributions of this study are as follows:\n\n- **Introduction of the SOLAR 10.7 Billion-Parameter Model**: We have released the SOLAR 10.7B model, which is not only depth-wise scaled but also continually pretrained. The availability of SOLAR 10.7B under the Apache 2.0 license permits commercial usage, enabling the integration of this advanced model into a diverse range of products and services. This bridges the gap between academic research and practical applications, fostering wider accessibility and utility in various fields.\n\n- **Superior Performance Across Diverse Benchmarks**: SOLAR 10.7B excels in various benchmarks, outperforming established models like Llama 2 and Mistral 7B in reasoning, mathematics, and the MMLU framework.\n\n- **Advancement in Instruction-Following Capabilities**: The introduction of SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, a variant fine-tuned for enhanced instruction-following abilities, marks a significant improvement in the model's ability to understand and execute complex instructions.\n\nSanghoon Kim, Dahyun Kim, Chanjun Park, Wonsung Lee, Wonho Song, Yunsu Kim and Hyeonwoo Kim contributed equally to this paper. Sanghoon Kim led the Foundation Model part, with Dahyun Kim, Wonho Song, Yunsu Kim, and Hyeonwoo Kim. Chanjun Park led the Data and Evaluation (Data-Centric LLM) part, with Yungi Kim, Jihoo Kim, Changbae Ahn, Seonghoon Yang, Sukyung Lee, and Hyunbyung Park. Wonsung Lee led the Adaptation Modeling part, with Gyoungjin Gim, Hyeonju Lee, and Mikyoung Cha. Hwalsuk Lee performed the role of the overall project operation. Dahyun Kim and Chanjun Park were the main technical writers. All these individuals contributed to the creation of SOLAR 10.7B.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 233.95361280000003, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 233.95361280000003, "y": 93.84519999999999}, {"x": 70, "y": 93.84519999999999}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "B Related Works and Background", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 183.22554889999998, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 183.22554889999998, "y": 93.84519999999999}, {"x": 70, "y": 93.84519999999999}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "B.1 Large Language Models", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 289.6342193919999, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 289.6342193919999, "y": 93.84519999999999}, {"x": 70, "y": 93.84519999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Following the advent of context-based language models, various studies have revealed a \"scaling law\" (Kaplan et al., 2020; Hernandez et al., 2021; Anil et al., 2023), demonstrating a positive correlation between the size of model and training data and model performance. This has led to the emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs). Unlike previous language models, LLMs possess the ability for In-context learning, including Zero-shot learning (Radford et al., 2019) and Few-shot learning (Brown et al., 2020), allowing them to perform new tasks without updating model weights. These capabilities of LLMs, not evident in smaller models, are referred to as Emergent abilities (Wei et al., 2022a).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 231.89}, {"x": 394.8764377000001, "y": 231.89}, {"x": 394.8764377000001, "y": 243.84519999999998}, {"x": 70, "y": 243.84519999999998}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "B.2 Mixture of Experts", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 290.1755289339999, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 290.1755289339999, "y": 93.84519999999999}, {"x": 70, "y": 93.84519999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "In the landscape of machine learning architectures, the Mixture of Experts (MoE) models like (Shazeer et al., 2017; Shen et al., 2019; Komatsuzaki et al., 2022) has gained attention for its capability to address the challenges posed by complex and heterogeneous data. MoE models offer notable benefits, including enhanced output diversity, allowing for the capture of intricate patterns within the input space. Moreover, their computational efficiency, especially when implemented in a sparse form, has made them valuable in scenarios where resource constraints are a consideration (Shazeer et al., 2017; Komatsuzaki et al., 2022).\n\nHowever, efficient implementation of MoE models poses a considerable challenge, primarily due to the intricacies associated with dynamic routing and load-imbalanced computation (Gale et al., 2023). Existing hardware and software for deep learning, such as TPUs and XLA compilers, often demand static knowledge of tensor shapes, making MoE implementation on TPU challenging.\n\nWhile GPU implementation offers more flexibility, sparse computation compatibility becomes a hurdle. Striking the right balance between fixing the size of each expert to facilitate efficient computation and maintaining model quality creates a tradeoff between information preservation and hardware efficiency. This tradeoff, in turn, necessitates careful consideration during hyperparameter tuning, adding a layer of complexity to the implementation of MoE models, potentially offsetting their advantages. Given the formidable challenges in MoE model implementation, it becomes almost inevitable for researchers and practitioners to resort to specialized tools and frameworks, such as Tutel (Hwang et al., 2023) or Megablocks (Gale et al., 2023).\n\nDeparting from the horizontal expansion characteristic of MoE models, the DUS method intro-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000189.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ModelAlpaca-GPT4OpenOrcaSynth. Math-InstructH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
SFT v1O\u2717\u271769.1567.6686.0365.8860.1282.9552.24
SFT v2OO\u271769.2165.3685.3965.9358.4782.7957.32
SFT v3OOO70.0365.8785.5565.3157.9381.3764.14
SFT v4O\u2717O70.8867.3285.8765.8758.9782.4864.75
SFT v3 + v4OOO71.1167.3285.9665.9558.8082.0866.57
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 79.88999999999999}, {"x": 452.7033163999998, "y": 79.88999999999999}, {"x": 452.7033163999998, "y": 89.85259999999998}, {"x": 70, "y": 89.85259999999998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 3: Ablation studies on the different datasets used for instruction tuning. 'SFT v3+v4' indicates that the model is merged from 'SFT v3' and 'SFT v4' by simply averaging the model weights. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ModelUltrafeedback CleanSynth. Math-AlignmentH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
DPO v1O\u271773.0671.4288.4966.1472.0481.4558.83
DPO v2OO73.4271.5088.2865.9771.7182.7960.27
DPO v1 + v2OO73.2171.3388.3665.9272.6882.7958.23
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 79.88999999999999}, {"x": 525.5964725679999, "y": 79.88999999999999}, {"x": 525.5964725679999, "y": 90.79909999999998}, {"x": 70, "y": 90.79909999999998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Table 4: Ablation studies on the different datasets used during the direct preference optimization (DPO) stage. 'SFT v3' is used as the SFT base model for DPO. We name ablated models with the 'DPO' prefix to indicate the alignment tuning stage. 'DPO v1+v2' indicates that the model is merged from 'DPO v1' and 'DPO v2' by simply averaging the model weights. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ModelBase SFT ModelH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
DPO v2SFT v373.4271.5088.2865.9771.7182.7960.27
DPO v3SFT v3 + v473.5871.3388.0865.3972.4581.9362.32
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 79.88999999999999}, {"x": 524.5208106459995, "y": 79.88999999999999}, {"x": 524.5208106459995, "y": 90.79910000000001}, {"x": 70, "y": 90.79910000000001}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Table 5: Ablation studies on the different SFT base models used during the direct preference optimization (DPO) stage. Ultrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets are used. We name ablated models with the 'DPO' prefix to indicate the alignment tuning stage. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.\n\nWhen we add the OpenOrca dataset to train the second ablated model, 'SFT v2', the resulting H6 score is 69.21, which is little change from 69.15 of 'SFT v1'. However, the task scores vary more as 'SFT v2' gets a substantially higher GSM8K score of 57.32 compared to 52.24 of 'SFT v1' but also gets noticeably lower scores across the board for ARC, HellaSwag, and TruthfulQA. This seems to indicate that using OpenOrca results in a model that behaves differently from using only Alpaca-GPT4.\n\nSecond, we investigate whether Synth. Math-Instruct dataset is beneficial. For 'SFT v3', we add the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset, which boosts GSM8K scores to 64.14 and achieves comparable scores for the other tasks. Interestingly, when we add the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset to 'SFT v1' to train 'SFT v4', we get our highest H6 score of 70.88 with higher scores than 'SFT v3' for all tasks. From the above, we can see that adding the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset is helpful.\n\nLastly, we see whether merging models trained with and without OpenOrca can boost performance. In the first analysis, we saw that using OpenOrca resulted in a model that behaved differently from the model that was trained without OpenOrca. Building on this intuition, we merge 'SFT v3' and 'SFT v4' as they are the best-performing models with and without OpenOrca. To our surprise, the resulting merged model 'SFT v3+v4' retains the high scores for non-GSM8K tasks from 'SFT v4' but also achieves a higher GSM8K score than 'SFT v3' or 'SFT v4'. Thus, we see that merging models that specialize in different tasks is a promising way to obtain a model that performs well generally.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 306, "y": 512.89}, {"x": 390.7746161, "y": 512.89}, {"x": 390.7746161, "y": 523.7991}, {"x": 306, "y": 523.7991}], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "4.3.2 Alignment Tuning", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 98, "y": 79.88999999999999}, {"x": 318.1160307026002, "y": 79.88999999999999}, {"x": 318.1160307026002, "y": 90.79909999999998}, {"x": 98, "y": 90.79909999999998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "As we utilize sDPO for practical alignment tuning, there are additional aspects to ablate such as the SFT base models used. Thus, we present ablations for the different training datasets used for training, the different SFT base models to initialize the sDPO training, and finally, the model merging strategy to obtain the final alignment-tuned model.\n\nAblation on the training datasets. We ablate on the different alignment datasets used during DPO in Tab. 4. We use 'SFT v3' as the SFT base model for DPO. 'DPO v1' only uses the Ultrafeedback Clean dataset while 'DPO v2' also used the Synth. Math-Alignment dataset.\n\nFirst, we test how Ultrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment impacts model performance. For 'DPO v1', it achieves 73.06 in H6, which is a substantial boost from the SFT base model score of 70.03. However, we note that while", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000003.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 51, "y": 70.14200000000005}, {"x": 376.96299999999997, "y": 70.14200000000005}, {"x": 376.96299999999997, "y": 81.14200000000005}, {"x": 51, "y": 81.14200000000005}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "model (discussed for a binary fit in Section 6.2). Because there are three pos-\nsible choices, the appropriate data model (applied at each SOA) is no longer\nthe binomial distribution, but rather the multinomial distribution, which can\nprovide an exact likelihood of obtaining any particular combination of prob-\nabilities that divide N choices into three bins when the actual probabilities of\nselecting each bin are known (or rather, for fitting purposes, predicted).22", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 178.14200000000005}, {"x": 197.691, "y": 178.14200000000005}, {"x": 197.691, "y": 189.14200000000005}, {"x": 85, "y": 189.14200000000005}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Dual-Presentation SJ Data", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 51, "y": 204.14200000000005}, {"x": 377.0400000000001, "y": 204.14200000000005}, {"x": 377.0400000000001, "y": 215.14200000000005}, {"x": 51, "y": 215.14200000000005}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Several authors have investigated the use of a dual-presentation SJ task in\nwhich two bimodal stimuli are presented (one after another) and compared,\nfor example by reporting which one was (most) synchronous (Allan & Kristof-\nferson, 1974; Powers, Hillock, & Wallace, 2009; Roseboom, Nishida, Fujisaki, &\nArnold, 2011). This is a form of what would, in classical signal detection theory,\nbe described as a two-alternative forced choice (specifically the two-interval\nforced choice variant). However, that designation is ambiguous (about wheth-\ner there are two presentations or two response categories) and has been ap-\nplied to cases where either or both of the possible qualifying conditions are\nmet, which is probably why the dual-presentation SJ task has ended up being\ngiven a variety of names (e.g., temporal 2AFC; forced-choice successiveness\ndiscrimination; 2IFC SJ, where the classic SJ is referred to as 2AFC SJ in the\nsame paper). I will label it the 2xSJ.\n\nThe simplest form of the 2xSJ would have a synchronous standard on every\ntrial along with a non-synchronous test pair. Based on the kind of observer\nmodels discussed in this chapter, the resulting psychometric function (plotting\nthe probability of judging the standard more synchronous than the test against\nthe test's SOA) is U-shaped and centred over the PSS. This approach represents\na reasonable way to derive estimates of inverse precision (i.e., \u03c3\u0394t) but a fairly\npoor way to estimate the PSS, because having a synchronous standard on every\ntrial provides feedback about objective synchrony. A simple solution is to also\ninclude a range of standards as well as a range of tests, in a roving standard\ndesign.\n\nThe observer model can be fitted to data even when both standard and test\nare non-zero, as described in detail by Yarrow et al. (2016; see also Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez\n& Peli, 2014). To present all of the data, it is necessary to plot a function for\neach standard SOA (using several standard plots, or a single 3D plot), which is\nsomewhat cumbersome, but not a major obstacle to using the task. A simple\n\n22 .", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000128.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ABCDE
timeobservedForecast(observed)Lower Confidence Bound(observed)Upper Confidence Bound(observed)
013
112
213.5
315
416
518
617.5
717.917.9017.9017.90
819.7321445817.9921.47
921.5996299819.8123.39
1021.6264585719.7823.47
1122.8599311620.9624.76
1224.7274165622.7826.68
1324.7542451522.7526.75
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 54, "y": 67}, {"x": 558.0003000000002, "y": 67}, {"x": 558.0003000000002, "y": 77}, {"x": 54, "y": 77}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 13.3. Graph of Projection Estimates\nOpen Template in Microsoft Excel\n\n```mermaid\ngraph LR\n A[observed] --> B[Forecast(observed)]\n A --> C[Lower Confidence Bound(observed)]\n A --> D[Upper Confidence Bound(observed)]\n \n style A stroke:#0000FF,stroke-width:2px\n style B stroke:#FFA500,stroke-width:2px\n style C stroke:#FFA500,stroke-width:2px\n style D stroke:#FFA500,stroke-width:2px\n```\n\nHaving obtained price forecasts, our next step would be to re-estimate CR for GCS based on the forecasted prices. In addition, we may use the confidence interval forecasts to find a most optimistic forecast using the upper confidence interval forecasts and a pessimistic forecast using the lower bound forecasts.\n\n298 | Ch. 13. Homogeneous Investment Types", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000193.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 299.27060340000025, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 299.27060340000025, "y": 91.8526}, {"x": 70, "y": 91.8526}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Scaling laws for neural language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.08361.\n\nDahyun Kim, Yungi Kim, Wonho Song, Hyeonwoo Kim, Yunsu Kim, Sanghoon Kim, and Chanjun Park. 2024a. sdpo: Don't use your data all at once.\n\nJihoo Kim, Wonho Song, Dahyun Kim, Yunsu Kim, Yungi Kim, and Chanjun Park. 2024b. Evalverse: Unified and accessible library for large language model evaluation.\n\nAran Komatsuzaki, Joan Puigcerver, James Lee-Thorp, Carlos Riquelme Ruiz, Basil Mustafa, Joshua Ainslie, Yi Tay, Mostafa Dehghani, and Neil Houlsby. 2022. Sparse upcycling: Training mixture-of-experts from dense checkpoints. arXiv preprint arXiv:2212.05055.\n\nWing Lian. 2023. https://huggingface.co/winglian/omega-3b.\n\nStephanie Lin, Jacob Hilton, and Owain Evans. 2022. Truthfulqa: Measuring how models mimic human falsehoods. In Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), pages 3214\u20133252.\n\nShayne Longpre, Le Hou, Tu Vu, Albert Webson, Hyung Won Chung, Yi Tay, Denny Zhou, Quoc V Le, Barret Zoph, Jason Wei, et al. 2023. The flan collection: Designing data and methods for effective instruction tuning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.13688.\n\nSubhabrata Mukherjee, Arindam Mitra, Ganesh Jawahar, Sahaj Agarwal, Hamid Palangi, and Ahmed Awadallah. 2023. Orca: Progressive learning from complex explanation traces of gpt-4. arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.02707.\n\nOpenAI. 2023. Gpt-4 technical report.\n\nYu Pan, Ye Yuan, Yichun Yin, Zenglin Xu, Lifeng Shang, Xin Jiang, and Qun Liu. 2023. Reusing pre-trained models by multi-linear operators for efficient training. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.10699.\n\nHyunbyung Park, Sukyung Lee, Gyoungjin Gim, Yungi Kim, Dahyun Kim, and Chanjun Park. 2024. Data-verse: Open-source etl (extract, transform, load) pipeline for large language models.\n\nBaolin Peng, Chunyuan Li, Pengcheng He, Michel Galley, and Jianfeng Gao. 2023. Instruction tuning with gpt-4. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.03277.\n\nAlec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, Rewon Child, David Luan, Dario Amodei, Ilya Sutskever, et al. 2019. Language models are unsupervised multitask learners. OpenAI blog, 1(8):9.\n\nJack W Rae, Sebastian Borgeaud, Trevor Cai, Katie Millican, Jordan Hoffmann, Francis Song, John Aslanides, Sarah Henderson, Roman Ring, Susannah Young, et al. 2021. Scaling language models: Methods, analysis & insights from training gopher. arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.11446.\n\nRafael Rafailov, Archit Sharma, Eric Mitchell, Stefano Ermon, Christopher D Manning, and Chelsea Finn. 2023. Direct preference optimization: Your language model is secretly a reward model. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.18290.\n\nOscar Sainz, Jon Ander Campos, Iker Garc\u00eda-Ferrero, Julen Etxaniz, Oier Lopez de Lacalle, and Eneko Agirre. 2023. Nlp evaluation in trouble: On the need to measure llm data contamination for each benchmark. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.18018.\n\nKeisuke Sakaguchi, Ronan Le Bras, Chandra Bhagavatula, and Yejin Choi. 2021. Winogrande: An adversarial winograd schema challenge at scale. Communications of the ACM, 64(9):99\u2013106.\n\nMalik Sallam, Nesreen Salim, Muna Barakat, and Alaa Al-Tammemi. 2023. Chatgpt applications in medical, dental, pharmacy, and public health education: A descriptive study highlighting the advantages and limitations. Narra J, 3(1):e103\u2013e103.\n\nNoam Shazeer, Azalia Mirhoseini, Krzysztof Maziarz, Andy Davis, Quoc Le, Geoffrey Hinton, and Jeff Dean. 2017. Outrageously large neural networks: The sparsely-gated mixture-of-experts layer. arXiv preprint arXiv:1701.06538.\n\nTianxiao Shen, Myle Ott, Michael Auli, and Marc'Aurelio Ranzato. 2019. Mixture models for diverse machine translation: Tricks of the trade. In International conference on machine learning, pages 5719\u20135728. PMLR.\n\nWeijia Shi, Anirudh Ajith, Mengzhou Xia, Yangsibo Huang, Daogao Liu, Terra Blevins, Danqi Chen, and Luke Zettlemoyer. 2023. Detecting pretraining data from large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.16789.\n\nKen Shoemake. 1985. Animating rotation with quaternion curves. In Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, pages 245\u2013254.\n\nMingxing Tan and Quoc Le. 2019. Efficientnet: Rethinking model scaling for convolutional neural networks. In International conference on machine learning, pages 6105\u20136114. PMLR.\n\nHugo Touvron, Louis Martin, Kevin Stone, Peter Albert, Amjad Almahairi, Yasmine Babaei, Nikolay Bashlykov, Soumya Batra, Prajjwal Bhargava, Shruti Bhosale, et al. 2023. Llama 2: Open foundation and fine-tuned chat models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.09288.\n\nLewis Tunstall, Edward Beeching, Nathan Lambert, Nazneen Rajani, Kashif Rasul, Younes Belkada, Shengyi Huang, Leandro von Werra, Cl\u00e9mentine Fourrier, Nathan Habib, et al. 2023. Zephyr: Direct distillation of lm alignment. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.16944.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000106.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
RO
ARTFUL
METHODS
complicated
feed captures
art/sci
methods
integration (hard)
articulator
combinatory
what is the
role of exploration
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 54, "y": 108.33152670157068}, {"x": 558.0000000000002, "y": 108.33152670157068}, {"x": 558.0000000000002, "y": 144.9375832460733}, {"x": 54, "y": 144.9375832460733}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "An example of a conceptual map created by one of our interviewees\n\nIt seemed at times that the remarkable freedom of writing freeform allowed these languages to form, but it was difficult, if not impossible, to replicate that freedom on available digital tools. Printing out articles or chapters of interest and annotating them with pen or pencil is still seen as the way to go by many. Having physical copies on hand also means easier management as this benefits from the very natural use of space for arranging things, e.g.: \"The pile on the right contains my primary sources; on the left are things I've flagged as potentially interesting and to revisit.\" Often mentioned was the use of digital editions for quick consultation and search, but print versions for in-depth reading and annotation. Most collect important works in print.\n\nWhile some note taking did take place alongside annotation, each of our researchers would reach a point where they needed to take the texts they had read and turn the notes, quotes, and other takeaways into something they could then begin to incorporate into their writing. Again, the approaches to this varied widely, and depended on the tools used initially. Some would take handwritten annotations and highlighting and type them into a word processor. Others would export annotations from tools in whatever", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000052.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 63, "y": 46}, {"x": 389.681, "y": 46}, {"x": 389.681, "y": 57}, {"x": 63, "y": 57}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 15\n\nthe way for women to enter the House of Representatives. In 2019, 20 women from party lists have contributed to the increase in female legislators. However, the Party-List Law's implementation has been controversial owing to the entry of political dynasties and traditional politicians. The ideal that it serve as the gateway to political power of disadvantaged groups has been lost due to vague provisions in the law and subsequent Supreme Court decisions. The party list system has also been \"co-opted by the traditional political system or have become the training ground for future influence-peddling traditional politicians\" (Tigno 2019). In other words, it has deviated from the idea of proportional representation practiced in other countries. Dynastic families took advantage of the system's flaws and used them to field relatives, including some women, to expand their political power. However, recent interviews with legislators from progressive party lists demonstrate a better understanding of women's issues than some representatives elected from single-member districts (Encinas-Franco 2022, 157).\n\nTable 2. Women-Members of the House of Representatives per Region, 2007-2019", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
REGIONS2007-20102010-20132016-2019
National Capital Region985
Cordillera Autonomous Region121
I - Ilocos Region154
II - Cagayan Valley135
III - Central Luzon8911
IVA - CALABARZON4211
IVB - MIMAROPA111
V - Bicol Region204
VI - Western Visayas233
VII - Central Visayas223
VIII - Eastern Visayas323
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000116.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 74, "y": 52}, {"x": 475.49599999999964, "y": 52}, {"x": 475.49599999999964, "y": 66.03999999999999}, {"x": 74, "y": 66.03999999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE BIO181\n\n- Transfer pipettes\n- Test tube rack\n- 4 large (20 ml) test tubes or small Erlenmeyer flasks for larger volumes\n- Large plastic tray\n- Masking tape or lab tape\n- Large weigh boat (4/group)\n- Metric ruler\n- Electronic balance\n- Spatula\n- Weigh paper\n- Red food coloring (optional)\n\nFigure 3. Saccharometer\n\nTable 2. Contents of Saccharometers when testing fermentation with various yeast concentrations.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
SaccharometerDI WaterGlucose SolutionYeast Suspension
1*8 ml*6 ml0 ml
2*12 ml0 ml*2 ml
3*6 ml*6 ml*2 ml
4*2 ml*6 ml*6 ml
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 652}, {"x": 527.2079999999996, "y": 652}, {"x": 527.2079999999996, "y": 664}, {"x": 72, "y": 664}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "*Double these amounts if using saccharometers that have a 15-cm vertical tube. See table below", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
SaccharometerDI WaterGlucose SolutionYeast Suspension
116 ml12 ml0 ml
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 303, "y": 780}, {"x": 311.8587622, "y": 780}, {"x": 311.8587622, "y": 792}, {"x": 303, "y": 792}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "58", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000074.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 113, "y": 80.88999999999999}, {"x": 524.0228, "y": 80.88999999999999}, {"x": 524.0228, "y": 92.88999999999999}, {"x": 113, "y": 92.88999999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore. In these three countries, per capita GDP fell between 4 percent to 7 percent.\u00b3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 113, "y": 120.88999999999999}, {"x": 279.24680000000006, "y": 120.88999999999999}, {"x": 279.24680000000006, "y": 132.89}, {"x": 113, "y": 132.89}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.2. Per capita GDP growth in 2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
CountryGDP Growth (%)
Brunei Darussalam0.2%
Cambodia-4.4%
Indonesia-3.1%
Lao PDR-1.0%
Malaysia-6.9%
Myanmar2.5%
Philippines-10.7%
Singapore-3.8%
Thailand-6.4%
Vietnam2.0%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 384.89}, {"x": 524.3159999999998, "y": 384.89}, {"x": 524.3159999999998, "y": 396.89}, {"x": 85, "y": 396.89}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Source: World Bank (2022a)\n\nIt is also noteworthy that in two of these major destination countries \u2013 Thailand and Malaysia \u2013 the most-affected sectors were also ones heavily reliant on migrant workers. In Thailand, affected sectors include manufacturing, construction, agriculture, fishing, seafood processing, domestic work, and hospitality (United Nations Thematic Working Group, 2019; ILO, 2020). In Malaysia, migrant workers were, in 2019, especially prevalent in manufacturing (705,000), construction (435,000), services (306,000), plantation (282,000), agriculture (160,000), and domestic work (127,000) (Wahab, 2020a; Theng, Noor and Khalidi, 2020).\n\nThe construction sector in Malaysia crashed in the second quarter of 2020 and did not experience growth again until the second quarter of 2021, before suffering negative growth again the next quarter after a COVID-19 resurgence. Accommodation and dining establishments which includes many tourism-related jobs, fared even worse. Furthermore, wholesale trade and related activities in Malaysia have not recovered to pre-pandemic levels, even after growing in the first two quarters of 2021. In Thailand, the construction sector avoided a massive output decline similar to Malaysia's, although it did decline in the first quarter of 2020. However, manufacturing, accommodation, and wholesale trade in Thailand all suffered large contractions due to travel restrictions, supply chain disruptions, and weak aggregate demand, and, despite some recovery in the second quarter of 2021, remain well below pre-pandemic levels (Table 1.1).\n\n\u00b3 The Philippine economy was hit hardest because of the length and severity of the movement restrictions imposed in the country (Olanday and Rigby, 2020).\n\nASEAN Migration Outlook 13", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000191.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 127.13390079999999, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 127.13390079999999, "y": 93.84519999999999}, {"x": 70, "y": 93.84519999999999}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "5 Conclusion", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 117.88999999999999}, {"x": 290.0753833960001, "y": 117.88999999999999}, {"x": 290.0753833960001, "y": 128.79909999999998}, {"x": 70, "y": 128.79909999999998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "We introduce SOLAR 10.7B and its fine-tuned variant SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, which are depth up-scaled (DUS) models with 10.7 billion parameters\u2074. They show superior performance over models like Llama 2, Mistral 7B, and Mixtral-7B-Instruct in essential NLP tasks while maintaining computational efficiency. Thus, DUS is effective in scaling-up highly performant LLMs from smaller ones. With more exploration, DUS could be further improved, paving a new path to efficiently scaling LLMs.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 250.89}, {"x": 168.83363839999998, "y": 250.89}, {"x": 168.83363839999998, "y": 262.8452}, {"x": 70, "y": 262.8452}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Acknowledgements", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 272.89}, {"x": 289.6327575726002, "y": 272.89}, {"x": 289.6327575726002, "y": 283.7991}, {"x": 70, "y": 283.7991}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "We would like to extend our gratitude to the teams at Hugging Face, particularly Cl\u00e9mentine Fourrier, Lewis Tunstall, Omar Sanseviero, and Philipp Schmid. Our appreciation also extends to the teams at AWS, notably Rahul Sharma, Jeongwon Yoon, Nieves Garcia, Ritesh Vajaria, Gal Oshri, Jay Kwon, Brandon Lee and Effie Bae. We are grateful to the teams at Korea Telecom (KT), especially Jin Hyoung Lee, Jungsuk Park, Sungjoon Park, Hongrae Wang, Kyeongsoo Jung, and Sunyoong Yoon, whose significant support has been instrumental in ensuring the broad compatibility of our model. Additionally, we would like to extend our thanks to the open community for their invaluable contributions and feedback.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 487.89}, {"x": 129.118464, "y": 487.89}, {"x": 129.118464, "y": 499.8452}, {"x": 70, "y": 499.8452}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Limitations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 290.474983729, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 290.474983729, "y": 93.84519999999999}, {"x": 70, "y": 93.84519999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Our study on the Depth Up-Scaling (DUS) has important limitations and considerations. One key limitation is the need for more thorough explorations of hyperparameters used in the DUS approach. Namely, we removed m = 8 layers from both ends of our base model, primarily due to hardware limitations. However, we have not yet determined if this value is optimal for enhancing performance. The extended time and cost of continued pretraining made it challenging to conduct more comprehensive experiments, which we aim to address in future work through various comparative analyses.\n\nIn terms of the model's broader implications, there are several points to note. The model's significant computational demands for training and inference might limit its use, especially for those with restricted computational resources. Addition-\n\n\u2074Preprint version is available on https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.15166.\n\nally, like all machine learning models, it is vulnerable to biases in its training data, which could lead to skewed outcomes in certain situations. Furthermore, the substantial energy consumption required for training and operating the model raises environmental concerns, which are critical in the pursuit of sustainable AI development.\n\nLastly, while the fine-tuned variant of the model shows improved performance in following instructions, it still requires task-specific fine-tuning for optimal performance in specialized applications. This fine-tuning process can be resource-intensive and not always effective. Recognizing and addressing these limitations is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the proposed Large Language Model's capabilities and for guiding future research and development in the field of LLMs.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 306, "y": 338.89}, {"x": 392.66324480000003, "y": 338.89}, {"x": 392.66324480000003, "y": 350.8452}, {"x": 306, "y": 350.8452}], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Ethics Statement", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 88, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 307.04381890000013, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 307.04381890000013, "y": 93.84519999999999}, {"x": 88, "y": 93.84519999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "We conscientiously address and emphasize the commitment of SOLAR 10.7B in maintaining the highest ethical standards. First, we highlight that SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct has shown low levels of data contamination in our evaluations, a testament to our rigorous data handling and processing protocols. This aspect is crucial, as it underpins the reliability and integrity of the results obtained from SOLAR.\n\nFurthermore, during the course of our experiments, we ensured that all setups and methodologies employed steer clear of any potential ethical pitfalls. This preemptive consideration and avoidance of ethically questionable practices underscore our dedication to conducting research that is not only innovative but also responsible.\n\nAdditionally, we ensure that SOLAR complies with general ethical considerations in all aspects of its operation. This includes adherence to privacy norms, respect for intellectual property, and ensuring the absence of bias in our algorithms. Our commitment to these ethical principles is unwavering, and we believe it significantly contributes to the credibility and societal acceptance of SOLAR.\n\nIn conclusion, the ethical framework within which SOLAR operates is robust and comprehensive, ensuring that our advancements in this field are not only scientifically sound but also ethically responsible.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000022.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 68, "y": 64.30700000000002}, {"x": 122.58319999999999, "y": 64.30700000000002}, {"x": 122.58319999999999, "y": 72.30700000000002}, {"x": 68, "y": 72.30700000000002}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "At Home in Exile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 39, "y": 88.30700000000002}, {"x": 377.88430000000017, "y": 88.30700000000002}, {"x": 377.88430000000017, "y": 99.30700000000002}, {"x": 39, "y": 99.30700000000002}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "To prepare myself for the journey from my home in Canberra, Australia, I visited the National Library's vast collection of maps. But I could not find Steinkirche, even in old German records of Silesia. The Polish-German Gazeteer, which has a remarkable list of old German place-names in relation to their Polish replacements, and vice versa, gave the names for many places, including M\u00e4rzdorf where my mother had worked as a young woman, on an estate near the Oder River. But there was nothing for Steinkirche. The people assembling the directory must have thought it simply the description of a stone church, as the name suggests, rather than the actual name for the place where the church stood.\n\nObviously it was not an important village. No one in our extended family could give me the Polish names for rural Steinkirche or of Neumarkt Platz in the Silesian metropolis. Had Steinkirche been north, east, west or south of Breslau? In my mind's eye I assumed it to be east\u2014towards Posen\u2014 mistakenly, so I was to discover. In answer to one of my many questions, I recalled that my mother had once told me that it had taken her about an hour by train to travel to the school she attended briefly in Breslau. It was an important clue.\n\nI then rang my cousin, Peter Erlanger, but neither he nor his older sister could help me. Peter advised me to try to find Steinkirche using my computer's Internet search engine. It was enlightened advice, and was to provide me with a key clue. The website yielded a huge list of entries, mostly concerning stone churches in present-day Germany. But there was also a reference to a 1928 visit by a church official inspecting a number of communities overseen by the Lutheran Church at Strehlen. I had often heard my mother and her sister refer to acquaintances in Strehlen.\n\nThe article about Steinkirche described it as having a 1264 Polish Catholic foundation, on a site where pagan sacrifices had taken place. This seemed to have the ring of truth. The description offered a brief history of the church and gave illustrations of it in various stages of alteration. By the seventeenth century, the place had become Lutheran and in the following 200 years the community's religious confidence expressed itself architecturally, through continual improvements. A church tower with baroque spire was raised and the interior refurbished with an upper-storey balcony with pews on three sides.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000118.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 80, "y": 52}, {"x": 247.966175, "y": 52}, {"x": 247.966175, "y": 68.77962541111111}, {"x": 80, "y": 68.77962541111111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 244, "y": 88}, {"x": 367.62296799999984, "y": 88}, {"x": 367.62296799999984, "y": 103.96000000000001}, {"x": 244, "y": 103.96000000000001}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Cellular Replication", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 612, "y": 0}, {"x": 612, "y": 792}, {"x": 0, "y": 792}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "[An image showing a microscopic view of cellular structures with yellow-colored components against a blue background]", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Cellular Cycle and Replication
[A circular diagram showing different stages of the cell cycle]
[An image of multiple cells stained and viewed under a microscope]
A step by step guide to growing a human!
[An image showing what appears to be cell division or chromosomes]
Mitosis and Meiosis
Similiar processes with VERY different results!
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 380}, {"x": 302.42043953999996, "y": 380}, {"x": 302.42043953999996, "y": 395.96}, {"x": 72, "y": 395.96}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Growth and the Creation of Life", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 78, "y": 122.73792326111106}, {"x": 546.5340485308643, "y": 122.73792326111106}, {"x": 546.5340485308643, "y": 139.51754867222218}, {"x": 78, "y": 139.51754867222218}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "One of the characteristics of living things is the ability to replicate and pass on genetic information to the next generation. Cell division in individual bacteria and archaea usually occurs by binary fission. Mitochondria and chloroplasts also replicate by binary fission, which is evidence of the evolutionary relationship between these organelles and prokaryotes.\n\nCell division in eukaryotes is more complex. It requires the cell to manage a complicated process of duplicating the nucleus, other organelles, and multiple linear chromosomes. It is controlled in the cell cycle, which is divided into three parts: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. We spilt those further for ease of study. Let's start with interphase, which is broken into three stages. In the first growth phase (G1), the cell grows and prepares to duplicate its DNA. In the synthesis phase (S), the chromosomes are replicated. In the second growth phase (G2), the cell prepares to divide.\n\n66", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000049.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 63, "y": 46}, {"x": 389.05, "y": 46}, {"x": 389.05, "y": 57}, {"x": 63, "y": 57}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 9\n\nThe post-World War II period saw women participating in formal politics and even attempting to form a political party and an alliance supporting President Ramon Magsaysay's candidacy for the presidency (He served as president from 1953 to 1957), while the advent of the martial law period in 1972 witnessed feminist movements. Roces (2012, 6) attributes this to the burgeoning student movement and activism, so much so that by the time Marcos declared martial law, women were prepared to take on the resistance. Though inspired by North America's second-wave feminists, Filipino women were also drawn to the era's discourses and contexts, such as the Vietnam War and the civil rights movement.\n\nThe women's movement continued to flourish in the Cory Aquino regime (1986\u20131992). The democratic transition provided political opportunity structures and venues ensuring women's access to the state and nonstate spheres. The drafting of the 1987 Constitution was one such opportunity. The movement managed to advocate for important provisions paving the way for women's rights legislation from the 1980s to the present. The provision in the 1987 Constitution mandates the state to recognize \"the role of women in nation building and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of men and women\" (Article 2, Section 14). This provision is said to be unique and is not even found in other countries' charters (Masilungan n.d.).\n\nThe post-Marcos period advanced the participation of women not only in civil society and nongovernment organizations but also in formal politics and bureaucracy. Several women from the movement joined formal politics, while others were invited by the Aquino and Ramos governments (1992\u20131998) to executive posts. The entry of women activists, NGO leaders, and those from the academe ensured that the new democracy would significantly help push measures promoting women's rights and gender equality. The House of Representative (HOR) and Philippine Commission on Women (PCW)'s \"How to Be a Gender-Responsive Legislator\" (2021, 52) listed several recent laws responding to women's empowerment and gender equality.\n\n- Republic Act No. 11313: Safe Spaces Act (April 17, 2019)\n\n- Republic Act No. 11210: 105-Day Expanded Maternity Leave Law (March 11, 2019)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000063.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 106}, {"x": 539.8560000000001, "y": 106}, {"x": 539.8560000000001, "y": 118}, {"x": 72, "y": 118}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "The other potentially invasive fouler is the tropical American *Mytilopsis sallei* and *M. adamsi* which has been recorded invasive in Singapore, Australia, Thailand among other regions. While they are recorded from the Manila South Harbor, there is no evidence that it is invasive as it exists in low abundances.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ABCDEFG
ABCDEFG
HIJKL
HIJKL
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 419}, {"x": 527.7239999999999, "y": 419}, {"x": 527.7239999999999, "y": 431}, {"x": 72, "y": 431}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Figure 3. Non-indigenous macrofoulers from Manila Bay with IAS, *Mytilopsis sallei* and *Mytella strigata* (=charruana). (From Trinidad et al. 2019)\n\nNewer estimates (2021) on the number of possible IAS in Manila Bay is likely more than 30 species based on more intensive biofouling ecological monitoring and the use environmental DNA in detecting species. When research started in 2006 on IAS in Manila Bay, 3 species were initially observed.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000101.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 67}, {"x": 554.6064999999996, "y": 67}, {"x": 554.6064999999996, "y": 78}, {"x": 56, "y": 78}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "[markets] build loyalty and\u2014more important\u2014make people want to extend themselves to the\ndegree that corporations need today: to be flexible, concerned, and willing to pitch in. That's\nwhat a social relationship delivers.\" (page 90)\n\nHence, in the less-predictable world of Homo sapiens, businesses must decide the extent to which\nthey participate with their employees and customers in monetary and/or social markets.\n\nAs a follow-on to Heyman and Ariely's (2004) experiments exploring the payment-effort trade-off,\nVohs et al. (2006) sought to understand the behavioral psychology underscoring the trade-off. In its\nmost general terms, the authors' hypothesis is that money makes Homo sapiens feel self-sufficient and\nbehave accordingly. When reminded of money, people desire to be free from dependency upon others\nand prefer that others not depend upon them. Vohs et al. designed several experiments to test this\nhypothesis from a variety of angles.\n\nIn one experiment, the authors found that participants (a sample of University of Minnesota\nstudents) who were reminded about money\u2014both Monopoly money and real money\u2014in the context\nof a series of word descrambling tasks worked longer at the tasks than participants in a non-money-\nprimed control group before requesting help from the experimenter.^25 In subsequent experiments\nwith different groups of students, Vohs et al. found that (1) participants in a high-money treatment\nworked significantly longer than participants in a low-money treatment before asking for help from\nanother available participant, (2) participants in a money-primed treatment volunteered to help code\nfewer data sheets than did participants in the non-money-primed control condition, (3) participants\nin a high-money treatment volunteered to gather fewer pencils that had spilled onto the floor than\ndid participants in a low-money treatment, and (4) participants in a money-primed treatment donated\nsignificantly less money to a university student fund than participants in the non-money primed\ncontrol. Three final experiments tested the effects of money on social intimacy, desire to engage in\nleisure activities alone, and preference to work alone. As expected, participants who were primed with\nmoney ahead of time were subsequently less socially intimate and exhibited a stronger preference for\nengaging in leisure activities and working alone.\n\nSo yes, Vohs et al.'s experiments suggest that money makes Homo sapiens feel self-sufficient and\nbehave accordingly.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 511}, {"x": 256.591, "y": 511}, {"x": 256.591, "y": 522}, {"x": 56, "y": 522}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "PRICE AND THE PLACEBO EFFECT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 42, "y": 536}, {"x": 554.6050999999999, "y": 536}, {"x": 554.6050999999999, "y": 547}, {"x": 42, "y": 547}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Is it possible that the magnitudes of placebo effects experienced by Homo sapiens (e.g., through medical\ntherapies or medications) are somehow influenced by the prices we pay for them? To investigate\nthis possibility, Waber et al. (2008) studied the effect of price on a group of Homo sapiens' analgesic\nresponses to placebo pills. Over 80 healthy volunteers in Boston, MA were recruited via an online\nadvertisement to participate in a field experiment where each participant was informed by a brochure\nabout a purported new opioid analgesic recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The\nopioid was described as similar to codeine but with a faster onset time. In reality, and not disclosed\nto the participants, the pill was a placebo. After randomization, half of the participants were informed\nthat the drug had a regular price of $2.50 per pill (\"regular price\"), and half of the participants that\n\n25. The descrambling task consisted of 30 sets of five jumbled words. Participants created sensible phrases using four of the\n five words. In the control and play-money treatment, the phrases primed neutral concepts (e.g., \"cold it desk outside is\"\n became \"it is cold outside\"). In the real-money treatment, 15 of the phrases primed the concept of money (e.g., \"high a salary\n desk paying\" became \"a high-paying salary\"), whereas the remaining 15 were neutral phrases. Participants in the play-\n money treatment were primed with money by a stack of Monopoly money in their visual periphery while completing the\n neutral descrambling task.\n220 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000085.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 612, "y": 0}, {"x": 612, "y": 792}, {"x": 0, "y": 792}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "LAW LIBRARY\nLIBRARY OF CONGRESS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 111, "y": 294}, {"x": 497.25505199999986, "y": 294}, {"x": 497.25505199999986, "y": 319.98}, {"x": 111, "y": 319.98}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156, "y": 407}, {"x": 454.9402499999999, "y": 407}, {"x": 454.9402499999999, "y": 422}, {"x": 156, "y": 422}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "June 2023\n\nLL File No. 2023-022255\nLRA-D-PUB-002612\n\nThe Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate\n(202) 707-5080 \u2022 law@loc.gov \u2022 http://www.law.gov", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000181.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 70}, {"x": 517.7307674377602, "y": 70}, {"x": 517.7307674377602, "y": 91.9999984}, {"x": 70, "y": 91.9999984}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Upstage aims to enrich your business by providing\nEasy-to-Apply AI solutions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Our PurposeOur MissionWhat We Do
Making AI BeneficialEasy-to-apply AI, EverywhereProviding the world's best and easy-to-use AI solutions for everyone
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 555, "y": 398}, {"x": 606.7934962332, "y": 398}, {"x": 606.7934962332, "y": 408.9999992}, {"x": 555, "y": 408.9999992}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "- Plug-and-play to cross/multi-cloud system\n- Ensuring performance tailored to customer data via retraining\n- Providing a platform that allows easy distribution and management of AI solutions\n- AI consulting service to help AI transformation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000171.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 78.88980000000004}, {"x": 142.712, "y": 78.88980000000004}, {"x": 142.712, "y": 102.88980000000004}, {"x": 56, "y": 102.88980000000004}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Contents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 155.88980000000004}, {"x": 205.12300000000002, "y": 155.88980000000004}, {"x": 205.12300000000002, "y": 164.88980000000004}, {"x": 85, "y": 164.88980000000004}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Acknowledgment of Country | v\nAccessibility Information | vi\nAcknowledgments | vii\nAbout the Authors | viii\nIntroduction | 1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 261.88980000000004}, {"x": 265.3805, "y": 261.88980000000004}, {"x": 265.3805, "y": 272.68980000000005}, {"x": 85, "y": 272.68980000000005}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Part I. Chapter One - Exploring Your Data", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 155.88980000000004}, {"x": 538.5450000000001, "y": 155.88980000000004}, {"x": 538.5450000000001, "y": 164.88980000000004}, {"x": 85, "y": 164.88980000000004}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Section 1.1: Data and Types of Statistical Variables | 3\nSection 1.2: Descriptive Statistics | 5\nSection 1.3: Missing Data | 6\nSection 1.4: Checking Values | 7\nSection 1.5: Normality | 8\nSection 1.6: Outliers | 9\nSection 1.7: Chapter One Self-Test | 10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 155.88980000000004}, {"x": 538.5450000000001, "y": 155.88980000000004}, {"x": 538.5450000000001, "y": 166.68980000000005}, {"x": 85, "y": 166.68980000000005}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Part II. Chapter Two - Test Statistics, p Values, Confidence Intervals and Effect Sizes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 155.88980000000004}, {"x": 538.5450000000001, "y": 155.88980000000004}, {"x": 538.5450000000001, "y": 164.88980000000004}, {"x": 85, "y": 164.88980000000004}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Section 2.1: p Values | 12\nSection 2.2: Significance | 13\nSection 2.3: Confidence Intervals | 14\nSection 2.4: Effect Sizes | 16\nSection 2.5: Statistical Power | 17\nSection 2.6: Chapter Two Self-Test | 18", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 565.8898}, {"x": 322.32010000000014, "y": 565.8898}, {"x": 322.32010000000014, "y": 576.6898}, {"x": 85, "y": 576.6898}], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Part III. Chapter Three - Comparing Two Group Means", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 155.88980000000004}, {"x": 538.5450000000001, "y": 155.88980000000004}, {"x": 538.5450000000001, "y": 164.88980000000004}, {"x": 85, "y": 164.88980000000004}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Section 3.1: Looking at Group Differences | 20\nSection 3.2: Between Versus Within Groups Analysis | 21\nSection 3.3: Independent T-test Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up | 22\nSection 3.4: Paired T-test Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up | 25\nSection 3.5: Chapter Three Self-Test | 27", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 155.88980000000004}, {"x": 538.5450000000001, "y": 155.88980000000004}, {"x": 538.5450000000001, "y": 166.6898}, {"x": 85, "y": 166.6898}], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Part IV. Chapter Four - Comparing Associations Between Two Variables", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 229.88980000000004}, {"x": 538.2760000000001, "y": 229.88980000000004}, {"x": 538.2760000000001, "y": 238.88980000000004}, {"x": 85, "y": 238.88980000000004}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Section 4.1: Examining Relationships | 29\nSection 4.2: Correlation Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up | 31\nSection 4.3: Chapter Four Self-Test | 33", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000167.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 68}, {"x": 554.954, "y": 68}, {"x": 554.954, "y": 77}, {"x": 56, "y": 77}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "The acidic cations adsorbed on the negative exchange sites are called the reserve (also residual or potential) and salt-replaceable (also exchangeable) acidity. The reserve and salt-replaceable acidity controls the level of soluble or active acidity in the soil solution. Only the active acidity is measured in a routine pH determination. The reserve and salt-replaceable acidity is always many times higher than the active acidity.\n\nA soil is acid when hydrogen ions predominate in the soil. The degree of acidity is expressed in terms of pH, which is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity. Therefore, the pH of a 0.01-molar hydrogen ion solution is\n\n$$pH = -log (\\frac{10^{-2} mol H^+}{L}) = 2$$\n\nAt pH 7, the concentration of H+ ions and OH- ions are equal, and the soil or solution is neutral. At pH values less than 7, the soil is acid; at values more than 7, the soil is alkaline. Most soils vary in pH from about 4 to 10. Soils in areas with high rainfall are generally acid with a pH less than 7. Soils developed in high-lime deposits often will be alkaline. Soils high in calcium seldom have pH values higher than 7.5, but the presence of large amounts of calcium carbonate may cause the pH to be as high as 8.5. Where the pH is higher than 8.5, an excess of sodium is highly probable.\n\nThe most desirable soil pH for most crops in Kansas is 6.8. However, crops like blueberries need a lower pH, and other crops, like alfalfa, need a higher pH. At soil pH less than 5.8, several problems may occur:\n\n- Al and Mn toxicity\n- Inhibited growth of N-fixing bacteria\n- Possible deficiencies in Mg and/or Ca.\n- P deficiency (P reacts with Fe and Al)\n- At more than pH 7.5, other problems may occur:\n- Deficiency of Fe, Mn, Cu, or Zn\n- P deficiency (P reacts with Ca)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 478}, {"x": 162.4540644938, "y": 478}, {"x": 162.4540644938, "y": 492.418}, {"x": 56, "y": 492.418}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Buffering Capacity", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 161}, {"x": 554.6143999999996, "y": 161}, {"x": 554.6143999999996, "y": 175.418}, {"x": 56, "y": 175.418}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Buffering capacity is a measure of the soil's ability to resist a change in pH, directly related to the magnitude of the exchange capacity. Small fluctuations in acid or base content can occur without a noticeable pH change as cations are adsorbed or released from the exchange complex. Soils with the largest cation exchange capacity have the greatest buffering of a pH change. In other words, two soils may have the same pH (active acidity in soil solution), but the one with the largest cation exchange capacity will have the most acidity stored in reserve and therefore the highest buffering capacity or ability to resist a change in pH. For this reason, it takes less lime to increase the pH of a sandy soil (low CEC) by a given amount than it takes to increase the pH of a clay soil (higher CEC) the same amount.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 645}, {"x": 184.11446515839998, "y": 645}, {"x": 184.11446515839998, "y": 659.418}, {"x": 56, "y": 659.418}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Sources of Soil Acidity", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 161}, {"x": 554.6142000000002, "y": 161}, {"x": 554.6142000000002, "y": 175.418}, {"x": 56, "y": 175.418}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Controlling soil pH is vital to optimal use and productivity of soils. Adding lime is the most effective and practical way to raise the pH of acid soils. Elemental sulfur, iron sulfate, or aluminum sulfate can be used to reduce soil pH. Because acidity is a concern in Kansas, we will focus on raising soil pH. Understanding the following equations should help you understand the sources of soil acidity and soil reactions to lime.\n\n124 | Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000185.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 80.88999999999999}, {"x": 521.9356365999997, "y": 80.88999999999999}, {"x": 521.9356365999997, "y": 95.23619999999998}, {"x": 70, "y": 95.23619999999998}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "SOLAR 10.7B: Scaling Large Language Models with Simple yet Effective Depth Up-Scaling", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 86, "y": 145.89}, {"x": 510.83712, "y": 145.89}, {"x": 510.83712, "y": 161.84519999999998}, {"x": 86, "y": 161.84519999999998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Dahyun Kim*, Chanjun Park*\u2020, Sanghoon Kim*\u2020, Wonsung Lee*\u2020, Wonho Song*\nYunsu Kim*, Hyeonwoo Kim*, Yungi Kim, Hyeonju Lee, Jihoo Kim\nChangbae Ahn, Seonghoon Yang, Sukyung Lee, Hyunbyung Park, Gyoungjin Gim\nMikyoung Cha, Hwalsuk Lee\u2020, Sunghun Kim\u2020\n\nUpstage AI, South Korea\n\n{kdahyun, chanjun.park, limerobot, wonsung.lee, hwalsuk.lee, hunkim}@upstage.ai", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157, "y": 223.89}, {"x": 201.4852992, "y": 223.89}, {"x": 201.4852992, "y": 235.84519999999998}, {"x": 157, "y": 235.84519999999998}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Abstract", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 96.88999999999999}, {"x": 351.8015808, "y": 96.88999999999999}, {"x": 351.8015808, "y": 111.23619999999998}, {"x": 70, "y": 111.23619999999998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "We introduce SOLAR 10.7B, a large language model (LLM) with 10.7 billion parameters, demonstrating superior performance in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Inspired by recent efforts to efficiently up-scale LLMs, we present a method for scaling LLMs called depth up-scaling (DUS), which encompasses depthwise scaling and continued pre-training. In contrast to other LLM up-scaling methods that use mixture-of-experts, DUS does not require complex changes to train and infer-ence efficiently. We show experimentally that DUS is simple yet effective in scaling up high-performance LLMs from small ones. Building on the DUS model, we additionally present SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, a variant fine-tuned for instruction-following capabilities, surpassing Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct. SOLAR 10.7B is publicly available under the Apache 2.0 license, promoting broad access and application in the LLM field\u00b9.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 507.89}, {"x": 134.8808704, "y": 507.89}, {"x": 134.8808704, "y": 519.8452}, {"x": 70, "y": 519.8452}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "1 Introduction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 96.88999999999999}, {"x": 462.04621890200013, "y": 96.88999999999999}, {"x": 462.04621890200013, "y": 111.23619999999998}, {"x": 70, "y": 111.23619999999998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "The field of natural language processing (NLP) has been significantly transformed by the introduction of large language models (LLMs), which have enhanced our understanding and interaction with human language (Zhao et al., 2023). These advancements bring challenges such as the increased need to train ever larger models (Rae et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2023; Pan et al., 2023; Lian, 2023; Yao et al., 2023; Gesmundo and Maile, 2023) owing to the performance scaling law (Kaplan et al., 2020; Hernandez et al., 2021; Anil et al., 2023; Kaddour et al., 2023). To efficiently tackle the above, recent works in scaling language models such as a mixture of experts (MoE) (Shazeer et al., 2017; Komatsuzaki et al., 2022) have been proposed. While those approaches are able to effi-ciently and effectively scale-up LLMs, they often require non-trivial changes to the training and inference framework (Gale et al., 2023), which hinders widespread applicability. Effectively and efficiently scaling up LLMs whilst also retaining the simplicity for ease of use is an important problem (Alberts et al., 2023; Fraiwan and Khasawneh, 2023; Sallam et al., 2023; Bahrini et al., 2023).\n\nInspired by Komatsuzaki et al. (2022), we present depth up-scaling (DUS), an effective and efficient method to up-scale LLMs whilst also remaining straightforward to use. DUS consists of scaling the number of layers in the base model and continually pretraining the scaled model. Unlike (Komatsuzaki et al., 2022), DUS does not scale the model using MoE and rather use a depthwise scaling method analogous to Tan and Le (2019) which is adapted for the LLM architecture. Thus, there are no additional modules or dynamism as with MoE, making DUS immediately compatible with easy-to-use LLM frameworks such as HuggingFace (Wolf et al., 2019) with no changes to the training or inference framework for maximal efficiency. Furthermore, DUS is applicable to all transformer architectures, opening up new gateways to effectively and efficiently scale-up LLMs in a simple manner. Using DUS, we release SOLAR 10.7B, an LLM with 10.7 billion parameters, that outperforms existing models like Llama 2 (Touvron et al., 2023) and Mistral 7B (Jiang et al., 2023) in various benchmarks.\n\nWe have also developed SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, a variant fine-tuned for tasks requiring strict adherence to complex instructions. It significantly outperforms the Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct model across various evaluation metrics, evidencing an advanced proficiency that exceeds the capabilities of even larger models in terms of benchmark performance.\n\nBy releasing SOLAR 10.7B under the Apache 2.0 license, we aim to promote collaboration and innovation in NLP. This open-source approach allows\n\n*Equal Contribution \u2020 Corresponding Author\n\u00b9https://huggingface.co/upstage/SOLAR-10.7B-v1.0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000090.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 77, "y": 47}, {"x": 471.317, "y": 47}, {"x": 471.317, "y": 57.980000000000004}, {"x": 77, "y": 57.980000000000004}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
JurisdictionGATS XVII Reservation (1994)Foreign Ownership PermittedRestrictions on Foreign OwnershipForeign Ownership Reporting Requirements
right required to acquire desert lands. No restrictions on lands in Investment Zones, Technological Zones, or Free Zones.
FinlandNYPrior approval for a foreigner's purchase of certain businesses may be required when it includes land purchase and the purchase of business or land interferes with vital interests for Finland; prior approval from the Government of \u00c5land is required for acquisitions within the autonomous region of \u00c5land.
FranceNYNone.
GermanyNYNone.
GreeceNYPrior approval required for purchase by non-European Union and non-European Free Trade Association natural and legal persons of real estate located in border areas.
IndiaNYProhibition on acquisition of land by citizens of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, China, Iran, Nepal, and Bhutan, except for one residential property for self-occupation and one property for carrying out self-employment for long-term visa holders residing in India who are citizens of Afghanistan, Bangladesh or Pakistan and belong to minority religions in those countries, subject to conditions; nonresident foreign nationals not of Indian origin, except for inheritance from a resident; and of agricultural land by diplomatic personnel,
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 206}, {"x": 207.5445, "y": 206}, {"x": 207.5445, "y": 216.98}, {"x": 72, "y": 216.98}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The Law Library of Congress 7", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000196.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 290.07983430879995, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 290.07983430879995, "y": 92.79909999999998}, {"x": 70, "y": 92.79909999999998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "duces model scaling in the vertical dimension. No-\ntably, DUS does not introduce dynamism in the\nscaled model, which significantly reduces the com-\nplexity when compared to MoE. This shift in ap-\nproach offers a unique and more straightforward\nway of working, moving away from conventional\nMoE challenges. Not only that, DUS also under-\ngoes continued pretraining to quickly recover per-\nformance of the scaled model.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 212.89}, {"x": 165.2582612, "y": 212.89}, {"x": 165.2582612, "y": 223.79909999999998}, {"x": 70, "y": 223.79909999999998}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "B.3 Prompt Engineering", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 212.89}, {"x": 290.475965548, "y": 212.89}, {"x": 290.475965548, "y": 223.7991}, {"x": 70, "y": 223.7991}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "A key research area to harness the emergent abil-\nities of LLMs is prompt engineering. Prompt en-\ngineering is the study of how to design inputs\n(prompts) that enable LLMs to better perform spe-\ncific tasks. A prime example of this research\nis Chain-of-Thought (CoT) (Wei et al., 2022b),\nwhich proposes CoT prompting that decomposes\nmulti-step problems into a series of intermedi-\nate reasoning steps. Moreover, efforts are under-\nway to replace even such prompt engineering with\nLLMs (Yang et al., 2023).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 388.89}, {"x": 157.8073459, "y": 388.89}, {"x": 157.8073459, "y": 399.7991}, {"x": 70, "y": 399.7991}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "B.4 Instruction Tuning", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 388.89}, {"x": 290.08323794800003, "y": 388.89}, {"x": 290.08323794800003, "y": 399.7991}, {"x": 70, "y": 399.7991}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "To enhance the steerability of LLMs, instruction\ntuning (Wei et al., 2021) has emerged as a learning\ntechnique. This involves fine-tuning LLMs using\ndata formatted as (instruction, input, output) for\nvarious tasks (Wang et al., 2022). Instruction tuning\nallows for targeted adjustments, providing a more\ncontrolled and task-oriented improvement to the\nmodel's capabilities.\n\nBefore instruction tuning, existing methods\nfaced challenges in effectively guiding and control-\nling the behavior of large language models (Zhang\net al., 2023). The sheer complexity of these models\nmade it difficult to ensure precise and task-oriented\nresponses. The need for a more targeted approach\narose from the limitations of existing methods, lead-\ning to the development of instruction tuning. This\ntargeted approach enables better control over the\nmodel's behavior, making it more suitable for spe-\ncific tasks and improving its overall performance in\nalignment with user-defined objectives. Therefore,\ninstruction tuning is computationally efficient and\nfacilitates the rapid adaptation of LLMs to a spe-\ncific domain without requiring extensive retraining\nor architectural changes.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 740.89}, {"x": 154.7746161, "y": 740.89}, {"x": 154.7746161, "y": 751.7991}, {"x": 70, "y": 751.7991}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "B.5 Alignment Tuning", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 526.1714489306, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 526.1714489306, "y": 92.79910000000001}, {"x": 70, "y": 92.79910000000001}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "LLM has been observed to generate sentences that\nmay be perceived as linguistically incongruent by\n\nhuman readers since they learned not human inten-\ntion, but only vast knowledge across various do-\nmains in the pretraining step (Ziegler et al., 2019).\nTo overcome this limitation and align with human\nintentions, previous research (Ziegler et al., 2019)\nhave proposed Reinforcement Learning with Hu-\nman Feedback (RLHF). RLHF operates by learning\na reward model based on human preferences, em-\nploying reinforcement learning to guide the LLM\ntowards prioritizing answers with the highest re-\nward scores. This process enhances the safety,\npropriety, and overall quality of the generated re-\nsponses. Despite demonstrating satisfactory per-\nformance, RLHF encounters challenges such as\nmanaging numerous hyperparameters and necessi-\ntating the incorporation of multiple models (policy,\nvalue, reward, and reference models).\n\nIn response to these challenges, the supervised\nfine-tuning based approaches have proposed, such\nas Rank Responses to align Human Feedback\n(RRHF) (Yuan et al., 2023), Reward rAnked Fine-\nTuning (RAFT) (Dong et al., 2023), and Direct\nPolicy Optimization (DPO) (Intel, 2023). They\navoid the complexities associated with reinforce-\nment learning while achieving empirical perfor-\nmance comparable to RLHF. Among them, DPO\nthat we used directly guides the LLM to increase\nthe probability of positive responses and decrease\nthe probability of negative responses through a \"di-\nrect\" approach. Interestingly, DPO demonstrates\nmore stable learning results compared to RLHF,\ndespite its simple training approach.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 306, "y": 533.89}, {"x": 401.454625, "y": 533.89}, {"x": 401.454625, "y": 544.7991}, {"x": 306, "y": 544.7991}], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "B.6 Data Contamination", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 306, "y": 554.89}, {"x": 526.0799652180002, "y": 554.89}, {"x": 526.0799652180002, "y": 565.7991}, {"x": 306, "y": 565.7991}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Recent researches (Zhou et al., 2023; Sainz et al.,\n2023; Golchin and Surdeanu, 2023; Deng et al.,\n2023) emphasize the need to measure whether a\nspecific benchmark was used to train the large lan-\nguage models. There are three types of the data\ncontamination: guideline, raw text and annota-\ntion (Sainz et al., 2023). Guideline contamination\noccurs when a model accesses detailed annotation\nguidelines for a dataset, providing advantages in\nspecific tasks, and its impact should be considered,\nespecially in zero and few-shot evaluations. Raw\ntext contamination occurs when a model has ac-\ncess to the original text. Wikipedia is widely used\nas a pretraining data, but also as a source for cre-\nating new datasets. The caution is advised in the\ndevelopment of automatically annotated datasets\nsourced from the web. Annotation contamina-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000141.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 1728, "y": 0}, {"x": 1728, "y": 2592}, {"x": 0, "y": 2592}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "10 THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT COPYRIGHT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 1728, "y": 0}, {"x": 1728, "y": 2592}, {"x": 0, "y": 2592}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "[Icons representing: book, image, document, CD, musical note, video]", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 1728, "y": 0}, {"x": 1728, "y": 2592}, {"x": 0, "y": 2592}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "COPYRIGHT PROTECTS CREATIVE WORK \u2014 YOURS, MINE, EVERYONE'S!", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 802, "y": 2506}, {"x": 877.159, "y": 2506}, {"x": 877.159, "y": 2544.4601}, {"x": 802, "y": 2544.4601}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "1. We're all both consumers and creators of creative work. As consumers, we watch movies, listen to music, read books, and more! As creators, we take photos, write songs, make videos, etc.\n\n2. Copyright protects creative work, so people can't generally copy or share or perform other people's work without permission.\n\n3. Copyright comes from the Constitution. Its purpose is to promote more creativity. The idea is that letting each of us decide what happens to our own creations will encourage us to keep creating.\n\n4. All creative work is protected by copyright as soon as it's written down or recorded or made\u2014and not just work by professional artists or big studios. Copyright protects all of us\u2014our photos on Instagram and everything we write or create.\n\n5. If you copy or share other people's creative works without permission, that's called copyright infringement. Examples:\n - Downloading music, movies, ebooks, or games from illegal sources that operate without artists' permission.\n - Uploading your collection of music, movies, ebooks, or games for your friends to copy.\n Copyright infringement is illegal and carries serious penalties.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 1728, "y": 0}, {"x": 1728, "y": 2592}, {"x": 0, "y": 2592}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "BUT COPYRIGHT DOESN'T COVER EVERYTHING", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 802, "y": 2506}, {"x": 877.159, "y": 2506}, {"x": 877.159, "y": 2544.4601}, {"x": 802, "y": 2544.4601}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "6. Copyright gives a lot of protection, but it also has limitations. Not everything gets copyright protection. Facts and ideas are not protected by copyright, neither are US Government documents, like NASA photos and reports by federal agencies.\n\n7. Another limitation of copyright is \"fair use,\" which allows us to copy and re-use copyrighted work without the artist's permission in certain, limited ways that are still fair to the creator.\n\n8. When you re-use portions of someone else's work for a school project\u2014like using images or songs for a presentation in class\u2014that's a fair use situation. You don't need the author's permission.\n\n9. Copyright protection doesn't last forever. Eventually it expires, and the creative work falls into the \"public domain.\" Works in the public domain are free to re-use and share however you want.\n\n10. Some creators are happy to share their creative work. They use a licensing system for sharing called Creative Commons. You can find millions of CC works that are free to share or re-use.\n\n[QR code]\nCopyrightandCreativity.org", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000046.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 311, "y": 42.52800000000002}, {"x": 548.4240000000001, "y": 42.52800000000002}, {"x": 548.4240000000001, "y": 51.52800000000002}, {"x": 311, "y": 51.52800000000002}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Political Parties, Candidates Registration and Election Campaign", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
No.Political partyProvisional registration result on 7 MarchOfficial registration result on 29 AprilDifference in the number of candidates
Number of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidatesNumber of commune/ sangkat
1Cambodian People's Party1,65228,0081,652
2Candlelight Party1,64923,6791,623
3Funcinpec Party7159,407680
4Khmer National United Party6508,340596
5Cambodian National Love Party3884,634315
6Cambodian National's Party3103,980245
7Cambodian Youth Party1161,824114
8Khmer Will Party671,00058
9Cambodian Reform Party5882359
10Kampucheaniyum Party3964238
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 54, "y": 166.52800000000002}, {"x": 169.61340000000004, "y": 166.52800000000002}, {"x": 169.61340000000004, "y": 175.52800000000002}, {"x": 54, "y": 175.52800000000002}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "21 https://www.nec.gov.kh/khmer/content/5393\n\n22 https://www.nec.gov.kh/khmer/content/5525\n\n23", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000107.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 54, "y": 77}, {"x": 558, "y": 77}, {"x": 558, "y": 88.5}, {"x": 54, "y": 88.5}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Print vs. Digital\n\nWhy do some researchers abhor digital and favor print, or vice-versa? The classic print vs. digital debate was necessary for us to understand readers' preferences with each format.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 102.66150346420324, "y": 138.9208934065934}, {"x": 496.0731287528868, "y": 138.9208934065934}, {"x": 496.0731287528868, "y": 156.7230912087912}, {"x": 102.66150346420324, "y": 156.7230912087912}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Q11 What factors influence your choice of print? (select all that apply)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 216.82547243735763, "y": 156.2285857142857}, {"x": 291.20216916859124, "y": 156.2285857142857}, {"x": 291.20216916859124, "y": 336.7230912087912}, {"x": 216.82547243735763, "y": 336.7230912087912}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Answered: 80 Skipped: 24", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
FactorPercentage
Convenience45%
Reading experience70%
Workflow (managing...35%
Habit/personal preference45%
Access options via my library40%
Other (please specify)15%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 58.454192255125285, "y": 138.9208934065934}, {"x": 496.0731287528868, "y": 138.9208934065934}, {"x": 496.0731287528868, "y": 319.4153989010989}, {"x": 58.454192255125285, "y": 319.4153989010989}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Q12 What factors influence your choice of digital? (select all that apply)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 216.82547243735763, "y": 156.2285857142857}, {"x": 291.20216916859124, "y": 156.2285857142857}, {"x": 291.20216916859124, "y": 336.7230912087912}, {"x": 216.82547243735763, "y": 336.7230912087912}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Answered: 80 Skipped: 24", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
FactorPercentage
Convenience75%
Reading experience18%
Workflow (managing...40%
Habit/personal preference15%
Access options via my library55%
Other (please specify)10%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 482, "y": 750}, {"x": 557.856, "y": 750}, {"x": 557.856, "y": 758}, {"x": 482, "y": 758}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Online Survey | 39", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000153.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 126}, {"x": 126.332, "y": 126}, {"x": 126.332, "y": 137}, {"x": 56, "y": 137}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "CHAPTER 7.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 157}, {"x": 96.4132, "y": 157}, {"x": 96.4132, "y": 169.1}, {"x": 56, "y": 169.1}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "TEXAS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 249}, {"x": 133.7692, "y": 249}, {"x": 133.7692, "y": 257.8}, {"x": 56, "y": 257.8}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "MICHELLE REED", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 307}, {"x": 221.579, "y": 307}, {"x": 221.579, "y": 318}, {"x": 56, "y": 318}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "COURSE MARKING DRIVERS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 47, "y": 157}, {"x": 555.1548, "y": 157}, {"x": 555.1548, "y": 169.1}, {"x": 47, "y": 169.1}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "I've worked at the University of Texas at Arlington (UTA) for the last three years as Open Education Librarian and was recently promoted to the leadership team as Director of Open Educational Resources following a half-million-dollar investment in OER from university administration. It was in my first year as Open Education Librarian that the Texas Legislature passed Senate Bill 810 (SB810), which requires institutions of higher education across the state to provide searchable information to students about OER-only courses. A strong definition of OER was provided:\n\n> \"teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under an intellectual property license that allows for free use, reuse, modification, and sharing with others, including full courses, course materials, modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests, software, and any other tools, materials, or techniques used to support access to knowledge.\"\n\nHowever, Texas was not given a very long implementation window. The bill passed in June 2017, effective immediately, with a compliance deadline of Spring 2018. We in higher education know a change of this scope, and impacting as many stakeholders as course marking does, takes longer. A recent survey commissioned by the Digital Higher Education Consortium of Texas (DigiTex) and administered in May 2019 shows only 59 respondents of the 158 two-and four-year institutions that received the statewide survey have a course marking solution in place. The findings were presented in Open Educational Resources (OER) in Texas Higher Education, 2019.\u00b9\n\n1. Jimes, C., Karaglani, A., Petrides, L., Rios, J., Sebesta, J., & Torre, K. (2019). Open Educational Resources (OER) in Texas Higher Education, 2019. Austin, TX: Digital Higher Education Consortium of Texas and Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board; Half Moon Bay, CA: Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education.\n\nPRICE TRANSPARENCY 17", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000140.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 67}, {"x": 313.6909758000001, "y": 67}, {"x": 313.6909758000001, "y": 76.43580909090909}, {"x": 56, "y": 76.43580909090909}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "There is no question that fishing is the major factor driving grouper stocks on the downward spiral, but those that have large spawning aggregations are most vulnerable to declines (Coleman et al. 1996; Asch and Erisman 2018; Sadovy de Mitcheson et al. 2020). Because it takes a long time for scientists to obtain needed life history information, fisheries-independent survey data, and catch history, grouper populations may be overfished long before data are even available for a stock assessment. Without formal stock assessments, general indicators of population status are based on catch trends. Very few grouper stocks that have spawning aggregations are managed sustainably. In a recent global analysis of the status of populations that form spawning aggregations, 45% were unknown, 33% were decreasing, and 5% were already gone (Figure 13.5). Only 12% had stable populations, and 5% were increasing.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
StatusPercentage
Unknown45%
Decreasing33%
Same12%
Increasing5%
Gone5%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 75.1219515151515}, {"x": 518.6140212, "y": 75.1219515151515}, {"x": 518.6140212, "y": 84.1219515151515}, {"x": 56, "y": 84.1219515151515}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Figure 13.5: Current known status reflecting changes of exploited grouper aggregations globally, as noted by fisher interviews, monitoring, or underwater surveys (N = 509).\n\nOf the 167 species of grouper, 9.6% are vulnerable, 4.8% are near threatened, 1.2% are endangered, and 0.6% are critically endangered (Figure 13.6). The majority of species (68.9%) are classified as least concern and 15% are data deficient, with insufficient data for classification. The larger (>50 cm total length) and long-lived (>20 years) species of grouper that also had smaller geographic ranges were most likely to be endangered or critically endangered (Luiz et al. 2016). Market prices for grouper are escalating, and other lower-valued fish are often mislabeled or substituted.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
CategoryPercentage
Least concern69%
Data deficient15%
Vulnerable9%
Near threatened5%
Endangered1%
Critically endangered1%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 75.1219515151515}, {"x": 518.8739885000002, "y": 75.1219515151515}, {"x": 518.8739885000002, "y": 84.1219515151515}, {"x": 56, "y": 84.1219515151515}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Figure 13.6: Categories of all grouper species (N = 167) according to the IUCN Red List (IUCN Red List Assessments, updated November 2018).\n\nTo protect grouper from overfishing, many measures are being implemented, such as minimum and slot-size limits, recreational bag limits, commercial fishing quotas, gear and seasonal controls, marine protected areas, and limited entry (Rocklin et al. 2022). The effectiveness will depend on traits of the species and the local context. Regulations to prevent marketing of undersize fish will mitigate growth overfishing. Allowing smaller fish to reach maturity at least once before harvest will mitigate recruitment overfishing. Size-limit regulations focused on protecting spawning-size fish may be ineffective for deepwater recreational fishing. Grouper have a physoclistous (i.e., closed) swim bladder, making them particularly susceptible to ruptured swim bladders, bloating, stomach distention, and protruding eyes caused by rapid decompression when hauled to the surface (Brul\u00e9 et al. 2015). The proportion of grouper with distended stomachs was 70% in one study of commercial hook-and-line fishing and as high as 95% for Red\n\n312 | Grouper and Spawning Aggregations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000194.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 289.9228009840001, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 289.9228009840001, "y": 91.8526}, {"x": 70, "y": 91.8526}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Peihao Wang, Rameswar Panda, Lucas Torroba Hen-\nnigen, Philip Greengard, Leonid Karlinsky, Roge-\nrio Feris, David Daniel Cox, Zhangyang Wang, and\nYoon Kim. 2023. Learning to grow pretrained mod-\nels for efficient transformer training. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2303.00980.\n\nYizhong Wang, Yeganeh Kordi, Swaroop Mishra, Al-\nisa Liu, Noah A Smith, Daniel Khashabi, and Han-\nnaneh Hajishirzi. 2022. Self-instruct: Aligning lan-\nguage model with self generated instructions. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:2212.10560.\n\nJason Wei, Maarten Bosma, Vincent Y Zhao, Kelvin\nGuu, Adams Wei Yu, Brian Lester, Nan Du, An-\ndrew M Dai, and Quoc V Le. 2021. Finetuned lan-\nguage models are zero-shot learners. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2109.01652.\n\nJason Wei, Yi Tay, Rishi Bommasani, Colin Raffel,\nBarret Zoph, Sebastian Borgeaud, Dani Yogatama,\nMaarten Bosma, Denny Zhou, Donald Metzler, et al.\n2022a. Emergent abilities of large language models.\narXiv preprint arXiv:2206.07682.\n\nJason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten\nBosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc V Le, Denny Zhou,\net al. 2022b. Chain-of-thought prompting elicits rea-\nsoning in large language models. Advances in Neural\nInformation Processing Systems, 35:24824\u201324837.\n\nThomas Wolf, Lysandre Debut, Victor Sanh, Julien\nChaumond, Clement Delangue, Anthony Moi, Pier-\nric Cistac, Tim Rault, R\u00e9mi Louf, Morgan Funtowicz,\net al. 2019. Huggingface's transformers: State-of-\nthe-art natural language processing. arXiv preprint\narXiv:1910.03771.\n\nPrateek Yadav, Derek Tam, Leshem Choshen, Colin\nRaffel, and Mohit Bansal. 2023. Ties-merging: Re-\nsolving interference when merging models. In Thirty-\nseventh Conference on Neural Information Process-\ning Systems.\n\nChengrun Yang, Xuezhi Wang, Yifeng Lu, Hanxiao Liu,\nQuoc V Le, Denny Zhou, and Xinyun Chen. 2023.\nLarge language models as optimizers. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2309.03409.\n\nYiqun Yao, Zheng Zhang, Jing Li, and Yequan\nWang. 2023. 2x faster language model pre-training\nvia masked structural growth. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2305.02869.\n\nLonghui Yu, Weisen Jiang, Han Shi, Jincheng Yu,\nZhengying Liu, Yu Zhang, James T Kwok, Zhen-\nguo Li, Adrian Weller, and Weiyang Liu. 2023.\nMetamath: Bootstrap your own mathematical ques-\ntions for large language models. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2309.12284.\n\nZheng Yuan, Hongyi Yuan, Chuanqi Tan, Wei Wang,\nSongfang Huang, and Fei Huang. 2023. Rrhf:\nRank responses to align language models with\nhuman feedback without tears. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2304.05302.\n\nRowan Zellers, Ari Holtzman, Yonatan Bisk, Ali\nFarhadi, and Yejin Choi. 2019. Hellaswag: Can a\nmachine really finish your sentence? In Proceedings\nof the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for\nComputational Linguistics, pages 4791\u20134800.\n\nShengyu Zhang, Linfeng Dong, Xiaoya Li, Sen Zhang,\nXiaofei Sun, Shuhe Wang, Jiwei Li, Runyi Hu, Tian-\nwei Zhang, Fei Wu, et al. 2023. Instruction tuning\nfor large language models: A survey. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2308.10792.\n\nWayne Xin Zhao, Kun Zhou, Junyi Li, Tianyi Tang,\nXiaolei Wang, Yupeng Hou, Yingqian Min, Beichen\nZhang, Junjie Zhang, Zican Dong, et al. 2023. A\nsurvey of large language models. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2303.18223.\n\nKun Zhou, Yutao Zhu, Zhipeng Chen, Wentong Chen,\nWayne Xin Zhao, Xu Chen, Yankai Lin, Ji-Rong\nWen, and Jiawei Han. 2023. Don't make your llm\nan evaluation benchmark cheater. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2311.01964.\n\nDaniel M Ziegler, Nisan Stiennon, Jeffrey Wu, Tom B\nBrown, Alec Radford, Dario Amodei, Paul Chris-\ntiano, and Geoffrey Irving. 2019. Fine-tuning lan-\nguage models from human preferences. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:1909.08593.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000081.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 99, "y": 43.889999999999986}, {"x": 223.2600000000001, "y": 43.889999999999986}, {"x": 223.2600000000001, "y": 53.889999999999986}, {"x": 99, "y": 53.889999999999986}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Jailed for Doing Business", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 99, "y": 108.88999999999999}, {"x": 461.9374999999999, "y": 108.88999999999999}, {"x": 461.9374999999999, "y": 121.38999999999999}, {"x": 99, "y": 121.38999999999999}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "TABLE 22: COMMERCIAL LAWS WITH MORE THAN 100 IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
LawUnion/State ruleImprisonment clauses
Arms Act, 1959 and Arms Rules 2016Union152
Food Safety & Standards Act, 2006 & Food Safety and Standards (Licensing and Registration of Food Businesses) Regulations, 2011Union123
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 99, "y": 276.89}, {"x": 210.978, "y": 276.89}, {"x": 210.978, "y": 285.89}, {"x": 99, "y": 285.89}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Source: TeamLease Regtech", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 99, "y": 124.88999999999999}, {"x": 480.6624999999997, "y": 124.88999999999999}, {"x": 480.6624999999997, "y": 137.39}, {"x": 99, "y": 137.39}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "TABLE 23: IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND SAFETY LAWS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Imprisonment termNumber of clausesNumber of laws
Less than 3 months15035
3 months to less than 1 year19914
1 year to less than 3 years32616
3 years to less than 5 years35722
5 years to less than 10 years14727
More than 10 years00
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 99, "y": 162.89}, {"x": 451.3274999999993, "y": 162.89}, {"x": 451.3274999999993, "y": 178.89}, {"x": 99, "y": 178.89}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Source: TeamLease Regtech\n\nNOTE: The inconsistency in number of laws is because a single law could have multiple clauses on criminality; it could have a few clauses of less than three months and few of between three and five years.\n\n78", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000197.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 288.17398166, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 288.17398166, "y": 93.84519999999998}, {"x": 70, "y": 93.84519999999998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "tion occurs when the annotations of the specific\nbenchmark are exposed during model training.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 119.88999999999999}, {"x": 189.59982079999997, "y": 119.88999999999999}, {"x": 189.59982079999997, "y": 131.84519999999998}, {"x": 70, "y": 131.84519999999998}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "C Additional Information", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 119.88999999999999}, {"x": 288.78461868400007, "y": 119.88999999999999}, {"x": 288.78461868400007, "y": 131.84519999999998}, {"x": 70, "y": 131.84519999999998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "We present additional information for the sake of\nspace in the main paper.\n\nFiltered task names. We present task names\nwe use to filter FLAN dervied datasets such as\nOpenOrca in Table 8.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Filtered Task Name
task228_arc_answer_generation_easy
ai2_arcARCChallenge:1.0.0
ai2_arcARCEasy:1.0.0
task229_arc_answer_generation_hard
hellaswag:1.1.0
task1389_hellaswag_completion
cot_gsm8k
cot_gsm8k_ii
drop:2.0.0
winogrande:1.1.0
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 119.88999999999999}, {"x": 288.58009156900005, "y": 119.88999999999999}, {"x": 288.58009156900005, "y": 131.84519999999998}, {"x": 70, "y": 131.84519999999998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Table 8: Task names that we use to filter data for FLAN\nderived datasets such as OpenOrca.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
0.06N/A0.150.28N/A0.70
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 119.88999999999999}, {"x": 290.34754362280006, "y": 119.88999999999999}, {"x": 290.34754362280006, "y": 131.84519999999998}, {"x": 70, "y": 131.84519999999998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Table 9: Data contamination test results for SOLAR\n10.7B-Instruct. We show 'result < 0.1, %' values where\na value higher than 0.9 indicates high probability of data\ncontamination. HellaSwag and Winogrande datasets are\nnot currently supported. We set SOLAR 10.7B as our\nreference model when performing the data contamina-\ntion tests.\n\nResults on data contamination. To show the in-\ntegrity of SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, we also report\nthe data contamination test (Shi et al., 2023) results\nin Table. 9. All four tested benchmark datasets\nyield results well below the contamination thresh-\nold, affirming the absence of data contamination\nin our model. One interesting point is that the\nvalue for GSM8K is noticeably higher than for\nother datasets, even without contamination. One\npotential reason for this is the stronger data similar-\nity in math-related instruction datasets.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000147.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 121, "y": 98.91999999999996}, {"x": 309.39936, "y": 98.91999999999996}, {"x": 309.39936, "y": 112.95999999999995}, {"x": 121, "y": 112.95999999999995}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "3. RECOLLECTION OF NATIONAL INITIATIVES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 114.91999999999996}, {"x": 514.8313599999999, "y": 114.91999999999996}, {"x": 514.8313599999999, "y": 126.91999999999996}, {"x": 85, "y": 126.91999999999996}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Partners were also asked to recollect initiatives from their respective countries that represented the core values and practices of a Circular Economy or Social Entrepreneurship:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Source (doc, report, etc.)YearDescription of the initiativeCircular Economy issues addressed
Eco-Ecole Program https://www.eco-ecole.org/le-programme/2005Eco-Ecole is the French version of Eco-Schools, an international program for education in sustainable development (ESD), developed by the Foundation for Environmental Education. The Teragir association launched the Eco-School program in 2005. The program aims to help students better understand the world around them in order to flourish and participate in it.Eco-Ecole offers instructions for teaching teams to effectively deploy sustainable development from kindergarten to high school.
Horsnormes https://horsnor mes.co/2020Horsnormes is a website which provide baskets of fruits and vegetables that are directly collected from farmers. It helps farmers to gain money while the consumers pay a faire price in exchange of the product, which foster the reduction of food waste.Waste reduction of fruits and vegetables.
Fondation Terre Solidaire (Solidarity Earth Foundation) https://fondatio n- terresolidaire.o rg/quest-ce- que-2016The Terre Solidaire Foundation was created in 2016 by CCFD-Terre Solidaire to act, particularly in France, in the face of the two major challenges of our time: the massive degradation of our environment (including biodiversity and climate), and the need to building a fairer and more ecologically responsible society. The association remains mobilized on itsSupport and encourage initiatives carried out by citizen mobilizations and actors of the social and solidarity economy in the design, implementation, dissemination and experimentation of
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 90, "y": 312.91999999999996}, {"x": 511.32032000000004, "y": 312.91999999999996}, {"x": 511.32032000000004, "y": 324.91999999999996}, {"x": 90, "y": 324.91999999999996}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.\n\nProject No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000110.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 67}, {"x": 555.0661998000002, "y": 67}, {"x": 555.0661998000002, "y": 78}, {"x": 56, "y": 78}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "in the flow. There is also a transitional stage between laminar and turbulent flows, in which the dye stream will wander about and show intermittent bursts of mixing, followed by a more laminar behavior.\n\nThe Reynolds number (Re), provides a useful way of characterizing the flow. It is defined as:\n\n$$Re = \\frac{vd}{v}$$\n\nwhere (v) is the kinematic viscosity of the water (Figure 7.2), v is the mean flow velocity and d is the diameter of the pipe.\n\nThe Reynolds number is a dimensionless parameter that is the ratio of the inertial (destabilizing) force to the viscosity (stabilizing) force. As Re increases, the inertial force becomes relatively larger, and the flow destabilizes and becomes fully turbulent.\n\nThe Reynolds experiment determines the critical Reynolds number for pipe flow at which laminar flow (Re<2000) becomes transitional (20004000). The advantage of using a critical Reynolds number, instead of critical velocity, is that the results of the experiments are applicable to all Newtonian fluid flows in pipes with a circular cross-section.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Temperature (degree C)Kinematic viscosity v (m\u00b2/s)Temperature (degree C)Kinematic viscosity v (m\u00b2/s)
01.793E-06258.930E-07
11.732E-06268.760E-07
21.674E-06278.540E-07
31.619E-06288.360E-07
41.522E-06298.180E-07
51.520E-06308.020E-07
61.474E-06317.850E-07
71.429E-06327.690E-07
81.386E-06337.530E-07
91.346E-06347.380E-07
101.307E-06357.240E-07
111.270E-06367.110E-07
121.235E-06376.970E-07
131.201E-06386.840E-07
141.169E-06396.710E-07
151.138E-06406.580E-07
161.108E-06456.020E-07
171.080E-06505.540E-07
181.053E-06555.110E-07
191.027E-06604.760E-07
201.002E-06654.430E-07
219.780E-07704.130E-07
229.550E-07753.860E-07
239.330E-07803.630E-07
249.110E-07853.420E-07
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 414.26690106571925}, {"x": 366.3481472222222, "y": 414.26690106571925}, {"x": 366.3481472222222, "y": 551.7139525754883}, {"x": 56, "y": 551.7139525754883}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Figure 7.2: Kinematic Viscosity of Water at Atmospheric Pressure.\n\nEXPERIMENT #7: OSBORNE REYNOLDS' DEMONSTRATION 61", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000124.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
CategoryPercentage
News and public affairs22%
Documentary3%
Religious3%
Variety and games14%
Social and/or recreational instruction1%
Sports7%
Comedy11%
Music and dance1%
Drama20%
Videocassette recorder (VCR)9%
Other television programmes9%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 290, "y": 65}, {"x": 338.12800000000004, "y": 65}, {"x": 338.12800000000004, "y": 73}, {"x": 290, "y": 73}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 2.9. A pie chart displaying 12 categories of television viewing in Ontario in 2004 provides too much visual information, making it hard to read.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 314}, {"x": 172.84355399999998, "y": 314}, {"x": 172.84355399999998, "y": 328.418}, {"x": 56, "y": 328.418}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "False Causation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 48, "y": 170}, {"x": 338.6141971000001, "y": 170}, {"x": 338.6141971000001, "y": 179}, {"x": 48, "y": 179}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Correlation does not imply causation.\n\nIf you've ever taken a statistics or data analysis course, you have almost certainly come across this common phrase. It means that, just because two trends seem to fluctuate alongside each other, it doesn't prove that one causes the other or that they are related in a meaningful way.\n\nReview Figure 2.1023 below, which shows a line graph of the\n\n2. Statistics Canada. Table 37-10-0079-01 Registered apprenticeship training, registrations by major trade groups and sex. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/3710007901-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence\n\n3. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate\n\n46 | Misleading Data Visualizations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000034.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 59.84, "y": 43.29399999999998}, {"x": 370.71377300000006, "y": 43.29399999999998}, {"x": 370.71377300000006, "y": 54.20299999999999}, {"x": 59.84, "y": 54.20299999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "xviii Prologue\n\nSo let's get rid of the expression derivative d/dt and replace it with an appropriate functional derivative. If f is a function then we will write Df as the new function that is the derivative of f:^5\n\n$$(Df)(t) = \\frac{d}{dx}f(x)\\bigg|_{x=t}.$$\n\nTo do this for the Lagrange equation we need to construct a function to take the derivative of.\n\nGiven a configuration-space path w, there is a standard way to make the state-space path. We can abstract this method as a mathematical function \u0393:\n\n$$\u0393[w](t) = (t, w(t), \\frac{d}{dt}w(t)).$$\n\nUsing \u0393 we can write:\n\n$$\\frac{d}{dt}((\u2202_2L)(\u0393[w](t))) - (\u2202_1L)(\u0393[w](t)) = 0.$$\n\nIf we now define composition of functions (f \u2218 g)(x) = f(g(x)), we can express the Lagrange equations entirely in terms of functions:\n\n$$D((\u2202_2L) \u2218 (\u0393[w])) - (\u2202_1L) \u2218 (\u0393[w]) = 0.$$\n\nThe functions \u2202_1L and \u2202_2L are partial derivatives of the function L. Composition with \u0393[w] evaluates these partials with coordinates and velocites appropriate for the path w, making functions of time. Applying D takes the time derivative. The Lagrange equation states that the difference of the resulting functions of time must be zero. This statement of the Lagrange equation is complete, unambiguous, and functional. It is not encumbered with the particular choices made in expressing the Lagrangian. For example, it doesn't matter if the time is named t or \u03c4, and it has an explicit place for the path to be tested.\n\nThis expression is equivalent to a computer program:^6\n\n----\n\n^5 An explanation of functional derivatives is in Appendix B, page 202.\n\n^6 The programs in this book are written in Scheme, a dialect of Lisp. The details of the language are not germane to the points being made. What is important is that it is mechanically interpretable, and thus unambiguous. In this book we require that the mathematical expressions be explicit enough", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000142.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 89, "y": 81}, {"x": 513.0773944888579, "y": 81}, {"x": 513.0773944888579, "y": 95.3462}, {"x": 89, "y": 95.3462}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "2 Numerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations\n\nalso plays an important role in error analysis (investigating the difference between the numerical\napproximation and the solution).\n\nCalculating with only a finite subset of the rational numbers has many consequences. For exam-\nple: a computer cannot distinguish between two polynomials of sufficiently high degree. Conse-\nquently, methods based on the main theorem of algebra (i.e. that an nth degree polynomial has\nexactly n complex zeros) cannot be trusted. Errors that follow from the use of finitely many digits\nare called rounding errors (Section 1.4).\n\nAn important aspect of numerical mathematics is the emphasis on efficiency. Contrary to or-\ndinary mathematics, numerical mathematics considers an increase in efficiency, i.e. a decrease\nof the number of operations and/or amount of storage required, as an essential improvement.\nProgress in this aspect is of great practical importance and the end of this development has not\nbeen reached yet. Here, the creative mind will meet many challenges. On top of that, revolutions\nin computer architecture will overturn much conventional wisdom.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 89, "y": 300}, {"x": 282.6891889178688, "y": 300}, {"x": 282.6891889178688, "y": 314.3462}, {"x": 89, "y": 314.3462}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "1.3 Why numerical mathematics?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 89, "y": 81}, {"x": 512.1181342997347, "y": 81}, {"x": 512.1181342997347, "y": 91.3811}, {"x": 89, "y": 91.3811}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "A big advantage of numerical mathematics is that it can provide answers to problems that do not\nadmit closed-form solutions. Consider for example the integral\n\n$$\\int_0^\\pi \\sqrt{1 + \\cos^2 x}dx.$$\n\nThis is an expression for the arc length of one arc of the curve y(x) = sin x, which does not have\na solution in closed form. A numerical method, however, can approximate this integral in a very\nsimple way (Chapter 5). An additional advantage is that a numerical method only uses stan-\ndard function evaluations and the operations addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.\nBecause these are exactly the operations a computer can perform, numerical mathematics and\ncomputers form a perfect combination.\n\nAn advantage of analytical methods is that the solution is given by a mathematical formula.\nFrom this, insight in the behavior and the properties of the solution can be gained. For numerical\napproximations, however, this is not the case. In that case, visualization tools may be used to gain\ninsight in the behavior of the solution. Using a numerical method to draw a graph of a function\nis usually a more useful tool than evaluating the solution at a large number of points.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 89, "y": 554}, {"x": 197.12933055004083, "y": 554}, {"x": 197.12933055004083, "y": 568.3462}, {"x": 89, "y": 568.3462}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "1.4 Rounding errors", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 89, "y": 81}, {"x": 512.1966717916036, "y": 81}, {"x": 512.1966717916036, "y": 91.38109999999995}, {"x": 89, "y": 91.38109999999995}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "A computer uses a finite representation of the all numbers in R. These are stored in a computer\nin the form\n \u00b10.d\u2081d\u2082...d\u2099 \u00b7 \u03b2\u1d49, (1.1)\n\nin which, by definition, d\u2081 > 0 and 0 \u2264 d\u1d62 < \u03b2. The normalization is needed in order to prevent a\nwaste of digits and to make the representation unambiguous. We call the value in equation (1.1)\na floating point number (representation) in which 0.d\u2081d\u2082...d\u2099 is called the mantissa, \u03b2 the base and\ne (integer) the exponent, where L < e < U. Characteristic values for |L| and U are in the range\n[100, 1000], often, \u03b2 = 2 (binary representation) and n = 24 (single precision) or n = 53 (double\nprecision). Most computers and software packages (Matlab) satisfy the IEEE-754 standard, and\nhence provide single-\u00b9 and double-precision\u00b2 computations.\n\nLet for x \u2208 R\n 0.d\u2081...d\u2099 \u00b7 \u03b2\u1d49 \u2264 x < 0.d\u2081d\u2082...(d\u2099 + 1) \u00b7 \u03b2\u1d49,\n\n\u00b9 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-precision_floating-point_format\n\u00b2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000175.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 67}, {"x": 338.61289999999997, "y": 67}, {"x": 338.61289999999997, "y": 76}, {"x": 56, "y": 76}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "radiation at other wavelengths, as shown in (Figure 1). Just as you can catch more rain with a garbage can than with a coffee cup, large telescopes gather much more light than your eye can. Second, there is an instrument attached to the telescope that sorts the incoming radiation by wavelength. Sometimes the sorting is fairly crude. For example, we might simply want to separate blue light from red light so that we can determine the temperature of a star. But at other times, we want to see individual spectral lines to determine what an object is made of, or to measure its speed (as explained in the Radiation and Spectra chapter). Third, we need some type of **detector**, a device that senses the radiation in the wavelength regions we have chosen and permanently records the observations.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 269}, {"x": 309.16157599999997, "y": 269}, {"x": 309.16157599999997, "y": 283.418}, {"x": 85, "y": 283.418}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Orion Region at Different Wavelengths.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
(a)(b)(c)
Image (a)Image (b)Image (c)
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 441}, {"x": 338.0353, "y": 441}, {"x": 338.0353, "y": 450}, {"x": 56, "y": 450}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "**Figure 1.** The same part of the sky looks different when observed with instruments that are sensitive to different bands of the spectrum. (a) Visible light: this shows part of the Orion region as the human eye sees it, with dotted lines added to show the figure of the mythical hunter, Orion. (b) X-rays: here, the view emphasizes the point-like X-ray sources nearby. The colors are artificial, changing from yellow to white to blue with increasing energy of the X-rays. The bright, hot stars in Orion are still seen in this image, but so are many other objects located at very different\n\n276 | Chapter 6 Astronomical Instruments Section 6.1: Telescopes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000050.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 63, "y": 46}, {"x": 389.186, "y": 46}, {"x": 389.186, "y": 57}, {"x": 63, "y": 57}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 11\n\n- Republic Act No. 9501: Magna Carta for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (May 23, 2008)\n\n- Republic Act No. 9262: Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children Act of 2004 (March 8, 2004)\n\n- Republic Act No. 9208 (May 26, 2003), as amended by Republic Act No. 10364 (February 6, 2013): Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003\n\n- Republic Act No. 9178: Barangay Micro Business Enterprises Act of 2002 (November 13, 2002)\n\n- Republic Act No. 8972: Solo Parent's Welfare Act (November 7, 2000)\n\n- Republic Act No. 8505: Rape Victim Assistance and Protection Act (February 13, 1998)\n\n- Republic Act No. 8504: Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act of 1998 (February 13, 1998)\n\n- Republic Act No. 8353: Anti-Rape Law of 1997 (September 30, 1997)\n\n- Republic Act No. 7877: Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995 (February 14, 1995)\n\nDuring the first Aquino administration (1986-1992), three women sectoral representatives were appointed in Congress. Yet feminist activists such as Teresita Quintos-Deles and Jurgette Honculada's appointments were blocked by the House Committee on Appointments (Abao and Yang 2001, 19).\n\nWhile reliable electoral data during the Marcos regime is unavailable, it is safe to argue that the repressive regime hampered the participation of women in formal politics given the widespread militarization and electoral fraud characterizing the dictatorship. And even with the legal framework guaranteed by the transition, women found it difficult to enter formal politics, despite women's consistently high voter turnout during elections (Table 1).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000028.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 75, "y": 28.008000000000038}, {"x": 433.6217196800001, "y": 28.008000000000038}, {"x": 433.6217196800001, "y": 37.97060000000004}, {"x": 75, "y": 37.97060000000004}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control\n\nbetween this and the fact that the development of the underlying wave function for the whole universe is unique.\n\nSummarizing:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 510.236, "y": 0}, {"x": 510.236, "y": 737.008}, {"x": 0, "y": 737.008}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Definition 1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 75, "y": 111.00800000000004}, {"x": 411.2336165199999, "y": 111.00800000000004}, {"x": 411.2336165199999, "y": 120.97060000000005}, {"x": 75, "y": 120.97060000000005}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "A universe U is a chain of states (one state Ut for each moment of time t), with the property that the transition between adjacent states is always possible.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 510.236, "y": 0}, {"x": 510.236, "y": 737.008}, {"x": 0, "y": 737.008}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Definition 2.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 75, "y": 147.00800000000004}, {"x": 433.64762244, "y": 147.00800000000004}, {"x": 433.64762244, "y": 156.97060000000005}, {"x": 75, "y": 156.97060000000005}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "A multiverse M is the set of all possible universes U in the sense of Definition 1 together with a probability measure on this set.\n\nIt may of course be said that quantum mechanics should allow for transitions between all kinds of states, although the probability for most such transitions may be extremely small. In this extremely simplified treatment, I will assume that for a given state at a given moment of time t, the dynamical laws will only permit transitions to a very limited number of states at the previous and next moments, which will make the probabilistic part of the investigation particularly simple. However, modifications are called for near the endpoints (the Big Bang and the Big Crunch); see Section 5.\n\nAs it stands, the model presented so far is too simple to generate any results. In fact, there are no observable differences at all between the states, which mean that there are no measurable variables which could be related to the (so far non-specified) dynamics.\n\nThere are of course many different variables which we can choose to enrich this structure, and which ones to choose must depend on what properties we want to explain. For explaining the second law of thermodynamics, the obvious choice is the entropy.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 75, "y": 365.00800000000004}, {"x": 128.36594639999998, "y": 365.00800000000004}, {"x": 128.36594639999998, "y": 375.96700000000004}, {"x": 75, "y": 375.96700000000004}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "4. Entropy", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 75, "y": 326.00800000000004}, {"x": 433.64961496000006, "y": 326.00800000000004}, {"x": 433.64961496000006, "y": 335.97060000000005}, {"x": 75, "y": 335.97060000000005}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "According to Boltzmann, the total entropy of a certain macro-state at a certain time is given by\n\n$$ S = k_B \\ln \\Omega, \\tag{2} $$\n\nor inversely\n\n$$ \\Omega = W^S, \\quad \\text{with} \\quad W = e^{1/k_B}, \\tag{3} $$\n\nwhere \u03a9 denotes the number of corresponding micro-states and k_B is Boltzmann's constant.\n\nThis formula was from the beginning derived for simple cases, like an ideal gas. Nevertheless, it does represent a kind of universal truth in statistical mechanics: the number of possible micro-states corresponding to a given macro-state grows exponentially with the entropy. Although there are many complications when one tries to consider the entropy of the universe as a whole, I will still take it as the starting point for the discussion that the entropy (at a given time t) is an exponential function of the total entropy as in (3). A more difficult question is if and how the constant W may vary with time, but for the purpose of the present paper, I will simply let it be constant.\n\nOne may of course argue that this can only be true when the universe is still quite ordered and the entropy is very far from reaching its maximum. But this is certainly what the situation is like in our universe today, and according to the computations in [10, 11], it would take an almost incredibly long time to reach such a state of maximal entropy. Thus, it will in the following be taken for granted that this time is much longer than the life-span of our universe.\n\n312", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000111.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 357}, {"x": 520.0548, "y": 357}, {"x": 520.0548, "y": 365.8}, {"x": 56, "y": 365.8}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 8.1: a) P6238 CUSSONS free and forced vortex apparatus, b) push-in orifices, c) free vortex measuring caliper, d) force vortex measuring probes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ComponentDescription
Cylindrical vesselMain container for fluid
3-way valveValve for controlling fluid flow
Inlet pipePipe for fluid input
Outlet valveValve for fluid output
15-degree angled tubesTubes angled at 15 degrees
60-degree angled tubesTubes angled at 60 degrees
Push-in orifices8 mm, 16 mm, and 24 mm diameter orifices
Free vortex measuring caliperTool for measuring free vortex
Force vortex measuring probesSet of probes for measuring forced vortex
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 399}, {"x": 119.09100000000001, "y": 399}, {"x": 119.09100000000001, "y": 410}, {"x": 56, "y": 410}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "7. THEORY", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 424}, {"x": 554.5963000000002, "y": 424}, {"x": 554.5963000000002, "y": 435}, {"x": 56, "y": 435}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Two types of vortices are distinguished in the dynamics of the motion: forced and free vortices. The forced vortex is caused by external forces on the fluid, such as the impeller of a pump, and the free vortex naturally occurs in the flow and can be observed in a drain or in the atmosphere of a tornado.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 483}, {"x": 162.24949999999998, "y": 483}, {"x": 162.24949999999998, "y": 494}, {"x": 56, "y": 494}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "7.1. FREE VORTEX", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 508}, {"x": 554.5862999999999, "y": 508}, {"x": 554.5862999999999, "y": 519}, {"x": 56, "y": 519}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "A free vortex is formed when water flows out of a vessel through a central hole in the base (Figure 8.2). The degree of the rotation depends on the initial disturbance. In a free cylindrical vortex, the velocity varies inversely with the distance from the axis of rotation (Figure 8.3).\n\n$$v = \\frac{k}{r} \\quad (1)$$\n\nThe equation governing the surface profile is derived from the Bernoulli's theorem:\n\n$$\\frac{v^2}{2g} + z = C \\quad (2)$$\n\nSubstituting Equation (1) into (2) will give a new expression:\n\n$$\\frac{k^2}{2gr^2} + z = C \\quad (3)$$\n\nor:\n\n68 APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS LAB MANUAL", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000077.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 80.88999999999999}, {"x": 524, "y": 80.88999999999999}, {"x": 524, "y": 96.88999999999999}, {"x": 85, "y": 96.88999999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "decline in 2020 in absolute numbers and as a percentage of 2019 deployment (Figure 1.9b).9\n\nFigure 1.9b. Deployment of Overseas Foreign Workers by sex, new hires only (in thousands)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
YearMaleFemale
2016187374
2017128331
2018102319
2019102335
2020 (to September)2255
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 113, "y": 283.89}, {"x": 313.33, "y": 283.89}, {"x": 313.33, "y": 294.6477}, {"x": 113, "y": 294.6477}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Source: Philippine Statistics Authority (2022)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 393.89}, {"x": 384.06280000000015, "y": 393.89}, {"x": 384.06280000000015, "y": 405.89}, {"x": 85, "y": 405.89}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "1.5. Migrant Workers More at Risk of COVID-19 Infection", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 302.89}, {"x": 524.0660000000001, "y": 302.89}, {"x": 524.0660000000001, "y": 314.89}, {"x": 85, "y": 314.89}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "COVID-19 infection among migrants appears to be higher than among non-migrant groups (Hintermeier et al., 2020). Migrant workers are disproportionately exposed to COVID-19 because of the nature of their work and their living conditions. Many migrant workers performed essential services, including jobs in healthcare, selected manufacturing, transportation, logistics, construction, and maintenance, which continued during periods of movement restrictions (OECD, ADBI and ILO, 2021). Many migrant workers also have less access to personal protective equipment and testing and treatment facilities (OECD, ADBI and ILO, 2021). The lack of access was especially true for undocumented migrants.\n\nAdditionally, migrant workers employed in plantations far away from urban centres had limited access to information and testing. High rates of infection were also linked to overcrowded housing conditions, including shared facilities and sleeping areas, which increase the risk of transmission (ASEAN MP, 2021). Many workers in processing or assembly plants worked in conditions where physical distancing was rarely observed.\n\nIn Malaysia, out of 2,188 positive cases recorded nationwide on 25 November 2020, 1,511 were foreign workers employed by Top Glove Corporation Bhd., one of the world's largest personal protective equipment (PPE) manufacturers (The Straits Times, 2020; Ngui, 2020). Many other migrant workers were employed as delivery agents, public transport drivers, or restaurant waiters, and are in constant contact with the general public. Infection risk is also higher\n\n9 Keeping in mind that for 2020 the figures are only up to October of the year.\n\nASEAN Migration Outlook 21", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000044.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 68, "y": 68.27599999999995}, {"x": 185.1884, "y": 68.27599999999995}, {"x": 185.1884, "y": 82.27599999999995}, {"x": 68, "y": 82.27599999999995}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Table of Contents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
SectionPage
Executive Summary4
Legal Framework6
Election Administration11
Civil Society Engagement15
Political Parties, Candidates Registration and Election Campaign18
Media Freedom and Access to Information25
Voter Education and Awareness29
Participation of Marginalized Sectors31
Recommendations39
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000011.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 43.00800000000004}, {"x": 267.7983999999999, "y": 43.00800000000004}, {"x": 267.7983999999999, "y": 54.00800000000004}, {"x": 56, "y": 54.00800000000004}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "84 BAIRD\n\ndefetishize them and expose the power structures\nin which they are involved.\n Thus, as Makdisi and Nussbaum sum up in their\nintroduction to The Arabian Nights in Historical\nContext: Between East and West, \"the Nights offered\na particularly powerful vision of an Asiatic culture\nseemingly saturated with references to sensuality,\nextravagance, indulgence, violence, supernatural-\nism, and eroticism ... [and] added a supernatural\ndimension to the Enlightenment; the tales offered\nan avenue into modernity through its magical op-\nposite, an alternative to European identity, and an\nantidote to neoclassicism.\"87 However, reading\nsuch imports as an expression of European pow-\ners' disavowal of the East in order to \"justify their\nconquest and rule over other peoples, particularly\nin Asia,\"88 is an oversimplification of a rather com-\nplicated process of cultural exchange. None of\nthese descriptions of Arabia were caused by colo-\nnial \"distortions,\" as Said feared, but by false attri-\nbutions: \"Arabian\" was a misnomer that rarely de-\nFIGURE 4.11 A. Birrell, Sir Robert Shirley [graphic]. Engraving scribed Arabia itself. While fictional narratives like\n on wove paper. Arabian Nights' Entertainments represented Ara-\n PUBLISHED BY EDWARD HARDING, LONDON, 1799 bia as a land of magic and exorbitant riches, they\nknowledge about remote civilizations. There is an were too far-fetched to be part of a Westerner's\nobvious cultural coincidence, for instance, between belief system during the Age of Reason; rather,\ncarpet-making and storytelling among nomadic they were popularized because their wild fiction-\npeoples, which these stories convey through their ality turned them into bestsellers at the time. Such\nintricate plot development. They also tell fascinat- stories competed with descriptions of the Arabi-\ning stories about the the traffic in diamonds, gold, an Peninsula by travelers and traders who had vis-\nand spices between the Indies, China, Arabia, and ited the area and had unmediated contact with the\nWestern Europe that still wait to be unveiled. Rather local culture. However, while the Orientalist litera-\nthan looking at the things of the Nights as colorful ture described Arabia in terms that emphasized\ndetails in Sheherazade's tales or protagonists in the its exoticism, magic, superstitions, extravagance,\nfantastic stories they make for themselves, we could wealth, eroticism, excess, and myriads of other pe-\nexplore, instead, their role as as bearers of cultural culiarities that contrasted it with the European\nknowledge unintentionally embedded in the fabric normativity, travel narratives created an \"Arabian\"\nof the text. In such a reading, \"historically and theo- identity that was generally congruent with the\nretically overdetermined material charactersitics reality of the place.\nof objects are sought out beyond the immediate\ncontext in which they appear\"86 in order to\n\n86 Elaine Freedgood, \"Introduction: Reading Things,\" in\n The Idea in Things: Fugitive Meaning in the Victorian 87 Makdisi and Nussbaum, introduction to The Arabian\n Novel (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), Nights in Historical Context, 5.\n 5\u20136. 88 Ibid.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000160.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 83}, {"x": 322.8642000000001, "y": 83}, {"x": 322.8642000000001, "y": 92}, {"x": 56, "y": 92}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Other advice that might smooth the way for this exercise is to remind students right before they start that we aren't interested in what these organizations' websites say about themselves, but what they can learn about them from the rest of the internet. Encourage use of Wikipedia for this type of source research. Encourage them to slow down and to practice \"click restraint\" once they have Googled one of these orgs. What can they learn from looking at just the search results page, without clicking through to anything? What is the overall impression from a variety of results?\n\n- Center for Consumer Freedom: Many of the Google search results (with or without including the search term funding) indicate this is astroturing. A look at the Wikipedia page tells us that this org was started by a pretty well known PR guy and the sidebar lists their focus as \"represents the interests of restaurant and food companies\" and their method as \"lobbying.\"\n\n- National Consumers League: Students may note that it has been around since 1899, has no critical results on the first page of Google results, and even has an entry in the Encyclopedia Britannica.\n\n- One Fair Wage: a legitimately grass-roots effort to raise the minimum wage for restaurant workers.\n\n- Save Our Tips: This is one case where adding the word funding to the search helps a bit. If we do that we find sources indicating that this group is funded in part by the National Restaurant Association and a conservative strategy and consulting group. Not what you would expect for a grassroots effort lead by waitstaff.\n\n104 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000066.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 97, "y": 92}, {"x": 494.9426000000001, "y": 92}, {"x": 494.9426000000001, "y": 104.81694655469613}, {"x": 97, "y": 104.81694655469613}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "consumption onsite or offsite. Food Service Establishments (FSE) refers to the business engaged in the Food Service Industry. For purposes of the survey, the FSE is segmented into:\n\n- full-service restaurants, with full menu and waiting service;\n- limited-service restaurants or quick service restaurants (QSR), with full menu but pay-as-you-order such as fast food or turo-turo type*;\n- cafes/bars/pop-ups (selected menu with few chairs and tables);\n- kiosks and stalls (purely retail, to be consumed elsewhere); and\n- catering or 100% home delivery.\n\nFull-service restaurants, limited-service restaurants and cafes/bars/pop-ups may also offer \"to go\" or \"take away\" services.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Full serviceLimited ServiceCafes, bars and Pop upsKiosks and stallscatering
[Image of a restaurant exterior with \"Maxa\" sign][Image of Jollibee restaurant][Image of cafe interior][Image of food stalls][Image of catering setup]
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 19, "y": 362.38952648784533}, {"x": 484.70760000000024, "y": 362.38952648784533}, {"x": 484.70760000000024, "y": 376.38952648784533}, {"x": 19, "y": 376.38952648784533}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Figure 1. FSI Segmentation\n\nb. Plastic. The Baseline Study looked into the extent of Plastic use of FSEs in Dasmari\u00f1as City. Plastics are categorized by food grade.\u2079 The six food grades are 1) Polyethylene Terephthalate: clear, tough plastic such as soft drinks, juice and water, (2) High Density Polyethylene: white or colored plastic such as milk containers, (3) Polyvinyl Chloride: hard rigid clear plastic such as cordial bottles; (4) Low Density Polyethylene: soft, flexible such as squeezable bottles; 5) Polypropylene: hard but flexible plastics such as microwave ware; takeaway containers, some yogurt or jam containers and hinged lunch boxes, and (6) Polystyrene: rigid, brittle plastics such as small tubes and margarine or butter container. See Figure 1. Plastic litter found in the rivers are of categories 1-6. There are also other plastics that do not fall under food grade 1-6.\n\n----\n\n\u2078 Filipino word for restaurants where a menu of cooked or ready-to-eat food are on display and clients point to their choice of food and pay as they take their food to their tables or ask for take-out packaging.\n\n\u2079 Food grade plastics refer to plastic containers, tools or other supplies made of plastics that are cleared to be used for food preparation, handling, and service.\n\n18 Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000166.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 70}, {"x": 485.795, "y": 70}, {"x": 485.795, "y": 84.418}, {"x": 56, "y": 84.418}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Activity 5. Calculating versus estimating CEC\n\nThere are two ways you can calculate the CEC: the sum of cations method and the mineralogy method.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 153}, {"x": 218.879526026, "y": 153}, {"x": 218.879526026, "y": 167.418}, {"x": 56, "y": 167.418}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "The Sum-of-Cations Method", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 188}, {"x": 554.6143000000003, "y": 188}, {"x": 554.6143000000003, "y": 197}, {"x": 56, "y": 197}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "If you have a soil analysis where the quantities of all cations in the soil are listed, simply summing all those exchangeable quantities will yield the CEC you found in the preceding problems.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 612, "y": 0}, {"x": 612, "y": 792}, {"x": 0, "y": 792}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The \"Mineralogy\" Method", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 285}, {"x": 554.6142869999999, "y": 285}, {"x": 554.6142869999999, "y": 294}, {"x": 56, "y": 294}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "As you know from your reading and class discussion, clay minerals have a range of values for CEC. If the mineralogy of the clay fraction is known (that is, the type and amounts of each clay mineral), then the CEC can be approximated.\n\nTo make these calculations easier, Table 13.4 contains representative values for CEC to use in all calculations for this class unless otherwise noted. In nature, however, these soil colloids will have a range of values.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 384}, {"x": 321.6523140000001, "y": 384}, {"x": 321.6523140000001, "y": 398.418}, {"x": 56, "y": 398.418}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Table 13.4. Typical CEC of various soil colloids.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Mineral or colloid typeCEC of pure colloid
kaolinite10
illite30
montmorillonite/smectite100
vermiculite150
humus200
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 436}, {"x": 554.9898000000001, "y": 436}, {"x": 554.9898000000001, "y": 445}, {"x": 56, "y": 445}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "*CEC values are in cmolc/kg*\n\nAs an example of this mineralogy approach to CEC calculations, consider a soil having 100% clay where the clay is 100% kaolinite. The CEC would then be 10 cmolc/kg. If a soil contains only 10% kaolinite (or 10 kg clay in 100 kg soil), however, this clay would contribute\n\n$$\\text{Total CEC of the soil} = \\frac{10 \\text{ cmol}_c}{\\text{kg clay}} \\times \\frac{10 \\text{ kg clay}}{100 \\text{ kg soil}} = \\frac{1.0 \\text{ cmol}_c}{\\text{kg soil}}$$\n\nA prairie soil contains 30% clay. This clay sized fraction is dominantly montmorillonite. The soil also contains 5% humus (organic matter).\n\nUsing the mineralogy method, what is the cation exchange capacity (CEC) contributed by the clay?\n\n120 | Soil Colloids", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000126.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
YearArea Harvested for Mushrooms in Ontario (Square Feet)
201628,750,000
201729,000,000
201832,000,000
201934,500,000
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 290, "y": 65}, {"x": 338.36, "y": 65}, {"x": 338.36, "y": 73}, {"x": 290, "y": 73}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.3- Ontario area (in square feet) used to harvest mushrooms over the years.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 287}, {"x": 112.07159600000001, "y": 287}, {"x": 112.07159600000001, "y": 301.418}, {"x": 56, "y": 301.418}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Closure", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 47, "y": 287}, {"x": 338.6143000000001, "y": 287}, {"x": 338.6143000000001, "y": 301.418}, {"x": 47, "y": 301.418}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Closure refers to our mind completing missing portions of a design. There must be enough parts available for the image to be \"filled in\"; if the image is too abstract, there are minimal reference points for the mind to complete it. See Figure 4.44 for an example of how our mind automatically imagine a line connecting the 2 broken ones.\n\n4. Statistics Canada. Table 18-10-0002-01 Monthly average retail prices for food and other selected products. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/1810000201-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence\n\nGestalt's Principles | 89", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000024.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 68, "y": 64.30700000000002}, {"x": 122.58319999999999, "y": 64.30700000000002}, {"x": 122.58319999999999, "y": 72.30700000000002}, {"x": 68, "y": 72.30700000000002}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "At Home in Exile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 68, "y": 88.30700000000002}, {"x": 378.7401, "y": 88.30700000000002}, {"x": 378.7401, "y": 99.30700000000002}, {"x": 68, "y": 99.30700000000002}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "We received the clear impression from grim customs officials and money-changers at the border that we had entered a part of the world still not entirely recovered from post-War economic depression. Roadside stands sold plaster garden statues, especially gnomes, and other wares were also for sale, judging by the surreptitious lifting of skirts to reveal totally bare flesh, from women sheltering under their umbrellas. I wondered where they would take their truck driver customers in a place where there seemed to be only road and forest.\n\nAnthea's navigation skills took us promptly to the clean and pleasant Tumski Hotel on the Sand Island near the oldest part of Wroclaw. I was immensely moved when I found that my room overlooked a canal of the Oder. This was a place of which mother had often spoken. Maria on the Sand (*die Sandkirche*) is still there, one of the large old Gothic red-brick churches that escaped bombing.\n\nThat Saturday afternoon, too late for lunch, we sampled Polish beer and vodka. We explored the famous Rynek, the central seventeenth-century market square with its famed Gothic town hall where American soldiers had stolen the gold from the astrological clock. The bombed-out buildings had been restored, but they were too garishly painted to revive a sense of their history. The adjoining salt square now mostly sells flowers.\n\nWe wondered at how few smiling faces there were, and were puzzled by how little German or English anyone spoke. Why was there so little tourism? Only a pair of elegant teenagers had fluent German. We turned down their offers of pornographic pictures and sexual experiences.\n\nWe covered enough of the area to get a strong impression of a once-lively city devastated by War and hastily repaired. These were convenient reconstructions, done without an eye to matching styles.\n\nI was especially anxious to find out where Neumarkt Platz had been. That evening at the hotel, I kept going to the window and trying to imagine my mother as a young woman taking an evening stroll with a companion along the banks of the Oder. But this was autumn. Thick mists hung above the water. Few people were out walking.\n\nOn Sunday we set out seriously to find the location of the old square. We walked through once-stately streets, past the Metropole Hotel from where Hitler had addressed the crowds, to the Ethnographic Museum. This proved disappointing. The contents of two rooms were a mere", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000061.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 106, "y": 95.91999999999996}, {"x": 481.41920000000005, "y": 95.91999999999996}, {"x": 481.41920000000005, "y": 106.95999999999998}, {"x": 106, "y": 106.95999999999998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "iii. Looking at cost items, the cost of raw woods procurement will be highest share at 42%, followed by labour cost at 35%, electricity cost of the fabrication department at 10% (refer to figure 5-2). For this analysis, $35 per tonne is assumed for raw wood costs and this assumption will be crucial to maintain the economics of this business model.\n\niv. This business model will be operating cost-oriented not capital cost-oriented (refer to figure 5.1); thus, management of raw wood cost, labour cost, and electricity cost is essential. Few variations of capital cost will not affect this business seriously.\n\nv. Assumed selling price of wood pellet is $100 per tonne and appropriate.\n\nFigure 5.1. Operating Cost Structure by the Three Departments of A Company", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
DepartmentPercentage
Cutting raw woods55%
Fabrication35%
Transportation10%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 492.91999999999996}, {"x": 396.5771200000001, "y": 492.91999999999996}, {"x": 396.5771200000001, "y": 503.9599999999999}, {"x": 85, "y": 503.9599999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Source: Author.\n\nFigure 5.2. Operating Cost Structure by the Cost Items of a Company", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Cost ItemPercentage
Raw woods42%
Labour35%
Electricity10%
Diesel oil7%
Depreciation4%
Interest payment2%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 492.91999999999996}, {"x": 142.21300000000002, "y": 492.91999999999996}, {"x": 142.21300000000002, "y": 503.47999999999996}, {"x": 85, "y": 503.47999999999996}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Source: Author.\n\n50", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000172.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 68.88980000000004}, {"x": 403.0720000000003, "y": 68.88980000000004}, {"x": 403.0720000000003, "y": 79.68980000000003}, {"x": 85, "y": 79.68980000000003}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Part V. Chapter Five - Comparing Associations Between Multiple Variables", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
SectionPage
5.1: The Linear Model35
5.2: Simple Regression Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up36
5.3: Multiple Regression Explanation, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up39
5.4: Hierarchical Regression Explanation, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up43
5.5: Chapter Five Self-Test47
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 195.88980000000004}, {"x": 353.48080000000016, "y": 195.88980000000004}, {"x": 353.48080000000016, "y": 206.68980000000005}, {"x": 85, "y": 206.68980000000005}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Part VI. Chapter Six - Comparing Three or More Group Means", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
SectionPage
6.1: Between Versus Within Group Analyses49
6.2: One-Way ANOVA Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up51
6.3 Repeated Measures ANOVA Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up54
6.4: Chapter Six Self-Test62
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 305.88980000000004}, {"x": 349.6376, "y": 305.88980000000004}, {"x": 349.6376, "y": 316.68980000000005}, {"x": 85, "y": 316.68980000000005}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Part VII. Chapter Seven - Moderation and Mediation Analyses", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
SectionPage
7.1: Mediation and Moderation Models64
7.2: Mediation Assumptions, The PROCESS Macro, Interpretation, and Write Up66
7.3: Moderation Models, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up69
7.4: Chapter Seven Self-Test73
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 416.88980000000004}, {"x": 352.0692000000001, "y": 416.88980000000004}, {"x": 352.0692000000001, "y": 427.68980000000005}, {"x": 85, "y": 427.68980000000005}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Part VIII. Chapter Eight - Factor Analysis and Scale Reliability", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
SectionPage
8.1: Factor Analysis Definitions75
8.2: EFA versus CFA76
8.3: EFA Steps with Factor Extraction78
8.4: EFA Determining the Number of Factors80
8.5: EFA Interpretation84
8.6: EFA Write Up86
8.7: Scale Reliability87
8.8: Chapter Eight Self-Test89
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 593.8898}, {"x": 294.9296, "y": 593.8898}, {"x": 294.9296, "y": 604.6898}, {"x": 85, "y": 604.6898}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Part IX. Chapter Nine - Nonparametric Statistics", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
SectionPage
9.1: Nonparametric Definitions91
9.2: Choosing Appropriate Tests93
9.3: Comparing Two Independent Conditions: The Mann\u2013 Whitney U Test94
9.4: Comparing Two Dependent Conditions or Paired Samples \u2013 Wilcoxon Sign-Rank Test96
9.5: Differences Between Several Independent Groups: The Kruskal\u2013Wallis Test98
9.6: Chapter Nine Self-Test100
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 732.8898}, {"x": 131.305, "y": 732.8898}, {"x": 131.305, "y": 741.8898}, {"x": 85, "y": 741.8898}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "References | 101", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000040.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 80.88999999999999}, {"x": 276.8889999999999, "y": 80.88999999999999}, {"x": 276.8889999999999, "y": 90.88999999999999}, {"x": 70, "y": 90.88999999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Thailand, Philippines and Indonesia in particular, identifying known experts at the national, subnational and community level. The survey and interviews with key informants asked key questions to regional experts on violent extremism to ascertain if hostile sentiments espoused are exacerbating insecurities for women.\n\nThe survey was made available in English, Bahasa, Thai and Tagalog. We used the Qualtrics platform to facilitate the ease of dissemination and response from home computers, iPads or mobile phone survey options. Qualtrics, one of the most widely used research platforms, supports the implementation of both large-scale survey and experimental study designs. It is administered online with responses gathered into a central and privacy protected database that only the approved researchers have access to.\n\nThe platform allows for the easy migration of data into various statistical packages, including STATA, the main statistical analysis package that we will use to analyse the data. A limitation of this study is that we were unable to translate the survey in all ASEAN languages, and there is a selection bias in that we are focussing the survey in areas of the region that most experience violent extremism and terrorism. However, through our networks, where possible, we disseminated the survey throughout all ASEAN countries.\n\nIt is important to note the limitations of this six-month study. Although the survey was disseminated among all member states, the majority of expert respondents came from Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand. While this can be regarded as highly selective rather than representative, it is important to note that Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand are the countries that continue to face the most pressing threat of ongoing violent extremism and conflict.\n\nThis is with the exception of Myanmar. Given the current political circumstances and challenges posed by COVID-19, on top of the short project time span, it was unfeasible to include Myanmar within the scope of this study. It is also important to note that the data derived from the surveys and interviews were based on the perceptions of experts and key informants, who are involved in peacebuilding, and on P/CVE strategies throughout the region. As a result, it is important to note the subjectivity of responses.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Age GroupMaleFemale
25-3025
31-40512
41-50818
OVER 50219
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 19, "y": 80.88999999999999}, {"x": 425.94720000000024, "y": 80.88999999999999}, {"x": 425.94720000000024, "y": 90.88999999999999}, {"x": 19, "y": 90.88999999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN 26", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000155.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 79}, {"x": 142.712, "y": 79}, {"x": 142.712, "y": 103}, {"x": 56, "y": 103}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Contents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ChapterTitlePage
1.Front Matter1
2.Introduction to Researching Wicked Problems3
3.Our Mental Shortcuts13
4.Identifying a Topic25
5.Types of Sources38
6.Access & Searching55
7.SIFTing Information67
8.Evaluating News Sources80
9.Audience, Presentation & Citation88
Instructor Resources97
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000007.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 432, "y": 0}, {"x": 432, "y": 648}, {"x": 0, "y": 648}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "CHAPTER 2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 173, "y": 144}, {"x": 270.9440000000001, "y": 144}, {"x": 270.9440000000001, "y": 158}, {"x": 173, "y": 158}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Narratives in Chuj", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 66, "y": 211}, {"x": 377.976, "y": 211}, {"x": 377.976, "y": 221.5}, {"x": 66, "y": 221.5}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "This collection of six narratives told in Chuj demonstrates the broad variety of stories people tell one another and the variety of sources of those stories: personal narratives, legendary events, mythological tales, and stories borrowed from other cultures. All were recorded by me during field work on Chuj from 1964 to 1965. (See the Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America, www.ailla.utexas.org, for these and other samples of Chuj speech recorded during field work; AILLA reference codes for each text are given below and at the head of each transcription.)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 162, "y": 326}, {"x": 281.0875, "y": 326}, {"x": 281.0875, "y": 338.5}, {"x": 162, "y": 338.5}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Introduction to the Texts", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 66, "y": 346}, {"x": 377.9970000000002, "y": 346}, {"x": 377.9970000000002, "y": 356.5}, {"x": 66, "y": 356.5}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Two of the stories are ultimately of foreign origin, but their origins are not the same. In one case, the story known to the narrator as An Old Man Whose Son Killed Him [CAC 002 R022], the story clearly comes from the European tradition, and must have been introduced to the Chuj by schoolteachers. It is the classic Greek tale of a couple whose child is destined to kill his father and how that came about, including the solution to a famous riddle: What animal walks on four legs at dawn, on two legs at noon, and on three legs in the evening?\n\nThe other tale, Coyote and Rabbit [CAC 002 R027], is probably ultimately of African origin, although some of its episodes are traditional in the American South and may have been introduced secondhand to the Chuj. This is the series of incidents that make up the Br'er Rabbit stories, stories that reflected earlier African tales involving Hyena instead of Fox (Diarassouba 2007). Here the story features Coyote instead of either Fox or Hyena. Coyote stories and stories of Rabbit Trickster abound in the native New World, and some of the episodes may be of American origin, adapted to the framework of the African stories. Some episodes have a local flavor (such as misty mountains) and are likely of local origin.\n\nA third story, Friend of the Animals [CAC 002 R020], expresses such a universal theme that it could possibly be of foreign origin as well, but it has", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000123.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 81}, {"x": 267.248, "y": 81}, {"x": 267.248, "y": 105}, {"x": 56, "y": 105}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "The Data Journey", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 114}, {"x": 333.42220000000003, "y": 114}, {"x": 333.42220000000003, "y": 123}, {"x": 56, "y": 123}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "To get started, let's consider the data visualization1 in Figure 1.1 below.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Fruit Production in British Columbia
Figure 1.1. Production of apples, blueberries, cranberries, grapes, and strawberries in British Columbia, 2016-2020.
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
YearApplesBlueberriesCranberriesGrapesStrawberries
2016~120,000~80,000~60,000~40,000~30,000
2017~120,000~70,000~50,000~30,000~30,000
2018~120,000~80,000~60,000~35,000~30,000
2019~120,000~100,000~40,000~40,000~35,000
2020~100,000~80,000~50,000~30,000~25,000
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 81}, {"x": 338.6143, "y": 81}, {"x": 338.6143, "y": 105}, {"x": 56, "y": 105}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "The underlying raw data went through many stages before it was presented to you in this data visualization. The information had to be:\n\n- Collected via surveys\n- Inputted into a database\n- Stored on secure servers\n- Cleaned for accuracy and consistency\n- Analyzed to understand the trends\n- Presented as a bar graph\n\n1 Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate value of marketed fruits. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved January 9th, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/3210036401-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence\n\n4 | The Data Journey", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000031.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 75, "y": 28.008000000000038}, {"x": 433.64762244000013, "y": 28.008000000000038}, {"x": 433.64762244000013, "y": 37.97060000000005}, {"x": 75, "y": 37.97060000000005}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control\n\n$$\\lim \\frac{P_{LL}}{P_{LH} + P_{HL}} \\quad \\text{and} \\quad \\lim \\frac{P_{LL} + P_{HH}}{P_{LH} + P_{HL}} \\quad (13)$$\n\nequal zero when certain parameters tend to infinity in some well-defined way.\nHowever, it is worthwhile at this stage to note their implications for cosmology.\n\nThe strong broken symmetry in Definition 5 actually means that a monotonic\nbehavior of the entropy is far more probable than a non-monotonic one. In the case\nof a weak broken symmetry, this is not necessarily so; it could very well be that the\nmost probable scenario would be high entropy at both ends. Thus, this is definitely a\nweaker statement, but it can nevertheless be argued that it can be used to explain\nthe time asymmetry that we observe, referring to a kind of anthropic principle: it is\nan obvious observational fact that we live in a universe with low entropy at at least\none end. If the statement in Definition 4 is fulfilled, then clearly among such\nscenarios, the monotonic ones (LH and HL) are the by far most probable ones.\nThus, since universes with high entropy at both ends would seem to be quite\nuninhabitable, one can argue that given the existence of an observer, then with\nalmost certainty he must live in a universe with monotonic entropy.\n\nSumming up, both limits above can be used to argue in favor of time asymmetry.\nNevertheless, at least to the mind of the author, the strong broken symmetry is the\npreferable one. This alternative will be further studied in Section 9.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 75, "y": 326.00800000000004}, {"x": 372.2157513000001, "y": 326.00800000000004}, {"x": 372.2157513000001, "y": 336.96700000000004}, {"x": 75, "y": 336.96700000000004}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "8. Numerical computations in the combinatorial multiverse", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 75, "y": 70.00800000000004}, {"x": 433.61474585999997, "y": 70.00800000000004}, {"x": 433.61474585999997, "y": 79.97060000000005}, {"x": 75, "y": 79.97060000000005}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "With the setup in Sections 6 and 7, we can now use Mathematica or MATLAB to\ngenerate instances of the combinatorial multiverse for small values of m and W and\nthen compute the corresponding probability weights P_LL, P_LH, P_HL and P_HH. It is\nimportant to note that the matrices here can be treated as sparse, rather than as full\nmatrices, which make the computations considerably faster.\n\nIn particular, in the case m = 2 in Section 6 and with a randomly generated\ndynamics which is manifested by an adjacency matrix A, we can compute the\npower A^4 and read of the first row, which contains all the information we need\nabout the paths from the state at t = -2 with S = 0. So what do we find?\n\nIn Figure 3, I have plotted the ratio N_LL/(N_LH + N_HL) for the cases m = 2 (light\ngray) and m = 3 (dark gray) for values of W ranging from 3 to 30. What is actually\ndisplayed are the mean values of 1000 randomly generated matrices as above for\neach value of W. Although the picture clearly supports the claim that\n\n[A bar chart is shown with the following characteristics:\n- X-axis ranges from 2 to 30 in increments of 1\n- Y-axis ranges from 0 to 0.10 in increments of 0.02\n- Two sets of bars are shown, one in light gray and one in dark gray\n- The bars start high (around 0.10) for low x-values and decrease rapidly, becoming very small (close to 0) for higher x-values\n- The dark gray bars are generally slightly higher than the light gray bars]\n\nFigure 3.\nThe ratio N_LL/(N_LH + N_HL) as a function of W for the cases m = 2 (light gray) and m = 3 (dark gray) [4].\n\n318", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000115.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 52}, {"x": 510.3599999999998, "y": 52}, {"x": 510.3599999999998, "y": 66.03999999999999}, {"x": 72, "y": 66.03999999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE BIO181\n\n5. Sample problem: If the ocular has a 10x lens and the objective has a 45x lens the total magnification is 10 x 45 = 450x\n\nChanging objectives:\n\n1. When changing objectives from scanning power to lower power to high power the following changes will occur:\n a. The size of the field of view decreases\n b. The field of view becomes darker\n c. The size of the image increases\n d. The resolution (ability to see detail) increases\n e. The working distance between the slide and the objective lens decreases\n f. The depth of focus (thickness of the specimen that is visible) is reduced\n\n2. When changing from scanning to low power the field of view gets smaller. In fact, every time you increase the power of the objective, the field gets smaller.\n\nSteps for Using the Microscope:\n\n1. Place the slide on the stage lining it up with the rectangle and using the stage clip to hold it in place.\n\n [The image shows a close-up view of a microscope stage. A slide is being placed on the stage, and a hand is visible adjusting it. The objective lenses are visible above the stage.]\n\n2. Click the nosepiece to the lowest (shortest) setting, the scanning objective lens or 4x.\n3. Look into the eyepiece.\n4. Use the coarse adjustment knob to bring the specimen into view. The specimen must be in focus before moving to the next steps.\n5. Rotate the nosepiece to the low-power objective or 10x.\n6. Refocus using the coarse adjustment knob.\n7. Move the slide to get a centered view.\n8. Now use the fine adjustment knob to get the specimen in perfect focus.\n9. Your slide MUST be focused on low power before attempting this next step.\n\n20", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000038.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 94, "y": 72.88999999999999}, {"x": 472.9445499999998, "y": 72.88999999999999}, {"x": 472.9445499999998, "y": 82.38999999999999}, {"x": 94, "y": 82.38999999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 6.1.1: Will they fire more staff in the next 2 months - across survey phases (%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Survey PhaseWill not terminate employmentWill terminate employmentDon't know
July 202051545
October 202081118
January 202173126
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 94, "y": 131.89}, {"x": 529.2415499999997, "y": 131.89}, {"x": 529.2415499999997, "y": 141.39}, {"x": 94, "y": 141.39}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Figure 6.1.2: Will they fire more staff in the next 2 months \u2013 across sectors and survey phases (%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
SectorSurvey PhaseWill not terminate employmentWill terminate employmentDon't know
TourismJul 202059832
Oct 202082216
Jan 202171226
Handicraft/TextileJul 202037162
Oct 202055045
Jan 202141059
AgricultureJul 202041059
Oct 20209406
Jan 20219109
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 94, "y": 365.89}, {"x": 466.8778776, "y": 365.89}, {"x": 466.8778776, "y": 375.39}, {"x": 94, "y": 375.39}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "6.2. Expectations for Re-Hiring Employees", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 94, "y": 131.89}, {"x": 529.1293000000009, "y": 131.89}, {"x": 529.1293000000009, "y": 141.39}, {"x": 94, "y": 141.39}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "In July 2020, 81% of the MSMEs that had laid off employees expected to re-hire all of them when the situation improved. This number reduced to 23% in October 2020 and further to just 7% in January 2021\u2075. In July 2020, all MSMEs had plans to re-hire at least some of their staff. But in October 2020, 17% said they had no plans to re-hire and another 36% said they didn't know whether they would re-hire or not. In January 2021, 20% said they had no plans to re-hire and another 27% said they did not know. This question was only posed to those who had let staff go since the last survey round, and in October 2020 and January 2021, the base numbers reduced as fewer MSMEs reported letting staff go. In July 2020, 195 MSMEs\n\n5. The question on re-hiring was asked to those who had laid-off employees since the last survey. In the latter two survey rounds, respondents were asked about plans to re-hire staff whom they had let go since the previous interview, whereas in July 2020, they were asked about plans to re-hire staff they had let go since their business was first affected by the pandemic.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000144.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 89, "y": 81}, {"x": 512.2921434479753, "y": 81}, {"x": 512.2921434479753, "y": 91.3811}, {"x": 89, "y": 91.3811}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Chapter 3. Numerical differentiation 35\n\nNote that the exact error equals\n\n$$ M - Q(h) = e - 2.7525 ... = -0.0342 ... . $$\n\nIn this example the error estimate is very reliable.\n\nTo receive a better approximation the error estimate can be added to the approximation:\n\n$$ Q(h) + c_p h^p = 2.7525 ... - 0.0348 ... = 2.7177 ... . $$\n\nIn the above example, the value of p was computed using Richardson's extrapolation. However, using Theorem 3.2.1, it is clear that p = 1, and this value could have been used immediately in equation (3.13b) in order to determine c_p h^p. In practice, more complex situations are found, and the following complications may occur:\n\n- It is not known whether higher-order derivatives exist and/or are bounded.\n- The final result is a combination of various approximation methods. The influence of these approximations on p is not always clear.\n- During implementation of the algorithm in a computer program, errors may be made.\n\nTo reveal any of these complications it is good practice to verify whether the calculated p is close to the p that follows from theory.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 89, "y": 397}, {"x": 112.97764262016, "y": 397}, {"x": 112.97764262016, "y": 408.9552}, {"x": 89, "y": 408.9552}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "3.7.3 Formulae of higher accuracy from Richardson's extrapolation *", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 89, "y": 428}, {"x": 512.4521493466762, "y": 428}, {"x": 512.4521493466762, "y": 438.3811}, {"x": 89, "y": 438.3811}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "In several applications the value of p in (3.10) is known. In that case Richardson's extrapolation can be used to determine formulae of higher accuracy.\n\nThis is done by making use of the fact that the error estimates for Q(h) and Q(2h) equal\n\n$$ M - Q(h) = c_p h^p + O(h^{p+1}), $$ (3.15a)\n\n$$ M - Q(2h) = c_p (2h)^p + O(h^{p+1}) . $$ (3.15b)\n\nMultiplying equation (3.15a) by 2^p and subtracting equation (3.15b) from this yields\n\n$$ 2^p(M - Q(h)) - (M - Q(2h)) = 2^p(c_p h^p) - c_p (2h)^p + O(h^{p+1}), $$\n\nsuch that\n\n$$ (2^p - 1)M - 2^p Q(h) + Q(2h) = O(h^{p+1}). $$\n\nThis means that\n\n$$ M = \\frac{2^p Q(h) - Q(2h)}{2^p - 1} + O(h^{p+1}). $$ (3.16)\n\nThe value $(2^p Q(h) - Q(2h))/(2^p - 1)$ is a new approximation formula for M with an accuracy that is one order higher than the order of Q(h).\n\nExample 3.7.2 (Forward difference of higher accuracy)\n\nAs an example, the forward-difference method is considered. The error in the forward-difference formula may be written as\n\n$$ f'(x) - Q_f (h) = c_1 h + O(h^2), $$ (3.17)\n\nand the difference for 2h equals\n\n$$ f'(x) - Q_f (2h) = c_1 2h + O(h^2). $$ (3.18)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000133.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 576, "y": 0}, {"x": 576, "y": 720}, {"x": 0, "y": 720}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "7.6 Examples of Women's Impact", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 110}, {"x": 519.1450000000002, "y": 110}, {"x": 519.1450000000002, "y": 119}, {"x": 56, "y": 119}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Sportfishing. Among those who fish for sport, only 27% of U.S. anglers are female (Burkett and Carter 2020). Underrepresentation of females in sportfishing is ironic, as the first publication on fly-fishing, dating from the 15th century, was written by Dame Juliana Berners, entitled Treatyse of Fysshynge with an Angle, a publication that heavily influenced novelty of the sport for European enthusiasts. Though sometimes invisible, women are slowly changing the world of sportfishing by breaking stereotypes. Future growth of sportfishing will rely on female anglers, instructors, and guides. Here I share a few examples on women making a substantial impact through their passion toward fishing. These examples demonstrate women who loved and valued what they did. If the paucity of female role models discourages females from seeing the relevance of fishing to them, these examples should inspire.\n\nFrederick Buller (2013) chronicled the very long list of large Atlantic Salmon caught by female anglers, which are outnumbered 200 to 1 by male salmon anglers. Georgina Ballantine holds the British record for a 64-pound rod-caught Atlantic Salmon from River Tay, Scotland, in 1922 (Figure 7.5). Joan Wulff was introduced to fly-fishing by her father when she was ten and won several fly-fishing accuracy championships before winning the 1951 Fishermen's Distance competition against all-male competitors. She became the first female spokesperson for Garcia Corporation in 1959 and advocated for women anglers in her writings for Outdoor Life and Rod & Reel. Today, females make up 30% of participants in the sport of fly-fishing (Recreational Fishing and Boating Foundation 2021). Joan Wulff participated in many distance casting events and did trick casting. She snapped a cigarette from the mouth of Johnny Carson on the TV show \"Who Do You Trust?\" (Fogt 2017). Starting in 1978, Wulff opened a fly-casting school on the Upper Beaverkill River in New York. Her Fly-Casting Techniques, published in 1987, and New Fly-Casting Techniques, published in 2012, are classic guides to learning her techniques. When asked about her favorite fish, she would respond, \"Whatever I'm fishing for,\" and her favorite place to fish was \"Wherever I am.\"\n\nThe image shows a woman in a long coat and hat holding a fishing rod. The caption reads: Figure 7.5: Georgina Ballantine holds the British record for a 64-pound rod-caught salmon from River Tay, Scotland in 1922.\n\nMost avid bass anglers can identify Roland Martin, Bill Dance, and Jimmy Houston, who dominated competitive bass fishing in the first decade of Bass Anglers Sportsman Society (B.A.S.S.) and have had TV fishing shows for decades. Kim Bain-Moore began competing in bass tournaments at age 19 and in 2009 became the first woman to compete in the Bassmaster Classic tournament. Only three females have been inducted into the Bass Fishing Hall of Fame. The first was Christine Houston, who organized the first-ever all women's bass club, the \"Tulsa Bass Belles.\" But female participation in competitive bass fishing never took off as expected. Fewer that one in five readers of Field & Stream, Outdoor Life, and Bassmaster magazines are female (Carini and Weber 2017).\n\nGender and Fishing | 155", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000100.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
CategoryAnonymousObservable
House2.5%4%
Apartment5%11.5%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
CategoryAnonymousObservable
Renter4.5%6%
Owner2.5%10%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 63.621217008014256}, {"x": 554.6735301, "y": 63.621217008014256}, {"x": 554.6735301, "y": 78.46761059661621}, {"x": 56, "y": 78.46761059661621}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "(Yoeli et al. 2013)\n\nOn a final note, Yoeli et al. provide evidence that indirect reciprocity among Homo sapiens is unique to public goods. Their hypothesis is that choosing not to participate in a demand response program should carry the threat of social sanctions only if participation is considered to be for the public good. To test their hypothesis, the authors solicited an additional 1,000 customers with exactly the same treatments as described above, except that the informational materials the customers received ahead of time to entice them to participate in the demand response program were stripped of any language\n\nBEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 213", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000094.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ExposuresMean Liking Score
1\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587
2\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587
3\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587
4\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587
5\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587
6\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587
7\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587
8\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 113.52226590436592}, {"x": 550.0854000000002, "y": 113.52226590436592}, {"x": 550.0854000000002, "y": 143.66653825363827}, {"x": 56, "y": 143.66653825363827}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "6. Warning: This question concerns a politically charged event that occurred on January 18, 2019, at the Indigenous People's March in Washington, D.C. After reading this account of what happened at the march, and viewing this video of the event, which of the effects presented in this chapter do you think best describes this episode in our nation's history?\n\n7. Think of a situation in your own life when you framed information (either wittingly or unwittingly) in such a way that helped pre-determine an outcome. Describe the situation and how you framed the information. Was the outcome improved or worsened as a result of how you framed the information?\n\n8. After having learned about the Anchoring Effect in this chapter, do you think you will ever fall for something like this again?\n\n9. When someone admonishes you \"not to judge a book by its cover,\" or as British management journalist Robert Heller once noted, \"Never ignore a gut feeling, but never believe that it's enough,\" what heuristic(s) is he unwittingly advising you to avoid using?\n\n10. Browse the internet for information about an effect that was not discussed in this chapter. Can you classify this effect as a special case of a Priming or Framing Effect? Explain.\n\n11. Browse the internet for a heuristic other than the Affect and Availability Heuristics described in this chapter. Explain the heuristic.\n\n12. It's one thing to detect the existence of a Silo Effect and quite another to measure its\n\n24 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000103.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 250, "y": 25.919999999999845}, {"x": 383.0378325317567, "y": 25.919999999999845}, {"x": 383.0378325317567, "y": 41.744999340624844}, {"x": 250, "y": 41.744999340624844}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "WITH CHATGPT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 612, "y": 0}, {"x": 612, "y": 791.9999937}, {"x": 0, "y": 791.9999937}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "CREATING SLIDES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 188, "y": 126.91999999999985}, {"x": 432.01727603295825, "y": 126.91999999999985}, {"x": 432.01727603295825, "y": 138.21301375873085}, {"x": 188, "y": 138.21301375873085}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "01 - Find Open Educational Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 188, "y": 144.91999999999985}, {"x": 567.8005023918843, "y": 144.91999999999985}, {"x": 567.8005023918843, "y": 156.21301375873085}, {"x": 188, "y": 156.21301375873085}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Start by searching for information on platforms like OER Commons, where authors share their materials freely, ensuring no copyright issues.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 188, "y": 221.91999999999985}, {"x": 353.38647523479665, "y": 221.91999999999985}, {"x": 353.38647523479665, "y": 233.20749967968734}, {"x": 188, "y": 233.20749967968734}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "02- Prepare Your Content", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 187, "y": 240.91999999999985}, {"x": 564.5497604831592, "y": 240.91999999999985}, {"x": 564.5497604831592, "y": 252.20749967968734}, {"x": 187, "y": 252.20749967968734}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Summarize or extract the key points from the materials you've found. This will be the content for your slides.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 188, "y": 25.919999999999845}, {"x": 414.4605378950764, "y": 25.919999999999845}, {"x": 414.4605378950764, "y": 41.744999340624844}, {"x": 188, "y": 41.744999340624844}], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "03- Generate Slides with ChatGPT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 188, "y": 322.91999999999985}, {"x": 569.367741384813, "y": 322.91999999999985}, {"x": 569.367741384813, "y": 334.2079587648743}, {"x": 188, "y": 334.2079587648743}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Provide the summarized content to ChatGPT and instruct it to create a structured outline for Google Slides, including titles, main points, and any specific instructions for slide design.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 187, "y": 403.91999999999985}, {"x": 370.0785541112145, "y": 403.91999999999985}, {"x": 370.0785541112145, "y": 415.214242561096}, {"x": 187, "y": 415.214242561096}], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "04 - Create App Script Code", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 187, "y": 422.91999999999985}, {"x": 565.5884153852505, "y": 422.91999999999985}, {"x": 565.5884153852505, "y": 434.214242561096}, {"x": 187, "y": 434.214242561096}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "After finalizing the slide structure, ask ChatGPT to generate a Google Apps Script code that can create these slides automatically.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 188, "y": 490.91999999999985}, {"x": 416.84475652031927, "y": 490.91999999999985}, {"x": 416.84475652031927, "y": 502.214242561096}, {"x": 188, "y": 502.214242561096}], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "05 - Execute in Google Apps Script", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 188, "y": 509.91999999999985}, {"x": 579.5397601267666, "y": 509.91999999999985}, {"x": 579.5397601267666, "y": 521.214242561096}, {"x": 188, "y": 521.214242561096}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Open Google Apps Script, start a new project, and paste the code provided by ChatGPT. Run the script to auto-generate your slide deck.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 188, "y": 589.9199999999998}, {"x": 344.7585319671115, "y": 589.9199999999998}, {"x": 344.7585319671115, "y": 601.220058964531}, {"x": 188, "y": 601.220058964531}], "category": "heading1", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "06 - Edit and Customize", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 105, "y": 608.9199999999998}, {"x": 573.2343930482759, "y": 608.9199999999998}, {"x": 573.2343930482759, "y": 625.8474992946874}, {"x": 105, "y": 625.8474992946874}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Once the slides are created, you can further edit and customize them in Google Slides according to your needs.\n\n----\n\nINTERESTED IN FREE AI-CONSULTANCE OR COLLABORATION WITH US?\n\nEMAIL REBECCA.ALLEN@MSJ.EDU FOR MORE INFORMATION", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000056.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 95.91999999999996}, {"x": 481.89904000000007, "y": 95.91999999999996}, {"x": 481.89904000000007, "y": 106.95999999999998}, {"x": 85, "y": 106.95999999999998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "scheme helped the biomass power capacity to increase by more than double in 7 years.\nUnder the FIT scheme, biomass fuels for power generation are grouped into six categories.\n\n- General wood: sawmill residues, import wood such as pellets and chips, palm kernel\n shell (PKS) and palm trunk\n- Liquid biomass: palm oil\n- Unutilised wood: domestic thinned wood\n- Construction wood waste: wood waste salvaged from construction and other wood\n materials\n- Waste materials and other biomass: pruned branched, paper, food waste, waste\n cooking oil, and black liquor\n- Biogas: methane derived from sewage sludge, manure, and food waste.\n\nWhile inexpensive biomass sources such as wood waste from construction and waste\nmaterials, were the main fuels under the RPS, the domestic unutilised wood and the\ngeneral wood whose tariff rates are set higher increased specifically (Figure 4.1, 4.2).\n\nFigure 4.1. Approved Capacity under the FIT Scheme", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
YearWaste materialsBiogasConstruction wood wasteGeneral wood (10MWs)General wood (<10MW)Unutilised wood (2MWs)Unutilised wood (<2MW)
2012SmallSmallSmallSmallSmallSmallSmall
2013LargeMediumLargeLargeLargeMediumSmall
2014SmallSmallSmallMediumMediumSmallSmall
2015SmallSmallSmallMediumMediumSmallSmall
2016SmallSmallMediumMediumMediumSmallSmall
2017SmallSmallSmallMediumMediumSmallSmall
2018Very SmallSmallVery SmallSmallSmallVery SmallVery Small
2019SmallSmallVery SmallSmallSmallVery SmallVery Small
2020SmallSmallVery SmallSmallSmallVery SmallVery Small
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 524.92}, {"x": 481.62100000000004, "y": 524.92}, {"x": 481.62100000000004, "y": 535.4799999999999}, {"x": 85, "y": 535.4799999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "FIT = feed-in-tariff.\nNote: Liquid biomass approved under the FIT scheme between FY2012 and FY2017 is included in general wood\nand no liquid biomass has been approved since FY2018.\nSource: METI (2021a).\n\n30", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000071.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 83.91999999999996}, {"x": 523.348, "y": 83.91999999999996}, {"x": 523.348, "y": 99.91999999999996}, {"x": 72, "y": 99.91999999999996}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "be used as a good opportunity to learn from each other and increase the capacity of human rights institutions in various countries.94\n\nWhat works in other countries, can be learned and developed according to the situation in Indonesia. 95 Partnerships can be carried out formally through a memorandum of understanding or with a partnerships agreement for potential strategic partners.96", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 194.91999999999996}, {"x": 315.81600000000003, "y": 194.91999999999996}, {"x": 315.81600000000003, "y": 206.91999999999996}, {"x": 72, "y": 206.91999999999996}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "3.2.6. SDGs Dissemination in Social Media", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 226.91999999999996}, {"x": 523.484, "y": 226.91999999999996}, {"x": 523.484, "y": 238.91999999999996}, {"x": 72, "y": 238.91999999999996}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Information dissemination in the digital era is closely related to the use of social media. Therefore, the dissemination of the SDGs through social media platforms owned by the Komnas HAM needs to be optimized as a way to increase public participation to be active as \"agents\" of the Komnas HAM in Indonesia. To be able to achieve this, the community needs to first receive education about the SDGs to clearly understand the focus of each goal and its derivatives. Once there is a fairly good understanding at the level of the general public, especially those who interact with the Komnas HAM's social media, an easier way to report SDGs related to human rights violations can be formulated.\n\nThe Komnas HAM, for example, has used social media Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube. There has been an increase in the frequency of Instagram social media uploads from 2019-2020 from 111 uploads in 2019 to 198 uploads in 2020. The variety of content uploaded by the Komnas HAM on Instagram is also increasingly diverse with the following details:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Category20192020
Events8176
Information2156
Celebration Greetings947
Infographics016
Videographic03
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 544.92}, {"x": 523.336, "y": 544.92}, {"x": 523.336, "y": 557.88}, {"x": 72, "y": 557.88}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Diagram 4 Distribution of @komnas.ham Instagram Content (2019-2020)\n\nIf observed from the Komnas HAM's Instagram account within the 2019-2020 period, the SDGs have only been mentioned explicitly twice in the following contents:\n\n94 See also Komnas HAM, \"The NHRI Practice and Experience in Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, and Palestine in Supporting Sustainable Development Goals Achievements\" (n. 93).\n95 Ibid.\n96 Ibid.\n\n18", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000176.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 67}, {"x": 338.6128999999999, "y": 67}, {"x": 338.6128999999999, "y": 76}, {"x": 56, "y": 76}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "vapor and other gases, making it useless. Only in the vacuum of space can optical elements be cooled to hundreds of degrees below freezing and still remain operational.\n\nThe first orbiting infrared observatory, launched in 1983, was the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), built as a joint project by the United States, the Netherlands, and Britain. IRAS was equipped with a 0.6-meter telescope cooled to a temperature of less than 10 K. For the first time, the infrared sky could be seen as if it were night, rather than through a bright foreground of atmospheric and telescope emissions. IRAS carried out a rapid but comprehensive survey of the entire infrared sky over a 10-month period, cataloging about 350,000 sources of infrared radiation. Since then, several other infrared telescopes have operated in space with much better sensitivity and resolution due to improvements in infrared detectors. The most powerful of these infrared telescopes is the 0.85-meter Spitzer Space Telescope, which launched in 2003. A few of its observations are shown in Figure 2. With infrared observations, astronomers can detect cooler parts of cosmic objects, such as the dust clouds around star nurseries and the remnants of dying stars, that visible-light images don't reveal.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 66, "y": 381}, {"x": 329.33241, "y": 381}, {"x": 329.33241, "y": 395.418}, {"x": 66, "y": 395.418}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Observations from the Spitzer Space Telescope (SST).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Flame nebulaCassiopeia AHelix nebula
Flame nebulaCassiopeia AHelix nebula
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 531}, {"x": 333.5261999999999, "y": 531}, {"x": 333.5261999999999, "y": 540}, {"x": 56, "y": 540}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Figure 2. These infrared images\u2014a region of star formation, the remnant of an exploded star, and a region where an old star is\n\n336 | Chapter 6 Section 6.5: Observations outside Earth's Atmosphere", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000157.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 72}, {"x": 85.99133470000001, "y": 72}, {"x": 85.99133470000001, "y": 88.22030000000001}, {"x": 56, "y": 88.22030000000001}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Stop", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 72}, {"x": 239.14970000000002, "y": 72}, {"x": 239.14970000000002, "y": 88.22030000000001}, {"x": 56, "y": 88.22030000000001}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Check your emotions. If a claim causes strong emotion \u2013 anger, glee, pride, vindication \u2013 STOP. You must fact-check this claim. Remember from the chapter, Our Mental Shortcuts, that we more readily accept information that confirms our beliefs (confirmation bias) and we tend to think less critically about that kind of information than we do about information that challenges our beliefs (motivated reasoning.) A strong emotional reaction is a sign that these cognitive biases are at work. Remember, these mental shortcuts don't make us bad people, we all have them. But we do need to account for them if we want to move toward better information.\n\nIn addition, if you get lost while working on the other moves, or hit dead ends, or find yourself going down an increasingly confusing rabbit hole during your investigation, STOP. Back up and start over knowing what you know now. You're likely to take a more informed path with different search terms and better decisions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
In these chapters we're focusing on researching a wicked problem, but the SIFT method is a great thing to use before you share information on social media. Often we feel compelled to share the things that evoke the strongest feelings, but those strong feelings are a good sign that those things need to be checked before they are shared.
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 250}, {"x": 150.25189999999992, "y": 250}, {"x": 150.25189999999992, "y": 259}, {"x": 56, "y": 259}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "SIFTing Information | 69", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000114.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 47, "y": 35}, {"x": 215.804675, "y": 35}, {"x": 215.804675, "y": 49.04}, {"x": 47, "y": 49.04}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 45, "y": 74}, {"x": 577.5240000000002, "y": 74}, {"x": 577.5240000000002, "y": 86}, {"x": 45, "y": 86}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Genetics Lab - Blood Disorders .............................................................................. 94", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 45, "y": 97}, {"x": 577.5240000000003, "y": 97}, {"x": 577.5240000000003, "y": 109}, {"x": 45, "y": 109}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Human Traits Governed by Mendelian Genetics................................................... 97", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 55, "y": 121}, {"x": 554.524, "y": 121}, {"x": 554.524, "y": 133}, {"x": 55, "y": 133}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "1. Record your phenotype and genotype for the following Mendelian traits: .. 97", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 45, "y": 144}, {"x": 577.5240000000005, "y": 144}, {"x": 577.5240000000005, "y": 156}, {"x": 45, "y": 156}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Human Traits not Governed by Mendelian Genetics ............................................ 98", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 45, "y": 167}, {"x": 577.5239999999999, "y": 167}, {"x": 577.5239999999999, "y": 179}, {"x": 45, "y": 179}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Human Genetics Problems ................................................................................... 100", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 45, "y": 190}, {"x": 577.5239999999999, "y": 190}, {"x": 577.5239999999999, "y": 202}, {"x": 45, "y": 202}], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Pedigree Analysis ................................................................................................. 102", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 45, "y": 214}, {"x": 577.5239999999999, "y": 214}, {"x": 577.5239999999999, "y": 226}, {"x": 45, "y": 226}], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Practice Problems................................................................................................. 102", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 45, "y": 237}, {"x": 577.5239999999998, "y": 237}, {"x": 577.5239999999998, "y": 249}, {"x": 45, "y": 249}], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Lab Materials......................................................................................................... 104", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 45, "y": 260}, {"x": 577.5240000000001, "y": 260}, {"x": 577.5240000000001, "y": 272}, {"x": 45, "y": 272}], "category": "heading1", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Contributors and Attributions .............................................................................. 104", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 45, "y": 284}, {"x": 576.6440000000007, "y": 284}, {"x": 576.6440000000007, "y": 296}, {"x": 45, "y": 296}], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "From Gene to Protein via Transcription and Translation .................................... 105", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 302, "y": 776}, {"x": 308.13824, "y": 776}, {"x": 308.13824, "y": 787.04}, {"x": 302, "y": 787.04}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000067.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 108, "y": 74}, {"x": 530.3037, "y": 74}, {"x": 530.3037, "y": 85}, {"x": 108, "y": 85}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "very much interested to know more about plastics as well as the plastics types that can be reused or recycled. Almost all respondents (87.8% ) are interested in approaches to recycle plastics. 87% (20) are interested in improving waste management systems in their LGUs.\n\nd. Awareness of Plastics Ordinance. About 68% of respondents know that there is a city ordinance on plastics, while 52% are aware of the provincial plastic ordinance. 9% do not know of any ordinance and 17% do not know whether or not there is a plastic ordinance. In the same way, only 70% knows of the implementation of an ordinance regulating or prohibiting Single Use Plastics. 30% of the respondents are not aware of the ordinance.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 108, "y": 250}, {"x": 258.89060000000006, "y": 250}, {"x": 258.89060000000006, "y": 264}, {"x": 108, "y": 264}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "6.2 Waste Management", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 108, "y": 282}, {"x": 512.9661000000006, "y": 282}, {"x": 512.9661000000006, "y": 293}, {"x": 108, "y": 293}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "a. Waste Management Fee Collection. At the Barangay level, only 5 respondent barangays - Sampaloc II, H-2, Salitran-II, San Roque-Sta. Cristina II, and Salawag - collect waste management fees.\n\nb. Waste Management Budget. Majority of the respondents (44%) do not know the budget allocation of their LGUS for waste management. 12% of respondents replied that their LGUs have no allocation for waste management while 32% of respondents replied that their budget allocation is below 5% of their LGU budget. Only 8% of respondents replied that their budget allocation for waste management is between 10-20% if the LGU budget. See Figure 20.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
CategoryPercentage
Below 5% of the LGU budget32%
5% to below 10%4%
10% to below 20%8%
20% and over0%
No Allocation12%
I don't know44%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 108, "y": 642}, {"x": 500.58500000000004, "y": 642}, {"x": 500.58500000000004, "y": 656}, {"x": 108, "y": 656}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Figure 20. Percentage of LGU Budget Allocated for Waste Management\n\nc. Waste Collection and Segregation. For 70% of the respondents, wastes are collected by the city government. 35% responded that barangays collect their wastes and still,\n\nStudy on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry 49", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000043.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 111.88999999999999}, {"x": 274.7379999999999, "y": 111.88999999999999}, {"x": 274.7379999999999, "y": 121.88999999999999}, {"x": 70, "y": 121.88999999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 7: Respondents' reaction to the statement \"I am worried that misogynistic and hostile beliefs espoused by extremist groups result in violence towards women.\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ResponsePercentage
Agree56%
Strongly Agree36%
Undecided3%
Disagree4%
Strongly Disagree1%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 524.4079999999999, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 524.4079999999999, "y": 91.88999999999999}, {"x": 72, "y": 91.88999999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "> regarding the outbreak, as well as radical ideas targeted at people, including recruiting them as a part of groups.\n\nFigure 8: Respondents' view to the statement, \"Online radicalization and the proliferation of extremist propaganda has increased during COVID-1\".", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ResponsePercentage
Agree47%
Strongly Agree23%
Undecided21%
Disagree6%
Strongly Disagree3%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 19, "y": 111.88999999999999}, {"x": 510.763, "y": 111.88999999999999}, {"x": 510.763, "y": 121.88999999999999}, {"x": 19, "y": 121.88999999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, 70% of respondents agreed that online radicalization and the proliferation of extremist propaganda had increased. Altogether, 76.9% and 92.9% of women agreed with the statement.\n\nOne interviewee from Indonesia noted that:\n\n> \"COVID has managed to restrict direct meetings to disseminate propaganda, misinformation and disinformation through most government's large-scale restrictions to prevent the virus' spread. However, the tendency to utilize online spaces to disseminate these has increased since the use of online activities is mandatory in various sectors, such as working and education. Most people certainly use online platforms to disseminate false information\n\nAnother interviewee from Indonesia observed that:\n\n> \"(Based on my experience), during 2020-2021 one of the interesting things has been the impact of misinformation and disinformation related to COVID, affecting people's views and attitudes in responding to, preventing and handling of (the virus). At the beginning of the Indonesian government's policy on limiting religious activities in places of worship, this issue caused a strong, adverse reaction among extremist groups, giving rise to a narrative that the\n\nGender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN 36", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000053.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 44, "y": 45}, {"x": 155.809, "y": 45}, {"x": 155.809, "y": 55}, {"x": 44, "y": 55}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "16 Encinas Franco and Laguna", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
RegionColumn 1Column 2Column 3
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula424
X - Northern Mindanao222
XI - Davao Region135
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN221
XIII - Caraga133
ARMM122
Party-List101520
TOTAL (w/ Party-List)556688
TOTAL (w/o Party-List)455168
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 45, "y": 84}, {"x": 369.00200000000007, "y": 84}, {"x": 369.00200000000007, "y": 94}, {"x": 45, "y": 94}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Source: HOR 2022. Computations made by the authors.\n\nOverall, the abovementioned situation indicates that Filipino women have gradually increased their presence in formal politics. In Asia, the Philippines and Taiwan are the only countries above the global average of 24.5 percent of women in parliament (Liu 2021). However, challenges remain as the increased participation of women comes from dysfunctional features of the country's political system: political dynasties and the Party-List law. Nonetheless, not all women from these groups are necessarily averse to women's issues.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 432, "y": 0}, {"x": 432, "y": 648}, {"x": 0, "y": 648}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Barriers to Filipino Women's Participation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 45, "y": 109}, {"x": 369.001, "y": 109}, {"x": 369.001, "y": 119}, {"x": 45, "y": 119}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Previous studies have identified political, economic, and cultural factors that impede women's participation in politics. However, context still matters since the perception of women's role in societies and the evolution of political systems differ. The following section examines some of these barriers.\n\nThe Philippine electoral system's \"first-past-the-post\" electoral type, coupled with the lack of well-developed political parties, inhibits women's entry into politics. Encinas-Franco (2021) argues that \"[w]ithout party discipline and institutionalized rules within parties, one", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000008.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 43.00800000000004}, {"x": 264.1400000000001, "y": 43.00800000000004}, {"x": 264.1400000000001, "y": 53.00800000000004}, {"x": 56, "y": 53.00800000000004}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Circulating Things, Circulating Stereotypes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 124.00800000000004}, {"x": 266.95029999999997, "y": 124.00800000000004}, {"x": 266.95029999999997, "y": 135.00800000000004}, {"x": 56, "y": 135.00800000000004}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "indicates the use of balsam, which is \"indigenous in various parts of Arabia,\" as an ingredient in the \"Myrabolan comfit.\"25 Such references emphasize Arabia's exoticism and refined taste, as well as the sweetness and fragrance of its products, which were much valued during a time when the consumption of sugar and spices was rising rapidly among European populations.\n\nCoffee is another staple thing customarily associated with the area. In his Dictionary, Johnson indicates the Arabic origin of coffee and rightly so, as one the most popular types of coffee is called \"Arabica\" because it was first domesticated for commercial use in the southern part of Arabia the Happy (present-day Yemen). Given the Muslim prohibition of alcohol, coffee became particularly attractive to the Muslim world as \"the wine of Islam,\"26 and spread through the ports of the Persian Gulf in Western Europe, where it became immensely popular. Collections of travels published during the time mention that coffee was \"the product of Arabia only.\"27 Imported largely from Yemen, which was credited with producing the best coffee in the world, coffee was considered to have stimulating and therapeutic properties.28 The former quality is famously described by Pope in The Rape of the Lock: \"Coffee (which makes the politician wise), / And see thro' all things with his half-shut Eyes) / Sent up in vapours to the Baron's brain / New Stratagems, the radiant Lock to gain.\"29 According to Beawes, the product was brought to Mecca through the port of Jeddah, whose \"[t]rade consists mainly of coffee brought here by the Arabians and bought by the\n\nFigure 4.2 William Hogarth, Taste in High Life \n\nTurks ... [and] by the Merchants of Mogul, Persia, and several places on the coast of Ehiopia.\"30 From here, coffee spread rapidly in England, France, and Italy, giving rise to the coffeehouse culture that is a hallmark of the eighteenth century. Coffee was also regularly paired in the visual culture of the time with expensive china (fig. 4.2), was employed as a mark of the culture of sociability (fig. 4.3), or was used for its oracular properties31 (fig. 4.4).\n\nArabian medicines were also much sought-after in the Western world. As indicated by Beawes, \"from Arabia, Medicinal drugs, Dragon's Blood, Manna, Myrrh, [and] Incense,\"32 were brought to the British metropolis. Pharmacopoia Reformata (1744) mentions gum Arabic, aloe, cassia, acacia, cardamom, saffron, myrrh, and spikenard, which were all used for their therapeutic properties.33 To\n\n25 William Beckford, An Arabian Tale, from an Unpublished Manuscript: With Notes Critical and Explanatory (London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1786), 165.\n\n26 For the association between coffee and wine, see Ralph S. Hattox, Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a Social Beverage in the Medieval Middle East (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1985), 18\u201319.\n\n27 A Collection of Voyages and Travels, 1:440.\n\n28 Coffee was customarily used as a mild painkiller during the eighteenth century. Poet Alexander Pope, for instance, used it as a palliative for his migraines.\n\n29 Pope, The Rape of the Lock, 69.\n\n30 Beawes, Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, 791.\n\n31 Again, the custom of reading one's fortune in coffee grounds is of Turkish provenance, not Arabic. Such mistaken attributions were pervasive during the eighteenth century.\n\n32 Beawes, Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, 792.\n\n33 M.M., Pharmacopoia Reformata: Or, An Essay for a Reformation of the London Pharmacopoia, by a Set of Remarks on the Draught for a New One, and a Brief Account of the Proceedings of the Committee Appointed by the College of Physicians, to Thoroughly Reform Their", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000055.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": -481.1028041684793}, {"x": 777.955815975736, "y": -481.1028041684793}, {"x": 777.955815975736, "y": -465.84677343159916}, {"x": 85, "y": -465.84677343159916}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "pharmaceutical products (Casson, Muliastra, and Obidzinski, 2014). The development of\nbiofuels from biomass has raised interest in expanding the palm oil plantation area. This\nis because palm oil is the main raw material for biodiesel in Indonesia.\n\nCPO is the primary product derived from the red fruit of the oil palm, while palm kernel\noil, derived from the fruit's nut, is considered a secondary product. Oil palm biomass\nincludes EFBs, palm mesocarps fibres (PMFs), PKS, oil palm fronds, oil palm trunks, as well\nas palm oil mill effluent (POME). Oil palm fronds account for 70% of the total oil palm\nbiomass produced, while EFB accounts for 10% and oil palm trunks account for only about\n5% of the total biomass produced.\n\nAccording to Harahap et al. (2019), Indonesia housed 11 million hectares (Mha) of oil palm\nplantations and produced 31 million tonnes (Mt) of CPO in 2015. Oil extraction from palm\nfruits occurs in palm oil mills. One tonne (t) of CPO production results in nearly 5 t of solid\nbiomass waste, including EFBs, PKSs, PMFs, and POME; see Figure 3.3. This implies that,\nin 2015, Indonesia produced around 155 Mt of palm biomass residue.\n\nFigure 3.3. Biomass Use in Oil Palm Industry", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
One hectare of oil palm plantationFresh fruit bunchPalm fruitsMesocarpCrude palm oilEffluent
~15 t~2 t
~8 t
Shell
Palm kernel
Legend:Empty fruit bunch
---- Residue production~3 t
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 571.92}, {"x": 481.9556799999999, "y": 571.92}, {"x": 481.9556799999999, "y": 582.9599999999999}, {"x": 85, "y": 582.9599999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Source: Harahap et al. (2019).\n\nRegarding the potential for biodiesel, the previous Table 2.10 projected the demand of\nFAME for both B30 and B40 mandates using the volume of diesel fuel needed for the road\ntransport sector. As shown, the FAME demand will reach 19.1 million kL in 2040 for the\nB30 mandate and 25.4 million kL for the B40 mandate. The current FAME production\ncapacity is 12.85 million kL, indicating a shortage of supply to meet the 2040 demand for\nboth the B30 and B40 mandates.\n\nIncreasing the capacity for FAME production implies that the demand for domestic CPO\nwill continue to increase. The estimated CPO required to produce FAME in 2040 is also\ncalculated above (Table 2.11). The estimated CPO consumption for B30 and B40 mandate\nin 2040 will be 17.5 and 23.4 million tonnes, respectively. This was calculated based on\n\n24", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000138.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 186}, {"x": 519.3050000000001, "y": 186}, {"x": 519.3050000000001, "y": 195}, {"x": 56, "y": 195}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 11.2: Arapaima gigas displayed in the Siam Centre, Bangkok.\n\nArapaima is an important flagship genus for flooded forest ecosystem and human floodplain communities. Flagship taxa are used as a symbol to promote conservation awareness (Caro 2010). Their large size makes them a true freshwater megafauna like crocodiles, river dolphins, and other large fish. Freshwater megafauna face many threats, and 71% of these species are in decline (He et al. 2017, 2018). Arapaima continue to face intense fishing throughout their range (Watson et al. 2021). However, freshwater megafauna like the Arapaima have fewer conservation resources and efforts than marine or terrestrial megafaunas.\n\nFishing, in general, and fishing for Arapaima in particular, is a central element of the local economy and culture in Amazonia. Because these fish are obligate breathers, they are traditionally harvested by fishers using harpoons at the time when they surface to breathe. Men typically fish from canoes and search for signs of Arapaima near the surface. As they near the Arapaima, the harpooner throws the harpoon by hand. This is a specialized type of fishing, and the local fishers possess knowledge of the behavior that increases their likelihood of catching one. With appropriate training, fishers' participation in management processes can contribute to the conservation and governance of these small-scale fisheries.\n\nMany populations of Arapaima have been driven to local extinction due to overfishing (Castello et al. 2015a; Gurdak 2019a; Watson et al. 2021; Freitas and Sousa 2021). Much of the catch is illegal, with most specimens being caught below the minimum size limit or during the closed season (Cavole et al. 2015). The small-scale fishers are geographically dispersed, and governments in these regions have insufficient resources to devote to enforcing fishing rules. The riverine fishers who target Arapaima are marginalized and have limited formal education. Yet, compliance with regulations is essential to prevent overfishing and local extinction.\n\nArapaima represent only a small fraction of the fisheries harvest, but they are culturally important and symbolic as a flagship genus of tropical South American fisheries and floodplain management and conservation. Reducing the threats to Arapaima will also provide protections for many of the highly migratory fish of the Amazon basin. Collectively, the migratory fish contribute most of the fishery's landings in the basin (Duponchelle et al. 2021). Migratory fish depend on multiple, distant, but interconnected habitats during their life cycle. Any threat to one of the habitats or the corridor that connects them can influence these important food fish (Goulding et al. 2019).\n\nIntegrating Fishers in the Management of Arapaima | 251", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000078.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 99, "y": 80.88999999999999}, {"x": 394.7948000000001, "y": 80.88999999999999}, {"x": 394.7948000000001, "y": 92.88999999999999}, {"x": 99, "y": 92.88999999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.10. Migrant remittances inflows (in US$ billion)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
YearASEAN (right axis)World (left axis)
201461610
201563602
201666597
201769640
201875694
201978719
202075702
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 99, "y": 226.89}, {"x": 509.76220440000003, "y": 226.89}, {"x": 509.76220440000003, "y": 238.89}, {"x": 99, "y": 238.89}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Source: World Bank and KNOMAD (2021)\n\nTable 1.4. Growth in migrant remittance inflows", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
AMSAverage Annual GrowthRemittance inflows in 2020 (US$ Million)
2000-20042004-2009
Cambodia7.5%-0.7%
Indonesia9.4%29.5%
Lao PDR4.0%115.7%
Malaysia18.6%7.1%
Myanmar2.7%-14.1%
Philippines10.6%11.7%
Thailand-0.9%18.6%
Viet Nam11.5%21.1%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 99, "y": 156.89}, {"x": 510.0648, "y": 156.89}, {"x": 510.0648, "y": 168.89}, {"x": 99, "y": 168.89}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Source: World Bank and KNOMAD (2021)\n\nIn the Philippines, of the returning Filipino migrant workers in 2020, 55 percent earned a monthly income of between PHP20,000 and PHP50,000, and 19 percent earned between PHP5000 and PHP20,000. Before their return, 50 percent reported remitting amounts ranging from PHP10,000 to PHP20,000 (US$200 to US$400) monthly. It is highly unlikely that the families of these migrant workers would have savings to rely on after they lost their jobs. Additionally, 83 percent of these workers were still unemployed after three months, resulting in a 60 percent drop in household income for 48 percent of the returned migrant workers.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000086.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 114, "y": 89}, {"x": 497.23859999999996, "y": 89}, {"x": 497.23859999999996, "y": 105.98}, {"x": 114, "y": 105.98}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205, "y": 130}, {"x": 405.84616000000005, "y": 130}, {"x": 405.84616000000005, "y": 140.98}, {"x": 205, "y": 140.98}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Staff of the Global Legal Research Directorate", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 179}, {"x": 154.36, "y": 179}, {"x": 154.36, "y": 191}, {"x": 72, "y": 191}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "I. Introduction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 219}, {"x": 539.8732999999999, "y": 219}, {"x": 539.8732999999999, "y": 229.98000000000002}, {"x": 72, "y": 229.98000000000002}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "This report, prepared by the research staff of the Law Library of Congress, surveys 39 jurisdictions regarding whether, and if so how, they restrict ownership of land by foreigners.[^1] The jurisdictions surveyed were among those with the highest gross domestic product according to 2021 World Bank data, selected to ensure broadly representative coverage.[^2]\n\nWe identified 10 countries that do not restrict land ownership by foreigners: Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.\n\nWe found that the following countries do not permit foreign ownership of land, although exceptions may apply in some cases or other rights to land may be acquired: China, Indonesia, Nigeria, Philippines, and Thailand.\n\nAmong the other jurisdictions surveyed, some have restrictions that apply to different types of land, including agricultural, residential, and commercial land. Other types of restriction are based on the location of the land, such as near the border or military establishments. Some jurisdictions restrict particular categories of foreigners from land ownership. Some require special permission or approval for foreigners before they can acquire land.\n\nOwnership of agricultural land by foreigners is restricted by some provinces of Canada, and by Egypt, India (restricted for diplomatic personnel, nonresidents of Indian origin and nonresident citizens without registration), Iran, Poland (permit required), and Russia. Argentina, Brazil, and Turkey restrict ownership of rural or local land to a percentage of the total land of the local jurisdiction.\n\nArticle XVII of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) obligates members to provide national treatment to other members, i.e., \"treatment no less favourable than that it accords to its own.\"[^3] If land ownership restrictions result in less favorable treatment of foreigners, GATS\n\n[^1]: The surveyed jurisdictions are Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Egypt, Finland, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom.\n\n[^2]: World Bank Databank, Gross Domestic Product 2021 (Jan. 15, 2023), https://perma.cc/GP7Y-Z8K8.\n\n[^3]: General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1B, art. XVII, 1869 U.N.T.S. 183, 33 I.L.M. 1167 (1994), https://perma.cc/Z89Y-SEVS.\n\nThe Law Library of Congress 1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000182.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 65, "y": 51}, {"x": 108.16019530335998, "y": 51}, {"x": 108.16019530335998, "y": 63.999998399999996}, {"x": 65, "y": 63.999998399999996}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "AI Pack", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 65, "y": 51}, {"x": 579.4935629459203, "y": 51}, {"x": 579.4935629459203, "y": 72.99999840000001}, {"x": 65, "y": 72.99999840000001}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Upstage offers 3 AI packs that process unstructured information and data, making a tangible impact on your business", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
OCRRecommendationProduct semantic search
PackA solution that recognizes characters in an image and extracts necessary informationA solution that recommends the best products and contentsA solution that enables semantic search, analyzes and organizes key information in unstructured text data into a standardized form (DB)
ApplicationApplicable to all fields that require text extraction from standardized documents, such as receipts, bills, credit cards, ID cards, certificates, and medical receiptsApplicable to all fields that use any form of recommendation including alternative products, products and contents that are likely to be purchased nextApplicable to all fields that deal with various types of unstructured data containing text information that require semantic search and conversion into a DB
HighlightAchieved 1st place in the OCR World Competition
The team includes specialists who have presented 14 papers in the world's most renowned AI conferences		Team with specialists and technologies that received Kaggle's Gold Medal recommendation (Education platform)
Proven superior performance of more than 170% compared to other global top-tier recommendation models		Creation of the first natural language evaluation system in Korean (KLUE)
World's No.1 in Kaggle text embedding competition in E-commerce subject (Shopee)
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000129.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 54, "y": 86}, {"x": 558.0002000000002, "y": 86}, {"x": 558.0002000000002, "y": 96}, {"x": 54, "y": 96}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "$$(15.19) \\sigma_y^2 = \\left(\\frac{1}{4}\\right) (\\sigma_{x1}^2 + \\sigma_{x2}^2)$$\n\nIn the case that the distributions were identically distributed with expected value and variance of $\\mu_x$ and $\\sigma_x^2$, each partner would face the same expected value as before, $\\mu_x$. But, the variance of their individual earnings would be $(\\sigma_x^2 + \\sigma_x^2)/4 = \\sigma_x^2/2$, half of what it was before without combining their businesses. Furthermore, the standard deviation of the earnings each partner would face would be:\n\n$$(15.20) \\sqrt{\\frac{\\sigma_x^2}{2}} = \\frac{\\sigma_x}{\\sqrt{2}}$$\n\nAnd if n partners joined together, then they would each face the same expected value as before, but the variance each partner would receive is $\\sigma_x/\\sqrt{n}$. We now illustrate these important results.\n\nAssume that business one's earnings are determined by outcomes associated with the toss of a fair coin. If the outcome of the coin toss is tails, the firm pays (loses) $5,000. If the toss is a heads, the firm wins $8,000. Thus, the firm wins either $8,000 or loses $5,000 and earns on average (.5) (-5,000) + (.5) (8,000) = $1500.\n\nThe standard deviation of this risky outcomes is:\n\n$$(15.21) \\sqrt{(.5)(-\\$5,000 - \\$1,500)^2 + (.5)(\\$8,000 - \\$1,500)^2} = \\$6,500$$\n\nFurthermore, assuming a normal distribution, 68% of the time, the average outcome will be between the mean and plus or minus one standard deviation: ($1,500 + $6,500) = $8,000 and ($1,500 - $6,500) = -$5,000.\n\nNow suppose that two persons decide to combine their operations and share the average of the outcomes. Then the possible outcomes of two coin tosses are two heads (H, H) which earns on average $16,000 / 2 = $8,000 and occurs with a probability of .25; two tails (T, T) which earns on average -$10,000 / 2 = -$5,000 and occurs with a probability of .25, and one head and one tail (H, T) or one tail and one head (T, H) which both earn on average $3,000 / 2 = $1,500 and each occurs with a probability of .25. The expected value for each of the two players can now can be expressed as:\n\n$$(15.22) (.25)(\\$8,000) + (.25)(-\\$5,000) + (.25)(\\$1,500) + (.25)(\\$1,500) = \\$1,500$$\n\nThe two players now receive on average the same as before, $1,500, but consider the standard deviation of the average outcome:\n\n340 | Ch. 15. Homogeneous Risk Measures", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000096.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
QuartilePerceived AbilityActual Test Score
Q15914
Q26339
Q37164
Q47596
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 66, "y": 290}, {"x": 551.8066000000001, "y": 290}, {"x": 551.8066000000001, "y": 301}, {"x": 66, "y": 301}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "8. Suppose Evelyn the Environmental Economist is presenting her case in a public meeting for why raising the price of municipal water in the face of persistent drought conditions would be a good thing for the community, when someone in the audience yells out, \"That's unfair for seniors and others living on fixed incomes.\" How might Evelyn frame her response in a way that dispels the audience's concerns about the fairness of a price increase?\n\n9. How would the indifference curve in Figure 6.1 change when drawn for a person who suffers from guilt but not envy? Draw the curve.\n\n10. Can you recall an example from your own life where you exhibited an Endowment Effect that ultimately led to regret?\n\n11. The Gender Gap experiment discussed in this chapter measured gender differences in terms of how males and females deal with competitive situations. Think of another situation where a gender gap may exist and design an experiment to test for it.\n\n12. It was shown in this chapter that a Homo economicus who exhibits convex-shaped indifference curves exhibits an Endowment Effect. Does this result still hold if Homo economicus exhibits linearly shaped indifference curves, as depicted in the figure below? Show your result using this graph.\n\nBEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 117", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000134.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 81}, {"x": 518.6144000000002, "y": 81}, {"x": 518.6144000000002, "y": 117.88474697286011}, {"x": 56, "y": 117.88474697286011}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "What's unique about the growth of Alligator Gars is their fast growth in the first years of life followed by slower growth (Figure 8.6; Figure 8.7). Juvenile Alligator Gars quickly transition to fish-eating habits (Butler et al. 2018). A fish diet means the juveniles grow at 4-5 mm per day in the first three months of life, so that by the end of the first growing season they may reach 1.5 to 2 feet in length (~40\u201370 cm) and 8\u201310 pounds in weight (Sakaris et al. 2019). Despite their fast growth, young Alligator Gars are preyed upon by many larger fish.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Length of Gar Fish by Age
in
----
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 114, "y": 242.29705490605429}, {"x": 458.50400000000013, "y": 242.29705490605429}, {"x": 458.50400000000013, "y": 255.79147453027142}, {"x": 114, "y": 255.79147453027142}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "*Age (years): 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90*\n\nFigure 8.6: Growth in length of Alligator Gar in Texas. Figure 8.7: Growth in weight of Alligator Gar in Texas. Long description.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Weight of Gar Fish by Age
lbs
-----
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 121, "y": 242.29705490605429}, {"x": 331.46400000000017, "y": 242.29705490605429}, {"x": 331.46400000000017, "y": 255.79147453027142}, {"x": 121, "y": 255.79147453027142}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "*Age (years): 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90*\n\n*Texas rod & reel record alligator gar (279 lbs)*\n\nFigure 8.7: Growth in weight of Alligator Gar in Texas.\n\nAngling and Conservation of Living Fishy Dinosaurs | 171", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000131.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 55.48351648351648, "y": 334}, {"x": 436.7399999999999, "y": 334}, {"x": 436.7399999999999, "y": 370.0808316397229}, {"x": 55.48351648351648, "y": 370.0808316397229}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 17.2. Year-to-year changes in housing prices.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
YearQ1Q2Q3Q4
20005.04.07.05.0
20016.05.04.05.0
20026.06.06.07.0
20037.06.07.08.0
20048.012.013.011.0
200512.013.012.012.0
200611.010.09.09.0
20077.08.09.010.0
200815.015.015.014.0
20094.0-2.0-3.00.0
20103.05.06.010.0
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 612, "y": 0}, {"x": 612, "y": 792}, {"x": 0, "y": 792}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Annual % Change in Housing Prices", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
DateAnnual % Change
Jan '92-5.0%
May '932.5%
Sep '94-2.5%
Jan '960.0%
May '9712.5%
Sep '987.5%
Jan '0015.0%
May '0110.0%
Sep '0225.0%
Jan '0417.5%
May '0520.0%
Sep '065.0%
Jan '0810.0%
May '09-17.5%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 54, "y": 498.20750646651265}, {"x": 558.0001, "y": 498.20750646651265}, {"x": 558.0001, "y": 534.2883381062355}, {"x": 54, "y": 534.2883381062355}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Inflationary, nominal, and real interest rates. To understand price volatility of durables, it is necessary to describe inflationary, nominal, and real interest rates. Recall from your earlier training that the inflation rate i is equal to the rate of change in average prices, changes often linked to monetary or fiscal policies of governments. The nominal interest rate r depends on the rate of inflation and a real component that is dependent on factors other than the rate of inflation such as changing market conditions or changes in productivity. To describe the effects of inflation on the nominal interest, let one plus the nominal interest rate r equal one plus the real rate r* times one plus the inflation rate i so that:\n\nCh. 17. Land Investments | 385", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000170.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 70}, {"x": 533.8818628948, "y": 70}, {"x": 533.8818628948, "y": 84.418}, {"x": 56, "y": 84.418}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Table 16.5. Conservation practice (P) values for terraces with underground outlets or waterways.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Terrace IntervalUnderground OutletsWaterways with percent grade of:
(ft)Pt Values0.1-0.30.4-0.70.8
Pt ValuesPt ValuesPt Values
<1100.50.60.71.0
110-1400.60.70.81.0
140-1800.70.80.91.0
180-2250.80.80.91.0
225-3000.90.91.01.0
300+1.01.01.01.0
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 282}, {"x": 526.8638999999998, "y": 282}, {"x": 526.8638999999998, "y": 291}, {"x": 56, "y": 291}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Table adapted from Jones et al. (1988) with permission.\n\nAssume that one terrace has a length of slope of 130 ft, has the same percent slope as above (2%), uses underground outlets to remove excess water, and that contour tillage practices are being used as described above, calculate the erosion rate for that single terrace.\n\nA4 =\n\nHow does that erosion rate compare to the tolerable erosion rate?\n\nHow does that erosion rate compare to the likely geologic erosion rate of 1 ton/ac/yr?\n\nNow, calculate the erosion rate if conservation tillage, contour tillage, and terraces were all used together for soil conservation as they were described above.\n\nA5 = R \u00d7 K \u00d7 LS \u00d7 C \u00d7 Pc \u00d7 Pt\n\nA5 =\n\nHow does that erosion rate compare to the tolerable erosion rate?\n\nHow does that erosion rate compare to the likely geologic erosion rate of 1 ton/ac/yr?\n\nConsidering your results, would installing terraces in addition to using contour tillage and conservation tillage make economic sense if the goal is to reduce erosion rates to near-geologic rates?\n\n146 | Soil Erosion and Conservation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000163.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 541, "y": 103.91999999999985}, {"x": 774.280420179982, "y": 103.91999999999985}, {"x": 774.280420179982, "y": 137.12249861656235}, {"x": 541, "y": 137.12249861656235}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "SEAGRASS IN SOUTH FLORIDA", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 552, "y": 158.91999999999985}, {"x": 768.6270140851111, "y": 158.91999999999985}, {"x": 768.6270140851111, "y": 175.51749855843738}, {"x": 552, "y": 175.51749855843738}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "WHY IT IS IMPORTANT & WHAT YOU CAN DO", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 792, "y": 0}, {"x": 792, "y": 611.999999}, {"x": 0, "y": 611.999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "CCO, 2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 792, "y": 0}, {"x": 792, "y": 611.999999}, {"x": 0, "y": 611.999999}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "HOW CAN YOU HELP?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 13, "y": 84.91999999999985}, {"x": 78.20677034005115, "y": 84.91999999999985}, {"x": 78.20677034005115, "y": 94.91749950843734}, {"x": 13, "y": 94.91749950843734}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "As a boater:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 30, "y": 98.91999999999985}, {"x": 223.45094940429343, "y": 98.91999999999985}, {"x": 223.45094940429343, "y": 108.91749950843734}, {"x": 30, "y": 108.91749950843734}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "- Check tidal conditions beforehand\n- Stay within marked channels\n- Pay attention to buoys and markers\n- Do not run aground\n- If you run aground, call for help\n- Wear polarized sunglasses\n- Take a safe boating course", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 13, "y": 206.91999999999985}, {"x": 97.16987567492171, "y": 206.91999999999985}, {"x": 97.16987567492171, "y": 216.91749950843734}, {"x": 13, "y": 216.91749950843734}], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "As a developer:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 30, "y": 103.91999999999985}, {"x": 753.3488832354628, "y": 103.91999999999985}, {"x": 753.3488832354628, "y": 137.12249861656235}, {"x": 30, "y": 137.12249861656235}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "- Do careful mapping of seagrass in potential areas for development\n- Avoid dredging and filling\n- Learn about existing regulations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 13, "y": 287.91999999999985}, {"x": 108.13554676801876, "y": 287.91999999999985}, {"x": 108.13554676801876, "y": 297.91749950843734}, {"x": 13, "y": 297.91749950843734}], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "As a homeowner:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 30, "y": 103.91999999999985}, {"x": 753.3488832354628, "y": 103.91999999999985}, {"x": 753.3488832354628, "y": 137.12249861656235}, {"x": 30, "y": 137.12249861656235}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "- Diminish fertilizer use (use soaking, rain gardens, and native plants instead)\n- Dispose of pet waste properly\n- Keep seagrass in mind during construction (for example, build high docks with grating instead of planks)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 13, "y": 408.91999999999985}, {"x": 178.6003476069852, "y": 408.91999999999985}, {"x": 178.6003476069852, "y": 418.91749950843734}, {"x": 13, "y": 418.91749950843734}], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "As anyone who wants to help:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 30, "y": 103.91999999999985}, {"x": 753.3488832354628, "y": 103.91999999999985}, {"x": 753.3488832354628, "y": 137.12249861656235}, {"x": 30, "y": 137.12249861656235}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "- Urge politicians to establish stricter water quality regulations\n- Mobilize to give seagrass an 'endangered' status\n- Follow established laws for seagrass protection\n- Reach out to environmental organizations and volunteer in restoration projects\n- Challenge the misconception that seagrass is 'ugly' and 'useless'\n- Tell your friends and family about the importance of this ecosystem", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 305, "y": 46.919999999999845}, {"x": 483.45082728054865, "y": 46.919999999999845}, {"x": 483.45082728054865, "y": 71.91750045843727}, {"x": 305, "y": 71.91750045843727}], "category": "heading1", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "FURTHER RESOURCES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 349, "y": 103.91999999999985}, {"x": 753.3488832354628, "y": 103.91999999999985}, {"x": 753.3488832354628, "y": 137.12249861656235}, {"x": 349, "y": 137.12249861656235}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "[Image of a manatee in water]\n\n[QR code]\n\nScan this QR code and learn more about seagrass, what you can do to help, and what organizations are fighting for its restoration!\n\n[Image depicting marine life including a dolphin, boat, manatee, sea turtle, and various fish species in and around seagrass]", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000051.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 44, "y": 45}, {"x": 345.471, "y": 45}, {"x": 345.471, "y": 55}, {"x": 44, "y": 55}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "12 Encinas Franco and Laguna\n\nTable 1: Percentage of Government Positions Held by Women During the Presidencies of Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Government PositionNo. of SeatsAquino Administration (1986-1992)Ramos Administration (1992-1998)
Senate248.316.7
House of Representatives2029.410.4
Cabinet2015.05.0
Governor735.45.4
Provincial Board Member6269.910.9
City/Municipal Mayor1,5787.411.2
City/Municipal Vice Mayor1,5786.514.9
City Municipal Councilor12,40610.5N/A
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 45, "y": 350}, {"x": 238.326, "y": 350}, {"x": 238.326, "y": 360}, {"x": 45, "y": 360}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Source: Tancangco 1991 as cited in Valte (1992).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 45, "y": 396}, {"x": 219.25519999999997, "y": 396}, {"x": 219.25519999999997, "y": 410}, {"x": 45, "y": 410}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Current Situation: 2001-2019", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 45, "y": 128}, {"x": 369.00299999999993, "y": 128}, {"x": 369.00299999999993, "y": 138}, {"x": 45, "y": 138}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Filipino women are still very much a minority in the formal political sphere. It can also be observed that in executive positions such as the cabinet, few women are appointed, especially during President Fidel Ramos's time, compared to Cory Aquino's administration (Table 1). As mentioned above, the Philippines has made significant strides in legislating for women's rights. However, 35 years after re-democratization and 84 years after the grant of suffrage, participation of women in politics is still a work in progress, as in most countries.\n\nIn 2019, the overall percentage of women in all elective posts in the country was only about 20 percent (PCW 2021), barely reaching the 30 percent international requirement for women's political", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000113.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 47, "y": 35}, {"x": 215.804675, "y": 35}, {"x": 215.804675, "y": 49.04}, {"x": 47, "y": 49.04}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 33, "y": 86}, {"x": 149.77320000000003, "y": 86}, {"x": 149.77320000000003, "y": 98}, {"x": 33, "y": 98}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Table of Contents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 33, "y": 123}, {"x": 577.4440000000003, "y": 123}, {"x": 577.4440000000003, "y": 135}, {"x": 33, "y": 135}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Measurement Lab worksheet ...................................................................................... 3\nScientific Method Lab .................................................................................................. 6\nChemistry of the Cell ~ But this is biology! ........................................... 9\nBiological Macromolecules and Their Indicators ............................. 10\nWorksheet for Chemistry of the Cell ....................................................... 12\n How molecules move in a liquid ............................................................................. 12\n How molecules move in a solid .............................................................................. 12\nIntroduction to Light Microscopes: ........................................................................... 16\nCellularBiology\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u202632\nA cell is the smallest unit of life known to our planet. .................. 33\nCellular Microscopy ......................................................................................... 34\n Viewing prepared slides under a microscope. ................................ 34\n Viewing live cells under a microscope. .............................................. 34\nCellular Biology Worksheet ....................................................................................... 35\nOsmosis and Diffusion ............................................................................................... 39\nEnzymatic Activity Lab .............................................................................................. 45\nCellular Respiration Lab ............................................................................................ 49\nPhotosynthesis Lab ................................................................................................... 61\n Observing Stomata, Guard Cells and Chloroplasts............................................. 65\nCellular Replication ................................................................................................... 66\nGrowth and the Creation of Life ......................................................................... 66\nVisualizing the Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis ............................................. 67\nWhen it all goes wrong\u2026 ..................................................................................... 68\nCellular Replication Worksheet ......................................................................... 69\n Mammalian Gametogenesis .............................................................................. 72\nGenetic Crosses ......................................................................................................... 75\nMENDELIAN GENETICS, PROBABILITY, PEDIGREES AND CHI-SQUARE STATISTICS . 80\nChi-Square Data Table ................................................................................................... 92\n\n1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000139.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
CountryCatch (metric tons)
Indonesia590000
Japan450000
Papua New Guinea350000
Taiwan, China350000
Spain320000
Ecuador320000
Republic of Korea320000
USA250000
Kiribati200000
Philippines170000
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 91.29704862204726}, {"x": 518.6146021999999, "y": 91.29704862204726}, {"x": 518.6146021999999, "y": 100.29704862204726}, {"x": 56, "y": 100.29704862204726}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 12.8: Top tuna fishing nations based on landings of seven tuna species in 2018. Long description.\n\nToday most tuna are captured in purse seines, and longlines are the second-most-common gear. Indonesia and Japan are consistently the top-two fishing nations (Figure 12.8). Five of the top tuna fishing nations\u2014Japan, Taiwan (Republic of China), Spain, Korea, and the USA\u2014have large fishing fleets that operate far from their home waters, whereas the others have large local or regional fleets. New technologies, such as sonar, have made tuna fishing much more effective. In response, the use of spotter planes is banned for fishing Atlantic Bluefin Tuna in the Mediterranean (Di Natale 2020). Many recreational tuna boats also use spotter planes in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, although the traditionalist harpoon fishers shun the technology (Whynott 1995; Decker 2016).\n\nThe Pacific Ocean has consistently had the highest landings, about 66% of the world's tuna catch. The western and central Pacific Ocean is where many artisanal and industrial fisheries overlap. For the small island nations, fishing provides a major source of income, jobs, and food security (Bell et al. 2019). Yet, Pacific island nations have not fully realized the economic potential with the global tuna industry, despite the fact that 80% of it is caught within their exclusive economic zones (EEZs, i.e., within 200 miles). The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea awarded coastal states sovereign rights to (1) exploit and manage all living resources within their EEZ, (2) exclude distant water fleets in favor of developing their own fleets, and (3) charge distant water fleets rent for access. Eight island nations\u2014the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu, which support 80% of the purse-seine catch in their waters\u2014formed an alliance and require collective bargaining to set rents for access by foreign vessels. The alliance also prioritized domestic over foreign vessels and set limits on the number of purse-seine vessels. The issue of sovereignty over tuna that migrate freely among EEZs remains a concern for small island nations (Bailey et al. 2012). Working to establish fair and equitable allocations of total allowable catches to the many parties will require more equitable sharing with the larger tuna-fishing nations.\n\n282 | Conserving Tuna: The Most Commercially Valuable Fish on Earth", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000025.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 295, "y": 64.30700000000002}, {"x": 365.176, "y": 64.30700000000002}, {"x": 365.176, "y": 72.30700000000002}, {"x": 295, "y": 72.30700000000002}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "2. The Lost Homeland", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 88.30700000000002}, {"x": 365.0229999999999, "y": 88.30700000000002}, {"x": 365.0229999999999, "y": 99.30700000000002}, {"x": 56, "y": 99.30700000000002}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "gesture in honour of local culture. Few of the artefacts were authentically part of this area. It told us nothing of any interest or with any authority. We wondered whose culture we were looking at.\n\nAt the central railway station, we tried to question officials, in German and English, about the location of Steinkirche. But only Polish was spoken at the information office and other counters. Nor could we locate the correct train line on the information screens.\n\nOn our walk back to the centre of town, past the dilapidated theatre where my mother had attended performances, John spotted another bookshop. Surprisingly it was trading busily on a Polish Catholic Sunday. It sold old maps and books. We found old pictures of Breslau labelled in Polish and English. We found descriptions in both Polish and English of Neumarkt Platz (Novi Targ). Various maps showed clear plans of its location. They also showed the Neptune fountain I had been seeking. For centuries it had a conspicuous place in town maps as a well drawing water from the Oder, whose tributaries flowed together and separated the town into different quarters, spanned by a multitude of bridges.\n\nI was thrilled. Before this find, my family had begun to question whether the fountain had actually existed. 'You and your fountain!' they cried. But I always knew it was there, in my memory and beyond.\n\nWhen we walked to Novi Targ, we found the old houses by the square had been destroyed totally by the War. So, to my disappointment, had the Neptune fountain . In *Microcosm*, his history of Wroclaw, Norman Davies tells how, after the War, the rubble of Breslau had been removed in trainloads to rebuild Warsaw in its original style. Some fine Breslau buildings left standing by War were even knocked down for their old bricks.\n\nI viewed this horrible information as being akin to the punishment Dante dished out to sinners in his Purgatory. Atonement was to be made only by suffering punishment that fitted the spirit of a crime.\n\nWe then looked for the air-raid shelters in which my grandmother and aunt Else had sheltered from the fire-bombs that rained down on the city in early 1945.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000036.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 136, "y": 95.88999999999999}, {"x": 500.0110000000001, "y": 95.88999999999999}, {"x": 500.0110000000001, "y": 124.88999999999999}, {"x": 136, "y": 124.88999999999999}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "2. General Profile of MSMEs", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 40, "y": 132.89}, {"x": 265.6724999999998, "y": 132.89}, {"x": 265.6724999999998, "y": 142.39}, {"x": 40, "y": 142.39}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "In July 2020, the survey established a general profile of the MSMEs interviewed. The respondents updated the interviewers on the status of their business in each subsequent phase. Respondents whose business had permanently closed were only asked the reasons for closing (Section 2.4) and about government assistance programs (Section 7). The demographics of respondents and business characteristics (i.e., the proportions) remained roughly the same across all three survey phases.\n\nBusiness characteristics. Business size was determined by the number of staff at the time of interview. Following Government Decree number 25/ GOV, firms with five or less staff are microenterprises, those with six \u2013 50 staff are small, and those with 51 \u2013 99 staff are medium.\n\nMicro and small enterprises made up most of the respondents. Approximately 58% were microenterprises, 40% were small, and only two", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 40, "y": 132.89}, {"x": 472.222, "y": 132.89}, {"x": 472.222, "y": 142.39}, {"x": 40, "y": 142.39}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Figure 2.1: Surveyed MSMEs by size across sectors (%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
SectorMicroSmallMedium
All MSMEs58402
Tourism62371
Handicraft/Textile56404
Agriculture49501
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 40, "y": 132.89}, {"x": 500.2235, "y": 132.89}, {"x": 500.2235, "y": 142.39}, {"x": 40, "y": 142.39}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "percent were medium. The tourism MSME sample included a higher percentage of microenterprises than the other two sectors. All of the tourism and handicraft/ textile MSMEs interviewed were registered, or formal, constituting approximately 71% of the sample. The remainder (agriculture MSMEs) were informal, as they were individual farmers.\n\nThe geographic focus of sampling sought to emulate the concentration of businesses nationwide. Interviewed MSMEs in the tourism and handicraft/ textile sectors were mainly based in Vientiane Capital, Luang Prabang, and Champasack provinces. For the agriculture sector, MSMEs were based in 12 provinces and the capital. Annex 1 provides the locations of respondents who participated in all three phases.\n\nThe tourism sub-sectors interviewed included lodging, restaurants and bars, and tour operators. Most handicraft/textile respondents were involved in production, with the remaining in sales. The main products are silk and cotton products such as bags, clothes, and scarves, bamboo wicker, pottery, carvings, and mulberry paper products. MSMEs interviewed in the agriculture sector focused on the cultivation and trade of cash crops such as vegetables, cassava, banana, sugar cane, tea and coffee, livestock or fish, and rice.\n\nDemographics of respondents. The overall gender ratio of interviewees was slightly skewed towards men (52%). Within the handicraft/textile sector, 80% were women, while the agriculture sector was dominated by male representatives (74%). The tourism sector respondents were 51% men. Most of the interviewees were MSME owners (80%), followed by managers (17%), while the other three percent comprised positions such as accountant, assistant, and deputy manager. More than half (58%) of interviewees were 36 to 55 years old; the youngest respondent was 23 and the eldest was 83.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000151.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 126}, {"x": 126.332, "y": 126}, {"x": 126.332, "y": 137}, {"x": 56, "y": 137}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "CHAPTER 1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 157}, {"x": 135.4226, "y": 157}, {"x": 135.4226, "y": 169.1}, {"x": 56, "y": 169.1}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "CALIFORNIA", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 249}, {"x": 183.0936, "y": 249}, {"x": 183.0936, "y": 257.8}, {"x": 56, "y": 257.8}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 307}, {"x": 221.579, "y": 307}, {"x": 221.579, "y": 318}, {"x": 56, "y": 318}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "COURSE MARKING DRIVERS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 157}, {"x": 554.6057788999999, "y": 157}, {"x": 554.6057788999999, "y": 169.1}, {"x": 56, "y": 169.1}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "SB1359 was passed in September 2016, going into force in January 2018. The law \"requires California Community Colleges and California State Universities and requests the University of California system to include a symbol/logo in the online campus course schedule by January 1, 2018 for courses that exclusively use digital course materials that are free of charge to students and therefore not required to be purchased.\"\n\nThe potential scale of impact is significant. With 114 colleges serving 2.1 million students, the California Community Colleges (CCCs) comprise the largest public system of higher education in the US. The California State University (CSU) with 23 campuses serving nearly 500,000 students, is the largest four-year public university system in the US. Notably, the law does not apply to the state's research-focused University of California.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Figure 1.1: Zero Cost Textbook Logo
Zero Cost Textbook Logo
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 638}, {"x": 162.97899999999998, "y": 638}, {"x": 162.97899999999998, "y": 649}, {"x": 56, "y": 649}], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "IMPLEMENTATION", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 607}, {"x": 554.5975385999999, "y": 607}, {"x": 554.5975385999999, "y": 618}, {"x": 56, "y": 618}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Between the passage of the law in 2016 and the implementation of the law in 2018, both the CCCs and CSU systems engaged in outreach to the field. The CCCs' system office issued a memo to college leadership explaining the requirements and created a sample logo that colleges could choose to adopt. The CSU system's Affordable Learning Solutions team engaged the field with a series of webinars and FAQs.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000137.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Catch Per DayNo Daily LimitDaily Limit-4
04848
12222
21212
355
4413
530
620
720
810
>810
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 319}, {"x": 518.6147000000001, "y": 319}, {"x": 518.6147000000001, "y": 328}, {"x": 56, "y": 328}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 10.5: Frequency distribution displays the number of angler days resulting in differing catch per day for a hypothetical 8 fish per day creel limit and estimated change if creel limit is reduced to 4 fish per day. Long description.\n\nCreel limits are one of many elements that may be used by anglers to define fishing success. When more fish are harvested per trip, anglers rate fishing higher. High creel limits may cause anglers to have unrealistic expectations about the potential supply of fish compared to the demand (Cook et al. 2001). Creel limit reductions may be unsuccessful in reducing angler harvest or affecting fish populations. The hypothetical angler success graph (Figure 10.5) demonstrates that a reduction in creel from 8 to 4 would affect only a few trips and result in a small harvest reduction. Furthermore, creel limits are applied on a per-angler basis, so they cannot control total harvest if total fishing effort increases or if noncompliance is high. Finally, since anglers have a variety of motivations, they likely respond differently to regulation changes (Beard et al. 2011).\n\nThe ethic of fairness is involved in setting creel limit regulations because many anglers do not harvest a single fish during an angling trip. In Wisconsin lakes, Walleye harvest was not equally distributed. Only 7.4% of Walleye angler trips were successful in harvesting at least one Walleye, and <1% harvested a limit during a fishing trip (Staggs 1989). In Minnesota, anglers were slightly more successful, where 27.2% of angler trips ended with a harvest of at least one Walleye and about 1% harvesting a limit. The ideal creel limit would distribute the catch among more anglers and prevent overuse by a few individuals.\n\nLong-term trends in panfish populations (i.e., Bluegill, Yellow Perch, Black Crappie, Pumpkinseed, and Rock Bass) in Wisconsin lakes showed significant declines due to overfishing (Rypel et al. 2016). The daily limit for panfish was 50 aggregate per day from 1967 through 1998, which was reduced to 25 in 1998. Further reduction in daily limits for panfish (10) to improve undesirable small sizes of Bluegill populations increased both mean length and mean maximum length relative to sizes in control lakes (Jacobson 2005; Rypel et al. 2015).\n\n226 | Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000002.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 62, "y": 43.14200000000005}, {"x": 388.166, "y": 43.14200000000005}, {"x": 388.166, "y": 54.14200000000005}, {"x": 62, "y": 54.14200000000005}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "3\ufffd6 Yarrow\n\n\n\nwhere soas below some threshold cannot be recovered, so that an observer\ncan only guess about order.19 However, either kind of model can easily be fitted\nand interpreted from either theoretical perspective.\n\n\n\n8 Choosing between Observer Models and Rejecting Participants\n\n\n\nTwo further reasonable questions one might ask are: 1) could my observer\nmodel have generated these data? and 2) does another observer model de-\nscribe the data better? Model comparison is a large and complex topic, so once\nagain, what I have to say here should be treated as a brief introduction rather\nthan a comprehensive summary.\n Let\u2019s begin by considering a metric I have not yet mentioned: Deviance. De-\nviance (sometimes called G2) is a measure based on log likelihood, but which\nlooks rather more like summed squared error, in that it is zero for a perfectly\nfitting model and large/positive for a poorly fitting model. Formally, deviance\nis two times the difference in log likelihood between the saturated model and\nthe model with our current set of parameters. A saturated model is one that\nexactly predicts the data (which can always be accomplished by a model that\nhas one parameter per data point). Hence it represents the situation with the\nmaximum possible log-likelihood when predicting this particular set of data.\nDeviance is closely related to a simpler calculation (\u20132 \u00d7 log likelihood) that\nforms the basis of a couple of well-known metrics for model comparison (the\nAkaike information criterion, aic, and the Bayesian information criterion,\nbic) and indeed is occasionally defined this way. That\u2019s because we are of-\nten only really interested in differences (in Deviance, or aic, or bic) between\nmodels, and the log-likelihood of the saturated model gets subtracted out in a\ncomparison between two models (because it has contributed to the deviance\nin the same way for both) so calculating it is not necessary.\n However, if you want to say something about the goodness of fit of a model\nwithout relating it to any other model, based on asymptotic statistical theory,\nyou do need to calculate deviance properly. Asymptotically, it turns out that\nthe deviance of a model fitted to data when that model actually generated those\ndata follows a chi-square (\u03c72) distribution, with degrees of freedom equal to\nthe number of data points minus the number of model parameters (note: for\n\n\n\n19 Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez and Alcal\u00e1-Quintana\u2019s commitment to this account is a little unclear, be-\n cause they often let \u03b4 vary across experimental conditions, suggesting flexibility more\n akin to a criterion-based account. It may be that they believe a low-threshold exists, but\n that synchrony is often additionally reported beyond this hard limit.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000014.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 43.00800000000004}, {"x": 266.19799999999987, "y": 43.00800000000004}, {"x": 266.19799999999987, "y": 54.00800000000004}, {"x": 56, "y": 54.00800000000004}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "158 AL-OGAYYEL AND OSKAY\n\nTypical black-and-white Bedouin tent.\n\n**FIGURE 8.15 Typical black-and-white Bedouin tent.**\n\nTypical three-poled Bedouin tent\n\n**FIGURE 8.16 Typical three-poled Bedouin tent**\n\nblack and white, with a little red-dyed wool for decoration. This wool comes from sheep and camels, whose wool is known for its softness and, when left undyed, for its beautiful natural colors.49\n\nFigure 8.16 indicates the complex nature of the interior of a Bedouin tent. The inside area is divided into many parts, each of them with its specific use. It is important to note that a \"well-to-do\" Bedouin tent like the one shown in figure 8.16 indicates the higher status of the family living in it than that of a family living in the humbler, three-poled tent in figure 8.15. These images also show that different areas are used by men and by women.50 For example, the tent contains a space which is allocated to female weavers, like a studio where they perform their craft and practice their skills.51 Thus, in the Bedouin society, the tent is a not only a signifier of social relationships and family status but also of gender roles. It is, therefore, an extremely important space because here women make items that support their family or tribe.\n\nWhile the function of the textile is to create and demarcate the Bedouin space, the way the space is constructed influences the way the nomads live and the way the family or the tribe is perceived by the outside world. The textile is, therefore, structuring the formation of a private and a public identity by delineating the space: the outside, non-patterned textiles are public, while the inside, patterned textiles are private.52 We can infer,\n\n49 For details, see Al-Sabah, Ibjad, 17.\n\n50 See also Dickson, The Arab of the Desert, 66\u201367; and Canavan, \"Applications of Textile Products,\" 541. Here, Canavan explains that dividers were parts of women's possessions, accompanying them into marriage, as well as \"testimony of a tribe's wealth and prestige.\"\n\n51 Refah Al Raheel, interviewed by Rana Al-Ogayyel, Riyadh, 2017.\n\n52 While the outside of the traditional tents is black and without much pattern except for stripes, the inside of", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000105.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 54, "y": 83}, {"x": 327.03810969999995, "y": 83}, {"x": 327.03810969999995, "y": 104.27835051546391}, {"x": 54, "y": 104.27835051546391}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "The Scholarly Publishing Cycle", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 54, "y": 127}, {"x": 558, "y": 127}, {"x": 558, "y": 154.2164948453608}, {"x": 54, "y": 154.2164948453608}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Having explored the scholarly publishing ecosystem and its primary relationships, we can update the cycle as follows:\n\n```mermaid\ngraph TD\n R[RETAILERS] -->|$| P[PUBLISHERS]\n P -->|Content| R\n P -->|Validation| RE[READERS]\n P <-->|Content| RE\n P -->|$| A[AGGREGATORS]\n A -->|Content| P\n A -->|Content Tools| L[LIBRARIES]\n L -->|$| A\n P -->|Content| L\n L -->|$| P\n L -->|Discovery Tools| RE\n L -->|Content| RE\n I[INSTITUTIONS] -->|$| L\n```\n\nOur project set out to explore and address the shortfall in serving the scholarly reader identified in this section. This shortfall is made clear in two connected points:\n\n- Scholarly readers are not just content consumers; scholarly reading is an act of creation as well.\n- Publishers and aggregators are not incentivized to create better tools to support scholarly reading.\n\nFrom here, this report will consider the experiences of publishers, librarians and readers through a synthesis of interviews conducted with several members of each group, as well as a short online survey aimed at readers. We will then share some of our own philosophy on the future of scholarly reading, then detail the path forward we see for our own work in the area.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000180.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 78}, {"x": 219.163, "y": 78}, {"x": 219.163, "y": 99}, {"x": 70, "y": 99}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Version History", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 78}, {"x": 540.6848442, "y": 78}, {"x": 540.6848442, "y": 99}, {"x": 70, "y": 99}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "This page provides a record of edits and changes made to this book since its initial publication. Whenever edits or updates are made in the text, we provide a record and description of those changes here. If the change is minor, the version number increases by 0.1. If the edits involve substantial updates, the edition number increases to the next whole number.\n\nThe files posted alongside this book always reflect the most recent version. If you find an error in this book, please let us know in the Rebus Community forum, where reported errors will be visible to others.\n\nWe will contact the author, make the necessary changes, and replace all file types as soon as possible. Once we receive the updated files, this Version History page will be updated to reflect the edits made.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 78}, {"x": 219.163, "y": 78}, {"x": 219.163, "y": 99}, {"x": 70, "y": 99}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Version History", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
VersionDateChangeAffected Sections
1.0April 30, 2022Original
1.0June 3, 2022Small edits for clarity on Creative Commons licensing and attribution.1. Introduction to Open Educational Resources
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000145.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 90, "y": 187}, {"x": 181.21153505799998, "y": 187}, {"x": 181.21153505799998, "y": 207.6626}, {"x": 90, "y": 207.6626}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Chapter 4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 90, "y": 237}, {"x": 323.2456848795827, "y": 237}, {"x": 323.2456848795827, "y": 261.7871}, {"x": 90, "y": 261.7871}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Nonlinear equations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 90, "y": 295}, {"x": 172.9253238066022, "y": 295}, {"x": 172.9253238066022, "y": 309.3462}, {"x": 90, "y": 309.3462}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "4.1 Introduction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 89, "y": 318}, {"x": 513.0245457923706, "y": 318}, {"x": 513.0245457923706, "y": 328.3811}, {"x": 89, "y": 328.3811}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The pressure drop in a fluid in motion is examined. For a flow in a pipe with a circular cross section of diameter D (meter), the Reynolds number, Re, is given by\n\n$$ Re = \\frac{Dv}{\\nu}, $$\n\nin which v (m/s) is the average flow velocity and \u03bd (m\u00b2/s) is the viscosity of the fluid. The flow is called laminar if Re < 2100 (low flow velocity) and turbulent if Re > 3000. For 2100 \u2264 Re \u2264 3000, the flow is neither laminar nor turbulent.\n\nFor turbulent flows, the pressure drop between inflow and outflow is given by\n\n$$ P_{out} - P_{in} = \\frac{\\rho wLv^2}{2gD}, $$\n\nin which w is a friction coefficient, \u03c1 (kg/m\u00b3) is the fluid density, L (m) is the length and g (m/s\u00b2) is the acceleration of gravity. If the fluid contains particles (sand, paper fibers), then the friction coefficient w satisfies the equation\n\n$$ \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{w}} = \\frac{\\ln(Re\\sqrt{w}) + 14 - \\frac{5.6}{k}}{k}, $$\n\nin which k is a parameter known from experiments.\n\nIn this chapter, numerical methods will be discussed that can be used to determine w if the values of Re and k are known.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 89, "y": 616}, {"x": 163.16952156985366, "y": 616}, {"x": 163.16952156985366, "y": 630.3462}, {"x": 89, "y": 630.3462}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "4.2 Definitions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 89, "y": 237}, {"x": 511.97193354919455, "y": 237}, {"x": 511.97193354919455, "y": 261.7871}, {"x": 89, "y": 261.7871}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "In this chapter, various iterative methods will be considered to solve nonlinear equations of the form f(p) = 0. The point p is called a zero of the function f, or a root of the equation f(x) = 0. First, some useful definitions and concepts are introduced.\n\n**Convergence**\nEach numerical method generates a sequence {pn} = p0, p1, p2, ... which should converge to p: lim(n\u2192\u221e) pn = p. Assume that the sequence indeed converges, with pn \u2260 p for all n. If there exist positive constants \u03bb and \u03b1 satisfying\n\n$$ \\lim_{n\\to\\infty} \\frac{|p - p_{n+1}|}{|p - p_n|^\\alpha} = \\lambda, $$ (4.1)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000029.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 75, "y": 28.008000000000038}, {"x": 170.14678908000002, "y": 28.008000000000038}, {"x": 170.14678908000002, "y": 36.97430000000004}, {"x": 75, "y": 36.97430000000004}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Combinatorial Cosmology", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 75, "y": 39.00800000000004}, {"x": 249.47433507000008, "y": 39.00800000000004}, {"x": 249.47433507000008, "y": 47.97430000000004}, {"x": 75, "y": 47.97430000000004}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90696", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 75, "y": 64.00800000000004}, {"x": 156.35413649999998, "y": 64.00800000000004}, {"x": 156.35413649999998, "y": 74.96700000000004}, {"x": 75, "y": 74.96700000000004}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "5. The dynamics", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 75, "y": 100.00800000000004}, {"x": 433.62869349999994, "y": 100.00800000000004}, {"x": 433.62869349999994, "y": 109.97060000000003}, {"x": 75, "y": 109.97060000000003}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The next step is to construct a model for the dynamics. The idea, which essentially goes back to Boltzmann (see [12]), is that any given macro-state at any given time is extremely likely to develop into a state with higher entropy at the next moment of time, simply because there are so many more states with higher entropy than with lower entropy (compare with (3)). The problem with this in the present situation, however, is that this way of thinking in fact presupposes a preferred direction of time. Otherwise, given that the dynamical laws are time symmetric, why can we not similarly argue that the entropy should also grow when we go backward in time? (compare [9]).\n\nThere have been many attempts to avoid this problem by looking for defects in the symmetries. But my conclusion here is that we must actually accept Boltzmann's argument in both directions of time and hence we are led to the following:\n\n**Principle 1.** At every moment of time t and for every state with entropy S, there are very many \"accessible states\" with higher entropy, both at the previous moment of time t - 1 and at the next one t + 1. On the other hand, the chance for finding such accessible states with lower entropy, both at times t - 1 and t + 1, is extremely small.\n\nThis principle also implies a shift of perspective in the search for time's arrow. Rather than trying to find the reason for the asymmetry, we must concentrate on understanding why we cannot observe the symmetric structure of the multiverse as a whole.\n\nAs still one more simplification, let us assume that the entropy can only change by \u00b11 during each unit of time. This assumption, however, has to be modified near the endpoints (BB and BC) for the following reason: it is a very important aspect of this approach to assume that physics during the first and last moments is very different from the rest of the time, since at these moments quantum phenomena can be expected to become global. To model this in a simple way, we can split the life-span of our multiverse up into three parts:\n\n$$[-T_0, -T_1] \\cup [-T_1, T_1] \\cup [T_1, T_0].$$\n\nHere the first and last parts may be called \"the extreme phases,\" which are characterized by the property that transition between very different states can be possible. During the \"normal phase\" in between on the other hand, physics is supposed to behave more or less as we are used to.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 75, "y": 532.008}, {"x": 204.37428269999995, "y": 532.008}, {"x": 204.37428269999995, "y": 542.967}, {"x": 75, "y": 542.967}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "6. Modeling the dynamics", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 75, "y": 568.008}, {"x": 433.6237122, "y": 568.008}, {"x": 433.6237122, "y": 577.9706}, {"x": 75, "y": 577.9706}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "To construct a miniature multiverse for computational purposes, one can proceed as follows: first of all, in the very small multiverses studied here, the extreme phases will only last for one single unit of time. Also, for ease of notation, let us put T\u2081 = m, so that the moments of time can in this context be denoted as\n\n$$-m - 1, -m, -m + 1, ..., m - 1, m, m + 1.$$\n\nThe dynamics is specified by randomly choosing for each state at time t with entropy S, K edges to states at time t + 1 with entropy S + 1, and similarly K edges to states at time t - 1 with entropy S + 1 (with obvious modifications at the endpoints). In this section, again to make everything as simple as possible, K will be set equal to 2. These random choices are in practice carried out by the random number", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000150.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 52.59034482758621, "y": 53.94862068965517}, {"x": 342.01434482758617, "y": 53.94862068965517}, {"x": 342.01434482758617, "y": 71.94862068965517}, {"x": 52.59034482758621, "y": 71.94862068965517}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "6. ECO CIRCLE COMPETENCE FRAMEWORK", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Competence Area#1 THE 3 RS: RECYCLE-REUSE-REDUCE
Competence StatementTo know the basics of the 3 Rs and their importance and implementation into daily life in relation to green entrepreneurship and circular economy.
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KnowledgeSkillsAttitudes and Values
\u2022 To understand the meaning of reducing, reusing and recycling and how they connect
\u2022 To understand the importance of the 3 Rs as waste management
\u2022 To be familiar with the expansion of the 3 Rs - the 7 Rs		\u2022 To implement different ways of waste management into daily life
\u2022 To properly implement recycling in day-to-day activities
\u2022 To promote reducing and reusing before recycling		\u2022 To acquire a proactive approach to implementing the 3 Rs into daily personal life
\u2022 To educate others on the importance of sustainable waste management
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 90, "y": 768.92}, {"x": 511.32032000000004, "y": 768.92}, {"x": 511.32032000000004, "y": 776.9599999999999}, {"x": 90, "y": 776.9599999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.\n\nProject No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000183.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 69, "y": 51}, {"x": 266.8329757743999, "y": 51}, {"x": 266.8329757743999, "y": 63.999998399999996}, {"x": 69, "y": 63.999998399999996}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Recommendation Pack: Track Record", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 69, "y": 87}, {"x": 612.7069605303997, "y": 87}, {"x": 612.7069605303997, "y": 108.99999840000001}, {"x": 69, "y": 108.99999840000001}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Recommendation pack shows outstanding performance of 1.7~2.6 times that of competing models even when using commercial service data", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 63, "y": 160}, {"x": 238.6319999999998, "y": 160}, {"x": 238.6319999999998, "y": 172}, {"x": 63, "y": 172}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Comparison with Beauty Commerce Recommendation Models", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 63, "y": 192}, {"x": 250.49997000000005, "y": 192}, {"x": 250.49997000000005, "y": 201.9999984}, {"x": 63, "y": 201.9999984}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Recommendation model Hit Ratio comparison", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ModelHit Ratio
Graph-RecSys0.4048
Attn-RecSys0.3278
Personalize0.23496
Current Service Recommendation Algorithm0.159
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ModelRecall@10, accuracyNDCG@10, Ranking
CustomerBERT0.090.09
Personalize0.060.09
AutoEncoder_RecVAE0.060.09
AutoEncoder_CDAE0.060.09
AutoEncoder_MultiVAE0.060.09
GNN_LightGCN0.060.06
CF_BPR0.030.06
Statistic_MostPop0.030.03
Statistic_CotergoryPop0.030.03
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 541, "y": 292}, {"x": 587.6199973359998, "y": 292}, {"x": 587.6199973359998, "y": 305.9999992}, {"x": 541, "y": 305.9999992}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "*Note: AWS Ready shows 14.3%\u2191 improvement*", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 656, "y": 160}, {"x": 839.2807999999997, "y": 160}, {"x": 839.2807999999997, "y": 172}, {"x": 656, "y": 172}], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Education Content Platform PoC Case", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 92, "y": 175}, {"x": 864.2249666840004, "y": 175}, {"x": 864.2249666840004, "y": 184.9999984}, {"x": 92, "y": 184.9999984}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Comparison of prediction rates of correct/incorrect answers based on personalized questions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ModelPrediction Rate
DKT Model0.882
Traditional Statistical Model(IRT)0.735
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 686, "y": 350}, {"x": 797.4476000000003, "y": 350}, {"x": 797.4476000000003, "y": 363.9999992}, {"x": 686, "y": 363.9999992}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "*Note: Compared to regular model, DKT Model shows 20%\u2191 improvement*", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000143.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 90, "y": 187}, {"x": 181.21153505799998, "y": 187}, {"x": 181.21153505799998, "y": 207.6626}, {"x": 90, "y": 207.6626}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Chapter 3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 90, "y": 238}, {"x": 381.985105072917, "y": 238}, {"x": 381.985105072917, "y": 262.7871}, {"x": 90, "y": 262.7871}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Numerical differentiation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 90, "y": 296}, {"x": 172.9253238066022, "y": 296}, {"x": 172.9253238066022, "y": 310.3462}, {"x": 90, "y": 310.3462}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "3.1 Introduction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 89, "y": 331}, {"x": 513.038139824409, "y": 331}, {"x": 513.038139824409, "y": 345.34619999999995}, {"x": 89, "y": 345.34619999999995}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Everyone who possesses a car and/or a driver's licence is familiar with speeding tickets. In The Netherlands, speeding tickets are usually processed in a fully automated fashion, and the perpetrator will receive the tickets within a couple of weeks after the offence. The Dutch police optimized the procedures of speed control such that this effort has become very profitable to the Dutch government. Various strategies for speed control are carried out by police forces, which are all based on the position of the vehicle at consecutive times. The actual velocity follows from the first-order derivative of the position of the vehicle with respect to time. Since no explicit formula for this position is available, the velocity can only be estimated using an approximation of the velocity based on several discrete vehicle positions at discrete times. This motivates the use of approximate derivatives, also called numerical derivatives. If the police want to know whether the offender drove faster before speed detection (in other words, whether the perpetrator hit the brakes after having seen the police patrol), or whether the driver was already accelerating, then they are also interested in the acceleration of the 'bad guy'. This acceleration can be estimated using numerical approximations of the second-order derivative of the car position with respect to time.\n\nSince the time-interval of recording is nonzero, the velocity is not determined exactly in general. In this chapter, the resulting error, referred to as the truncation error, is estimated using Taylor series. In most cases, the truncation error increases with an increasing size of the recording interval (Sections 3.2 and 3.4). Next to the truncation error, the measurement of the position of the vehicle is also prone to measurement errors. Issues that influence the results are, for example, parallax, the measurement equipment, and in some cases even the performance of the police officer (in car-videoing and laser control). These measurement errors provide an additional deterioration of the approximation of the speed and acceleration. The impact of measurement errors on approximations of derivatives is treated in Section 3.3.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 89, "y": 636}, {"x": 415.4919131677876, "y": 636}, {"x": 415.4919131677876, "y": 650.3462}, {"x": 89, "y": 650.3462}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "3.2 Simple difference formulae for the first derivative", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 89, "y": 660}, {"x": 467.9841034601215, "y": 660}, {"x": 467.9841034601215, "y": 669.96264}, {"x": 89, "y": 669.96264}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Suppose f is a continuously differentiable function. The forward difference is defined as\n\n$$Q_f(h) = \\frac{f(x + h) - f(x)}{h}, h > 0,$$\n\nin which h is called the step size. By definition,\n\n$$\\lim_{h \\to 0} \\frac{f(x + h) - f(x)}{h} = f'(x),$$", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000188.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ModelSizeTypeH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct\u223c 11BAlignment-tuned74.2071.0888.1666.2171.4383.5864.75
Qwen 72B\u223c 72BPretrained73.6065.1985.9477.3760.1982.4870.43
Mixtral 8x7B-Instruct-v0.1\u223c 47BInstruction-tuned72.6270.2287.6371.1664.5881.3760.73
Yi 34B-200K\u223c 34BPretrained70.8165.3685.5876.0653.6482.5661.64
Yi 34B\u223c 34BPretrained69.4264.5985.6976.3556.2383.0350.64
Mixtral 8x7B-v0.1\u223c 47BPretrained68.4266.0486.4971.8246.7881.9357.47
Llama 2 70B\u223c 70BPretrained67.8767.3287.3369.8344.9283.7454.06
Falcon 180B\u223c 180BPretrained67.8569.4588.8670.5045.4786.9045.94
SOLAR 10.7B\u223c 11BPretrained66.0461.9584.6065.4845.0483.6655.50
Qwen 14B\u223c 14BPretrained65.8658.2883.9967.7049.4376.8058.98
Mistral 7B-Instruct-v0.2\u223c 7BInstruction-tuned65.7163.1484.8860.7868.2677.1940.03
Yi 34B-Chat\u223c 34BInstruction-tuned65.3265.4484.1674.9055.3780.1131.92
Mistral 7B\u223c 7BPretrained60.9759.9883.3164.1642.1578.3737.83
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 79.88999999999999}, {"x": 523.8687584759994, "y": 79.88999999999999}, {"x": 523.8687584759994, "y": 90.79910000000001}, {"x": 70, "y": 90.79910000000001}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 2: Evaluation results in the Open LLM Leaderboard for SOLAR 10.7B and SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct along with other top-performing models. We report the scores for the six tasks mentioned in Sec. 4.1 along with the H6 score (average of six tasks). We also report the size of the models in units of billions of parameters. The type indicates the training stage of the model and is chosen from {Pretrained, Instruction-tuned, Alignment-tuned}. Models based on SOLAR 10.7B are colored purple. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.\n\nMetaMathQA (Yu et al., 2023) dataset.\nWe reformatted the instruction datasets with an Alpaca-styled chat template. For datasets such as OpenOrca, which are derived from FLAN (Long-pre et al., 2023), we filter data that overlaps with the benchmark datasets (see Tab. 8 in Appendix. C for more information). The alignment datasets are in the {prompt, chosen, rejected} triplet format. We preprocess the alignment datasets following Zephyr (Tunstall et al., 2023). We use Data-verse (Park et al., 2024) for data preprocessing.\n\nEvaluation. In the HuggingFace Open LLM Leaderboard (Beeching et al., 2023), six types of evaluation methods are presented: ARC (Clark et al., 2018), HellaSWAG (Zellers et al., 2019), MMLU (Hendrycks et al., 2020), TruthfulQA (Lin et al., 2022), Winogrande (Sakaguchi et al., 2021), and GSM8K (Cobbe et al., 2021). We utilize these datasets as benchmarks for evaluation and also report the average scores for the six tasks, e.g., H6. We either submit directly to the Open LLM Leader-board or utilize Evalverse (Kim et al., 2024b) for running evaluations locally.\n\nModel merging. Model merging methods such as Yadav et al. (2023) can boost model performance without further training. We merge some of the models that we trained in both the instruction and alignment tuning stages. We implement our own merging methods although popular open source also exist such as MergeKit\u00b3.\n\n4.2 Main Results\n\nWe present evaluation results for our SOLAR 10.7B and SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct models along\n\n\u00b3https://github.com/cg123/mergekit\n\nwith other top-performing models in Tab. 2. SO-LAR 10.7B outperforms other pretrained models of similar sizes, such as Qwen 14B and Mistral 7B, which shows that DUS is an effective method to up-scale base LLMs. Furthermore, despite the smaller size, SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct scores the highest in terms of H6, even surpassing the recent top-performing open-source LLM Mixtral 8x7B-Instruct-v0.1 or Qwen 72B. The above results indicate DUS can up-scale models that are capable of achieving state-of-the-art performance when fine-tuned. We also report data contamination results for SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct in Appendix C.\n\n4.3 Ablation Studies\n\nWe present ablation studies for both the instruction and alignment tuning stages. Note that the evaluation results for the following studies are ran locally and may vary from results obtained by submitting to the Open LLM Leaderboard.\n\n4.3.1 Instruction Tuning\n\nAblation on the training datasets. We present ablation studies using different training datasets for the instruction tuning in Tab. 3. The ablated models are prefixed with SFT for supervised fine-tuning. 'SFT v1' only uses the Alpaca-GPT4 dataset, whereas 'SFT v2' also uses the OpenOrca dataset. 'SFT v3' uses the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset along with the datasets used in 'SFT v2'. Similarly, 'SFT v4' uses the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset along with the datasets used in 'SFT v1'.\n\nFirst, we analyze how Alpaca-GPT4 and OpenOrca affect the trained models. The first ablated model, 'SFT v1', which used only the Alpaca-GPT4 dataset for training, resulted in 69.15 for H6.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000073.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 83.91999999999996}, {"x": 523.172, "y": 83.91999999999996}, {"x": 523.172, "y": 95.91999999999996}, {"x": 72, "y": 95.91999999999996}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "In this content, DPN Argentina provides a brief explanation of the SDGs and the 2030 Agenda action plans, and most importantly, their role in advancing the 2030 Agenda through the SDGs Monitoring and Evaluation Program with a focus on certain thematic areas. These focuses allow DPN Argentina to investigate through monitoring and preparing reports on the development of public policies and actions of organizations responsible for compliance with the SDGs, as well as proposals, and recommendations to strengthen related processes.\n\nFurthermore, DPN Argentina also regularly uploads commemorations of days related to the SDGs by also including the SDGs logo in each of these uploads. Examples of such greetings are as follows:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Defensor\u00eda del Pueblo
D\u00eda Mundial de la #Salud
La cobertura sanitaria universal es el objetivo primordial de la @opsoms. Para lograrlo es crucial que todas las personas puedan tener la atenci\u00f3n que necesitan, en el seno mismo de la comunidad.
[Image of a globe with a stethoscope]
7 de Abril D\u00eda Mundial de la Salud
7:00 PM \u00b7 Apr 7, 2021 \u00b7 Buffer
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Figure 6DPN Argentina Content: World Health Day Celebration (7 April 2021).\u2079\u2078
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 400.91999999999996}, {"x": 478.4072400000001, "y": 400.91999999999996}, {"x": 478.4072400000001, "y": 410.88}, {"x": 72, "y": 410.88}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "\u2079\u2078 DPN Argentina, \"D\u00eda Mundial de la #Salud\", accessed on 5 December 2021,https://twitter.com/DPNArgentina/status/1379765916259483648.\n\n23", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000152.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 67}, {"x": 554.6065999999998, "y": 67}, {"x": 554.6065999999998, "y": 78}, {"x": 56, "y": 78}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "should adopt two separate designators to mark no-cost vs. low-cost, but the council felt it was better to simplify the process and allow for some OER providers that have fees associated with their services.\n\nAt this point in time, the application of the #NOLO designator was a manual process. It required the addition of the designator to the section title prior to registration and then its removal after add/drop to ensure the label didn't appear on the student transcript. This process severely hampered our long-term reporting abilities. In total, four colleges adopted the #NOLO designator in this fashion.\n\nTo assist in greater faculty and institutional adoption as well as improve data capture, the CSCU OER Advisory Council made a formal recommendation to the provost's academic council in Spring 2018 to implement the #NOLO designator as a course section attribute within the student information system. In addition to adding a course section attribute, a student-facing course search filter was added as well as an additional column within the course search results page.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Your materials for:
LIB 100 - Lib & Resch Methods
\u2713 Adoptions not Required
\u25cb This course does not use books
\u29bf Course uses OER/Zero cost course
\u25cb Other non-bookstore materials
[Continue]
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 208, "y": 441}, {"x": 397.71040000000005, "y": 441}, {"x": 397.71040000000005, "y": 449.8}, {"x": 208, "y": 449.8}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Figure 2.1: Filtered Search Option for NOLO Sections.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
extbookNoLoCred
textbook info3.00
textbook infoNoLo3.00
textbook infoNoLo3.00
textbook infoNoLo3.00
textbook infoNoLo3.00
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 502.34819999999996}, {"x": 554.6066, "y": 502.34819999999996}, {"x": 554.6066, "y": 513.3481999999999}, {"x": 56, "y": 513.3481999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Figure 2.2: Added Column in Results for NOLO Designator.\n\nThe request to implement the designator within the student information system was supported in Fall 2018 by the president's cabinet. The ability to mark courses was enabled late Fall 2018 and the student-facing features were enabled in January 2019. Each institutional representative on the OER council engaged with their local governance structures to request a vote for adoption.\n\n4 BOYOUNG CHAE, KEVIN CORCORAN, MICHAEL DALY, ANN FIDDLER, JEFF GALLANT, JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG, AMY HOFER, AND", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000092.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 67}, {"x": 555.0932999999999, "y": 67}, {"x": 555.0932999999999, "y": 78}, {"x": 56, "y": 78}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "laboratory experiments that have formed key pillars of the field, such as those experiments depicted in Examples 1 and 2 in the book's Introduction section. The thought experiments in Section 1 are, for the most part, re-castings of the simple cognitive tests devised by psychologists and economists over the past three-to-four decades to illustrate the fallacies, miscalculations, and biases distinguishing Homo sapiens from Homo economicus. Similarly, the laboratory experiments presented in Section 2 are, for the most part, re-castings of the seminal experiments conducted by Kahneman and Tversky (among many others). These experiments helped motivate the revised theories of human choice behavior, such as Kahneman and Tversky's (1979) Prospect Theory, which form another pillar of behavioral economics. Alongside these experiments, Section 2 presents the revised theories of human choice behavior with varying degrees of rigor. This is where the theoretical bases of Homo economicus' rational choice behavior are examined, and where key refinements to this theory are developed\u2014theoretical refinements underpinning the myriad departures from rational choice behavior we witness Homo sapiens make in this section's laboratory and field experiments (and which are examined further in Sections 3 and 4).\n\nSection 3 submerses the student in the world of behavioral game theory. Here we explore games such as Ultimatum Bargaining presented in Example 5. We follow Camerer (2003)'s lead, first by characterizing the games analytically (i.e., identifying solution, or equilibrium, concepts that are predicted to result when members of Homo economicus play the games), and then by discussing empirical results obtained from corresponding field experiments conducted with Homo sapiens. It is within the context of these games and field experiments that theories of social interaction are tested concerning inter alia trust and trustworthiness, honesty, fairness, reciprocity, etc. As with the thought and laboratory experiments presented in Sections 1 and 2, the games and field experiments presented in Section 3 are meant to be replicated with students as subjects and the instructor as the experimenter, or researcher.\n\nFinally, Section 4 wades into the vast sea of empirical research and choice architecture. Here the student explores studies reporting on (1) the outcomes of actual policy nudges, such as the SMarT retirement-savings plan presented in Example 3 of the Introduction, (2) analyses of secondary datasets to test for choice behavior consistent with the revised theories discussed in Section 2, such as the test for loss aversion in Example 4 of the Introduction, and (3) analyses of primary datasets obtained from novel field experiments to further test the revised theories. The main purpose of this section is not only to introduce the student to interesting empirical studies and policy adaptations in the field of behavioral economics, but also, in the process, to incubate in the student an abiding appreciation for the obscure settings that sometimes lend themselves to such study.\u00b3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 612, "y": 0}, {"x": 612, "y": 792}, {"x": 0, "y": 792}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "THE TEXTBOOK'S DIFFERENT LEVELS OF RIGOR", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 613}, {"x": 554.6054396000002, "y": 613}, {"x": 554.6054396000002, "y": 624}, {"x": 56, "y": 624}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Because the mathematical and computational rigor of material presented in this textbook varies throughout, particularly in Sections 2 \u2013 4, the extent of the rigor used in the presentation of a given topic is indicated with superscripts. Topics without a superscript are considered basic and universal enough that backgrounds in economics, mathematics, or statistics are not required for the reader to understand the material. Topics with a single asterisk (*) indicate that higher mathematical reasoning skills are recommended for the reader to fully grasp the material. Topics with a double\n\n\u00b3 Our approach to studying behavioral economics is focused on the underlying laboratory experimentation and behavioral games that form the bedrock of the field. As such, we eschew delving into related fields such as neuroeconomics and auction theory. See Cartwright (2018) and Just (2013) for introductions to the former and latter fields, respectively.\n\nXX ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000017.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 325.307}, {"x": 384.7956877999995, "y": 325.307}, {"x": 384.7956877999995, "y": 335.2696}, {"x": 56, "y": 335.2696}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "16 Face Your World\n\nThe image shows a person working with a computer setup during the Face Your World participation process. On top of the workstation, there is a drawing depicting a large tree with a little house inside and a rope ladder leading up to it. The screen shows the person working on a new digital object, redrawing their design for a tree house. Once finished, this drawing can be saved to the Interactor's library for use in designing the park.\n\nticipating in Face Your World Slotervaart made a total of 1216 sketches in this phase of the planning project and Kaspori considered this the most creative part of the process (interview with Kaspori, 2007). In the third phase of the game, children would discuss each other's sketches, vote for the best sketch and write down why they had voted for that particular sketch. In the final stage, children entered the multi-player mode and had to start designing the park together. This final designing phase was directed at cooperation between the children: they had to agree on how to design the park and work together in order to be able to realize their ideas (interview with Heeswijk, 2007). To realize their ideas, players thus needed to communicate and cooperate. The discussion option of the game was facilitated through a chat function. This chat function was one of the few aspects of the game that did not work as it had been intended and projected by the designers. Children working with the Interactor did not use the chat function for communi-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000001.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 62, "y": 43.14200000000005}, {"x": 388.102, "y": 43.14200000000005}, {"x": 388.102, "y": 54.14200000000005}, {"x": 62, "y": 54.14200000000005}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "3\ufffd4 Yarrow\n\n\n\n1999 such iterations to form parameter distributions. If these distributions are\nsymmetric, we can pretty much just read values straight out of them to form\nconfidence intervals (e.g., the 50th and 1950th values out of 1999 will give us a\nroughly 95% confidence interval). If they are not, we must do something more\ncomplicated, with the best choice being the bias-corrected and accelerated\n(BCa) approach. Because of the large number of fits that are required,\nbootstrapping is fairly slow. If the experiment contains many trials, the BCa\nmethod makes it even slower (because it incorporates additional \u201cjackknife\u201d\nresampling, implying one further fitting iteration for almost every trial).18\n The code accompanying this chapter offers options to generate confidence\nintervals on fitted parameters. Confidence intervals sometimes imply\nstatistical inference, as for example when they fail to overlap some value and\nthus imply that our statistic differs significantly from that value. However, in\nsj experiments we are more likely to want to ask a question such as whether\na particular parameter differs between two conditions for a single observer.\nTo answer this kind of question, you will need to modify or develop the code.\nIf we take the example of whether parameters vary across conditions, my\nrecommendation would be to adopt a permutation test approach.\n To do so, take the trials from both conditions and think of each trial as a\ncard in a deck of cards. Making sure you keep each trial intact (i.e., without\nbreaking the link between soas and responses) shuffle the trials and then deal\nthem at random into two new piles, each representing a pseudo-condition.\nIf your original conditions contained different numbers of trials, make sure\nthe two pseudo-conditions match the size of the original conditions. For each\npseudo-condition, perform a model fit. Now calculate the difference between\nmodel parameters in the two pseudo-conditions. This is the value you want to\nretain. Now repeat this whole process many times. What you are forming is a\nnull distribution of the expected difference between model parameters that\nwould occur just by chance. You can then compare the difference you actually\nobtained against this null distribution to generate a p value for your difference\nof interest.\n\n\n\n7 Variants of sj Observer Models\n\n\n\nIn this chapter, I have presented two variants of a latency-based observer mod-\nel applied to the sj task. Both assume that a single SOA will generate an inter-\nnal response (\u0394t) that is a Gaussian random variable. Both assume a simple\n\n\n\n18 E.g., . Note that Matlab has inbuilt func-\n tions, which could have done most of this if you have the statistics toolbox extensions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000102.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Region201620302050
Middle East and North Africa129177255
Sub-Saharan Africa174269516
Latin America and Caribbean231290369
North America289342396
South Asia334466661
Europe and Central Asia392440490
East Asia and Pacific468602714
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 109.05816946107785}, {"x": 554.6112999999998, "y": 109.05816946107785}, {"x": 554.6112999999998, "y": 134.74679221556886}, {"x": 56, "y": 134.74679221556886}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "(Kaza et al. 2018)\n\nCanada is currently the world's largest producer of MSW per capita. At slightly more than 36 metric tons per person per year, Canadians generate roughly 10 tons more MSW per person annually than the next highest garbage producers, Bulgarians and Americans (Tiseo, 2021). Summiting a list like this is obviously not in any country's best interest\u2014there are no kudos for reaching the top of the heap, so to speak. Is it therefore possible that those nations reaching the top will take the lead in reversing course?\n\nHalifax is one Canadian city that apparently has. On August 1st, 2015, the city began providing a \"green nudge\" to citizens living in its urban core area with the introduction of the Clear Bag Policy, a policy designed to nudge households toward more responsible sorting of their waste, which, in turn, would result in an overall reduction in the total amount of waste generated. As Akbulut-Yuksel and Boulatoff point out, under the new policy, households were mandated to replace their black garbage bags, traditionally used for the disposal of their refuse, with clear, transparent bags. The Clear Bag Policy allowed households to put out the same number of garbage bags at the curb (six every other week), but all waste destined for the landfill was required to be disposed of in a clear bag (except for one dark bag permitted for privacy's sake). This allowed waste collectors to screen and refuse any bags containing materials that should otherwise have been diverted from the landfill, such as recyclables, food waste, and hazardous waste. Clear bags also made apparent to everyone, neighbors and passersby alike, a given household's waste-generation and disposal habits.\u00b3\u00b3\n\nTo test the Clear Bag Policy's impact on a typical household's generation of MSW, Akbulut-Yuksel and Boulatoff designed a quasi-experiment spanning the period from January 6, 2014, to July 28, 2017, with January 6, 2014, to July 31, 2015, serving as the pre-treatment period and August 1, 2015, to July 28, 2017, serving as the post-treatment period. MSW data collected during this time span\n\n\u00b3\u00b3 As Akbulut-Yuksel and Boulatoff point out, Halifax households are required to sort waste in four ways: (1) recyclable containers (plastics, glass, and aluminum) are put in a transparent blue bag, (2) paper and cardboard are put in a separate bag, (3) organic food waste goes in a green bin provided by the city, and (4) the remaining waste (refuse) goes into garbage bags. Recyclable materials are collected each week, while garbage and organic waste are each collected every other week on opposite weeks (except in the summer months when, thank goodness, organic waste is collected on a weekly basis).\n\n234 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000192.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 125.54385919999999, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 125.54385919999999, "y": 93.84519999999999}, {"x": 70, "y": 93.84519999999999}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "References", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 524.6239568968, "y": 81.88999999999999}, {"x": 524.6239568968, "y": 91.8526}, {"x": 70, "y": 91.8526}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Ian L Alberts, Lorenzo Mercolli, Thomas Pyka, George Prenosil, Kuangyu Shi, Axel Rominger, and Ali Afshar-Oromieh. 2023. Large language models (llm) and chatgpt: what will the impact on nuclear medicine be? European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, 50(6):1549\u20131552.\n\nRohan Anil, Andrew M Dai, Orhan Firat, Melvin Johnson, Dmitry Lepikhin, Alexandre Passos, Siamak Shakeri, Emanuel Taropa, Paige Bailey, Zhifeng Chen, et al. 2023. Palm 2 technical report. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.10403.\n\nAram Bahrini, Mohammadsadra Khamoshifar, Hossein Abbasimehr, Robert J Riggs, Maryam Esmaeili, Rastin Mastali Majdabadkohne, and Morteza Pasehvar. 2023. Chatgpt: Applications, opportunities, and threats. In 2023 Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium (SIEDS), pages 274\u2013279. IEEE.\n\nEdward Beeching, Cl\u00e9mentine Fourrier, Nathan Habib, Sheon Han, Nathan Lambert, Nazneen Rajani, Omar Sanseviero, Lewis Tunstall, and Thomas Wolf. 2023. Open llm leaderboard. https://huggingface.co/spaces/HuggingFaceH4/open_llm_leaderboard.\n\nTom Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared D Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, et al. 2020. Language models are few-shot learners. Advances in neural information processing systems, 33:1877\u20131901.\n\nPeter Clark, Isaac Cowhey, Oren Etzioni, Tushar Khot, Ashish Sabharwal, Carissa Schoenick, and Oyvind Tafjord. 2018. Think you have solved question answering? try arc, the ai2 reasoning challenge. arXiv preprint arXiv:1803.05457.\n\nKarl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian, Mark Chen, Heewoo Jun, Lukasz Kaiser, Matthias Plappert, Jerry Tworek, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro Nakano, et al. 2021. Training verifiers to solve math word problems. arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.14168.\n\nGanqu Cui, Lifan Yuan, Ning Ding, Guanming Yao, Wei Zhu, Yuan Ni, Guotong Xie, Zhiyuan Liu, and Maosong Sun. 2023. Ultrafeedback: Boosting language models with high-quality feedback. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.01377.\n\nChunyuan Deng, Yilun Zhao, Xiangru Tang, Mark Gerstein, and Arman Cohan. 2023. Investigating data contamination in modern benchmarks for large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.09783.\n\nHanze Dong, Wei Xiong, Deepanshu Goyal, Rui Pan, Shizhe Diao, Jipeng Zhang, Kashun Shum, and Tong Zhang. 2023. Raft: Reward ranked finetuning for generative foundation model alignment. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.06767.\n\nMohammad Fraiwan and Natheer Khasawneh. 2023. A review of chatgpt applications in education, marketing, software engineering, and healthcare: Benefits, drawbacks, and research directions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.00237.\n\nTrevor Gale, Deepak Narayanan, Cliff Young, and Matei Zaharia. 2023. Megablocks: Efficient sparse training with mixture-of-experts. Proceedings of Machine Learning and Systems, 5.\n\nAndrea Gesmundo and Kaitlin Maile. 2023. Composable function-preserving expansions for transformer architectures. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.06103.\n\nShahriar Golchin and Mihai Surdeanu. 2023. Time travel in llms: Tracing data contamination in large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.08493.\n\nDan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou, Mantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt. 2020. Measuring massive multitask language understanding. In International Conference on Learning Representations.\n\nDan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Saurav Kadavath, Akul Arora, Steven Basart, Eric Tang, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt. 2021. Measuring mathematical problem solving with the math dataset. arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.03874.\n\nDanny Hernandez, Jared Kaplan, Tom Henighan, and Sam McCandlish. 2021. Scaling laws for transfer. arXiv preprint arXiv:2102.01293.\n\nChangho Hwang, Wei Cui, Yifan Xiong, Ziyue Yang, Ze Liu, Han Hu, Zilong Wang, Rafael Salas, Jithin Jose, Prabhat Ram, et al. 2023. Tutel: Adaptive mixture-of-experts at scale. Proceedings of Machine Learning and Systems, 5.\n\nIntel. 2023. Supervised fine-tuning and direct preference optimization on intel gaudi2.\n\nHamish Ivison, Yizhong Wang, Valentina Pyatkin, Nathan Lambert, Matthew Peters, Pradeep Dasigi, Joel Jang, David Wadden, Noah A. Smith, Iz Beltagy, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. 2023. Camels in a changing climate: Enhancing lm adaptation with tulu 2.\n\nAlbert Q Jiang, Alexandre Sablayrolles, Arthur Mensch, Chris Bamford, Devendra Singh Chaplot, Diego de las Casas, Florian Bressand, Gianna Lengyel, Guillaume Lample, Lucile Saulnier, et al. 2023. Mistral 7b. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.06825.\n\nJean Kaddour, Oscar Key, Piotr Nawrot, Pasquale Minervini, and Matt J Kusner. 2023. No train no gain: Revisiting efficient training algorithms for transformer-based language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.06440.\n\nJared Kaplan, Sam McCandlish, Tom Henighan, Tom B Brown, Benjamin Chess, Rewon Child, Scott Gray, Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, and Dario Amodei. 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000179.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 427}, {"x": 528.0445658249998, "y": 427}, {"x": 528.0445658249998, "y": 436.45}, {"x": 70, "y": 436.45}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 12.2. A set of open textbooks printed in bulk are featured in this photo. Open textbooks from the Open Course Library, picture by Tom Caswell, CC BY 2.0.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 476}, {"x": 382.43681666365006, "y": 476}, {"x": 382.43681666365006, "y": 489.9965}, {"x": 70, "y": 489.9965}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "What tool(s) do you typically use in your course?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 521}, {"x": 540.2675340000001, "y": 521}, {"x": 540.2675340000001, "y": 531.5}, {"x": 70, "y": 531.5}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Ask whether the instructor utilizes your institution's course management system (Canvas, Blackboard, etc.), or a separate course website to communicate and share content with students. This may affect the tools and practices you recommend.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 572}, {"x": 437.81998320970007, "y": 572}, {"x": 437.81998320970007, "y": 585.9965}, {"x": 70, "y": 585.9965}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "What supporting materials do you utilize for this course?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 70, "y": 600}, {"x": 540.2679, "y": 600}, {"x": 540.2679, "y": 610.5}, {"x": 70, "y": 610.5}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "If the instructor relies on self-grading homework platforms or ancillary presentations and lecture notes from publishers, you will want to discuss the various free and low-cost options available to replace that content (See Chapter 15, Finding Ancillaries for OER).\n\nAlternatively, does the instructor already supplement their course materials with course notes or materials they have personally created? Often, when traditional materials are lacking or require supplement, instructors will create notes, reading lists, or other content to \"back up\" any traditional, commercial content used in their course. This instructor-created content can be reused with OER as well, or even adapted into a new open resource in the future.\n\n164 | SUPPORTING OER ADOPTION", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000032.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 59.84, "y": 69.29399999999998}, {"x": 371.80213590000017, "y": 69.29399999999998}, {"x": 371.80213590000017, "y": 88.20299999999997}, {"x": 59.84, "y": 88.20299999999997}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Prologue\nProgramming and Understanding\nOne way to become aware of the precision required to unam-\nbiguously communicate a mathematical idea is to program it for\na computer. Rather than using canned programs purely as an\naid to visualization or numerical computation, we use computer\nprogramming in a functional style to encourage clear thinking.\nProgramming forces us to be precise and unambiguous, without\nforcing us to be excessively rigorous. The computer does not toler-\nate vague descriptions or incomplete constructions. Thus the act\nof programming makes us keenly aware of our errors of reasoning\nor unsupported conclusions.1\n Although this book is about differential geometry, we can show\nhow thinking about programming can help in understanding in a\nmore elementary context. The traditional use of Leibniz\u2019s notation\nand Newton\u2019s notation is convenient in simple situations, but in\nmore complicated situations it can be a serious handicap to clear\nreasoning.\n A mechanical system is described by a Lagrangian function of\nthe system state (time, coordinates, and velocities). A motion of\nthe system is described by a path that gives the coordinates for\neach moment of time. A path is allowed if and only if it satisfies\nthe Lagrange equations. Traditionally, the Lagrange equations are\nwritten\n d \u2202L\u2212 \u2202L = 0.\ndt\u2202 \u02d9 q \u2202q\nWhat could this expression possibly mean?\n Let\u2019s try to write a program that implements Lagrange equa-\ntions. What are Lagrange equations for? Our program must take\na proposed path and give a result that allows us to decide if the\npath is allowed. This is already a problem; the equation shown\nabove does not have a slot for a path to be tested.\n\n\n\n1The idea of using computer programming to develop skills of clear thinking\nwas originally advocated by Seymour Papert. An extensive discussion of this\nidea, applied to the education of young children, can be found in Papert [13].", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000146.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 95.91999999999996}, {"x": 514.2878400000001, "y": 95.91999999999996}, {"x": 514.2878400000001, "y": 106.95999999999995}, {"x": 85, "y": 106.95999999999995}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "organizations to navigate successfully the global digital economy. Finally each of the identified competences, within the Framework will correspond to the different e-learning modules (PR2) and e-game levels (PR3)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 151.91999999999996}, {"x": 211.11376, "y": 151.91999999999996}, {"x": 211.11376, "y": 164.87999999999997}, {"x": 85, "y": 164.87999999999997}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Reference frameworks:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 200.91999999999996}, {"x": 516.6308799999999, "y": 200.91999999999996}, {"x": 516.6308799999999, "y": 211.95999999999998}, {"x": 85, "y": 211.95999999999998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "> GreenComp \u2013 \"The European Sustainability Competence Framework\"(1), responds to the growing need for people to improve and develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes to live, work and act in a sustainable manner.\n\nGreenComp is a reference framework for sustainability competences. It provides a common ground to learners and guidance to educators, providing a consensual definition of what sustainability as a competence entails. It is designed to support education and training programmes for lifelong learning. It is written for all learners, irrespective of their age and their education level and in any learning setting \u2013 formal, non-formal and informal. Sustainability competences can help learners become systemic and critical thinkers, as well as develop agency, and form a knowledge basis for everyone who cares about our planet's present and future state. The aim of GreenComp is to foster a sustainability mindset by helping users develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes to think, plan and act with empathy, responsibility, and care for our planet.\n\nGreen- Comp is the result of a robust research methodology that has involved a large and diverse group of experts and stakeholders, to build a consensus on an agreed proposal. It provides a general reference model that everyone involved in lifelong learning can use to design learning opportunities aimed at developing sustainability competences and to assess progress in supporting education and training for sustainability.\n\nGreenComp consists of 12 competences organised into the four main areas below:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
AreaCompetence
1. Embodying sustainability values1.1 Valuing sustainability
1.2 Supporting fairness
1.3 Promoting nature
2. Embracing complexity in sustainability2.1 Systems thinking
2.2 Critical thinking
2.3 Problem framing
3. Envisioning sustainable futures3.1 Futures literacy
3.2 Adaptability
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 90, "y": 768.92}, {"x": 511.32032000000004, "y": 768.92}, {"x": 511.32032000000004, "y": 776.9599999999999}, {"x": 90, "y": 776.9599999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.\n\nProject No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000088.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 77, "y": 47}, {"x": 471.317, "y": 47}, {"x": 471.317, "y": 57.980000000000004}, {"x": 77, "y": 57.980000000000004}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148, "y": 89}, {"x": 419.51684000000006, "y": 89}, {"x": 419.51684000000006, "y": 105.98}, {"x": 148, "y": 105.98}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Comparative Summary Table", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
JurisdictionGATS XVII Reservation (1994)Foreign Ownership PermittedRestrictions on Foreign OwnershipForeign Ownership Reporting Requirements
ArgentinaYYProhibition on ownership of property that contains or borders large and permanent bodies of water and of land in border security zones. Rural land can only be acquired upon certificate being granted (total percentage must not exceed 15% of the territory, in which shares of nationals of one country must not exceed 30%; maximum limit per foreigner; certain long-term residents exempted).
AustraliaNYApproval is needed from the Treasurer if the acquisition constitutes a \"significant action,\" including acquiring an interest in different types of land where the monetary threshold is met for that type of land. The Treasurer may prohibit a significant action that is found to be contrary to the national interest.Acquisitions of residential and agricultural land by foreign persons must be reported to the relevant government agency.
AustriaYYPrior authorization required with exceptions; authorization may be refused if the acquisition contradicts national public policy interests.
BelgiumNYNone.
BrazilYYAcquisition of rural property by an alien individual or company, including Brazilian companies controlled by foreigners, may not exceed 50 modules; foreign ownership of rural areas may not exceed a quarter of the surface of the municipalities, and ownership
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 171}, {"x": 207.5445, "y": 171}, {"x": 207.5445, "y": 181.98}, {"x": 72, "y": 181.98}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The Law Library of Congress 5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000082.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 436, "y": 43.889999999999986}, {"x": 495.2899999999998, "y": 43.889999999999986}, {"x": 495.2899999999998, "y": 53.889999999999986}, {"x": 436, "y": 53.889999999999986}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Appendices", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 99, "y": 108.88999999999999}, {"x": 485.6499999999997, "y": 108.88999999999999}, {"x": 485.6499999999997, "y": 121.38999999999999}, {"x": 99, "y": 121.38999999999999}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "TABLE 28: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN STATE LAWS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Imprisonment termsNumber of clausesPercentage of all statesPercentage of total
Less than 3 months4,44821.3%17.0%
3 months to less than 1 year4,80623.0%18.4%
1 year to less than 3 years9,76646.7%37.4%
3 years to less than 5 years8344.0%3.2%
5 years to less than 10 years1,0214.9%3.9%
More than 10 years200.1%0.1%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 99, "y": 308.89}, {"x": 210.978, "y": 308.89}, {"x": 210.978, "y": 317.89}, {"x": 99, "y": 317.89}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Source: TeamLease Regtech", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 99, "y": 168.89}, {"x": 386.3374999999999, "y": 168.89}, {"x": 386.3374999999999, "y": 181.39}, {"x": 99, "y": 181.39}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "TABLE 29: STATES WITH MORE THAN 1,000 IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
StateNumber of clausesGSDP (In Rs lakh crore)GSDP (In $ billion)
Gujarat146915.6200.4
Punjab12735.370.2
Maharashtra121026.3351.0
Karnataka117515.4205.9
Tamil Nadu104316.3217.4
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 99, "y": 420.89}, {"x": 394.15099999999995, "y": 420.89}, {"x": 394.15099999999995, "y": 436.89}, {"x": 99, "y": 436.89}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Sources: TeamLease Regtech, and Reserve Bank of India for GSDPs\nExchange rate: Rs 75 to USD\n\n81", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000104.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 54, "y": 103.9011407098121}, {"x": 503.09911678115805, "y": 103.9011407098121}, {"x": 503.09911678115805, "y": 121.79004070981208}, {"x": 54, "y": 121.79004070981208}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "```mermaid\ngraph LR\n A[PUBLISHERS] --> B[AGGREGATORS]\n A --> C[LIBRARIANS]\n B --> C\n C --> D[READERS]\n D -.-> A\n```\n\nAn overview of each actor's role in this ecosystem is described below.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 54, "y": 106.37589645093944}, {"x": 226.1216879293425, "y": 106.37589645093944}, {"x": 226.1216879293425, "y": 124.26479645093941}, {"x": 54, "y": 124.26479645093941}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Publishers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 54, "y": 103.9011407098121}, {"x": 558.0000000000001, "y": 103.9011407098121}, {"x": 558.0000000000001, "y": 121.79004070981208}, {"x": 54, "y": 121.79004070981208}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Publishers work to \"make public\" scholarly work in the form of textbooks, journals, and monographs, and represent a wide range of publishing approaches, business models, budgets, and institutional affiliations. With our focus on monographs, the two most significant groups are large commercial publishers and university presses. These publish the vast majority of monographs in circulation, although in recent years, smaller open access publishers have also begun to emerge.\n\nThe role of publishers includes (among other things):\n\n- acquisitions and list curation\n- editorial work and coordinating peer review\n- design and production (for various formats, typically: print, digital PDF, and EPUB)\n- distribution and marketing of finished products into various channels (libraries, aggregators, stores) where readers can access books\n\n6 | The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000068.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 72, "y": 81}, {"x": 500.7715000000003, "y": 81}, {"x": 500.7715000000003, "y": 110.14524047077921}, {"x": 72, "y": 110.14524047077921}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "The World Bank/PEMSEA Assessment of Policies and Regulations to Guide Country Dialogue at National Level to Reduce Plastic Waste in the Philippines indicated:\n\n> \"Despite these efforts, there seemed to be very limited information that shows the effectiveness of the bans on reducing plastics and litter, or even diversion from landfills in the country. For the majority of LGUs in the country, however, there seemed to be no clear documentation and reporting of progress and updated waste data possibly due to the difficulty and complexity of data generation and assessment. Another possible constraint is that the scope of the LGU ordinances vary and covered different kinds of SUPP, including the exemptions, which makes integration of the various reports, if available, a challenge.\"\n\nThe World Bank/PEMSEA report also recommended that a baseline assessment be conducted to obtain a better understanding which SUPP are the most prevalent and problematic in the Philippines and to also identify the sources and extent and impacts of mismanagement.\n\nb. Extended producer responsibility (EPR). EPR schemes use a combination of regulatory approaches to extend manufacturers' responsibility for single-use plastic products throughout their life cycle, including to the end-of-life stage. These schemes are aimed at decreasing the overall environmental impact from a product and its packaging. The primary responsibility under EPR lies with the producer, who makes design and marketing decisions. In most European countries, product manufacturers are charged a fee for every piece of packaging they put onto the market based on the reusability or recyclability of the packaging, supported by technical analysis. These fees are intended to cover some or all of the costs of collection, sorting and recycling. Since the recycling of plastic packaging costs more than it yields, companies will benefit from a more cost-effective system of packaging.\n\nc. Regulated Storage, Manufacture and Use of plastics. India required its states to enforce existing rules on the storage, manufacture, and use of some single-use plastics in lieu of a nationwide ban. Meanwhile, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) is yet to issue a list of non-environmentally accepted products (NEAP) as provided in Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act, passed a decade ago. This will include single use plastics in all product forms per technical advice of the Department of Science and", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Figure 27. Soft drinks can with the message \"Recycle Me\"
[Image of two soft drink cans, one red and one silver, with the Coca-Cola logo visible. The cans appear to have a recycling message on them.]
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 19, "y": 759}, {"x": 345.90299999999974, "y": 759}, {"x": 345.90299999999974, "y": 773}, {"x": 19, "y": 773}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "64 Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000174.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 396, "y": 0}, {"x": 396, "y": 612}, {"x": 0, "y": 612}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Tycho Brahe's Observatory", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 56, "y": 119}, {"x": 338.7275999999998, "y": 119}, {"x": 338.7275999999998, "y": 128}, {"x": 56, "y": 128}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Three years after the publication of Copernicus' De Revolutionibus, Tycho Brahe was born to a family of Danish nobility. He developed an early interest in astronomy and, as a young man, made significant astronomical observations. Among these was a careful study of what we now know was an exploding star that flared up to great brilliance in the night sky. His growing reputation gained him the patronage of the Danish King Frederick II, and at the age of 30, Brahe was able to establish a fine astronomical observatory on the North Sea island of Hven (Figure 1). Brahe was the last and greatest of the pre-telescopic observers in Europe.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 396, "y": 0}, {"x": 396, "y": 612}, {"x": 0, "y": 612}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) and Johannes Kepler (1571-1630).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
(a)(b)
A stylized engraving showing a man using large astronomical instruments in a multi-level observatory. The image depicts various levels with different activities, including a large curved instrument in the foreground.A portrait of a man with a mustache and beard, wearing a ruff collar and dark clothing. He is shown holding a celestial globe.
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 61, "y": 529}, {"x": 334.4229000000001, "y": 529}, {"x": 334.4229000000001, "y": 538}, {"x": 61, "y": 538}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "**Figure 1.** (a) A stylized engraving shows Tycho Brahe using his instruments to measure the altitude of celestial objects above the horizon. The large curved instrument in the foreground allowed\n\nChapter 3 Orbits and Gravity Section 3.1: The Laws of Planetary Motion | 99", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000075.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 113, "y": 80.88999999999999}, {"x": 524.0708, "y": 80.88999999999999}, {"x": 524.0708, "y": 92.88999999999999}, {"x": 113, "y": 92.88999999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "2020 and 2021, and, for approximately half of AMS, working hours lost were higher in 2021 compared to 2020 (Figure 1.3). The disruptions in global supply chains because of travel and transport restrictions hit some AMS particularly hard because of supply needs from other countries.\n\nDespite these tremendous job losses, many countries also experienced labour shortages due to previously unprecedented demand for certain products, such as rubber gloves in Malaysia and for fishery products in Thailand. The return of migrant workers to their home countries contributed to significant labour shortages (Lee and David, 2021; Sriring and Staporncharnchai, 2021).\u2074 COVID-related movement restrictions caused many workers to withdraw from the labour force (especially women) and labour force participation rates declined in most countries.\u2075 This was the case for Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Viet Nam (Figure 1.4). According to the ILO (2021c), female employment in AMS in 2020 was 3.9 percent lower than the expected level, which is markedly less than the 2.7 percent figure for male employment.\u2076 The impact of the pandemic on employment is evident in lower labour force participation, lower working hours, and higher unemployment rates in most countries (Figure 1.5).\n\nFigure 1.3. Decline in weekly working hours compared to 2019 (percent)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}, {"x": 0, "y": 0}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Country20202021
Brunei Darussalam3.21.2
Cambodia3.85.2
Indonesia5.84.8
Lao PDR3.23.4
Malaysia9.24.8
Myanmar9.413.0
Philippines15.64.6
Singapore5.25.4
Thailand4.65.0
Viet Nam4.85.8
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85, "y": 486.89}, {"x": 507.4203999999998, "y": 486.89}, {"x": 507.4203999999998, "y": 498.89}, {"x": 85, "y": 498.89}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Source: ILO (2022a)\n\n4 There are of course long-standing reasons for the labour shortages in these sectors, which accounts for their high reliance for migrant workers, including poor working conditions, that is prone to abuse, and lack of attractiveness for local workers (Looi, 2020; Ng, 2020; ILO, 2015).\n\n5 McKinsey Global Institute (2020) estimates that at the beginning of the pandemic, women accounted for more than half of total job losses from COVID-19 though they made up only two-fifths of the global labour force. This is because they are overrepresented in sectors hardest hit by the pandemic: accommodation and food services; retail and wholesale trade; and other services, such as arts, recreation, and public administration.\n\n6 This is equivalent to saying there is greater increase in unemployment or inactivity for women compared to men. According to the report, one reason is the increase in unpaid care responsibilities for women as schools closed (ILO, 2021c).\n\nASEAN Migration Outlook 15", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000125.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 47, "y": 81}, {"x": 339.2020378000002, "y": 81}, {"x": 339.2020378000002, "y": 90}, {"x": 47, "y": 90}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "ways. Review Figure 2.16^8 below, which is a line graph of the percentage of Canadian vs. foreign television programmes watched in New Brunswick from 2000 to 2004. Because of the similar colours of the lines, it is difficult for the reader to understand which line graph corresponds to which colour from the legend.\n\n8. Statistics Canada. Table 22-10-0097-01 Television viewing time of all television stations, by province, content and type of programme. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/2210009701-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence\n\n54 | Misleading Data Visualizations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/dataset/sample_results/microsoft_241010.json b/dataset/sample_results/microsoft_241010.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1ad34e2bf11044d6ba09f60327e741631bff5aea --- /dev/null +++ b/dataset/sample_results/microsoft_241010.json @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +{"01030000000047.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6384, "y": 0.4811}, {"x": 3.1242, "y": 0.4847}, {"x": 3.1241, "y": 0.6067}, {"x": 0.6383, "y": 0.6031}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "ANFREL Pre-Election Assessment Mission Report", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6424, "y": 0.7875}, {"x": 1.0603, "y": 0.7875}, {"x": 1.0603, "y": 1.6746}, {"x": 0.6424, "y": 1.6746}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "No.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0603, "y": 0.7875}, {"x": 3.2346, "y": 0.7875}, {"x": 3.2346, "y": 1.6746}, {"x": 1.0603, "y": 1.6746}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Political party", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.2346, "y": 0.7875}, {"x": 4.9486, "y": 0.7875}, {"x": 4.9486, "y": 1.1707}, {"x": 3.2346, "y": 1.1707}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Provisional registration result on 7 March", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.9486, "y": 0.7875}, {"x": 6.6554, "y": 0.7875}, {"x": 6.6554, "y": 1.1707}, {"x": 4.9486, "y": 1.1707}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Official registration result on 29 April", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.6554, "y": 0.7875}, {"x": 7.5124, "y": 0.7946}, {"x": 7.5195, "y": 1.6746}, {"x": 6.6554, "y": 1.6746}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Difference in the number of candidates", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.2346, "y": 1.1707}, {"x": 4.0845, "y": 1.1707}, {"x": 4.0845, "y": 1.6746}, {"x": 3.2346, "y": 1.6746}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Number of commune/ sangkat", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0845, "y": 1.1707}, {"x": 4.9486, "y": 1.1707}, {"x": 4.9486, "y": 1.6746}, {"x": 4.0845, "y": 1.6746}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Number of candidates", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.9486, "y": 1.1707}, {"x": 5.7914, "y": 1.1707}, {"x": 5.7984, "y": 1.6746}, {"x": 4.9486, "y": 1.6746}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Number of commune/ sangkat", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.7914, "y": 1.1707}, {"x": 6.6554, "y": 1.1707}, {"x": 6.6554, "y": 1.6746}, {"x": 5.7984, "y": 1.6746}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Number of candidates", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6424, 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No.Political partyProvisional registration result on 7 MarchOfficial registration result on 29 AprilDifference in the number of candidates
Number of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidatesNumber of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidates
11Khmer United Party3549830457-41
12Grassroots Democracy Party3243532481+46
13Beehive Social Democratic Party2542523392-33
14Cambodian Indigeneous Peoples Democracy Party1919419202+8
15Ekpheap Cheat Khmer Party1517514178+3
16Reaksmey Khemara Party779688+9
17Khmer Economic Development Party465464-1
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[{"x": 4.7113, "y": 4.8799}, {"x": 5.7883, "y": 4.8799}, {"x": 5.7883, "y": 5.1477}, {"x": 4.7113, "y": 5.1477}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "Mid", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.7883, "y": 4.8799}, {"x": 6.871, "y": 4.8799}, {"x": 6.871, "y": 5.1477}, {"x": 5.7883, "y": 5.1477}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "Large", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3946, "y": 5.1477}, {"x": 3.6285, "y": 5.1477}, {"x": 3.6285, "y": 5.4382}, {"x": 1.3946, "y": 5.4439}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "Less than 3 months", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.6285, "y": 5.1477}, {"x": 4.7113, "y": 5.1477}, {"x": 4.7113, "y": 5.4382}, {"x": 3.6285, "y": 5.4382}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.7113, "y": 5.1477}, {"x": 5.7883, "y": 5.1477}, {"x": 5.7883, "y": 5.4382}, {"x": 4.7113, "y": 5.4382}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "42", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.7883, "y": 5.1477}, {"x": 6.871, "y": 5.1477}, {"x": 6.871, "y": 5.4382}, {"x": 5.7883, "y": 5.4382}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "82", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3946, "y": 5.4439}, {"x": 3.6285, "y": 5.4382}, {"x": 3.6285, "y": 5.7173}, {"x": 1.3946, "y": 5.7173}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "3 months to less than 1 year", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.6285, "y": 5.4382}, {"x": 4.7113, "y": 5.4382}, {"x": 4.7113, "y": 5.7173}, {"x": 3.6285, "y": 5.7173}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "67", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.7113, "y": 5.4382}, {"x": 5.7883, "y": 5.4382}, {"x": 5.7883, "y": 5.7173}, {"x": 4.7113, "y": 5.7173}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "203", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.7883, "y": 5.4382}, {"x": 6.871, "y": 5.4382}, {"x": 6.871, "y": 5.7173}, {"x": 5.7883, "y": 5.7173}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "373", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3946, "y": 5.7173}, {"x": 3.6285, "y": 5.7173}, {"x": 3.6285, "y": 6.0135}, {"x": 1.3946, "y": 6.0135}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "1 year to less than 3 years", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.6285, "y": 5.7173}, {"x": 4.7113, "y": 5.7173}, {"x": 4.7113, "y": 6.0078}, {"x": 3.6285, "y": 6.0135}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "50", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.7113, "y": 5.7173}, {"x": 5.7883, "y": 5.7173}, {"x": 5.7883, "y": 6.0078}, {"x": 4.7113, "y": 6.0078}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "58", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.7883, "y": 5.7173}, {"x": 6.871, "y": 5.7173}, {"x": 6.871, "y": 6.0078}, {"x": 5.7883, "y": 6.0078}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "68", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3946, "y": 6.0135}, {"x": 3.6285, "y": 6.0135}, {"x": 3.6228, "y": 6.2869}, {"x": 1.3946, "y": 6.2869}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "3 years to less than 5 years", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.6285, "y": 6.0135}, {"x": 4.7113, "y": 6.0078}, {"x": 4.7113, "y": 6.2869}, {"x": 3.6228, "y": 6.2869}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.7113, "y": 6.0078}, {"x": 5.7883, "y": 6.0078}, {"x": 5.7883, "y": 6.2869}, {"x": 4.7113, "y": 6.2869}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "40", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.7883, "y": 6.0078}, {"x": 6.871, "y": 6.0078}, {"x": 6.871, "y": 6.2869}, {"x": 5.7883, "y": 6.2869}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": {"text": "80", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3946, "y": 6.2869}, {"x": 3.6228, "y": 6.2869}, {"x": 3.6228, "y": 6.5717}, {"x": 1.3889, "y": 6.5774}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 39, "content": {"text": "5 years to 10 years", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.6228, "y": 6.2869}, {"x": 4.7113, "y": 6.2869}, {"x": 4.7113, "y": 6.5717}, {"x": 3.6228, "y": 6.5717}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 40, "content": {"text": "19", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.7113, "y": 6.2869}, {"x": 5.7883, "y": 6.2869}, {"x": 5.7883, "y": 6.5717}, {"x": 4.7113, "y": 6.5717}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 41, "content": {"text": "19", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.7883, "y": 6.2869}, {"x": 6.871, "y": 6.2869}, {"x": 6.871, "y": 6.5717}, {"x": 5.7883, "y": 6.5717}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 42, "content": {"text": "19", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3638, "y": 6.6311}, {"x": 2.2054, "y": 6.6311}, {"x": 2.2054, "y": 6.7731}, {"x": 1.3638, "y": 6.7731}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 43, "content": {"text": "* In table 38", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0001, "y": 11.0925}, {"x": 4.2587, "y": 11.0925}, {"x": 4.2587, "y": 11.2953}, {"x": 4.0001, "y": 11.2953}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 44, "content": {"text": "86", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3811, "y": 2.0028}, {"x": 6.8722, "y": 2.0041}, {"x": 6.8721, "y": 3.305}, {"x": 1.3801, "y": 3.3035}], "category": "table", "id": 45, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
SmallMediumLarge
Total applicable compliances7841,1881,693
Compliances with imprisonment154362622
Percentage of imprisonment clauses20%30%37%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.366, "y": 4.8734}, {"x": 6.8749, "y": 4.8728}, {"x": 6.8755, "y": 6.5781}, {"x": 1.3659, "y": 6.5789}], "category": "table", "id": 46, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
SmallMediumLarge
Total applicable compliances7841,1881,693
Compliances with imprisonment154362622
Percentage of imprisonment clauses20%30%37%
RangeSmallMidLarge
Less than 3 months104282
3 months to less than 1 year67203373
1 year to less than 3 years505868
3 years to less than 5 years84080
5 years to 10 years191919
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000035.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8294, "y": 0.7729}, {"x": 2.2406, "y": 0.7768}, {"x": 2.2389, "y": 1.3867}, {"x": 0.8278, "y": 1.3828}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "4 Basis Fields", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8284, "y": 1.6641}, {"x": 5.1577, "y": 1.6641}, {"x": 5.1577, "y": 3.0625}, {"x": 0.8284, "y": 3.0625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "A vector field may be written as a linear combination of basis vector fields. If n is the dimension, then any set of n linearly independent vector fields may be used as a basis. The coordinate basis X is an example of a basis.1 We will see later that not every basis is a coordinate basis: in order to be a coordinate basis, there must be a coordinate system such that each basis element is the directional derivative operator in a corresponding coordinate direction.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.824, "y": 3.1056}, {"x": 5.1577, "y": 3.1016}, {"x": 5.1582, "y": 3.6163}, {"x": 0.8245, "y": 3.6204}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Let e be a tuple of basis vector fields, such as the coordinate basis X. The general vector field v applied to an arbitrary manifold function f can be expressed as a linear combination", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8284, "y": 3.7773}, {"x": 5.1382, "y": 3.7773}, {"x": 5.1382, "y": 4.1055}, {"x": 0.8284, "y": 4.1055}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "v(f)(m) = e(f)(m) b(m) = i Sei (f) (m) b2 (m), (4.1)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8284, "y": 4.2578}, {"x": 5.1617, "y": 4.2578}, {"x": 5.1617, "y": 5.6562}, {"x": 0.8284, "y": 5.6562}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "where b is a tuple-valued coefficient function on the manifold. When expressed in a coordinate basis, the coefficients that specify the direction of the vector are naturally expressed as functions bi of the coordinates of the manifold point. Here, the coefficient function b is more naturally expressed as a tuple-valued function on the manifold. If b is the coefficient function expressed as a function of coordinates, then b = box is the coefficient function as a function on the manifold.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8324, "y": 5.6912}, {"x": 5.1657, "y": 5.6953}, {"x": 5.1649, "y": 6.5799}, {"x": 0.8316, "y": 6.5758}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "The coordinate-basis forms have a simple definition in terms of the coordinate-basis vectors and the coordinates (equation 3.40). With this choice, the dual property, equation (3.41), holds without further fuss. More generally, we can define a basis of one-forms \u1ebd that is dual to e in that the property", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8284, "y": 6.7109}, {"x": 1.7857, "y": 6.7109}, {"x": 1.7857, "y": 6.9258}, {"x": 0.8284, "y": 6.9258}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "\u00e8\u2122(ej)(m) = 8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8351, "y": 6.7305}, {"x": 5.1265, "y": 6.7266}, {"x": 5.1287, "y": 6.8906}, {"x": 4.8373, "y": 6.8945}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "(4.2)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.832, "y": 7.0469}, {"x": 5.146, "y": 7.043}, {"x": 5.1463, "y": 7.3828}, {"x": 0.8323, "y": 7.3867}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "is satisfied, analogous to property (3.41). Figure 4.1 illustrates the duality of basis fields.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8245, "y": 7.6406}, {"x": 5.1577, "y": 7.6406}, {"x": 5.1577, "y": 7.9219}, {"x": 0.8245, "y": 7.9219}], "category": "footnote", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "1 We cannot say if the basis vectors are orthogonal or normalized until we introduce a metric.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000161.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8345, "y": 0.9908}, {"x": 1.2761, "y": 0.9978}, {"x": 1.2621, "y": 3.8638}, {"x": 0.8135, "y": 3.8638}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2761, "y": 0.9978}, {"x": 4.5146, "y": 0.9908}, {"x": 4.5216, "y": 1.5164}, {"x": 1.2761, "y": 1.5304}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "of any individual to color their decisions, even when they're acting in good faith.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2761, "y": 1.5304}, {"x": 4.5216, "y": 1.5164}, {"x": 4.5286, "y": 3.079}, {"x": 1.2691, "y": 3.093}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Credentials: Academic credentials tend to represent a significant commitment of time towards gaining mastery of a subject, and therefore requiring a particular degree may increase the likelihood of accurate information. However, not all groups are equally represented in higher education. Degree completion is uneven across race and income factors (among others), making academia not", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2691, "y": 3.093}, {"x": 4.5286, "y": 3.079}, {"x": 4.5356, "y": 3.4714}, {"x": 1.2621, "y": 3.4714}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "demographically representative of our society as a whole. Some perspectives are therefore", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2621, "y": 3.4714}, {"x": 4.5356, "y": 3.4714}, {"x": 4.5356, "y": 3.8498}, {"x": 1.2621, "y": 3.8638}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "systematically underrepresented in groups with advanced degrees.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8135, "y": 3.8638}, {"x": 1.2621, "y": 3.8638}, {"x": 1.2481, "y": 6.0081}, {"x": 0.7994, "y": 6.0081}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2621, "y": 3.8638}, {"x": 4.5356, "y": 3.8498}, {"x": 4.5426, "y": 5.2163}, {"x": 1.2551, "y": 5.2163}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Peer Review: Peer review sometimes only results in collaborative improvements to a work. It can also prevent the publication of very obviously flawed or poorly executed or analyzed research. Very new or radical ideas may be initially rejected because they are such a departure from existing dogma. Peer review is largely a practice of academia, therefore has", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2551, "y": 5.2163}, {"x": 4.5426, "y": 5.2163}, {"x": 4.5496, "y": 5.9941}, {"x": 1.2481, "y": 6.0081}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "the same exclusionary problems mentioned in the credentials section. It is possible for individual reviewers to act in a biased or unethical way to prevent the publication of some works.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7994, "y": 6.0081}, {"x": 1.2481, "y": 6.0081}, {"x": 1.2411, "y": 7.6618}, {"x": 0.7854, "y": 7.6618}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "\u2022 \u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2481, "y": 6.0081}, {"x": 4.5496, "y": 5.9941}, {"x": 4.5496, "y": 6.3935}, {"x": 1.2481, "y": 6.4005}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Fact Checking: Not a lot of downside here. Let me know if your students come up with anything good.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2481, "y": 6.4005}, {"x": 4.5496, "y": 6.3935}, {"x": 4.5566, "y": 6.7999}, {"x": 1.2481, "y": 6.7999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Domains: For some top level domains (mostly just .gov and .edu) looking at the domain provides some", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2481, "y": 6.7999}, {"x": 4.5566, "y": 6.7999}, {"x": 4.5566, "y": 7.6689}, {"x": 1.2411, "y": 7.6618}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "assurance that the web content there is an official communication of a particular institution. There really isn't any problem with domains excluding", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7715, "y": 7.847}, {"x": 2.1963, "y": 7.847}, {"x": 2.1963, "y": 7.9651}, {"x": 0.7715, "y": 7.9651}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "106 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8081, "y": 0.8405}, {"x": 4.721, "y": 0.8418}, {"x": 4.733, "y": 7.673}, {"x": 0.8195, "y": 7.6695}], "category": "table", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
\u2022of any individual to color their decisions, even when they're acting in good faith.
Credentials: Academic credentials tend to represent a significant commitment of time towards gaining mastery of a subject, and therefore requiring a particular degree may increase the likelihood of accurate information. However, not all groups are equally represented in higher education. Degree completion is uneven across race and income factors (among others), making academia not
demographically representative of our society as a whole. Some perspectives are therefore
systematically underrepresented in groups with advanced degrees.
\u2022Peer Review: Peer review sometimes only results in collaborative improvements to a work. It can also prevent the publication of very obviously flawed or poorly executed or analyzed research. Very new or radical ideas may be initially rejected because they are such a departure from existing dogma. Peer review is largely a practice of academia, therefore has
the same exclusionary problems mentioned in the credentials section. It is possible for individual reviewers to act in a biased or unethical way to prevent the publication of some works.
\u2022 \u2022Fact Checking: Not a lot of downside here. Let me know if your students come up with anything good.
Domains: For some top level domains (mostly just .gov and .edu) looking at the domain provides some
assurance that the web content there is an official communication of a particular institution. There really isn't any problem with domains excluding
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000149.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6844, "y": 0.7047}, {"x": 1.0545, "y": 0.7047}, {"x": 1.0545, "y": 0.8314}, {"x": 0.6844, "y": 0.8314}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Circle", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.2917, "y": 0.3397}, {"x": 7.549, "y": 0.3397}, {"x": 7.549, "y": 0.6591}, {"x": 6.2917, "y": 0.6591}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Co-funded by the European Union", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1661, "y": 2.4436}, {"x": 6.8494, "y": 2.4436}, {"x": 6.8494, "y": 2.8086}, {"x": 1.1661, "y": 2.8086}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "With this in mind, here we have the 7 key competence areas selected to form a part of Eco- Circle's Competence Framework:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.0533, "y": 3.0469}, {"x": 4.1725, "y": 3.0469}, {"x": 4.1725, "y": 3.1939}, {"x": 2.0533, "y": 3.1939}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Eco-Circle Competence Framework", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.0482, "y": 3.3764}, {"x": 4.1877, "y": 3.3764}, {"x": 4.1877, "y": 3.5184}, {"x": 2.0482, "y": 3.5184}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "#1: The 3 Rs: Recycle-Reuse-Reduce", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.0432, "y": 3.7059}, {"x": 4.0107, "y": 3.711}, {"x": 4.0103, "y": 3.8631}, {"x": 2.0428, "y": 3.858}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "#2: Lifecycle of Circular Economy", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.0432, "y": 4.0405}, {"x": 5.0242, "y": 4.0405}, {"x": 5.0242, "y": 4.1926}, {"x": 2.0432, "y": 4.1926}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "#3: Social Entrepreneurship and Circular Economy", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.0381, "y": 4.3701}, {"x": 4.6136, "y": 4.3701}, {"x": 4.6136, "y": 4.5222}, {"x": 2.0381, "y": 4.5222}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "#4: Corporate Environmental Sustainability", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.0432, "y": 4.6996}, {"x": 4.0762, "y": 4.6996}, {"x": 4.0762, "y": 4.8517}, {"x": 2.0432, "y": 4.8517}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "#5: Embodying Sustainable Values", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.0432, "y": 5.0342}, {"x": 3.9241, "y": 5.0342}, {"x": 3.9241, "y": 5.1812}, {"x": 2.0432, "y": 5.1812}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "#6: Environmental Engagement", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.0429, "y": 5.3637}, {"x": 5.2422, "y": 5.3587}, {"x": 5.2425, "y": 5.5107}, {"x": 2.0432, "y": 5.5158}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "#7: Supporting Local Eco-friendly and Green Activities", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2421, "y": 10.5551}, {"x": 7.113, "y": 10.5551}, {"x": 7.113, "y": 10.8288}, {"x": 1.2421, "y": 10.8288}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.0214, "y": 10.9607}, {"x": 5.3335, "y": 10.9556}, {"x": 5.3338, "y": 11.0773}, {"x": 3.0216, "y": 11.0823}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000030.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0306, "y": 0.271}, {"x": 3.4734, "y": 0.2754}, {"x": 3.4728, "y": 0.5731}, {"x": 1.03, "y": 0.5687}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Combinatorial Cosmology DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90696", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.017, "y": 0.7508}, {"x": 6.0264, "y": 0.7508}, {"x": 6.0264, "y": 2.9144}, {"x": 1.017, "y": 2.9144}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "As for the normal phase, the choice will, to start with, be the simplest possible one: each path is either possible or not, corresponding to the probability weights 1 and 0. During the extreme phases, this assumption is no longer reasonable. Again the model will be extremely simplified, but still it is based on physical intuition and, most importantly, completely time symmetric. Assume that the only types of edges having a non-neglectable chance of occurring during the extreme phase [-m - 1, -m] are of the following two kinds: The first scenario is that the universe passes through the extreme phase into a state of zero entropy. The other scenario is that it passes into a state with high entropy (equal to 2m). Universes of one of these two types will be given the (un-normalized) probability 1 or p, respectively. Here p > 0 should be thought of as a very small number, at least when the size of the model becomes large. During the other extreme phase [m, m + 1], near the Big Crunch, we make the completely symmetric assumption.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0214, "y": 2.9189}, {"x": 6.0264, "y": 2.9189}, {"x": 6.0264, "y": 4.7404}, {"x": 1.0214, "y": 4.7404}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Remark 3. These assumptions may perhaps seem somewhat arbitrary. And to a certain extent, this may be so. However, they do represent the following viewpoint of what may happen at the full cosmological scale: we may think of the Big Bang and the Big Crunch as states of complete order with zero volume and entropy. Such states can very well be metastable, very much like an oversaturated gas at a tem- perature below the point of condensation. If no disturbance takes place, such meta- stable states can very well continue to exist for a substantial period of time. In particular, a low-entropy state can have a very good chance of surviving the intense but extremely short extreme phase. On the other hand, if a sufficiently large dis- turbance occurs, then the metastable state may almost immediately decay into a very disordered state of high entropy.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0303, "y": 4.7404}, {"x": 6.0175, "y": 4.7404}, {"x": 6.0175, "y": 5.2291}, {"x": 1.0303, "y": 5.2291}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "It is not my intension to further argue in favor of this viewpoint here. The main thing in this chapter is to show that completely symmetric boundary conditions at the endpoints may give rise to a broken time symmetry.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2257, "y": 5.238}, {"x": 5.0227, "y": 5.238}, {"x": 5.0227, "y": 5.3979}, {"x": 1.2257, "y": 5.3979}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "The multiverse now splits up into four different kinds of paths:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1946, "y": 5.5712}, {"x": 4.5697, "y": 5.5712}, {"x": 4.5697, "y": 5.7312}, {"x": 1.1946, "y": 5.7312}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 LL: The entropy is low (=0) at both ends (-m and m).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1902, "y": 5.9044}, {"x": 3.7659, "y": 5.9044}, {"x": 3.7659, "y": 6.0599}, {"x": 1.1902, "y": 6.0599}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 LH: The entropy is 0 at -m and 2m at m.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1902, "y": 6.2376}, {"x": 3.7659, "y": 6.2376}, {"x": 3.7659, "y": 6.3931}, {"x": 1.1902, "y": 6.3931}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 HL: The entropy is 2m at -m and 0 at m.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1991, "y": 6.5664}, {"x": 4.8318, "y": 6.5664}, {"x": 4.8318, "y": 6.7263}, {"x": 1.1991, "y": 6.7263}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 HH: The entropy is high (= 2m) at both ends (-m and m).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0259, "y": 6.8907}, {"x": 5.8354, "y": 6.8907}, {"x": 5.8354, "y": 7.3972}, {"x": 1.0259, "y": 7.3972}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "If we now denote by NLL, NLH, NHL and NHH the number of paths of the indicated kinds, then with the above assumptions we also get the corresponding probability weights for the corresponding types as", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5403, "y": 7.5204}, {"x": 5.8835, "y": 7.5011}, {"x": 5.8843, "y": 7.683}, {"x": 1.5411, "y": 7.7023}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "PLL = NLL, PLH = PNLH' PHL = pNHL> PHH = P2NHH. (10)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2129, "y": 7.8378}, {"x": 5.8497, "y": 7.8511}, {"x": 5.8487, "y": 8.1791}, {"x": 1.2119, "y": 8.1658}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "We can now consider the following two types of broken time symmetry: Definition 4. A multiverse is said to exhibit a weak broken time symmetry if", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.0021, "y": 8.2991}, {"x": 5.871, "y": 8.2991}, {"x": 5.871, "y": 8.4501}, {"x": 3.0021, "y": 8.4501}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "PLL << PLH + PHL. (11)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2168, "y": 8.6056}, {"x": 5.8622, "y": 8.6101}, {"x": 5.8621, "y": 8.7744}, {"x": 1.2167, "y": 8.77}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Definition 5. A multiverse is said to exhibit a strong broken time symmetry if", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.8022, "y": 8.8855}, {"x": 5.8576, "y": 8.8855}, {"x": 5.8576, "y": 9.0455}, {"x": 2.8022, "y": 9.0455}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "PLL + PHH << PLH + PHL. (12)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0303, "y": 9.2143}, {"x": 5.902, "y": 9.2143}, {"x": 5.902, "y": 9.5386}, {"x": 1.0303, "y": 9.5386}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Both these definitions should of course be made more precise when applied to specific models for the multiverse, e.g., by showing that the corresponding limits", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0214, "y": 9.8096}, {"x": 1.2035, "y": 9.8096}, {"x": 1.2035, "y": 9.9207}, {"x": 1.0214, "y": 9.9207}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "317", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000021.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 2.772, "y": 1.9464}, {"x": 3.0449, "y": 1.9344}, {"x": 3.0578, "y": 2.2261}, {"x": 2.7848, "y": 2.2382}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5624, "y": 2.5299}, {"x": 4.2876, "y": 2.5299}, {"x": 4.2876, "y": 2.8217}, {"x": 1.5624, "y": 2.8217}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "The Lost Homeland", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7714, "y": 3.4331}, {"x": 5.0845, "y": 3.4372}, {"x": 5.0827, "y": 5.4402}, {"x": 0.7695, "y": 5.4362}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Since the death of my mother, Elfriede, ten years ago, I have been haunted by the desire to visit the homeland, the Heimat, that she never saw again after her fifty years in Australia. 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Despite being an almost lifelong Australian, I spoke their language and somehow belonged. I was accepted by people as someone who had come home to reclaim my heritage. I could merge with crowds unobtrusively, like a 'local'. The only subtle tremors of feeling generated by what people are used to were shown up in my too-German ways for the Austrians, and my too-Austrian ways for the Germans. The Austrians reacted more firmly. This suggests that my mother's influence on me was strongest.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7683, "y": 7.3259}, {"x": 5.0791, "y": 7.3339}, {"x": 5.0778, "y": 8.0613}, {"x": 0.7669, "y": 8.0533}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "I was born in Turkey, north of Ankara, in 1935, and when I also went there on my trip home, I was treated to a special welcome by each Turk who found this out, from my passport or my conversation. My birth in Turkey entitled me to Turkish citizenship. 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"id": 43, "content": {"text": "$100,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.9484, "y": 4.5224}, {"x": 5.7449, "y": 4.5224}, {"x": 5.7449, "y": 4.7662}, {"x": 3.9484, "y": 4.7662}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 44, "content": {"text": "$33,330", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.7449, "y": 4.5224}, {"x": 7.7571, "y": 4.5224}, {"x": 7.7571, "y": 4.7662}, {"x": 5.7449, "y": 4.7662}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 45, "content": {"text": "$50,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7146, "y": 4.7662}, {"x": 1.2464, "y": 4.7662}, {"x": 1.2464, "y": 5.0173}, {"x": 0.7146, "y": 5.0173}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 46, "content": {"text": "3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2464, "y": 4.7662}, {"x": 2.4968, "y": 4.7662}, {"x": 2.4968, "y": 5.0173}, {"x": 1.2464, "y": 5.0173}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 47, "content": {"text": ".3333", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.4968, "y": 4.7662}, {"x": 3.9484, "y": 4.7662}, {"x": 3.9484, "y": 5.0173}, {"x": 2.4968, "y": 5.0173}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 48, "content": {"text": "$100,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.9484, "y": 4.7662}, {"x": 5.7449, "y": 4.7662}, {"x": 5.7449, "y": 5.0173}, {"x": 3.9484, "y": 5.0173}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 49, "content": {"text": "$33,330", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.7449, "y": 4.7662}, {"x": 7.7571, "y": 4.7662}, {"x": 7.7571, "y": 5.0173}, {"x": 5.7449, "y": 5.0173}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 50, "content": {"text": "$88,330", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7146, "y": 5.0173}, {"x": 1.2464, "y": 5.0173}, {"x": 1.2535, "y": 5.2611}, {"x": 0.7146, "y": 5.2611}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 51, "content": {"text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2464, "y": 5.0173}, {"x": 2.4968, "y": 5.0173}, {"x": 2.4968, "y": 5.2611}, {"x": 1.2535, "y": 5.2611}], 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asset (acquisition cost - accumulated depreciation) would be $0 after it has been fully depreciated at the end of 4 years. Because of the half-year convention, it takes 4 years to depreciate the asset, even though it falls into the 3-year classification.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7496, "y": 6.2878}, {"x": 7.0865, "y": 6.283}, {"x": 7.0866, "y": 6.4358}, {"x": 0.7497, "y": 6.4405}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 57, "content": {"text": "Depreciation expense for the same asset using the MACRS method would be calculated as:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7099, "y": 6.6417}, {"x": 1.2061, "y": 6.6417}, {"x": 1.2133, "y": 6.8931}, {"x": 0.7171, "y": 6.9003}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 58, "content": {"text": "Year", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2061, "y": 6.6417}, {"x": 2.4142, "y": 6.6417}, {"x": 2.4142, "y": 6.8931}, {"x": 1.2133, "y": 6.8931}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 59, "content": {"text": "Recovery Rate", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.4142, "y": 6.6417}, {"x": 3.8739, "y": 6.6417}, 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""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7171, "y": 7.6474}, {"x": 1.2133, "y": 7.6474}, {"x": 1.2133, "y": 7.8845}, {"x": 0.7171, "y": 7.8845}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 78, "content": {"text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2133, "y": 7.6474}, {"x": 2.4142, "y": 7.6474}, {"x": 2.4142, "y": 7.8845}, {"x": 1.2133, "y": 7.8845}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 79, "content": {"text": ".741", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.4142, "y": 7.6474}, {"x": 3.8739, "y": 7.6474}, {"x": 3.8739, "y": 7.8845}, {"x": 2.4142, "y": 7.8845}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 80, "content": {"text": "$100,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8739, "y": 7.6474}, {"x": 5.7148, "y": 7.6474}, {"x": 5.722, "y": 7.8845}, {"x": 3.8739, "y": 7.8845}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 81, "content": {"text": "$7,410", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.7148, "y": 7.6474}, {"x": 7.757, "y": 7.6474}, {"x": 7.757, "y": 7.8845}, {"x": 5.722, "y": 7.8845}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 82, "content": {"text": "$100,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7304, "y": 8.1211}, {"x": 7.7501, "y": 8.1163}, {"x": 7.7505, "y": 8.7126}, {"x": 0.7308, "y": 8.7174}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 83, "content": {"text": "Note again that the depreciation expense using MACRS is higher in the early years and lower in later years than with the SL method and that the book value after 4 years is again zero. Businesses often use MACRS for tax purposes and SL for profit reporting. Can you think of any reasons why?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7354, "y": 8.9041}, {"x": 7.7694, "y": 8.9041}, {"x": 7.7694, "y": 9.9306}, {"x": 0.7354, "y": 9.9306}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 84, "content": {"text": "Some businesses that invest small amounts in capital assets are allowed to deduct up to $1,000,000 of the cost of acquired depreciable property as a current expenditure instead of a capital expenditure. This is known as direct expensing, and is available only to businesses that don't make large capital purchases each year. The allowable expensing amount is reduced by one dollar for each dollar of capital investment expenditure over $2,500,000 during the year. Other restrictions also apply.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7402, "y": 10.451}, {"x": 2.6649, "y": 10.4557}, {"x": 2.6646, "y": 10.5799}, {"x": 0.7399, "y": 10.5751}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 85, "content": {"text": "42 | Ch. 3. The Federal Tax System", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7421, "y": 0.743}, {"x": 7.7677, "y": 0.7385}, {"x": 7.7723, "y": 3.0048}, {"x": 0.7457, "y": 3.0089}], "category": "table", "id": 86, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Year3-Year5-Year7-Year
133.0%20.00%14.29%
244.45%32.00%24.49%
314.81%19.20%17.49%
47.41%11.52%12.49%
511.52%8.93%
65.76%8.93%
78.93%
84.46%
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Year3-Year5-Year7-Year
133.0%20.00%14.29%
244.45%32.00%24.49%
314.81%19.20%17.49%
47.41%11.52%12.49%
511.52%8.93%
65.76%8.93%
78.93%
84.46%
YearRecovery RateUnadjusted BasisDepreciation ExpenseAccumulated Depreciation
1.1667$100,000$16,670$16,670
2.3333$100,000$33,330$50,000
3.3333$100,000$33,330$88,330
4.1667$100,000$16,670$100,000
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Year3-Year5-Year7-Year
133.0%20.00%14.29%
244.45%32.00%24.49%
314.81%19.20%17.49%
47.41%11.52%12.49%
511.52%8.93%
65.76%8.93%
78.93%
84.46%
YearRecovery RateUnadjusted BasisDepreciation ExpenseAccumulated Depreciation
1.1667$100,000$16,670$16,670
2.3333$100,000$33,330$50,000
3.3333$100,000$33,330$88,330
4.1667$100,000$16,670$100,000
YearRecovery RateUnadjusted BasisDepreciation ExpenseAccumulated Depreciation
1.3333$100,000$33,333$33,333
2.4445$100,000$44,450$77,780
3.1481$100,000$14,810$92,950
4.741$100,000$7,410$100,000
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"html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.1307, "y": 7.6654}, {"x": 6.6263, "y": 7.6654}, {"x": 6.6263, "y": 7.8073}, {"x": 5.1307, "y": 7.8073}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": ":selected: Philanthropic Foundation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.1256, "y": 8.0456}, {"x": 6.4692, "y": 8.0456}, {"x": 6.4692, "y": 8.1774}, {"x": 5.1256, "y": 8.1774}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": ":unselected: Educational Institution", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.1358, "y": 8.4309}, {"x": 6.6466, "y": 8.4309}, {"x": 6.6466, "y": 8.7148}, {"x": 5.1358, "y": 8.7148}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "Private and State-Owned Companies", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.8832, "y": 8.877}, {"x": 3.4764, "y": 8.872}, {"x": 3.4779, "y": 9.0494}, {"x": 2.8848, "y": 9.0545}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "90 (37%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.1358, "y": 8.8111}, {"x": 6.2005, "y": 8.8111}, {"x": 6.2005, "y": 8.9429}, {"x": 5.1358, "y": 8.9429}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": {"text": "Other Institutions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.6578, "y": 9.6932}, {"x": 2.3423, "y": 9.6932}, {"x": 2.3423, "y": 9.8504}, {"x": 1.6578, "y": 9.8504}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 39, "content": {"text": "Diagram 3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.484, "y": 9.602}, {"x": 5.8963, "y": 9.5969}, {"x": 5.8968, "y": 9.9467}, {"x": 2.4845, "y": 9.9518}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 40, "content": {"text": "Distribution of Participating Institutions within VNR Meeting of Indonesia 2021.75", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9785, "y": 10.2103}, {"x": 3.8125, "y": 10.2103}, {"x": 3.8125, "y": 10.3675}, {"x": 0.9785, "y": 10.3675}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 41, "content": {"text": "74 Data is processed based on: ibid., 332-345.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9836, "y": 10.3624}, {"x": 7.2601, "y": 10.3624}, {"x": 7.2601, "y": 10.6869}, {"x": 0.9836, "y": 10.6869}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 42, "content": {"text": "75 Data is processed based on: Kementerian PPN / Bappenas, \"Annexes Indonesia's VNR 2021\" (n. 68), 332-345.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0508, "y": 10.8795}, {"x": 4.2029, "y": 10.8745}, {"x": 4.2073, "y": 11.0061}, {"x": 4.0552, "y": 11.0112}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 43, "content": {"text": "14", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000004.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8429, "y": 0.4818}, {"x": 1.0236, "y": 0.4818}, {"x": 1.0236, "y": 0.6183}, {"x": 0.8429, "y": 0.6183}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "322", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.9091, "y": 0.5018}, {"x": 5.3948, "y": 0.5018}, {"x": 5.3948, "y": 0.6102}, {"x": 4.9091, "y": 0.6102}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "YARROW", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8553, "y": 0.8431}, {"x": 5.4071, "y": 0.8471}, {"x": 5.4067, "y": 1.3761}, {"x": 0.8548, "y": 1.372}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "observer model with three parameters captures PSS, sensory noise and an in- terval bias (i.e., a tendency to select one interval in preference to the other under uncertainty).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8469, "y": 1.4052}, {"x": 5.4068, "y": 1.4052}, {"x": 5.4068, "y": 4.1834}, {"x": 0.8469, "y": 4.1834}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The 2xSJ task provides estimates that correlate fairly well with equivalent parameters estimated using TOJs, SJs, and ternary tasks. However, each trial takes longer than in those single-presentation tasks, which makes experi- ments more onerous. There are a few reasons why the roving-standard 2xSJ is still worth considering. Firstly, it asks about synchrony explicitly (unlike the TOJ) and by requiring relative judgements it reveals a point of maximal syn- chrony perception (whereas the sJ and ternary tasks often reveal a range of SOA values that are classified as synchronous). Secondly, it can be added in to a single-presentation task (as a follow-up question every two trials), which somewhat mitigates the burden of additional experimental time. Finally, a case can be made that it will be more resistant to some forms of decision-level bias (Morgan, Grant, Melmoth, & Solomon, 2015; Morgan, Melmoth, & Solomon, 2013). As with the other tasks I have described, code to fit data from the 2xSJ accompanies this chapter.23 For further information, read the comments there and consult Yarrow et al. (2016).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.855, "y": 4.5929}, {"x": 2.023, "y": 4.5929}, {"x": 2.023, "y": 4.7173}, {"x": 0.855, "y": 4.7173}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "12 Conclusion", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8415, "y": 4.9582}, {"x": 5.3975, "y": 4.9542}, {"x": 5.3999, "y": 7.7414}, {"x": 0.8439, "y": 7.7454}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "In this chapter, I have outlined the benefits of fitting formal observer models to judgements about simultaneity, and described how this can be achieved us- ing Matlab code (see book's GitHub repository). In doing so, I have presented one particular observer model in some detail, and highlighted the fundamen- tally subjective nature of the sj task, which requires us to think carefully about how both the strategic decisions and perceptual sensitivity of a participant can affect their psychometric function. I have gone on to supply a brief over- view of appropriate models for several closely related timing tasks. I hope I have also provided enough of a tutorial regarding bespoke model fitting and evaluation to allow the interested reader to go forward and explore their own models of perceived simultaneity. Modelling may seem intimidating, but in fact, a good understanding of just a few basic concepts (which is best gained through practical exploration) will take you a long way, providing tools to engage more fully with the timing literature. This is an endeavour I would very much encourage!", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.851, "y": 7.9653}, {"x": 3.6005, "y": 7.9653}, {"x": 3.6005, "y": 8.1058}, {"x": 0.851, "y": 8.1058}], "category": "footnote", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "23 .", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000079.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3538, "y": 1.3278}, {"x": 3.5367, "y": 1.3388}, {"x": 3.5313, "y": 2.4081}, {"x": 1.3484, "y": 2.3971}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Executive Summary", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2333, "y": 1.3232}, {"x": 6.9001, "y": 1.3232}, {"x": 6.9001, "y": 3.7313}, {"x": 4.2333, "y": 3.7313}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "I ndia suffers from 'regulatory cholesterol' that is getting in the way of doing business. The legislations, rules and regulations enacted by the Union and State governments have over time created barriers to the smooth flow of ideas, organisation, money, entrepreneurship and through them the creation of jobs, wealth and GDP.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2326, "y": 4.0203}, {"x": 6.8988, "y": 4.0152}, {"x": 6.9034, "y": 6.3979}, {"x": 4.2372, "y": 6.403}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The presence of hostile clauses in these laws, rules and regulations has grown since Independence, surviving three decades of economic reforms initiated in 1991. The biggest challenges come from the continuance of imprisonment as a tool of control. As automation increases in the coming years, the pre-Independence 1940s-style administrative controls meant to protect labour will prove counter-productive in 21st-century India.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2384, "y": 6.6818}, {"x": 6.895, "y": 6.6818}, {"x": 6.895, "y": 8.8517}, {"x": 4.2384, "y": 8.8517}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "There are 1,536 laws that govern doing business in India, of which 678 are implemented at the Union level. Within these laws is a web of 69,233 compliances, of which 25,537 are at the Union level. These compliances need to be communicated to the governments through 6,618 annual filings, 2,282 (34.5 percent) at the Union level and at the states, 4,336.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2385, "y": 9.1097}, {"x": 6.8985, "y": 9.1251}, {"x": 6.8924, "y": 10.18}, {"x": 4.2324, "y": 10.1647}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "These changes in compliance requirements occur constantly and add to business uncertainty. In the 12 months up to 31 December 2021, there have been 3,577 regulatory changes;", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0836, "y": 11.1124}, {"x": 4.1883, "y": 11.1124}, {"x": 4.1883, "y": 11.2702}, {"x": 4.0836, "y": 11.2702}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000165.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1983, "y": 0.8164}, {"x": 3.5051, "y": 0.8116}, {"x": 3.5054, "y": 0.9692}, {"x": 1.1986, "y": 0.974}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Record your observations in Table 13.2.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7784, "y": 1.4323}, {"x": 5.7783, "y": 1.4371}, {"x": 5.7781, "y": 1.6567}, {"x": 0.7782, "y": 1.6519}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 13.2. Effect of cations on flocculation of a clay suspension.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.764, "y": 1.9336}, {"x": 3.9444, "y": 1.9384}, {"x": 3.9396, "y": 2.1819}, {"x": 0.764, "y": 2.1819}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Added cation Relative Size & Settling Rates of Floccules", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.764, "y": 2.1819}, {"x": 2.7506, "y": 2.1819}, {"x": 2.7458, "y": 2.3919}, {"x": 0.764, "y": 2.3919}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "K+", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.764, "y": 2.3919}, {"x": 3.9396, "y": 2.3919}, {"x": 3.9348, "y": 2.6163}, {"x": 0.7593, "y": 2.6163}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Na+", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7593, "y": 2.6163}, {"x": 2.741, "y": 2.6163}, {"x": 2.741, "y": 2.8407}, {"x": 0.7593, "y": 2.8407}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Ca2+", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7593, "y": 2.8407}, {"x": 2.741, "y": 2.8407}, {"x": 2.7362, "y": 3.0651}, {"x": 0.7593, "y": 3.0699}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Al3+", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7593, "y": 3.0699}, {"x": 3.9301, "y": 3.0651}, {"x": 3.9301, "y": 3.299}, {"x": 0.7593, "y": 3.3038}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Check", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7734, "y": 3.7622}, {"x": 5.525, "y": 3.7574}, {"x": 5.5252, "y": 3.9818}, {"x": 0.7736, "y": 3.9865}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Activity 4. Determining CEC by replacing adsorbed cations.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 4.2873}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 4.2873}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 5.0226}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 5.0226}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "In this activity, you will titrate the filtrate with a 0.01 molar solution of NaOH using phenolphthalein as an indicator. Phenolphthalein changes from colorless to faint pink when the quantity of OH\" ions added via the NaOH equals the quantity of H\" ions in the solution (that is, when the pH is raised to 7). For this activity, assume the soil samples have been extracted and the filtrates are now available for analysis.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8404, "y": 5.2422}, {"x": 7.6644, "y": 5.247}, {"x": 7.6642, "y": 5.5763}, {"x": 0.8402, "y": 5.5715}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "1. Place 10 ml of each filtrate into separate 125 ml flasks. This 10 ml quantity is the amount of filtrate from 1.0 gram of soil.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8166, "y": 5.6385}, {"x": 3.7247, "y": 5.6385}, {"x": 3.7247, "y": 5.7912}, {"x": 0.8166, "y": 5.7912}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "2. Add 10 drops of the phenolphthalein indicator.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8166, "y": 5.8294}, {"x": 7.5784, "y": 5.8294}, {"x": 7.5784, "y": 6.3785}, {"x": 0.8166, "y": 6.3785}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "3. Titrate the extract with the NaOH solution to a faint pink endpoint. The titration must be done very carefully to obtain meaningful results. If you put too much NaOH in the flask and get a bright pink color, discard the solution and repeat the process. In the table below, record the milliliters of NaOH solution used to achieve the endpoint.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2272, "y": 6.5885}, {"x": 4.3216, "y": 6.5885}, {"x": 4.3216, "y": 6.7461}, {"x": 1.2272, "y": 6.7461}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Calculate the CEC and record your data in Table 13.3.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7784, "y": 6.9084}, {"x": 7.7073, "y": 6.9084}, {"x": 7.7073, "y": 7.2665}, {"x": 0.7784, "y": 7.2665}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Here is an example of how to calculate the CEC, assuming 2.5 mL of NaOH was required to achieve an end point. The reaction occurring during titration is", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.0705, "y": 7.4145}, {"x": 5.4152, "y": 7.4145}, {"x": 5.4152, "y": 7.615}, {"x": 3.0705, "y": 7.615}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "NaOH + H+ > Na+ + H2O", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7736, "y": 7.7821}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 7.7821}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 8.1211}, {"x": 0.7736, "y": 8.1211}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Thus, one mole of NaOH reacts with one mole of H *. Therefore, at the phenolphthalein end point, moles of NaOH added = moles of H+ in solution.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7784, "y": 8.2977}, {"x": 7.1916, "y": 8.2977}, {"x": 7.1916, "y": 8.4505}, {"x": 0.7784, "y": 8.4505}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "The solution of 0.01 molar NaOH contains 1 cmol charge per liter (1 cmolc/L). Therefore 2.5 mL NaOH contains", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.0852, "y": 8.5871}, {"x": 3.2711, "y": 8.5938}, {"x": 3.2663, "y": 8.7274}, {"x": 3.0805, "y": 8.7208}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "1 L", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.6536, "y": 8.5157}, {"x": 4.7525, "y": 8.5946}, {"x": 4.7366, "y": 8.8151}, {"x": 3.6377, "y": 8.7362}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "0.01 mol NaOH X", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.778, "y": 8.6892}, {"x": 2.8747, "y": 8.6845}, {"x": 2.875, "y": 8.8277}, {"x": 0.7784, "y": 8.8325}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "cmolc of NaOH = 2.5 mL NaOH x", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.9084, "y": 8.7154}, {"x": 4.2173, "y": 8.7202}, {"x": 4.2166, "y": 8.9184}, {"x": 2.9077, "y": 8.9136}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "1000 mL X 1 L", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.7992, "y": 8.7847}, {"x": 5.5775, "y": 8.7847}, {"x": 5.5775, "y": 8.9232}, {"x": 4.7992, "y": 8.9232}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "1 mol NaOH", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.9902, "y": 8.5985}, {"x": 5.3722, "y": 8.5985}, {"x": 5.3722, "y": 8.737}, {"x": 4.9902, "y": 8.7322}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "1 molc", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.6157, "y": 8.6988}, {"x": 5.7065, "y": 8.6988}, {"x": 5.7112, "y": 8.8134}, {"x": 5.6205, "y": 8.8134}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "X", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.4228, "y": 8.6797}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 8.6797}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 8.8277}, {"x": 6.4228, "y": 8.8277}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "= 0.0025 mol, NaOH", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.864, "y": 8.7799}, {"x": 6.2843, "y": 8.7847}, {"x": 6.2843, "y": 8.9375}, {"x": 5.864, "y": 8.9327}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "1 molc", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.7781, "y": 8.589}, {"x": 6.3702, "y": 8.589}, {"x": 6.3654, "y": 8.7465}, {"x": 5.7781, "y": 8.7418}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "100 cmolc", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 9.0998}, {"x": 1.7471, "y": 9.095}, {"x": 1.7478, "y": 9.2383}, {"x": 0.7695, "y": 9.2431}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "Thus, the CEC is", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.1823, "y": 9.4102}, {"x": 2.6646, "y": 9.4054}, {"x": 2.6665, "y": 9.5916}, {"x": 2.1841, "y": 9.5963}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "cmolc", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.1489, "y": 9.668}, {"x": 2.7076, "y": 9.668}, {"x": 2.7076, "y": 9.8589}, {"x": 2.1489, "y": 9.8589}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "kg soil", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.0132, "y": 9.3911}, {"x": 4.0829, "y": 9.3911}, {"x": 4.0829, "y": 9.5868}, {"x": 3.0132, "y": 9.5868}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "0.0025 cmolc", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.2711, "y": 9.668}, {"x": 3.8489, "y": 9.668}, {"x": 3.8489, "y": 9.8589}, {"x": 3.2711, "y": 9.8589}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "1 g soil", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.3933, "y": 9.3863}, {"x": 5.2624, "y": 9.3863}, {"x": 5.2624, "y": 9.5868}, {"x": 4.3933, "y": 9.5868}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "1000 g soil", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.1927, "y": 9.5534}, {"x": 4.2978, "y": 9.5534}, {"x": 4.2978, "y": 9.6966}, {"x": 4.1927, "y": 9.6966}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "X", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.5031, "y": 9.6632}, {"x": 5.1764, "y": 9.6632}, {"x": 5.1764, "y": 9.8589}, {"x": 4.5031, "y": 9.8589}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "1 kg soil", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.5775, "y": 9.3958}, {"x": 6.3272, "y": 9.3958}, {"x": 6.3272, "y": 9.8685}, {"x": 5.5775, "y": 9.8685}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "kg soil 2.5cmolc", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7784, "y": 10.3411}, {"x": 1.7096, "y": 10.3411}, {"x": 1.7096, "y": 10.4701}, {"x": 0.7784, "y": 10.4701}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "114 | Soil Colloids", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7701, "y": 1.929}, {"x": 3.9487, "y": 1.9295}, {"x": 3.9483, "y": 3.3197}, {"x": 0.7689, "y": 3.3199}], "category": "table", "id": 38, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Added cation Relative Size & Settling Rates of Floccules
K+
Na+
Ca2+
Al3+
Check
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000015.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.777, "y": 0.5065}, {"x": 2.189, "y": 0.5065}, {"x": 2.189, "y": 0.6042}, {"x": 0.777, "y": 0.6042}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "FROM CRADLE TO GRAVE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.6115, "y": 0.5065}, {"x": 6.8113, "y": 0.5065}, {"x": 6.8113, "y": 0.5998}, {"x": 6.6115, "y": 0.5998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "207", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1367, "y": 6.6597}, {"x": 1.2521, "y": 6.6597}, {"x": 1.2521, "y": 6.7619}, {"x": 1.1367, "y": 6.7619}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "C", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.777, "y": 6.8729}, {"x": 6.7491, "y": 6.8729}, {"x": 6.7491, "y": 7.4683}, {"x": 0.777, "y": 7.4683}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 11.12 A Bahraini bride in traditional green thobe. She wears a circular gold plate (hama or taasa) on her head, with the chains of discs talaat suspended from the rim. Sweet basil (mishmun), jasmine, and rosebuds adorn her hair. Around her wrists she wears gold bangles, including the shmelat, studded with turquoise and pink glass. She wears a murta'asha choker and a long murtahish necklace ending in a crescent element.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7682, "y": 7.7615}, {"x": 3.712, "y": 7.7615}, {"x": 3.712, "y": 8.8544}, {"x": 0.7682, "y": 8.8544}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "central element. As seen in figure 11.11, a seytemi may be added to this; it can be identified by the row of gold coins running up the chain and \"it is among the most sought after pieces of jewellery by women in the U.A.E.\"72 All these pieces may vary in size and weight. At her waist, the bride will wear a", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.777, "y": 9.0943}, {"x": 3.4856, "y": 9.0943}, {"x": 3.4856, "y": 9.2276}, {"x": 0.777, "y": 9.2276}], "category": "footnote", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "72 Gubash and Lootah, Traditional Emirati Jewels, 62.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.873, "y": 7.7615}, {"x": 6.8212, "y": 7.7482}, {"x": 6.8278, "y": 9.2231}, {"x": 3.8797, "y": 9.2365}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "gold belt (hizam), which is usually composed of articulated square or round elements with smaller dangling bells or tassels. On her hands, she will of- ten have rings on each finger, especially the shahi- da ring, worn on both forefingers, and the marami on the middle finger. The back of her hand may be covered in the kaf or chef ornament, which runs from rings and is anchored to a bracelet. She also", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000119.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9789, "y": 0.5252}, {"x": 3.3427, "y": 0.5252}, {"x": 3.3427, "y": 0.7114}, {"x": 0.9789, "y": 0.7114}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.7713, "y": 0.5443}, {"x": 7.3826, "y": 0.5443}, {"x": 7.3826, "y": 0.7161}, {"x": 6.7713, "y": 0.7161}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2654, "y": 1.0026}, {"x": 5.4008, "y": 1.0026}, {"x": 5.4008, "y": 1.1697}, {"x": 1.2654, "y": 1.1697}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "chromosome. Meiosis and mitosis are both nuclear divisions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2607, "y": 1.418}, {"x": 6.8573, "y": 1.418}, {"x": 6.8573, "y": 1.8047}, {"x": 1.2607, "y": 1.8047}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "that result in new daughter cells. However, the two processes have significant differences. Fill out the following chart comparing the two forms of nuclear division.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8097, "y": 2.2484}, {"x": 8.4876, "y": 2.2484}, {"x": 8.4876, "y": 2.8987}, {"x": 3.8097, "y": 2.8987}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Mitosis Meiosis (begins with a single cell) (begins with a single cell)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4131, "y": 2.8915}, {"x": 3.8097, "y": 2.8987}, {"x": 3.8097, "y": 3.3323}, {"x": 1.4058, "y": 3.3323}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "# chromosomes in parent cells", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4058, "y": 3.3323}, {"x": 3.8097, "y": 3.3323}, {"x": 3.8097, "y": 3.7152}, {"x": 1.4058, "y": 3.7008}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "# DNA replications", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4058, "y": 3.7008}, {"x": 3.8097, "y": 3.7152}, {"x": 3.8097, "y": 4.0765}, {"x": 1.4058, "y": 4.0765}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "# nuclear divisions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4058, "y": 4.0765}, {"x": 3.8097, "y": 4.0765}, {"x": 3.8097, "y": 4.4523}, {"x": 1.4058, "y": 4.4523}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "# daughter cells produced", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4058, "y": 4.4523}, {"x": 3.8097, "y": 4.4523}, {"x": 3.8097, "y": 4.8424}, {"x": 1.4058, "y": 4.8424}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "purpose", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0744, "y": 5.247}, {"x": 7.3253, "y": 5.247}, {"x": 7.3253, "y": 6.0872}, {"x": 1.0744, "y": 6.0872}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "5. Using your beads, strings, and magnets recreate the process of meiosis. Ensuring you have two different colored beads, demonstrate the process of crossing over. When you think you have it down, flag your instructor over. Have them sign off on your handiwork. Instructor signature:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0693, "y": 6.622}, {"x": 7.4011, "y": 6.6166}, {"x": 7.4022, "y": 7.9009}, {"x": 1.0704, "y": 7.9063}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "6. By now hopefully you've noticed that these processes are denoted with \"2n\" and \"n\" in various places. This is a reference to the number of sets of chromosomes that cell has at any given moment. Autosomal human cells are 2n. Gametes are 1n. Mitosis begins with one 2n cell and ends with two 2n cells. Meiosis begins with one 2n cell and ends with 4 1n cells. Sketch those two processes here to show every time the \"n\" classification changes. (Hint: draw every step, it'll make your life easier, evenif it takes a little bit longer!)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.1545, "y": 10.1597}, {"x": 4.3397, "y": 10.1646}, {"x": 4.336, "y": 10.3077}, {"x": 4.1507, "y": 10.3029}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "71", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.394, "y": 2.2256}, {"x": 8.4298, "y": 2.2204}, {"x": 8.4343, "y": 4.8694}, {"x": 1.3972, "y": 4.8745}], "category": "table", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Mitosis Meiosis (begins with a single cell) (begins with a single cell)
# chromosomes in parent cells
# DNA replications
# nuclear divisions
# daughter cells produced
purpose
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Domestic Wood Pellets Production", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.0482, "y": 1.5361}, {"x": 2.322, "y": 1.5361}, {"x": 2.322, "y": 1.6426}, {"x": 2.0482, "y": 1.6426}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "1,800", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.0584, "y": 1.7592}, {"x": 2.322, "y": 1.7592}, {"x": 2.322, "y": 1.8707}, {"x": 2.0584, "y": 1.8707}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "1,600", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.0533, "y": 1.9822}, {"x": 2.3271, "y": 1.9822}, {"x": 2.3271, "y": 2.0938}, {"x": 2.0533, "y": 2.0938}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "1,400", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.0482, "y": 2.2053}, {"x": 2.3271, "y": 2.2053}, {"x": 2.3271, "y": 2.3168}, {"x": 2.0482, "y": 2.3168}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "1,200", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.0482, "y": 2.4284}, 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5.7898, "y": 3.6907}, {"x": 5.7898, "y": 3.782}, {"x": 5.5667, "y": 3.782}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "2019", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.3715, "y": 3.9037}, {"x": 4.5274, "y": 3.9037}, {"x": 4.5274, "y": 4.0304}, {"x": 3.3715, "y": 4.0304}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "Domestic production", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1507, "y": 4.1825}, {"x": 5.44, "y": 4.1774}, {"x": 5.4401, "y": 4.3194}, {"x": 1.1509, "y": 4.3244}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "Source: Forestry Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (MAFF), 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.161, "y": 4.6692}, {"x": 6.6973, "y": 4.6692}, {"x": 6.6973, "y": 5.4651}, {"x": 1.161, "y": 5.4651}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "Applications of wood pellets in Japan include power generation, boilers, stoves, agriculture use, and others. Although the trade statistics do not specify the usage of the imported wood pellets, according to the Japan Wood Pellet Association (JPA), most are used for power generation.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.161, "y": 5.6071}, {"x": 6.6973, "y": 5.6071}, {"x": 6.6973, "y": 6.6311}, {"x": 1.161, "y": 6.6311}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "The price of domestic wood pellets for power generation has a wide range. According to a survey of domestic wood pellet manufacturers undertaken by JPA in 2020, the average price of domestic wood pellets for power generation is around 14,000~29,000 \u00a5/tonne, while according to the Trade Statistics of Japan, the average cost, insurance, and freight (CIF) price of imported wood pellets is around 18,000 \u00a5/tonne in 2020 (Figure 4.9).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.683, "y": 6.9759}, {"x": 6.17, "y": 6.9708}, {"x": 6.1705, "y": 7.3643}, {"x": 1.6835, "y": 7.3694}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "Figure 4-9. Average Cost, Insurance, and Freight Prices of Wood Pellets and Wood Chips", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.0178, "y": 7.5183}, {"x": 2.3185, "y": 7.5234}, {"x": 2.3169, "y": 7.6147}, {"x": 2.0163, "y": 7.6096}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "30,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.0229, "y": 7.8327}, {"x": 2.3135, "y": 7.8378}, {"x": 2.3119, "y": 7.929}, {"x": 2.0213, "y": 7.9239}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "25,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.0229, "y": 8.147}, {"x": 2.3169, "y": 8.147}, {"x": 2.3169, "y": 8.2433}, {"x": 2.0229, "y": 8.2433}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "20,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.8809, "y": 8.3041}, {"x": 1.9772, "y": 8.3041}, {"x": 1.9772, "y": 8.7199}, {"x": 1.8809, "y": 8.7199}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "Yen/tonne", "html": "", "markdown": 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"markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8975, "y": 9.5259}, {"x": 5.9013, "y": 9.5259}, {"x": 5.9013, "y": 9.6121}, {"x": 4.8975, "y": 9.6121}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 42, "content": {"text": "2018 2019 2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.1699, "y": 9.7237}, {"x": 2.9152, "y": 9.7237}, {"x": 2.9152, "y": 9.8251}, {"x": 2.1699, "y": 9.8251}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 43, "content": {"text": "-Wood pellets", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.047, "y": 9.7186}, {"x": 4.208, "y": 9.7186}, {"x": 4.208, "y": 9.8352}, {"x": 3.047, "y": 9.8352}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 44, "content": {"text": "-- Wood chips, coniferous", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.3652, "y": 9.7186}, {"x": 5.7137, "y": 9.7186}, {"x": 5.7137, "y": 9.8301}, {"x": 4.3652, "y": 9.8301}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 45, "content": {"text": "-Wood chips, non-coniferous", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.161, 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In the 2019-2020 period, content that specifically discusses the SDGs explicitly cannot be found on the Komnas HAM's YouTube. Nevertheless, on 15 December 2021, the Tanggap Rasa Podcast with the title of \"Podcast #EP32: SDGs dan Anak Muda\" (Translation: \"Podcast #EP32: SDGs and Youth\") has been broadcast and can increase the awareness and understanding of the citizen on the SDGs, especially towards young generations.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7035, "y": 6.6007}, {"x": 2.5806, "y": 6.6007}, {"x": 2.5806, "y": 6.8644}, {"x": 1.7035, "y": 6.8644}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "Komnas HAM 2.20K subscribers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.6415, "y": 6.6869}, {"x": 7.113, "y": 6.6869}, {"x": 7.113, "y": 6.7782}, {"x": 6.6415, "y": 6.7782}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "SUBSCRIBE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.303, "y": 7.0722}, {"x": 1.5666, "y": 7.0722}, {"x": 1.5666, "y": 7.1635}, {"x": 1.303, "y": 7.1635}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "HOME", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.9012, "y": 7.0671}, {"x": 2.2358, "y": 7.0671}, {"x": 2.2358, "y": 7.1685}, {"x": 1.9012, "y": 7.1685}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "VIDEOS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.5501, "y": 7.0621}, {"x": 3.0076, "y": 7.0672}, {"x": 3.0064, "y": 7.1685}, {"x": 2.549, "y": 7.1635}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "PLAYLISTS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.336, "y": 7.0722}, {"x": 3.8937, "y": 7.0722}, {"x": 3.8937, "y": 7.1635}, {"x": 3.336, "y": 7.1635}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "COMMUNITY", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.208, "y": 7.0722}, {"x": 4.6643, "y": 7.0722}, {"x": 4.6643, "y": 7.1635}, {"x": 4.208, "y": 7.1635}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "CHANNELS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.9735, "y": 7.0671}, {"x": 5.3284, "y": 7.0722}, {"x": 5.3271, "y": 7.1686}, {"x": 4.9722, "y": 7.1635}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "ABOUT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1154, "y": 7.3967}, {"x": 1.5058, "y": 7.3967}, {"x": 1.5058, "y": 7.5031}, {"x": 1.1154, "y": 7.5031}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "Uploads", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.6122, "y": 7.3967}, {"x": 2.1648, "y": 7.3967}, {"x": 2.1648, "y": 7.493}, {"x": 1.6122, "y": 7.493}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "D> PLAY ALL", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.0786, "y": 8.1875}, {"x": 2.3068, "y": 8.1875}, {"x": 2.3068, "y": 8.2788}, {"x": 2.0786, "y": 8.2788}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "36:36", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.2396, "y": 8.1926}, {"x": 3.4931, "y": 8.1926}, {"x": 3.4931, "y": 8.2737}, {"x": 3.2396, "y": 8.2737}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "2:43:37", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.4564, "y": 8.1926}, {"x": 4.7302, "y": 8.1926}, {"x": 4.7302, "y": 8.2737}, {"x": 4.4564, "y": 8.2737}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "1:23:19", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.6817, "y": 8.1926}, {"x": 5.9555, "y": 8.1875}, {"x": 5.9571, "y": 8.2737}, {"x": 5.6833, "y": 8.2788}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "1:13:35", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.9505, "y": 8.3658}, {"x": 7.1444, "y": 8.1769}, {"x": 7.193, "y": 8.4837}, {"x": 5.999, "y": 8.6726}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": {"text": "0.46 Menjemput Festival HAM 2021 Semarang", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1204, "y": 8.365}, {"x": 2.0545, "y": 8.3703}, {"x": 2.0533, "y": 8.583}, {"x": 1.1192, "y": 8.5777}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 39, "content": {"text": "Podcast #EPS30 : Upaya Merawat Warisan Ingatan", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.3342, "y": 8.3502}, {"x": 3.2771, "y": 8.3655}, {"x": 3.2736, "y": 8.583}, {"x": 2.3307, "y": 8.5677}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 40, "content": {"text": "Diskusi Paralel 7 Festival HAM 2021 \"Pelindungan ..", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.5489, "y": 8.3599}, {"x": 4.6034, "y": 8.3599}, {"x": 4.6034, "y": 8.73}, {"x": 3.5489, "y": 8.73}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 41, "content": {"text": "Paralel Event 1 Festival HAM 2021 W9 vis . Streamed 2 weeks ago", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.7606, "y": 8.3599}, {"x": 5.658, "y": 8.3599}, {"x": 5.658, "y": 8.7351}, {"x": 4.7606, "y": 8.7351}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 42, "content": {"text": "Konferensi Pers Festival HAM Tahun 2021 118 views + 2 weeks ago", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.9824, "y": 8.6337}, {"x": 6.7385, "y": 8.6388}, {"x": 6.7379, "y": 8.73}, {"x": 5.9818, "y": 8.7249}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 43, "content": {"text": "60 views - 2 weeks ago", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.8201, "y": 9.5513}, {"x": 2.3828, "y": 9.5513}, {"x": 2.3828, "y": 9.6983}, {"x": 1.8201, "y": 9.7034}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 44, "content": {"text": "Figure 4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.8188, "y": 9.4752}, {"x": 6.2359, "y": 9.4752}, {"x": 6.2359, "y": 9.7744}, {"x": 2.8188, "y": 9.7744}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 45, "content": {"text": "Komnas HAM's YouTube channel as of 1 December 2021", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0356, "y": 10.8694}, {"x": 4.1979, "y": 10.8694}, {"x": 4.1979, "y": 11.0114}, {"x": 4.0356, "y": 11.0114}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 46, "content": {"text": "21", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000048.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6094, "y": 0.5078}, {"x": 0.7031, "y": 0.5078}, {"x": 0.7031, "y": 0.6289}, {"x": 0.6094, "y": 0.6289}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8945, "y": 0.5039}, {"x": 2.457, "y": 0.5039}, {"x": 2.457, "y": 0.6562}, {"x": 0.8945, "y": 0.6562}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Encinas Franco and Laguna", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6086, "y": 0.9961}, {"x": 3.4914, "y": 0.9844}, {"x": 3.4922, "y": 1.1836}, {"x": 0.6094, "y": 1.1953}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Filipino Women in Electoral Politics", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6082, "y": 1.4062}, {"x": 5.1382, "y": 1.4102}, {"x": 5.1347, "y": 5.4375}, {"x": 0.6047, "y": 5.4336}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The nature and extent of Filipino women's political participation is a product of the country's colonial history, martial law, and democratization post-1986. Historians argue that Spain's strong Catholic traditions ushered in patriarchal norms and practices that were not present in the pre-Hispanic period. National hero, Jose Rizal, has documented this in his \"Letter to the Women of Malolos,\" praising the women for advocating their right to education. Historians also found proof of women's contribution to the Philippine revolution (Camagay 1998). Decades later, the suffragist movement ushered in one of the first national issues to have brought Filipino women together. It was a hard- fought battle; the movement had to contend with staunch opposition from antisuffragists in the Constitutional Convention that drafted the 1935 Constitution. The reluctance was expected because only 21-year- old Filipino men had been allowed to vote during the time. They framed their opposition based on traditional notions of womanhood and their role in the private sphere, foremost of which is motherhood. Another key argument against female suffrage was the idea that politics is supposed to be \"dirty\" and that this would taint families if women took part in politics. The assumptions catered to the age-old public-private divide, strongly suggesting that only men are qualified to occupy the former.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6077, "y": 5.6175}, {"x": 5.1388, "y": 5.6135}, {"x": 5.1409, "y": 8.1055}, {"x": 0.6099, "y": 8.1094}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Eventually, the 1935 Constitution granted women suffrage on the condition that more than 300,000 women would vote affirmatively in a plebiscite. When signing the law paving the way for the said plebiscite, President Manuel Quezon had this to say to Filipino men: \"Are you going to deprive our women of the opportunity to say how their lives are going to be regulated and is it fair for us to presume that men can always speak in this country for women?\" (Official Gazette 1936). In April 1937, more than 400,000 women voted in favor of their right to vote and participate in political life. In 1946 and 1947, Filipinos elected the first woman member of the House of Representatives, and senator, respectively. Nonetheless, data from 1946 to 1992 indicate an uphill climb. For instance, in the 1949 and 1953 elections for the House of Representatives, only one woman was elected out of the 100 positions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000184.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.962, "y": 0.5375}, {"x": 8.5785, "y": 0.5607}, {"x": 8.5764, "y": 1.25}, {"x": 0.9599, "y": 1.2268}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Semantic Search Pack: Value SS Pack allows businesses to access further data more rapidly", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6539, "y": 2.3264}, {"x": 8.5185, "y": 2.3264}, {"x": 8.5185, "y": 2.5}, {"x": 0.6539, "y": 2.5}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "The SS Pack can reduce the information acquisition time by returning all the information that matches the user's search intent.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6539, "y": 2.7025}, {"x": 9.3634, "y": 2.7025}, {"x": 9.3634, "y": 3.1134}, {"x": 0.6539, "y": 3.1134}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The performance optimized for individual search systems is maintained by automatic updates of real-time search log records, augmented by Upstage's technological know-how.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.19, "y": 3.6905}, {"x": 4.7777, "y": 3.6905}, {"x": 4.7777, "y": 4.2362}, {"x": 1.19, "y": 4.2362}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "1.8X 11", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.7777, "y": 3.6905}, {"x": 8.6039, "y": 3.6791}, {"x": 8.6039, "y": 4.2362}, {"x": 4.7777, "y": 4.2362}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Optimal Attempt", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 8.6039, "y": 3.6791}, {"x": 12.2371, "y": 3.6678}, {"x": 12.2257, "y": 4.2248}, {"x": 8.6039, "y": 4.2362}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "2 SOTA", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.19, "y": 4.2362}, {"x": 4.7777, "y": 4.2362}, {"x": 4.7777, "y": 4.6454}, {"x": 1.1786, "y": 4.6568}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Higher Return of Information", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.7777, "y": 4.2362}, {"x": 8.6039, "y": 4.2362}, {"x": 8.6039, "y": 4.6454}, {"x": 4.7777, "y": 4.6454}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Reduced Information Acquisition Time", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 8.6039, "y": 4.2362}, {"x": 12.2257, "y": 4.2248}, {"x": 12.2257, "y": 4.6227}, {"x": 8.6039, "y": 4.6454}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Cutting-Edge Technology", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1786, "y": 4.6568}, {"x": 4.7777, "y": 4.6454}, {"x": 4.7664, "y": 4.9865}, {"x": 1.1786, "y": 4.9979}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Unlike existing search systems that only return", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.7777, "y": 4.6454}, {"x": 8.6039, "y": 4.6454}, {"x": 8.6039, "y": 5.7027}, {"x": 4.7664, "y": 5.7027}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "By returning all semantic-based information of the search keywords, the time required for information acquisition is reduced drastically compared to that of traditional keyword-matching search systems", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 8.6039, "y": 4.6454}, {"x": 12.2257, "y": 4.6227}, {"x": 12.2144, "y": 5.7027}, {"x": 8.6039, "y": 5.7027}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "The analysis of user logs saved in real-time allows us to further optimize the individual search services over time", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1786, "y": 4.9979}, {"x": 4.7664, "y": 4.9865}, {"x": 4.7664, "y": 5.2139}, {"x": 1.1786, "y": 5.2252}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "information limited to the entered search keywords, SS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1786, "y": 5.2252}, {"x": 4.7664, "y": 5.2139}, {"x": 4.7664, "y": 5.7027}, {"x": 1.1673, "y": 5.7141}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Pack returns all relevant data that meet the user's search intent", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7118, "y": 6.6956}, {"x": 9.7338, "y": 6.6956}, {"x": 9.7338, "y": 7.0544}, {"x": 0.7118, "y": 7.0544}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "1 Evaluated against 100 internal test queries. Comparison of the amount of information returned with at least one keyword induded in the search term and the amount of returned information against that of SS Pack", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7118, "y": 7.1007}, {"x": 4.4965, "y": 7.1007}, {"x": 4.4965, "y": 7.2685}, {"x": 0.7118, "y": 7.2685}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "2 State-of-the-art, current highest level of results and performance", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 12.8762, "y": 7.1007}, {"x": 13.0093, "y": 7.1007}, {"x": 13.0093, "y": 7.228}, {"x": 12.8762, "y": 7.228}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "22", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1452, "y": 3.5858}, {"x": 12.2059, "y": 3.5548}, {"x": 12.2176, "y": 5.7131}, {"x": 1.1562, "y": 5.7449}], "category": "table", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
1.8X 11Optimal Attempt2 SOTA
Higher Return of InformationReduced Information Acquisition TimeCutting-Edge Technology
Unlike existing search systems that only returnBy returning all semantic-based information of the search keywords, the time required for information acquisition is reduced drastically compared to that of traditional keyword-matching search systemsThe analysis of user logs saved in real-time allows us to further optimize the individual search services over time
information limited to the entered search keywords, SS
Pack returns all relevant data that meet the user's search intent
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000093.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7685, "y": 0.7973}, {"x": 7.7121, "y": 0.7878}, {"x": 7.7132, "y": 1.609}, {"x": 0.7697, "y": 1.6185}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "survey responses and outcomes from the experiments and games. This spreadsheet is linked to the students' randomly assigned course ID (CID) numbers. The other spreadsheet, which is linked to their university student ID numbers and their names, compiles their performances on quizzes, homework, and exams assigned throughout the semester.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 1.6424}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 1.6424}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 3.3325}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 3.3325}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "At the risk of sounding draconian, this is a course where it may make sense to base upwards of 50% of a student's grade upon their in-person attendance, which would entail carefully taking role at the beginning of each class. If the class meets 30 times face-to-face during the semester, for example, their grade attributable to attendance would then drop by 3.33 percentage points for each missed class (excused absences withstanding). Granted, students who foresee having difficulty attending class in-person throughout the semester would likely choose to drop the course immediately. For those students who remain, the remaining 50% of their course grade would then be based upon their quizzes, homework, and exam scores.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7635, "y": 3.3565}, {"x": 7.7292, "y": 3.35}, {"x": 7.7315, "y": 5.885}, {"x": 0.7658, "y": 5.8915}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The issue of how best to convey written information to the student a priori (i.e., before conducting a given experiment or game) also looms large in a participatory-learning setting such as this, especially if the instructor desires to obtain unbiased responses from the students (or more practically, to control for potential biases). For example, the first set of thought experiments presented in Section 1 is meant to demonstrate firsthand to the students the extent to which automatic, knee-jerk responses from what Kahneman (2011) identifies as the System 1 portion of the brain can result in miscalculations. Students who choose to read ahead (small in number though these types of students may be) potentially skew the distribution of responses away from its otherwise true representation of these miscalculations. Such skewness may be tolerable for strictly educational purposes, where the goal is to demonstrate that at least a certain percentage of students are prone to miscalculation. But if the instructor also hopes to compile student responses into a dataset amenable for statistical analysis, then this type of potential bias draws into question the validity of the data.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 5.9201}, {"x": 7.7312, "y": 5.9201}, {"x": 7.7312, "y": 6.9371}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 6.9371}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "To help control for potential biases associated with students having read ahead about the game or experiment they are now participating in, I recommend including the following question on each Response Card: \"Did you read about this topic ahead of time?\" (see Appendix A). Answers to this question provide a control for the level of student foreknowledge, which is the potential bias of concern.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7613, "y": 6.9948}, {"x": 7.7205, "y": 6.9765}, {"x": 7.7243, "y": 8.437}, {"x": 0.7652, "y": 8.4553}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "I am personally unaware of any studies that have looked at how well students learn the lessons of behavioral economics in a cumulative sense over a span of time (e.g., an entire semester) and across a variety of experiments and games. In other words, I know of no studies that estimate the extent to which individuals who begin a course in behavioral economics as bona fide Homo sapiens evolve toward \"Homo economism\" in their individual and social choices. The pedagogy promoted in this textbook-in particular, the data it generates-offers instructors the opportunity to empirically test the hypothesis that students make this evolution.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6447, "y": 10.2313}, {"x": 7.7073, "y": 10.2313}, {"x": 7.7073, "y": 10.3889}, {"x": 0.6447, "y": 10.3889}], "category": "footnote", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "2. Note that this potential biasedness problem also extends to the laboratory experiments of Section 2 and games of Section 3.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.4056, "y": 10.4366}, {"x": 7.7121, "y": 10.4366}, {"x": 7.7121, "y": 10.5655}, {"x": 5.4056, "y": 10.5655}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM XXV", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000013.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.777, "y": 0.5065}, {"x": 0.9591, "y": 0.5065}, {"x": 0.9591, "y": 0.5998}, {"x": 0.777, "y": 0.5998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "150", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.426, "y": 0.5065}, {"x": 6.8246, "y": 0.5065}, {"x": 6.8246, "y": 0.6042}, {"x": 5.426, "y": 0.6042}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "AL-OGAYYEL AND OSKAY", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.777, "y": 6.7086}, {"x": 3.5433, "y": 6.7086}, {"x": 3.5433, "y": 6.8418}, {"x": 0.777, "y": 6.8418}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 8.7A-C A gazelle horn used in al-Sadu weaving.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7815, "y": 7.1928}, {"x": 3.5344, "y": 7.1928}, {"x": 3.5344, "y": 7.3572}, {"x": 0.7815, "y": 7.3572}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "4 Al-Sadu Symbols and Social Significance", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7695, "y": 7.5605}, {"x": 3.7214, "y": 7.5705}, {"x": 3.7159, "y": 9.2276}, {"x": 0.7639, "y": 9.2176}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Perhaps the main reason for the uniqueness of al-Sadu weaving is that it was never mass-pro- duced for export in the same way other carpets were. Although it was traded among tribes, due to the length of time it takes to produce a tent, and due to its particular function in the harsh climate of the desert, it was not replicable in other geographies. Al-Sadu weaving could not be commercialized in the same way that other", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8852, "y": 2.5102}, {"x": 6.4786, "y": 2.5146}, {"x": 6.478, "y": 2.8201}, {"x": 3.8847, "y": 2.8156}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 8.8 Symbol of stars in contemporary al-Sadu weaving by Leila Yaser.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8785, "y": 3.0877}, {"x": 6.8235, "y": 3.0832}, {"x": 6.8263, "y": 4.9306}, {"x": 3.8813, "y": 4.9351}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "objects-such as kilims, clothes, bags, blankets, and tablecloths-were in other parts of the world. Therefore, although the weaving practice and the symbols used may have changed, they did not change as much as in other textiles, so examining the symbols embedded in these weav- ings may yield a wealth of information about the life of local populations. In the absence of writ- ten records, al-Sadu weavings become, thus, re- cords of memories embodied in a thing.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8808, "y": 4.9581}, {"x": 6.8202, "y": 4.9581}, {"x": 6.8202, "y": 6.7974}, {"x": 3.8808, "y": 6.7974}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "The natural environment of the nomadic tribe can be seen in al-Sadu designs, which contain symbols that reflect astronomical elements and the desert environment.24 Quite frequently, al- Sadu symbols indicate constellations and stars (fig. 8.8).25 In the vast sky of the pre-electric desert, the stars, the moon, and the sun had a great signifi- cance, being the main sources of orientation. It is important to note that, currently, the weavers in Kuwait explain these symbols simply as \"stars,\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8852, "y": 7.0906}, {"x": 6.8157, "y": 7.0906}, {"x": 6.8157, "y": 8.3968}, {"x": 3.8852, "y": 8.3968}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "24 For more details on the symbols that appear in al-Sadu weavings, see also Altaf Salem Al-Ali Al-Sabah, Ibjad: Ornate Tent Dividers and Weavings of the Kuwait Desert (Kuwait: Al Sadu Society, 2006); Khawla Mohamed Ab- del and Aziez Al Manai, Al Sadu (Doha: National Mu- seum of Qatar, 2013); and Ali S. Alnajadah, \"The Picto- graphic Codes in Al-Sadu Weavings of Kuwait,\" International Design Journal 8, no. 3 (2018): 63-74. In", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.196, "y": 8.4279}, {"x": 6.8157, "y": 8.4279}, {"x": 6.8157, "y": 8.7256}, {"x": 4.196, "y": 8.7256}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "this latter study, Alnajadah tracks changes in the mean- ings of some al-Sadu symbols.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8896, "y": 8.7567}, {"x": 6.8157, "y": 8.7567}, {"x": 6.8157, "y": 9.232}, {"x": 3.8896, "y": 9.232}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "25 Khawlah M. Manna, Al-Sadu in Qatar: Traditional Tech- nical Values and Techniques (Doha: Qatar Museums Authority, Qatar National Museum, 2013), 99-100.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000057.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 2.2609, "y": 1.1964}, {"x": 5.6022, "y": 1.1914}, {"x": 5.6025, "y": 1.3637}, {"x": 2.2612, "y": 1.3688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.2. Operating Capacity under the FIT Scheme", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2439, "y": 1.5027}, {"x": 1.8079, "y": 1.4043}, {"x": 1.8374, "y": 1.5728}, {"x": 1.2734, "y": 1.6712}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "400 MW", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2523, "y": 1.744}, {"x": 1.4905, "y": 1.744}, {"x": 1.4905, "y": 1.8656}, {"x": 1.2523, "y": 1.8656}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "350", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2573, "y": 1.967}, {"x": 1.4905, "y": 1.967}, {"x": 1.4905, "y": 2.0887}, {"x": 1.2573, "y": 2.0887}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "300", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2523, "y": 2.1749}, {"x": 1.4855, "y": 2.1749}, {"x": 1.4855, "y": 2.3016}, {"x": 1.2523, "y": 2.3016}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "250", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2523, "y": 2.398}, {"x": 1.4956, "y": 2.398}, {"x": 1.4956, "y": 2.5247}, {"x": 1.2523, "y": 2.5247}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "200", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2624, "y": 2.621}, {"x": 1.4956, "y": 2.621}, {"x": 1.4956, "y": 2.7427}, {"x": 1.2624, "y": 2.7427}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "150", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2675, "y": 2.8441}, {"x": 1.4956, "y": 2.8441}, {"x": 1.4956, "y": 2.9658}, {"x": 1.2675, "y": 2.9658}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "100", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3283, "y": 3.0672}, {"x": 1.4905, "y": 3.0672}, {"x": 1.4905, "y": 3.1939}, {"x": 1.3283, "y": 3.1939}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "50", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3942, "y": 3.284}, {"x": 1.4804, "y": 3.2801}, {"x": 1.4855, "y": 3.3916}, {"x": 1.3992, "y": 3.3955}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.6477, "y": 3.4727}, {"x": 4.8874, "y": 3.4727}, {"x": 4.8874, "y": 3.5995}, {"x": 1.6477, "y": 3.5995}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "12-13 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1559, "y": 3.7262}, {"x": 2.3017, "y": 3.7262}, {"x": 2.3017, "y": 4.0355}, {"x": 1.1559, "y": 4.0355}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "FIT = feed-in-tariff. Source: METI (2021a).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.0375, "y": 1.6172}, {"x": 6.1092, "y": 1.6172}, {"x": 6.1092, "y": 1.7541}, {"x": 5.0375, "y": 1.7541}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": ":unselected: Waste materials", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.0391, "y": 1.9151}, {"x": 5.543, "y": 1.9214}, {"x": 5.5414, "y": 2.0532}, {"x": 5.0374, "y": 2.0468}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": ":unselected: Biogas", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.0293, "y": 2.2053}, {"x": 6.6466, "y": 2.2053}, {"x": 6.6466, "y": 2.3574}, {"x": 5.0293, "y": 2.3574}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": ":selected: Construction wood waste", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.0415, "y": 2.4841}, {"x": 6.5706, "y": 2.4841}, {"x": 6.5706, "y": 2.6616}, {"x": 5.0415, "y": 2.6616}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": ":selected: I General wood (10MWs)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.0455, "y": 2.8181}, {"x": 5.1345, "y": 2.8181}, {"x": 5.1345, "y": 2.9126}, {"x": 5.0455, "y": 2.9126}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": ":unselected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.0952, "y": 2.7731}, {"x": 6.5706, "y": 2.7731}, {"x": 6.5706, "y": 2.9506}, {"x": 5.0952, "y": 2.9506}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "General wood (<10MW)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.0417, "y": 3.0569}, {"x": 6.632, "y": 3.0621}, {"x": 6.6314, "y": 3.2497}, {"x": 5.0411, "y": 3.2445}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": ":selected: Unutilised wood (2MWs)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.0428, "y": 3.3561}, {"x": 6.6263, "y": 3.3561}, {"x": 6.6263, "y": 3.5285}, {"x": 5.0428, "y": 3.5285}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": ":selected: Unutilised wood (<2MW)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.161, "y": 4.4005}, {"x": 6.6973, "y": 4.4005}, {"x": 6.6973, "y": 5.6375}, {"x": 1.161, "y": 5.6375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "The newly approved capacity has stagnated lately because some strict measures reduced the accumulated idle capacity in the revised FIT Act of 2017. For instance, developers are required to have entered into the grid connection agreement with a utility company for an FIT approval and to submit a business plan for assessment of feasibility and sustainability. As a result, the approved biomass power capacity is about 160MW on average in FY2018 and FY2019.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1559, "y": 5.7693}, {"x": 6.7024, "y": 5.7693}, {"x": 6.7024, "y": 8.0659}, {"x": 1.1559, "y": 8.0659}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "A recent change in the FIT scheme is that new projects of biomass co-firing with coal in the category of unutilised wood, general wood, and construction wood waste are no longer eligible for the FIT scheme from FY2019.4 The data collected after implementation of the FIT scheme revealed that the generation costs of these biomass co-firing with coal are lower than the estimated costs of conventional biomass power plants in terms of capital expenditures, operation and maintenance, and fuels. Hence, biomass co-firing with coal does not have a rationale to receive support through the FIT scheme since it could make profits without it. For reference, Figure 4.3 illustrates a biomass co-firing ratio of the major power utilities' coal-fired power plants. Nearly half of the coal-fired power plants co-combusted biomass in FY2019 and most of them are less than 1% ratio of biomass.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1661, "y": 10.3422}, {"x": 6.4742, "y": 10.3422}, {"x": 6.4742, "y": 10.4993}, {"x": 1.1661, "y": 10.4993}], "category": "footnote", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "4 Biomass of waste materials co-firing with coal is not eligible for the FIT scheme from FY2021.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.843, "y": 11.0316}, {"x": 4.006, "y": 11.0265}, {"x": 4.0103, "y": 11.1634}, {"x": 3.8472, "y": 11.1685}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "31", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000173.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7973, "y": 0.8227}, {"x": 3.6839, "y": 0.819}, {"x": 3.6843, "y": 1.0219}, {"x": 1.7977, "y": 1.0256}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Humanity's Home Base.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8374, "y": 3.361}, {"x": 4.6543, "y": 3.3572}, {"x": 4.6554, "y": 4.4777}, {"x": 0.8385, "y": 4.4815}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 1. This image shows the Western hemisphere as viewed from space 35,400 kilometers (about 22,000 miles) above Earth. Data about the land surface from one satellite was combined with another satellite's data about the clouds to create the image. (credit: modification of work by R. Stockli, A. Nelson, F. Hasler, NASA/ GSFC/ NOAA/ USGS)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7705, "y": 4.5271}, {"x": 4.7211, "y": 4.5162}, {"x": 4.7252, "y": 6.0174}, {"x": 0.7747, "y": 6.0282}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Our nearest astronomical neighbor is Earth's satellite, commonly called the Moon. Figure 2 shows Earth and the Moon drawn to scale on the same diagram. Notice how small we have to make these bodies to fit them on the page with the right scale. The Moon's distance from Earth is about 30 times Earth's diameter, or approximately 384,000 kilometers, and it takes about a month for the Moon to revolve around Earth. 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Mix reagents by pipetting gently up and down.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9885, "y": 3.2895}, {"x": 4.2213, "y": 3.2895}, {"x": 4.2213, "y": 3.4375}, {"x": 0.9885, "y": 3.4375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "4. Incubate all of the reaction tubes for 1 hour at 37 \u00baC.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9885, "y": 3.6428}, {"x": 7.0579, "y": 3.6428}, {"x": 7.0579, "y": 3.8051}, {"x": 0.9885, "y": 3.8051}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "NOTE: Your instructor will freeze your completed restriction digests at -20 \u2103 until the next lab period.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9837, "y": 4.0056}, {"x": 3.0184, "y": 4.0104}, {"x": 3.018, "y": 4.1918}, {"x": 0.9833, "y": 4.1871}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "III. Electrophorese Digests", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9885, "y": 4.3971}, {"x": 1.5245, "y": 4.4019}, {"x": 1.5233, "y": 4.5356}, {"x": 0.9873, "y": 4.5308}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "Reagents:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2798, "y": 4.7361}, {"x": 3.5194, "y": 4.7361}, {"x": 3.5194, "y": 4.8841}, {"x": 1.2798, "y": 4.8841}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "Restriction digests from Part II, on ice", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2419, "y": 4.7694}, {"x": 2.7152, "y": 4.8706}, {"x": 2.697, "y": 5.1356}, {"x": 1.2237, "y": 5.0344}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": ". . 10x loading dye, 10 uL", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9837, "y": 5.2279}, {"x": 2.3112, "y": 5.2279}, {"x": 2.3112, "y": 5.3806}, {"x": 0.9837, "y": 5.3806}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "Supplies and Equipment", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2368, "y": 5.5812}, {"x": 5.2815, "y": 5.5812}, {"x": 5.2815, "y": 5.7387}, {"x": 1.2368, "y": 5.7387}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Gel electrophoresis chamber with agarose gel in gel tray, power supply", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2463, "y": 5.7292}, {"x": 3.3959, "y": 5.7387}, {"x": 3.3952, "y": 5.8819}, {"x": 1.2457, "y": 5.8724}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 1-20 uL Micropipette and pipet tips", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9837, "y": 6.0825}, {"x": 1.8719, "y": 6.0825}, {"x": 1.8719, "y": 6.2352}, {"x": 0.9837, "y": 6.2352}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "Load the Gel", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9837, "y": 6.4501}, {"x": 7.4494, "y": 6.4501}, {"x": 7.4494, "y": 6.9323}, {"x": 0.9837, "y": 6.9323}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "1. Use a micropipette to add 2 uL of 10x loading dye to a reaction tube. Use the pipet tip and gently pipet up and down a couple of times to mix the 10x loading dye with the digested DNA. Use a new pipet tip and repeat for each digest.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9885, "y": 7.128}, {"x": 7.3014, "y": 7.128}, {"x": 7.3014, "y": 7.4527}, {"x": 0.9885, "y": 7.4527}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "2. Use a micropipette to load the contents of each reaction tube (20 uL total) into a separate well in the gel. Use a fresh pipet tip for each reaction tube and write down the order in which the samples are loaded.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9789, "y": 8.0065}, {"x": 6.2317, "y": 8.0065}, {"x": 6.2317, "y": 8.1688}, {"x": 0.9789, "y": 8.1688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": {"text": "NOTE: Be careful not to punch the tip of the pipet through the bottom or side of the well.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9789, "y": 8.7227}, {"x": 1.8576, "y": 8.7227}, {"x": 1.8576, "y": 8.885}, {"x": 0.9789, "y": 8.885}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 39, "content": {"text": "While loading,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7382, "y": 9.0855}, {"x": 7.4829, "y": 9.0855}, {"x": 7.4829, "y": 9.4054}, {"x": 1.7382, "y": 9.4054}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 40, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 steady the pipet over the well using two hands. You may wish to place one or both elbows on the lab bench to steady your hands.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7382, "y": 9.4197}, {"x": 7.4303, "y": 9.4197}, {"x": 7.4303, "y": 9.7444}, {"x": 1.7382, "y": 9.7444}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 41, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 be careful to expel any air in the pipet tip end before loading the gel. If an air bubble forms a cap over the well, the sample will flow into the buffer around the edges of the well.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.1163, "y": 10.1597}, {"x": 4.3789, "y": 10.1549}, {"x": 4.3818, "y": 10.3124}, {"x": 4.1192, "y": 10.3172}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 42, "content": {"text": "133", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1577, "y": 1.3264}, {"x": 7.1771, "y": 1.3285}, {"x": 7.1772, "y": 2.6291}, {"x": 1.1574, "y": 2.6269}], "category": "table", "id": 43, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
TubeBamHI-Hindill restriction enzyme mixtureRestriction Buffer-RNaseSuspect 1 DNASuspect 2 DNAEvidence A or BH2O
S13 L3 UL10 UL2 UL
S23 uL3 UL10 uL2 uL
EA or EB3 uL3 uL10 UL2 uL
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000023.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0839, "y": 0.7833}, {"x": 5.0713, "y": 0.7873}, {"x": 5.0708, "y": 0.9072}, {"x": 4.0834, "y": 0.9032}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "2. The Lost Homeland", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7712, "y": 1.0831}, {"x": 5.0828, "y": 1.0831}, {"x": 5.0828, "y": 2.7177}, {"x": 0.7712, "y": 2.7177}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "This description told me that Steinkirche was somewhere in the vicinity of Strehlen. Then, according to Elfriede's stories about walking her animals, ducks, geese and a goat to the railway station to meet visitors, a station once existed near the village. I wondered whether it had survived the bombing. I have seen films of the utter devastation along the Oder River in early May 1945, just before the War in Europe ended. Did the railway still pass Steinkirche? My mother's father had been a railway line pointsman, a signal attendant. From a station close to home he would have undertaken the long journeys his work demanded.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7712, "y": 2.8576}, {"x": 5.0788, "y": 2.8576}, {"x": 5.0788, "y": 3.9447}, {"x": 0.7712, "y": 3.9447}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "I went back to the old German maps in the National Library and located Steinkirche on one of several contiguous contour maps perhaps designed for military purposes. They covered Lower Silesia in 1938 in-remarkable detail, although such detail also helped obscure the printed names of villages, which were lost in the depictions of miniature hills, rivers, quarries, castles, lakes and even houses.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7672, "y": 4.0686}, {"x": 5.0908, "y": 4.0686}, {"x": 5.0908, "y": 5.5194}, {"x": 0.7672, "y": 5.5194}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Eventually I did locate the village through this superb map. Steinkirche was off the main road near the second railway station south of Strehlen, probably on a hill, something my mother had never mentioned. If one passed it, one could also locate it as station number two of the seven between Strehlen and Milnsterberg, on the railway running south of Breslau towards the Carpathian Mountains. Then I noted the Polish names for the two townships south of Wroclaw (Breslau). In the German- to-Polish Gazeteer they are given as Strzelin and Ziebice.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7692, "y": 5.6633}, {"x": 5.0782, "y": 5.6553}, {"x": 5.0802, "y": 6.7344}, {"x": 0.7712, "y": 6.7424}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "My intention was to take a train or a car to the new Polish ex-Steinkirche, visit it discreetly, and search the old cemetery for family connections. I wanted to photograph my two-year-old granddaughter beside my own grandfather Friedrich's grave. I wanted to look for other evidence of family history, and just savour the atmosphere of the place. I also wanted to see what had happened to Neumarkt Platz.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7672, "y": 6.8743}, {"x": 5.0868, "y": 6.8743}, {"x": 5.0868, "y": 7.7735}, {"x": 0.7672, "y": 7.7735}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "It was difficult to achieve anything in a hurry. In London, my daughter, granddaughter and I visited the office of the Polish Consulate. Tourist brochures were generously given to us, but none of the authoritative road maps of Poland showed the villages between Strzelin and Ziebice. Did our village still exist? And by what name?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7672, "y": 7.9134}, {"x": 5.0788, "y": 7.9134}, {"x": 5.0788, "y": 8.441}, {"x": 0.7672, "y": 8.441}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "After flying to Berlin, we set out in a hire car for Wroclaw on 13 September 2003. Beside the Hitler-era Autobahn, there are still extensive forests, between flat farmlands. It was raining when we entered Poland.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.4025, "y": 8.5729}, {"x": 5.4625, "y": 8.5729}, {"x": 5.4625, "y": 8.6728}, {"x": 5.4025, "y": 8.6728}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "9", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000186.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7846, "y": 1.0748}, {"x": 2.0482, "y": 1.0748}, {"x": 2.0482, "y": 1.1457}, {"x": 1.7846, "y": 1.1457}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Step 1-1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.2853, "y": 1.0697}, {"x": 3.5489, "y": 1.0697}, {"x": 3.5489, "y": 1.1407}, {"x": 3.2853, "y": 1.1407}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Step 1-2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2181, "y": 1.161}, {"x": 4.4159, "y": 1.161}, {"x": 4.4159, "y": 1.2269}, {"x": 4.2181, "y": 1.2269}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Output", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.2055, "y": 1.161}, {"x": 6.3931, "y": 1.161}, {"x": 6.3931, "y": 1.2218}, {"x": 6.2055, "y": 1.2218}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Output", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.8505, "y": 1.5006}, {"x": 2.0432, "y": 1.5006}, {"x": 2.0432, "y": 1.5615}, {"x": 1.8505, "y": 1.5615}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Output", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.611, "y": 1.5006}, {"x": 2.8087, "y": 1.5006}, {"x": 2.8087, "y": 1.5615}, {"x": 2.611, "y": 1.5615}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Output", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.483, "y": 1.5006}, {"x": 3.6655, "y": 1.5006}, {"x": 3.6655, "y": 1.5564}, {"x": 3.483, "y": 1.5564}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Output", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8379, "y": 1.6071}, {"x": 4.0458, "y": 1.6071}, {"x": 4.0458, "y": 1.6831}, {"x": 3.8379, "y": 1.6831}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Merge", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.4424, "y": 1.6882}, {"x": 3.6923, "y": 1.6933}, {"x": 3.6909, "y": 1.7643}, {"x": 3.441, "y": 1.7592}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "8 Layers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.2257, "y": 1.82}, {"x": 2.393, "y": 1.82}, {"x": 2.393, "y": 1.8961}, {"x": 2.2257, "y": 1.8961}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Copy", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7947, "y": 1.9468}, {"x": 2.0989, "y": 1.9468}, {"x": 2.0989, "y": 2.0177}, {"x": 1.7947, "y": 2.0177}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "32 Layers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.5501, "y": 1.9468}, {"x": 2.8543, "y": 1.9468}, {"x": 2.8543, "y": 2.0177}, {"x": 2.5501, "y": 2.0177}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "32 Layers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.4272, "y": 2.0279}, {"x": 3.7111, "y": 2.0279}, {"x": 3.7111, "y": 2.0989}, {"x": 3.4272, "y": 2.0989}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "24 Layers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.8759, "y": 2.398}, {"x": 2.0178, "y": 2.398}, {"x": 2.0178, "y": 2.4588}, {"x": 1.8759, "y": 2.4588}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Input", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.6363, "y": 2.398}, {"x": 2.7783, "y": 2.398}, {"x": 2.7783, "y": 2.4537}, {"x": 2.6363, "y": 2.4537}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Input", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.4982, "y": 2.398}, {"x": 3.6351, "y": 2.398}, {"x": 3.6351, "y": 2.4537}, {"x": 3.4982, "y": 2.4537}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Input", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.682, "y": 2.6312}, {"x": 3.4729, "y": 2.6312}, {"x": 3.4729, "y": 2.7123}, {"x": 2.682, "y": 2.7123}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Step 1. 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Continued Pretraining", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9633, "y": 2.9404}, {"x": 7.2854, "y": 2.9404}, {"x": 7.2854, "y": 3.2699}, {"x": 0.9633, "y": 3.2699}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "Figure 1: Depth up-scaling for the case with n = 32, s = 48, and m = 8. Depth up-scaling is achieved through a dual-stage process of depthwise scaling followed by continued pretraining.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9633, "y": 3.5741}, {"x": 4.0153, "y": 3.5741}, {"x": 4.0153, "y": 3.9391}, {"x": 0.9633, "y": 3.9391}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "for wider access and application of these models by researchers and developers globally.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9582, "y": 4.0659}, {"x": 2.5057, "y": 4.076}, {"x": 2.5045, "y": 4.2636}, {"x": 0.957, "y": 4.2535}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "2 Depth Up-Scaling", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9582, "y": 4.365}, {"x": 4.0458, "y": 4.365}, {"x": 4.0458, "y": 6.2459}, {"x": 0.9582, "y": 6.2459}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "To efficiently scale-up LLMs, we aim to utilize pre- trained weights of base models to scale up to larger LLMs (Komatsuzaki et al., 2022). While exist- ing methods such as Komatsuzaki et al. (2022) use MoE (Shazeer et al., 2017) to scale-up the model ar- chitecture, we opt for a different depthwise scaling strategy inspired by Tan and Le (2019). We then continually pretrain the scaled model as just scaling the model without further pretraining degrades the performance.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9642, "y": 6.3371}, {"x": 4.053, "y": 6.3422}, {"x": 4.0499, "y": 8.1996}, {"x": 0.9612, "y": 8.1945}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "Base model. Any n-layer transformer architec- ture can be used but we select the 32-layer Llama 2 architecture as our base model. We initialize the Llama 2 architecture with pretrained weights from Mistral 7B, as it is one of the top performers com- patible with the Llama 2 architecture. By adopting the Llama 2 architecture for our base model, we aim to leverage the vast pool of community re- sources while introducing novel modifications to further enhance its capabilities.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9633, "y": 8.3143}, {"x": 4.0305, "y": 8.3143}, {"x": 4.0305, "y": 9.0393}, {"x": 0.9633, "y": 9.0393}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "Depthwise scaling. From the base model with n layers, we set the target layer count s for the scaled model, which is largely dictated by the available hardware.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9643, "y": 9.0643}, {"x": 4.0477, "y": 9.0697}, {"x": 4.0448, "y": 10.7326}, {"x": 0.9614, "y": 10.7272}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "With the above, the depthwise scaling process is as follows. The base model with n layers is duplicated for subsequent modification. Then, we remove the final m layers from the original model and the initial m layers from its duplicate, thus forming two distinct models with n - m layers. These two models are concatenated to form a scaled model with s = 2.(n-m) layers. Note that n = 32 from our base model and we set s = 48 considering", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2333, "y": 3.5741}, {"x": 7.3108, "y": 3.5741}, {"x": 7.3108, "y": 4.6996}, {"x": 4.2333, "y": 4.6996}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "our hardware constraints and the efficiency of the scaled model, i.e., fitting between 7 and 13 billion parameters. Naturally, this leads to the removal of m = 8 layers. The depthwise scaling process with n = 32, s = 48, and m = 8 is depicted in 'Step 1: Depthwise Scaling' of Fig. 1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2241, "y": 4.7109}, {"x": 7.2903, "y": 4.6875}, {"x": 7.2959, "y": 5.4266}, {"x": 4.2297, "y": 5.45}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "We note that a method in the community that also scale the model in the same manner 2 as 'Step 1: Depthwise Scaling' of Fig. 1 has been concurrently developed.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2249, "y": 5.602}, {"x": 7.3086, "y": 5.5969}, {"x": 7.3123, "y": 7.84}, {"x": 4.2286, "y": 7.8451}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "Continued pretraining. The performance of the depthwise scaled model initially drops below that of the base LLM. Thus, we additionally apply the continued pretraining step as shown in 'Step 2: Continued Pretraining' of Fig. 1. Experimen- tally, we observe rapid performance recovery of the scaled model during continued pretraining, a phenomenon also observed in Komatsuzaki et al. (2022). We consider that the particular way of depthwise scaling has isolated the heterogeneity in the scaled model which allowed for this fast performance recovery.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2333, "y": 7.8682}, {"x": 7.3057, "y": 7.8682}, {"x": 7.3057, "y": 9.1508}, {"x": 4.2333, "y": 9.1508}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "Delving deeper into the heterogeneity of the scaled model, a simpler alternative to depthwise scaling could be to just repeat its layers once more, i.e., from n to 2n layers. Then, the 'layer distance', or the difference in the layer indices in the base model, is only bigger than 1 where layers n and n + 1 are connected, i.e., at the seam.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2253, "y": 9.1918}, {"x": 7.3031, "y": 9.1816}, {"x": 7.3068, "y": 10.2864}, {"x": 4.2289, "y": 10.2965}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": {"text": "However, this results in maximum layer distance at the seam, which may be too significant of a discrepancy for continued pretraining to quickly resolve. Instead, depthwise scaling sacrifices the 2m middle layers, thereby reducing the discrep- ancy at the seam and making it easier for continued", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2321, "y": 10.4341}, {"x": 6.7226, "y": 10.4237}, {"x": 6.7238, "y": 10.712}, {"x": 4.2333, "y": 10.7224}], "category": "footnote", "id": 39, "content": {"text": "2https://huggingface. co/Undi 95/ Mistral-11B-v0.1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000087.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.9388, "y": 0.5109}, {"x": 6.5469, "y": 0.5109}, {"x": 6.5469, "y": 0.6827}, {"x": 1.9388, "y": 0.6827}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9837, "y": 1.0122}, {"x": 7.5067, "y": 1.0122}, {"x": 7.5067, "y": 1.5612}, {"x": 0.9837, "y": 1.5612}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "members should specify this in their schedule of specific commitments.4 Reservation of the ability to lease or own land to nationals is one such treatment; therefore, it should be listed in the schedule as a limitation on national treatment.5 This applies to services that the GATS covers.6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9788, "y": 1.776}, {"x": 7.5107, "y": 1.7713}, {"x": 7.5118, "y": 3.2832}, {"x": 0.9799, "y": 3.288}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Some jurisdictions do not list foreign land ownership on their schedules, but restrict it for national security or similar interests.7 Such jurisdictions include Australia and Finland (national interest), Chile and Greece (border area), Russia (national security), and Spain (zones of interest to national defense and the military). Several other jurisdictions that also restrict ownership for national security purposes have entered restrictions on their GATS schedules. Such jurisdictions include Argentina and Mexico (border area), Iran (sensitive areas), South Korea (military bases and installation protection zones), Taiwan (lands within fortified and military areas and adjacent to the national frontiers), and Turkey (designated military zones).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9789, "y": 3.4805}, {"x": 7.5115, "y": 3.4805}, {"x": 7.5115, "y": 4.5881}, {"x": 0.9789, "y": 4.5881}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "There are other various restrictions on foreigners' land ownership. Figure 1 below shows in simplified format the surveyed jurisdictions that impose particular categories of restrictions. On page 4, a color-coded map sets forth which jurisdictions permit foreign acquisition, prohibit it, or impose restrictions. A Comparative Summary Table beginning on page 5 presents the essential findings of our study for each jurisdiction. Lastly, the textual surveys for each jurisdiction provide further detail.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9885, "y": 8.5317}, {"x": 1.7, "y": 8.5317}, {"x": 1.7, "y": 8.6606}, {"x": 0.9885, "y": 8.6606}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "4 Id. art. XX.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9836, "y": 8.7752}, {"x": 7.3444, "y": 8.7704}, {"x": 7.3446, "y": 9.0951}, {"x": 0.9838, "y": 9.0998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "5 Julia Nielson & Daria Taglioni, A Quick Guide to the GATS and Mode 4, OECD, World Bank, IOM Seminar on Trade and Migration (Nov. 12-14, 2003), at 11, https://perma.cc/B8XW-LNZ4.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9885, "y": 9.1858}, {"x": 7.3492, "y": 9.1858}, {"x": 7.3492, "y": 9.6727}, {"x": 0.9885, "y": 9.6727}], "category": "footnote", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "6 World Trade Organization, The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS): Objectives, Coverage and Disciplines, Question 3, https://perma.cc/4J7Y-WAG7. It states, \"[t]he GATS applies in principle to all service sectors, with two exceptions.\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9837, "y": 9.7587}, {"x": 3.3379, "y": 9.7682}, {"x": 3.3373, "y": 9.921}, {"x": 0.9831, "y": 9.9115}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "7 See GATS art. XIV General Exceptions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9837, "y": 10.3268}, {"x": 2.8895, "y": 10.3316}, {"x": 2.889, "y": 10.513}, {"x": 0.9833, "y": 10.5082}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "The Law Library of Congress", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 7.3444, "y": 10.3411}, {"x": 7.4399, "y": 10.3448}, {"x": 7.4351, "y": 10.4701}, {"x": 7.3396, "y": 10.4664}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000062.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2416, "y": 1.3273}, {"x": 3.9587, "y": 1.3273}, {"x": 3.9587, "y": 1.5087}, {"x": 1.2416, "y": 1.5087}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "1. Shipping as a vector for marine IAS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9837, "y": 1.6233}, {"x": 3.6579, "y": 1.6233}, {"x": 3.6579, "y": 1.8047}, {"x": 0.9837, "y": 1.8047}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "List of Philippine Ports is in Appendix 3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9881, "y": 1.9347}, {"x": 3.8061, "y": 1.9384}, {"x": 3.8007, "y": 6.0814}, {"x": 0.9827, "y": 6.0777}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Shipping remains as the only scientifically documented pathway for marine biological invasion in the Philippines with the introduction and invasion of the South American mussel Mytella strigata (Vallejo et al. 2017). This invasive was first recorded from the South Harbor of Manila in 2014 and has been known to have spread throughout Manila Bay, to Lingayen Gulf, Aparri, Cagayan and Batangas Port in the Philippines. It has since then reported in Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, the Gulf of Thailand, and Sri Lanka.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8441, "y": 5.6385}, {"x": 7.2728, "y": 5.6385}, {"x": 7.2728, "y": 5.9822}, {"x": 3.8441, "y": 5.9822}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Figure 2. Foulers from the South Harbor of Manila Bay. Photo by SAILS-PORTEC Manila Bay", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9837, "y": 6.5122}, {"x": 7.5067, "y": 6.5122}, {"x": 7.5067, "y": 8.2118}, {"x": 0.9837, "y": 8.2118}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Mytella was likely spread through hull fouling and ballast water release. In the Philippines its spread to other ports was likely through small vessel hull fouling as the first adult samples were recorded from the fishing boat FV Ocean in 2015 which was docked in Manila Bay. An intensive monitoring of the South Harbor area in 2014 resulted in the detection of the first cohort of recruits in Manila Bay. The likely first introduction by ballast water release or by biofouling was in December 2013 and the first cohort of recruits was detected in July 2014.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9837, "y": 8.651}, {"x": 7.5115, "y": 8.651}, {"x": 7.5115, "y": 9.7491}, {"x": 0.9837, "y": 9.7491}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "There are at least 15 marine non-indigenous species ship hull fouling recorded from Manila Bay's South Harbor (Vallejo et al. 2019; Trinidad et al 2017.) Only Mytella is considered invasive enough to have wide scale ecological and economic impacts. The most numerous species is the well- studied Hydroides elegans, which is a known ship fouler with a present pantropical distribution.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 7.4065, "y": 10.1311}, {"x": 7.5066, "y": 10.1276}, {"x": 7.5115, "y": 10.2695}, {"x": 7.4114, "y": 10.273}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000020.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9311, "y": 0.7873}, {"x": 1.7023, "y": 0.7873}, {"x": 1.7023, "y": 0.9032}, {"x": 0.9311, "y": 0.9032}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "At Home in Exile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9297, "y": 1.0911}, {"x": 5.2427, "y": 1.0831}, {"x": 5.244, "y": 1.8135}, {"x": 0.9311, "y": 1.8215}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "to speak, using half my allocated 20 minutes because he had a different memory of our internment. As a young boy he had a wonderful time in camp, getting up to mischief, playing games, feeling adventurous. Girls are more vulnerable. Puberty can be a greater problem for them.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9252, "y": 1.9384}, {"x": 5.234, "y": 1.9344}, {"x": 5.236, "y": 4.1261}, {"x": 0.9272, "y": 4.1301}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Another interesting matter associated with this book is that the Iranian- born anthropologist Dr Pedram Khosronejad contacted me in 2019 after reading my book in the house of a friend. Pandanus Press having ceased to exist, Pedram took considerable trouble to locate and invite me to join a small group for a project he was devising. Their parents had also been interned from Persia during the period covered by my book. The group is now aged between 64 and 85 years of age - the 'children of internees from Persia'. The group works collectively and individually in association with Dr Khosronejad's experiment of a reciprocal anthropology of the aged. Outcomes of their work will include a publication as well as documentary film. This book remains one of several unique contributions within the development of the project.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9311, "y": 4.2525}, {"x": 5.2307, "y": 4.2525}, {"x": 5.2307, "y": 4.796}, {"x": 0.9311, "y": 4.796}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "With the literary title used in its initial hard copy, this book has not been part of bibliographies on civilian or refugee internment in Australia, although it is unusual as an account of a female's personal experiences.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.5517, "y": 8.6149}, {"x": 0.5996, "y": 8.6149}, {"x": 0.5996, "y": 8.6592}, {"x": 0.5517, "y": 8.6592}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "x", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000012.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7726, "y": 0.502}, {"x": 0.9191, "y": 0.502}, {"x": 0.9191, "y": 0.5998}, {"x": 0.7726, "y": 0.5998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "96", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.0742, "y": 0.5109}, {"x": 6.8113, "y": 0.5109}, {"x": 6.8113, "y": 0.5998}, {"x": 6.0742, "y": 0.5998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "MACDONALD", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3942, "y": 4.2162}, {"x": 3.2547, "y": 4.2162}, {"x": 3.2547, "y": 4.3272}, {"x": 1.3942, "y": 4.3272}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Mi Bologna fantas Kalin Azack in Maddin erthem onderfal Lampo.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7768, "y": 4.5672}, {"x": 3.6809, "y": 4.5627}, {"x": 3.6814, "y": 4.854}, {"x": 0.7773, "y": 4.8584}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 5.1 Mr. Bologna Jun-r as Kalim Azack in Aladdin, or The Wonderful Lamp.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7682, "y": 5.1447}, {"x": 3.712, "y": 5.1447}, {"x": 3.712, "y": 9.2232}, {"x": 0.7682, "y": 9.2232}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "theatrical prints, which are informed by intercul- turation and illustrate the Orientalized look of the tale's theatrical life: one of John (\"Jack\") Peter Bo- logna as Kalim Azack, the vizier's son betrothed to Badroulboudour, and one of the extraordinary pantomime clown Joseph Grimaldi as Kazrac, the magician's Chinese slave, who, disillusioned by the magician's cruel plans concerning the lamp, be- friends Aladdin (figs. 5.1 and 5.2). The creation of this non-speaking role (Kazrac's tongue had been removed by the \"Tartarian Hord\" from whom the magician rescued him) added much to the play, besides giving both the magician and Aladdin an ally and a confidant. Interestingly, these two prints likely represent a notable scene in the play, cer- tainly a favorite with children playing with a toy theater. The prints show Kalim Azack and Kazrac fighting while Aladdin follows the princess to the royal baths. The wealthy Kalim Azack is depicted wearing an elaborate ensemble: long embroidered tunic with fringe, short jacket with embroidery and tassels, full trousers tucked into boots, a sash,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.203, "y": 4.385}, {"x": 6.5094, "y": 4.385}, {"x": 6.5094, "y": 4.4428}, {"x": 6.203, "y": 4.4428}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Price I'd Plain", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8763, "y": 4.576}, {"x": 6.6648, "y": 4.576}, {"x": 6.6648, "y": 4.8648}, {"x": 3.8763, "y": 4.8648}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 5.2 Mr. Grimaldi as Kazrac (the Chinese slave) in Aladdin, or The Wonderful Lamp.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8808, "y": 5.1403}, {"x": 6.8246, "y": 5.1403}, {"x": 6.8246, "y": 8.4812}, {"x": 3.8808, "y": 8.4812}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "necklace, earrings, and brooches. With his fanciful hat and long moustache, he depicts a theatrical version of \"a Tartar,\" or \"a Man from Crimea.\" An illustration with the same title was included in an 1804 edition of The Costume of Turkey that aptly as- sociates Kalim Azack with the \"Tartarian Hord\" responsible for Kazrac's disfigurement.41 Kazrac's \"Chinese\" costume resembles contemporary Qing Dynasty (1636-1912) fashion with its changshan tu- nic, long, loose trousers, and a cap with upturned brim, topped with a knob. Despite his role as a poor peasant, Kazrac's theatrical costume is em- bellished with embroidery and a gold trim, and the character wears white stockings. Additionally, Grimaldi sports a braided pigtail and long mous- tache and brandishes two curved swords. Taken together, these two cultural images exemplify the Orientalized look that contributed to the fantasy", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8852, "y": 8.7517}, {"x": 6.8118, "y": 8.7567}, {"x": 6.811, "y": 9.2347}, {"x": 3.8844, "y": 9.2298}], "category": "footnote", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "41 \"A Tartar. A Man from Crimea,\" in Octavien Dalvimart, The Costume of Turkey, 1802 (London: Printed for Will- iam Miller, 1804), n.p.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000200.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.4644, "y": 0.3779}, {"x": 4.5833, "y": 0.3779}, {"x": 4.5833, "y": 0.9382}, {"x": 0.4644, "y": 0.9382}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Introduction of product services and key features Key Functions by Main Service Flow", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.4383, "y": 1.2595}, {"x": 1.8655, "y": 1.2595}, {"x": 1.8655, "y": 1.5269}, {"x": 0.4446, "y": 1.5269}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Service Stage", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.8655, "y": 1.2595}, {"x": 3.299, "y": 1.2595}, {"x": 3.299, "y": 1.5309}, {"x": 1.8655, "y": 1.5269}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Function Name", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.299, "y": 1.2595}, {"x": 6.4803, "y": 1.2595}, {"x": 6.4803, "y": 1.5309}, {"x": 3.299, "y": 1.5309}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Explanation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.4803, "y": 1.2595}, {"x": 9.5861, "y": 1.2555}, {"x": 9.5861, "y": 1.5309}, {"x": 6.4803, "y": 1.5309}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Expected Benefit", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.4446, "y": 1.5269}, {"x": 1.8655, "y": 1.5269}, {"x": 1.8718, "y": 1.9117}, {"x": 0.4446, "y": 1.9158}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "1. Project creation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.8655, "y": 1.5269}, {"x": 3.299, "y": 1.5309}, {"x": 3.299, "y": 1.7254}, {"x": 1.8655, "y": 1.7294}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Project creation and", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.299, "y": 1.5309}, {"x": 6.4803, "y": 1.5309}, {"x": 6.4803, "y": 1.7254}, {"x": 3.299, "y": 1.7254}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Select document type to automatically run project creation, Pipeline configuration with", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.4803, "y": 1.5309}, {"x": 9.5861, "y": 1.5309}, {"x": 9.5861, "y": 1.7173}, {"x": 6.4803, "y": 1.7254}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "The intuitive Ul environment allows the the person in charge to quickly proceed with", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.8655, "y": 1.7294}, {"x": 3.299, "y": 1.7254}, {"x": 3.3052, "y": 1.9158}, {"x": 1.8718, "y": 1.9117}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "management", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.299, "y": 1.7254}, {"x": 6.4803, "y": 1.7254}, {"x": 6.4803, "y": 1.9117}, {"x": 3.3052, "y": 1.9158}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "recommended Modelset and Endpoint deployment", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.4803, "y": 1.7254}, {"x": 9.5861, "y": 1.7173}, {"x": 9.5861, "y": 1.9077}, {"x": 6.4803, "y": 1.9117}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "the entire process from project creation to deployment, improving work efficiency", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.4446, "y": 1.9158}, {"x": 1.8718, "y": 1.9117}, {"x": 1.8718, "y": 2.3127}, {"x": 0.4509, "y": 2.3127}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "2. 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Labeled data is continuously supplied from which data sets can be created with ease. The Auto Labeling function increases both efficiency and convenience.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.8718, "y": 2.7138}, {"x": 3.3052, "y": 2.7138}, {"x": 3.3052, "y": 3.2161}, {"x": 1.878, "y": 3.2161}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Model training", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.3052, "y": 2.7138}, {"x": 6.4803, "y": 2.7138}, {"x": 6.4803, "y": 3.2161}, {"x": 3.3052, "y": 3.2161}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Various basic models for each selected document, information comparison between models, basic model training, training pause function, re-training, cancel function, and configuration support for Characters to be Recognized and Ontology that is frequently modified while developing specialized models", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.4803, "y": 2.7138}, {"x": 9.5798, "y": 2.7057}, {"x": 9.5798, "y": 3.2161}, {"x": 6.4803, "y": 3.2161}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "Providing a foundation for customers to implement, manage, and upgrade their own OCR model specialized to the customers' needs", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.4571, "y": 3.2161}, {"x": 1.878, "y": 3.2161}, {"x": 1.878, "y": 3.6009}, {"x": 0.4634, "y": 3.6009}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "3. Pipeline configuration and deployment", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.878, "y": 3.2161}, {"x": 3.3052, "y": 3.2161}, {"x": 3.3052, "y": 3.6009}, {"x": 1.878, "y": 3.6009}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "Pipeline, Endpoint Creation and management", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.3052, "y": 3.2161}, {"x": 6.4803, "y": 3.2161}, {"x": 6.4803, "y": 3.6009}, {"x": 3.3052, "y": 3.6009}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "Choose Detector, Recognizer, or Parser to create a Pipeline or an Endpoint Connect Pipelines to Endpoints, perform tasks such as deployment controllers, deployment recovery, and more", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.4803, "y": 3.2161}, {"x": 9.5798, "y": 3.2161}, {"x": 9.5798, "y": 3.6009}, {"x": 6.4803, "y": 3.6009}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "Providing a foundation for customers to implement, manage, and upgrade their own OCR model specialized to the customers' needs", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.4634, "y": 3.6009}, {"x": 1.878, "y": 3.6009}, {"x": 1.878, "y": 4.002}, {"x": 0.4697, "y": 4.002}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "4. Monitoring and evaluation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.878, "y": 3.6009}, {"x": 3.3052, "y": 3.6009}, {"x": 3.3052, "y": 4.002}, {"x": 1.878, "y": 4.002}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "Project monitoring", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.3052, "y": 3.6009}, {"x": 6.4803, "y": 3.6009}, {"x": 6.4803, "y": 3.9979}, {"x": 3.3052, "y": 4.002}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "Monitoring of deployed Pipelines and Endpoints, notifying the customer of important issues such as suspicion of model performance degradation, and Qualitative Evaluation of actual incoming customer data", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.4803, "y": 3.6009}, {"x": 9.5798, "y": 3.6009}, {"x": 9.5798, "y": 3.9979}, {"x": 6.4803, "y": 3.9979}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "Monitor important indicators for each project and quickly identify and respond to issues", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.878, "y": 4.002}, {"x": 3.3052, "y": 4.002}, {"x": 3.3052, "y": 4.3058}, {"x": 1.878, "y": 4.3058}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "Full Pack Monitoring", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.3052, "y": 4.002}, {"x": 6.4803, "y": 3.9979}, {"x": 6.4803, "y": 4.3058}, {"x": 3.3052, "y": 4.3058}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "Monitoring traffic of all deployed Endpoints, quality monitoring of all deployed models, and monitoring of resources (GPU, CPU, Storage) connected to the Pack", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.4803, "y": 3.9979}, {"x": 9.5798, "y": 3.9979}, {"x": 9.5798, "y": 4.3017}, {"x": 6.4803, "y": 4.3058}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "Monitoring useful information about the overall OCR Pack at a glance", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.878, "y": 4.3058}, {"x": 3.3052, "y": 4.3058}, {"x": 3.3052, "y": 4.6663}, {"x": 1.8843, "y": 4.6663}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "Quantitative / Qualitative Evaluation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.3052, "y": 4.3058}, {"x": 6.4803, "y": 4.3058}, {"x": 6.4866, "y": 4.6663}, {"x": 3.3052, "y": 4.6663}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "Quantitative evaluation leaderboard / Qualitative Evaluation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.4803, "y": 4.3058}, {"x": 9.5798, "y": 4.3017}, {"x": 9.5798, "y": 4.6704}, {"x": 6.4866, "y": 4.6663}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "Viewing the model's performance to help the customer choose the appropriate model", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.8843, "y": 4.6663}, {"x": 3.3052, "y": 4.6663}, {"x": 3.3052, "y": 4.9985}, {"x": 1.8843, "y": 5.0025}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "Guide and help", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.3052, "y": 4.6663}, {"x": 6.4866, "y": 4.6663}, {"x": 6.4866, "y": 4.9985}, {"x": 3.3052, "y": 4.9985}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "Provides context-specific guides to help you troubleshoot yourself, download terminal logs for error situations and Pack documentation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.4866, "y": 4.6663}, {"x": 9.5798, "y": 4.6704}, {"x": 9.5798, "y": 4.9985}, {"x": 6.4866, "y": 4.9985}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": {"text": "The customer can diagnose, respond to, and solve problems occurring in the Pack on their own without external help", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 9.2428, "y": 5.3384}, {"x": 9.6378, "y": 5.3471}, {"x": 9.6354, "y": 5.4556}, {"x": 9.2405, "y": 5.4469}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 39, "content": {"text": "ipstage\u00b7", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.4142, "y": 1.2468}, {"x": 9.6082, "y": 1.2474}, {"x": 9.6055, "y": 5.0563}, {"x": 0.4107, "y": 5.0544}], "category": "table", "id": 40, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Service StageFunction NameExplanationExpected Benefit
1. Project creationProject creation andSelect document type to automatically run project creation, Pipeline configuration withThe intuitive Ul environment allows the the person in charge to quickly proceed with
managementrecommended Modelset and Endpoint deploymentthe entire process from project creation to deployment, improving work efficiency
2. Data labeling and fine-tuningData storage managementProvides convenient functions for uploading raw data, viewer, and data management (search using image metadata, sorting, filtering, hashtags settings on image data) Image data bookmark for Qualitative EvaluationConveniently manage raw data to be used for OCR Pack and actual date from live service
Create and manage Labeling SpaceCreating a Labeling Space to manage raw data annotation, managing labeling resources (Ontology, Characters to be Recognized), data set dump, data set version management 3Labeling work can be outsourced within the pack. Labeled data is continuously supplied from which data sets can be created with ease. The Auto Labeling function increases both efficiency and convenience.
Model trainingVarious basic models for each selected document, information comparison between models, basic model training, training pause function, re-training, cancel function, and configuration support for Characters to be Recognized and Ontology that is frequently modified while developing specialized modelsProviding a foundation for customers to implement, manage, and upgrade their own OCR model specialized to the customers' needs
3. Pipeline configuration and deploymentPipeline, Endpoint Creation and managementChoose Detector, Recognizer, or Parser to create a Pipeline or an Endpoint Connect Pipelines to Endpoints, perform tasks such as deployment controllers, deployment recovery, and moreProviding a foundation for customers to implement, manage, and upgrade their own OCR model specialized to the customers' needs
4. Monitoring and evaluationProject monitoringMonitoring of deployed Pipelines and Endpoints, notifying the customer of important issues such as suspicion of model performance degradation, and Qualitative Evaluation of actual incoming customer dataMonitor important indicators for each project and quickly identify and respond to issues
Full Pack MonitoringMonitoring traffic of all deployed Endpoints, quality monitoring of all deployed models, and monitoring of resources (GPU, CPU, Storage) connected to the PackMonitoring useful information about the overall OCR Pack at a glance
Quantitative / Qualitative EvaluationQuantitative evaluation leaderboard / Qualitative EvaluationViewing the model's performance to help the customer choose the appropriate model
Guide and helpProvides context-specific guides to help you troubleshoot yourself, download terminal logs for error situations and Pack documentationThe customer can diagnose, respond to, and solve problems occurring in the Pack on their own without external help
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000010.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.777, "y": 0.4976}, {"x": 3.6854, "y": 0.4976}, {"x": 3.6854, "y": 0.6087}, {"x": 0.777, "y": 0.6087}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "CIRCULATING THINGS, CIRCULATING STEREOTYPES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.6737, "y": 0.5065}, {"x": 6.8157, "y": 0.502}, {"x": 6.8188, "y": 0.5997}, {"x": 6.6767, "y": 0.6041}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "83", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2537, "y": 4.8026}, {"x": 6.6737, "y": 4.8026}, {"x": 6.6737, "y": 5.0425}, {"x": 4.2537, "y": 5.0425}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "la Politefse du Grande Mondez. Pub March 23.1796, by i Hin ney Now Book Hvert 417", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2208, "y": 1.2875}, {"x": 1.2388, "y": 1.1951}, {"x": 1.7896, "y": 1.3026}, {"x": 1.7716, "y": 1.395}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The Three Pigeon,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0523, "y": 2.2702}, {"x": 1.1855, "y": 2.2791}, {"x": 1.1811, "y": 2.3458}, {"x": 1.0479, "y": 2.3369}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Bily", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5274, "y": 4.847}, {"x": 3.9784, "y": 4.847}, {"x": 3.9784, "y": 5.047}, {"x": 1.5274, "y": 5.047}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "High-Change in Bond Street. - ou", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.777, "y": 5.1758}, {"x": 6.6914, "y": 5.1758}, {"x": 6.6914, "y": 5.6023}, {"x": 0.777, "y": 5.6023}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 4.10 James Gillray, High Change in Bond Street; ou la politesse du grande monde [graphic]. Etching on wove paper, hand-colored. PUBLISHED BY H. HUMPHREY, LONDON, 1796", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7649, "y": 6.0732}, {"x": 3.7157, "y": 6.0777}, {"x": 3.7109, "y": 9.2454}, {"x": 0.7601, "y": 9.2409}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "meant to bewilder the viewer. Satins, silks, ivory, gigantic eggs, and \"artificial\" apples describe, in fact, the things of the trade: expensive and rare fabrics, on the one hand, strange collectibles and exotica, on the other. Lavish dresses and embel- lishments become insignia of wealth, power, and nonconformity, of a way of life outside the eco- nomic constraints of the Western civilization. In- terestingly, such projections were internalized by eighteenth-century British subjects in the fashion- able \"Turquerie\" that allowed the wearers to dis- play their wealth by wearing Oriental dress, tur- bans, ostrich plumes, long capes, veils, and flattering shalvars (figs. 4.9 and 4.10). Another infusion of Ori- entalism in the West, the tradition of painting Euro- pean figures in Middle Eastern dress, becomes a form of cultural cross-dressing meant to suggest", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8808, "y": 6.0777}, {"x": 6.8202, "y": 6.0777}, {"x": 6.8202, "y": 7.3572}, {"x": 3.8808, "y": 7.3572}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "misuse of power or excessive wealth (fig. 4.11). Such cultural imports are difficult to be under- stood, to use Said's qualification, as expressions of the Occident's cultural \"antipathy\"84 toward the Orient; rather, they reflect the West's attraction to a space that connotes difference understood as ex- traordinariness rather than inferiority.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8813, "y": 7.3925}, {"x": 6.8213, "y": 7.397}, {"x": 6.8199, "y": 8.2946}, {"x": 3.88, "y": 8.2902}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Besides their connotations of magic, exoticism, and wealth, the things in the Arabian Nights are also rich bearers of cultural information: as Marina War- ner correctly pointed out, \"stories are lodged in goods\"85 and as such, they expand the reader's", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8901, "y": 8.5912}, {"x": 5.2621, "y": 8.5961}, {"x": 5.2617, "y": 8.7211}, {"x": 3.8896, "y": 8.7162}], "category": "footnote", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "84 Said, Orientalism, 260.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8897, "y": 8.7606}, {"x": 6.8204, "y": 8.7656}, {"x": 6.8196, "y": 9.2348}, {"x": 3.8889, "y": 9.2298}], "category": "footnote", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "85 Marina Warner, introduction to Stranger Magic: Charmed States and the Arabian Nights (London: Chat- to & Windus, 2011), 8.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000009.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.777, "y": 0.5065}, {"x": 0.9102, "y": 0.5065}, {"x": 0.9102, "y": 0.5998}, {"x": 0.777, "y": 0.5998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "74", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.4516, "y": 0.5065}, {"x": 6.8157, "y": 0.5065}, {"x": 6.8157, "y": 0.6042}, {"x": 6.4516, "y": 0.6042}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "BAIRD", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.3845, "y": 4.8825}, {"x": 3.4767, "y": 4.9048}, {"x": 3.4445, "y": 5.0382}, {"x": 3.3524, "y": 5.0159}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "D", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.9981, "y": 5.3979}, {"x": 3.2423, "y": 5.4113}, {"x": 3.2414, "y": 5.4957}, {"x": 1.9972, "y": 5.4824}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The HONEY - MOON.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7682, "y": 6.2643}, {"x": 3.7298, "y": 6.2643}, {"x": 3.7298, "y": 7.3528}, {"x": 0.7682, "y": 7.3528}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "this list, Richard Walker, apothecary to the Prince of Wales, adds Arabic henna, manna, and rhu- barb.34 The influence of the Arabian medicine first on the Greek, then on the French and English phy- sicians, although often decried, brought an influx of medicinal plants from or through the Arabian", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.079, "y": 7.6104}, {"x": 3.7076, "y": 7.6104}, {"x": 3.7076, "y": 8.7256}, {"x": 1.079, "y": 8.7256}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Book. Interspersed with Some Occasional Observations on Some of the Most Celebrated Modern Dispensatories, and the Present State of Pharmacy (London: Printed and Sold by R. Willock, 1744). This volume contains a wealth of detailed recipes for various afflictions, albeit providing few specifics as to what was treated by using them.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7771, "y": 8.7784}, {"x": 3.7081, "y": 8.7833}, {"x": 3.707, "y": 9.4137}, {"x": 0.776, "y": 9.4088}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "34 Richard Walker, Memoirs of Medicine; Including a Sketch of Medical History from the Earliest Accounts to the Eighteenth Century (London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1799).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.7235, "y": 5.3091}, {"x": 6.578, "y": 5.3234}, {"x": 6.5724, "y": 6.0387}, {"x": 4.7179, "y": 6.0243}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 4.3 The Honey-Moon [graphic]. Mezzotint, hand-colored. PRINTED FOR CARINGTON BOWLES, LONDON, JUNE 1777", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8808, "y": 6.2643}, {"x": 6.8202, "y": 6.2643}, {"x": 6.8202, "y": 7.5482}, {"x": 3.8808, "y": 7.5482}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Peninsula to Europe, where they were customarily used in tinctures, purges, and other more or less effective elixirs.35 Alternately, incense was used for its love-inducing and rejuvenating properties, as seen in an 1787 etching by James Gillray represent- ing a group of five elderly women of fashion at- tending an altar of Love (fig. 4.5).36", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8896, "y": 7.78}, {"x": 6.8194, "y": 7.7728}, {"x": 6.8222, "y": 8.9057}, {"x": 3.8923, "y": 8.9129}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "35 For the influence of the Arabian medicine on Western Europe, see volume 3 of John Astruc's Treatise on the Diseases of Women, in Which Is Attempted to Join a Just Theory to the Most Safe and Approved Practice ... (Lon- don: Printed for J. Nourse, 1767). For detailed recipes of medicines containing ingredients of Arabic origin, see Pharmacopoia Reformata cited above.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8763, "y": 8.9433}, {"x": 6.8202, "y": 8.9433}, {"x": 6.8202, "y": 9.4142}, {"x": 3.8763, "y": 9.4142}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "36 Arabian incense is made by using frankincense or gum Arabic resin mixed with sweet-smelling essential oils, such as myrrh and oud.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000132.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8252, "y": 0.8527}, {"x": 2.4509, "y": 0.8438}, {"x": 2.4516, "y": 0.9777}, {"x": 0.8259, "y": 0.9866}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Fish species on IUCN Red List", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7634, "y": 1.0134}, {"x": 1.7723, "y": 1.0179}, {"x": 1.7723, "y": 1.2545}, {"x": 0.7634, "y": 1.2545}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Potosi Pupfish", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7723, "y": 1.0179}, {"x": 3.1696, "y": 1.0134}, {"x": 3.1696, "y": 1.2545}, {"x": 1.7723, "y": 1.2545}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Cyprinodon alvarezi", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7634, "y": 1.2545}, {"x": 1.7723, "y": 1.2545}, {"x": 1.7723, "y": 1.4821}, {"x": 0.7634, "y": 1.4821}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "La Palma Pupfish", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7723, "y": 1.2545}, {"x": 3.1696, "y": 1.2545}, {"x": 3.1696, "y": 1.4821}, {"x": 1.7723, "y": 1.4821}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Cyprinodon longidorsalis", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7634, "y": 1.4821}, {"x": 1.7723, "y": 1.4821}, {"x": 1.7723, "y": 1.7054}, {"x": 0.7634, "y": 1.7054}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Butterfly Splitfin", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7723, "y": 1.4821}, {"x": 3.1696, "y": 1.4821}, {"x": 3.1696, "y": 1.7054}, {"x": 1.7723, "y": 1.7054}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Ameca splendens", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7634, "y": 1.7054}, {"x": 1.7723, "y": 1.7054}, {"x": 1.7723, "y": 1.9375}, {"x": 0.7589, "y": 1.9375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Golden Skiffia", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7723, "y": 1.7054}, {"x": 3.1696, "y": 1.7054}, {"x": 3.1741, "y": 1.933}, {"x": 1.7723, "y": 1.9375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Skiffia francesae", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7768, "y": 2.1518}, {"x": 5.0759, "y": 2.1518}, {"x": 5.0759, "y": 2.2857}, {"x": 0.7768, "y": 2.2857}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Table 6.1: Four fish species on IUCN Red List \"Extinct in the Wild\" held in public aquariums.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7679, "y": 2.7857}, {"x": 3.2455, "y": 2.7857}, {"x": 3.2455, "y": 5.2589}, {"x": 0.7679, "y": 5.2589}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Public aquariums, because of their in- house expertise, can act quickly to collect and breed rare fish. Actions to prevent the extinction of the Barrens Topminnow include monitoring populations and propagating and stocking juveniles into existing or newly created spring habitats. The Tennessee Aquarium assisted with propagations and developed a program called \"Keeper Kids,\" where students on spring break help feed the Barrens Topminnows in a behind-the-scenes experience.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.2545, "y": 4.933}, {"x": 6.8839, "y": 4.933}, {"x": 6.8839, "y": 5.2054}, {"x": 3.2545, "y": 5.2054}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Figure 6.3: Photo of the critically endangered Butterfly Splitfin (Ameca spendens).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7634, "y": 5.433}, {"x": 7.2232, "y": 5.433}, {"x": 7.2232, "y": 6.9509}, {"x": 0.7634, "y": 6.9509}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "The breeding colonies of the Butterfly Splitfin (Figure 6.3) at the London Zoo and elsewhere serve as ark populations essential to the survival of this species. Butterfly Splitfins are endemic to the R\u00edo Ameca in western Mexico and almost extinct in the wild. Actions such as nonnative fish removal, stream restoration, and sanctuary designation may take decades before eventual introduction and survival in the wild. The Tennessee Aquarium is part of a large partnership to guide hatchery augmentation and recovery of the rarest darter in North America (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2019). The Conasauga Logperch (Percina jenkinsi), a federally endangered darter (Percidae), is found only in a 30-mile (48 km) stretch of the Conasauga River in Georgia and Tennessee (Moyer et al. 2015).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.795, "y": 7.9791}, {"x": 3.6076, "y": 7.9835}, {"x": 3.6071, "y": 8.183}, {"x": 1.7945, "y": 8.1786}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "THE LAKE STURGEON. Acipenser rubicundus, Le S. (p. 661.) Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 10202, U. S. National Museum, collected nt Ecorse, Michigan, by J. W. Milner.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7723, "y": 8.4018}, {"x": 3.2232, "y": 8.4018}, {"x": 3.2232, "y": 8.5402}, {"x": 0.7723, "y": 8.5402}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Figure 6.4: Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.6429, "y": 7.1161}, {"x": 7.2366, "y": 7.1161}, {"x": 7.2366, "y": 8.8259}, {"x": 4.6429, "y": 8.8259}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "The Banggai Cardinalfish (Pterapogon kauderni), a small, endangered tropical cardinalfish in the family Apogonidae, is now bred and displayed in numerous public aquariums after overharvest in the wild drove wild populations to near extinction. Consequently, most Banggai Cardinalfish sold to hobbyists in the United States and European Union today are captive bred.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7679, "y": 9.3438}, {"x": 4.8884, "y": 9.3438}, {"x": 4.8884, "y": 9.4732}, {"x": 0.7679, "y": 9.4732}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "132 | Public Aquariums and Their Role in Education, Science, and Conservation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7773, "y": 0.9763}, {"x": 3.1753, "y": 0.9774}, {"x": 3.175, "y": 1.928}, {"x": 0.7762, "y": 1.9271}], "category": "table", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Potosi PupfishCyprinodon alvarezi
La Palma PupfishCyprinodon longidorsalis
Butterfly SplitfinAmeca splendens
Golden SkiffiaSkiffia francesae
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5.8324, "y": 3.0808}, {"x": 7.8058, "y": 3.0808}, {"x": 7.8058, "y": 3.3458}, {"x": 5.8324, "y": 3.3458}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "ix\n:selected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6927, "y": 3.331}, {"x": 5.8324, "y": 3.3458}, {"x": 5.8324, "y": 3.6549}, {"x": 0.6927, "y": 3.6402}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Acknowledgments", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.8324, "y": 3.3458}, {"x": 7.8058, "y": 3.3458}, {"x": 7.8058, "y": 3.6549}, {"x": 5.8324, "y": 3.6549}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "xi\n:selected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6927, "y": 3.6402}, {"x": 5.8324, "y": 3.6549}, {"x": 5.8324, "y": 4.0082}, {"x": 0.6927, "y": 4.0008}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "LAB MANUAL", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6927, "y": 4.0008}, {"x": 5.8324, "y": 4.0082}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 4.3835}, {"x": 0.6927, "y": 4.3762}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Experiment #1: Hydrostatic Pressure", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.8324, "y": 4.0082}, {"x": 7.8058, "y": 4.0082}, {"x": 7.8058, "y": 4.3835}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 4.3835}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6927, "y": 4.3762}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 4.3835}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 4.6338}, {"x": 0.6927, "y": 4.6264}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Experiment #2: Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.8397, "y": 4.3835}, {"x": 7.8058, "y": 4.3835}, {"x": 7.8058, "y": 4.6338}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 4.6338}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "13", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6927, "y": 4.6264}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 4.6338}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 5.0901}, {"x": 0.6927, "y": 5.0827}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Experiment #3: Energy Loss in Pipe Fittings", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.8397, "y": 4.6338}, {"x": 7.8058, "y": 4.6338}, {"x": 7.8058, "y": 5.0975}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 5.0901}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "24", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6927, "y": 5.0827}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 5.0901}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 5.4581}, {"x": 0.6927, "y": 5.4581}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Experiment #4: Energy Loss in Pipes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.8397, "y": 5.0901}, {"x": 7.8058, "y": 5.0975}, {"x": 7.8058, "y": 5.4581}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 5.4581}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "33", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6927, "y": 5.4581}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 5.4581}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 5.8261}, {"x": 0.6927, "y": 5.8188}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Experiment #5: Impact of a Jet", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.8397, "y": 5.4581}, {"x": 7.8058, "y": 5.4581}, {"x": 7.8058, "y": 5.8261}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 5.8261}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "43", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6927, "y": 5.8188}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 5.8261}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 6.1794}, {"x": 0.6927, "y": 6.1721}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "Experiment #6: Orifice and Free Jet Flow", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.8397, "y": 5.8261}, {"x": 7.8058, "y": 5.8261}, {"x": 7.8058, "y": 6.1868}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 6.1794}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "50", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6927, "y": 6.1721}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 6.1794}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 6.4297}, {"x": 0.6927, "y": 6.4223}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Experiment #7: Osborne Reynolds' Demonstration", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.8397, "y": 6.1794}, {"x": 7.8058, "y": 6.1868}, {"x": 7.8058, "y": 6.4297}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 6.4297}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "59", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6927, "y": 6.4223}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 6.4297}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 6.8934}, {"x": 0.6927, "y": 6.886}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "Experiment #8: Free and Forced Vortices", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.8397, "y": 6.4297}, {"x": 7.8058, "y": 6.4297}, {"x": 7.8058, "y": 6.9007}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 6.8934}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "66", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6927, "y": 6.886}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 6.8934}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 7.254}, {"x": 0.6927, "y": 7.2466}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "Experiment #9: Flow Over Weirs", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.8397, "y": 6.8934}, {"x": 7.8058, "y": 6.9007}, {"x": 7.7984, "y": 7.254}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 7.254}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "76", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6927, "y": 7.2466}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 7.254}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 7.6515}, {"x": 0.6853, "y": 7.6441}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "Experiment # 10: Pumps", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.8397, "y": 7.254}, {"x": 7.7984, "y": 7.254}, {"x": 7.7984, "y": 7.6515}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 7.6515}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "84", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6853, "y": 7.6441}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 7.6515}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 7.9827}, {"x": 0.6853, "y": 7.9753}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "References", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.8397, "y": 7.6515}, {"x": 7.7984, "y": 7.6515}, {"x": 7.7984, "y": 7.9827}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 7.9827}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "101", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6853, "y": 7.9753}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 7.9827}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 8.2476}, {"x": 0.6853, "y": 8.2403}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "Links by Chapter", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.8397, "y": 7.9827}, {"x": 7.7984, "y": 7.9827}, {"x": 7.7984, "y": 8.2476}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 8.2476}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "102", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6853, "y": 8.2403}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 8.2476}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 8.52}, {"x": 0.6853, "y": 8.5126}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "Image Credits", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.8397, "y": 8.2476}, {"x": 7.7984, "y": 8.2476}, {"x": 7.7984, "y": 8.52}, {"x": 5.8397, "y": 8.52}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "104", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6634, "y": 2.1019}, {"x": 7.8391, "y": 2.1059}, {"x": 7.8355, "y": 8.588}, {"x": 0.6587, "y": 8.5859}], "category": "table", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
About the Publishervii
About This Projectix\n:selected:
Acknowledgmentsxi\n:selected:
LAB MANUAL
Experiment #1: Hydrostatic Pressure3
Experiment #2: Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration13
Experiment #3: Energy Loss in Pipe Fittings24
Experiment #4: Energy Loss in Pipes33
Experiment #5: Impact of a Jet43
Experiment #6: Orifice and Free Jet Flow50
Experiment #7: Osborne Reynolds' Demonstration59
Experiment #8: Free and Forced Vortices66
Experiment #9: Flow Over Weirs76
Experiment # 10: Pumps84
References101
Links by Chapter102
Image Credits104
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Record the Question that is being investigated in this experiment.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2272, "y": 3.5139}, {"x": 4.9185, "y": 3.5139}, {"x": 4.9185, "y": 3.6905}, {"x": 1.2272, "y": 3.6905}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "2. Record a Hypothesis for the question stated above.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2272, "y": 4.082}, {"x": 6.2747, "y": 4.082}, {"x": 6.2747, "y": 4.273}, {"x": 1.2272, "y": 4.273}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "3. Predict the results of the experiment based on your hypothesis (if/then).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.232, "y": 4.6693}, {"x": 5.0045, "y": 4.6693}, {"x": 5.0045, "y": 4.8507}, {"x": 1.232, "y": 4.8507}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "4. Perform the experiment below and collect your data.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9933, "y": 5.0608}, {"x": 1.8003, "y": 5.0608}, {"x": 1.8003, "y": 5.2183}, {"x": 0.9933, "y": 5.2183}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Procedure:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2511, "y": 5.4427}, {"x": 7.5163, "y": 5.4427}, {"x": 7.5163, "y": 6.2018}, {"x": 1.2511, "y": 6.2018}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "1. Prepare yeast suspension: Add 7 grams yeast to 50 ml warm tap water. Stir to mix. Alternatively, you can use the yeast suspension from Part 2. Optional: Add a few drops of red food coloring to the yeast to increase contrast, allowing easier measuring of the height of yeast in saccharometers.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.232, "y": 6.2114}, {"x": 7.3447, "y": 6.2166}, {"x": 7.3442, "y": 6.7597}, {"x": 1.2316, "y": 6.7544}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "2. Label 4 test tubes and 4 saccharometers # 1- 4. Use a transfer pipette to add the appropriate amount of glucose and distilled water listed in Table 2 to the corresponding labeled test tubes.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2319, "y": 6.7843}, {"x": 7.3969, "y": 6.7795}, {"x": 7.3973, "y": 7.3457}, {"x": 1.2323, "y": 7.3505}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "3. Use a transfer pipette to add the appropriate amount of yeast solution listed in Table 1 to the corresponding labeled test tubes. It is important to work carefully and quickly after adding the yeast solution to the glucose and water.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2414, "y": 7.5482}, {"x": 6.6185, "y": 7.5434}, {"x": 6.6189, "y": 7.916}, {"x": 1.2417, "y": 7.9208}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "4. Carefully pour the contents of the test tubes into the correspondingly labeled saccharometer, ensuring that the solutions are well mixed.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2272, "y": 8.1259}, {"x": 7.3684, "y": 8.1306}, {"x": 7.3681, "y": 8.5062}, {"x": 1.227, "y": 8.5014}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "5. Carefully tilt the saccharometers to allow any air bubbles that are trapped in the arms of the vertical tube to escape.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2272, "y": 8.7083}, {"x": 7.4972, "y": 8.7083}, {"x": 7.4972, "y": 9.2717}, {"x": 1.2272, "y": 9.2717}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "6. Begin the timer for the experiment and measure the size of any bubbles (in mm) that are trapped in the vertical arms of the saccharometers. Record this measurement as the 0 time point.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2416, "y": 9.477}, {"x": 7.2775, "y": 9.477}, {"x": 7.2775, "y": 9.8542}, {"x": 1.2416, "y": 9.8542}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "7. Position the saccharometers on the large plastic tray, positioning them around a plastic weigh boat to catch any fermentation overflow that may occur.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.1975, "y": 10.704}, {"x": 4.3455, "y": 10.704}, {"x": 4.3455, "y": 10.8472}, {"x": 4.1975, "y": 10.8472}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "59", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9817, "y": 1.2685}, {"x": 4.5509, "y": 1.2688}, {"x": 4.5529, "y": 1.9612}, {"x": 0.9825, "y": 1.9611}], "category": "table", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
224 ml0 ml4 ml
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", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000041.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8815, "y": 0.9886}, {"x": 3.9839, "y": 0.9835}, {"x": 3.9865, "y": 2.5971}, {"x": 0.8842, "y": 2.6021}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "tweets, videos) inciting violence towards religious minorities, ethnic minorities, the LGBTI community, and women and girls. Forty-four per cent of respondents had \"sometimes\" seen extremist social media content inciting violence towards religious minorities, with 31% seeing this content \"very often\".", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8822, "y": 2.9353}, {"x": 3.9849, "y": 2.9353}, {"x": 3.9849, "y": 5.384}, {"x": 0.8822, "y": 5.384}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Both men and women acknowledged that they had \"sometimes\" seen this content on social media (62% and 41%, respectively). Indonesia was the country from which most respondents had viewed this content \"very often\" (50%). When collapsing the \"always\" and \"very often\" categories, 41% of Instagram users had often seen intolerant content, followed by 36% of WhatsApp users and 34% of Facebook users. Among the Twitter users in the sample, 48% had seen intolerant content towards religious minorities.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8822, "y": 5.7085}, {"x": 3.9951, "y": 5.7085}, {"x": 3.9951, "y": 7.7363}, {"x": 0.8822, "y": 7.7363}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "When asked about how often social media content was inciting violence towards ethnic minorities, 46% of respondents had \"sometimes\" seen this type of extremist social media content inciting violence towards ethnic minorities whereas only 27% have seen this content rarely or never. Women have seen such content more frequently than men (90%), and Indonesia was the country from which most", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.3195, "y": 1.0089}, {"x": 7.4172, "y": 1.0089}, {"x": 7.4172, "y": 2.0025}, {"x": 4.3195, "y": 2.0025}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "respondents had seen this content \"very often\" (58%). Users of Facebook, WhatsApp and Instagram acknowledged that they had seen this content \"very often\" (26%, 31% and 35% respectively).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.3168, "y": 2.327}, {"x": 7.4212, "y": 2.3321}, {"x": 7.4169, "y": 4.9835}, {"x": 4.3125, "y": 4.9784}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Thirty-nine per cent of respondents acknowledged that they had \"sometimes\"' seen social media content inciting violence towards the LGBTI community. Women saw this type of content more frequently than men (84%), and Indonesia was the country from which more respondents saw this content with a higher frequency (53% saw such content \"always\" and \"very often\"). Participants in the survey observed intolerant content directed towards the LGBTI community. For example, one participant from the Philippines observed that,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.5223, "y": 5.6983}, {"x": 7.3108, "y": 5.6983}, {"x": 7.3108, "y": 7.2649}, {"x": 4.5223, "y": 7.2649}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "There were instances when women were humiliated in public and on social media after they were labelled as part of the LGBTQ+ community. The comments on posts regarding them were mostly commending their public humiliation (cutting their hair) instead", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.039, "y": 7.3308}, {"x": 6.7886, "y": 7.3257}, {"x": 6.789, "y": 7.493}, {"x": 5.0395, "y": 7.4981}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "of condemning the act\".", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6287, "y": 8.1723}, {"x": 7.6352, "y": 8.1723}, {"x": 7.6352, "y": 8.3447}, {"x": 0.6287, "y": 8.3447}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Figure 3: Frequency of viewing extremist social media inciting violence toward women and girls", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.8099, "y": 9.1711}, {"x": 2.1598, "y": 9.1711}, {"x": 2.1598, "y": 9.2877}, {"x": 1.8099, "y": 9.2877}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "35,7%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3841, "y": 10.261}, {"x": 1.6629, "y": 10.261}, {"x": 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1.3685, "y": 0.6289}, {"x": 0.841, "y": 0.6172}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Prologue", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.9311, "y": 0.4961}, {"x": 5.1617, "y": 0.4922}, {"x": 5.1636, "y": 0.6094}, {"x": 4.9331, "y": 0.6133}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "xvii", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8362, "y": 0.7969}, {"x": 2.7234, "y": 0.7969}, {"x": 2.7234, "y": 0.9492}, {"x": 0.8362, "y": 0.9492}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Functional Abstraction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8206, "y": 1.1367}, {"x": 5.1577, "y": 1.1367}, {"x": 5.1577, "y": 2.5469}, {"x": 0.8206, "y": 2.5469}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "But this corrected use of Leibniz notation is ugly. We had to introduce extraneous symbols (q and q) in order to indicate the ar- gument position specifying the partial derivative. Nothing would change here if we replaced q and q by a and b.3 We can sim- plify the notation by admitting that the partial derivatives of the Lagrangian are themselves new functions, and by specifying the particular partial derivative by the position of the argument that is varied", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.844, "y": 2.6523}, {"x": 4.4622, "y": 2.6523}, {"x": 4.4622, "y": 2.9453}, {"x": 0.844, "y": 2.9453}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "d HI (2L) (t, w(t), Tw(t) -(a1L)(t, w(t), -w(t) = 0,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8284, "y": 3.1172}, {"x": 5.1577, "y": 3.1172}, {"x": 5.1577, "y": 3.457}, {"x": 0.8284, "y": 3.457}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "where di L is the function which is the partial derivative of the function L with respect to the ith argument.4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.827, "y": 3.4816}, {"x": 5.1533, "y": 3.4556}, {"x": 5.1597, "y": 4.5249}, {"x": 0.8334, "y": 4.5508}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Two different notions of derivative appear in this expression. The functions d2L and AL, constructed from the Lagrangian L, have the same arguments as L. The derivative d/dt is an expression derivative. It applies to an expression that involves the variable t and it gives the rate of change of the value of the expression as the value of the variable t is varied.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8284, "y": 4.5586}, {"x": 5.1577, "y": 4.5586}, {"x": 5.1577, "y": 6.3398}, {"x": 0.8284, "y": 6.3398}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "These are both useful interpretations of the idea of a derivative. But functions give us more power. There are many equivalent ways to write expressions that compute the same value. For example 1/(1/r1 + 1/+2) = (rir2)/(r1 + r2). These expressions compute the same function of the two variables r1 and 2. The first expression fails if r1 = 0 but the second one gives the right value of the function. If we abstract the function, say as II(r1, r2), we can ignore the details of how it is computed. The ideas become clearer because they do not depend on the detailed shape of the expressions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8284, "y": 6.5898}, {"x": 5.1538, "y": 6.5898}, {"x": 5.1538, "y": 7.1484}, {"x": 0.8284, "y": 7.1484}], "category": "footnote", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "3 That the symbols q and q can be replaced by other arbitrarily chosen non- conflicting symbols without changing the meaning of the expression tells us that the partial derivative symbol is a logical quantifier, like forall and exists (V and 3).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8323, "y": 7.2266}, {"x": 5.1541, "y": 7.2344}, {"x": 5.1536, "y": 7.5123}, {"x": 0.8318, "y": 7.5045}], "category": "footnote", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "4 The argument positions of the Lagrangian are indicated by indices starting with zero for the time argument.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000158.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7713, "y": 0.8153}, {"x": 4.721, "y": 0.8116}, {"x": 4.7218, "y": 1.7403}, {"x": 0.7722, "y": 1.744}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "to expand this section to include notes, tips and feedback from TWP instructors. If you use these materials, please let me know how it went, what worked for you, and any suggested changes or additions. I'd love to hear from you at chwixson (at) plymouth (dot) edu or fill out as much of [this form] as you'd like.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7862, "y": 2.2726}, {"x": 1.9416, "y": 2.2726}, {"x": 1.9416, "y": 2.4755}, {"x": 0.7862, "y": 2.4755}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Introduction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7706, "y": 2.8629}, {"x": 4.7211, "y": 2.8592}, {"x": 4.7222, "y": 3.9844}, {"x": 0.7717, "y": 3.9881}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Throughout the chapters, I tried to generate Reflection & Discussion Questions that could be used either as in class (whole group or think/pair/share) discussion prompts or as written reflections assigned out of class. If your students generate any written answers to any of the Reflection & Discussion Questions in this chapter, I would be very interested to see them.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7899, "y": 4.5267}, {"x": 2.7688, "y": 4.5304}, {"x": 2.7685, "y": 4.7001}, {"x": 0.7896, "y": 4.6964}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Our Mental Shortcuts", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7715, "y": 5.1022}, {"x": 4.7211, "y": 5.1022}, {"x": 4.7211, "y": 5.6408}, {"x": 0.7715, "y": 5.6408}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "If you'd like to reinforce Kahneman's ideas about System 1 and System 2 thinking the video below (12 minutes) is very good, (thanks to Mike Davidson for this suggestion.)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9007, "y": 5.6851}, {"x": 3.551, "y": 5.6851}, {"x": 3.551, "y": 5.829}, {"x": 0.9007, "y": 5.829}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "//www.youtube.com/embed/UBVV8pch1dM", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9782, "y": 6.5115}, {"x": 4.1121, "y": 6.5115}, {"x": 4.1121, "y": 6.8214}, {"x": 0.9782, "y": 6.8214}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Reflection & Discussion Question 1: Taking Stock of What You Already Know", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7678, "y": 7.8433}, {"x": 2.1483, "y": 7.8433}, {"x": 2.1483, "y": 7.9651}, {"x": 0.7678, "y": 7.9651}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "98 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000026.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9311, "y": 0.7873}, {"x": 1.7023, "y": 0.7873}, {"x": 1.7023, "y": 0.8993}, {"x": 0.9311, "y": 0.8993}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "At Home in Exile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9351, "y": 1.0831}, {"x": 5.2427, "y": 1.0831}, {"x": 5.2427, "y": 2.354}, {"x": 0.9351, "y": 2.354}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Else had told us how phosphorenscence burning on human skin could not be put out, and how a seventeen-year-old soldier, weak from starvation, had been fed at a stranger mother's breast in the bunker before he returned to fight Russian soldiers in the final Breslau street battles. She had told us how a fat man had wedged himself into the shelter's entrance, and had been mown down by the hysterical mob. She had told us how she herself had carried her sick mother across a burning rooftop.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9311, "y": 2.4899}, {"x": 5.2347, "y": 2.4899}, {"x": 5.2347, "y": 4.1206}, {"x": 0.9311, "y": 4.1206}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Beneath the reconstructed Novi Targ square, John identified shelters in two places, downstairs bolted against public entry. Plain and ugly high- rise public housing of cheap materials now stood around the bare square, where once interesting seventeenth-century merchant houses had stood amid a lively marketplace. People had lived in apartments even before the Communist-style transformations. Before their destruction, the old buildings of Breslau were of stately proportions, made of good material by experienced artisans who valued their talents and who took pride in a town with depth to its history.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9311, "y": 4.2565}, {"x": 5.2387, "y": 4.2565}, {"x": 5.2387, "y": 5.3276}, {"x": 0.9311, "y": 5.3276}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Novi Targ now looks much sadder and more neglected than my glossy photos show. Breslau's lively markets that were once a feature of the city, as shown in my photographs of 1905, were relocated by the council in the second half of the twentieth century to a large new market hall. This was allegedly because of the congestion caused in the city's central squares by traders with their cars, animals and stalls.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9241, "y": 5.4754}, {"x": 5.235, "y": 5.4834}, {"x": 5.2337, "y": 6.1949}, {"x": 0.9228, "y": 6.1868}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "I was nevertheless deeply moved. This ugly restoration was on ground where my grandmother and her children had walked so many times. Grandmother Emma and my beloved aunt Else had lived there for fifteen years before 1945. My mother had corresponded with them from far away.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9271, "y": 6.3267}, {"x": 5.2347, "y": 6.3267}, {"x": 5.2347, "y": 7.23}, {"x": 0.9271, "y": 7.23}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Had we stayed longer, we would have enjoyed other moments of pleasure in a city that remains drab, and in which not even the theatre has been restored. The original buildings, and what they stood for, were German. The culture of Silesia before 1945 has not yet been generally acknowledged. It is also part of Polish history. I am sure this will change.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.5434, "y": 8.5729}, {"x": 0.6673, "y": 8.5729}, {"x": 0.6673, "y": 8.6728}, {"x": 0.5434, "y": 8.6728}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "12", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000027.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0214, "y": 0.2666}, {"x": 3.0865, "y": 0.2666}, {"x": 3.0865, "y": 0.4132}, {"x": 1.0214, "y": 0.4132}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.6379, "y": 0.7686}, {"x": 3.4906, "y": 0.7686}, {"x": 3.4906, "y": 0.8752}, {"x": 2.6379, "y": 0.8752}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "single-frequence", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.5661, "y": 0.7686}, {"x": 4.401, "y": 0.7686}, {"x": 4.401, "y": 0.8708}, {"x": 3.5661, "y": 0.8708}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": ":selected: mu ti-frequence", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7409, "y": 0.9996}, {"x": 1.9052, "y": 0.9996}, {"x": 1.9052, "y": 1.1107}, {"x": 1.7409, "y": 1.1107}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "0,3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.692, "y": 1.2706}, {"x": 1.8918, "y": 1.2706}, {"x": 1.8918, "y": 1.3817}, {"x": 1.692, "y": 1.3817}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "0,25", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7187, "y": 1.5283}, {"x": 1.9014, "y": 1.5374}, {"x": 1.8963, "y": 1.6394}, {"x": 1.7136, "y": 1.6302}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "0,2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5499, "y": 1.4344}, {"x": 1.6654, "y": 1.435}, {"x": 1.6609, "y": 2.2702}, {"x": 1.5454, "y": 2.2696}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Level of damage", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.692, "y": 1.8082}, {"x": 1.883, "y": 1.8082}, {"x": 1.883, "y": 1.9015}, {"x": 1.692, "y": 1.9015}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "0,15", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7409, "y": 2.0837}, {"x": 1.883, "y": 2.0837}, {"x": 1.883, "y": 2.1903}, {"x": 1.7409, "y": 2.1903}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "0,1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.6876, "y": 2.3458}, {"x": 1.8916, "y": 2.3412}, {"x": 1.894, "y": 2.4479}, {"x": 1.6899, "y": 2.4524}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "0.06", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.8208, "y": 2.6212}, {"x": 1.9052, "y": 2.6212}, {"x": 1.9052, "y": 2.7234}, {"x": 1.8208, "y": 2.7234}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.256, "y": 2.7634}, {"x": 2.3226, "y": 2.7634}, {"x": 2.3226, "y": 2.8611}, {"x": 2.256, "y": 2.8611}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.8289, "y": 2.7723}, {"x": 2.8955, "y": 2.7723}, {"x": 2.8955, "y": 2.8567}, {"x": 2.8289, "y": 2.8567}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.4151, "y": 2.7634}, {"x": 3.486, "y": 2.7599}, {"x": 3.4906, "y": 2.8523}, {"x": 3.4197, "y": 2.8558}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0013, "y": 2.7634}, {"x": 4.0724, "y": 2.7634}, {"x": 4.0724, "y": 2.8567}, {"x": 4.0013, "y": 2.8567}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.2463, "y": 2.9233}, {"x": 4.2367, "y": 2.9233}, {"x": 4.2367, "y": 3.0477}, {"x": 3.2463, "y": 3.0477}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Number of impellers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.5875, "y": 2.7634}, {"x": 4.6586, "y": 2.7634}, {"x": 4.6586, "y": 2.8656}, {"x": 4.5875, "y": 2.8656}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.1648, "y": 2.7634}, {"x": 5.2448, "y": 2.7634}, {"x": 5.2448, "y": 2.8611}, {"x": 5.1648, "y": 2.8611}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0347, "y": 3.1943}, {"x": 3.3045, "y": 3.2032}, {"x": 3.3035, "y": 3.4565}, {"x": 1.0338, "y": 3.4476}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "Figure 7. 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"Smith's Fuel Center", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.3208, "y": 7.6723}, {"x": 2.4287, "y": 7.6772}, {"x": 2.4258, "y": 7.7392}, {"x": 2.318, "y": 7.7342}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 56, "content": {"text": "15", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.7362, "y": 7.6198}, {"x": 3.1434, "y": 7.6246}, {"x": 3.1421, "y": 7.7344}, {"x": 2.7349, "y": 7.7296}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 57, "content": {"text": "Chevron", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.7562, "y": 7.3572}, {"x": 4.8279, "y": 7.3556}, {"x": 4.8327, "y": 7.5753}, {"x": 4.761, "y": 7.5768}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 58, "content": {"text": "1300 E", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8803, "y": 7.6102}, {"x": 4.9376, "y": 7.6102}, {"x": 4.9376, "y": 7.7057}, {"x": 4.8803, "y": 7.7057}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 59, "content": {"text": "C", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8756, "y": 7.7248}, {"x": 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In this chapter, we learned that when an individual acquires private information about something, this added information does not necessarily make the individual better off. In particular, when an individual (say, Player 1) acquires private information about something of common interest to both himself and another individual (say, Player 2), and Player 2 knows Player 1 has acquired this private information, Player 1 could actually be made worse off as a result of Player 2 changing her strategy in response to the fact that she knows Player 1 now has additional information. Whew! Can you think of a real-life example where the acquisition", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.4343, "y": 10.4366}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 10.4366}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 10.5608}, {"x": 5.4343, "y": 10.5608}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 63, "content": {"text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 175", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000080.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3334, "y": 1.3688}, {"x": 3.7264, "y": 1.3688}, {"x": 3.7264, "y": 2.9353}, {"x": 1.3334, "y": 2.9353}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "III. Regulatory cholesterol", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.256, "y": 1.3634}, {"x": 4.8998, "y": 1.3533}, {"x": 4.9127, "y": 2.1698}, {"x": 4.2688, "y": 2.18}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "T", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.9837, "y": 1.5868}, {"x": 5.2048, "y": 1.592}, {"x": 5.2017, "y": 1.7237}, {"x": 4.9806, "y": 1.7186}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "his", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.5819, "y": 1.5817}, {"x": 6.0027, "y": 1.5817}, {"x": 6.0027, "y": 1.749}, {"x": 5.5819, "y": 1.749}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "report", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.4134, "y": 1.5868}, {"x": 6.8864, "y": 1.5919}, {"x": 6.8849, "y": 1.7288}, {"x": 6.4119, "y": 1.7237}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "defines", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.9786, "y": 1.8099}, {"x": 5.7137, "y": 1.8099}, {"x": 5.7137, "y": 1.9721}, {"x": 4.9786, "y": 1.9721}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "'regulatory", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.1345, "y": 1.7947}, {"x": 6.9001, "y": 1.7947}, {"x": 6.9001, "y": 1.962}, {"x": 6.1345, "y": 1.962}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "cholesterol'", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.9786, "y": 2.0228}, {"x": 6.9102, "y": 2.0228}, {"x": 6.9102, "y": 2.2002}, {"x": 4.9786, "y": 2.2002}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "as the policy actions of", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2283, "y": 2.2509}, {"x": 6.9052, "y": 2.2509}, {"x": 6.9052, "y": 5.0748}, {"x": 4.2283, "y": 5.0748}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "the three arms of the State, i.e. the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary, using the instruments of legislations, rules, regulations or orders, to create or raise barriers to a smooth flow of ideas, organisation, money and most importantly, the flow of the entrepreneurial spirit. In India, a wrong political choice in the early decades of Independence has created a policy fraternity that shuns data and causalities and leans on rhetoric and ideologies to frame economic policies.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.235, "y": 5.1305}, {"x": 6.8982, "y": 5.1407}, {"x": 6.8908, "y": 7.0732}, {"x": 4.2276, "y": 7.063}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Inflation in the 1970s, for instance, was not caused by hoarders and speculators; it was a matter of supply and demand. \"Excoriating, coercing, or imprisoning the hoarders and speculators changes nothing in terms of creating new supply,\" write Vijay Kelkar and Ajay Shah.28 \"The economic theory of people hostile to economic forces is wrong.\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2384, "y": 7.351}, {"x": 6.9001, "y": 7.351}, {"x": 6.9001, "y": 8.4157}, {"x": 4.2384, "y": 8.4157}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "By taking one policy tool imprisonment - this report highlights the excesses of overregulation and the resultant regulatory cholesterol while doing business in India. \u2014", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2342, "y": 8.4613}, {"x": 6.9025, "y": 8.4664}, {"x": 6.8992, "y": 10.1799}, {"x": 4.2309, "y": 10.1748}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Although the biggest constituency at the receiving end of these laws is that of entrepreneurs running for- profit firms and corporations, this regulatory overreach also impacts not-for-profits such as schools and hospitals-both necessary institutions for India with a huge demand. Step", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000054.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.161, "y": 1.1863}, {"x": 2.4538, "y": 1.1863}, {"x": 2.4538, "y": 1.4753}, {"x": 1.161, "y": 1.4753}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "EFB = empty fruit bunch. Source: Murdiyatmo (2021).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1661, "y": 1.5108}, {"x": 6.7074, "y": 1.5108}, {"x": 6.7074, "y": 2.9556}, {"x": 1.1661, "y": 2.9556}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "However, the main obstacle with producing second-generation bioethanol is the cost of enzymes. Murdiyatmo (2021) stated that, at the pilot scale, the cost of enzymes is very high, i.e. Rp18,000 per litre of ethanol produced. Some studies provided the cost of enzymes in the US. NREL (2011), for instance, estimated that the cost of enzymes to produce second-generation bioethanol in the US was equivalent to around $0.34 per gallon or Rp1,5292 per litre of ethanol produced, i.e. less than one-tenth of the cost of enzymes in Indonesia.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1661, "y": 3.0925}, {"x": 6.7074, "y": 3.0925}, {"x": 6.7074, "y": 4.7402}, {"x": 1.1661, "y": 4.7402}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "In the next sub-sections, we analyse biodiesel and bioethanol introduction in Indonesia. In each sub-section, we first discuss the current supply and demand of the biofuels and the related conventional transport fuel. Second, we estimate the conventional transport fuel, i.e. gasoline and diesel fuel demand in road transportation during the period of 2020-50. Third, we estimate the volume of pure biofuel (fatty acid methyl ester [FAME]/biodiesel and bioethanol) needs in scenarios, and in the amount of feedstock, i.e. CPO in biodiesel and molasses in bioethanol needed to meet the demand required in each scenario.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1661, "y": 4.8922}, {"x": 3.0977, "y": 4.8922}, {"x": 3.0977, "y": 5.0443}, {"x": 1.1661, "y": 5.0443}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "2.1. Diesel and biodiesel use", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.161, "y": 5.1863}, {"x": 6.6973, "y": 5.1863}, {"x": 6.6973, "y": 7.0671}, {"x": 1.161, "y": 7.0671}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "The consumption of diesel fuel in Indonesia, used primarily for road freight transport, fluctuated between 2010 and 2019 as it correlated with the economic condition (Table 2.8). Diesel consumption in the industry sector decreased significantly, around 10% per year between 2010 and 2019, resulting from the shift to another energy type. During the same period, with some fluctuations, diesel production increased at 3.6% annual growth rate, while imports were cut by half from nearly 13 billion litres in 2010 to nearly 6.5 billion litres in 2018. The biodiesel blending rate increased from only 1% in 2010 to nearly 20% in 2019, representing a growing level of mandatory biodiesel programmes. Apparently, diesel imports dropped with the increase of the biodiesel (B100) blending rate.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.161, "y": 10.1698}, {"x": 6.4286, "y": 10.1698}, {"x": 6.4286, "y": 10.4892}, {"x": 1.161, "y": 10.4892}], "category": "footnote", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "2 Assuming average inflation rate of 2% between 2011 and 2021 and an exchange rate of $1 = Rp14,131.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8531, "y": 11.0316}, {"x": 4.0001, "y": 11.0316}, {"x": 4.0001, "y": 11.1584}, {"x": 3.8531, "y": 11.1584}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "11", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000091.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7449, "y": 0.8116}, {"x": 3.018, "y": 0.8116}, {"x": 3.018, "y": 0.9978}, {"x": 0.7449, "y": 0.9978}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "THIS BOOK'S APPROACH", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7636, "y": 2.0721}, {"x": 7.7264, "y": 2.0673}, {"x": 7.7274, "y": 3.5282}, {"x": 0.7646, "y": 3.533}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "This book's approach is premised on a simple assumption: because behavioral economics is foremost a \"test-and-learn\" field of scientific inquiry that evolves according to experimental outcomes and practical, policy-orientated applications of the knowledge garnered from these outcomes, so too should students test-and-learn. Studying and practicing behavioral economics should occur simultaneously, which, in turn, suggests a course taught more according to a practicum approach than in a traditionally styled lecture format. As such, the book's information and lessons are presented in a succinct and precise format.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7638, "y": 3.5665}, {"x": 7.7212, "y": 3.5616}, {"x": 7.7222, "y": 5.0312}, {"x": 0.7648, "y": 5.0361}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The goal of this textbook is to help students experience behavioral economics through actual participation in the same experiments and economic games that have served as the foundations for, and shaped the contours of, the field. With the help of this book, students have the opportunity to learn behavioral economics firsthand and, in the process, create their own data and experiences. They will learn about themselves-about how they make private and public choices under experimental conditions-at the same time as they learn about the field of behavioral economics itself. They will be both the subjects and students of behavioral economics. What better way to learn?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7736, "y": 5.2326}, {"x": 3.9826, "y": 5.2326}, {"x": 3.9826, "y": 5.4045}, {"x": 0.7736, "y": 5.4045}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "HOMO ECONOMICUS VS. HOMO SAPIENS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.764, "y": 5.5812}, {"x": 7.7264, "y": 5.5812}, {"x": 7.7264, "y": 6.8225}, {"x": 0.764, "y": 6.8225}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "For ease of reference and exposition, we henceforth refer to the type of individual construed by the traditional rational-choice model as Homo economicus, a peculiar subspecies of human beings that is unfailingly omniscient, dispassionate, and self-interested when it comes to making choices. Homo sapiens, on the other hand, represents the rest of us-the often-flawed reasoners and sometimes- altruistic competitors who are prone to making decisions based primarily on emotion and heuristics. ,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7784, "y": 7.0373}, {"x": 4.059, "y": 7.0373}, {"x": 4.059, "y": 7.2092}, {"x": 0.7784, "y": 7.2092}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "THE TEXTBOOK'S DIFFERENT SECTIONS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7736, "y": 7.3859}, {"x": 7.7264, "y": 7.3859}, {"x": 7.7264, "y": 7.7869}, {"x": 0.7736, "y": 7.7869}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "The textbook consists of four sections that, taken together, portray in full the eclectic methodologies comprising the field of behavioral economics. Sections 1 and 2 present the thought and actual", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.659, "y": 8.0829}, {"x": 7.65, "y": 8.0829}, {"x": 7.65, "y": 8.7561}, {"x": 0.659, "y": 8.7561}], "category": "footnote", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "1. Homo economicus is Latin for \"economic man.\" Persky (1995) traces its use back to the late 1800s when it was used by critics of John Stuart Mill's work on political economy. In contrast (and, as we will see, with no small touch of irony) Homo sapiens is Latin for \"wise man.\" For a deep dive into evolution of Homo sapiens, particularly from the start of the Cognitive Revolution 70,000 years ago, see Harari (2015).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6445, "y": 8.8325}, {"x": 7.6825, "y": 8.8249}, {"x": 7.6842, "y": 10.3863}, {"x": 0.6462, "y": 10.3938}], "category": "footnote", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "2. We have all heard the saying that \"words matter.\" The titles and descriptions we use to distinguish people and their behaviors (e.g., Homo economicus vs. Homo sapiens) can reinforce or diminish behaviors such as pride in cultural heritage, respect for the living world, and trust in community, a process known as \"crowding out\" of \"intrinsic motivation and commitment.\" As an example of this phenomenon, Bauer et al. (2012) asked participants in an online survey to imagine themselves as one of four households facing a water shortage due to a drought affecting their shared well. The survey assigned the label \"consumers\" to half of the participants and \"individuals\" to the other half. Those imagining themselves as consumers reported feeling less personal responsibility to reduce their water demand, and less trust in others to do the same, than did those referred to as individuals. As we are about to learn, behavioral economics is all about exposing these types of \"framing effects\" existing in the \"real world\" inhabited by Homo sapiens.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.4534, "y": 10.4414}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 10.4414}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 10.5608}, {"x": 5.4534, "y": 10.5608}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM XIX", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000168.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7736, "y": 0.8116}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 0.8116}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 1.3511}, {"x": 0.7736, "y": 1.3511}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Soils with the same pH may require different amounts of limestone due to differences in CEC, which would imply differences in buffering capacities. For example, consider the amount of limestone necessary to raise the base saturation of two soils from 70% to 90% when one soil has a CEC of 15 cmolc/kg, and the other has a CEC of 40 cmolc/kg.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3818, "y": 1.4819}, {"x": 7.1278, "y": 1.5426}, {"x": 7.1244, "y": 1.8614}, {"x": 1.3784, "y": 1.8007}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "cmolc \u00d7 20% increase = 3 cmolc basic cations required from lime 15", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.743, "y": 1.7856}, {"x": 1.9865, "y": 1.7856}, {"x": 1.9865, "y": 1.967}, {"x": 1.743, "y": 1.967}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "kg", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0112, "y": 1.7808}, {"x": 4.2342, "y": 1.7907}, {"x": 4.2261, "y": 1.9718}, {"x": 4.0032, "y": 1.9619}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "kg", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.6478, "y": 2.0958}, {"x": 7.1326, "y": 2.1538}, {"x": 7.1292, "y": 2.4726}, {"x": 1.6445, "y": 2.4146}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "cmolc \u00d7 20% increase = 8 cmolc basic cations required from lime", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3096, "y": 2.4136}, {"x": 1.3958, "y": 2.1869}, {"x": 2.0086, "y": 2.4196}, {"x": 1.9224, "y": 2.6463}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "40 kg", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0112, "y": 2.3967}, {"x": 4.2452, "y": 2.3967}, {"x": 4.2452, "y": 2.5734}, {"x": 4.0112, "y": 2.5734}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "kg", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7683, "y": 2.75}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 2.7405}, {"x": 7.7176, "y": 3.2847}, {"x": 0.7691, "y": 3.2943}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Lastly, soil pH is governed by base saturation. If other factors are constant, the lower the pH, the more lime that is required to achieve a desired pH. This is because at a low pH, a larger percentage of the CEC is occupied by acid cations, which requires larger amounts of lime to neutralize.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7635, "y": 3.7574}, {"x": 5.9166, "y": 3.7431}, {"x": 5.9172, "y": 3.9531}, {"x": 0.764, "y": 3.9674}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Activity I: Determining pH With Indicator Strips (Field Method)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 4.2826}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 4.2826}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 4.8316}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 4.8316}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Of the several techniques available for determining pH, one that can be used easily in the field is the indicator strip method. This technique uses the principle of pH sensitivity of certain dyes, which cause differences in color across a range in pH. With the soils provided, complete the following pH determination:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 4.9939}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 4.9939}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 5.3424}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 5.3424}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Weigh 10.0 g of soil into a small plastic cup. Add 20 ml of distilled water and stir. Allow to stand for 5 minutes, occasionally stirring.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7736, "y": 5.5048}, {"x": 7.7264, "y": 5.5048}, {"x": 7.7264, "y": 5.8581}, {"x": 0.7736, "y": 5.8581}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Using the pH indicator strips provided, dip the strip into the cup until the tip is wetted. Determine the pH by comparing the color change of the pH test strip to the color chart.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2268, "y": 6.0204}, {"x": 3.0705, "y": 6.0156}, {"x": 3.0709, "y": 6.1732}, {"x": 1.2272, "y": 6.178}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Record the soil pH in Table 14.1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7542, "y": 6.6506}, {"x": 4.6941, "y": 6.6458}, {"x": 4.6944, "y": 6.8607}, {"x": 0.7545, "y": 6.8655}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Activity 2: Determining Soil pH with a pH Meter", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7685, "y": 7.1615}, {"x": 7.7207, "y": 7.1461}, {"x": 7.7224, "y": 7.8957}, {"x": 0.7701, "y": 7.911}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Laboratory pH meters are more accurate than pH dyes and strips. The pH meter measures the hydrogen ion activity [H+] by measuring the electric potential across a thin, porous glass membrane at the base of the electrode. This potential changes in response to [H ], and by standardizing the instrument with buffers of known pH, we can measure the pH of any solution, including soil solutions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7687, "y": 8.0734}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 8.0686}, {"x": 7.7172, "y": 8.5943}, {"x": 0.7691, "y": 8.5991}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Using the samples prepared in Activity 1, carefully place the electrode in the suspension. Gently swirl the electrode in the solution, and note the pH reading. Wait for the pH meter to reach a steady reading, indicated by the word \"ready\" on the screen.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2225, "y": 8.7847}, {"x": 4.8947, "y": 8.7847}, {"x": 4.8947, "y": 8.9327}, {"x": 1.2225, "y": 8.9327}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Record the value for this 1:2 soil-water suspension in Table 14.1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.6921, "y": 10.3364}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 10.3364}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 10.4844}, {"x": 5.6921, "y": 10.4844}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH | 127", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000042.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9582, "y": 0.9835}, {"x": 3.9089, "y": 0.9835}, {"x": 3.9089, "y": 4.9024}, {"x": 0.9582, "y": 4.9024}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "this content \"very often\", 71% were from Indonesia and 28.6% were from Thailand. When asked about how often participants had heard of groups expressing the importance of men accompanying women when travelling to conflict zones, more respondents had heard this message with a higher frequency (\"always\" or \"very often\", 37.1%) than those who had rarely or never heard it (34%). Forty-six per cent of respondents from Indonesia heard this message with a higher frequency, followed by the Philippines (38%) and Thailand (15%). When grouping the answer options of \"always\", \"very often\" and \"sometimes\", 66% of respondents said they had heard groups stress the importance of women being accompanied by men when travelling to conflict areas.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.967, "y": 5.3384}, {"x": 3.8019, "y": 5.332}, {"x": 3.8032, "y": 5.9099}, {"x": 0.9683, "y": 5.9163}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 5: Importance of a male guardian accompanying women when travelling to conflict zones", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5227, "y": 6.8694}, {"x": 1.9113, "y": 6.8745}, {"x": 1.9096, "y": 7.0064}, {"x": 1.521, "y": 7.0012}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "34,3%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.6008, "y": 6.0126}, {"x": 3.8881, "y": 6.0049}, {"x": 3.9038, "y": 8.6033}, {"x": 2.6166, "y": 8.611}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": ")", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0244, "y": 8.5233}, {"x": 1.1686, "y": 8.5233}, {"x": 1.1686, "y": 8.6663}, {"x": 1.0244, "y": 8.6663}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": ":selected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1863, "y": 8.5424}, {"x": 1.4067, "y": 8.5475}, {"x": 1.3999, "y": 8.8421}, {"x": 1.1795, "y": 8.837}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Yes No", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0203, "y": 8.7031}, {"x": 1.1752, "y": 8.7031}, {"x": 1.1752, "y": 8.8542}, {"x": 1.0203, "y": 8.8542}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": ":selected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9836, "y": 9.3029}, {"x": 3.8937, "y": 9.3029}, {"x": 3.8937, "y": 10.7122}, {"x": 0.9836, "y": 10.7122}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "In the second part of the survey, using a five-point Likert scale from \"strong- ly agree\" to \"strongly disagree\", partic- ipants were presented with a series of statements regarding how worried they were about intolerant content being es- poused in the offline space by violent ex-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.355, "y": 1.0038}, {"x": 7.2854, "y": 1.0038}, {"x": 7.2854, "y": 3.4525}, {"x": 4.355, "y": 3.4525}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "tremist groups. Most respondents (77%) agreed (combining both \"strongly agree\" and \"agree\") that they were worried about intolerance in their communities, partic- ularly respondents from Indonesia and the Philippines. Almost all respondents in the sample (93%) agreed that they were worried about violent extremism in their countries. This appeared to be a general concern among both men and women as 85% of men and 95% of women agreed that they were concerned.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.355, "y": 3.7769}, {"x": 7.2905, "y": 3.7769}, {"x": 7.2905, "y": 6.4334}, {"x": 4.355, "y": 6.4334}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Significantly, 89% of respondents agreed that religious extremism would impede women's rights. Half of the participants in Indonesia agreed they were concerned that religious extremism would hamper women's rights, 27% in Philippines and 16% in Thailand. Both men (84.6%) and women (89.2%) expressed their concerns on this issue. Furthermore, 91% of respondents agreed that religious extremism prioritizes men's rights over women's rights - 93.1% of women strongly agreed with the statement compared to 6.90% of men.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.355, "y": 6.768}, {"x": 7.2955, "y": 6.768}, {"x": 7.2955, "y": 9.2116}, {"x": 4.355, "y": 9.2116}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "For example, one interviewee from Indonesia observed that the teachings of extremism have entered schools, such as high schools, and have also begun to penetrate student organizations. She observed that the teachings \"spread from the Middle East, bringing misogynistic teachings towards women as part of their subjugation strategy\". She acknowledged that it was part of the organizational strategy where women appeared to look empowered:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.4623, "y": 9.5716}, {"x": 4.7302, "y": 9.5665}, {"x": 4.7345, "y": 9.7895}, {"x": 4.4666, "y": 9.7946}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8579, "y": 9.7045}, {"x": 7.252, "y": 9.7096}, {"x": 7.2499, "y": 10.7072}, {"x": 4.8557, "y": 10.7021}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "\"However, this is just manipulation; behind it is the practice of misogyny, women's consciousness, their bodies and minds are controlled, even though", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.0063, "y": 11.3772}, {"x": 0.2246, "y": 11.3772}, {"x": 0.2246, "y": 11.5134}, {"x": 0.0063, "y": 11.5134}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": ":unselected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.2636, "y": 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Consistent with the previous graphs, these numerical results suggest that the typical professional golfer is more likely to sink a put for bogey and less likely to sink the putt for birdie (i.e., the typical golfer is indeed loss averse). 10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.764, "y": 7.2331}, {"x": 5.8306, "y": 7.2331}, {"x": 5.8306, "y": 7.4002}, {"x": 0.764, "y": 7.4002}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "ARE CIGARETTE SMOKERS HYPERBOLIC TIME DISCOUNTERS?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 7.572}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 7.572}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 8.1975}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 8.1975}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Recall from Chapter 4 the distinction between time-consistent exponential time discounters (Homo economicus) and potentially time-inconsistent hyperbolic discounters (Homo sapiens). The discounting time paths for exponential versus hyperbolic discounting looked like this:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.5778, "y": 10.0547}, {"x": 7.6739, "y": 10.0547}, {"x": 7.6739, "y": 10.3889}, {"x": 0.5778, "y": 10.3889}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "10. A negative effect associated with putting for double bogey suggests that the typical golfer suppresses his inclination for loss aversion when putting for a score worse than bogey.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.4343, "y": 10.4366}, {"x": 7.7121, "y": 10.4366}, {"x": 7.7121, "y": 10.5608}, {"x": 5.4343, "y": 10.5608}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 193", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000148.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6844, "y": 0.7047}, {"x": 1.0545, "y": 0.7047}, {"x": 1.0545, "y": 0.8314}, {"x": 0.6844, "y": 0.8314}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Circle", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.2816, "y": 0.3397}, {"x": 7.544, "y": 0.3397}, {"x": 7.544, "y": 0.6591}, {"x": 6.2816, "y": 0.6591}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Co-funded by the European Union", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.161, "y": 1.1964}, {"x": 7.1536, "y": 1.1964}, {"x": 7.1536, "y": 1.7744}, {"x": 1.161, "y": 1.7744}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "As seen in this chart of responses, we were very satisfied to reach diversity in age groups, with all groups being represented by over 10%. 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This publication reflects the views only of the author and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.0214, "y": 10.9607}, {"x": 5.3335, "y": 10.9556}, {"x": 5.3338, "y": 11.0773}, {"x": 3.0216, "y": 11.0823}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000064.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9789, "y": 1.0217}, {"x": 7.5067, "y": 1.0217}, {"x": 7.5067, "y": 2.1055}, {"x": 0.9789, "y": 2.1055}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "estuarine influenced areas. Batangas, Cebu and Iloilo are located very near to protected areas and tourism areas. Batangas is within the center of the center of global marine biodiversity while Cebu is in the Mactan key biodiversity area. 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"y": 4.8268}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "41,27", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9885, "y": 4.8268}, {"x": 2.3924, "y": 4.8268}, {"x": 2.3924, "y": 5.0417}, {"x": 0.9837, "y": 5.0464}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "LUCENA", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.3924, "y": 4.8268}, {"x": 3.2138, "y": 4.8268}, {"x": 3.2138, "y": 5.0417}, {"x": 2.3924, "y": 5.0417}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "74", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.2138, "y": 4.8268}, {"x": 4.2118, "y": 4.8316}, {"x": 4.2166, "y": 5.0464}, {"x": 3.2138, "y": 5.0417}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "4,428", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9885, "y": 5.3663}, {"x": 6.9815, "y": 5.3663}, {"x": 6.9815, "y": 5.5525}, {"x": 0.9885, "y": 5.5525}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "Table 1. Top 10 ports in the Philippines in shipcalls (2020 data from PPA, CPA and SBMA)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9837, "y": 5.9822}, {"x": 7.5067, "y": 5.9822}, {"x": 7.5067, "y": 7.3763}, {"x": 0.9837, "y": 7.3763}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "The port of Manila has been documented to have a significant number of possible IAS. The on- going SAILS-PORTEC research program has detected IAS in Davao, Cebu and Matnog ports. These ports are adjacent to specific oil tanker pathways/routes. In Luzon where the refineries and oil storage facilities are located such as Batangas, are at higher risk. These loading ports are at high risk for IAS/MNIS and these are located near to international ports.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9789, "y": 7.8155}, {"x": 7.5115, "y": 7.8155}, {"x": 7.5115, "y": 9.8207}, {"x": 0.9789, "y": 9.8207}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "The shipcall statistics in Table 1 represent the year 2020, when the COVID 19 pandemic caused a global and domestic maritime transport slowdown. The average reduction in shipcalls is around 40%. Nonetheless, Manila and Cebu are likely the main ports that need to be closely monitored for potential IAS bioinvasion. In 2018, before the COVID-19 pandemic, Manila was experiencing port congestion with a report that ships may stay at berth for five days (Wallis, 2019). This will increase the risks for biofouling. Based on the 2021 statistics from the PPA, the average berthing time has been reduced to 1 day. This is a result of less shipping traffic due to the pandemic.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 7.3253, "y": 10.1263}, {"x": 7.5067, "y": 10.1263}, {"x": 7.5067, "y": 10.2791}, {"x": 7.3253, "y": 10.2791}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": {"text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9702, "y": 2.5073}, {"x": 4.2315, "y": 2.5092}, {"x": 4.2296, "y": 5.0645}, {"x": 0.9678, "y": 5.0623}], "category": "table", "id": 39, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
PORTSHIPCALLS
ForeignDomestic
MANILA24546,125
CEBU113879,500
BATANGAS95813,196
SUBIC313136
CAGAYAN DE ORO1373,159
DAVAO75017,807
ILOILO21224,381
GENERAL SANTOS112704
ZAMBOANGA4041,27
LUCENA744,428
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000164.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 1.0074}, {"x": 7.7264, "y": 1.0074}, {"x": 7.7264, "y": 1.9479}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 1.9479}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "3Btg2-26 to 31 in; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) crushed, silty clay; common coarse prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate coarse subangular blocky; extremely hard, very firm; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine moderate continuity tubular pores; common distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), moist, clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 15 in thick)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.764, "y": 2.1723}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 2.1723}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 3.3134}, {"x": 0.764, "y": 3.3134}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "3Btg3-31 to 35 in; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) crushed, silty clay; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint continuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; common medium rounded very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) soft clay bodies pedogenic throughout and few medium rounded white (10YR 8/1) soft nests of gypsum pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. 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(0 to 10 in thick)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 5.0894}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 5.0894}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 6.2209}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 6.2209}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "3Btg5/E-42 to 54 in; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; hard, friable; common very and fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/or pores; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 15 in thick)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 6.4501}, {"x": 7.7264, "y": 6.4501}, {"x": 7.7264, "y": 7.7726}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 7.7726}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "3Btg6/E-54 to 69 in; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common coarse prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common coarse prominent dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky; slightly hard, very friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous dark grayish brown(10YR 4/2) moist silt coats in root channels and/or pores; common fine rounded black (N 2/0) soft iron/manganese concretions pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 20 in thick)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.764, "y": 8.0065}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 8.0065}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 9.5247}, {"x": 0.764, "y": 9.5247}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "3Btg7/E-69 to 86 in; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common coarse prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common fine prominent dark brown (7.5YR 3/4.) moist irregular mottles throughout; weak coarse prismatic structure; slightly hard, very friable; few very fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/or pores; common fine rounded black (N 2/0) soft iron/manganese concretions pedogenic throughout and few medium irregular brown (10YR 5/3) soft clay bodies pedogenic in cracks; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 20 in thick)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7736, "y": 9.7539}, {"x": 7.7264, "y": 9.7539}, {"x": 7.7264, "y": 10.1072}, {"x": 0.7736, "y": 10.1072}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "3Btg8/E-86 to 97 in; 80% light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) exterior, and 15% yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), exterior, and 5% strong brown (7.5 YR 4/6), exterior, silty clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.6902, "y": 10.3411}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 10.3411}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 10.4748}, {"x": 6.6902, "y": 10.4748}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Soil Formation | 27", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000059.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5613, "y": 1.1964}, {"x": 6.3017, "y": 1.1914}, {"x": 6.3018, "y": 1.3587}, {"x": 1.5615, "y": 1.3637}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.6. 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{"x": 4.0812, "y": 3.6806}, {"x": 2.1699, "y": 3.6806}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "Domestic logs and wood chips\n:selected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0812, "y": 3.4879}, {"x": 5.8608, "y": 3.4879}, {"x": 5.8608, "y": 3.6755}, {"x": 4.0812, "y": 3.6806}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "Domestic wood pellets\n:selected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.1699, "y": 3.6806}, {"x": 4.0812, "y": 3.6806}, {"x": 4.0812, "y": 3.8276}, {"x": 2.1699, "y": 3.8327}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "Import pellets, chips\n:selected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0812, "y": 3.6806}, {"x": 5.8608, "y": 3.6755}, {"x": 5.8608, "y": 3.8276}, {"x": 4.0812, "y": 3.8276}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "PKS\n:selected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.1699, "y": 3.8327}, {"x": 4.0812, "y": 3.8276}, {"x": 4.0812, "y": 3.9746}, {"x": 2.1699, "y": 3.9746}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "Construction wood waste\n:unselected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0812, "y": 3.8276}, {"x": 5.8608, "y": 3.8276}, {"x": 5.8608, "y": 3.9696}, {"x": 4.0812, "y": 3.9746}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": ":unselected: Other waste", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.1699, "y": 3.9746}, {"x": 4.0812, "y": 3.9746}, {"x": 4.0812, "y": 4.147}, {"x": 2.1648, "y": 4.1521}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "Others\n:selected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.161, "y": 4.3194}, {"x": 2.3676, "y": 4.3194}, {"x": 2.3676, "y": 4.4664}, {"x": 1.161, "y": 4.4664}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "PKS = palm kernel shell.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1661, "y": 4.4715}, {"x": 6.6973, "y": 4.4715}, {"x": 6.6973, "y": 4.9227}, {"x": 1.1661, "y": 4.9227}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "Heat value used: Domestic logs and wood chips: 19.4 MJ/kg; Domestic wood pellets, Import pellets, chips: 15.5 MJ/kg; PKS: 18 MJ/kg; Construction wood waste, Other waste, and Others: assuming the same with wood pellets.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.161, "y": 4.9379}, {"x": 5.1003, "y": 4.9379}, {"x": 5.1003, "y": 5.0748}, {"x": 1.161, "y": 5.0748}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "Source: Depicted by IEEJ based on Japan Woody Bioenergy Association, 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1558, "y": 5.4043}, {"x": 6.6973, "y": 5.3992}, {"x": 6.698, "y": 6.2082}, {"x": 1.1565, "y": 6.2133}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "According to Japan's trade statistics, its import of wood pellets has increased around 16 times from 2014 to 2019. Viet Nam and Canada are the largest suppliers of Japan's wood pellet imports (Figure 4.7). On the other hand, domestic wood pellet production stayed almost the same over the same period (Figure 4.8).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.9152, "y": 6.5754}, {"x": 4.9431, "y": 6.5754}, {"x": 4.9431, "y": 6.7376}, {"x": 2.9152, "y": 6.7376}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.7. 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Time tObserved returns on the firm's portfolio over time rtObserved returns on a potential new investment for the firm's re
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Parsing-F1: Comparison of parsing model F1 of both companies for business registration document form. Company A is excluded from comparison due to the absence of the document parsing model.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 9.2361, "y": 5.3427}, {"x": 9.6398, "y": 5.3427}, {"x": 9.6398, "y": 5.4556}, {"x": 9.2361, "y": 5.4556}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 65, "content": {"text": "ipstage\u00b7", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000159.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7713, "y": 0.8153}, {"x": 4.7248, "y": 0.8116}, {"x": 4.7255, "y": 1.5458}, {"x": 0.772, "y": 1.5495}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "be a starting point for asking questions too, but I would recommend against brainstorming as the only strategy towards topic and question identification since it does not enable students to get to topics they didn't know existed.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.77, "y": 1.5976}, {"x": 4.7246, "y": 1.5937}, {"x": 4.7261, "y": 3.1062}, {"x": 0.7715, "y": 3.11}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "I struggle with getting students to actually read the sources we find together in our research consultations. They seem to want to do all the searching first and all the reading later. No matter how I tell them it's iterative and you need to go back and forth between reading and searching many many times, the messages wasn't landing. This chapter is my next iteration in how to talk about the research process, but I really don't now what the secret recipe is yet. Let me know if you think this one lands.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7749, "y": 3.6413}, {"x": 2.2699, "y": 3.6169}, {"x": 2.2738, "y": 3.8566}, {"x": 0.7789, "y": 3.8811}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Types of Sources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7715, "y": 4.2205}, {"x": 4.7211, "y": 4.2205}, {"x": 4.7211, "y": 5.7294}, {"x": 0.7715, "y": 5.7294}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "I am a big fan of Mike Caulfield's information literacy work (see the next chapter, SIFTing Information.) Sometimes I have found my attempts to use his strategies in the classroom were hard for students. For example, when I've tried the exercise about the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Pediatricians (Reflection & Discussion Question 1) without first talking about professional organizations, students rarely got how they were different, and it did not build their confidence.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7715, "y": 5.7773}, {"x": 4.7174, "y": 5.7773}, {"x": 4.7174, "y": 6.707}, {"x": 0.7715, "y": 6.707}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "It's hard to identify a legitimate professional association if you've never heard of the concept of professional associations. This chapter may be long, but I felt it was important to enumerate at least some of the dimensions of the sources they may find, so that when we get to Caulfield's SIFT method they are set up for success.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7752, "y": 7.8433}, {"x": 2.1889, "y": 7.8433}, {"x": 2.1889, "y": 7.9651}, {"x": 0.7752, "y": 7.9651}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "102 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000154.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 6.4562, "y": 1.0456}, {"x": 6.757, "y": 1.0456}, {"x": 6.757, "y": 1.184}, {"x": 6.4562, "y": 1.184}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "66%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.5489, "y": 2.8264}, {"x": 5.8545, "y": 2.8264}, {"x": 5.8545, "y": 2.9601}, {"x": 5.5489, "y": 2.9601}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "24%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8811, "y": 3.0147}, {"x": 4.9331, "y": 3.2115}, {"x": 3.6109, "y": 3.5604}, {"x": 3.5589, "y": 3.3636}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "18% 12%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.7267, "y": 3.533}, {"x": 2.9559, "y": 3.533}, {"x": 2.9559, "y": 3.6714}, {"x": 2.7267, "y": 3.6714}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "8%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7621, "y": 3.6237}, {"x": 1.9913, "y": 3.6237}, {"x": 1.9913, "y": 3.7478}, {"x": 1.7621, "y": 3.7478}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "6%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5424, "y": 4.1202}, {"x": 2.2014, "y": 4.1202}, {"x": 2.2014, "y": 4.2396}, {"x": 1.5424, "y": 4.2396}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "No textbook", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.6462, "y": 4.2682}, {"x": 2.0916, "y": 4.2635}, {"x": 2.0929, "y": 4.3828}, {"x": 1.6475, "y": 4.3876}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "required", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.5643, "y": 4.1155}, {"x": 3.1336, "y": 4.1202}, {"x": 3.1326, "y": 4.2444}, {"x": 2.5633, "y": 4.2396}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Affordable", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.4716, "y": 4.1202}, {"x": 3.9874, "y": 4.1202}, {"x": 3.9874, "y": 4.2396}, {"x": 3.4716, "y": 4.2396}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Zero cost", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.6368, "y": 4.125}, {"x": 4.8851, "y": 4.125}, {"x": 4.8851, "y": 4.2348}, {"x": 4.6368, "y": 4.2348}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Free", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.4581, "y": 4.125}, {"x": 5.9596, "y": 4.125}, {"x": 5.9596, "y": 4.2396}, {"x": 5.4581, "y": 4.2396}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Low cost", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.4848, "y": 4.125}, {"x": 6.7427, "y": 4.125}, {"x": 6.7427, "y": 4.23}, {"x": 6.4848, "y": 4.23}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "OER", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7831, "y": 4.6645}, {"x": 4.9138, "y": 4.6645}, {"x": 4.9138, "y": 4.8077}, {"x": 0.7831, "y": 4.8077}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Figure 7.1: Texas OER landscape survey results show terms used in course schedules", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7831, "y": 5.056}, {"x": 2.2778, "y": 5.056}, {"x": 2.2778, "y": 5.2135}, {"x": 0.7831, "y": 5.2135}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "IMPLEMENTATION", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 5.395}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 5.395}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 6.6554}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 6.6554}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Locally, we implemented a quick and free solution that reflects the constraints of system capabilities, no financial support, and a local directive to vet every course to be tagged. Based on what was feasible in the short term and conversations with key stakeholders (i.e., registrar, early OER adopters, curriculum coordinators, student representatives, and the campus store), we incorporated an \"educational resources cost\" option into an existing \"course attribute\" drop-down menu under the system's advanced search options.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7784, "y": 10.4414}, {"x": 7.7121, "y": 10.4414}, {"x": 7.7121, "y": 10.5655}, {"x": 0.7784, "y": 10.5655}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "18 BOYOUNG CHAE, KEVIN CORCORAN, MICHAEL DALY, ANN FIDDLER, JEFF GALLANT, JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG, AMY HOFER, AND", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000076.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5615, "y": 0.9683}, {"x": 5.4349, "y": 0.9683}, {"x": 5.4349, "y": 1.161}, {"x": 1.5615, "y": 1.161}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.6. Alien temporary work permits, Thailand", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5615, "y": 1.2776}, {"x": 1.9925, "y": 1.2776}, {"x": 1.9925, "y": 1.3992}, {"x": 1.5615, "y": 1.3992}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "140000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5666, "y": 1.5209}, {"x": 1.9925, "y": 1.5209}, {"x": 1.9925, "y": 1.6426}, {"x": 1.5666, "y": 1.6426}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "120000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5615, "y": 1.7693}, {"x": 2.0026, "y": 1.7693}, {"x": 2.0026, "y": 1.8859}, {"x": 1.5615, "y": 1.8859}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "100000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.6173, "y": 2.0127}, {"x": 1.9975, "y": 2.0127}, {"x": 1.9975, "y": 2.1242}, {"x": 1.6173, "y": 2.1242}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "80000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.6224, 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Figure for 2021 is an estimate.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5717, "y": 7.3663}, {"x": 6.165, "y": 7.3663}, {"x": 6.165, "y": 7.5488}, {"x": 1.5717, "y": 7.5488}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 39, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.8. 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CategoryNumber of clauses in Union lawsIn percentNumber of clauses in State lawsIn percent
Commercial52910.1%8173.9%
Environment, Health and Safety83415.9%3451.7%
Finance & Taxation410.8%8884.2%
General751.4%3601.7%
Industry Specific297956.9%12005.7%
Labour53410.2%1728582.7%
Secretarial2474.7%00.0%
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CategoryNumber of clauses in Union lawsIn percentNumber of clauses in State lawsIn percent
Commercial52910.1%8173.9%
Environment, Health and Safety83415.9%3451.7%
Finance & Taxation410.8%8884.2%
General751.4%3601.7%
Industry Specific297956.9%12005.7%
Labour53410.2%1728582.7%
Secretarial2474.7%00.0%
SmallMediumLarge
Total Applicable Compliances6693,1095,796
Compliances with imprisonment4612,1724,085
Percentage of imprisonment clauses69%70%70%
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CategoryNumber of clauses in Union lawsIn percentNumber of clauses in State lawsIn percent
Commercial52910.1%8173.9%
Environment, Health and Safety83415.9%3451.7%
Finance & Taxation410.8%8884.2%
General751.4%3601.7%
Industry Specific297956.9%12005.7%
Labour53410.2%1728582.7%
Secretarial2474.7%00.0%
SmallMediumLarge
Total Applicable Compliances6693,1095,796
Compliances with imprisonment4612,1724,085
Percentage of imprisonment clauses69%70%70%
SmallMediumLarge
Less than 3 months2582185
3 months to less than 1 year1876991,220
1 year to less than 3 years1781,0701,964
3 years to less than 5 years59245505
5 years to 10 years1276211
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For the instruction tuning process, we utilized the Alpaca-GPT4 (Peng et al., 2023), OpenOrca (Mukherjee et al., 2023), and Synth. Math-Instruct datasets, while for the alignment tuning, we employed the Orca DPO Pairs (Intel, 2023), Ultrafeedback Cleaned (Cui et al., 2023; Ivison et al., 2023), and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets. The 'Total # Samples' indicates the total number of samples in the entire dataset. The 'Maximum # Samples Used' indicates the actual maximum number of samples that were used in training, which could be lower than the total number of samples in a given dataset. 'Open Source' indicates whether the dataset is open-sourced.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9608, "y": 3.4981}, {"x": 4.0353, "y": 3.493}, {"x": 4.0378, "y": 4.9811}, {"x": 0.9633, "y": 4.9862}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "pretraining to quickly recover performance. We attribute the success of DUS to reducing such dis- crepancies in both the depthwise scaling and the continued pretraining steps. We also hypothesize that other methods of depthwise scaling could also work for DUS, as long as the discrepancy in the scaled model is sufficiently contained before the continued pretraining step.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9633, "y": 5.1052}, {"x": 4.0458, "y": 5.1052}, {"x": 4.0458, "y": 6.9759}, {"x": 0.9633, "y": 6.9759}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "Comparison to other up-scaling methods. Un- like Komatsuzaki et al. (2022), depthwise scaled models do not require additional modules like gat- ing networks or dynamic expert selection. Conse- quently, scaled models in DUS do not necessitate a distinct training framework for optimal training efficiency, nor do they require specialized CUDA kernels for fast inference. A DUS model can seam- lessly integrate into existing training and inference frameworks while maintaining high efficiency.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9683, "y": 7.133}, {"x": 2.3828, "y": 7.1381}, {"x": 2.3822, "y": 7.3156}, {"x": 0.9677, "y": 7.3105}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "3 Training Details", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9531, "y": 7.4423}, {"x": 4.0464, "y": 7.4474}, {"x": 4.0455, "y": 7.9903}, {"x": 0.9522, "y": 7.9852}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "After DUS, including continued pretraining, we perform fine-tuning of SOLAR 10.7B in two stages: 1) instruction tuning and 2) alignment tuning.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9633, "y": 8.1216}, {"x": 4.0508, "y": 8.1216}, {"x": 4.0508, "y": 10.7427}, {"x": 0.9633, "y": 10.7427}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "Instruction tuning. In the instruction tuning stage, the model is trained to follow instructions in a QA format (Zhang et al., 2023). We mostly use open-source datasets but also synthesize a math QA dataset to enhance the model's mathematical capa- bilities. A rundown of how we crafted the dataset is as follows. First, seed math data are collected from the Math (Hendrycks et al., 2021) dataset only, to avoid contamination with commonly used bench- mark datasets such as GSM8K (Cobbe et al., 2021). Then, using a process similar to MetaMath (Yu et al., 2023), we rephrase the questions and an- swers of the seed math data. We use the resulting rephrased question-answer pairs as a QA dataset", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.233, "y": 3.4981}, {"x": 6.2816, "y": 3.493}, {"x": 6.282, "y": 3.6502}, {"x": 4.2333, "y": 3.6552}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "and call it 'Synth. Math-Instruct'.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2232, "y": 3.8124}, {"x": 7.3108, "y": 3.8124}, {"x": 7.3108, "y": 5.8555}, {"x": 4.2232, "y": 5.8555}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "Alignment tuning. In the alignment tuning stage, the instruction-tuned model is further fine-tuned to be more aligned with human or strong AI (e.g., GPT4 (OpenAI, 2023)) preferences using sDPO (Kim et al., 2024a), an improved version of direct preference optimization (DPO) (Rafailov et al., 2023). Similar to the instruction tuning stage, we use mostly open-source datasets but also syn- thesize a math-focused alignment dataset utilizing the 'Synth. Math-Instruct' dataset mentioned in the instruction tuning stage.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2232, "y": 5.8859}, {"x": 7.3108, "y": 5.8859}, {"x": 7.3108, "y": 8.6844}, {"x": 4.2232, "y": 8.6844}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": {"text": "The alignment data synthesis process is as follows. We take advantage of the fact that the rephrased question-answer pairs in Synth. Math-Instruct data are beneficial in enhancing the model's mathematical capabilities (see Sec. 4.3.1). Thus, we speculate that the rephrased answer to the rephrased question is a better answer than the orig- inal answer, possibly due to the interim rephrasing step. Consequently, we set the rephrased question as the prompt and use the rephrased answer as the chosen response and the original answer as the re- jected response and create the {prompt, chosen, rejected} DPO tuple. We aggregate the tuples from the rephrased question-answer pairs and call the resulting dataset 'Synth. Math-Alignment'.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2384, "y": 8.8669}, {"x": 5.0344, "y": 8.8618}, {"x": 5.0355, "y": 9.0306}, {"x": 4.2395, "y": 9.0356}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 39, "content": {"text": "4 Results", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2278, "y": 9.1863}, {"x": 5.9571, "y": 9.1812}, {"x": 5.9576, "y": 9.3441}, {"x": 4.2283, "y": 9.3492}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 40, "content": {"text": "4.1 Experimental Details", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2299, "y": 9.4448}, {"x": 7.3063, "y": 9.4499}, {"x": 7.3041, "y": 10.7478}, {"x": 4.2277, "y": 10.7426}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 41, "content": {"text": "Training datasets. We present details regarding our training datasets for the instruction and align- ment tuning stages in Tab. 1. We do not always use the entire dataset and instead subsample a set amount. Note that most of our training data is open-source, and the undisclosed datasets can be substituted for open-source alternatives such as the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0213, "y": 0.9501}, {"x": 7.2193, "y": 0.953}, {"x": 7.2195, "y": 1.9019}, {"x": 1.0203, "y": 1.8988}], "category": "table", "id": 42, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
PropertiesInstructionTraining Datasets Alignment
Alpaca-GPT4OpenOrcaSynth. Math-InstructOrca DPO PairsUltrafeedback CleanedSynth. Math-Alignment
Total # Samples52K2.91M126K12.9K60.8K126K
Maximum # Samples Used52K100K52K12.9K60.8K20.1K
Open SourceO\n:unselected:O\n:unselected:\u2717\n:selected:OO\u2717\n:selected:
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Author's Note to the 2021 Edition .ix
Foreword to the 2021 Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X1
Foreword and Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV\n:selected:
1.A Fountain in the Square1
2.The Lost Homeland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
3.Steinkirche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
4.A Jewel in the Austrian Crown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.Meeting the Relatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
6.For the Love of Iran.41
7.To the Bottom of the World53
8.Das Lager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
9.His Majesty's Guests.79
10.The Imaginary Homeland ..91
11.Shadows and Flames119
12.After the War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
13.Stranded in Exile.127
14.Swimming for the Eucharist139
15.Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam155
16.Mirror Without Identity .173
17.The Wreck of the Deutschland191
18.Intelligence Testing209
19.A Banquet of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223
20.Marriage in Rome249
21.Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257
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States. Long description.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7723, "y": 4.8348}, {"x": 7.2232, "y": 4.8348}, {"x": 7.2232, "y": 5.3839}, {"x": 0.7723, "y": 5.3839}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "Over time, an angler's motivation may change from a catch orientation to emphasize noncatch motivations, such as being outdoors or passing on their passion for fishing (McKenna 2013). The progression often follows these stages:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8613, "y": 5.6027}, {"x": 2.9911, "y": 5.5982}, {"x": 2.9914, "y": 5.7455}, {"x": 0.8616, "y": 5.75}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Stage 1: I just want to catch a fish!", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8658, "y": 5.7946}, {"x": 3.0982, "y": 5.7902}, {"x": 3.0985, "y": 5.9375}, {"x": 0.8661, "y": 5.942}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Stage 2: I want to catch a lot of fish!", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8613, "y": 5.9866}, {"x": 2.8705, "y": 5.9821}, {"x": 2.8709, "y": 6.1295}, {"x": 0.8616, "y": 6.1339}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Stage 3: I want to catch big fish.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8661, "y": 6.1786}, {"x": 3.3304, "y": 6.1786}, {"x": 3.3304, "y": 6.3393}, {"x": 0.8661, "y": 6.3393}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Stage 4: I'm just happy to be out fishing.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8616, "y": 6.375}, {"x": 4.7455, "y": 6.375}, {"x": 4.7455, "y": 6.5268}, {"x": 0.8616, "y": 6.5268}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Stage 5: I want to pass on my knowledge and passion for fishing.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7679, "y": 6.7455}, {"x": 7.2232, "y": 6.7455}, {"x": 7.2232, "y": 7.4866}, {"x": 0.7679, "y": 7.4866}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "Studies of angler characteristics confirm that there is no such thing as an \"average\" angler. Rather, anglers are a heterogeneous and changing group. Therefore, we can segment anglers in distinct categories for analysis (Bryan 1977; Kyle et al. 2007; Beardmore et al. 2013; TenHarmsel et al. 2019). For example, Magee (2018) categorized recreational anglers into five distinct fisher classes with differing motivations (Table 10.1).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7723, "y": 9.3393}, {"x": 3.1295, "y": 9.3393}, {"x": 3.1295, "y": 9.4777}, {"x": 0.7723, "y": 9.4777}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "216 | Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000121.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9833, "y": 0.5252}, {"x": 3.3475, "y": 0.5204}, {"x": 3.3478, "y": 0.7066}, {"x": 0.9837, "y": 0.7114}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.7666, "y": 0.5443}, {"x": 7.3826, "y": 0.5443}, {"x": 7.3826, "y": 0.7161}, {"x": 6.7666, "y": 0.7161}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.998, "y": 1.0122}, {"x": 6.4848, "y": 1.0122}, {"x": 6.4848, "y": 1.1697}, {"x": 0.998, "y": 1.1697}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "16. Place the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge and spin for 3 minutes.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9885, "y": 1.3845}, {"x": 7.1438, "y": 1.3845}, {"x": 7.1438, "y": 1.6997}, {"x": 0.9885, "y": 1.6997}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "17. Carefully pour off the supernatant from both tubes. Do not disturb the nucleic acid pellets. Invert the tubes and tap them gently on the surface of a clean paper towel to drain them thoroughly.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9885, "y": 1.9002}, {"x": 7.4781, "y": 1.9002}, {"x": 7.4781, "y": 2.3824}, {"x": 0.9885, "y": 2.3824}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "18. Briefly spin the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge to bring any remaining ethanol to the bottom of the tube. Then use the micropipette to remove any remaining ethanol. Use a fresh tip for each tube. Be careful not to disturb the nucleic acid pellet.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9885, "y": 2.5877}, {"x": 7.0674, "y": 2.5877}, {"x": 7.0674, "y": 2.9076}, {"x": 0.9885, "y": 2.9076}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "19. Allow the tubes to dry by leaving the tube caps open for 3-5 minutes. Inspect each tube carefully to ensure that the tube interior is completely dry.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.8098, "y": 3.1081}, {"x": 6.7331, "y": 3.1081}, {"x": 6.7331, "y": 3.2656}, {"x": 1.8098, "y": 3.2656}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "'Congratulations, you have just completed the miniprep plasmid DNA extraction !!!*", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9885, "y": 3.4566}, {"x": 5.3819, "y": 3.4614}, {"x": 5.3817, "y": 3.6189}, {"x": 0.9883, "y": 3.6141}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Restriction Enzyme Digest Prep (switch to the 1- 20-uL micropipette):", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2846, "y": 3.8147}, {"x": 7.4399, "y": 3.8147}, {"x": 7.4399, "y": 4.6072}, {"x": 1.2846, "y": 4.6072}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "20. Use a micropipette to add 10 uL of tris-EDTA solution (TE) to each tube. Use a new tip for each tube. Dissolve the pellets by pipetting in and out. Rinse the sides of the tube several times, concentrating on the area where the nucleic acid pellet or particles were observed. Check that no particles remain in the pipet tip or on the side of the tube. Use the entire contents of each tube in the restriction digest that follows.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9835, "y": 4.8364}, {"x": 6.2461, "y": 4.8316}, {"x": 6.2462, "y": 5.013}, {"x": 0.9837, "y": 5.0178}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "II. Set Up the Restriction Digests of the \"Suspect\" and \"Evidence\" DNA", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0009, "y": 5.1946}, {"x": 4.2421, "y": 5.2013}, {"x": 4.2421, "y": 5.3625}, {"x": 1.0009, "y": 5.3625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Reagents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2421, "y": 5.2013}, {"x": 7.4833, "y": 5.2013}, {"x": 7.4833, "y": 5.3491}, {"x": 4.2421, "y": 5.3625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Supplies and Equipment", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0009, "y": 5.3625}, {"x": 4.2421, "y": 5.3625}, {"x": 4.2421, "y": 5.517}, {"x": 1.0009, "y": 5.517}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "At each student station:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2421, "y": 5.3625}, {"x": 7.4833, "y": 5.3491}, {"x": 7.49, "y": 5.517}, {"x": 4.2421, "y": 5.517}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Microcentrifuge tube rack", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0009, "y": 5.517}, {"x": 4.2421, "y": 5.517}, {"x": 4.2421, "y": 5.8126}, {"x": 0.9941, "y": 5.8193}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Resuspended DNA or ethanol precipitates from Part 1*", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2421, "y": 5.517}, {"x": 7.49, "y": 5.517}, {"x": 7.49, "y": 5.8126}, {"x": 4.2421, "y": 5.8126}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "3 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes Micropipet, 1- 20 uL Micropipet tips", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9941, "y": 5.8193}, {"x": 4.2421, "y": 5.8126}, {"x": 4.2488, "y": 6.7799}, {"x": 0.9941, "y": 6.7866}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "To be shared by all groups: \"Evidence A\" DNA* \"Evidence B\" DNA* Restriction Buffer-RNase A* BamHI-HindIII restriction enzyme mixture* Sterile distilled or deionized water", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2421, "y": 5.8126}, {"x": 7.49, "y": 5.8126}, {"x": 7.49, "y": 6.7799}, {"x": 4.2488, "y": 6.7799}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Beaker or similar container for waste Beaker or similar container filled with ice Permanent marker Water bath at 37\u2103", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9933, "y": 6.9944}, {"x": 1.6818, "y": 6.9991}, {"x": 1.6809, "y": 7.1233}, {"x": 0.9924, "y": 7.1185}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "*Store on ice", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9837, "y": 7.3381}, {"x": 6.2031, "y": 7.3381}, {"x": 6.2031, "y": 7.4909}, {"x": 0.9837, "y": 7.4909}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "NOTE: Your instructor will assign you to use either \"Evidence A\" DNA or \"Evidence B\" DNA", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9885, "y": 8.0304}, {"x": 7.4017, "y": 8.0304}, {"x": 7.4017, "y": 8.5174}, {"x": 0.9885, "y": 8.5174}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "1. Label the three 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes in which you will perform the restriction digests: \"S1\" for Suspect 1, \"S2\" for Suspect 2, and either \"EA\" for Evidence A or \"EB\" for Evidence B. All three samples will be digested by the restriction enzymes BamHI and HindIII.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9837, "y": 8.7131}, {"x": 7.416, "y": 8.7131}, {"x": 7.416, "y": 9.2001}, {"x": 0.9837, "y": 9.2001}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "2. Use the table below (next page) as a checklist while adding reagents to each reaction. Read down each column, adding the same reagent to all appropriate tubes. To avoid cross contamination, use a fresh pipet tip each time you add a reagent to a tube.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.1211, "y": 10.1597}, {"x": 4.3789, "y": 10.1549}, {"x": 4.3818, "y": 10.3077}, {"x": 4.1239, "y": 10.3124}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "132", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9817, "y": 5.1893}, {"x": 7.5206, "y": 5.1938}, {"x": 7.5182, "y": 6.7955}, {"x": 0.9786, "y": 6.7918}], "category": "table", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ReagentsSupplies and Equipment
At each student station:Microcentrifuge tube rack
Resuspended DNA or ethanol precipitates from Part 1*3 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes Micropipet, 1- 20 uL Micropipet tips
To be shared by all groups: \"Evidence A\" DNA* \"Evidence B\" DNA* Restriction Buffer-RNase A* BamHI-HindIII restriction enzyme mixture* Sterile distilled or deionized waterBeaker or similar container for waste Beaker or similar container filled with ice Permanent marker Water bath at 37\u2103
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'Cand. 1' and 'Cand. 2' are trained using the same setting as 'DPO v2' and 'DPO v3', respectively, but with slightly different hyper-parameters. 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[{"x": 6.023, "y": 2.8542}, {"x": 6.4793, "y": 2.8542}, {"x": 6.4793, "y": 3.0063}, {"x": 6.023, "y": 3.0063}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 69, "content": {"text": "64.59", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9683, "y": 3.1483}, {"x": 7.3108, "y": 3.1483}, {"x": 7.3108, "y": 3.6299}, {"x": 0.9683, "y": 3.6299}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 70, "content": {"text": "Table 7: Ablation studies on the different merge methods used for obtaining the final model. We use 'Cand. 1' and 'Cand. 2' from Tab. 6 as our two models for merging. We name the merged models with the 'Merge' prefix to indicate they are merged. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9552, "y": 3.9544}, {"x": 4.0508, "y": 3.9493}, {"x": 4.0542, "y": 5.9924}, {"x": 0.9585, "y": 5.9975}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 71, "content": {"text": "scores for tasks like ARC, HellaSwag, and Truth- fulQA all improved by good margins, the score for GSM8K is 58.83, which is lower than the SFT base model score of 64.14. Adding Synth. Math-Alignment to train 'DPO v2', we see that the GSM8k score improves to 60.27, which is lower than the SFT base model but still higher than 'DPO v1'. Other task scores are also not nega- tively impacted by adding Synth. Math-Alignment. Thus, we can conclude that adding Synth. Math- Alignment is beneficial for H6.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9633, "y": 6.038}, {"x": 4.0407, "y": 6.038}, {"x": 4.0407, "y": 7.8986}, {"x": 0.9633, "y": 7.8986}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 72, "content": {"text": "Then, we experiment whether merging 'DPO vl' and 'DPO v2' is beneficial. Unfortunately, 'DPO v1+v2' scores 73.21 in H6, which is worse than 'DPO v2'. More importantly, the gain in the GSM8K score from adding Synth. Math- Alignment is gone, which is undesirable. One reason for this could be that 'DPO v2' is a strict improvement over 'DPO v1', unlike the case for merging 'SFT v3' and 'SFT v4' where the models had different strengths and weaknesses.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9633, "y": 8.1014}, {"x": 4.0458, "y": 8.1014}, {"x": 4.0458, "y": 9.7591}, {"x": 0.9633, "y": 9.7591}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 73, "content": {"text": "Ablation on the SFT base models. When ap- plying DPO, we start from a model that is already instruction tuned , i.e., the SFT base model and ab- late on using different SFT base models. We use Ultrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets for this ablation. Each of the ablated mod- els is trained as follows. 'DPO v2' uses 'SFT v3' as the base SFT model, while 'DPO v3' uses 'SFT v3+v4' as the SFT base model instead.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9683, "y": 9.82}, {"x": 4.0458, "y": 9.82}, {"x": 4.0458, "y": 10.7275}, {"x": 0.9683, "y": 10.7275}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 74, "content": {"text": "Note that 'SFT v3+v4' has higher scores on all tasks compared to 'SFT v3', and the gap is espe- cially large for ARC (+1.45) and GSM8K (+2.43). Surprisingly, the two models perform similarly in terms of H6. A closer look at the scores for the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2181, "y": 3.9493}, {"x": 7.2955, "y": 3.9493}, {"x": 7.2955, "y": 4.872}, {"x": 4.2181, "y": 4.872}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 75, "content": {"text": "individual tasks shows only a small margin in the GSM8K scores, and other task scores show little difference. Thus, the performance gaps in certain tasks in the SFT base models do not always carry over to the alignment-tuned models.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2283, "y": 5.526}, {"x": 7.3108, "y": 5.526}, {"x": 7.3108, "y": 8.3194}, {"x": 4.2283, "y": 8.3194}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 76, "content": {"text": "Ablation on different merge methods. From Tab. 3, we saw that merging two models that have different strengths can be beneficial to performance. To utilize this for the alignment-tuned model as well, we train two models named 'Cand. l' and 'Cand. 2' using the same training dataset and SFT base model as 'DPO v2' and 'DPO v3' but with dif- ferent hyper-parameters to maximize each model's respective strengths. We compare 'Cand. l' and 'Cand. 2' in Tab. 6 where we can see that 'Cand. 1' has high GSM8K scores but relatively low scores for the other tasks, whereas 'Cand. 2' has low scores for GSM8K but high scores for the other tasks. We merge these two models using various methods and ablate the results in Tab .. 7.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2283, "y": 8.4968}, {"x": 7.3158, "y": 8.4968}, {"x": 7.3158, "y": 10.7275}, {"x": 4.2283, "y": 10.7275}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 77, "content": {"text": "We use two merge methods: 1) Average (a, b), where a and b denote the weighting for 'Cand. 1' and 'Cand. 2' when averaging weights and 2) SLERP (Shoemake, 1985). We use (0.5, 0.5), (0.4, 0.6), and (0.6, 0.4) for Average (a, b). From Tab. 7, we can see that the different merge methods have little effect on the H6 scores. The scores for the individual tasks also do not differ by much, suggest- ing that as long as the merge candidates have suffi- ciently different strengths, the exact merge method may not be as crucial. Thus, we chose 'Merge vl' as our SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct model.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.0906, "y": 0.9676}, {"x": 6.1577, "y": 0.9693}, {"x": 6.1573, "y": 1.4955}, {"x": 2.0895, "y": 1.4937}], "category": "table", "id": 78, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ModelH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
Cand. 173.7370.4887.4765.7370.6281.5366.57
Cand. 273.2871.5988.3966.1472.5081.9959.14
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7799, "y": 2.2816}, {"x": 6.4875, "y": 2.2842}, {"x": 6.4871, "y": 3.0159}, {"x": 1.7785, "y": 3.0136}], "category": "table", "id": 79, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ModelH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
Cand. 173.7370.4887.4765.7370.6281.5366.57
Cand. 273.2871.5988.3966.1472.5081.9959.14
ModelMerge MethodH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
Merge v1Average (0.5, 0.5)74.0071.1688.0166.1471.7182.0864.90
Merge v2Average (0.4, 0.6)73.9371.0888.0866.2771.8981.7764.52
Merge v3Average (0.6, 0.4)74.0571.0887.8866.1371.6182.0865.50
Merge v4SLERP73.9671.1688.0366.2571.7981.9364.59
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000120.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 6.7666, "y": 0.5443}, {"x": 7.3826, "y": 0.5443}, {"x": 7.3826, "y": 0.7114}, {"x": 6.7666, "y": 0.7114}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9789, "y": 0.5252}, {"x": 3.3475, "y": 0.5252}, {"x": 3.3475, "y": 0.7114}, {"x": 0.9789, "y": 0.7114}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9837, "y": 1.0169}, {"x": 7.2966, "y": 1.0169}, {"x": 7.2966, "y": 1.5803}, {"x": 0.9837, "y": 1.5803}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Sickle cell hemoglobin and normal hemoglobin differ in only a single amino acid out of more than 100 amino acids in the complete hemoglobin protein. This difference in a single amino acid results in the different properties of sickle cell hemoglobin compared to normal hemoglobin.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9789, "y": 1.9861}, {"x": 7.3396, "y": 1.9861}, {"x": 7.3396, "y": 2.3537}, {"x": 0.9789, "y": 2.3537}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Hemoglobin is carried inside red blood cells. Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the watery cytosol of red blood cells. Sickle cell hemoglobin is less soluble in the cytosol because:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2414, "y": 2.5161}, {"x": 5.4295, "y": 2.5113}, {"x": 5.4297, "y": 2.6736}, {"x": 1.2416, "y": 2.6784}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Valine (Val) is much less water-soluble than glutamic acid (Glu).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9812, "y": 2.709}, {"x": 7.0228, "y": 2.6652}, {"x": 7.0268, "y": 3.2123}, {"x": 0.9852, "y": 3.2561}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Amino acid 6 is in a crucial location on the outer surface of the hemoglobin protein. The chart on the next page shows how the lower solubility of sickle cell hemoglobin results in the symptoms of sickle cell anemia.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6833, "y": 3.7073}, {"x": 2.5345, "y": 3.7073}, {"x": 2.5345, "y": 4.022}, {"x": 0.6833, "y": 4.0293}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Genes in DNA", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.5345, "y": 3.7073}, {"x": 2.8345, "y": 3.7073}, {"x": 2.8345, "y": 4.022}, {"x": 2.5345, "y": 4.022}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "\u2192", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.8345, "y": 3.7073}, {"x": 5.1832, "y": 3.7}, {"x": 5.1832, "y": 4.022}, {"x": 2.8345, "y": 4.022}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Protein", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.1832, "y": 3.7}, {"x": 5.4831, "y": 3.7}, {"x": 5.4831, "y": 4.022}, {"x": 5.1832, "y": 4.022}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "\u2192", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.4831, "y": 3.7}, {"x": 7.8099, "y": 3.7}, {"x": 7.8099, "y": 4.022}, {"x": 5.4831, "y": 4.022}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Characteristics", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6833, "y": 4.0293}, {"x": 2.5345, "y": 4.022}, {"x": 2.5272, "y": 5.7196}, {"x": 0.6833, "y": 5.7196}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "2 copies of the allele that codes for normal hemoglobin (SS)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.5345, "y": 4.022}, {"x": 2.8345, "y": 4.022}, {"x": 2.8345, "y": 5.7196}, {"x": 2.5272, "y": 5.7196}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "\u2192", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.8345, "y": 4.022}, {"x": 5.1832, "y": 4.022}, {"x": 5.1832, "y": 5.7196}, {"x": 2.8345, "y": 5.7196}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the cytosol of red blood cells.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.1832, "y": 4.022}, {"x": 5.4831, "y": 4.022}, {"x": 5.4831, "y": 5.7196}, {"x": 5.1832, "y": 5.7196}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "\u2192", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.4831, "y": 4.022}, {"x": 7.8099, "y": 4.022}, {"x": 7.8099, "y": 5.7049}, {"x": 5.4831, "y": 5.7196}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Disk-shaped red blood cells can squeeze through the smallest blood vessels -> normal health", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6833, "y": 5.7196}, {"x": 2.5272, "y": 5.7196}, {"x": 2.5272, "y": 9.0856}, {"x": 0.6833, "y": 9.027}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "2 copies of the allele that codes for sickle cell hemoglobin (ss)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.5272, "y": 5.7196}, {"x": 2.8345, "y": 5.7196}, {"x": 2.8345, "y": 9.0929}, {"x": 2.5272, "y": 9.0856}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "\u2192", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.8345, "y": 5.7196}, {"x": 5.1832, "y": 5.7196}, {"x": 5.1832, "y": 9.1148}, {"x": 2.8345, "y": 9.0929}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "Sickle cell hemoglobin can clump in long rods in red blood cells.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.1832, "y": 5.7196}, {"x": 5.4831, "y": 5.7196}, {"x": 5.4905, "y": 9.1148}, {"x": 5.1832, "y": 9.1148}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "\u2192", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.4831, "y": 5.7196}, {"x": 7.8099, "y": 5.7049}, {"x": 7.8099, "y": 9.1368}, {"x": 5.4905, "y": 9.1148}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "If sickle cell hemoglobin clumps in long rods -> sickle-shaped red blood cells -> clogged small blood vessels + fragile red blood cells -> pain, damage to body organs + anemia = sickle cell anemia", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9837, "y": 9.372}, {"x": 5.9548, "y": 9.372}, {"x": 5.9548, "y": 9.5486}, {"x": 0.9837, "y": 9.5486}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "29a. Circle the arrows in the chart that represent transcription + translation.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.1163, "y": 10.1502}, {"x": 4.3758, "y": 10.1454}, {"x": 4.3789, "y": 10.3125}, {"x": 4.1194, "y": 10.3173}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "115", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6715, "y": 3.6941}, {"x": 7.8064, "y": 3.6955}, {"x": 7.8058, "y": 9.1029}, {"x": 0.6706, "y": 9.1015}], "category": "table", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Genes in DNA\u2192Protein\u2192Characteristics
2 copies of the allele that codes for normal hemoglobin (SS)\u2192Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the cytosol of red blood cells.\u2192Disk-shaped red blood cells can squeeze through the smallest blood vessels -> normal health
2 copies of the allele that codes for sickle cell hemoglobin (ss)\u2192Sickle cell hemoglobin can clump in long rods in red blood cells.\u2192If sickle cell hemoglobin clumps in long rods -> sickle-shaped red blood cells -> clogged small blood vessels + fragile red blood cells -> pain, damage to body organs + anemia = sickle cell anemia
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"html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.0788, "y": 1.6071}, {"x": 6.2005, "y": 1.6071}, {"x": 6.2005, "y": 1.6983}, {"x": 6.0788, "y": 1.6983}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "22", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.6085, "y": 1.7643}, {"x": 4.715, "y": 1.7643}, {"x": 4.715, "y": 1.8555}, {"x": 4.6085, "y": 1.8555}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "37", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.1953, "y": 2.0938}, {"x": 2.3068, "y": 2.0938}, {"x": 2.3068, "y": 2.185}, {"x": 2.1953, "y": 2.185}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "60", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.1484, "y": 2.2307}, {"x": 3.2599, "y": 2.2307}, {"x": 3.2599, "y": 2.3118}, {"x": 3.1484, "y": 2.3118}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "30", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.0842, "y": 1.9757}, {"x": 6.1954, "y": 1.9822}, {"x": 6.1903, "y": 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""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.0788, "y": 2.5754}, {"x": 6.1893, "y": 2.5807}, {"x": 6.1852, "y": 2.6667}, {"x": 6.0747, "y": 2.6614}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "57", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.6274, "y": 2.6818}, {"x": 4.739, "y": 2.6869}, {"x": 4.7353, "y": 2.768}, {"x": 4.6237, "y": 2.763}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "46", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.2307, "y": 3.0621}, {"x": 2.3068, "y": 3.0621}, {"x": 2.3068, "y": 3.1533}, {"x": 2.2307, "y": 3.1533}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.9938, "y": 3.2041}, {"x": 3.4171, "y": 3.1939}, {"x": 3.4195, "y": 3.2952}, {"x": 2.9963, "y": 3.3054}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "July 2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.3753, "y": 3.199}, {"x": 4.9533, "y": 3.199}, {"x": 4.9533, "y": 3.2902}, {"x": 4.3753, "y": 3.2902}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "October 2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.8405, "y": 3.1939}, {"x": 6.4185, "y": 3.1939}, {"x": 6.4185, "y": 3.2953}, {"x": 5.8405, "y": 3.2953}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "January 2021", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.8949, "y": 3.5944}, {"x": 3.625, "y": 3.5995}, {"x": 3.6242, "y": 3.706}, {"x": 2.8942, "y": 3.7009}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": ":selected: Big Challenge", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.1043, "y": 3.5995}, {"x": 4.9076, "y": 3.5995}, {"x": 4.9076, "y": 3.7009}, {"x": 4.1043, "y": 3.7009}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": ":unselected: Small Challenge", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.3993, "y": 3.5944}, {"x": 6.0991, "y": 3.5944}, {"x": 6.0991, "y": 3.7009}, {"x": 5.3993, "y": 3.7009}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": ":selected: No Challenge", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2928, "y": 4.2028}, {"x": 4.4615, "y": 4.2028}, {"x": 4.4615, "y": 4.6945}, {"x": 1.2928, "y": 4.6945}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "There were very few tourism MSMEs that exported in each survey round. The base is too small for any conclusive analysis.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2928, "y": 4.872}, {"x": 4.4463, "y": 4.872}, {"x": 4.4463, "y": 5.1863}, {"x": 1.2928, "y": 5.1863}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "9.5. Adapting to the New Normal: Changing Business Models", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.7454, "y": 4.2078}, {"x": 7.7011, "y": 4.2078}, {"x": 7.7011, "y": 4.5222}, {"x": 4.7454, "y": 4.5222}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Devising new ways to reach customers through online markets or social media;", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.7454, "y": 4.7047}, {"x": 7.7065, "y": 4.7097}, {"x": 7.7059, "y": 5.0491}, {"x": 4.7448, "y": 5.044}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Moving into new products and services in high demand during COVID-19;", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.7454, "y": 5.2015}, {"x": 6.6213, "y": 5.2015}, {"x": 6.6213, "y": 5.3587}, {"x": 4.7454, "y": 5.3587}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Reducing employee salaries.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2928, "y": 5.3688}, {"x": 7.7113, "y": 5.3688}, {"x": 7.7113, "y": 7.1837}, {"x": 1.2928, "y": 7.1837}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "In all survey phases, several MSMEs in the tourism sector reported changing their business models. In Compared to previous survey round results, in July 2020, 167 tourism MSMEs mentioned that they changed their business model, in October 2020, 223 mentioned the same, and in January 2021, it was 183 MSMEs. Some changed models in more ways than one. The main ways across all phases that MSMEs made changes were: January 2021, tourism MSMEs had increasingly shifted towards adapting to social distancing to operate (57%).6 Starting online marketing remained a popular choice, as nearly a quarter (24%) mentioned it in January 2021, compared to 28% in July 2020 and 31% in October 2020. Reducing employee salaries as an approach reduced considerably in January 2021 at \u00b7 Adapting to social distancing; 8% of responses compared to 21% in July 2020 and 24% in October 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2976, "y": 10.0329}, {"x": 4.3499, "y": 10.0278}, {"x": 4.3502, "y": 10.1799}, {"x": 1.2979, "y": 10.185}], "category": "footnote", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "6. Compared to 38% in July 2020 and 22% in October 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.5273, "y": 10.9657}, {"x": 0.6692, "y": 10.9657}, {"x": 0.6692, "y": 11.0773}, {"x": 0.5273, "y": 11.0773}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "39", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000112.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0647, "y": 0.7925}, {"x": 5.482, "y": 0.7878}, {"x": 5.4822, "y": 0.974}, {"x": 1.0649, "y": 0.9787}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Adjust the point gauge to read 10 mm greater than the datum.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0506, "y": 1.0742}, {"x": 2.8795, "y": 1.0742}, {"x": 2.8795, "y": 1.2556}, {"x": 1.0506, "y": 1.2556}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Record the reading as h.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0506, "y": 1.3655}, {"x": 7.5306, "y": 1.3655}, {"x": 7.5306, "y": 1.776}, {"x": 1.0506, "y": 1.776}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Turn on the pump, and slightly adjust the flow until the water level coincides with the point gauge. Check that the level has stabilized before taking readings.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0601, "y": 1.8715}, {"x": 4.5843, "y": 1.8715}, {"x": 4.5843, "y": 2.053}, {"x": 1.0601, "y": 2.053}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Measure the flow rate using the volumetric tank.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0649, "y": 2.1628}, {"x": 4.9567, "y": 2.1628}, {"x": 4.9567, "y": 2.3585}, {"x": 1.0649, "y": 2.3585}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Observe the shape of the nappe and take pictures of it.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 2.5256}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 2.5256}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 3.342}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 3.342}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Note: The surface of the water will fall as it approaches the weir. This is particularly noticeable at high flow rates by high heads. To obtain an accurate measurement of the undisturbed water level above the crest of the weir, it is necessary to place the measuring gauge at a distance of at least three times the head above the weir.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.06, "y": 3.5425}, {"x": 7.6882, "y": 3.5378}, {"x": 7.6888, "y": 4.3656}, {"x": 1.0606, "y": 4.3704}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Increase the flow by opening the bench regulating valve to set the heads above the datum level in 10 mm increments until the regulating valve is fully open. Take care not to allow spillage to occur over the plate top that is adjacent to the notch. At each condition, measure the flow rate and observe the shape of the nappe.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7687, "y": 4.5499}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 4.5451}, {"x": 7.7219, "y": 4.9237}, {"x": 0.769, "y": 4.9285}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Note: To obtain a sufficiently accurate result, collect around 25 liters of water each time, or collect the water for at least 120 seconds.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0503, "y": 5.1324}, {"x": 7.1388, "y": 5.1228}, {"x": 7.139, "y": 5.3043}, {"x": 1.0506, "y": 5.3138}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Close the regulating valve, stop the pump, and then replace the weir with the V-notch.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0553, "y": 5.4141}, {"x": 7.2346, "y": 5.4141}, {"x": 7.2346, "y": 5.8008}, {"x": 1.0553, "y": 5.8008}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Repeat the experiment with the V-notch weir plate, but with 5 mm increments in water surface elevation.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0601, "y": 5.9201}, {"x": 5.1193, "y": 5.9249}, {"x": 5.1191, "y": 6.1063}, {"x": 1.0599, "y": 6.1016}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Collect seven head and discharge readings for each weir.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5711, "y": 9.4436}, {"x": 5.2671, "y": 9.4436}, {"x": 5.2671, "y": 9.5773}, {"x": 1.5711, "y": 9.5773}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Figure 9.3: Position of the notch and Vernier height gauge to set the datum.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.764, "y": 10.3459}, {"x": 3.1421, "y": 10.3459}, {"x": 3.1421, "y": 10.4653}, {"x": 0.764, "y": 10.4653}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "80 APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS LAB MANUAL", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000045.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8916, "y": 0.477}, {"x": 5.1804, "y": 0.477}, {"x": 5.1804, "y": 0.6133}, {"x": 3.8916, "y": 0.6133}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Civil Society Engagement", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.736, "y": 0.7819}, {"x": 5.1732, "y": 0.7819}, {"x": 5.1732, "y": 1.3128}, {"x": 0.736, "y": 1.3128}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "election integrity. The registration of local election observers runs until 25 May, and the NEC is still reviewing the application of nearly 5,000 observers.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7288, "y": 1.5925}, {"x": 4.8681, "y": 1.5925}, {"x": 4.8681, "y": 1.9189}, {"x": 0.7288, "y": 1.9189}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Table: The number of accredited observers as of 28 April 202215", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7714, "y": 2.1565}, {"x": 1.1502, "y": 2.1565}, {"x": 1.1502, "y": 2.5123}, {"x": 0.7714, "y": 2.5123}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "No.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1502, "y": 2.1565}, {"x": 3.7795, "y": 2.1565}, {"x": 3.784, "y": 2.5123}, {"x": 1.1502, "y": 2.5123}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Name of organization", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.7795, "y": 2.1565}, {"x": 5.1671, "y": 2.1565}, {"x": 5.1671, "y": 2.5168}, {"x": 3.784, "y": 2.5123}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Number of accredited observers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7714, "y": 2.5123}, {"x": 1.1502, "y": 2.5123}, {"x": 1.1502, "y": 2.8771}, {"x": 0.7714, "y": 2.8771}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1502, "y": 2.5123}, {"x": 3.784, "y": 2.5123}, {"x": 3.784, "y": 2.8771}, {"x": 1.1502, "y": 2.8771}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Union of Youth Federations of Cambodia (UYFC)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.784, "y": 2.5123}, {"x": 5.1671, "y": 2.5168}, {"x": 5.1671, "y": 2.8771}, {"x": 3.784, "y": 2.8771}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "17,266", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7714, "y": 2.8771}, {"x": 1.1502, "y": 2.8771}, {"x": 1.1502, "y": 3.2466}, {"x": 0.7714, "y": 3.2466}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1502, "y": 2.8771}, {"x": 3.784, "y": 2.8771}, {"x": 3.784, "y": 3.2466}, {"x": 1.1502, "y": 3.2466}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Cambodian Women for Peace and Development", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.784, "y": 2.8771}, {"x": 5.1671, "y": 2.8771}, {"x": 5.1717, "y": 3.2466}, {"x": 3.784, "y": 3.2466}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "9,835", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7714, "y": 3.2466}, {"x": 1.1502, "y": 3.2466}, {"x": 1.1502, "y": 3.6161}, {"x": 0.7714, "y": 3.6161}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1502, "y": 3.2466}, {"x": 3.784, "y": 3.2466}, {"x": 3.784, "y": 3.6115}, {"x": 1.1502, "y": 3.6161}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Association of Democratic Students of Cambodia", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.784, "y": 3.2466}, {"x": 5.1717, "y": 3.2466}, {"x": 5.1717, "y": 3.6115}, {"x": 3.784, "y": 3.6115}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "711", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7714, "y": 3.6161}, {"x": 1.1502, "y": 3.6161}, {"x": 1.1502, "y": 3.9764}, {"x": 0.7714, "y": 3.9764}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1502, "y": 3.6161}, {"x": 3.784, "y": 3.6115}, {"x": 3.784, "y": 3.9764}, {"x": 1.1502, "y": 3.9764}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Association of Intellectual and Youth Volunteer", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.784, "y": 3.6115}, {"x": 5.1717, "y": 3.6115}, {"x": 5.1717, "y": 3.9764}, {"x": 3.784, "y": 3.9764}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "46", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7714, "y": 3.9764}, {"x": 1.1502, "y": 3.9764}, {"x": 1.1502, "y": 4.209}, {"x": 0.7714, "y": 4.209}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1502, "y": 3.9764}, {"x": 3.784, "y": 3.9764}, {"x": 3.7886, "y": 4.209}, {"x": 1.1502, "y": 4.209}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Our Friends Association", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.784, "y": 3.9764}, {"x": 5.1717, "y": 3.9764}, {"x": 5.1717, "y": 4.209}, {"x": 3.7886, "y": 4.209}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "27", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7714, "y": 4.209}, {"x": 1.1502, "y": 4.209}, {"x": 1.1502, "y": 4.4234}, {"x": 0.7714, "y": 4.4188}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1502, "y": 4.209}, {"x": 3.7886, "y": 4.209}, {"x": 3.7886, "y": 4.4234}, {"x": 1.1502, "y": 4.4234}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "COMFREL", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.7886, "y": 4.209}, {"x": 5.1717, "y": 4.209}, {"x": 5.1717, "y": 4.4279}, {"x": 3.7886, "y": 4.4234}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "26", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7714, "y": 4.4188}, {"x": 1.1502, "y": 4.4234}, {"x": 1.1502, "y": 4.7928}, {"x": 0.7668, "y": 4.7928}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1502, "y": 4.4234}, {"x": 3.7886, "y": 4.4234}, {"x": 3.7886, "y": 4.7883}, {"x": 1.1502, "y": 4.7928}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "Traditional and Modern Mental Health Organization", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.7886, "y": 4.4234}, {"x": 5.1717, "y": 4.4279}, {"x": 5.1763, "y": 4.7928}, {"x": 3.7886, "y": 4.7883}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "15", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1502, "y": 4.7928}, {"x": 3.7886, "y": 4.7883}, {"x": 3.7886, "y": 5.0072}, {"x": 1.1502, "y": 5.0118}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "Total", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.7886, "y": 4.7883}, {"x": 5.1763, "y": 4.7928}, {"x": 5.1763, "y": 5.0118}, {"x": 3.7886, "y": 5.0072}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "27,926", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7467, "y": 7.4353}, {"x": 2.5741, "y": 7.4353}, {"x": 2.5741, "y": 7.5394}, {"x": 0.7467, "y": 7.5394}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "15 https://www.nec.gov.kh/khmer/content/5524", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.0404, "y": 7.6649}, {"x": 5.1661, "y": 7.6649}, {"x": 5.1661, "y": 7.7797}, {"x": 5.0404, "y": 7.7797}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "17", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.741, "y": 2.1534}, {"x": 5.1859, "y": 2.154}, {"x": 5.1862, "y": 5.0308}, {"x": 0.7408, "y": 5.0298}], "category": "table", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
No.Name of organizationNumber of accredited observers
1Union of Youth Federations of Cambodia (UYFC)17,266
2Cambodian Women for Peace and Development9,835
3Association of Democratic Students of Cambodia711
4Association of Intellectual and Youth Volunteer46
5Our Friends Association27
6COMFREL26
7Traditional and Modern Mental Health Organization15
Total27,926
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Types of promotional materials", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9825, "y": 2.3354}, {"x": 2.498, "y": 2.3354}, {"x": 2.498, "y": 2.7511}, {"x": 0.9825, "y": 2.7511}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Communication Channel", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.498, "y": 2.3354}, {"x": 3.5844, "y": 2.3354}, {"x": 3.5844, "y": 2.7511}, {"x": 2.498, "y": 2.7511}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Medium", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.5844, "y": 2.3354}, {"x": 7.4939, "y": 2.3354}, {"x": 7.4939, "y": 2.7511}, {"x": 3.5844, "y": 2.7511}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Examples", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9825, "y": 2.7511}, {"x": 2.498, "y": 2.7511}, {"x": 2.498, "y": 3.1669}, {"x": 0.9825, "y": 3.1669}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Direct communications", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": 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"y": 3.1669}, {"x": 7.5006, "y": 3.1669}, {"x": 7.5006, "y": 3.5826}, {"x": 3.5844, "y": 3.5826}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "websites, videos, news articles, newsletters, social media posts,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9825, "y": 3.5826}, {"x": 2.498, "y": 3.5826}, {"x": 2.498, "y": 4.0051}, {"x": 0.9825, "y": 4.0051}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Messaging", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.498, "y": 3.5826}, {"x": 3.5844, "y": 3.5826}, {"x": 3.5844, "y": 4.0051}, {"x": 2.498, "y": 4.0051}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Physical or digital", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.5844, "y": 3.5826}, {"x": 7.5006, "y": 3.5826}, {"x": 7.5006, "y": 3.9984}, {"x": 3.5844, "y": 4.0051}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "brochures, posters, signs, booklets", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9825, "y": 4.0051}, {"x": 2.498, "y": 4.0051}, {"x": 2.498, "y": 4.4141}, {"x": 0.9825, "y": 4.4141}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Events", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.498, "y": 4.0051}, {"x": 3.5844, "y": 4.0051}, {"x": 3.5844, "y": 4.4141}, {"x": 2.498, "y": 4.4141}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Physical or digital", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.5844, "y": 4.0051}, {"x": 7.5006, "y": 3.9984}, {"x": 7.5006, "y": 4.4141}, {"x": 3.5844, "y": 4.4141}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "presentations, webinars, seminars, panels, training sessions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9825, "y": 4.4141}, {"x": 2.498, "y": 4.4141}, {"x": 2.498, "y": 4.8299}, {"x": 0.9825, "y": 4.8366}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "Interactive", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.498, "y": 4.4141}, {"x": 3.5844, "y": 4.4141}, {"x": 3.5844, "y": 4.8299}, {"x": 2.498, "y": 4.8299}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Physical or digital", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.5844, "y": 4.4141}, {"x": 7.5006, "y": 4.4141}, {"x": 7.5006, "y": 4.8299}, {"x": 3.5844, "y": 4.8299}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "OER \"petting zoos,\" games, exhibits, surveys", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9825, "y": 4.8366}, {"x": 2.498, "y": 4.8299}, {"x": 2.498, "y": 5.2523}, {"x": 0.9758, "y": 5.2523}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "Goodies", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.498, "y": 4.8299}, {"x": 3.5844, "y": 4.8299}, {"x": 3.5911, "y": 5.2523}, {"x": 2.498, "y": 5.2523}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "Primarily physical", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.5844, "y": 4.8299}, {"x": 7.5006, "y": 4.8299}, {"x": 7.5006, "y": 5.2523}, {"x": 3.5911, "y": 5.2523}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "pens, notepads, bookmarks, stickers, buttons, etc", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9646, "y": 5.4905}, {"x": 7.5258, "y": 5.4905}, {"x": 7.5258, "y": 6.9657}, {"x": 0.9646, "y": 6.9657}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "Get in contact with partners at your institution to learn more about the processes and options available to you and how you can best leverage the support at your disposal. If you have a marketing team available to you that orders pens and other materials for campus events, get in contact with them about their vendors and how you can leverage their existing workflows for ordering materials to support your OER Program. This might be as simple as ordering buttons and posters through your University Printing Office, or it may require you to browse a third party's marketing catalog or to create materials yourself, if you lack funding for your work.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9694, "y": 7.2569}, {"x": 2.2587, "y": 7.2569}, {"x": 2.2587, "y": 7.4479}, {"x": 0.9694, "y": 7.4479}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "Annual Events", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9652, "y": 7.6914}, {"x": 7.5312, "y": 7.6962}, {"x": 7.5295, "y": 10.0499}, {"x": 0.9635, "y": 10.0451}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "Creating promotional materials and graphics can make your OER program recognizable on your college's campus, but just because you've created materials doesn't mean that people will find or learn from them. As a program manager, you will need to find ways to implement your messaging and events on campus. Leveraging annual events like Open Education Week in March and International Open Access Week in October can ground your work in a given time of year and focus your programming around a topic or theme (Open Education Global, n.d .; SPARC, n.d.). The Open Education Week website lists past events and provides downloadable promotional materials to help you kickstart your event planning and coordination. If these weeks regularly conflict with other events at your institution, that's okay. You can celebrate Open Education Week the week before or after it falls. So long as you are consistent in the general time you hold these events, they will still gain recognition at your institution and faculty will come to expect them.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9643, "y": 10.3411}, {"x": 2.8413, "y": 10.3364}, {"x": 2.8416, "y": 10.4701}, {"x": 0.9646, "y": 10.4748}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "92 | PROGRAM MANAGEMENT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9748, "y": 2.3099}, {"x": 7.5146, "y": 2.3129}, {"x": 7.5131, "y": 5.2661}, {"x": 0.9731, "y": 5.2634}], "category": "table", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Communication ChannelMediumExamples
Direct communicationsPhysical or digitalmeetings, consultations, listening sessions, email lists
Indirect communicationsPrimarily digitalwebsites, videos, news articles, newsletters, social media posts,
MessagingPhysical or digitalbrochures, posters, signs, booklets
EventsPhysical or digitalpresentations, webinars, seminars, panels, training sessions
InteractivePhysical or digitalOER \"petting zoos,\" games, exhibits, surveys
GoodiesPrimarily physicalpens, notepads, bookmarks, stickers, buttons, etc
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000069.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9885, "y": 0.9835}, {"x": 1.5329, "y": 0.9835}, {"x": 1.5329, "y": 1.1458}, {"x": 0.9885, "y": 1.1458}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Replace", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9837, "y": 1.1984}, {"x": 7.0053, "y": 1.1984}, {"x": 7.0053, "y": 3.5998}, {"x": 0.9837, "y": 3.5998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "l. Replace Plastics with Recyclable Materials. Plastics can be replaced by material made from polypropylene, a material type that is 100% recyclable. However, recyclable materials should have a forward linkage - link to a recycler who is willing to take on the recyclables. Paper-based wrappers are another alternative for bagels and sandwich papers. Containers and packaging can use plastics with a certain percentage of recycled content and designed to be recyclable or reusable. Highly recyclable packaging is of little benefit if it is not disposed of correctly. The success of a recyclable package is an equal demand from recycling companies through improved recyclability of packaging and investments in efficient recycling facilities and systems. This requires investment and innovation since quality and availability are still often a stumbling block for companies to use recycled plastic. The recyclability of plastic packaging can often be improved by:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3802, "y": 3.6528}, {"x": 5.4486, "y": 3.6476}, {"x": 5.4488, "y": 3.8147}, {"x": 1.3804, "y": 3.8199}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "\u2022 choosing a common type of plastic (such as PE, PP or PET);", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3802, "y": 3.8772}, {"x": 5.1334, "y": 3.872}, {"x": 5.1337, "y": 4.0391}, {"x": 1.3804, "y": 4.0443}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "\u2022 choosing a common color (white or transparent); and", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3802, "y": 4.0967}, {"x": 6.8332, "y": 4.0912}, {"x": 6.8338, "y": 4.7049}, {"x": 1.3809, "y": 4.7105}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u2022 avoiding combinations of materials, such as plastic windows in cardboard packaging. Watermarking technology is also being developed so that packaging can be more easily recognized by sorters.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9837, "y": 4.9796}, {"x": 1.3753, "y": 4.9796}, {"x": 1.3753, "y": 5.1419}, {"x": 0.9837, "y": 5.1419}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Trash", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9885, "y": 5.204}, {"x": 6.9958, "y": 5.204}, {"x": 6.9958, "y": 6.9275}, {"x": 0.9885, "y": 6.9275}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "m. Waste Segregation and Segregated Bins. Shakey's Philippines implementation of waste segregation and 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) in its corporate office is one good testament of compliance to RA 9003. The country's premier pizza restaurant has installed \"Stop Before You Drop\" trash bins for the implementation of company-wide proper waste management. The bins are labeled to indicate the different types of waste to aid in proper disposal and culture development of its employees. Waste collected are weighed on a daily basis to aid in monitoring wastages and to map out more waste management initiatives.56", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9881, "y": 7.2105}, {"x": 4.2316, "y": 7.1544}, {"x": 4.2655, "y": 9.107}, {"x": 1.0219, "y": 9.1631}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "n. In-store Sorting and Recycling Bins. McDonalds has installed sorting and recycling points in select restaurants in its markets. It also improved its recycling bin signage to make the recycling process easier to understand. McDonald's Germany, Austria, Czech Republic and Slovakia on the other hand, collect customer waste to sort for recycling. initiatives.57", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.1171, "y": 7.2617}, {"x": 6.289, "y": 7.2665}, {"x": 6.2878, "y": 7.3096}, {"x": 6.1159, "y": 7.3048}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Thank You", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.5843, "y": 8.5651}, {"x": 6.886, "y": 8.5651}, {"x": 6.886, "y": 8.8563}, {"x": 4.5843, "y": 8.8563}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Figure 32. In-store Sorting and Recycling Bins, McDonalds", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9931, "y": 9.5868}, {"x": 4.7084, "y": 9.582}, {"x": 4.7086, "y": 9.7351}, {"x": 0.9933, "y": 9.7399}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "56 https://www.shakeyspizza.ph/images/asm-2021/PIZZA_ASM_2020_Report.pdf", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9933, "y": 9.7491}, {"x": 5.8975, "y": 9.7491}, {"x": 5.8975, "y": 9.9067}, {"x": 0.9933, "y": 9.9067}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "57 https://corporate.mcdonalds.com/corpmcd/our-purpose-and-impact/our-planet/packaging-and-waste.html", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.2531, "y": 10.3793}, {"x": 0.468, "y": 10.3793}, {"x": 0.468, "y": 10.5608}, {"x": 0.2531, "y": 10.5608}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "76", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7067, "y": 10.408}, {"x": 4.8135, "y": 10.408}, {"x": 4.8135, "y": 10.5655}, {"x": 0.7067, "y": 10.5655}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000037.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2976, "y": 1.0342}, {"x": 7.0116, "y": 1.0291}, {"x": 7.012, "y": 1.4094}, {"x": 1.2979, "y": 1.4144}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "3. Impact on Business Operations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2928, "y": 1.7034}, {"x": 7.7011, "y": 1.7034}, {"x": 7.7011, "y": 2.3473}, {"x": 1.2928, "y": 2.3473}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "This section investigates the impact of public health course of the research period. The impacts of the measures on business operations. MSMEs were lockdown from March 30 to May 4, 2020, were starkly asked about their expectations for recovery and the felt, with only 30% of the MSMEs \"working as usual,\" main effects of COVID-19 on their businesses.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.5578, "y": 2.2104}, {"x": 7.7113, "y": 2.2104}, {"x": 7.7113, "y": 2.5044}, {"x": 4.5578, "y": 2.5044}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "while over half (58%) were temporarily completely closed.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2877, "y": 2.5298}, {"x": 3.458, "y": 2.5348}, {"x": 3.4577, "y": 2.692}, {"x": 1.2874, "y": 2.6869}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "3.1. Status of Business Operations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2877, "y": 2.7072}, {"x": 7.7011, "y": 2.7072}, {"x": 7.7011, "y": 3.1939}, {"x": 1.2877, "y": 3.1939}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "In the agriculture sector, a large majority of MSMEs As shown in Figure 3.1.1, the number of MSMEs (93% in July 2020, 98% in October 2020, and 99% \"working as usual\" gradually increased over the in January 2021) were operating normally, though", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2979, "y": 3.3713}, {"x": 5.2422, "y": 3.3713}, {"x": 5.2422, "y": 3.5285}, {"x": 1.2979, "y": 3.5285}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Figure 3.1.1: Status of operations during each survey phase (%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.1953, "y": 3.9949}, {"x": 2.4055, "y": 3.9898}, {"x": 2.4082, "y": 4.1014}, {"x": 2.198, "y": 4.1065}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "100", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.0216, "y": 4.0557}, {"x": 3.0926, "y": 4.0557}, {"x": 3.0926, "y": 4.1521}, {"x": 3.0216, "y": 4.1521}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.0216, "y": 4.1977}, {"x": 3.0825, "y": 4.1977}, {"x": 3.0825, "y": 4.3042}, {"x": 3.0216, "y": 4.3042}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.251, "y": 4.4157}, {"x": 2.4031, "y": 4.4157}, {"x": 2.4031, "y": 4.5222}, {"x": 2.251, "y": 4.5222}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "80", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.1117, "y": 3.9189}, {"x": 4.1877, "y": 3.9189}, {"x": 4.1877, "y": 4.0203}, {"x": 4.1117, "y": 4.0203}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.2118, "y": 3.9189}, {"x": 5.2828, "y": 3.9189}, {"x": 5.2828, "y": 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"markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.3123, "y": 6.1229}, {"x": 2.393, "y": 6.1191}, {"x": 2.398, "y": 6.2256}, {"x": 2.3174, "y": 6.2294}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.6763, "y": 6.2763}, {"x": 3.4272, "y": 6.2712}, {"x": 3.4279, "y": 6.3625}, {"x": 2.6769, "y": 6.3675}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "Lockdown Period", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.928, "y": 6.2763}, {"x": 4.364, "y": 6.2712}, {"x": 4.3652, "y": 6.3726}, {"x": 3.9291, "y": 6.3777}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "July 2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.9431, "y": 6.2763}, {"x": 5.5464, "y": 6.2763}, {"x": 5.5464, "y": 6.3675}, {"x": 4.9431, "y": 6.3675}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "October 2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.0331, "y": 6.2763}, {"x": 6.6263, "y": 6.2763}, {"x": 6.6263, "y": 6.3726}, {"x": 6.0331, "y": 6.3726}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "January 2021", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.4386, "y": 6.6362}, {"x": 6.5403, "y": 6.6413}, {"x": 6.5401, "y": 6.763}, {"x": 2.4385, "y": 6.7579}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "Business premises closed to customers, but some business operations continue", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.4386, "y": 6.8086}, {"x": 5.2169, "y": 6.8086}, {"x": 5.2169, "y": 6.9303}, {"x": 2.4386, "y": 6.9303}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "Business premises still open, but reduced operations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.4335, "y": 6.9505}, {"x": 3.5552, "y": 6.9607}, {"x": 3.554, "y": 7.0976}, {"x": 2.4323, "y": 7.0874}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "Temporarily closed", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.4335, "y": 7.128}, {"x": 3.4729, "y": 7.128}, {"x": 3.4729, "y": 7.2598}, {"x": 2.4335, "y": 7.2598}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "Working as usual", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2914, "y": 7.7059}, {"x": 7.7154, "y": 7.7008}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 9.5202}, {"x": 1.2928, "y": 9.5253}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "during the first lockdown period, just over three lockdown period. In the handicraft/textile sector, 30% quarters (77%) were working as usual. In contrast, of MSMEs were temporarily closed as of July 2020, 63% of firms from the tourism sector and 62% reducing to 12% in January 2021. Similarly, in tourism, from the handicraft/textile sector were working as 27% of businesses were temporarily closed as of July 2020 and that reduced to 18% in January 2021. Figure 3.1.1 and Table 3.1.1 do not reflect those MSMEs who were permanently closed; this was four in July 2020, 22 in October 2020, and 24 in January 2021. Of these 50 businesses who permanently closed during the research period, 30 were in the tourism sector, 18 in usual as of July 2020, rising to 80% of tourism and 82% of handicraft/textile firms as of January 2021. During the lockdown period, tourism and handicraft/ textile MSMEs were the hardest hit with just 12% and 15% respectively working as usual. As shown in Table 3.1.1., a majority of tourism and handicraft/ textile MSMEs were temporarily closed during the handicraft/textile, and two in agriculture.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.5323, "y": 10.9607}, {"x": 0.6034, "y": 10.9639}, {"x": 0.5982, "y": 11.0773}, {"x": 0.5272, "y": 11.074}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000109.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 0.7878}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 0.7878}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 1.1888}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 1.1888}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "the jet velocity can be assumed to remain constant. Therefore, the horizontal distance traveled by jet (x) in time (t) is equal to:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.776, "y": 1.3798}, {"x": 1.9452, "y": 1.3607}, {"x": 1.9483, "y": 1.5516}, {"x": 0.7792, "y": 1.5708}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "x = v.t (7)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7736, "y": 1.7378}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 1.7378}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 2.1389}, {"x": 0.7736, "y": 2.1389}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The vertical component of the trajectory of the jet will have a constant acceleration downward due to the force of gravity. Therefore, at any time, t, the y-position of the jet may be calculated as:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7693, "y": 2.3095}, {"x": 2.0729, "y": 2.2857}, {"x": 2.0772, "y": 2.5208}, {"x": 0.7736, "y": 2.5447}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "y = {gt2 (8)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 2.7023}, {"x": 2.9511, "y": 2.7023}, {"x": 2.9511, "y": 2.8885}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 2.8885}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Rearranging Equation (8) gives:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.772, "y": 3.0508}, {"x": 2.2096, "y": 3.0426}, {"x": 2.2112, "y": 3.3195}, {"x": 0.7736, "y": 3.3277}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "t=(24)0.5 (9)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7784, "y": 3.4757}, {"x": 5.7878, "y": 3.4805}, {"x": 5.7876, "y": 3.6667}, {"x": 0.7782, "y": 3.6619}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Substitution of t and v from Equations 9 and 2 into Equation 7 results in:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7665, "y": 3.8386}, {"x": 3.0013, "y": 3.8178}, {"x": 3.0037, "y": 4.0756}, {"x": 0.7689, "y": 4.0964}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "x = Cvv/2gh(24)0.5 (10)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7784, "y": 4.2587}, {"x": 3.7963, "y": 4.2587}, {"x": 3.7963, "y": 4.4497}, {"x": 0.7784, "y": 4.4497}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Equations (10) can be rearranged to find Cv:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7831, "y": 4.6215}, {"x": 1.6436, "y": 4.684}, {"x": 1.6284, "y": 4.8937}, {"x": 0.7679, "y": 4.8312}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Cv = 2Vyh", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.0025, "y": 4.6264}, {"x": 2.316, "y": 4.6215}, {"x": 2.3192, "y": 4.8268}, {"x": 2.0056, "y": 4.8316}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "(11)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7736, "y": 5.0321}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 5.0321}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 5.648}, {"x": 0.7736, "y": 5.648}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Therefore, for steady flow conditions (i.e., constant h in the head tank), the value of Cy can be determined from the x, y coordinates of the jet trajectory. A graph of x plotted against vyh will have a slope of 2Cv.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.764, "y": 5.8438}, {"x": 5.7112, "y": 5.8438}, {"x": 5.7112, "y": 6.0252}, {"x": 0.764, "y": 6.0252}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "7.2. DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7736, "y": 6.2114}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 6.2114}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 6.6172}, {"x": 0.7736, "y": 6.6172}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "If Ca is assumed to be constant, then a graph of Q plotted against vh (Equation 6) will be linear, and the slope of this graph will be:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7736, "y": 6.7891}, {"x": 1.8966, "y": 6.7938}, {"x": 1.8958, "y": 6.9896}, {"x": 0.7728, "y": 6.9848}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "s = CaA01/2g", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.2587, "y": 6.7938}, {"x": 2.5613, "y": 6.789}, {"x": 2.5643, "y": 6.9753}, {"x": 2.2617, "y": 6.9801}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "(12)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.0809, "y": 10.3459}, {"x": 7.7121, "y": 10.3459}, {"x": 7.7121, "y": 10.4653}, {"x": 5.0809, "y": 10.4653}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "EXPERIMENT #6: ORIFICE AND FREE JET FLOW 53", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000177.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 3.634, "y": 0.9119}, {"x": 4.4951, "y": 0.9248}, {"x": 4.4792, "y": 1.9813}, {"x": 3.6181, "y": 1.9684}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "O", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.7449, "y": 2.3776}, {"x": 5.5053, "y": 2.3726}, {"x": 5.5064, "y": 2.9844}, {"x": 2.7461, "y": 2.9894}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 7.3. You can read more about KSU's marketing approach in Marking Open and Affordable Courses (Hare, Kirschner, and Reed 2020).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9694, "y": 3.2561}, {"x": 7.5258, "y": 3.2561}, {"x": 7.5258, "y": 4.2969}, {"x": 0.9694, "y": 4.2969}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "For an even simpler graphic, we can look to Kansas State University. KSU's Open/Alternative Textbook Initiative developed their OER icon, a book with an \"O\" on the cover, to be recognizable even at a small scale. This was done because it would be used as a marking denoting the use of open materials in their course schedule. This graphic is clear, easy to read, and emblematic of the initiative itself, by representing open textbooks with a book icon.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9694, "y": 4.5881}, {"x": 3.357, "y": 4.5881}, {"x": 3.357, "y": 4.8125}, {"x": 0.9694, "y": 4.8125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Aligning with Your Identity", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9642, "y": 5.0178}, {"x": 7.5206, "y": 5.0116}, {"x": 7.5214, "y": 5.8424}, {"x": 0.965, "y": 5.8485}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Like KSU did with their OER icon, your branding should be reflective of your initiative's work in some way. Think about your audience and what you want them to feel when they see your program's marketing on campus. Does your program have a unique name or tagline that influences the way you present it (e.g., playful, bold, colorful, or innovative)?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2416, "y": 7.1137}, {"x": 1.3668, "y": 7.1089}, {"x": 1.3705, "y": 7.2044}, {"x": 1.2453, "y": 7.2092}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "cc", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.9435, "y": 6.2161}, {"x": 2.8126, "y": 6.2161}, {"x": 2.8126, "y": 6.7127}, {"x": 1.9435, "y": 6.7127}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "penEd CVCC", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2272, "y": 8.0924}, {"x": 2.7649, "y": 8.0924}, {"x": 2.7649, "y": 8.2452}, {"x": 1.2272, "y": 8.2452}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Innovation & Affordability", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.907, "y": 8.4278}, {"x": 2.0812, "y": 8.4278}, {"x": 2.0812, "y": 8.6031}, {"x": 1.907, "y": 8.6031}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": ":unselected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9646, "y": 8.7752}, {"x": 2.8508, "y": 8.7752}, {"x": 2.8508, "y": 9.5582}, {"x": 0.9646, "y": 9.5582}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Figure 7.4. You can read more about CVCC's marketing approach in Marking Open and Affordable Courses (Hare, Kirschner, and Reed 2020).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.1275, "y": 6.0443}, {"x": 7.5346, "y": 6.036}, {"x": 7.5369, "y": 7.2965}, {"x": 3.1299, "y": 7.3047}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "A great example of a program whose name and messaging align clearly with their work is Central Virginia Community College (CVCC). CVCC uses the tagline \"OpenEd CVCC: Innovation and Affordability\" as their program's name and their icon features this theme of innovation through graphics of light bulbs, gears, and representations of various disciplines.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.1278, "y": 7.5004}, {"x": 7.5258, "y": 7.5004}, {"x": 7.5258, "y": 9.4197}, {"x": 3.1278, "y": 9.4197}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "CVCC's logo is more complex than the ones we shared in our \"simple\" section. However, this isn't a problem in their case. Keep in mind that the simplicity of any graphic will depend on where and how it's used. CVCC's logo might have more going on than KSU's icon, but it is meant to be used at a larger scale, so it can accommodate this complexity. If your logo will be used in print materials or as a smaller icon, that's when you'll want to focus on simpler designs. For graphics that will be displayed more prominently, though, a larger graphic works fine.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9499, "y": 10.3316}, {"x": 2.8556, "y": 10.3268}, {"x": 2.856, "y": 10.4892}, {"x": 0.9503, "y": 10.4939}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "90 | PROGRAM MANAGEMENT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000162.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1554, "y": 1.1634}, {"x": 2.4215, "y": 1.1732}, {"x": 2.4204, "y": 1.306}, {"x": 1.1544, "y": 1.2962}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "1. Edward Bernays", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1253, "y": 1.3629}, {"x": 3.0484, "y": 1.354}, {"x": 3.049, "y": 1.4905}, {"x": 1.1259, "y": 1.4994}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "2. Wikipedia. Public Relations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1332, "y": 1.5495}, {"x": 3.4255, "y": 1.5495}, {"x": 3.4255, "y": 1.6934}, {"x": 1.1332, "y": 1.6934}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "3. Pinterest. Retrieved June 10, 2021.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1258, "y": 1.745}, {"x": 4.1305, "y": 1.745}, {"x": 4.1305, "y": 1.8889}, {"x": 1.1258, "y": 1.8889}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "4. Bernays, Edward. Crystalizing Public Opinion.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1295, "y": 1.9405}, {"x": 3.1339, "y": 1.9405}, {"x": 3.1339, "y": 2.0918}, {"x": 1.1295, "y": 2.0918}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "5. Encyclopedia of Propaganda", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1258, "y": 2.2283}, {"x": 3.3224, "y": 2.232}, {"x": 3.3221, "y": 2.3611}, {"x": 1.1256, "y": 2.3574}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Possible directions for the discussion:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1981, "y": 2.5501}, {"x": 4.3833, "y": 2.5397}, {"x": 4.3876, "y": 3.8527}, {"x": 1.2024, "y": 3.8631}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "\u2022 What the sources suggest about the level of research. Do sources like Wikipedia and Pinterest indicate a deep engagement with the topic? What about the Encyclopedia of Propaganda? Call back to the chapter, Identifying a Topic, encyclopedias are good preliminary sources, but if research stops with an overview source, how valuable is it?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1984, "y": 3.9217}, {"x": 4.4923, "y": 3.9217}, {"x": 4.4923, "y": 5.6224}, {"x": 1.1984, "y": 5.6224}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Ways in which the citations are ambiguous. Is enough information provided that readers can find the original information? Is number 1 about that person or written by that person? Is number 4 a book or an article? It has implications for how we would look for it. For number 5, there is more than one book with the title Encyclopedia of Propaganda, and also it's unlikely they meant to refer to the whole encyclopedia.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1981, "y": 5.6713}, {"x": 4.479, "y": 5.6595}, {"x": 4.4845, "y": 7.1717}, {"x": 1.2035, "y": 7.1834}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "\u2022 The difference between discovering a source on a social media platform and citing the content. Is enough information given to find the Pinterest source? Revisit the creator concept from the chapter, Types of Sources. Social media companies distribute but do not create content, so they are not the ones that should be cited. Opportunity to talk about specific sources students have found on social media", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7752, "y": 7.847}, {"x": 2.1631, "y": 7.847}, {"x": 2.1631, "y": 7.9651}, {"x": 0.7752, "y": 7.9651}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "114 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000169.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8596, "y": 0.8116}, {"x": 2.9368, "y": 0.8116}, {"x": 2.9368, "y": 0.9692}, {"x": 0.8596, "y": 0.9692}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Lime is recommended if pH < 5.8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7736, "y": 1.1602}, {"x": 6.6854, "y": 1.1602}, {"x": 6.6854, "y": 1.7235}, {"x": 0.7736, "y": 1.7235}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Target pH of 5.5 = [6, 405 - (1, 590 x buffer pH) + (98 \u00d7 buffer pH x buffer pH)] x depth", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8643, "y": 1.9384}, {"x": 2.0772, "y": 1.9384}, {"x": 2.0772, "y": 2.0911}, {"x": 0.8643, "y": 2.0911}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Depth is in inches", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8548, "y": 2.1341}, {"x": 6.5087, "y": 2.1341}, {"x": 6.5087, "y": 2.2869}, {"x": 0.8548, "y": 2.2869}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Used if cash flow is limited or in lime availability problem areas in Central and Western Kansas", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8548, "y": 2.3346}, {"x": 2.9368, "y": 2.3346}, {"x": 2.9368, "y": 2.4874}, {"x": 0.8548, "y": 2.4874}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Lime is recommended if pH < 5.5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 2.7023}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 2.7023}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 3.4375}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 3.4375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "This buffer contains chromium (Cr), a toxic heavy metal. Therefore, your lab instructor will perform the SMP buffer analysis. As a class, determine which soil-water mixtures from Activity 1 need lime (pH \u2264 6.4). To those solutions, add 10 ml of the SMP buffer solution, and stir with a glass rod. Allow the mixtures to stand for 30 minutes, which should be enough time for the acid cations to be displaced from the CEC and forced into solution. Read the pH on meter.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.14, "y": 3.6049}, {"x": 7.7168, "y": 3.5803}, {"x": 7.7181, "y": 3.938}, {"x": 1.1413, "y": 3.9627}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Assuming the desired pH is 6.0 (i.e. use the middle equation), calculate the lime requirement, show your work below, and record your results in Table 14.1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.764, "y": 4.7457}, {"x": 3.8775, "y": 4.7457}, {"x": 3.8775, "y": 4.951}, {"x": 0.764, "y": 4.951}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Activity 5: Evaluating Liming Materials", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 5.2708}, {"x": 7.7264, "y": 5.2708}, {"x": 7.7264, "y": 6.0156}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 6.0156}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "The type of liming material and the size or fineness of the material determine how efficiently liming materials raise soil pH. This experiment was actually initiated earlier in the semester to allow time for the liming agents to react. Amending the soil with several different liming agents allows us assess the effects of particle size and liming material based on the relative changes in soil. The treatments included the following:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8548, "y": 6.2305}, {"x": 2.2969, "y": 6.2305}, {"x": 2.2969, "y": 6.3785}, {"x": 0.8548, "y": 6.3785}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Reagent grade CaCO3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8643, "y": 6.4214}, {"x": 2.1537, "y": 6.4214}, {"x": 2.1537, "y": 6.579}, {"x": 0.8643, "y": 6.579}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Reagent grade CaO", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8643, "y": 6.6172}, {"x": 2.2826, "y": 6.6172}, {"x": 2.2826, "y": 6.77}, {"x": 0.8643, "y": 6.77}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Reagent grade CaSO4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8643, "y": 6.8034}, {"x": 3.2281, "y": 6.8034}, {"x": 3.2281, "y": 6.9657}, {"x": 0.8643, "y": 6.9657}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Coarse dolomitic limestone (35 mesh)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8691, "y": 7.0039}, {"x": 3.123, "y": 7.0087}, {"x": 3.1227, "y": 7.1567}, {"x": 0.8688, "y": 7.1519}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Fine dolomitic limestone (120 mesh)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8691, "y": 7.2044}, {"x": 2.5261, "y": 7.2044}, {"x": 2.5261, "y": 7.3524}, {"x": 0.8691, "y": 7.3524}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Control (no amendments)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7736, "y": 7.572}, {"x": 7.7264, "y": 7.572}, {"x": 7.7264, "y": 8.1115}, {"x": 0.7736, "y": 8.1115}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "When this experiment was initiated, each lab section was divided into six groups, with each group responsible for one of the six treatments. Your laboratory instructor assigned a treatment to your group, and you completed the following steps:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8309, "y": 8.3312}, {"x": 2.3404, "y": 8.3359}, {"x": 2.3399, "y": 8.4887}, {"x": 0.8304, "y": 8.4839}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "1. Label four plastic bags", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8166, "y": 8.5269}, {"x": 3.7629, "y": 8.5269}, {"x": 3.7629, "y": 8.6845}, {"x": 0.8166, "y": 8.6845}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "2. Weigh 20 g of air-dry soil into each plastic bag.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.807, "y": 8.7274}, {"x": 4.9042, "y": 8.7274}, {"x": 4.9042, "y": 8.885}, {"x": 0.807, "y": 8.885}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "3. Weigh 0.1 gram of designated liming material onto weighing paper.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8166, "y": 8.9136}, {"x": 5.9691, "y": 8.9136}, {"x": 5.9691, "y": 9.0712}, {"x": 0.8166, "y": 9.0712}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "4. Add the liming material to the soil and mix thoroughly to distribute evenly in the soil.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8166, "y": 9.1094}, {"x": 3.5626, "y": 9.1142}, {"x": 3.5624, "y": 9.2669}, {"x": 0.8163, "y": 9.2622}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "5. Add a few mL of water to each bag and mix.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8118, "y": 9.3099}, {"x": 3.0228, "y": 9.3099}, {"x": 3.0228, "y": 9.4579}, {"x": 0.8118, "y": 9.4579}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "6. Close the bags to start incubation.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 9.6823}, {"x": 5.3053, "y": 9.6823}, {"x": 5.3053, "y": 9.8303}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 9.8303}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "Now that the liming agents have had time to react, you will collect the results.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7784, "y": 10.3364}, {"x": 2.8178, "y": 10.3411}, {"x": 2.8174, "y": 10.4844}, {"x": 0.778, "y": 10.4796}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "130 | Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000089.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.9388, "y": 0.5109}, {"x": 6.5469, "y": 0.5109}, {"x": 6.5469, "y": 0.6827}, {"x": 1.9388, "y": 0.6827}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9839, "y": 0.9866}, {"x": 1.9857, "y": 0.9866}, {"x": 1.9857, "y": 1.7397}, {"x": 0.9839, "y": 1.7397}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Jurisdiction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.9857, "y": 0.9866}, {"x": 2.9692, "y": 0.9866}, {"x": 2.9692, "y": 1.7397}, {"x": 1.9857, "y": 1.7397}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "GATS XVII Reservation (1994)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.9692, "y": 0.9866}, {"x": 3.9251, "y": 0.9957}, {"x": 3.9251, "y": 1.7397}, {"x": 2.9692, "y": 1.7397}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Foreign Ownership Permitted", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.9251, "y": 0.9957}, {"x": 6.2137, "y": 0.9957}, {"x": 6.2137, "y": 1.7397}, {"x": 3.9251, "y": 1.7397}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Foreign Ownership", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.2137, "y": 0.9957}, {"x": 7.5004, "y": 0.9957}, {"x": 7.5004, "y": 1.7489}, {"x": 6.2137, "y": 1.7397}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Foreign Ownership Reporting Requirements", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.9251, "y": 1.7397}, {"x": 6.2137, "y": 1.7397}, {"x": 6.2137, "y": 2.3184}, {"x": 3.9251, "y": 2.3184}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "by persons of same nationality must not exceed 40% of the quarter.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9839, "y": 2.3184}, {"x": 1.9857, "y": 2.3184}, {"x": 1.9857, "y": 3.2644}, {"x": 0.9839, "y": 3.2644}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Canada", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.9857, "y": 2.3184}, {"x": 2.9784, "y": 2.3184}, {"x": 2.9784, "y": 3.2644}, {"x": 1.9857, "y": 3.2644}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Y", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.9784, "y": 2.3184}, {"x": 3.9251, "y": 2.3184}, {"x": 3.9251, "y": 3.2644}, {"x": 2.9784, "y": 3.2644}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Y", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.9251, "y": 2.3184}, {"x": 6.2137, "y": 2.3184}, {"x": 6.2137, "y": 3.2736}, {"x": 3.9251, "y": 3.2644}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Prohibition on ownership of residential property with exceptions; some provinces also restrict ownership, including of agricultural land.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9839, "y": 3.2644}, {"x": 1.9857, "y": 3.2644}, {"x": 1.9857, "y": 5.7535}, {"x": 0.9839, "y": 5.7535}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Chile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.9857, "y": 3.2644}, {"x": 2.9784, "y": 3.2644}, {"x": 2.9784, "y": 5.7535}, {"x": 1.9857, "y": 5.7535}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "N", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.9784, "y": 3.2644}, {"x": 3.9251, "y": 3.2644}, {"x": 3.9251, "y": 5.7535}, {"x": 2.9784, "y": 5.7535}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Y", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.9251, "y": 3.2644}, {"x": 6.2137, "y": 3.2736}, {"x": 6.2137, "y": 5.7535}, {"x": 3.9251, "y": 5.7535}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Prohibition on acquisition of public lands within 10 kilometers from the border and favorable military report required for acquisition of land 5 kilometers from the coast; nationals of bordering countries and legal persons with their principal place of business in one of those countries cannot obtain rights to real estate located totally or partially in the border area.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9839, "y": 5.7535}, {"x": 1.9857, "y": 5.7535}, {"x": 1.9949, "y": 7.8477}, {"x": 0.9839, "y": 7.8477}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "China", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.9857, "y": 5.7535}, {"x": 2.9784, "y": 5.7535}, {"x": 2.9784, "y": 7.8477}, {"x": 1.9949, "y": 7.8477}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "N (2001)\n:selected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.9784, "y": 5.7535}, {"x": 3.9251, "y": 5.7535}, {"x": 3.9343, "y": 7.8477}, {"x": 2.9784, "y": 7.8477}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "N\n:selected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.9251, "y": 5.7535}, {"x": 6.2137, "y": 5.7535}, {"x": 6.2229, "y": 7.8385}, {"x": 3.9343, "y": 7.8477}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "No individuals, domestic or foreign, can privately own land. The state grants land use rights to land users for a certain number of years. Foreigners can obtain such land use rights, own residential houses and apartments, or incorporate foreign-invested enterprises to invest in real estate.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9839, "y": 7.8477}, {"x": 1.9949, "y": 7.8477}, {"x": 1.9949, "y": 9.9419}, {"x": 0.9839, "y": 9.9419}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Egypt", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.9949, "y": 7.8477}, {"x": 2.9784, "y": 7.8477}, {"x": 2.9876, "y": 9.9419}, {"x": 1.9949, "y": 9.9419}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Y", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.9784, "y": 7.8477}, {"x": 3.9343, "y": 7.8477}, {"x": 3.9343, "y": 9.9419}, {"x": 2.9876, "y": 9.9419}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "Y", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.9343, "y": 7.8477}, {"x": 6.2229, "y": 7.8385}, {"x": 6.2229, "y": 9.9419}, {"x": 3.9343, "y": 9.9419}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "Prohibition on ownership of agriculture lands, land in Sinai Peninsula; otherwise, permitted to own up to two properties, up to 4,000 square meters, for residential purposes; no disposition for 5 years; approval required to acquire land in tourist areas; joint ownership with an Egyptian who has majority", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9742, "y": 10.3268}, {"x": 2.889, "y": 10.3316}, {"x": 2.8886, "y": 10.5178}, {"x": 0.9737, "y": 10.513}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "The Law Library of Congress", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 7.3492, "y": 10.3411}, {"x": 7.4351, "y": 10.3411}, {"x": 7.4351, "y": 10.4701}, {"x": 7.3492, "y": 10.4701}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9867, "y": 0.9975}, {"x": 7.4956, "y": 0.9984}, {"x": 7.4921, "y": 9.9582}, {"x": 0.9827, "y": 9.9571}], "category": "table", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
JurisdictionGATS XVII Reservation (1994)Foreign Ownership PermittedRestrictions on Foreign OwnershipForeign Ownership Reporting Requirements
by persons of same nationality must not exceed 40% of the quarter.
CanadaYYProhibition on ownership of residential property with exceptions; some provinces also restrict ownership, including of agricultural land.
ChileNYProhibition on acquisition of public lands within 10 kilometers from the border and favorable military report required for acquisition of land 5 kilometers from the coast; nationals of bordering countries and legal persons with their principal place of business in one of those countries cannot obtain rights to real estate located totally or partially in the border area.
ChinaN (2001)\n:selected:N\n:selected:No individuals, domestic or foreign, can privately own land. The state grants land use rights to land users for a certain number of years. Foreigners can obtain such land use rights, own residential houses and apartments, or incorporate foreign-invested enterprises to invest in real estate.
EgyptYYProhibition on ownership of agriculture lands, land in Sinai Peninsula; otherwise, permitted to own up to two properties, up to 4,000 square meters, for residential purposes; no disposition for 5 years; approval required to acquire land in tourist areas; joint ownership with an Egyptian who has majority
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000135.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7645, "y": 0.8125}, {"x": 7.2231, "y": 0.7832}, {"x": 7.23, "y": 2.3055}, {"x": 0.7714, "y": 2.3348}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Fly fishers targeting trout had an important influence in developing and sustaining conservation programs, although they were sometimes criticized for exclusive or single-interest advocacy. Here I review the history of trout fishing and fly-fishing with special focus on the Rocky Mountain West, where fly fishers first exerted their influence on conservation ethics and sportfishing policy. Although many individuals and organizations played roles, I concentrate on only two: Fly Fishers International (FFI) and Trout Unlimited (TU). These two organizations had similar interests in conservation, but important differences prevented them from working together on a unified goal of conservation. The legacy of fly-fishing demonstrates the importance of passion, persistence, and partnerships in fish conservation.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7679, "y": 2.4955}, {"x": 7.2232, "y": 2.4955}, {"x": 7.2232, "y": 4.2098}, {"x": 0.7679, "y": 4.2098}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Trout and salmon are the only sport fish native to the Western states, and fly-fishing here became more than a leisure activity. Norman Maclean's novel, A River Runs through It (1976), begins, \"In our family there was no clear line between religion and fly fishing\" Later Maclean writes that \"Something within fishermen tries to make fishing into a world perfect and apart.\" The iconography of Western fly-fishing that Maclean and others wrote about was created by anglers, fisheries managers, tourists, guides, businesses, and region promoters. The history of Rocky Mountain fly-fishing parallels the history of the expansion of our Western frontier as well as fisheries management (Brown 2015). Although Henry David Thoreau (1862) maintained that \"In wildness is the preservation of the world,\" humans are part of the trout fishing system and helped create, destroy, maintain, and restore the trout fishing we have today.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7723, "y": 4.3705}, {"x": 7.2232, "y": 4.3705}, {"x": 7.2232, "y": 5.6964}, {"x": 0.7723, "y": 5.6964}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The first trout fishers were Native Americans. Native Americans used a variety of fishing methods, including weirs, spears, nets, traps, baskets, hook-and-line methods, and baits. They also caught fish by hand via tickling. Tickling for trout involves rubbing the underbelly of a trout with fingers to get the trout to go into a trance, after which they can then easily be thrown onto the bank (Martindale 1901). Native Americans were more patient than others. This method is different from noodling for catfish, where the noodler uses fingers as bait and grabs the catfish by its mouth. Native Americans also caught fish by fly-fishing with deer-hair flies, according to the writings of early American naturalist William Bartram (1739-1823) (Monahan, no date).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7679, "y": 5.8616}, {"x": 7.2232, "y": 5.8616}, {"x": 7.2232, "y": 7.7634}, {"x": 0.7679, "y": 7.7634}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The story of Rocky Mountain trout fishing begins with displacement of Native Americans from their historical fishing and hunting grounds. Uninhabited wilderness had to be created through the dispossession of Native people before it could be preserved (Spence 1999). Explorers, trappers, pioneers, soldiers, and homesteaders brought fishing gear to frontier outposts. The Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806) included a designated angler named Silas Goodrich. The expedition first described several new species of fish, including the Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout and Westslope Cutthroat Trout, caught by Goodrich. Later military expeditions spent time trout fishing in addition to fighting Native Americans. Custer's Last Stand at Little Bighorn might have been avoided if he'd joined a column of reinforcements under General George Crook. Crook's soldiers were comfortably camped close by on Goose Creek near the Tongue River-fishing, not fighting (Monnett 1993; Owens 2002a; Lessner 2010).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6563, "y": 8.8527}, {"x": 6.7321, "y": 8.8527}, {"x": 6.7321, "y": 9.2009}, {"x": 0.6563, "y": 9.2009}], "category": "footnote", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "1. Although Maclean and other writers use the term fishermen, women are active anglers and contribute significantly to the sport.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.9777, "y": 9.3438}, {"x": 7.2277, "y": 9.3438}, {"x": 7.2277, "y": 9.4866}, {"x": 4.9777, "y": 9.4866}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Fly-Fishing's Legacy for Conservation | 191", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000005.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9141, "y": 0.5742}, {"x": 0.9805, "y": 0.5742}, {"x": 0.9805, "y": 0.6719}, {"x": 0.9141, "y": 0.6719}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.7578, "y": 0.582}, {"x": 3.4023, "y": 0.582}, {"x": 3.4023, "y": 0.6797}, {"x": 2.7578, "y": 0.6797}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "CHAPTER I", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7383, "y": 4.0273}, {"x": 4.4258, "y": 4.0273}, {"x": 4.4258, "y": 4.3359}, {"x": 1.7383, "y": 4.3359}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 1.5. The San Mateo Ixtat\u00e1n men's jacket, lopil (Spanish capixay). Photo by Elizabeth Purdum.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7027, "y": 7.7344}, {"x": 4.4492, "y": 7.7266}, {"x": 4.4501, "y": 8.0305}, {"x": 1.7036, "y": 8.0383}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "FIGURE I.6. Vegetation along the trail from San Mateo Ixtat\u00e1n to Bulej, May 1965. Photo by author.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000058.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1507, "y": 1.207}, {"x": 6.6922, "y": 1.2015}, {"x": 6.6927, "y": 1.6439}, {"x": 1.1511, "y": 1.6494}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "3. Perspective of supply and demand balance of wood pellets and cost structure in Japan", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1558, "y": 1.7896}, {"x": 6.6971, "y": 1.7845}, {"x": 6.6978, "y": 2.5922}, {"x": 1.1565, "y": 2.5973}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "According to a survey taken by the Japan Woody Bioenergy Association in FY2018 (from April 2018 to March 2019) with 55 biomass power generators, more than half of fuel for biomass power generation is domestically produced wood biomass at present in Japan in terms of weight (Figure 4.5).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.8201, "y": 2.9353}, {"x": 6.0484, "y": 2.9353}, {"x": 6.0484, "y": 3.1077}, {"x": 1.8201, "y": 3.1077}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.5. Breakdown of Biomass Power Generation Fuel in Japan", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.4031, "y": 3.5082}, {"x": 3.0378, "y": 3.5133}, {"x": 3.0356, "y": 3.7871}, {"x": 2.4009, "y": 3.782}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Construction wood waste", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.4194, "y": 3.2607}, {"x": 4.3689, "y": 3.2506}, {"x": 4.3717, "y": 3.5133}, {"x": 3.4222, "y": 3.5234}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Waste materials Others", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.4323, "y": 4.0963}, {"x": 3.6351, "y": 4.0963}, {"x": 3.6351, "y": 4.2078}, {"x": 3.4323, "y": 4.2078}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "PKS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.3208, "y": 4.5678}, {"x": 4.0559, "y": 4.5678}, {"x": 4.0559, "y": 4.7047}, {"x": 3.3208, "y": 4.7047}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Import pellets,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.554, "y": 4.7199}, {"x": 3.8199, "y": 4.725}, {"x": 3.8176, "y": 4.8415}, {"x": 3.5517, "y": 4.8364}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "chips", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.279, "y": 4.4309}, {"x": 4.9786, "y": 4.4309}, {"x": 4.9786, "y": 4.8365}, {"x": 4.279, "y": 4.8365}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Domestic logs and wood chips", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.4944, "y": 5.1964}, {"x": 3.123, "y": 5.1964}, {"x": 3.123, "y": 5.4651}, {"x": 2.4944, "y": 5.4651}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Domestic wood pellets", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1604, "y": 5.6628}, {"x": 2.3721, "y": 5.6577}, {"x": 2.3727, "y": 5.7947}, {"x": 1.161, "y": 5.7997}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "PKS = palm kernel shell.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.161, "y": 5.8352}, {"x": 6.6872, "y": 5.8352}, {"x": 6.6872, "y": 6.332}, {"x": 1.161, "y": 6.332}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Note: The share of fuel calculated in terms of biomass fuel weight ('Wood pellets', 'Construction wood waste', 'Waste materials', 'Others': tonne; others: dry tonne). Source: Depicted by IEEJ based on Japan Woody Bioenergy Association (JWBA), 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1661, "y": 6.6717}, {"x": 6.6973, "y": 6.6717}, {"x": 6.6973, "y": 7.4778}, {"x": 1.1661, "y": 7.4778}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "When translating the survey result into energy form, it is estimated that, within biomass power generation using wood biomass ('Unutilised wood', 'General wood', and 'Construction wood waste'), around 30% of input fuel is met by import biomass fuel (Figure 4.6).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.843, "y": 11.0316}, {"x": 4.0103, "y": 11.0316}, {"x": 4.0103, "y": 11.1584}, {"x": 3.843, "y": 11.1584}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "38", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000006.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 2.5664, "y": 0.5547}, {"x": 3.2656, "y": 0.5664}, {"x": 3.2632, "y": 0.711}, {"x": 2.564, "y": 0.6992}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Chuj Country", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.9922, "y": 0.6016}, {"x": 5.082, "y": 0.6056}, {"x": 5.0781, "y": 0.6914}, {"x": 4.9883, "y": 0.6873}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "19", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4174, "y": 7.5701}, {"x": 4.4019, "y": 7.5662}, {"x": 4.4025, "y": 8.0273}, {"x": 1.418, "y": 8.0312}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "FIGURE I.15. On the trail in the Yolcultac (yol k'ultak, \"center of the brushland\") forest, municipio of Nent\u00f3n. May 1965, at the end of the dry season. Photo by the author.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000095.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 2.9798, "y": 0.888}, {"x": 3.0514, "y": 0.888}, {"x": 3.0514, "y": 1.0122}, {"x": 2.9798, "y": 1.0122}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.1981, "y": 1.0169}, {"x": 3.7056, "y": 1.0122}, {"x": 3.707, "y": 1.1554}, {"x": 3.1994, "y": 1.1602}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "-+W", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.8652, "y": 1.184}, {"x": 3.0705, "y": 1.184}, {"x": 3.0705, "y": 1.3225}, {"x": 2.8652, "y": 1.3225}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "0.8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.1851, "y": 1.2222}, {"x": 3.7012, "y": 1.2413}, {"x": 3.6961, "y": 1.3798}, {"x": 3.18, "y": 1.3607}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "-M", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.8604, "y": 1.4753}, {"x": 3.0848, "y": 1.4753}, {"x": 3.0848, "y": 1.6424}, {"x": 2.8604, "y": 1.6424}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "0.6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.3952, "y": 1.5707}, {"x": 3.499, "y": 1.55}, {"x": 3.5242, "y": 1.6758}, {"x": 3.4204, "y": 1.6965}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.8508, "y": 1.776}, {"x": 3.0514, "y": 1.776}, {"x": 3.0514, "y": 1.9479}, {"x": 2.8508, "y": 1.9479}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "0.4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.8556, "y": 2.0816}, {"x": 3.0514, "y": 2.0816}, {"x": 3.0514, "y": 2.2487}, {"x": 2.8556, "y": 2.2487}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "0.2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.961, "y": 2.3954}, {"x": 3.061, "y": 2.3919}, {"x": 3.0657, "y": 2.5304}, {"x": 2.9657, "y": 2.5338}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.4191, "y": 2.6115}, {"x": 3.5051, "y": 2.6068}, {"x": 3.5117, "y": 2.726}, {"x": 3.4257, "y": 2.7308}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0494, "y": 2.6068}, {"x": 4.1306, "y": 2.6068}, {"x": 4.1306, "y": 2.7309}, {"x": 4.0494, "y": 2.7309}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.6702, "y": 2.602}, {"x": 4.761, "y": 2.602}, {"x": 4.761, "y": 2.7357}, {"x": 4.6702, "y": 2.7357}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.3006, "y": 2.602}, {"x": 5.3722, "y": 2.602}, {"x": 5.3722, "y": 2.7405}, {"x": 5.3006, "y": 2.7405}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.443, "y": 2.7309}, {"x": 5.3531, "y": 2.7309}, {"x": 5.3531, "y": 2.9123}, {"x": 3.443, "y": 2.9123}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "4=Worst quartile 1=Best", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.6885, "y": 3.1749}, {"x": 4.2643, "y": 3.1749}, {"x": 4.2643, "y": 3.3134}, {"x": 2.6885, "y": 3.3134}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "(Niederle and Vesterlund 2007)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 3.4661}, {"x": 6.1937, "y": 3.4709}, {"x": 6.1935, "y": 3.6523}, {"x": 0.7687, "y": 3.6476}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "In other words, while women shy away from competition, men are drawn to it.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7593, "y": 3.681}, {"x": 7.736, "y": 3.681}, {"x": 7.736, "y": 5.7865}, {"x": 0.7593, "y": 5.7865}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Turning to Task 4, recall that although this choice is very similar to that of Task 3, Task 4's choice eliminates the prospect of having to subsequently participate in a competition. Thus, only in Task 3 could a gender gap in preference for competition have played a role in the choice of compensation scheme. As the figure below shows, there is no statistically significant gender gap in the choice of compensation scheme in Task 4 based upon perceived ranking in Task 1. A higher percentage of women than men who guessed their Task 1 ranking to be low (i.e., at level \"3\") chose the tournament scheme in Task 4, while the percentages were reversed for those participants who guessed their Task 1 rankings to be high (at levels \"1\" and \"2\"). But because the two lines in the figure remain close together, these differences are not statistically significant (i.e., we should treat the groups' respective choices as being no different from one another).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.9559, "y": 6.0395}, {"x": 3.0228, "y": 6.0395}, {"x": 3.0228, "y": 6.1684}, {"x": 2.9559, "y": 6.1684}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.166, "y": 6.1923}, {"x": 3.6531, "y": 6.1923}, {"x": 3.6531, "y": 6.326}, {"x": 3.166, "y": 6.326}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "-+W", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.8317, "y": 6.3355}, {"x": 3.0562, "y": 6.3355}, {"x": 3.0562, "y": 6.5026}, {"x": 2.8317, "y": 6.5026}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "0.8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.1612, "y": 6.4023}, {"x": 3.634, "y": 6.4023}, {"x": 3.634, "y": 6.5313}, {"x": 3.1612, "y": 6.5313}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "-AM", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.1144, "y": 6.1994}, {"x": 5.2289, "y": 6.2018}, {"x": 5.2241, "y": 6.4287}, {"x": 5.1096, "y": 6.4262}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.827, "y": 6.6602}, {"x": 3.0323, "y": 6.6602}, {"x": 3.0323, "y": 6.7986}, {"x": 2.827, "y": 6.7986}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "0.6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.827, "y": 6.9753}, {"x": 3.0419, "y": 6.9753}, {"x": 3.0419, "y": 7.1185}, {"x": 2.827, "y": 7.1185}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "0.4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.8317, "y": 7.2999}, {"x": 3.0371, "y": 7.2999}, {"x": 3.0371, "y": 7.4384}, {"x": 2.8317, "y": 7.4384}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "0.2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.9463, "y": 7.6293}, {"x": 3.0466, "y": 7.6293}, {"x": 3.0466, "y": 7.7582}, {"x": 2.9463, "y": 7.7582}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.3666, "y": 7.6293}, {"x": 3.4764, "y": 7.6293}, {"x": 3.4764, "y": 7.7582}, {"x": 3.3666, "y": 7.7582}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.3857, "y": 7.8299}, {"x": 3.4716, "y": 7.8299}, {"x": 3.4716, "y": 7.9349}, {"x": 3.3857, "y": 7.9349}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.973, "y": 7.8299}, {"x": 4.059, "y": 7.8299}, {"x": 4.059, "y": 7.9349}, {"x": 3.973, "y": 7.9349}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.2854, "y": 7.954}, {"x": 4.2596, "y": 7.954}, {"x": 4.2596, "y": 8.102}, {"x": 3.2854, "y": 8.102}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "4 = Worst rank", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.5699, "y": 7.8251}, {"x": 4.6559, "y": 7.8251}, {"x": 4.6559, "y": 7.9349}, {"x": 4.5699, "y": 7.9349}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.1764, "y": 7.8251}, {"x": 5.2528, "y": 7.8251}, {"x": 5.2528, "y": 7.9349}, {"x": 5.1764, "y": 7.9349}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.441, "y": 7.9492}, {"x": 5.2958, "y": 7.9492}, {"x": 5.2958, "y": 8.1068}, {"x": 4.441, "y": 8.1068}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "1 = Best rank", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.7124, "y": 8.2977}, {"x": 4.2838, "y": 8.3025}, {"x": 4.2834, "y": 8.4362}, {"x": 2.712, "y": 8.4314}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "(Niederle and Vesterlund 2007)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 8.589}, {"x": 7.7264, "y": 8.589}, {"x": 7.7264, "y": 9.2096}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 9.2096}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "This result from Task 4 cements the authors' finding that women shy away from actual competition slated to occur at a future point in time, not implicit competition based upon their interpretations of how their past performance compares with others.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.5826, "y": 9.5247}, {"x": 7.6643, "y": 9.5247}, {"x": 7.6643, "y": 10.3841}, {"x": 0.5826, "y": 10.3841}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "10. In a related study of the performances of men and women in professional judo fights for bronze medals (of all things!), Cohen-Zada et al. (2017) find that men's performances are significantly affected by what the authors' call \"psychological momentum\", while women's is not. Psychological momentum is defined as the tendency of an outcome (such as a win in an initial judo match) to be followed by a similar outcome (a win in a subsequent match) that is not caused by any strategic incentives of the players. The authors point out that this result is consistent with evidence in the biological literature that", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.4343, "y": 10.4366}, {"x": 7.7073, "y": 10.4366}, {"x": 7.7073, "y": 10.5655}, {"x": 5.4343, "y": 10.5655}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 111", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000019.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5264, "y": 1.9184}, {"x": 4.3276, "y": 1.9184}, {"x": 4.3276, "y": 2.5619}, {"x": 1.5264, "y": 2.5619}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Author's Note to the 2021 Edition", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7716, "y": 3.1774}, {"x": 5.0835, "y": 3.1814}, {"x": 5.0827, "y": 4.0857}, {"x": 0.7707, "y": 4.0817}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "This book is a minimally amended, reprinted version of Sing me that lovely song again (Pandanus Press, 2006). The title was chosen by Ian Templeman, the publisher, because he was more interested in its literary merits than in academic history. For that reason, many of my dates were removed from the original manuscript during editing.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7712, "y": 4.2165}, {"x": 5.0788, "y": 4.2165}, {"x": 5.0788, "y": 6.031}, {"x": 0.7712, "y": 6.031}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "My original intention was to get my parents and the elder of my two brothers to write their own memories of how they experienced their internment in Persia and five years behind barbed wire in Australia during World War II, focusing on individual memory by gender and age. It seemed a remarkable opportunity to make this anecdotal and analytical contribution to social science: they had each lived in the same space with the same people for the same period. It was to be an experiment made in heaven, that is, within an impeccable laboratory. But my parents had been too distressed by their loss of freedom and the congested and pressured atmosphere of life in camp to collaborate.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7672, "y": 6.1669}, {"x": 5.0748, "y": 6.1669}, {"x": 5.0748, "y": 6.8783}, {"x": 0.7672, "y": 6.8783}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Because I wanted to keep the focus on my own memories, and the tone of voice my own, I wrote my own book with only minimal research in various archives in Australia and abroad. I did some research as a check on some important facts.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7672, "y": 7.0182}, {"x": 5.0788, "y": 7.0182}, {"x": 5.0788, "y": 8.4689}, {"x": 0.7672, "y": 8.4689}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Asked to speak about my book at an academic conference at the University of Queensland in 2006, I did some further research to validate my contribution. My speech was then published in National Socialism in Oceania (edited by Emily Turner-Graham and Christine Winter, Peter Lang, 2010) with the title I had originally suggested to Pandanus Press, 'At Home in Exile: Ambiguities of wartime patriotism'. When in 2015 I was asked by Japanese scholars to speak at Cowra, NSW, at a conference on internment, I suggested that my younger brother, Peter, also be invited", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.3785, "y": 8.5888}, {"x": 5.4664, "y": 8.5849}, {"x": 5.4703, "y": 8.6686}, {"x": 5.3823, "y": 8.6726}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "ix", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000016.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 2.0943, "y": 1.3109}, {"x": 4.0297, "y": 1.3189}, {"x": 4.0286, "y": 1.5667}, {"x": 2.0932, "y": 1.5587}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Table of contents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7204, "y": 1.8632}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 1.8696}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 2.1086}, {"x": 0.7204, "y": 2.1086}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Introduction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8407, "y": 1.8696}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 1.8696}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 2.1086}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 2.1086}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7204, "y": 2.1086}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 2.1086}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 2.296}, {"x": 0.7204, "y": 2.2895}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "1. Changing Practices, Shifting Sites", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8407, "y": 2.1086}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 2.1086}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 2.296}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 2.296}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7204, "y": 2.2895}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 2.296}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 2.522}, {"x": 0.7204, "y": 2.522}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "2. 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The Child in the City", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8407, "y": 3.1357}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 3.1357}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 3.3101}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 3.3101}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "35", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7139, "y": 3.3036}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 3.3101}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 3.5426}, {"x": 0.7139, "y": 3.5426}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "6. Toys as Containers, Mediators and Promoters", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8407, "y": 3.3101}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 3.3101}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 3.5426}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 3.5426}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "39", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7139, "y": 3.5426}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 3.5426}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 3.7881}, {"x": 0.7139, "y": 3.7816}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Part II: From Solitary to Networked Geographies of Play", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8407, "y": 3.5426}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 3.5426}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 3.7881}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 3.7881}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "45", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7139, "y": 3.7816}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 3.7881}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 3.9625}, {"x": 0.7139, "y": 3.9625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "7. LEGO Toys: from Wooden Blocks to Plastic Bricks", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8407, "y": 3.7881}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 3.7881}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 3.9625}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 3.9625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "50", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7139, "y": 3.9625}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 3.9625}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 4.1434}, {"x": 0.7139, "y": 4.1434}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "8. Brand Extension & Product Differentiation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8407, "y": 3.9625}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 3.9625}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 4.1434}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 4.1434}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "58", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7139, "y": 4.1434}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 4.1434}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 4.3242}, {"x": 0.7139, "y": 4.3307}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "9. 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Many-to-Many Geographies of Play", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8407, "y": 4.3242}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 4.3242}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 4.5439}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 4.5503}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "66", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7139, "y": 4.5503}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 4.5503}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 4.8087}, {"x": 0.7139, "y": 4.8022}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "Part III: Commercial Geographies of Play", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8407, "y": 4.5503}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 4.5439}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 4.8087}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 4.8087}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "71", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7139, "y": 4.8022}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 4.8087}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 4.9831}, {"x": 0.7139, "y": 4.9831}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "11. 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Unwanted Play Practices in The Sims Online", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8407, "y": 5.164}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 5.164}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 5.3448}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 5.3448}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "94", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7139, "y": 5.3384}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 5.3448}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 5.5709}, {"x": 0.7139, "y": 5.5709}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "14. Commodified Geographies of Play", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8407, "y": 5.3448}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 5.3448}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 5.5709}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 5.5709}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "103", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7139, "y": 5.5709}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 5.5709}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 5.8228}, {"x": 0.7139, "y": 5.8164}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "Part IV: Serious Geographies of Play", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8407, "y": 5.5709}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 5.5709}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 5.8228}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 5.8228}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": {"text": "107", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7139, "y": 5.8164}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 5.8228}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 5.9972}, {"x": 0.7139, "y": 5.9972}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 39, "content": {"text": "15. Participation Tools", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8407, "y": 5.8228}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 5.8228}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 6.0037}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 5.9972}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 40, "content": {"text": "111", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7139, "y": 5.9972}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 5.9972}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 6.1846}, {"x": 0.7139, "y": 6.1846}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 41, "content": {"text": "16. Participation Processes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8407, "y": 5.9972}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 6.0037}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 6.191}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 6.1846}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 42, "content": {"text": "119", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7139, "y": 6.1846}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 6.1846}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 6.3654}, {"x": 0.7139, "y": 6.359}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 43, "content": {"text": "17. Purposeful Play", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8407, "y": 6.1846}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 6.191}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 6.3654}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 6.3654}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 44, "content": {"text": "122", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7139, "y": 6.359}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 6.3654}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 6.598}, {"x": 0.7139, "y": 6.5915}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 45, "content": {"text": "18. Serious Geographies of Play", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8407, "y": 6.3654}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 6.3654}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 6.598}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 6.598}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 46, "content": {"text": "124", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7139, "y": 6.5915}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 6.598}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 6.8305}, {"x": 0.7139, "y": 6.8241}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 47, "content": {"text": "Conclusion", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8407, "y": 6.598}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 6.598}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 6.8305}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 6.8305}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 48, "content": {"text": "127", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7139, "y": 6.8241}, {"x": 4.8407, "y": 6.8305}, {"x": 4.8342, "y": 7.0243}, {"x": 0.7139, "y": 7.0178}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 49, "content": {"text": "19. Changing Geographies of Play", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8407, "y": 6.8305}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 6.8305}, {"x": 5.3961, "y": 7.0308}, {"x": 4.8342, "y": 7.0243}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 50, "content": {"text": "127", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7139, "y": 7.0178}, {"x": 4.8342, "y": 7.0243}, {"x": 4.8342, "y": 7.2568}, {"x": 0.7139, "y": 7.2504}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 51, "content": {"text": "20. Making Do", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8342, "y": 7.0243}, {"x": 5.3961, "y": 7.0308}, {"x": 5.3961, "y": 7.2568}, {"x": 4.8342, "y": 7.2568}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 52, "content": {"text": "132", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7139, "y": 7.2504}, {"x": 4.8342, "y": 7.2568}, {"x": 4.8342, "y": 7.5475}, {"x": 0.7139, "y": 7.5411}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 53, "content": {"text": "Notes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8342, "y": 7.2568}, {"x": 5.3961, "y": 7.2568}, {"x": 5.3961, "y": 7.554}, {"x": 4.8342, "y": 7.5475}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 54, "content": {"text": "137", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7139, "y": 7.5411}, {"x": 4.8342, "y": 7.5475}, {"x": 4.8342, "y": 7.8576}, {"x": 0.7075, "y": 7.8446}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 55, "content": {"text": "Bibliography", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8342, "y": 7.5475}, {"x": 5.3961, "y": 7.554}, {"x": 5.3961, "y": 7.8576}, {"x": 4.8342, "y": 7.8576}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 56, "content": {"text": "139", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7075, "y": 7.8446}, {"x": 4.8342, "y": 7.8576}, {"x": 4.8342, "y": 8.1289}, {"x": 0.7075, "y": 8.1159}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 57, "content": {"text": "Index", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8342, "y": 7.8576}, {"x": 5.3961, "y": 7.8576}, {"x": 5.3961, "y": 8.1289}, {"x": 4.8342, "y": 8.1289}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 58, "content": {"text": "153", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.2836, "y": 8.7247}, {"x": 5.3635, "y": 8.7247}, {"x": 5.3635, "y": 8.8446}, {"x": 5.2836, "y": 8.8446}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 59, "content": {"text": "5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7267, "y": 1.8393}, {"x": 5.4215, "y": 1.8447}, {"x": 5.4145, "y": 8.1361}, {"x": 0.7187, "y": 8.1284}], "category": "table", "id": 60, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Introduction7
1. Changing Practices, Shifting Sites7
2. Core and Periphery of Play12
Part I: New Children, Different Toys21
3. The Child as Consumer26
4. Domesticating Play30
5. The Child in the City35
6. Toys as Containers, Mediators and Promoters39
Part II: From Solitary to Networked Geographies of Play45
7. LEGO Toys: from Wooden Blocks to Plastic Bricks50
8. Brand Extension & Product Differentiation58
9. Bringing the Fans into the Company62
10. Many-to-Many Geographies of Play66
Part III: Commercial Geographies of Play71
11. Toy Towns and Simulated Cities73
12. A 21st-century Dollhouse: The Sims83
13. Unwanted Play Practices in The Sims Online94
14. Commodified Geographies of Play103
Part IV: Serious Geographies of Play107
15. Participation Tools111
16. Participation Processes119
17. Purposeful Play122
18. Serious Geographies of Play124
Conclusion127
19. Changing Geographies of Play127
20. Making Do132
Notes137
Bibliography139
Index153
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As we already know, if Player 2 is the weak type and Player 1 has chosen to invade, then Player 2 should concede. If he is the strong type, then Player 2 should fight. We also know that Player 1 recognizes that she gets a payoff of $0 if she concedes in the first round, regardless of Player 2's type. If she instead chooses to invade in the first round, then Player 1's expected payoff from invading is p - 0.2(1 - p) = 1.2p - 0.2. This is merely the weighted average of Player 1's expected payoff when Player 2 is weak and her expected payoff when Player 2 is strong. Thus, invade is a better strategy than concede for Player 1 when 1.2p - 0.2 > 0 => p > 1/6. In other words, if the probability that Player 1 assigns to Player 2 being weak is greater than one-sixth, Player 1 should choose to invade in the first round. Otherwise, Player 1 should concede and be done with it.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7784, "y": 7.3142}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 7.3142}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 7.6914}, {"x": 0.7784, "y": 7.6914}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "What's the outcome when you and your classmates play this more complicated version of the Escalation Game?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7736, "y": 7.9253}, {"x": 2.8843, "y": 7.9253}, {"x": 2.8843, "y": 8.0829}, {"x": 0.7736, "y": 8.0829}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "BURNING BRIDGES GAME", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 8.2595}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 8.2595}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 8.8754}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 8.8754}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "This game shares starkly similar features with the Escalation Game, but there is no uncertainty (thus, the analytical equilibrium is an SPE rather than a PBE). The SPE has much to say about the relationship between two tenacious competitors. Spaniel (2011) portrays the game as follows:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.5826, "y": 9.5295}, {"x": 7.5975, "y": 9.5295}, {"x": 7.5975, "y": 10.3937}, {"x": 0.5826, "y": 10.3937}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "12. This equilibrium is known as a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium (PBE) rather than an SPE because of the uncertainty that at least one of the players is forced to contend with. Similar to Nash, Thomas Bayes is considered a towering figure. He was an 18th-century English statistician, philosopher, and Presbyterian minister who is known for formulating a specific case of the theorem that bears his name: Bayes Theorem. Bayes never published his theory himself-his notes were edited and published posthumously.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7831, "y": 10.4414}, {"x": 2.0295, "y": 10.4414}, {"x": 2.0295, "y": 10.5655}, {"x": 0.7831, "y": 10.5655}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "132 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.9059, "y": 0.7727}, {"x": 6.6286, "y": 0.7794}, {"x": 6.6257, "y": 4.8911}, {"x": 1.9018, "y": 4.887}], "category": "table", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Nature Player 2 Player 2 weak Strong p (1-p) 1 -1
Concede InvadeInvadeConcede
2 0,1 20, 1
Concede 1, 0Fight -0.2, 0.8
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000195.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9633, "y": 0.9937}, {"x": 2.2618, "y": 0.9987}, {"x": 2.2612, "y": 1.166}, {"x": 0.9626, "y": 1.161}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "A Contributions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9633, "y": 1.3181}, {"x": 3.7618, "y": 1.3181}, {"x": 3.7618, "y": 1.4803}, {"x": 0.9633, "y": 1.4803}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "The contributions of this study are as follows:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1559, "y": 1.6527}, {"x": 4.0458, "y": 1.6527}, {"x": 4.0458, "y": 3.7009}, {"x": 1.1559, "y": 3.7009}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": ". Introduction of the SOLAR 10.7 Billion- Parameter Model: We have released the SO- LAR 10.7B model, which is not only depth- wise scaled but also continually pretrained. The availability of SOLAR 10.7B under the Apache 2.0 license permits commercial us- age, enabling the integration of this advanced model into a diverse range of products and ser- vices. This bridges the gap between academic research and practical applications, fostering wider accessibility and utility in various fields.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1506, "y": 3.8834}, {"x": 4.0444, "y": 3.8781}, {"x": 4.046, "y": 4.7959}, {"x": 1.1522, "y": 4.8012}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": ". Superior Performance Across Diverse Benchmarks: SOLAR 10.7B excels in var- ious benchmarks, outperforming established models like Llama 2 and Mistral 7B in reason- ing, mathematics, and the MMLU framework.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1509, "y": 4.9784}, {"x": 4.0508, "y": 4.9784}, {"x": 4.0508, "y": 6.0887}, {"x": 1.1509, "y": 6.0887}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Advancement in Instruction-Following Ca- pabilities: The introduction of SOLAR 10.7B- Instruct, a variant fine-tuned for enhanced instruction-following abilities, marks a sig- nificant improvement in the model's ability to understand and execute complex instructions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9633, "y": 6.256}, {"x": 4.0356, "y": 6.256}, {"x": 4.0356, "y": 9.0545}, {"x": 0.9633, "y": 9.0545}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Sanghoon Kim, Dahyun Kim, Chanjun Park, Wonsung Lee, Wonho Song, Yunsu Kim and Hyeonwoo Kim contributed equally to this paper. Sanghoon Kim led the Foundation Model part, with Dahyun Kim, Wonho Song, Yunsu Kim, and Hyeonwoo Kim. Chanjun Park led the Data and Evaluation (Data-Centric LLM) part, with Yungi Kim, Jihoo Kim, Changbae Ahn, Seonghoon Yang, Sukyung Lee, and Hyunbyung Park. Wonsung Lee led the Adaptation Modeling part, with Gyoungjin Gim, Hyeonju Lee, and Mikyoung Cha. Hwalsuk Lee performed the role of the overall project opera- tion. Dahyun Kim and Chanjun Park were the main technical writers. All these individuals contributed to the creation of SOLAR 10.7B.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9683, "y": 9.237}, {"x": 3.5442, "y": 9.242}, {"x": 3.5438, "y": 9.4144}, {"x": 0.968, "y": 9.4093}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "B Related Works and Background", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9683, "y": 9.5564}, {"x": 2.9202, "y": 9.5564}, {"x": 2.9202, "y": 9.7237}, {"x": 0.9683, "y": 9.7237}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "B.1 Large Language Models", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9582, "y": 9.82}, {"x": 4.0407, "y": 9.82}, {"x": 4.0407, "y": 10.7376}, {"x": 0.9582, "y": 10.7376}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Following the advent of context-based language models, various studies have revealed a \"scaling law\" (Kaplan et al., 2020; Hernandez et al., 2021; Anil et al., 2023), demonstrating a positive corre- lation between the size of model and training data", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2204, "y": 1.0089}, {"x": 7.3032, "y": 1.0038}, {"x": 7.3063, "y": 2.8644}, {"x": 4.2235, "y": 2.8695}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "and model performance. This has led to the emer- gence of Large Language Models (LLMs). Un- like previous language models, LLMs possess the ability for In-context learning, including Zero-shot learning (Radford et al., 2019) and Few-shot learn- ing (Brown et al., 2020), allowing them to perform new tasks without updating model weights. These capabilities of LLMs, not evident in smaller mod- els, are referred to as Emergent abilities (Wei et al., 2022a).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2384, "y": 3.0824}, {"x": 5.8506, "y": 3.0874}, {"x": 5.8501, "y": 3.2497}, {"x": 4.2379, "y": 3.2446}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "B.2 Mixture of Experts", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2232, "y": 3.3663}, {"x": 7.3108, "y": 3.3663}, {"x": 7.3108, "y": 5.7794}, {"x": 4.2232, "y": 5.7794}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "In the landscape of machine learning architectures, the Mixture of Experts (MoE) models like (Shazeer et al., 2017; Shen et al., 2019; Komatsuzaki et al., 2022) has gained attention for its capability to ad- dress the challenges posed by complex and hetero- geneous data. MoE models offer notable benefits, including enhanced output diversity, allowing for the capture of intricate patterns within the input space. Moreover, their computational efficiency, especially when implemented in a sparse form, has made them valuable in scenarios where resource constraints are a consideration (Shazeer et al., 2017; Komatsuzaki et al., 2022).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2264, "y": 5.8304}, {"x": 7.3057, "y": 5.8251}, {"x": 7.3083, "y": 7.3091}, {"x": 4.2289, "y": 7.3144}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "However, efficient implementation of MoE mod- els poses a considerable challenge, primarily due to the intricacies associated with dynamic routing and load-imbalanced computation (Gale et al., 2023). Existing hardware and software for deep learning, such as TPUs and XLA compilers, often demand static knowledge of tensor shapes, making MoE implementation on TPU challenging.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2232, "y": 7.351}, {"x": 7.3057, "y": 7.351}, {"x": 7.3057, "y": 10.3371}, {"x": 4.2232, "y": 10.3371}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "While GPU implementation offers more flexi- bility, sparse computation compatibility becomes a hurdle. Striking the right balance between fix- ing the size of each expert to facilitate efficient computation and maintaining model quality creates a tradeoff between information preservation and hardware efficiency. This tradeoff, in turn, necessi- tates careful consideration during hyperparameter tuning, adding a layer of complexity to the imple- mentation of MoE models, potentially offsetting their advantages. Given the formidable challenges in MoE model implementation, it becomes almost inevitable for researchers and practitioners to re- sort to specialized tools and frameworks, such as Tutel (Hwang et al., 2023) or Megablocks (Gale et al., 2023).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2435, "y": 10.3827}, {"x": 7.3108, "y": 10.3827}, {"x": 7.3108, "y": 10.7275}, {"x": 4.2435, "y": 10.7275}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Departing from the horizontal expansion char- acteristic of MoE models, the DUS method intro-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000189.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2923, "y": 0.9828}, {"x": 1.8687, "y": 0.9828}, {"x": 1.8687, "y": 1.1461}, {"x": 1.2923, "y": 1.1461}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Model", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.8687, "y": 0.9828}, {"x": 2.4684, "y": 0.9828}, {"x": 2.4684, "y": 1.1461}, {"x": 1.8687, "y": 1.1461}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Alpaca-GPT4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.4684, "y": 0.9828}, {"x": 2.9459, "y": 0.9828}, {"x": 2.9459, "y": 1.1461}, {"x": 2.4684, "y": 1.1461}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "OpenOrca", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.9459, "y": 0.9828}, {"x": 3.8018, "y": 0.9828}, {"x": 3.8018, "y": 1.1461}, {"x": 2.9459, "y": 1.1461}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Synth. 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4.0963}, {"x": 6.4793, "y": 4.2737}, {"x": 6.0129, "y": 4.2737}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 114, "content": {"text": "GSM8K", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7643, "y": 4.2737}, {"x": 2.2257, "y": 4.2737}, {"x": 2.2257, "y": 4.4208}, {"x": 1.7643, "y": 4.4208}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 115, "content": {"text": "DPO v2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.2257, "y": 4.2737}, {"x": 3.0115, "y": 4.2737}, {"x": 3.0115, "y": 4.4208}, {"x": 2.2257, "y": 4.4208}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 116, "content": {"text": "SFT v3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.0115, "y": 4.2737}, {"x": 3.5185, "y": 4.2737}, {"x": 3.5185, "y": 4.4208}, {"x": 3.0115, "y": 4.4208}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 117, "content": {"text": "73.42", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.5185, "y": 4.2737}, {"x": 3.8632, "y": 4.2737}, {"x": 3.8632, "y": 4.4208}, {"x": 3.5185, "y": 4.4208}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 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4.2737}, {"x": 6.4793, "y": 4.2737}, {"x": 6.4793, "y": 4.4208}, {"x": 6.0129, "y": 4.4208}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 123, "content": {"text": "60.27", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7643, "y": 4.4208}, {"x": 2.2257, "y": 4.4208}, {"x": 2.2257, "y": 4.5779}, {"x": 1.7643, "y": 4.5779}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 124, "content": {"text": "DPO v3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.2257, "y": 4.4208}, {"x": 3.0115, "y": 4.4208}, {"x": 3.0115, "y": 4.5779}, {"x": 2.2257, "y": 4.5779}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 125, "content": {"text": "SFT v3 + v4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.0115, "y": 4.4208}, {"x": 3.5185, "y": 4.4208}, {"x": 3.5236, "y": 4.5779}, {"x": 3.0115, "y": 4.5779}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 126, "content": {"text": "73.58", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.5185, "y": 4.4208}, {"x": 3.8632, "y": 4.4208}, {"x": 3.8632, "y": 4.5779}, {"x": 3.5236, "y": 4.5779}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 127, "content": {"text": "71.33", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8632, "y": 4.4208}, {"x": 4.4057, "y": 4.4208}, {"x": 4.4057, "y": 4.5779}, {"x": 3.8632, "y": 4.5779}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 128, "content": {"text": "88.08", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.4057, "y": 4.4208}, {"x": 4.8316, "y": 4.4208}, {"x": 4.8316, "y": 4.5779}, {"x": 4.4057, "y": 4.5779}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 129, "content": {"text": "65.39", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8316, "y": 4.4208}, {"x": 5.4197, "y": 4.4208}, {"x": 5.4197, "y": 4.5779}, {"x": 4.8316, "y": 4.5779}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 130, "content": {"text": "72.45", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.4197, "y": 4.4208}, {"x": 6.0129, "y": 4.4208}, {"x": 6.0129, "y": 4.5779}, {"x": 5.4197, "y": 4.5779}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 131, "content": {"text": "81.93", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.0129, "y": 4.4208}, {"x": 6.4793, "y": 4.4208}, {"x": 6.4793, "y": 4.5779}, {"x": 6.0129, "y": 4.5779}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 132, "content": {"text": "62.32", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9633, "y": 4.7199}, {"x": 7.2905, "y": 4.7199}, {"x": 7.2905, "y": 5.2066}, {"x": 0.9633, "y": 5.2066}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 133, "content": {"text": "Table 5: Ablation studies on the different SFT base models used during the direct preference optimization (DPO) stage. Ultrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets are used. We name ablated models with the 'DPO' prefix to indicate the alignment tuning stage. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9567, "y": 5.5209}, {"x": 4.0379, "y": 5.5158}, {"x": 4.041, "y": 7.3815}, {"x": 0.9598, "y": 7.3866}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 134, "content": {"text": "When we add the OpenOrca dataset to train the second ablated model, 'SFT v2', the resulting H6 score is 69.21, which is little change from 69.15 of 'SFT v1'. However, the task scores vary more as 'SFT v2' gets a substantially higher GSM8K score of 57.32 compared to 52.24 of 'SFT v1' but also gets noticeably lower scores across the board for ARC, HellaSwag, and TruthfulQA. This seems to indicate that using OpenOrca results in a model that behaves differently from using only Alpaca-GPT4.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9633, "y": 7.4829}, {"x": 4.0508, "y": 7.4829}, {"x": 4.0508, "y": 9.3434}, {"x": 0.9633, "y": 9.3434}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 135, "content": {"text": "Second, we investigate whether Synth. Math- Instruct dataset is beneficial. For 'SFT v3', we add the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset, which boosts GSM8K scores to 64.14 and achieves comparable scores for the other tasks. Interestingly, when we add the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset to 'SFT v1' to train 'SFT v4', we get our highest H6 score of 70.88 with higher scores than 'SFT v3' for all tasks. From the above, we can see that adding the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset is helpful.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9633, "y": 9.4448}, {"x": 4.0508, "y": 9.4448}, {"x": 4.0508, "y": 10.7376}, {"x": 0.9633, "y": 10.7376}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 136, "content": {"text": "Lastly, we see whether merging models trained with and without OpenOrca can boost performance. In the first analysis, we saw that using OpenOrca re- sulted in a model that behaved differently from the model that was trained without OpenOrca. Build- ing on this intuition, we merge 'SFT v3' and 'SFT v4' as they are the best-performing models with", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2232, "y": 5.5209}, {"x": 7.3006, "y": 5.5209}, {"x": 7.3006, "y": 6.8187}, {"x": 4.2232, "y": 6.8187}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 137, "content": {"text": "and without OpenOrca. To our surprise, the result- ing merged model 'SFT v3+v4' retains the high scores for non-GSM8K tasks from 'SFT v4' but also achieves a higher GSM8K score than 'SFT v3' or 'SFT v4'. Thus, we see that merging models that specialize in different tasks is a promising way to obtain a model that performs well generally.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2232, "y": 6.9759}, {"x": 5.8973, "y": 6.986}, {"x": 5.8963, "y": 7.1533}, {"x": 4.2222, "y": 7.1432}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 138, "content": {"text": "4.3.2 Alignment Tuning", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.224, "y": 7.2193}, {"x": 7.3014, "y": 7.2091}, {"x": 7.3057, "y": 8.5069}, {"x": 4.2283, "y": 8.5171}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 139, "content": {"text": "As we utilize sDPO for practical alignment tun- ing, there are additional aspects to ablate such as the SFT base models used. Thus, we present ab- lations for the different training datasets used for training, the different SFT base models to initialize the sDPO training, and finally, the model merging strategy to obtain the final alignment-tuned model.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2232, "y": 8.6793}, {"x": 7.3057, "y": 8.6793}, {"x": 7.3057, "y": 9.7794}, {"x": 4.2232, "y": 9.7794}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 140, "content": {"text": "Ablation on the training datasets. We ablate on the different alignment datasets used during DPO in Tab. 4. We use 'SFT v3' as the SFT base model for DPO. 'DPO vl' only uses the Ultrafeedback Clean dataset while 'DPO v2' also used the Synth. Math-Alignment dataset.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2232, "y": 9.8149}, {"x": 7.3057, "y": 9.8149}, {"x": 7.3057, "y": 10.7325}, {"x": 4.2232, "y": 10.7325}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 141, "content": {"text": "First, we test how Ultrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment impacts model perfor- mance. For 'DPO vl', it achieves 73.06 in H6, which is a substantial boost from the SFT base model score of 70.03. However, we note that while", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3132, "y": 0.968}, {"x": 6.9483, "y": 0.9745}, {"x": 6.9479, "y": 1.7651}, {"x": 1.3123, "y": 1.7588}], "category": "table", "id": 142, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ModelAlpaca-GPT4OpenOrcaSynth. Math-InstructH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
SFT v1O :unselected::selected: \u00d7:selected: \u271769.1567.6686.0365.8860.1282.9552.24
SFT v2:unselected: O0\n:unselected::selected: \u271769.2165.3685.3965.9358.4782.7957.32
SFT v3O :unselected::unselected:O :unselected:70.0365.8785.5565.3157.9381.3764.14
SFT v4:unselected: 00:selected:\nOXO:unselected: O70.8867.3285.8765.8758.9782.4864.75
SFT v3 + v4:unselected::unselected::unselected: O71.1167.3285.9665.9558.8082.0866.57
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3056, "y": 2.553}, {"x": 6.9399, "y": 2.5588}, {"x": 6.9422, "y": 3.1331}, {"x": 1.3072, "y": 3.1274}], "category": "table", "id": 143, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ModelAlpaca-GPT4OpenOrcaSynth. Math-InstructH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
SFT v1O :unselected::selected: \u00d7:selected: \u271769.1567.6686.0365.8860.1282.9552.24
SFT v2:unselected: O0\n:unselected::selected: \u271769.2165.3685.3965.9358.4782.7957.32
SFT v3O :unselected::unselected:O :unselected:70.0365.8785.5565.3157.9381.3764.14
SFT v4:unselected: 00:selected:\nOXO:unselected: O70.8867.3285.8765.8758.9782.4864.75
SFT v3 + v4:unselected::unselected::unselected: O71.1167.3285.9665.9558.8082.0866.57
ModelUltrafeedback CleanSynth. Math-AlignmentH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
DPO v1O\n:unselected:X\n:selected:73.0671.4288.4966.1472.0481.4558.83
DPO v2O\n:unselected:0\nx00\n:unselected:73.4271.5088.2865.9771.7182.7960.27
DPO v1 + v2O\n:unselected::unselected:73.2171.3388.3665.9272.6582.7958.23
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.773, "y": 4.0788}, {"x": 6.4938, "y": 4.0805}, {"x": 6.4939, "y": 4.5908}, {"x": 1.7724, "y": 4.589}], "category": "table", "id": 144, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ModelAlpaca-GPT4OpenOrcaSynth. Math-InstructH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
SFT v1O :unselected::selected: \u00d7:selected: \u271769.1567.6686.0365.8860.1282.9552.24
SFT v2:unselected: O0\n:unselected::selected: \u271769.2165.3685.3965.9358.4782.7957.32
SFT v3O :unselected::unselected:O :unselected:70.0365.8785.5565.3157.9381.3764.14
SFT v4:unselected: 00:selected:\nOXO:unselected: O70.8867.3285.8765.8758.9782.4864.75
SFT v3 + v4:unselected::unselected::unselected: O71.1167.3285.9665.9558.8082.0866.57
ModelUltrafeedback CleanSynth. Math-AlignmentH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
DPO v1O\n:unselected:X\n:selected:73.0671.4288.4966.1472.0481.4558.83
DPO v2O\n:unselected:0\nx00\n:unselected:73.4271.5088.2865.9771.7182.7960.27
DPO v1 + v2O\n:unselected::unselected:73.2171.3388.3665.9272.6582.7958.23
ModelBase SFT ModelH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
DPO v2SFT v373.4271.5088.2865.9771.7182.7960.27
DPO v3SFT v3 + v473.5871.3388.0865.3972.4581.9362.32
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000003.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6944, "y": 0.4938}, {"x": 3.2232, "y": 0.4938}, {"x": 3.2232, "y": 0.6183}, {"x": 0.6944, "y": 0.6183}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "INTERPRETING SIMULTANEITY JUDGEMENTS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.0456, "y": 0.4978}, {"x": 5.2342, "y": 0.4978}, {"x": 5.2342, "y": 0.6022}, {"x": 5.0456, "y": 0.6022}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "321", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6904, "y": 0.8431}, {"x": 5.2503, "y": 0.8431}, {"x": 5.2503, "y": 1.9351}, {"x": 0.6904, "y": 1.9351}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "model (discussed for a binary fit in Section 6.2). Because there are three pos- sible choices, the appropriate data model (applied at each SOA) is no longer the binomial distribution, but rather the multinomial distribution, which can provide an exact likelihood of obtaining any particular combination of prob- abilities that divide N choices into three bins when the actual probabilities of selecting each bin are known (or rather, for fitting purposes, predicted).22", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6985, "y": 2.3434}, {"x": 2.758, "y": 2.3486}, {"x": 2.7576, "y": 2.4932}, {"x": 0.6981, "y": 2.488}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "11 Dual-Presentation SJ Data", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6864, "y": 2.714}, {"x": 5.2422, "y": 2.714}, {"x": 5.2422, "y": 5.1188}, {"x": 0.6864, "y": 5.1188}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Several authors have investigated the use of a dual-presentation sj task in which two bimodal stimuli are presented (one after another) and compared, for example by reporting which one was (most) synchronous (Allan & Kristof- ferson, 1974; Powers, Hillock, & Wallace, 2009; Roseboom, Nishida, Fujisaki, & Arnold, 2011). This is a form of what would, in classical signal detection theory, be described as a two-alternative forced choice (specifically the two-interval forced choice variant). However, that designation is ambiguous (about wheth- er there are two presentations or two response categories) and has been ap- plied to cases where either or both of the possible qualifying conditions are met, which is probably why the dual-presentation sj task has ended up being given a variety of names (e.g., temporal 2AFC; forced-choice successiveness discrimination; 2IFC SJ, where the classic sj is referred to as 2AFC sj in the same paper). I will label it the 2xSJ.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6864, "y": 5.1429}, {"x": 5.2463, "y": 5.1429}, {"x": 5.2463, "y": 6.9897}, {"x": 0.6864, "y": 6.9897}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "The simplest form of the 2xSJ would have a synchronous standard on every trial along with a non-synchronous test pair. Based on the kind of observer models discussed in this chapter, the resulting psychometric function (plotting the probability of judging the standard more synchronous than the test against the test's SOA) is U-shaped and centred over the PSS. This approach represents a reasonable way to derive estimates of inverse precision (i.e., At) but a fairly poor way to estimate the Pss, because having a synchronous standard on every trial provides feedback about objective synchrony. A simple solution is to also include a range of standards as well as a range of tests, in a roving standard design.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6944, "y": 7.0138}, {"x": 5.2382, "y": 7.0138}, {"x": 5.2382, "y": 7.9211}, {"x": 0.6944, "y": 7.9211}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "The observer model can be fitted to data even when both standard and test are non-zero, as described in detail by Yarrow et al. (2016; see also Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez & Peli, 2014). To present all of the data, it is necessary to plot a function for each standard SOA (using several standard plots, or a single 3D plot), which is somewhat cumbersome, but not a major obstacle to using the task. 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(i.e. the body).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.7112, "y": 2.9362}, {"x": 6.6949, "y": 2.9362}, {"x": 6.6949, "y": 3.8003}, {"x": 5.7112, "y": 3.8003}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "making Rm se situated I know prod 8- subjectivit\u00e9es to Remain. distinct.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.7256, "y": 4.0009}, {"x": 6.375, "y": 4.0009}, {"x": 6.375, "y": 4.2109}, {"x": 5.7256, "y": 4.2109}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "Lavidaes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.8545, "y": 4.2205}, {"x": 6.6854, "y": 4.2205}, {"x": 6.6854, "y": 4.569}, {"x": 5.8545, "y": 4.569}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "the creator peppen?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7305, "y": 4.9175}, {"x": 5.6492, "y": 4.9128}, {"x": 5.6493, "y": 5.0799}, {"x": 0.7306, "y": 5.0846}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "An example of a conceptual map created by one of our interviewees", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7306, "y": 5.8915}, {"x": 7.7598, "y": 5.8915}, {"x": 7.7598, "y": 7.9922}, {"x": 0.7306, "y": 7.9922}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "It seemed at times that the remarkable freedom of writing freeform allowed these languages to form, but it was difficult, if not impossible, to replicate that freedom on available digital tools. Printing out articles or chapters of interest and annotating them with pen or pencil is still seen as the way to go by many. Having physical copies on hand also means easier management as this benefits from the very natural use of space for arranging things, e.g .: \"The pile on the right contains my primary sources; on the left are things I've flagged as potentially interesting and to revisit.\" Often mentioned was the use of digital editions for quick consultation and search, but print versions for in-depth reading and annotation. Most collect important works in print.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7402, "y": 8.207}, {"x": 7.7598, "y": 8.207}, {"x": 7.7598, "y": 9.582}, {"x": 0.7402, "y": 9.582}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "While some note taking did take place alongside annotation, each of our researchers would reach a point where they needed to take the texts they had read and turn the notes, quotes, and other takeaways into something they could then begin to incorporate into their writing. Again, the approaches to this varied widely, and depended on the tools used initially. Some would take handwritten annotations and highlighting and type them into a word processor. Others would export annotations from tools in whatever", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7306, "y": 10.2934}, {"x": 2.7171, "y": 10.2934}, {"x": 2.7171, "y": 10.4319}, {"x": 0.7306, "y": 10.4319}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "32 | Considering Scholarly Readers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000052.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4258, "y": 0.5039}, {"x": 5.0508, "y": 0.5039}, {"x": 5.0508, "y": 0.6484}, {"x": 1.4258, "y": 0.6484}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.2344, "y": 0.5117}, {"x": 5.418, "y": 0.5117}, {"x": 5.418, "y": 0.6406}, {"x": 5.2344, "y": 0.6406}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "15", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8516, "y": 0.9844}, {"x": 5.3867, "y": 0.9844}, {"x": 5.3867, "y": 4.2539}, {"x": 0.8516, "y": 4.2539}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "the way for women to enter the House of Representatives. In 2019, 20 women from party lists have contributed to the increase in female legislators. However, the Party-List Law's implementation has been controversial owing to the entry of political dynasties and traditional politicians. The ideal that it serve as the gateway to political power of disadvantaged groups has been lost due to vague provisions in the law and subsequent Supreme Court decisions. The party list system has also been \"co-opted by the traditional political system or have become the training ground for future influence-peddling traditional politicians\" (Tigno 2019). In other words, it has deviated from the idea of proportional representation practiced in other countries. Dynastic families took advantage of the system's flaws and used them to field relatives, including some women, to expand their political power. 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REGIONS2007-20102010-20132016-2019
National Capital Region985
Cordillera Autonomous Region121
I - Ilocos Region154
II - Cagayan Valley135
III - Central Luzon8911
IVA - CALABARZON4211
IVB - MIMAROPA111
V - Bicol Region204
VI - Western Visayas233
VII - Central Visayas223
VIII - Eastern Visayas323
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See table below", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0171, "y": 9.52}, {"x": 5.3531, "y": 9.52}, {"x": 5.3531, "y": 9.7014}, {"x": 1.0171, "y": 9.7014}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "Saccharometer DI Water Glucose Solution Yeast Suspension", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0362, "y": 9.7587}, {"x": 3.2567, "y": 9.7587}, {"x": 3.2567, "y": 9.9067}, {"x": 1.0362, "y": 9.9067}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "1 16 ml 12 ml", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0924, "y": 9.7587}, {"x": 4.4219, "y": 9.7587}, {"x": 4.4219, "y": 9.9019}, {"x": 4.0924, "y": 9.9019}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": {"text": "0 ml", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.193, "y": 10.704}, {"x": 4.3458, "y": 10.6992}, {"x": 4.3503, "y": 10.8424}, {"x": 4.1975, "y": 10.8472}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 39, "content": {"text": "58", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9754, "y": 7.4975}, {"x": 7.3615, "y": 7.4966}, {"x": 7.3677, "y": 8.7188}, {"x": 0.9801, "y": 8.7199}], "category": "table", "id": 40, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
SaccharometerDI WaterGlucose SolutionYeast Suspension
1*8 ml*6 ml0 ml
2*12 ml0 ml*2 ml
3*6 ml*6 ml*2 ml
4*2 ml*6 ml*6 ml
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"paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "-12.0%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.2409, "y": 4.0963}, {"x": 5.7087, "y": 4.0912}, {"x": 5.71, "y": 4.2129}, {"x": 5.2422, "y": 4.218}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "-10.7%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.8208, "y": 4.3071}, {"x": 2.9, "y": 4.3903}, {"x": 2.4944, "y": 4.7756}, {"x": 2.4152, "y": 4.6924}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "Cambodia", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.3339, "y": 4.296}, {"x": 3.4171, "y": 4.3802}, {"x": 3.0166, "y": 4.7756}, {"x": 2.9334, "y": 4.6915}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "Indonesia", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8588, "y": 4.2934}, {"x": 3.9393, "y": 4.3751}, {"x": 3.6148, "y": 4.6945}, {"x": 3.5343, "y": 4.6128}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "Lao PDR", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.3683, "y": 4.3061}, {"x": 4.4513, "y": 4.3903}, {"x": 4.1066, "y": 4.73}, {"x": 4.0235, "y": 4.6458}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "Malaysia", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.9132, "y": 4.2935}, {"x": 4.9938, "y": 4.3751}, {"x": 4.5979, "y": 4.766}, {"x": 4.5173, "y": 4.6844}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "Myanmar", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.6855, "y": 4.0296}, {"x": 6.0354, "y": 4.3876}, {"x": 5.322, "y": 5.0844}, {"x": 4.9721, "y": 4.7264}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "Philippines Singapore", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.4458, "y": 4.3022}, {"x": 6.5351, "y": 4.3954}, {"x": 6.1852, "y": 4.73}, {"x": 6.096, "y": 4.6368}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "Thailand", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.9868, "y": 4.2884}, {"x": 7.0725, "y": 4.3751}, {"x": 6.6872, "y": 4.7554}, {"x": 6.6015, "y": 4.6686}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "Viet Nam", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.3034, "y": 4.2973}, {"x": 2.3879, "y": 4.3853}, {"x": 1.6224, "y": 5.1204}, {"x": 1.5378, "y": 5.0324}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "Brunei Darussalam", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5565, "y": 5.2116}, {"x": 3.3917, "y": 5.2116}, {"x": 3.3917, "y": 5.3739}, {"x": 1.5565, "y": 5.3739}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "Source: World Bank (2022a)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.551, "y": 5.5513}, {"x": 7.2954, "y": 5.5462}, {"x": 7.297, "y": 7.3374}, {"x": 1.5526, "y": 7.3425}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "It is also noteworthy that in two of these major destination countries - Thailand and Malaysia - the most-affected sectors were also ones heavily reliant on migrant workers. In Thailand, affected sectors include manufacturing, construction, agriculture, fishing, seafood processing, domestic work, and hospitality (United Nations Thematic Working Group, 2019; ILO, 2020). In Malaysia, migrant workers were, in 2019, especially prevalent in manufacturing (705,000), construction (435,000), services (306,000), plantation (282,000), agriculture (160,000), and domestic work (127,000) (Wahab, 2020a; Theng, Noor and Khalidi, 2020).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5514, "y": 7.5031}, {"x": 7.2955, "y": 7.5031}, {"x": 7.2955, "y": 10.0937}, {"x": 1.5514, "y": 10.0937}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "The construction sector in Malaysia crashed in the second quarter of 2020 and did not experience growth again until the second quarter of 2021, before suffering negative growth again the next quarter after a COVID-19 resurgence. Accommodation and dining establishments which includes many tourism-related jobs, fared even worse. Furthermore, wholesale trade and related activities in Malaysia have not recovered to pre-pandemic levels, even after growing in the first two quarters of 2021. In Thailand, the construction sector avoided a massive output decline similar to Malaysia's, although it did decline in the first quarter of 2020. However, manufacturing, accommodation, and wholesale trade in Thailand all suffered large contractions due to travel restrictions, supply chain disruptions, and weak aggregate demand, and, despite some recovery in the second quarter of 2021, remain well below pre- pandemic levels (Table 1.1).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1661, "y": 10.4537}, {"x": 7.2854, "y": 10.4537}, {"x": 7.2854, "y": 10.7325}, {"x": 1.1661, "y": 10.7325}], "category": "footnote", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "3 The Philippine economy was hit hardest because of the length and severity of the movement restrictions imposed in the country (Olanday and Rigby, 2020).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1509, "y": 11.1026}, {"x": 3.5033, "y": 11.1026}, {"x": 3.5033, "y": 11.3003}, {"x": 1.1509, "y": 11.3003}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 7.6707, "y": 11.1128}, {"x": 7.8735, "y": 11.1128}, {"x": 7.8735, "y": 11.2699}, {"x": 7.6707, "y": 11.2699}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "13", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000191.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.943, "y": 0.9937}, {"x": 2.0381, "y": 0.9937}, {"x": 2.0381, "y": 1.166}, {"x": 0.943, "y": 1.166}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "5 Conclusion", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9531, "y": 1.308}, {"x": 4.0407, "y": 1.308}, {"x": 4.0407, "y": 3.1838}, {"x": 0.9531, "y": 3.1838}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "We introduce SOLAR 10.7B and its fine-tuned vari- ant SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, which are depth up- scaled (DUS) models with 10.7 billion parameters4. They show superior performance over models like Llama 2, Mistral 7B, and Mixtral-7B-Instruct in es- sential NLP tasks while maintaining computational efficiency. Thus, DUS is effective in scaling-up highly performant LLMs from smaller ones. With more exploration, DUS could be further improved, paving a new path to efficiently scaling LLMs.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9582, "y": 3.3409}, {"x": 2.3575, "y": 3.3409}, {"x": 2.3575, "y": 3.5184}, {"x": 0.9582, "y": 3.5184}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Acknowledgements", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9582, "y": 3.6552}, {"x": 4.0458, "y": 3.6552}, {"x": 4.0458, "y": 6.4436}, {"x": 0.9582, "y": 6.4436}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "We would like to extend our gratitude to the teams at Hugging Face, particularly Cl\u00e9mentine Four- rier, Lewis Tunstall, Omar Sanseviero, and Philipp Schmid. Our appreciation also extends to the teams at AWS, notably Rahul Sharma, Jeongwon Yoon, Nieves Garcia, Ritesh Vajaria, Gal Oshri, Jay Kwon, Brandon Lee and Effie Bae. We are grateful to the teams at Korea Telecom (KT), especially Jin Hyoung Lee, Jungsuk Park, Sungjoon Park, Hong- rae Wang, Kyeongsoo Jung, and Sunyoong Yoon, whose significant support has been instrumental in ensuring the broad compatibility of our model. Ad- ditionally, we would like to extend our thanks to the open community for their invaluable contributions and feedback.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9633, "y": 6.6261}, {"x": 1.8049, "y": 6.6261}, {"x": 1.8049, "y": 6.7832}, {"x": 0.9633, "y": 6.7832}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Limitations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9633, "y": 6.9353}, {"x": 4.0458, "y": 6.9353}, {"x": 4.0458, "y": 9.3586}, {"x": 0.9633, "y": 9.3586}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Our study on the Depth Up-Scaling (DUS) has im- portant limitations and considerations. One key limitation is the need for more thorough explo- rations of hyperparameters used in the DUS ap- proach. Namely, we removed m = 8 layers from both ends of our base model, primarily due to hard- ware limitations. However, we have not yet deter- mined if this value is optimal for enhancing perfor- mance. The extended time and cost of continued pretraining made it challenging to conduct more comprehensive experiments, which we aim to ad- dress in future work through various comparative analyses.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9633, "y": 9.3941}, {"x": 4.0407, "y": 9.3941}, {"x": 4.0407, "y": 10.3067}, {"x": 0.9633, "y": 10.3067}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "In terms of the model's broader implications, there are several points to note. The model's sig- nificant computational demands for training and inference might limit its use, especially for those with restricted computational resources. Addition-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9723, "y": 10.434}, {"x": 4.0507, "y": 10.4228}, {"x": 4.0518, "y": 10.7213}, {"x": 0.9734, "y": 10.7325}], "category": "footnote", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "4Preprint version is available on https://arxiv. org/abs/2312.15166.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2232, "y": 1.0038}, {"x": 7.3108, "y": 1.0038}, {"x": 7.3108, "y": 2.3016}, {"x": 4.2232, "y": 2.3016}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "ally, like all machine learning models, it is vulnera- ble to biases in its training data, which could lead to skewed outcomes in certain situations. Further- more, the substantial energy consumption required for training and operating the model raises environ- mental concerns, which are critical in the pursuit of sustainable AI development.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2283, "y": 2.3726}, {"x": 7.3057, "y": 2.3726}, {"x": 7.3057, "y": 4.2332}, {"x": 4.2283, "y": 4.2332}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Lastly, while the fine-tuned variant of the model shows improved performance in following instruc- tions, it still requires task-specific fine-tuning for optimal performance in specialized applications. This fine-tuning process can be resource-intensive and not always effective. Recognizing and address- ing these limitations is essential for a comprehen- sive understanding of the proposed Large Language Model's capabilities and for guiding future research and development in the field of LLMs.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2333, "y": 4.5475}, {"x": 5.4603, "y": 4.5526}, {"x": 5.4596, "y": 4.7148}, {"x": 4.2327, "y": 4.7098}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Ethics Statement", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2232, "y": 4.9734}, {"x": 7.3057, "y": 4.9734}, {"x": 7.3057, "y": 6.6413}, {"x": 4.2232, "y": 6.6413}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "We conscientiously address and emphasize the commitment of SOLAR 10.7B in maintaining the highest ethical standards. First, we highlight that SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct has shown low levels of data contamination in our evaluations, a testament to our rigorous data handling and processing pro- tocols. This aspect is crucial, as it underpins the reliability and integrity of the results obtained from SOLAR.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2252, "y": 6.712}, {"x": 7.311, "y": 6.7173}, {"x": 7.3088, "y": 8.0154}, {"x": 4.2229, "y": 8.0101}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Furthermore, during the course of our experi- ments, we ensured that all setups and methodolo- gies employed steer clear of any potential ethical pitfalls. This preemptive consideration and avoid- ance of ethically questionable practices underscore our dedication to conducting research that is not only innovative but also responsible.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2232, "y": 8.076}, {"x": 7.3006, "y": 8.076}, {"x": 7.3006, "y": 9.5564}, {"x": 4.2232, "y": 9.5564}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Additionally, we ensure that SOLAR complies with general ethical considerations in all aspects of its operation. This includes adherence to pri- vacy norms, respect for intellectual property, and ensuring the absence of bias in our algorithms. Our commitment to these ethical principles is unwaver- ing, and we believe it significantly contributes to the credibility and societal acceptance of SOLAR.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2208, "y": 9.6335}, {"x": 7.2992, "y": 9.6123}, {"x": 7.3055, "y": 10.5289}, {"x": 4.2271, "y": 10.5501}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "In conclusion, the ethical framework within which SOLAR operates is robust and comprehen- sive, ensuring that our advancements in this field are not only scientifically sound but also ethically responsible.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000022.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9311, "y": 0.7873}, {"x": 1.7063, "y": 0.7873}, {"x": 1.7063, "y": 0.9032}, {"x": 0.9311, "y": 0.9032}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "At Home in Exile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9262, "y": 1.0871}, {"x": 5.2385, "y": 1.0831}, {"x": 5.2402, "y": 2.8965}, {"x": 0.9279, "y": 2.9005}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "To prepare myself for the journey from my home in Canberra, Australia, I visited the National Library's vast collection of maps. But I could not find Steinkirche, even in old German records of Silesia. The Polish- German Gazeteer, which has a remarkable list of old German place-names in relation to their Polish replacements, and vice versa, gave the names for many places, including M\u00e4rzdorf where my mother had worked as a young woman, on an estate near the Oder River. But there was nothing for Steinkirche. The people assembling the directory must have thought it simply the description of a stone church, as the name suggests, rather than the actual name for the place where the church stood.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9297, "y": 3.0335}, {"x": 5.2387, "y": 3.0295}, {"x": 5.24, "y": 4.4883}, {"x": 0.9311, "y": 4.4923}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Obviously it was not an important village. No one in our extended family could give me the Polish names for rural Steinkirche or of Neumarkt Platz in the Silesian metropolis. Had Steinkirche been north, east, west or south of Breslau? In my mind's eye I assumed it to be east-towards Posen- mistakenly, so I was to discover. In answer to one of my many questions, I recalled that my mother had once told me that it had taken her about an hour by train to travel to the school she attended briefly in Breslau. It was an important clue.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9299, "y": 4.6281}, {"x": 5.2498, "y": 4.6241}, {"x": 5.2512, "y": 6.0665}, {"x": 0.9312, "y": 6.0705}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "I then rang my cousin, Peter Erlanger, but neither he nor his older sister could help me. Peter advised me to try to find Steinkirche using my computer's Internet search engine. It was enlightened advice, and was to provide me with a key clue. The website yielded a huge list of entries, mostly concerning stone churches in present-day Germany. But there was also a reference to a 1928 visit by a church official inspecting a number of communities overseen by the Lutheran Church at Strehlen. I had often heard my mother and her sister refer to acquaintances in Strehlen.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9244, "y": 6.2028}, {"x": 5.2437, "y": 6.2068}, {"x": 5.2421, "y": 7.8535}, {"x": 0.9229, "y": 7.8495}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "The article about Steinkirche described it as having a 1264 Polish Catholic foundation, on a site where pagan sacrifices had taken place. This seemed to have the ring of truth. The description offered a brief history of the church and gave illustrations of it in various stages of alteration. By the seventeenth century, the place had become Lutheran and in the following 200 years the community's religious confidence expressed itself architecturally, through continual improvements. A church tower with baroque spire was raised and the interior refurbished with an upper-storey balcony with pews on three sides.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.5434, "y": 8.5729}, {"x": 0.6114, "y": 8.5729}, {"x": 0.6114, "y": 8.6688}, {"x": 0.5434, "y": 8.6688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000118.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0888, "y": 0.549}, {"x": 3.4478, "y": 0.549}, {"x": 3.4478, "y": 0.7305}, {"x": 1.0888, "y": 0.7305}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.3904, "y": 1.0456}, {"x": 5.0904, "y": 1.0456}, {"x": 5.0904, "y": 1.2604}, {"x": 3.3904, "y": 1.2604}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Cellular Replication", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0028, "y": 5.099}, {"x": 4.207, "y": 5.099}, {"x": 4.207, "y": 5.2947}, {"x": 1.0028, "y": 5.2947}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Growth and the Creation of Life", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0744, "y": 5.4905}, {"x": 5.4295, "y": 5.4905}, {"x": 5.4295, "y": 7.1662}, {"x": 1.0744, "y": 7.1662}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "One of the characteristics of living things is the ability to replicate and passon genetic information to the next generation. Cell division in individual bacteria and archaea usually occurs by binary fission. Mitochondria and chloroplasts also replicate by binary fission, which is evidence of the evolutionary relationship between these organelles and prokaryotes.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0798, "y": 7.2092}, {"x": 5.51, "y": 7.2185}, {"x": 5.5043, "y": 9.9447}, {"x": 1.074, "y": 9.9353}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Cell division in eukaryotes is more complex. It requires the cell to manage acomplicated process of duplicating the nucleus, other organelles, and multiple linear chromosomes. It is controlled in the cell cycle, which is divided into three parts: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. We spilt those further for ease of study. Let's start with interphase, which is broken into three stages. In the first growth phase (G1), the cell grows and prepares to duplicate its DNA. In the synthesis phase (S), the chromosomes are replicated. In the second growth phase (G2), the cell prepares to divide.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2166, "y": 10.6992}, {"x": 4.3212, "y": 10.6923}, {"x": 4.3312, "y": 10.8424}, {"x": 4.2266, "y": 10.8494}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "66", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.886, "y": 0.5777}, {"x": 7.502, "y": 0.5777}, {"x": 7.502, "y": 0.7305}, {"x": 6.886, "y": 0.7305}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.9003, "y": 1.6233}, {"x": 7.188, "y": 1.5985}, {"x": 7.2162, "y": 1.9246}, {"x": 6.9284, "y": 1.9494}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Mitotic phase Metaphase Anaphase", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.8724, "y": 1.7609}, {"x": 7.6189, "y": 1.7829}, {"x": 7.6066, "y": 2.2022}, {"x": 6.86, "y": 2.1803}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Prophase Erst growth phete G.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 7.2973, "y": 1.7428}, {"x": 7.3301, "y": 1.7617}, {"x": 7.222, "y": 1.9484}, {"x": 7.1892, "y": 1.9295}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "fetoprase", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 7.3157, "y": 1.9718}, {"x": 7.5067, "y": 1.9718}, {"x": 7.5067, "y": 2.2105}, {"x": 7.3157, "y": 2.2105}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Growth and normal metabolic rolos", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.6895, "y": 2.1197}, {"x": 6.9426, "y": 2.1149}, {"x": 6.9433, "y": 2.1484}, {"x": 6.6902, "y": 2.1532}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "preparation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.6185, "y": 2.0004}, {"x": 6.7042, "y": 1.9843}, {"x": 6.7857, "y": 2.4158}, {"x": 6.7001, "y": 2.432}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Second growth phase", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.6955, "y": 2.0108}, {"x": 7.2176, "y": 1.999}, {"x": 7.2218, "y": 2.1843}, {"x": 6.6997, "y": 2.1962}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Growth and G. for mitosis", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 7.0197, "y": 2.3442}, {"x": 7.2346, "y": 2.3442}, {"x": 7.2346, "y": 2.4397}, {"x": 7.0197, "y": 2.4397}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "DNA replication", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.3989, "y": 3.385}, {"x": 7.6261, "y": 3.385}, {"x": 7.6261, "y": 3.7383}, {"x": 6.3989, "y": 3.7383}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Cellular Cycle and Replication", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.3989, "y": 5.6862}, {"x": 7.393, "y": 5.691}, {"x": 7.3921, "y": 5.8676}, {"x": 6.398, "y": 5.8628}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "A step by step", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.3989, "y": 6.0347}, {"x": 7.736, "y": 6.0347}, {"x": 7.736, "y": 6.2161}, {"x": 6.3989, "y": 6.2161}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "guide to growing a", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.4037, "y": 6.3594}, {"x": 6.9719, "y": 6.3594}, {"x": 6.9719, "y": 6.5026}, {"x": 6.4037, "y": 6.5026}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "human!", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.4037, "y": 8.0256}, {"x": 7.3587, "y": 8.0256}, {"x": 7.3587, "y": 8.3264}, {"x": 6.4037, "y": 8.3264}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Mitosis and Meiosis", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.3989, "y": 8.4887}, {"x": 7.723, "y": 8.4937}, {"x": 7.7208, "y": 9.0645}, {"x": 6.3967, "y": 9.0595}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Similiar processes with VERY different results!", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000049.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4334, "y": 0.5039}, {"x": 5.0625, "y": 0.5}, {"x": 5.0627, "y": 0.6445}, {"x": 1.4336, "y": 0.6484}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.3203, "y": 0.5078}, {"x": 5.4062, "y": 0.5078}, {"x": 5.4062, "y": 0.6406}, {"x": 5.3203, "y": 0.6406}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "9", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8516, "y": 0.9844}, {"x": 5.3828, "y": 0.9844}, {"x": 5.3828, "y": 3.0625}, {"x": 0.8516, "y": 3.0625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The post-World War II period saw women participating in formal politics and even attempting to form a political party and an alliance supporting President Ramon Magsaysay's candidacy for the presidency (He served as president from 1953 to 1957), while the advent of the martial law period in 1972 witnessed feminist movements. Roces (2012, 6) attributes this to the burgeoning student movement and activism, so much so that by the time Marcos declared martial law, women were prepared to take on the resistance. Though inspired by North America's second-wave feminists, Filipino women were also drawn to the era's discourses and contexts, such as the Vietnam War and the civil rights movement.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8555, "y": 3.2461}, {"x": 5.3828, "y": 3.2461}, {"x": 5.3828, "y": 5.3594}, {"x": 0.8555, "y": 5.3594}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The women's movement continued to flourish in the Cory Aquino regime (1986-1992). The democratic transition provided political opportunity structures and venues ensuring women's access to the state and nonstate spheres. The drafting of the 1987 Constitution was one such opportunity. The movement managed to advocate for important provisions paving the way for women's rights legislation from the 1980s to the present. The provision in the 1987 Constitution mandates the state to recognize \"the role of women in nation building and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of men and women\" (Article 2, Section 14). This provision is said to be unique and is not even found in other countries' charters (Masilungan n.d.).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8594, "y": 5.5117}, {"x": 5.3945, "y": 5.5117}, {"x": 5.3945, "y": 7.6172}, {"x": 0.8594, "y": 7.6172}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "The post-Marcos period advanced the participation of women not only in civil society and nongovernment organizations but also in formal politics and bureaucracy. Several women from the movement joined formal politics, while others were invited by the Aquino and Ramos governments (1992-1998) to executive posts. The entry of women activists, NGO leaders, and those from the academe ensured that the new democracy would significantly help push measures promoting women's rights and gender equality. The House of Representative (HOR) and Philippine Commission on Women (PCW)'s \"How to Be a Gender-Responsive Legislator\" (2021, 52) listed several recent laws responding to women's empowerment and gender equality.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1795, "y": 7.7695}, {"x": 4.9727, "y": 7.7656}, {"x": 4.9728, "y": 7.9336}, {"x": 1.1797, "y": 7.9375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Republic Act No. 11313: Safe Spaces Act (April 17, 2019)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1836, "y": 8.0938}, {"x": 5.3828, "y": 8.0938}, {"x": 5.3828, "y": 8.4531}, {"x": 1.1836, "y": 8.4531}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Republic Act No. 11210: 105-Day Expanded Maternity Leave Law (March 11, 2019)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000063.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9549, "y": 1.0265}, {"x": 7.5115, "y": 1.0217}, {"x": 7.5123, "y": 2.1103}, {"x": 0.9557, "y": 2.115}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "The other potentially invasive fouler is the tropical American Mytilopsis sallei and M. adamsi which has been recorded invasive in Singapore, Australia, Thailand among other regions. While they are recorded from the Manila South Harbor, there is no evidence that it is invasive as it exists in low abundances.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2989, "y": 2.7548}, {"x": 1.3848, "y": 2.7548}, {"x": 1.3848, "y": 2.8598}, {"x": 1.2989, "y": 2.8598}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "A", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.1346, "y": 2.7595}, {"x": 2.2062, "y": 2.7595}, {"x": 2.2062, "y": 2.855}, {"x": 2.1346, "y": 2.855}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "B", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.9941, "y": 2.7405}, {"x": 3.0801, "y": 2.7405}, {"x": 3.0801, "y": 2.8503}, {"x": 2.9941, "y": 2.8503}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "C", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8537, "y": 2.7405}, {"x": 3.9396, "y": 2.7405}, {"x": 3.9396, "y": 2.8407}, {"x": 3.8537, "y": 2.8407}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "D", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.6702, "y": 2.7548}, {"x": 4.7419, "y": 2.7548}, {"x": 4.7419, "y": 2.8407}, {"x": 4.6702, "y": 2.8407}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "E", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.5489, "y": 2.7548}, {"x": 5.6205, "y": 2.7548}, {"x": 5.6205, "y": 2.855}, {"x": 5.5489, "y": 2.855}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "F", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.9815, "y": 2.7691}, {"x": 7.0531, "y": 2.7691}, {"x": 7.0531, "y": 2.855}, {"x": 6.9815, "y": 2.855}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "G", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.5118, "y": 3.5234}, {"x": 2.6073, "y": 3.5234}, {"x": 2.6073, "y": 3.5807}, {"x": 2.5118, "y": 3.5807}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "il", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.3399, "y": 3.7812}, {"x": 2.4067, "y": 3.7812}, {"x": 2.4067, "y": 3.872}, {"x": 2.3399, "y": 3.872}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "H", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.1517, "y": 3.7622}, {"x": 3.2233, "y": 3.7622}, {"x": 3.2233, "y": 3.8958}, {"x": 3.1517, "y": 3.8958}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0065, "y": 3.7574}, {"x": 4.0733, "y": 3.7574}, {"x": 4.0733, "y": 3.8911}, {"x": 4.0065, "y": 3.8911}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "J", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2022, "y": 3.7622}, {"x": 4.2739, "y": 3.7622}, {"x": 4.2739, "y": 3.8147}, {"x": 4.2022, "y": 3.8147}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.0837, "y": 3.7717}, {"x": 6.1792, "y": 3.7717}, {"x": 6.1792, "y": 3.8958}, {"x": 6.0837, "y": 3.8958}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "L", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.734, "y": 3.7363}, {"x": 4.9056, "y": 3.7363}, {"x": 4.9056, "y": 3.9154}, {"x": 4.734, "y": 3.9154}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "K :selected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.2328, "y": 4.1341}, {"x": 3.3236, "y": 4.1298}, {"x": 3.3284, "y": 4.2305}, {"x": 3.2376, "y": 4.2348}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9885, "y": 4.8125}, {"x": 7.3683, "y": 4.8125}, {"x": 7.3683, "y": 4.9748}, {"x": 0.9885, "y": 4.9748}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Figure 3. Non-indigenous macrofoulers from Manila Bay with IAS, Mytilopsis sallei and Mytella strigata", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9885, "y": 5.0942}, {"x": 3.5194, "y": 5.0942}, {"x": 3.5194, "y": 5.2517}, {"x": 0.9885, "y": 5.2517}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "(=charruana). (From Trinidad et al 2019)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9837, "y": 5.6767}, {"x": 7.3396, "y": 5.6767}, {"x": 7.3396, "y": 6.77}, {"x": 0.9837, "y": 6.77}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "Newer estimates (2021) on the number of possible IAS in Manila Bay is likely more than 30 species based on more intensive biofouling ecological monitoring and the use environmental DNA in detecting species. When research started in 2006 on IAS in Manila Bay, 3 species were initially observed.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 7.4112, "y": 10.1311}, {"x": 7.5067, "y": 10.1311}, {"x": 7.5067, "y": 10.2743}, {"x": 7.4112, "y": 10.2743}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000101.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.189, "y": 0.783}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 0.783}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 1.4036}, {"x": 1.189, "y": 1.4036}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "[markets] build loyalty and-more important-make people want to extend themselves to the degree that corporations need today: to be flexible, concerned, and willing to pitch in. That's what a social relationship delivers.\" (page 90)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7777, "y": 1.4325}, {"x": 7.7168, "y": 1.4216}, {"x": 7.7175, "y": 1.8224}, {"x": 0.7784, "y": 1.8333}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Hence, in the less-predictable world of Homo sapiens, businesses must decide the extent to which they participate with their employees and customers in monetary and/or social markets.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 1.8572}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 1.8572}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 3.1128}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 3.1128}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "As a follow-on to Heyman and Ariely's (2004) experiments exploring the payment-effort trade-off, Vohs et al. (2006) sought to understand the behavioral psychology underscoring the trade-off. In its most general terms, the authors' hypothesis is that money makes Homo sapiens feel self-sufficient and behave accordingly. When reminded of money, people desire to be free from dependency upon others and prefer that others not depend upon them. Vohs et al. designed several experiments to test this hypothesis from a variety of angles.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.764, "y": 3.1415}, {"x": 7.7264, "y": 3.1415}, {"x": 7.7264, "y": 6.3212}, {"x": 0.764, "y": 6.3212}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "In one experiment, the authors found that participants (a sample of University of Minnesota students) who were reminded about money-both Monopoly money and real money-in the context of a series of word descrambling tasks worked longer at the tasks than participants in a non-money- primed control group before requesting help from the experimenter. In subsequent experiments with different groups of students, Vohs et al. found that (1) participants in a high-money treatment worked significantly longer than participants in a low-money treatment before asking for help from another available participant, (2) participants in a money-primed treatment volunteered to help code fewer data sheets than did participants in the non-money-primed control condition, (3) participants in a high-money treatment volunteered to gather fewer pencils that had spilled onto the floor than did participants in a low-money treatment, and (4) participants in a money-primed treatment donated significantly less money to a university student fund than participants in the non-money primed control. Three final experiments tested the effects of money on social intimacy, desire to engage in leisure activities alone, and preference to work alone. As expected, participants who were primed with money ahead of time were subsequently less socially intimate and exhibited a stronger preference for engaging in leisure activities and working alone.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7733, "y": 6.3499}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 6.3451}, {"x": 7.7171, "y": 6.7422}, {"x": 0.7736, "y": 6.7471}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "So yes, Vohs et al.'s experiments suggest that money makes Homo sapiens feel self-sufficient and behave accordingly.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7733, "y": 6.9514}, {"x": 3.5671, "y": 6.9466}, {"x": 3.5674, "y": 7.1137}, {"x": 0.7736, "y": 7.1185}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "PRICE AND THE PLACEBO EFFECT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 7.2951}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 7.2951}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 9.1953}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 9.1953}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Is it possible that the magnitudes of placebo effects experienced by Homo sapiens (e.g., through medical therapies or medications) are somehow influenced by the prices we pay for them? To investigate this possibility, Waber et al. (2008) studied the effect of price on a group of Homo sapiens' analgesic responses to placebo pills. Over 80 healthy volunteers in Boston, MA were recruited via an online advertisement to participate in a field experiment where each participant was informed by a brochure about a purported new opioid analgesic recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The opioid was described as similar to codeine but with a faster onset time. In reality, and not disclosed to the participants, the pill was a placebo. After randomization, half of the participants were informed that the drug had a regular price of $2.50 per pill (\"regular price\"), and half of the participants that", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.573, "y": 9.3576}, {"x": 7.7121, "y": 9.3576}, {"x": 7.7121, "y": 10.5608}, {"x": 0.573, "y": 10.5608}], "category": "footnote", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "25. The descrambling task consisted of 30 sets of five jumbled words. Participants created sensible phrases using four of the five words. In the control and play-money treatment, the phrases primed neutral concepts (e.g., \"cold it desk outside is\" became \"it is cold outside\"). In the real-money treatment, 15 of the phrases primed the concept of money (e.g., \"high a salary desk paying\" became \"a high-paying salary\"), whereas the remaining 15 were neutral phrases. Participants in the play- money treatment were primed with money by a stack of Monopoly money in their visual periphery while completing the neutral descrambling task. 220 ARTHUR J. 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Acknowledgment of Country>
Accessibility Information5\nvi
Acknowledgments5\nvi
About the Authorsviii
Introduction1
Part I. Chapter One - Exploring Your Data
Section 1.1: Data and Types of Statistical Variables3
Section 1.2: Descriptive Statistics5
Section 1.3: Missing Data6
Section 1.4: Checking Values7
Section 1.5: Normality8\n00
Section 1.6: Outliers0\n9
Section 1.7: Chapter One Self-Test10
Part II. Chapter Two - Test Statistics, p Values, Confidence Intervals and Effect Sizes
Section 2.1: p Values12
Section 2.2: Significance13
Section 2.3: Confidence Intervals14
Section 2.4: Effect Sizes16
Section 2.5: Statistical Power17
Section 2.6: Chapter Two Self-Test18
Part III. Chapter Three - Comparing Two Group Means
Section 3.1: Looking at Group Differences20
Section 3.2: Between Versus Within Groups Analysis21
Section 3.3: Independent T-test Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up22
Section 3.4: Paired T-test Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up25
Section 3.5: Chapter Three Self-Test27
Part IV. Chapter Four - Comparing Associations Between Two Variables
Section 4.1: Examining Relationships29
Section 4.2: Correlation Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up31
Section 4.3: Chapter Four Self-Test33
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000167.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 0.8116}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 0.8116}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 1.5564}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 1.5564}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "The acidic cations adsorbed on the negative exchange sites are called the reserve (also residual or potential) and salt- replaceable (also exchangeable) acidity. The reserve and salt-replaceable acidity controls the level of soluble or active acidity in the soil solution. Only the active acidity is measured in a routine pH determination. The reserve and salt- replaceable acidity is always many times higher than the active acidity.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 1.7188}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 1.7188}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 2.2344}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 2.2344}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "A soil is acid when hydrogen ions predominate in the soil. The degree of acidity is expressed in terms of pH, which is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity. Therefore, the pH of a 0.01-molar hydrogen ion solution is", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.016, "y": 2.4158}, {"x": 5.5537, "y": 2.4158}, {"x": 5.5537, "y": 2.75}, {"x": 4.016, "y": 2.75}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "10-2 mol H+ -) =2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.936, "y": 2.5042}, {"x": 4.6094, "y": 2.6071}, {"x": 4.5934, "y": 2.8665}, {"x": 2.92, "y": 2.7636}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "pH = - log ( L", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 3.0221}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 3.0221}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 3.9627}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 3.9627}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "At pH 7, the concentration of H+ ions and OH- ions are equal, and the soil or solution is neutral. At pH values less than 7, the soil is acid; at values more than 7, the soil is alkaline. Most soils vary in pH from about 4 to 10. Soils in areas with high rainfall are generally acid with a pH less than 7. Soils developed in high-lime deposits often will be alkaline. Soils high in calcium seldom have pH values higher than 7.5, but the presence of large amounts of calcium carbonate may cause the pH to be as high as 8.5. Where the pH is higher than 8.5, an excess of sodium is highly probable.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 4.125}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 4.125}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 4.4735}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 4.4735}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "The most desirable soil pH for most crops in Kansas is 6.8. However, crops like blueberries need a lower pH, and other crops, like alfalfa, need a higher pH. At soil pH less than 5.8, several problems may occur:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8596, "y": 4.6931}, {"x": 2.1011, "y": 4.7027}, {"x": 2.1, "y": 4.8507}, {"x": 0.8584, "y": 4.8412}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Al and Mn toxicity", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.85, "y": 4.8889}, {"x": 3.1851, "y": 4.8889}, {"x": 3.1851, "y": 5.0369}, {"x": 0.85, "y": 5.0369}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Inhibited growth of N-fixing bacteria", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8596, "y": 5.0751}, {"x": 3.2761, "y": 5.0799}, {"x": 3.2758, "y": 5.2326}, {"x": 0.8592, "y": 5.2279}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Possible deficiencies in Mg and/or Ca.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.85, "y": 5.2756}, {"x": 3.1756, "y": 5.2756}, {"x": 3.1756, "y": 5.4284}, {"x": 0.85, "y": 5.4284}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 P deficiency (P reacts with Fe and Al)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8643, "y": 5.4714}, {"x": 3.8298, "y": 5.4714}, {"x": 3.8298, "y": 5.6289}, {"x": 0.8643, "y": 5.6289}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 At more than pH 7.5, other problems may occur:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8643, "y": 5.6671}, {"x": 2.827, "y": 5.6671}, {"x": 2.827, "y": 5.8199}, {"x": 0.8643, "y": 5.8199}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Deficiency of Fe, Mn, Cu, or Zn", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8643, "y": 5.8581}, {"x": 2.7935, "y": 5.8581}, {"x": 2.7935, "y": 6.0156}, {"x": 0.8643, "y": 6.0156}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 P deficiency (P reacts with Ca)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7736, "y": 6.4692}, {"x": 2.2752, "y": 6.4835}, {"x": 2.273, "y": 6.7079}, {"x": 0.7714, "y": 6.6936}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Buffering Capacity", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 7.0039}, {"x": 7.736, "y": 7.0039}, {"x": 7.736, "y": 8.3312}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 8.3312}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Buffering capacity is a measure of the soil's ability to resist a change in pH, directly related to the magnitude of the exchange capacity. Small fluctuations in acid or base content can occur without a noticeable pH change as cations are adsorbed or released from the exchange complex. Soils with the largest cation exchange capacity have the greatest buffering of a pH change. In other words, two soils may have the same pH (active acidity in soil solution), but the one with the largest cation exchange capacity will have the most acidity stored in reserve and therefore the highest buffering capacity or ability to resist a change in pH. For this reason, it takes less lime to increase the pH of a sandy soil (low CEC) by a given amount than it takes to increase the pH of a clay soil (higher CEC) the same amount.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7831, "y": 8.7895}, {"x": 2.5745, "y": 8.7943}, {"x": 2.5739, "y": 9.0234}, {"x": 0.7825, "y": 9.0187}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Sources of Soil Acidity", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 9.3194}, {"x": 7.7264, "y": 9.3194}, {"x": 7.7264, "y": 10.0642}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 10.0642}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Controlling soil pH is vital to optimal use and productivity of soils. Adding lime is the most effective and practical way to raise the pH of acid soils. Elemental sulfur, iron sulfate, or aluminum sulfate can be used to reduce soil pH. Because acidity is a concern in Kansas, we will focus on raising soil pH. Understanding the following equations should help you understand the sources of soil acidity and soil reactions to lime.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7784, "y": 10.3411}, {"x": 2.8031, "y": 10.3411}, {"x": 2.8031, "y": 10.4844}, {"x": 0.7784, "y": 10.4844}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "124 | Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000185.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9988, "y": 0.948}, {"x": 7.2602, "y": 0.9531}, {"x": 7.2599, "y": 1.4062}, {"x": 0.9984, "y": 1.4011}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "SOLAR 10.7B: Scaling Large Language Models with Simple yet Effective Depth Up-Scaling", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2055, "y": 1.4804}, {"x": 7.0968, "y": 1.4754}, {"x": 7.0979, "y": 2.8238}, {"x": 1.2066, "y": 2.8289}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Dahyun Kim*, Chanjun Park ** , Sanghoon Kim ** , Wonsung Lee ** , Wonho Song* Yunsu Kim*, Hyeonwoo Kim*, Yungi Kim, Hyeonju Lee, Jihoo Kim Changbae Ahn, Seonghoon Yang, Sukyung Lee, Hyunbyung Park, Gyoungjin Gim Mikyoung Cha, Hwalsuk Leet, Sunghun Kimt Upstage AI, South Korea { kdahyun, chanjun.park, limerobot, wonsung.lee, hwalsuk.lee, hunkim} @upstage.ai", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.175, "y": 2.9708}, {"x": 2.8138, "y": 2.9708}, {"x": 2.8138, "y": 3.1229}, {"x": 2.175, "y": 3.1229}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Abstract", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1883, "y": 3.2751}, {"x": 3.7969, "y": 3.269}, {"x": 3.805, "y": 6.7214}, {"x": 1.1964, "y": 6.7275}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "We introduce SOLAR 10.7B, a large language model (LLM) with 10.7 billion parameters, demonstrating superior performance in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. In- spired by recent efforts to efficiently up-scale LLMs, we present a method for scaling LLMs called depth up-scaling (DUS), which encom- passes depthwise scaling and continued pre- training. In contrast to other LLM up-scaling methods that use mixture-of-experts, DUS does not require complex changes to train and infer- ence efficiently. We show experimentally that DUS is simple yet effective in scaling up high- performance LLMs from small ones. Building on the DUS model, we additionally present SO- LAR 10.7B-Instruct, a variant fine-tuned for instruction-following capabilities, surpassing Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct. SOLAR 10.7B is pub- licly available under the Apache 2.0 license, promoting broad access and application in the LLM field 1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.218, "y": 3.6806}, {"x": 0.5019, "y": 3.6806}, {"x": 0.5019, "y": 8.4055}, {"x": 0.218, "y": 8.4055}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "arXiv:2312.15166v3 [cs.CL] 4 Apr 2024", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9734, "y": 6.8948}, {"x": 2.1344, "y": 6.8948}, {"x": 2.1344, "y": 7.057}, {"x": 0.9734, "y": 7.057}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "1 Introduction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9633, "y": 7.1939}, {"x": 4.0508, "y": 7.1939}, {"x": 4.0508, "y": 10.185}, {"x": 0.9633, "y": 10.185}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "The field of natural language processing (NLP) has been significantly transformed by the introduc- tion of large language models (LLMs), which have enhanced our understanding and interaction with human language (Zhao et al., 2023). These ad- vancements bring challenges such as the increased need to train ever larger models (Rae et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2023; Pan et al., 2023; Lian, 2023; Yao et al., 2023; Gesmundo and Maile, 2023) ow- ing to the performance scaling law (Kaplan et al., 2020; Hernandez et al., 2021; Anil et al., 2023; Kaddour et al., 2023). To efficiently tackle the above, recent works in scaling language models such as a mixture of experts (MoE) (Shazeer et al., 2017; Komatsuzaki et al., 2022) have been pro- posed. While those approaches are able to effi-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1965, "y": 10.2915}, {"x": 3.4678, "y": 10.2915}, {"x": 3.4678, "y": 10.4385}, {"x": 1.1965, "y": 10.4385}], "category": "footnote", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "*Equal Contribution + Corresponding Author", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9773, "y": 10.4342}, {"x": 3.5133, "y": 10.4235}, {"x": 3.5145, "y": 10.7118}, {"x": 0.9785, "y": 10.7224}], "category": "footnote", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "1https://huggingface.co/upstage/ SOLAR-10.7B-v1.0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2232, "y": 2.9759}, {"x": 7.3006, "y": 2.9759}, {"x": 7.3006, "y": 4.4512}, {"x": 4.2232, "y": 4.4512}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "ciently and effectively scale-up LLMs, they often require non-trivial changes to the training and infer- ence framework (Gale et al., 2023), which hinders widespread applicability. Effectively and efficiently scaling up LLMs whilst also retaining the simplic- ity for ease of use is an important problem (Alberts et al., 2023; Fraiwan and Khasawneh, 2023; Sallam et al., 2023; Bahrini et al., 2023).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2232, "y": 4.5019}, {"x": 7.3108, "y": 4.5019}, {"x": 7.3108, "y": 8.7908}, {"x": 4.2232, "y": 8.7908}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Inspired by Komatsuzaki et al. (2022), we present depth up-scaling (DUS), an effective and efficient method to up-scale LLMs whilst also re- maining straightforward to use. DUS consists of scaling the number of layers in the base model and continually pretraining the scaled model. Unlike (Komatsuzaki et al., 2022), DUS does not scale the model using MoE and rather use a depthwise scaling method analogous to Tan and Le (2019) which is adapted for the LLM architecture. Thus, there are no additional modules or dynamism as with MoE, making DUS immediately compatible with easy-to-use LLM frameworks such as Hug- gingFace (Wolf et al., 2019) with no changes to the training or inference framework for maximal efficiency. Furthermore, DUS is applicable to all transformer architectures, opening up new gate- ways to effectively and efficiently scale-up LLMs in a simple manner. Using DUS, we release SO- LAR 10.7B, an LLM with 10.7 billion parameters, that outperforms existing models like Llama 2 (Tou- vron et al., 2023) and Mistral 7B (Jiang et al., 2023) in various benchmarks.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2232, "y": 8.8466}, {"x": 7.3057, "y": 8.8466}, {"x": 7.3057, "y": 10.1444}, {"x": 4.2232, "y": 10.1444}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "We have also developed SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, a variant fine-tuned for tasks requiring strict adher- ence to complex instructions. It significantly out- performs the Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct model across various evaluation metrics, evidencing an advanced proficiency that exceeds the capabilities of even larger models in terms of benchmark performance.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2296, "y": 10.18}, {"x": 7.3018, "y": 10.1901}, {"x": 7.3, "y": 10.7478}, {"x": 4.2277, "y": 10.7376}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "By releasing SOLAR 10.7B under the Apache 2.0 license, we aim to promote collaboration and in- novation in NLP. This open-source approach allows", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000090.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.9388, "y": 0.5109}, {"x": 6.5469, "y": 0.5109}, {"x": 6.5469, "y": 0.6827}, {"x": 1.9388, "y": 0.6827}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9938, "y": 0.996}, {"x": 1.9785, "y": 0.996}, {"x": 1.9785, "y": 1.7415}, {"x": 0.9938, "y": 1.7415}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Jurisdiction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.9785, "y": 0.996}, {"x": 2.9816, "y": 0.996}, {"x": 2.9816, "y": 1.7415}, {"x": 1.9785, "y": 1.7415}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "GATS XVII Reservation (1994)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.9816, "y": 0.996}, {"x": 3.9203, "y": 0.996}, {"x": 3.9203, "y": 1.7415}, {"x": 2.9816, "y": 1.7415}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Foreign Ownership Permitted", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.9203, "y": 0.996}, {"x": 6.2211, "y": 1.0052}, {"x": 6.2211, "y": 1.7415}, {"x": 3.9203, "y": 1.7415}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Foreign Ownership", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.2211, "y": 1.0052}, {"x": 7.4819, "y": 1.0052}, {"x": 7.4819, "y": 1.7415}, {"x": 6.2211, "y": 1.7415}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Foreign Ownership Reporting Requirements", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.9203, "y": 1.7415}, {"x": 6.2211, "y": 1.7415}, {"x": 6.2211, "y": 2.6987}, {"x": 3.9203, "y": 2.6987}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "right required to acquire desert lands. No restrictions on lands in Investment Zones, Technological Zones, or Free Zones.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9938, "y": 2.6987}, {"x": 1.9877, "y": 2.6987}, {"x": 1.9877, "y": 4.7971}, {"x": 0.9938, "y": 4.7879}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Finland", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.9877, "y": 2.6987}, {"x": 2.9816, "y": 2.6987}, {"x": 2.9816, "y": 4.7971}, {"x": 1.9877, "y": 4.7971}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "N\n:selected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.9816, "y": 2.6987}, {"x": 3.9203, "y": 2.6987}, {"x": 3.9203, "y": 4.7971}, {"x": 2.9816, "y": 4.7971}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Y", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.9203, "y": 2.6987}, {"x": 6.2211, "y": 2.6987}, {"x": 6.2211, "y": 4.7971}, {"x": 3.9203, "y": 4.7971}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Prior approval for a foreigner's purchase of certain businesses may be required when it includes land purchase and the purchase of business or land interferes with vital interests for Finland; prior approval from the Government of \u00c5land is required for acquisitions within the autonomous region of \u00c5land.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9938, "y": 4.7879}, {"x": 1.9877, "y": 4.7971}, {"x": 1.9877, "y": 4.9904}, {"x": 0.9938, "y": 4.9904}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "France", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.9877, "y": 4.7971}, {"x": 2.9816, "y": 4.7971}, {"x": 2.9816, "y": 4.9904}, {"x": 1.9877, "y": 4.9904}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "N\n:selected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.9816, "y": 4.7971}, {"x": 3.9203, "y": 4.7971}, {"x": 3.9203, "y": 4.9904}, {"x": 2.9816, "y": 4.9904}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Y\n:selected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.9203, "y": 4.7971}, {"x": 6.2211, "y": 4.7971}, {"x": 6.2211, "y": 4.9904}, {"x": 3.9203, "y": 4.9904}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "None.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9938, "y": 4.9904}, {"x": 1.9877, "y": 4.9904}, {"x": 1.9877, "y": 5.1836}, {"x": 0.9938, "y": 5.1836}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Germany", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.9877, "y": 4.9904}, {"x": 2.9816, "y": 4.9904}, {"x": 2.9816, "y": 5.1836}, {"x": 1.9877, "y": 5.1836}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "N\n:selected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.9816, "y": 4.9904}, {"x": 3.9203, "y": 4.9904}, {"x": 3.9203, "y": 5.1928}, {"x": 2.9816, "y": 5.1836}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Y\n:selected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.9203, "y": 4.9904}, {"x": 6.2211, "y": 4.9904}, {"x": 6.2211, "y": 5.1836}, {"x": 3.9203, "y": 5.1928}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "None.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9938, "y": 5.1836}, {"x": 1.9877, "y": 5.1836}, {"x": 1.9877, "y": 6.3341}, {"x": 0.9938, "y": 6.3341}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Greece", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.9877, "y": 5.1836}, {"x": 2.9816, "y": 5.1836}, {"x": 2.9816, "y": 6.3341}, {"x": 1.9877, "y": 6.3341}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "N\n:selected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.9816, "y": 5.1836}, {"x": 3.9203, "y": 5.1928}, {"x": 3.9203, "y": 6.3341}, {"x": 2.9816, "y": 6.3341}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "Y\n:unselected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.9203, "y": 5.1928}, {"x": 6.2211, "y": 5.1836}, {"x": 6.2211, "y": 6.3341}, {"x": 3.9203, "y": 6.3341}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "Prior approval required for purchase by non-European Union and non-European Free Trade Association natural and legal persons of real estate located in border areas.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9938, "y": 6.3341}, {"x": 1.9877, "y": 6.3341}, {"x": 1.9877, "y": 9.9511}, {"x": 0.9938, "y": 9.9327}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "India", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.9877, "y": 6.3341}, {"x": 2.9816, "y": 6.3341}, {"x": 2.9908, "y": 9.9511}, {"x": 1.9877, "y": 9.9511}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "N", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.9816, "y": 6.3341}, {"x": 3.9203, "y": 6.3341}, {"x": 3.9295, "y": 9.9511}, {"x": 2.9908, "y": 9.9511}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "Y", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.9203, "y": 6.3341}, {"x": 6.2211, "y": 6.3341}, {"x": 6.2211, "y": 9.9511}, {"x": 3.9295, "y": 9.9511}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "Prohibition on acquisition of land by citizens of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, China, Iran, Nepal, and Bhutan, except for one residential property for self-occupation and one property for carrying out self- employment for long-term visa holders residing in India who are citizens of Afghanistan, Bangladesh or Pakistan and belong to minority religions in those countries, subject to conditions; nonresident foreign nationals not of Indian origin, except for inheritance from a resident; and of agricultural land by diplomatic personnel,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9742, "y": 10.3268}, {"x": 2.899, "y": 10.3316}, {"x": 2.8986, "y": 10.513}, {"x": 0.9737, "y": 10.5082}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "The Law Library of Congress", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 7.3444, "y": 10.3411}, {"x": 7.4447, "y": 10.345}, {"x": 7.4399, "y": 10.4701}, {"x": 7.3396, "y": 10.4662}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9946, "y": 0.9938}, {"x": 7.4953, "y": 0.993}, {"x": 7.4939, "y": 9.966}, {"x": 0.9927, "y": 9.9662}], "category": "table", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
JurisdictionGATS XVII Reservation (1994)Foreign Ownership PermittedRestrictions on Foreign OwnershipForeign Ownership Reporting Requirements
right required to acquire desert lands. No restrictions on lands in Investment Zones, Technological Zones, or Free Zones.
FinlandN\n:selected:YPrior approval for a foreigner's purchase of certain businesses may be required when it includes land purchase and the purchase of business or land interferes with vital interests for Finland; prior approval from the Government of \u00c5land is required for acquisitions within the autonomous region of \u00c5land.
FranceN\n:selected:Y\n:selected:None.
GermanyN\n:selected:Y\n:selected:None.
GreeceN\n:selected:Y\n:unselected:Prior approval required for purchase by non-European Union and non-European Free Trade Association natural and legal persons of real estate located in border areas.
IndiaNYProhibition on acquisition of land by citizens of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, China, Iran, Nepal, and Bhutan, except for one residential property for self-occupation and one property for carrying out self- employment for long-term visa holders residing in India who are citizens of Afghanistan, Bangladesh or Pakistan and belong to minority religions in those countries, subject to conditions; nonresident foreign nationals not of Indian origin, except for inheritance from a resident; and of agricultural land by diplomatic personnel,
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000196.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9561, "y": 1.0089}, {"x": 4.0537, "y": 1.0038}, {"x": 4.0565, "y": 2.6697}, {"x": 0.9588, "y": 2.6748}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "duces model scaling in the vertical dimension. No- tably, DUS does not introduce dynamism in the scaled model, which significantly reduces the com- plexity when compared to MoE. This shift in ap- proach offers a unique and more straightforward way of working, moving away from conventional MoE challenges. Not only that, DUS also under- goes continued pretraining to quickly recover per- formance of the scaled model.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9531, "y": 2.8187}, {"x": 2.6876, "y": 2.8238}, {"x": 2.687, "y": 3.0013}, {"x": 0.9526, "y": 2.9962}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "B.3 Prompt Engineering", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9582, "y": 3.0672}, {"x": 4.0508, "y": 3.0672}, {"x": 4.0508, "y": 5.1153}, {"x": 0.9582, "y": 5.1153}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "A key research area to harness the emergent abil- ities of LLMs is prompt engineering. Prompt en- gineering is the study of how to design inputs (prompts) that enable LLMs to better perform spe- cific tasks. A prime example of this research is Chain-of-Thought (CoT) (Wei et al., 2022b), which proposes CoT prompting that decomposes multi-step problems into a series of intermedi- ate reasoning steps. Moreover, efforts are under- way to replace even such prompt engineering with LLMs (Yang et al., 2023).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9531, "y": 5.2421}, {"x": 2.5907, "y": 5.2573}, {"x": 2.5891, "y": 5.4347}, {"x": 0.9515, "y": 5.4195}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "B.4 Instruction Tuning", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9633, "y": 5.5006}, {"x": 4.0305, "y": 5.5006}, {"x": 4.0305, "y": 6.9759}, {"x": 0.9633, "y": 6.9759}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "To enhance the steerability of LLMs, instruction tuning (Wei et al., 2021) has emerged as a learning technique. This involves fine-tuning LLMs using data formatted as (instruction, input, output) for various tasks (Wang et al., 2022). Instruction tuning allows for targeted adjustments, providing a more controlled and task-oriented improvement to the model's capabilities.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9633, "y": 7.0063}, {"x": 4.0458, "y": 7.0063}, {"x": 4.0458, "y": 9.9924}, {"x": 0.9633, "y": 9.9924}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Before instruction tuning, existing methods faced challenges in effectively guiding and control- ling the behavior of large language models (Zhang et al., 2023). The sheer complexity of these models made it difficult to ensure precise and task-oriented responses. The need for a more targeted approach arose from the limitations of existing methods, lead- ing to the development of instruction tuning. This targeted approach enables better control over the model's behavior, making it more suitable for spe- cific tasks and improving its overall performance in alignment with user-defined objectives. Therefore, instruction tuning is computationally efficient and facilitates the rapid adaptation of LLMs to a spe- cific domain without requiring extensive retraining or architectural changes.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9683, "y": 10.1343}, {"x": 2.54, "y": 10.1343}, {"x": 2.54, "y": 10.3067}, {"x": 0.9683, "y": 10.3067}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "B.5 Alignment Tuning", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9633, "y": 10.3827}, {"x": 4.0255, "y": 10.3827}, {"x": 4.0255, "y": 10.7477}, {"x": 0.9633, "y": 10.7477}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "LLM has been observed to generate sentences that may be perceived as linguistically incongruent by", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2181, "y": 1.0038}, {"x": 7.3158, "y": 1.0038}, {"x": 7.3158, "y": 4.1774}, {"x": 4.2181, "y": 4.1774}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "human readers since they learned not human inten- tion, but only vast knowledge across various do- mains in the pretraining step (Ziegler et al., 2019). To overcome this limitation and align with human intentions, previous research (Ziegler et al., 2019) have proposed Reinforcement Learning with Hu- man Feedback (RLHF). RLHF operates by learning a reward model based on human preferences, em- ploying reinforcement learning to guide the LLM towards prioritizing answers with the highest re- ward scores. This process enhances the safety, propriety, and overall quality of the generated re- sponses. Despite demonstrating satisfactory per- formance, RLHF encounters challenges such as managing numerous hyperparameters and necessi- tating the incorporation of multiple models (policy, value, reward, and reference models).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2232, "y": 4.2332}, {"x": 7.3057, "y": 4.2332}, {"x": 7.3057, "y": 7.0367}, {"x": 4.2232, "y": 7.0367}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "In response to these challenges, the supervised fine-tuning based approaches have proposed, such as Rank Responses to align Human Feedback (RRHF) (Yuan et al., 2023), Reward rAnked Fine- Tuning (RAFT) (Dong et al., 2023), and Direct Policy Optimization (DPO) (Intel, 2023). They avoid the complexities associated with reinforce- ment learning while achieving empirical perfor- mance comparable to RLHF. Among them, DPO that we used directly guides the LLM to increase the probability of positive responses and decrease the probability of negative responses through a \"di- rect\" approach. Interestingly, DPO demonstrates more stable learning results compared to RLHF, despite its simple training approach.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2384, "y": 7.2598}, {"x": 5.9423, "y": 7.2649}, {"x": 5.9419, "y": 7.417}, {"x": 4.238, "y": 7.4119}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "B.6 Data Contamination", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2216, "y": 7.5589}, {"x": 7.3073, "y": 7.5538}, {"x": 7.3126, "y": 10.7275}, {"x": 4.2269, "y": 10.7325}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Recent researches (Zhou et al., 2023; Sainz et al., 2023; Golchin and Surdeanu, 2023; Deng et al., 2023) emphasize the need to measure whether a specific benchmark was used to train the large lan- guage models. There are three types of the data contamination: guideline, raw text and annota- tion (Sainz et al., 2023). Guideline contamination occurs when a model accesses detailed annotation guidelines for a dataset, providing advantages in specific tasks, and its impact should be considered, especially in zero and few-shot evaluations. Raw text contamination occurs when a model has ac- cess to the original text. Wikipedia is widely used as a pretraining data, but also as a source for cre- ating new datasets. The caution is advised in the development of automatically annotated datasets sourced from the web. Annotation contamina-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000141.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4375, "y": 1.1406}, {"x": 22.5, "y": 1.1406}, {"x": 22.5, "y": 2.125}, {"x": 1.4375, "y": 2.125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "10 THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.9199, "y": 3.1719}, {"x": 22.1562, "y": 3.1562}, {"x": 22.1582, "y": 5.7031}, {"x": 1.9219, "y": 5.7188}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "COPYRIGHT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.625, "y": 9.7969}, {"x": 10.9531, "y": 9.7969}, {"x": 10.9531, "y": 10.7031}, {"x": 2.625, "y": 10.7031}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "COPYRIGHT PROTECTS CREATIVE WORK - YOURS, MINE, EVERYONE'S!", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.6719, "y": 10.8906}, {"x": 3.8594, "y": 10.8906}, {"x": 3.8594, "y": 11.1719}, {"x": 3.6719, "y": 11.1719}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "C", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.9841, "y": 12.8662}, {"x": 2.25, "y": 12.8594}, {"x": 2.2656, "y": 13.4688}, {"x": 1.9998, "y": 13.4756}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.7656, "y": 13.2656}, {"x": 10.2188, "y": 13.2656}, {"x": 10.2188, "y": 14.6719}, {"x": 3.7656, "y": 14.6719}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "We're all both consumers and creators of creative work. As consumers, we watch movies, listen to music, read books, and more! As creators, we take photos, write songs, make videos, etc.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.9531, "y": 16.9844}, {"x": 2.375, "y": 16.9844}, {"x": 2.375, "y": 17.6094}, {"x": 1.9531, "y": 17.6094}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.6225, "y": 17.5938}, {"x": 10.2344, "y": 17.5781}, {"x": 10.2369, "y": 18.6406}, {"x": 3.625, "y": 18.6562}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Copyright protects creative work, so people can't generally copy or share or perform other people's work without permission.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 15.0, "y": 9.7969}, {"x": 20.0938, "y": 9.7969}, {"x": 20.0938, "y": 10.6719}, {"x": 15.0, "y": 10.6719}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "BUT COPYRIGHT DOESN'T COVER EVERYTHING", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 13.0625, "y": 12.8594}, {"x": 13.5156, "y": 12.8594}, {"x": 13.5156, "y": 13.5}, {"x": 13.0625, "y": 13.5}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 14.7031, "y": 13.1719}, {"x": 22.0781, "y": 13.1719}, {"x": 22.0781, "y": 14.9687}, {"x": 14.7031, "y": 14.9687}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Copyright gives a lot of protection, but it also has limitations. Not everything gets copyright protection. Facts and ideas are not protected by copyright, neither are US Government documents, like NASA photos and reports by federal agencies.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 14.7188, "y": 15.5156}, {"x": 14.9375, "y": 15.5156}, {"x": 14.9375, "y": 15.75}, {"x": 14.7188, "y": 15.75}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "c", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 20.7969, "y": 15.5}, {"x": 21.0156, "y": 15.5}, {"x": 21.0156, "y": 15.7188}, {"x": 20.7969, "y": 15.7188}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "C", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 12.9531, "y": 17.0}, {"x": 13.5, "y": 17.0}, {"x": 13.5, "y": 17.6406}, {"x": 12.9531, "y": 17.6406}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 14.7188, "y": 17.4062}, {"x": 21.3438, "y": 17.4062}, {"x": 21.3438, "y": 18.8594}, {"x": 14.7188, "y": 18.8594}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Another limitation of copyright is \"fair use,\" which allows us to copy and re-use copyrighted work without the artist's permission in certain, limited ways that are still fair to the creator.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.625, "y": 19.4531}, {"x": 3.8594, "y": 19.4531}, {"x": 3.8594, "y": 19.7031}, {"x": 3.625, "y": 19.7031}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "c", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 14.7344, "y": 19.5}, {"x": 14.9219, "y": 19.5}, {"x": 14.9219, "y": 19.6875}, {"x": 14.7344, "y": 19.6875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "C", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.8275, "y": 20.9398}, {"x": 2.3902, "y": 20.9124}, {"x": 2.4221, "y": 21.5663}, {"x": 1.8594, "y": 21.5938}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.6094, "y": 21.4375}, {"x": 10.8281, "y": 21.4375}, {"x": 10.8281, "y": 22.8906}, {"x": 3.6094, "y": 22.8906}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "Copyright comes from the Constitution. Its purpose is to promote more creativity. The idea is that letting each of us decide what happens to our own creations will encourage us to keep creating.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.6285, "y": 22.3825}, {"x": 2.8758, "y": 22.3825}, {"x": 2.8758, "y": 23.5508}, {"x": 1.6285, "y": 23.5508}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": ":unselected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.8906, "y": 25.0781}, {"x": 2.4219, "y": 25.0781}, {"x": 2.4219, "y": 25.7344}, {"x": 1.8906, "y": 25.7344}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.625, "y": 25.6875}, {"x": 10.7969, "y": 25.6875}, {"x": 10.7969, "y": 27.4688}, {"x": 3.625, "y": 27.4688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "All creative work is protected by copyright as soon as it's written down or recorded or saved-and not just work by professional artists or big studios. Copyright protects all of us-our photos on Instagram and everything we write or create.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.875, "y": 29.3281}, {"x": 2.2969, "y": 29.3281}, {"x": 2.2969, "y": 29.9844}, {"x": 1.875, "y": 29.9844}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.625, "y": 29.6875}, {"x": 10.1562, "y": 29.6875}, {"x": 10.1562, "y": 30.7656}, {"x": 3.625, "y": 30.7656}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "If you copy or share other people's creative works without permission, that's called copyright infringement. Examples:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.6297, "y": 30.921}, {"x": 10.5798, "y": 30.9377}, {"x": 10.5734, "y": 33.5792}, {"x": 3.6233, "y": 33.5625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Downloading music, movies, ebooks, or games from illegal sources that operate without artists' permission. \u00b7 Uploading your collection of music, movies, ebooks, or games for your friends to copy. Copyright infringement is illegal and carries serious penalties.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 20.7821, "y": 19.4667}, {"x": 21.0, "y": 19.4531}, {"x": 21.0156, "y": 19.7031}, {"x": 20.7977, "y": 19.7167}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "c", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 13.0, "y": 20.9375}, {"x": 13.4688, "y": 20.9375}, {"x": 13.4688, "y": 21.5625}, {"x": 13.0, "y": 21.5625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 14.6875, "y": 21.4062}, {"x": 21.5625, "y": 21.4062}, {"x": 21.5625, "y": 22.8594}, {"x": 14.6875, "y": 22.8594}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "When you re-use portions of someone else's work for a school project-like using images or songs for a presentation in class-that's a fair use situation. 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No.Political partyProvisional registration result on 7 MarchOfficial registration result on 29 AprilDifference in the number of candidates
Number of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidatesNumber of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidates
1Cambodian People's Party1,65228,0081,65228,0080
2Candlelight Party1,64923,6791,62323,939+260
3Funcinpec Party7159,4076809,952+545
4Khmer National United Party6508,3405968,815+475
5Cambodian National Love Party3884,6343155,050+416
6Cambodian National's Party3103,9802453,956-24
7Cambodian Youth Party1161,8241141,8240
8Khmer Will Party671,000581,050+50
9Cambodian Reform Party5882359978+155
10Kampucheaniyum Party3964238658+16
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years as Open Education Librarian and was recently promoted to the leadership team as Director of Open Educational Resources following a half-million-dollar investment in OER from university administration. It was in my first year as Open Education Librarian that the Texas Legislature passed Senate Bill 810 (SB810), which requires institutions of higher education across the state to provide searchable information to students about OER-only courses. A strong definition of OER was provided:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9073, "y": 5.8676}, {"x": 7.5879, "y": 5.8676}, {"x": 7.5879, "y": 6.579}, {"x": 0.9073, "y": 6.579}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\"teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under an intellectual property license that allows for free use, reuse, modification, and sharing with others, including full courses, course materials, modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests, software, and any other tools, materials, or techniques used to support access to knowledge.\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.768, "y": 6.7556}, {"x": 7.7213, "y": 6.7509}, {"x": 7.7223, "y": 8.2118}, {"x": 0.769, "y": 8.2166}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "However, Texas was not given a very long implementation window. The bill passed in June 2017, effective immediately, with a compliance deadline of Spring 2018. We in higher education know a change of this scope, and impacting as many stakeholders as course marking does, takes longer. A recent survey commissioned by the Digital Higher Education Consortium of Texas (DigiTex) and administered in May 2019 shows only 59 respondents of the 158 two-and four-year institutions that received the statewide survey have a course marking solution in place. The findings were presented in Open Educational Resources (OER) in Texas Higher Education, 2019. 1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6685, "y": 9.9115}, {"x": 7.6739, "y": 9.9115}, {"x": 7.6739, "y": 10.0595}, {"x": 0.6685, "y": 10.0595}], "category": "footnote", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "1. Jimes, C., Karaglani, A., Petrides, L., Rios, J., Sebesta, J., & Torre, K. (2019). Open Educational Resources (OER) in Texas Higher Education,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7737, "y": 10.0738}, {"x": 7.6597, "y": 10.0786}, {"x": 7.6594, "y": 10.3959}, {"x": 0.7735, "y": 10.3912}], "category": "footnote", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "2019. Austin, TX: Digital Higher Education Consortium of Texas and Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board; Half Moon Bay, CA: Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.3463, "y": 10.4414}, {"x": 7.7073, "y": 10.4414}, {"x": 7.7073, "y": 10.5608}, {"x": 6.3463, "y": 10.5608}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "PRICE TRANSPARENCY 17", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000140.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7679, "y": 0.8125}, {"x": 4.3973, "y": 0.8125}, {"x": 4.3973, "y": 3.8839}, {"x": 0.7679, "y": 3.8839}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "There is no question that fishing is the major factor driving grouper stocks on the downward spiral, but those that have large spawning aggregations are most vulnerable to declines (Coleman et al. 1996; Asch and Erisman 2018; Sadovy de Mitcheson et al. 2020). Because it takes a long time for scientists to obtain needed life history information, fisheries- independent survey data, and catch history, grouper populations may be overfished long before data are even available for a stock assessment. Without formal stock assessments, general indicators of population status are based on catch trends. Very few grouper stocks that have spawning aggregations are managed sustainably. In a recent global analysis of the status of populations that form spawning aggregations, 45% were unknown, 33% were decreasing, and 5% were already gone (Figure 13.5). Only 12% had stable populations, and 5% were increasing.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.9821, "y": 0.9598}, {"x": 5.4385, "y": 0.9643}, {"x": 5.4366, "y": 1.1578}, {"x": 4.9802, "y": 1.1533}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Increasing 5%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.7545, "y": 1.3036}, {"x": 4.9911, "y": 1.3036}, {"x": 4.9911, "y": 1.4955}, {"x": 4.7545, "y": 1.4955}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Same 12%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.6786, "y": 2.6295}, {"x": 5.1563, "y": 2.6384}, {"x": 5.1526, "y": 2.8321}, {"x": 4.675, "y": 2.8232}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Decreasing 33%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.5357, "y": 0.933}, {"x": 5.7589, "y": 0.933}, {"x": 5.7589, "y": 1.125}, {"x": 5.5357, "y": 1.125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Gone 5%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.625, "y": 1.6964}, {"x": 7.0366, "y": 1.7009}, {"x": 7.0346, "y": 1.8852}, {"x": 6.623, "y": 1.8807}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Unknown 45%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.4464, "y": 3.1696}, {"x": 7.1969, "y": 3.1742}, {"x": 7.196, "y": 3.712}, {"x": 4.4455, "y": 3.7075}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Figure 13.5: Current known status reflecting changes of exploited grouper aggregations globally, as noted by fisher interviews, monitoring, or underwater surveys (N = 509). Long description.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7676, "y": 4.0536}, {"x": 7.2273, "y": 4.0491}, {"x": 7.228, "y": 5.1573}, {"x": 0.7684, "y": 5.1618}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Of the 167 species of grouper, 9.6% are vulnerable, 4.8% are near threatened, 1.2% are endangered, and 0.6% are critically endangered (Figure 13.6). The majority of species (68.9%) are classified as least concern and 15% are data deficient, with insufficient data for classification. The larger (>50 cm total length) and long-lived (>20 years) species of grouper that also had smaller geographic ranges were most likely to be endangered or critically endangered (Luiz et al. 2016). Market prices for grouper are escalating, and other lower-valued fish are often mislabeled or substituted.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.583, "y": 5.322}, {"x": 2.1053, "y": 5.3175}, {"x": 2.1071, "y": 5.5357}, {"x": 1.5848, "y": 5.5402}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Critically endangered", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7768, "y": 5.558}, {"x": 1.9063, "y": 5.558}, {"x": 1.9063, "y": 5.6339}, {"x": 1.7768, "y": 5.6339}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "1%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9821, "y": 5.6384}, {"x": 1.5804, "y": 5.6384}, {"x": 1.5804, "y": 5.8393}, {"x": 0.9821, "y": 5.8393}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Data deficient 15%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.2357, "y": 5.3125}, {"x": 2.749, "y": 5.308}, {"x": 2.7508, "y": 5.5161}, {"x": 2.2375, "y": 5.5206}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Endangered 1%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.625, "y": 5.5089}, {"x": 3.0937, "y": 5.5089}, {"x": 3.0937, "y": 5.7098}, {"x": 2.625, "y": 5.7098}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Vulnerable 9%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.1116, "y": 5.7902}, {"x": 3.5848, "y": 5.7902}, {"x": 3.5848, "y": 6.0982}, {"x": 3.1116, "y": 6.0982}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Near threatened 5%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.8929, "y": 8.1027}, {"x": 2.5, "y": 8.1027}, {"x": 2.5, "y": 8.2946}, {"x": 1.8929, "y": 8.2946}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Least concern 69%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7679, "y": 8.4554}, {"x": 3.6161, "y": 8.4554}, {"x": 3.6161, "y": 8.8527}, {"x": 0.7679, "y": 8.8527}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Figure 13.6: Categories of all grouper species (N = 167) according to the IUCN Red List (IUCN Red List Assessments, updated November 2018). Long description.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8798, "y": 5.3482}, {"x": 7.2275, "y": 5.3438}, {"x": 7.2324, "y": 8.9955}, {"x": 3.8847, "y": 9.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "To protect grouper from overfishing, many measures are being implemented, such as minimum and slot-size limits, recreational bag limits, commercial fishing quotas, gear and seasonal controls, marine protected areas, and limited entry (Rocklin et al. 2022). The effectiveness will depend on traits of the species and the local context. Regulations to prevent marketing of undersize fish will mitigate growth overfishing. Allowing smaller fish to reach maturity at least once before harvest will mitigate recruitment overfishing. Size-limit regulations focused on protecting spawning-size fish may be ineffective for deepwater recreational fishing. Grouper have a physoclistous (i.e., closed) swim bladder, making them particularly susceptible to ruptured swim bladders, bloating, stomach distention, and protruding eyes caused by rapid decompression when hauled to the surface (Brul\u00e9 et al. 2015). The proportion of grouper with distended stomachs was 70% in one study of commercial hook-and-line fishing and as high as 95% for Red", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7679, "y": 9.3438}, {"x": 2.9866, "y": 9.3438}, {"x": 2.9866, "y": 9.4821}, {"x": 0.7679, "y": 9.4821}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "312 | Grouper and Spawning Aggregations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000194.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9681, "y": 1.019}, {"x": 4.0458, "y": 1.0139}, {"x": 4.0472, "y": 1.9115}, {"x": 0.9696, "y": 1.9166}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Peihao Wang, Rameswar Panda, Lucas Torroba Hen- nigen, Philip Greengard, Leonid Karlinsky, Roge- rio Feris, David Daniel Cox, Zhangyang Wang, and Yoon Kim. 2023. 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Fine-tuning lan- guage models from human preferences. arXiv preprint arXiv: 1909.08593.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000081.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3587, "y": 0.4766}, {"x": 3.1843, "y": 0.4816}, {"x": 3.1839, "y": 0.6388}, {"x": 1.3583, "y": 0.6337}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Jailed for Doing Business", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3587, "y": 1.3435}, {"x": 6.4032, "y": 1.3435}, {"x": 6.4032, "y": 1.744}, {"x": 1.3587, "y": 1.744}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "TABLE 22: COMMERCIAL LAWS WITH MORE THAN 100 IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3784, "y": 2.022}, {"x": 4.0534, "y": 2.0163}, {"x": 4.0534, "y": 2.3866}, {"x": 1.3784, "y": 2.3866}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Law", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0534, "y": 2.0163}, {"x": 5.4622, "y": 2.0163}, {"x": 5.4622, "y": 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"category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Source: Team Lease Regtech", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3537, "y": 4.5627}, {"x": 6.6821, "y": 4.5627}, {"x": 6.6821, "y": 4.9632}, {"x": 1.3537, "y": 4.9632}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "TABLE 23: IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND SAFETY LAWS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3924, "y": 5.2347}, {"x": 3.6279, "y": 5.2347}, {"x": 3.6279, "y": 5.5015}, {"x": 1.3924, "y": 5.5015}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Imprisonment term", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.6279, "y": 5.2347}, {"x": 5.2393, "y": 5.2347}, {"x": 5.2393, "y": 5.5015}, {"x": 3.6279, "y": 5.5015}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Number of clauses", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.2393, "y": 5.2347}, {"x": 6.8564, "y": 5.2347}, {"x": 6.8564, "y": 5.5015}, {"x": 5.2393, "y": 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{"coordinates": [{"x": 5.245, "y": 6.9378}, {"x": 6.8621, "y": 6.9378}, {"x": 6.8621, "y": 7.216}, {"x": 5.245, "y": 7.216}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3689, "y": 7.2801}, {"x": 2.9308, "y": 7.2851}, {"x": 2.9304, "y": 7.4271}, {"x": 1.3684, "y": 7.422}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "Source: Team Lease Regtech", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3587, "y": 7.7009}, {"x": 6.9053, "y": 7.7059}, {"x": 6.9048, "y": 8.3206}, {"x": 1.3582, "y": 8.3155}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "NOTE: The inconsistency in number of laws is because a single law could have multiple clauses on criminality; it could have a few clauses of less than three months and few of between three and five years.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0001, "y": 11.0925}, {"x": 4.2587, "y": 11.0925}, {"x": 4.2587, "y": 11.2902}, {"x": 4.0001, "y": 11.2902}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "78", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3654, "y": 2.0072}, {"x": 6.8821, "y": 2.0067}, {"x": 6.8832, "y": 3.6563}, {"x": 1.3659, "y": 3.6569}], "category": "table", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
LawUnion/State ruleImprisonment clauses
Arms Act, 1959 and Arms Rules 2016Union152
Food Safety & Standards Act, 2006 & Food Safety and Standards (Licensing and Registration of Food Businesses) Regulations, 2011Union123
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LawUnion/State ruleImprisonment clauses
Arms Act, 1959 and Arms Rules 2016Union152
Food Safety & Standards Act, 2006 & Food Safety and Standards (Licensing and Registration of Food Businesses) Regulations, 2011Union123
Imprisonment termNumber of clausesNumber of laws
Less than 3 months15035
3 months to less than 1 year19914
1 year to less than 3 years32616
3 years to less than 5 years35722
5 years to less than 10 years14727
More than 10 years00
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We present task names we use to filter FLAN dervied datasets such as OpenOrca in Table 8.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0799, "y": 3.052}, {"x": 2.2358, "y": 3.052}, {"x": 2.2358, "y": 3.1939}, {"x": 1.0799, "y": 3.1939}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Filtered Task Name", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0799, "y": 3.3105}, {"x": 3.3037, "y": 3.3209}, {"x": 3.2954, "y": 5.0901}, {"x": 1.0716, "y": 5.0797}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "task228_arc_answer_generation_easy ai2_arcARCChallenge:1.0.0 ai2_arcARCEasy:1.0.0 task229_arc_answer_generation_hard hellaswag:1.1.0 task1389_hellaswag_completion cot_gsm8k cot_gsm8k_ii drop:2.0.0 winogrande: 1.1.0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9683, "y": 5.2775}, {"x": 4.0204, "y": 5.2775}, {"x": 4.0204, "y": 5.5919}, {"x": 0.9683, "y": 5.5919}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Table 8: Task names that we use to filter data for FLAN derived datasets such as OpenOrca.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9836, "y": 5.9366}, {"x": 1.3283, "y": 5.9366}, {"x": 1.3283, "y": 6.1242}, {"x": 0.9836, "y": 6.1242}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "ARC", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3283, "y": 5.9366}, {"x": 1.8809, "y": 5.9366}, {"x": 1.8809, "y": 6.1242}, {"x": 1.3283, "y": 6.1242}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "HellaSwag ,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.8809, "y": 5.9366}, {"x": 2.3169, "y": 5.9366}, {"x": 2.3169, "y": 6.1242}, {"x": 1.8809, "y": 6.1242}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "MMLU", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.3169, "y": 5.9366}, {"x": 2.9101, "y": 5.9366}, {"x": 2.9101, "y": 6.1191}, {"x": 2.3169, "y": 6.1242}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "TruthfulQA", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.9101, "y": 5.9366}, {"x": 3.5236, "y": 5.9366}, {"x": 3.5236, "y": 6.1191}, {"x": 2.9101, "y": 6.1191}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Winogrande", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.5236, "y": 5.9366}, {"x": 3.99, "y": 5.9366}, {"x": 3.99, "y": 6.1191}, {"x": 3.5236, "y": 6.1191}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "GSM8K", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9836, "y": 6.1242}, {"x": 1.3283, "y": 6.1242}, {"x": 1.3283, "y": 6.3016}, {"x": 0.9836, "y": 6.3016}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "0.06", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3283, "y": 6.1242}, {"x": 1.8809, "y": 6.1242}, {"x": 1.8809, "y": 6.3016}, {"x": 1.3283, "y": 6.3016}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "N/A", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.8809, "y": 6.1242}, {"x": 2.3169, "y": 6.1242}, {"x": 2.3169, "y": 6.3016}, {"x": 1.8809, "y": 6.3016}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "0.15", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.3169, "y": 6.1242}, {"x": 2.9101, "y": 6.1191}, {"x": 2.9101, "y": 6.3016}, {"x": 2.3169, "y": 6.3016}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "0.28", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.9101, "y": 6.1191}, {"x": 3.5236, "y": 6.1191}, {"x": 3.5236, "y": 6.3016}, {"x": 2.9101, "y": 6.3016}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "N/A", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.5236, "y": 6.1191}, {"x": 3.99, "y": 6.1191}, {"x": 3.99, "y": 6.3016}, {"x": 3.5236, "y": 6.3016}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "0.70", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9622, "y": 6.4487}, {"x": 4.0393, "y": 6.4436}, {"x": 4.0412, "y": 7.575}, {"x": 0.9641, "y": 7.5801}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Table 9: Data contamination test results for SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct. We show 'result < 0.1, %' values where a value higher than 0.9 indicates high probability of data contamination. HellaSwag and Winogrande datasets are not currently supported. We set SOLAR 10.7B as our reference model when performing the data contamina- tion tests.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9582, "y": 7.9087}, {"x": 4.0356, "y": 7.9087}, {"x": 4.0356, "y": 9.9518}, {"x": 0.9582, "y": 9.9518}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Results on data contamination. To show the in- tegrity of SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, we also report the data contamination test (Shi et al., 2023) results in Table. 9. All four tested benchmark datasets yield results well below the contamination thresh- old, affirming the absence of data contamination in our model. One interesting point is that the value for GSM8K is noticeably higher than for other datasets, even without contamination. 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It helps farmers to gain money while the consumers pay a faire price in exchange of the product, which foster the reduction of food waste.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.5299, "y": 6.2199}, {"x": 7.1035, "y": 6.2199}, {"x": 7.1035, "y": 8.0052}, {"x": 5.5299, "y": 8.0052}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Waste reduction of fruits and vegetables.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.104, "y": 6.7343}, {"x": 2.2766, "y": 6.7495}, {"x": 2.2766, "y": 8.0052}, {"x": 1.104, "y": 8.0052}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "mes.co/", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.104, "y": 8.0052}, {"x": 2.2766, "y": 8.0052}, {"x": 2.2766, "y": 9.2913}, {"x": 1.0964, "y": 9.2988}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Fondation Terre Solidaire (Solidarity Earth Foundation) https://fondatio", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.2766, "y": 8.0052}, {"x": 2.8441, "y": 8.0052}, {"x": 2.8516, "y": 10.3125}, {"x": 2.2842, "y": 10.3125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "2016", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.8441, "y": 8.0052}, {"x": 5.5299, "y": 8.0052}, {"x": 5.5299, "y": 10.3125}, {"x": 2.8516, "y": 10.3125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "The Terre Solidaire Foundation was created in 2016 by CCFD-Terre Solidaire to act, particularly in France, in the face of the two major challenges of our time: the massive degradation of our environment (including biodiversity and climate), and the need to building a fairer and more ecologically responsible society. The association remains mobilized on its", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.5299, "y": 8.0052}, {"x": 7.1035, "y": 8.0052}, {"x": 7.1035, "y": 10.305}, {"x": 5.5299, "y": 10.3125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "Support and encourage initiatives carried out by citizen mobilizations and actors of the social and solidarity economy in the design, implementation, dissemination and experimentation of", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0964, "y": 9.2988}, {"x": 2.2766, "y": 9.2913}, {"x": 2.2842, "y": 10.3125}, {"x": 1.0964, "y": 10.305}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "n- terresolidaire.o rg/quest-ce- que-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2471, "y": 10.5602}, {"x": 7.108, "y": 10.5551}, {"x": 7.1082, "y": 10.824}, {"x": 1.2473, "y": 10.8291}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.0214, "y": 10.9607}, {"x": 5.3335, "y": 10.9556}, {"x": 5.3338, "y": 11.0773}, {"x": 3.0216, "y": 11.0823}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0827, "y": 2.9602}, {"x": 7.1203, "y": 2.9618}, {"x": 7.1178, "y": 10.3362}, {"x": 1.08, "y": 10.3335}], "category": "table", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Source (doc, report, etc.)YearDescription of the initiativeCircular Economy issues addressed
Eco-Ecole Program https://www.ec2005Eco-Ecole is the French version of Eco-Schools, an international program for education in sustainable development (ESD), developed by the Foundation for Environmental Education. The Teragir association launched the Eco-School program in 2005. The program aims to help students better understand the world around them in order to flourish and participate in it.Eco-Ecole offers instructions for teaching teams to effectively deploy sustainable development from kindergarten to high school.
o-ecole.org/le-
programme/
Horsnormes https://horsnor2020Horsnormes is a website which provide baskets of fruits and vegetables that are directly collected from farmers. It helps farmers to gain money while the consumers pay a faire price in exchange of the product, which foster the reduction of food waste.Waste reduction of fruits and vegetables.
mes.co/
Fondation Terre Solidaire (Solidarity Earth Foundation) https://fondatio2016The Terre Solidaire Foundation was created in 2016 by CCFD-Terre Solidaire to act, particularly in France, in the face of the two major challenges of our time: the massive degradation of our environment (including biodiversity and climate), and the need to building a fairer and more ecologically responsible society. The association remains mobilized on itsSupport and encourage initiatives carried out by citizen mobilizations and actors of the social and solidarity economy in the design, implementation, dissemination and experimentation of
n- terresolidaire.o rg/quest-ce- que-
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000110.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7736, "y": 0.783}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 0.783}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 1.3702}, {"x": 0.7736, "y": 1.3702}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "in the flow. There is also a transitional stage between laminar and turbulent flows, in which the dye stream will wander about and show intermittent bursts of mixing, followed by a more laminar behavior.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.783, "y": 1.5803}, {"x": 7.0959, "y": 1.5755}, {"x": 7.0961, "y": 1.7665}, {"x": 0.7831, "y": 1.7713}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "The Reynolds number (Re), provides a useful way of characterizing the flow. 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Temperature (degree C)Kinematic viscosity v (m2/s)Temperature (degree C)Kinematic viscosity v (m2/s)
01.793E-06258.930E-07
11.732E-06268.760E-07
21.674E-06278.540E-07
31.619E-06288.360E-07
41.522E-06298.180E-07
51.520E-06308.020E-07
61.474E-06317.850E-07
71.429E-06327.690E-07
81.386E-06337.530E-07
91.346E-06347.380E-07
101.307E-06357.240E-07
111.270E-06367.110E-07
121.235E-06376.970E-07
131.201E-06386.840E-07
141.169E-06396.710E-07
151.138E-06406.580E-07
161.108E-06456.020E-07
171.080E-06505.540E-07
181.053E-06555.110E-07
191.027E-06604.760E-07
201.002E-06654.430E-07
219.780E-07704.130E-07
229.550E-07753.860E-07
239.330E-07803.630E-07
249.110E-07853.420E-07
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000124.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 3.7688, "y": 0.7489}, {"x": 4.7433, "y": 0.7489}, {"x": 4.7433, "y": 0.9186}, {"x": 3.7688, "y": 0.9223}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 2.9.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5097, "y": 0.926}, {"x": 3.7688, "y": 0.9223}, {"x": 3.7688, "y": 1.3171}, {"x": 1.5171, "y": 1.3281}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Ontario Television Viewing in 2004", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.7688, "y": 0.9223}, {"x": 4.7433, "y": 0.9186}, {"x": 4.7433, "y": 1.0625}, {"x": 3.7688, "y": 1.0699}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "A pie chart", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.7688, "y": 1.0699}, {"x": 4.7433, "y": 1.0625}, {"x": 4.7433, "y": 1.3134}, {"x": 3.7688, "y": 1.3171}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "displaying 12", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5171, "y": 1.3281}, {"x": 3.7688, "y": 1.3171}, {"x": 3.7651, "y": 1.7155}, {"x": 1.5208, "y": 1.7303}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "22%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.7688, "y": 1.3171}, {"x": 4.7433, "y": 1.3134}, {"x": 4.7433, "y": 1.4425}, {"x": 3.7688, "y": 1.4462}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "categories", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.7688, "y": 1.4462}, {"x": 4.7433, "y": 1.4425}, {"x": 4.7433, "y": 1.7081}, {"x": 3.7651, "y": 1.7155}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "of television viewing in", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.7651, "y": 1.7155}, {"x": 4.7433, "y": 1.7081}, {"x": 4.7433, "y": 1.8704}, {"x": 3.7651, "y": 1.8778}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Ontario in", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.7651, "y": 1.8778}, {"x": 4.7433, "y": 1.8704}, {"x": 4.7433, "y": 2.0807}, {"x": 3.7651, "y": 2.0844}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "2004 provides", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.7651, "y": 2.0844}, {"x": 4.7433, "y": 2.0807}, {"x": 4.747, "y": 2.2394}, {"x": 3.7651, "y": 2.2431}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "too much", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5282, "y": 2.2504}, {"x": 3.7651, "y": 2.2431}, {"x": 3.7614, "y": 2.7928}, {"x": 1.5319, "y": 2.8038}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "14% :selected: Havs andpublic sffi'm :unselected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.7651, "y": 2.2431}, {"x": 4.747, "y": 2.2394}, {"x": 4.747, "y": 2.4017}, {"x": 3.7614, "y": 2.4091}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "visual", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.7614, "y": 2.4091}, {"x": 4.747, "y": 2.4017}, {"x": 4.747, "y": 2.7854}, {"x": 3.7614, "y": 2.7928}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "information , making it hard to", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.7614, "y": 2.7928}, {"x": 4.747, "y": 2.7854}, {"x": 4.747, "y": 2.8628}, {"x": 3.7614, "y": 2.8702}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "read.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5356, "y": 2.9551}, {"x": 2.3809, "y": 2.9477}, {"x": 2.3809, "y": 3.0215}, {"x": 1.5356, "y": 3.0326}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": ":selected: Variety and parmes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7821, "y": 4.1799}, {"x": 2.4067, "y": 4.1762}, {"x": 2.4072, "y": 4.3754}, {"x": 0.7826, "y": 4.3791}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "False Causation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7789, "y": 4.7222}, {"x": 3.1228, "y": 4.7222}, {"x": 3.1228, "y": 4.8624}, {"x": 0.7789, "y": 4.8624}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Correlation does not imply causation.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.772, "y": 4.9139}, {"x": 4.7104, "y": 4.9178}, {"x": 4.7095, "y": 5.8449}, {"x": 0.7711, "y": 5.8411}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "If you've ever taken a statistics or data analysis course, you have almost certainly come across this common phrase. It means that, just because two trends seem to fluctuate alongside each other, it doesn't prove that one causes the other or that they are related in a meaningful way.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9007, "y": 5.888}, {"x": 4.7174, "y": 5.888}, {"x": 4.7174, "y": 6.0282}, {"x": 0.9007, "y": 6.0282}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "Review Figure 2.10\" below, which shows a line graph of the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.657, "y": 6.5263}, {"x": 4.6182, "y": 6.5302}, {"x": 4.6173, "y": 7.5225}, {"x": 0.6561, "y": 7.5185}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "2. Statistics Canada. Table 37-10-0079-01 Registered apprenticeship training, registrations by major trade groups and sex. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.25318/3710007901-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.657, "y": 7.5666}, {"x": 4.6548, "y": 7.5703}, {"x": 4.6544, "y": 8.0646}, {"x": 0.6566, "y": 8.0609}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "3. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate 46 | Misleading Data Visualizations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5625, "y": 0.7135}, {"x": 4.7833, "y": 0.7203}, {"x": 4.7797, "y": 3.1083}, {"x": 1.5573, "y": 3.1013}], "category": "table", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Figure 2.9.
Ontario Television Viewing in 2004A pie chart
displaying 12
22%categories
of television viewing in
Ontario in
2004 provides
too much
14% :selected: Havs andpublic sffi'm :unselected:visual
information , making it hard to
:unselected::unselected:read.
:selected::selected:
:selected: Variety and parmes:unselected:
:unselected::unselected:
:selected::selected:
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000034.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8362, "y": 0.4883}, {"x": 1.1136, "y": 0.4883}, {"x": 1.1136, "y": 0.6172}, {"x": 0.8362, "y": 0.6172}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "xviii", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.6342, "y": 0.4805}, {"x": 5.1617, "y": 0.4922}, {"x": 5.1585, "y": 0.6328}, {"x": 4.631, "y": 0.6211}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Prologue", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8274, "y": 0.805}, {"x": 5.1613, "y": 0.7972}, {"x": 5.1623, "y": 1.3242}, {"x": 0.8284, "y": 1.332}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "So let's get rid of the expression derivative d/dt and replace it with an appropriate functional derivative. If f is a function then we will write Df as the new function that is the derivative of f:5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.84, "y": 1.4661}, {"x": 2.3378, "y": 1.5905}, {"x": 2.3156, "y": 1.8572}, {"x": 0.8178, "y": 1.7328}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "(Df)(t) = dx f(x) x=t", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.6294, "y": 1.4609}, {"x": 1.7153, "y": 1.4609}, {"x": 1.7153, "y": 1.6055}, {"x": 1.6294, "y": 1.6055}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "d", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.363, "y": 1.6726}, {"x": 2.3791, "y": 1.6726}, {"x": 2.3791, "y": 1.6887}, {"x": 2.363, "y": 1.6887}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": ".", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8284, "y": 1.9648}, {"x": 5.1617, "y": 1.9648}, {"x": 5.1617, "y": 2.3008}, {"x": 0.8284, "y": 2.3008}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "To do this for the Lagrange equation we need to construct a function to take the derivative of.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8272, "y": 2.3325}, {"x": 5.1538, "y": 2.3225}, {"x": 5.155, "y": 2.826}, {"x": 0.8284, "y": 2.8359}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Given a configuration-space path w, there is a standard way to make the state-space path. We can abstract this method as a mathematical function I:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4028, "y": 2.9414}, {"x": 2.5984, "y": 2.9492}, {"x": 2.5963, "y": 3.2773}, {"x": 1.4006, "y": 3.2695}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "=( w ) , w ( ).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8284, "y": 3.4062}, {"x": 2.2897, "y": 3.4062}, {"x": 2.2897, "y": 3.5703}, {"x": 0.8284, "y": 3.5703}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Using I we can write:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8362, "y": 3.7539}, {"x": 3.5323, "y": 3.7539}, {"x": 3.5323, "y": 4.0}, {"x": 0.8362, "y": 4.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "((A2L) (T[w](t))) - (1L) (T[w](t)) = 0.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8323, "y": 4.168}, {"x": 5.1499, "y": 4.168}, {"x": 5.1499, "y": 4.668}, {"x": 0.8323, "y": 4.668}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "If we now define composition of functions (f og)(x) = f (g(x)), we can express the Lagrange equations entirely in terms of func- tions:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8362, "y": 4.832}, {"x": 3.4346, "y": 4.832}, {"x": 3.4346, "y": 5.0234}, {"x": 0.8362, "y": 5.0234}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "D((a2L) o (T[w])) - (A1L) . (T[w]) = 0.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8206, "y": 5.1641}, {"x": 5.1577, "y": 5.1641}, {"x": 5.1577, "y": 6.9492}, {"x": 0.8206, "y": 6.9492}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "The functions AL and O2L are partial derivatives of the func- tion L. Composition with [w] evaluates these partials with coor- dinates and velocites appropriate for the path w, making functions of time. Applying D takes the time derivative. The Lagrange equation states that the difference of the resulting functions of time must be zero. This statement of the Lagrange equation is complete, unambiguous, and functional. It is not encumbered with the particular choices made in expressing the Lagrangian. For example, it doesn't matter if the time is named t or T, and it has an explicit place for the path to be tested.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0042, "y": 6.9609}, {"x": 4.599, "y": 6.9609}, {"x": 4.599, "y": 7.125}, {"x": 1.0042, "y": 7.125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "This expression is equivalent to a computer program:6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8401, "y": 7.375}, {"x": 4.7398, "y": 7.3789}, {"x": 4.7397, "y": 7.5234}, {"x": 0.8399, "y": 7.5195}], "category": "footnote", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "5 An explanation of functional derivatives is in Appendix B, page 202.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8325, "y": 7.5937}, {"x": 5.1579, "y": 7.5977}, {"x": 5.1574, "y": 8.1563}, {"x": 0.832, "y": 8.1523}], "category": "footnote", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "6The programs in this book are written in Scheme, a dialect of Lisp. The details of the language are not germane to the points being made. What is important is that it is mechanically interpretable, and thus unambiguous. In this book we require that the mathematical expressions be explicit enough", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000142.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2335, "y": 0.9999}, {"x": 1.3146, "y": 0.9969}, {"x": 1.3198, "y": 1.137}, {"x": 1.2387, "y": 1.14}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.9545, "y": 0.9847}, {"x": 7.1271, "y": 0.9898}, {"x": 7.1268, "y": 1.1573}, {"x": 3.9543, "y": 1.1522}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Numerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2233, "y": 1.4364}, {"x": 7.137, "y": 1.4364}, {"x": 7.137, "y": 1.7714}, {"x": 1.2233, "y": 1.7714}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "also plays an important role in error analysis (investigating the difference between the numerical approximation and the solution).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2235, "y": 1.8323}, {"x": 7.1321, "y": 1.8374}, {"x": 7.1313, "y": 2.6647}, {"x": 1.2228, "y": 2.6597}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Calculating with only a finite subset of the rational numbers has many consequences. For exam- ple: a computer cannot distinguish between two polynomials of sufficiently high degree. Conse- quently, methods based on the main theorem of algebra (i.e. that an nth degree polynomial has exactly n complex zeros) cannot be trusted. Errors that follow from the use of finitely many digits are called rounding errors (Section 1.4).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2284, "y": 2.7358}, {"x": 7.1421, "y": 2.7358}, {"x": 7.1421, "y": 3.7307}, {"x": 1.2284, "y": 3.7307}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "An important aspect of numerical mathematics is the emphasis on efficiency. Contrary to or- dinary mathematics, numerical mathematics considers an increase in efficiency, i.e. a decrease of the number of operations and/or amount of storage required, as an essential improvement. Progress in this aspect is of great practical importance and the end of this development has not been reached yet. Here, the creative mind will meet many challenges. On top of that, revolutions in computer architecture will overturn much conventional wisdom.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2433, "y": 3.9997}, {"x": 4.3857, "y": 3.9946}, {"x": 4.3861, "y": 4.2027}, {"x": 1.2436, "y": 4.2078}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "1.3 Why numerical mathematics?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2284, "y": 4.3499}, {"x": 7.1319, "y": 4.3499}, {"x": 7.1319, "y": 4.6849}, {"x": 1.2284, "y": 4.6849}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "A big advantage of numerical mathematics is that it can provide answers to problems that do not admit closed-form solutions. Consider for example the integral", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.6976, "y": 4.8031}, {"x": 4.7375, "y": 4.9727}, {"x": 4.6924, "y": 5.249}, {"x": 3.6525, "y": 5.0794}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "TT 1 + cos2 xdx.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.6599, "y": 4.9133}, {"x": 3.7716, "y": 4.9155}, {"x": 3.7665, "y": 5.1772}, {"x": 3.6547, "y": 5.175}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.6499, "y": 5.1957}, {"x": 3.7157, "y": 5.1925}, {"x": 3.7208, "y": 5.294}, {"x": 3.655, "y": 5.2973}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2328, "y": 5.3701}, {"x": 7.1367, "y": 5.365}, {"x": 7.1376, "y": 6.3599}, {"x": 1.2336, "y": 6.365}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "This is an expression for the arc length of one arc of the curve y(x) = sin x, which does not have a solution in closed form. A numerical method, however, can approximate this integral in a very simple way (Chapter 5). An additional advantage is that a numerical method only uses stan- dard function evaluations and the operations addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Because these are exactly the operations a computer can perform, numerical mathematics and computers form a perfect combination.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2281, "y": 6.436}, {"x": 7.1419, "y": 6.4309}, {"x": 7.1426, "y": 7.2678}, {"x": 1.2289, "y": 7.2729}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "An advantage of analytical methods is that the solution is given by a mathematical formula. From this, insight in the behavior and the properties of the solution can be gained. For numerical approximations, however, this is not the case. In that case, visualization tools may be used to gain insight in the behavior of the solution. Using a numerical method to draw a graph of a function is usually a more useful tool than evaluating the solution at a large number of points.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2487, "y": 7.5324}, {"x": 3.2041, "y": 7.5425}, {"x": 3.203, "y": 7.7506}, {"x": 1.2476, "y": 7.7405}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "1.4 Rounding errors", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2284, "y": 7.8877}, {"x": 7.1218, "y": 7.8877}, {"x": 7.1218, "y": 8.1973}, {"x": 1.2284, "y": 8.1973}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "A computer uses a finite representation of the all numbers in R. These are stored in a computer in the form", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.6294, "y": 8.2176}, {"x": 7.1319, "y": 8.2176}, {"x": 7.1319, "y": 8.38}, {"x": 3.6294, "y": 8.38}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "+0.d1d2 . .. dn \u00b7 Be, (1.1)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2284, "y": 8.4511}, {"x": 7.1319, "y": 8.4511}, {"x": 7.1319, "y": 9.6134}, {"x": 1.2284, "y": 9.6134}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "in which, by definition, d1 > 0 and 0 \u2264 di < B. The normalization is needed in order to prevent a waste of digits and to make the representation unambiguous. We call the value in equation (1.1) a floating point number (representation) in which 0.d1d2 ... dn is called the mantissa, \u00df the base and e (integer) the exponent, where L < e < U. Characteristic values for |L| and U are in the range [100, 1000], often, B = 2 (binary representation) and n = 24 (single precision) or n = 53 (double precision). Most computers and software packages (Matlab) satisfy the IEEE-754 standard, and hence provide single-1 and double-precision2 computations.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2386, "y": 9.6845}, {"x": 2.0609, "y": 9.6845}, {"x": 2.0609, "y": 9.8266}, {"x": 1.2386, "y": 9.8266}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Let for x \u20ac R", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.8629, "y": 9.8418}, {"x": 5.4974, "y": 9.8469}, {"x": 5.4971, "y": 10.0245}, {"x": 2.8626, "y": 10.0195}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "O.d1 ... dn . Be < x < 0.did2 . . . (dn + 1) . Be,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3909, "y": 10.1108}, {"x": 5.3961, "y": 10.1159}, {"x": 5.3959, "y": 10.258}, {"x": 1.3907, "y": 10.2529}], "category": "footnote", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-precision_floating-point_format", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3909, "y": 10.2529}, {"x": 5.391, "y": 10.258}, {"x": 5.3908, "y": 10.39}, {"x": 1.3907, "y": 10.3849}], "category": "footnote", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000175.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7698, "y": 0.8116}, {"x": 4.725, "y": 0.8153}, {"x": 4.7228, "y": 3.1174}, {"x": 0.7676, "y": 3.1137}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "radiation at other wavelengths, as shown in (Figure 1). Just as you can catch more rain with a garbage can than with a coffee cup, large telescopes gather much more light than your eye can. Second, there is an instrument attached to the telescope that sorts the incoming radiation by wavelength. Sometimes the sorting is fairly crude. For example, we might simply want to separate blue light from red light so that we can determine the temperature of a star. But at other times, we want to see individual spectral lines to determine what an object is made of, or to measure its speed (as explained in the Radiation and Spectra chapter). Third, we need some type of detector, a device that senses the radiation in the wavelength regions we have chosen and permanently records the observations.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1846, "y": 3.5786}, {"x": 4.3003, "y": 3.5749}, {"x": 4.3006, "y": 3.7962}, {"x": 1.1849, "y": 3.7999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Orion Region at Different Wavelengths.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.6983, "y": 5.6408}, {"x": 2.7869, "y": 5.6372}, {"x": 2.7906, "y": 5.7257}, {"x": 2.702, "y": 5.7294}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "(b)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0715, "y": 5.6444}, {"x": 4.1527, "y": 5.6408}, {"x": 4.1564, "y": 5.7257}, {"x": 4.0752, "y": 5.7292}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "(c)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7853, "y": 5.8217}, {"x": 4.7019, "y": 5.8179}, {"x": 4.7036, "y": 7.5222}, {"x": 0.787, "y": 7.526}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Figure 1. The same part of the sky looks different when observed with instruments that are sensitive to different bands of the spectrum. (a) Visible light: this shows part of the Orion region as the human eye sees it, with dotted lines added to show the figure of the mythical hunter, Orion. (b) X-rays: here, the view emphasizes the point-like X-ray sources nearby. The colors are artificial, changing from yellow to white to blue with increasing energy of the X-rays. The bright, hot stars in Orion are still seen in this image, but so are many other objects located at very different", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7678, "y": 7.8396}, {"x": 4.197, "y": 7.8396}, {"x": 4.197, "y": 7.9798}, {"x": 0.7678, "y": 7.9798}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "276 | Chapter 6 Astronomical Instruments Section 6.1: Telescopes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000050.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4297, "y": 0.5039}, {"x": 5.0547, "y": 0.5039}, {"x": 5.0547, "y": 0.6484}, {"x": 1.4297, "y": 0.6484}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.2656, "y": 0.5117}, {"x": 5.4106, "y": 0.5078}, {"x": 5.4141, "y": 0.6367}, {"x": 5.2691, "y": 0.6406}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "11", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1756, "y": 0.9844}, {"x": 5.3867, "y": 0.9805}, {"x": 5.387, "y": 1.3305}, {"x": 1.176, "y": 1.3344}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Republic Act No. 9501: Magna Carta for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (May 23, 2008)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1717, "y": 1.4961}, {"x": 5.3867, "y": 1.4922}, {"x": 5.387, "y": 1.8466}, {"x": 1.1721, "y": 1.8505}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Republic Act No. 9262: Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children Act of 2004 (March 8, 2004)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1797, "y": 2.0117}, {"x": 5.3867, "y": 2.0117}, {"x": 5.3867, "y": 2.5352}, {"x": 1.1797, "y": 2.5352}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Republic Act No. 9208 (May 26, 2003), as amended by Republic Act No. 10364 (February 6, 2013): Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1758, "y": 2.7188}, {"x": 5.3712, "y": 2.7227}, {"x": 5.3709, "y": 3.0779}, {"x": 1.1755, "y": 3.074}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Republic Act No. 9178: Barangay Micro Business Enterprises Act of 2002 (November 13, 2002)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1758, "y": 3.2344}, {"x": 5.3828, "y": 3.2344}, {"x": 5.3828, "y": 3.582}, {"x": 1.1758, "y": 3.582}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Republic Act No. 8972: Solo Parent's Welfare Act (November 7, 2000)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1758, "y": 3.7461}, {"x": 5.3828, "y": 3.7461}, {"x": 5.3828, "y": 4.1055}, {"x": 1.1758, "y": 4.1055}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Republic Act No. 8505: Rape Victim Assistance and Protection Act (February 13, 1998)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1795, "y": 4.2617}, {"x": 5.3828, "y": 4.2578}, {"x": 5.3831, "y": 4.612}, {"x": 1.1799, "y": 4.6159}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": ". Republic Act No. 8504: Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act of 1998 (February 13, 1998)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1758, "y": 4.7695}, {"x": 5.3789, "y": 4.7695}, {"x": 5.3789, "y": 5.1172}, {"x": 1.1758, "y": 5.1172}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Republic Act No. 8353: Anti-Rape Law of 1997 (September 30, 1997)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1758, "y": 5.2891}, {"x": 5.3828, "y": 5.2891}, {"x": 5.3828, "y": 5.6445}, {"x": 1.1758, "y": 5.6445}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Republic Act No. 7877: Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995 (February 14, 1995)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8633, "y": 5.7969}, {"x": 5.3867, "y": 5.7969}, {"x": 5.3867, "y": 6.7422}, {"x": 0.8633, "y": 6.7422}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "During the first Aquino administration (1986-1992), three women sectoral representatives were appointed in Congress. Yet feminist activists such as Teresita Quintos-Deles and Jurgette Honculada's appointments were blocked by the House Committee on Appointments (Abao and Yang 2001, 19).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8555, "y": 6.8945}, {"x": 5.3828, "y": 6.8945}, {"x": 5.3828, "y": 8.2344}, {"x": 0.8555, "y": 8.2344}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "While reliable electoral data during the Marcos regime is unavailable, it is safe to argue that the repressive regime hampered the participation of women in formal politics given the widespread militarization and electoral fraud characterizing the dictatorship. And even with the legal framework guaranteed by the transition, women found it difficult to enter formal politics, despite women's consistently high voter turnout during elections (Table 1).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000028.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0303, "y": 0.271}, {"x": 3.0865, "y": 0.271}, {"x": 3.0865, "y": 0.4132}, {"x": 1.0303, "y": 0.4132}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0259, "y": 0.7464}, {"x": 6.0264, "y": 0.7508}, {"x": 6.0261, "y": 1.078}, {"x": 1.0256, "y": 1.0736}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "between this and the fact that the development of the underlying wave function for the whole universe is unique.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2213, "y": 1.0885}, {"x": 2.0762, "y": 1.1018}, {"x": 2.0739, "y": 1.244}, {"x": 1.219, "y": 1.2306}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Summarizing:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.02, "y": 1.2518}, {"x": 5.9406, "y": 1.1683}, {"x": 5.949, "y": 1.6582}, {"x": 1.0283, "y": 1.7416}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Definition 1. A universe U is a chain of states (one state Ut for each moment of time t), with the property that the transition between adjacent states is always possible.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0259, "y": 1.746}, {"x": 5.9997, "y": 1.746}, {"x": 5.9997, "y": 2.0748}, {"x": 1.0259, "y": 2.0748}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Definition 2. A multiverse M is the set of all possible universes U in the sense of Definition 1 together with a probability measure on this set.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0204, "y": 2.0839}, {"x": 5.9813, "y": 2.0789}, {"x": 5.9825, "y": 3.2339}, {"x": 1.0216, "y": 3.2388}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "It may of course be said that quantum mechanics should allow for transitions between all kinds of states, although the probability for most such transitions may be extremely small. In this extremely simplified treatment, I will assume that for a given state at a given moment of time t, the dynamical laws will only permit transitions to a very limited number of states at the previous and next moments, which will make the probabilistic part of the investigation particularly simple. However, modifications are called for near the endpoints (the Big Bang and the Big Crunch); see Section 5.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0224, "y": 3.2447}, {"x": 5.985, "y": 3.2095}, {"x": 5.9897, "y": 3.8744}, {"x": 1.0272, "y": 3.9096}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "As it stands, the model presented so far is too simple to generate any results. In fact, there are no observable differences at all between the states, which mean that there are no measurable variables which could be related to the (so far non- specified) dynamics.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.021, "y": 3.9054}, {"x": 6.0261, "y": 3.9007}, {"x": 6.0267, "y": 4.5719}, {"x": 1.0216, "y": 4.5765}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "There are of course many different variables which we can choose to enrich this structure, and which ones to choose must depend on what properties we want to explain. For explaining the second law of thermodynamics, the obvious choice is the entropy.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0347, "y": 4.9359}, {"x": 1.7901, "y": 4.9581}, {"x": 1.7853, "y": 5.1225}, {"x": 1.0299, "y": 5.1003}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "4. Entropy", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0259, "y": 5.278}, {"x": 5.9242, "y": 5.278}, {"x": 5.9242, "y": 5.6112}, {"x": 1.0259, "y": 5.6112}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "According to Boltzmann, the total entropy of a certain macro-state at a certain time is given by", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.1486, "y": 5.7534}, {"x": 3.877, "y": 5.7534}, {"x": 3.877, "y": 5.9133}, {"x": 3.1486, "y": 5.9133}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "S = kB ln Q,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.7022, "y": 5.7489}, {"x": 5.8754, "y": 5.7489}, {"x": 5.8754, "y": 5.9}, {"x": 5.7022, "y": 5.9}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "(2)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2257, "y": 6.0777}, {"x": 1.954, "y": 6.0777}, {"x": 1.954, "y": 6.2376}, {"x": 1.2257, "y": 6.2376}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "or inversely", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.6246, "y": 6.3887}, {"x": 5.8843, "y": 6.3887}, {"x": 5.8843, "y": 6.562}, {"x": 2.6246, "y": 6.562}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Q = WS, with W = e1/kg (3)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0305, "y": 6.7306}, {"x": 5.3693, "y": 6.7352}, {"x": 5.369, "y": 7.0406}, {"x": 1.0302, "y": 7.0359}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "where 2 denotes the number of corresponding micro-states and kg is Boltzmann's constant.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0224, "y": 7.0549}, {"x": 6.0222, "y": 7.0596}, {"x": 6.0208, "y": 8.557}, {"x": 1.021, "y": 8.5523}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "This formula was from the beginning derived for simple cases, like an ideal gas. Nevertheless, it does represent a kind of universal truth in statistical mechanics: the number of possible micro-states corresponding to a given macro-state grows expo- nentially with the entropy. Although there are many complications when one tries to consider the entropy of the universe as a whole, I will still take it as the starting point for the discussion that the entropy (at a given time t) is an exponential function of the total entropy as in (3). A more difficult question is if and how the constant W may vary with time, but for the purpose of the present paper, I will simply let it be constant.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.016, "y": 8.5614}, {"x": 6.017, "y": 8.5565}, {"x": 6.018, "y": 9.5505}, {"x": 1.017, "y": 9.5554}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "One may of course argue that this can only be true when the universe is still quite ordered and the entropy is very far from reaching its maximum. But this is certainly what the situation is like in our universe today, and according to the computations in [10, 11], it would take an almost incredibly long time to reach such a state of maximal entropy. Thus, it will in the following be taken for granted that this time is much longer than the life-span of our universe.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0214, "y": 9.8096}, {"x": 1.2052, "y": 9.8051}, {"x": 1.2079, "y": 9.9162}, {"x": 1.0241, "y": 9.9207}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "312", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000111.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 5.291, "y": 0.888}, {"x": 5.3817, "y": 0.888}, {"x": 5.3817, "y": 0.9835}, {"x": 5.291, "y": 0.9835}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "b)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8166, "y": 1.4275}, {"x": 0.9073, "y": 1.4275}, {"x": 0.9073, "y": 1.5182}, {"x": 0.8166, "y": 1.5182}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "a)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.7486, "y": 1.4896}, {"x": 4.4744, "y": 1.4896}, {"x": 4.4744, "y": 1.5994}, {"x": 3.7486, "y": 1.5994}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Cylindrical vessel", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.4152, "y": 1.2365}, {"x": 5.7461, "y": 1.2413}, {"x": 5.7447, "y": 1.3416}, {"x": 5.4137, "y": 1.3368}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "8 mm \u00a2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.1362, "y": 1.2413}, {"x": 6.5196, "y": 1.2461}, {"x": 6.5183, "y": 1.3511}, {"x": 6.1349, "y": 1.3463}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "16 mm \u00f8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.1559, "y": 1.5363}, {"x": 6.455, "y": 1.5363}, {"x": 6.455, "y": 1.8044}, {"x": 6.1559, "y": 1.8044}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": ":selected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.8907, "y": 1.2222}, {"x": 7.2741, "y": 1.227}, {"x": 7.2728, "y": 1.3368}, {"x": 6.8894, "y": 1.332}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "24 mm (", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0076, "y": 2.2201}, {"x": 1.5138, "y": 2.2201}, {"x": 1.5138, "y": 2.3251}, {"x": 1.0076, "y": 2.3251}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "3-way valve", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8213, "y": 2.5781}, {"x": 1.2203, "y": 2.5877}, {"x": 1.2177, "y": 2.6975}, {"x": 0.8187, "y": 2.6879}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Inlet pipe", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.7438, "y": 2.4397}, {"x": 4.25, "y": 2.4397}, {"x": 4.25, "y": 2.5352}, {"x": 3.7438, "y": 2.5352}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Outlet valve", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.6272, "y": 2.4874}, {"x": 4.718, "y": 2.4874}, {"x": 4.718, "y": 2.5781}, {"x": 4.6272, "y": 2.5781}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "c)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.2222, "y": 2.5065}, {"x": 6.3034, "y": 2.5065}, {"x": 6.3034, "y": 2.5924}, {"x": 6.2222, "y": 2.5924}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "d)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.5337, "y": 3.2752}, {"x": 3.5946, "y": 3.253}, {"x": 3.6722, "y": 3.4661}, {"x": 3.6112, "y": 3.4883}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "4 FORCED", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.5862, "y": 3.3038}, {"x": 3.6439, "y": 3.2808}, {"x": 3.7012, "y": 3.424}, {"x": 3.6435, "y": 3.447}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "STICES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1556, "y": 4.378}, {"x": 2.1059, "y": 4.378}, {"x": 2.1059, "y": 4.4926}, {"x": 1.1556, "y": 4.4926}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "15-degree angled tubes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.166, "y": 4.378}, {"x": 4.1354, "y": 4.378}, {"x": 4.1354, "y": 4.4974}, {"x": 3.166, "y": 4.4974}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "60-degree angled tubes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 4.8364}, {"x": 7.2346, "y": 4.8364}, {"x": 7.2346, "y": 5.1515}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 5.1515}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Figure 8.1: a) P6238 CUSSONS free and forced vortex apparatus, b) push-in orifices, c) free vortex measuring caliper, d) force vortex measuring probes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7784, "y": 5.395}, {"x": 1.6579, "y": 5.3997}, {"x": 1.657, "y": 5.5621}, {"x": 0.7775, "y": 5.5573}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "7. 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Recommendations39
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Engraving on wove paper.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3987, "y": 5.0425}, {"x": 3.7031, "y": 5.0425}, {"x": 3.7031, "y": 5.1536}, {"x": 1.3987, "y": 5.1536}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "PUBLISHED BY EDWARD HARDING, LONDON, 1799", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7682, "y": 5.3402}, {"x": 3.712, "y": 5.3402}, {"x": 3.712, "y": 8.4946}, {"x": 0.7682, "y": 8.4946}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "knowledge about remote civilizations. There is an obvious cultural coincidence, for instance, between carpet-making and storytelling among nomadic peoples, which these stories convey through their intricate plot development. They also tell fascinat- ing stories about the the traffic in diamonds, gold, and spices between the Indies, China, Arabia, and Western Europe that still wait to be unveiled. Rather than looking at the things of the Nights as colorful details in Sheherazade's tales or protagonists in the fantastic stories they make for themselves, we could explore, instead, their role as as bearers of cultural knowledge unintentionally embedded in the fabric of the text. In such a reading, \"historically and theo- retically overdetermined material charactersitics of objects are sought out beyond the immediate context in which they appear\"86 in order to", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7726, "y": 8.7873}, {"x": 3.7057, "y": 8.708}, {"x": 3.7227, "y": 9.3386}, {"x": 0.7896, "y": 9.4179}], "category": "footnote", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "86 Elaine Freedgood, \"Introduction: Reading Things,\" in The Idea in Things: Fugitive Meaning in the Victorian Novel (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 5-6.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8763, "y": 0.8397}, {"x": 6.8157, "y": 0.8397}, {"x": 6.8157, "y": 1.1951}, {"x": 3.8763, "y": 1.1951}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "defetishize them and expose the power structures in which they are involved.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8795, "y": 1.2172}, {"x": 6.8259, "y": 1.2201}, {"x": 6.8191, "y": 8.1154}, {"x": 3.8726, "y": 8.1125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Thus, as Makdisi and Nussbaum sum up in their introduction to The Arabian Nights in Historical Context: Between East and West, \"the Nights offered a particularly powerful vision of an Asiatic culture seemingly saturated with references to sensuality, extravagance, indulgence, violence, supernatural- ism, and eroticism ... [and] added a supernatural dimension to the Enlightenment; the tales offered an avenue into modernity through its magical op- posite, an alternative to European identity, and an antidote to neoclassicism.\"87 However, reading such imports as an expression of European pow- ers' disavowal of the East in order to \"justify their conquest and rule over other peoples, particularly in Asia,\"88 is an oversimplification of a rather com- plicated process of cultural exchange. None of these descriptions of Arabia were caused by colo- nial \"distortions,\" as Said feared, but by false attri- butions: \"Arabian\" was a misnomer that rarely de- scribed Arabia itself. While fictional narratives like Arabian Nights' Entertainments represented Ara- bia as a land of magic and exorbitant riches, they were too far-fetched to be part of a Westerner's belief system during the Age of Reason; rather, they were popularized because their wild fiction- ality turned them into bestsellers at the time. Such stories competed with descriptions of the Arabi- an Peninsula by travelers and traders who had vis- ited the area and had unmediated contact with the local culture. However, while the Orientalist litera- ture described Arabia in terms that emphasized its exoticism, magic, superstitions, extravagance, wealth, eroticism, excess, and myriads of other pe- culiarities that contrasted it with the European normativity, travel narratives created an \"Arabian\" identity that was generally congruent with the reality of the place.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8896, "y": 8.9433}, {"x": 6.8113, "y": 8.9433}, {"x": 6.8113, "y": 9.2587}, {"x": 3.8896, "y": 9.2587}], "category": "footnote", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "87 Makdisi and Nussbaum, introduction to The Arabian Nights in Historical Context, 5.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8808, "y": 9.2765}, {"x": 4.4313, "y": 9.2765}, {"x": 4.4313, "y": 9.3964}, {"x": 3.8808, "y": 9.3964}], "category": "footnote", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "88 Ibid.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000160.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9966, "y": 1.033}, {"x": 4.4812, "y": 1.033}, {"x": 4.4812, "y": 2.9329}, {"x": 0.9966, "y": 2.9329}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Other advice that might smooth the way for this exercise is to remind students right before they start that we aren't interested in what these organizations' websites say about themselves, but what they can learn about them from the rest of the internet. Encourage use of Wikipedia for this type of source research. Encourage them to slow down and to practice \"click restraint\" once they have Googled one of these orgs. What can they learn from looking at just the search results page, without clicking through to anything? What is the overall impression from a variety of results?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1984, "y": 3.1026}, {"x": 4.4738, "y": 3.1026}, {"x": 4.4738, "y": 4.4197}, {"x": 1.1984, "y": 4.4197}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Center for Consumer Freedom: Many of the Google search results (with or without including the search term funding) indicate this is astroturing. A look at the Wikipedia page tells us that this org was started by a pretty well known PR guy and the sidebar lists their focus as \"represents the interests of restaurant and food companies\" and their method as \"lobbying.\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1983, "y": 4.468}, {"x": 4.3478, "y": 4.4635}, {"x": 4.3488, "y": 5.2012}, {"x": 1.1993, "y": 5.2057}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "\u2022 National Consumers League: Students may note that it has been around since 1899, has no critical results on the first page of Google results, and even has an entry in the Encyclopedia Britannica.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1984, "y": 5.2461}, {"x": 4.3926, "y": 5.2461}, {"x": 4.3926, "y": 5.5855}, {"x": 1.1984, "y": 5.5855}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "\u2022 One Fair Wage: a legitimately grass-roots effort to raise the minimum wage for restaurant workers.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1973, "y": 5.6405}, {"x": 4.4827, "y": 5.5955}, {"x": 4.5004, "y": 6.8889}, {"x": 1.2151, "y": 6.9338}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Save Our Tips: This is one case where adding the word funding to the search helps a bit. If we do that we find sources indicating that this group is funded in part by the National Restaurant Association and a conservative strategy and consulting group. Not what you would expect for a grassroots effort lead by waitstaff.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7752, "y": 7.8433}, {"x": 2.1889, "y": 7.8433}, {"x": 2.1889, "y": 7.9651}, {"x": 0.7752, "y": 7.9651}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "104 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000066.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3271, "y": 1.1363}, {"x": 6.8762, "y": 1.1315}, {"x": 6.8767, "y": 1.7428}, {"x": 1.3277, "y": 1.7477}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "consumption onsite or offsite. Food Service Establishments (FSE) refers to the business engaged in the Food Service Industry. For purposes of the survey, the FSE is segmented into:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3804, "y": 1.7996}, {"x": 5.4154, "y": 1.8047}, {"x": 5.4152, "y": 1.967}, {"x": 1.3802, "y": 1.9619}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "\u2022 full-service restaurants, with full menu and waiting service;", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3608, "y": 2.0291}, {"x": 6.7618, "y": 2.0243}, {"x": 6.7621, "y": 2.4161}, {"x": 1.3612, "y": 2.4208}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 limited-service restaurants or quick service restaurants (QSR), with full menu but pay-as-you-order such as fast food or turo-turo type8;", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3608, "y": 2.4731}, {"x": 5.6921, "y": 2.4683}, {"x": 5.6923, "y": 2.6306}, {"x": 1.361, "y": 2.6354}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 cafes/bars/pop-ups (selected menu with few chairs and tables);", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3657, "y": 2.6879}, {"x": 5.6635, "y": 2.6879}, {"x": 5.6635, "y": 2.8598}, {"x": 1.3657, "y": 2.8598}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 kiosks and stalls (purely retail, to be consumed elsewhere); and", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3803, "y": 2.9171}, {"x": 3.739, "y": 2.9171}, {"x": 3.739, "y": 3.0842}, {"x": 1.3803, "y": 3.0842}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u2022 catering or 100% home delivery.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3562, "y": 3.3611}, {"x": 6.714, "y": 3.3611}, {"x": 6.714, "y": 3.7574}, {"x": 1.3562, "y": 3.7574}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Full-service restaurants, limited-service restaurants and cafes/bars/pop-ups may also offer \"to go\" or \"take away\" services.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4947, "y": 4.3303}, {"x": 1.9345, "y": 4.3829}, {"x": 1.9197, "y": 4.5069}, {"x": 1.4798, "y": 4.4544}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Max's.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.55, "y": 4.3112}, {"x": 3.0992, "y": 4.316}, {"x": 3.0981, "y": 4.4401}, {"x": 2.5489, "y": 4.4354}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Jollibee", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.0475, "y": 4.1918}, {"x": 5.3483, "y": 4.2014}, {"x": 5.3451, "y": 4.3017}, {"x": 5.0443, "y": 4.2922}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Red Ribbon", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1795, "y": 4.9557}, {"x": 1.7725, "y": 4.9605}, {"x": 1.7716, "y": 5.0703}, {"x": 1.1786, "y": 5.0655}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Full service", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.3447, "y": 4.8937}, {"x": 2.7506, "y": 4.8937}, {"x": 2.7506, "y": 5.1276}, {"x": 2.3447, "y": 5.1276}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Limited Service", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.5052, "y": 4.8801}, {"x": 4.1615, "y": 4.8898}, {"x": 4.1575, "y": 5.1563}, {"x": 3.5012, "y": 5.1466}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Cafes, bars and Pop ups", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.6654, "y": 4.8841}, {"x": 5.2242, "y": 4.8841}, {"x": 5.2242, "y": 5.1324}, {"x": 4.6654, "y": 5.1324}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Kiosks and stalls", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.8306, "y": 4.9653}, {"x": 6.2664, "y": 4.9701}, {"x": 6.2652, "y": 5.0846}, {"x": 5.8294, "y": 5.0798}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "catering", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.2567, "y": 5.352}, {"x": 4.6368, "y": 5.352}, {"x": 4.6368, "y": 5.4952}, {"x": 3.2567, "y": 5.4952}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Figure 1. FSI Segmentation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9789, "y": 5.9156}, {"x": 6.9368, "y": 5.9081}, {"x": 6.9395, "y": 8.0854}, {"x": 0.9817, "y": 8.0929}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "b. Plastic. The Baseline Study looked into the extent of Plastic use of FSEs in Dasmari\u00f1as City. Plastics are categorized by food grade.9 The six food grades are 1) Polyethylene Terephthalate: clear, tough plastic such as soft drinks, juice and water, (2) High Density Polyethylene: white or colored plastic such as milk containers, (3) Polyvinyl Chloride: hard rigid clear plastic such as cordial bottles; (4) Low Density Polyethylene: soft, flexible such as squeezable bottles; 5) Polypropylene: hard but flexible plastics such as microwave ware; takeaway containers, some yogurt or jam containers and hinged lunch boxes, and (6) Polystyrene: rigid, brittle plastics such as small tubes and margarine or butter container. See Figure 1. Plastic litter found in the rivers are of categories 1-6. There are also other plastics that do not fall under food grade 1-6.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0028, "y": 9.076}, {"x": 7.0053, "y": 9.076}, {"x": 7.0053, "y": 9.4006}, {"x": 1.0028, "y": 9.4006}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "8 Filipino word for restaurants where a menu of cooked or ready-to-eat food are on display and clients point to their choice of food and pay as they take their food to their tables or ask for take-out packaging.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0124, "y": 9.4054}, {"x": 6.4992, "y": 9.4054}, {"x": 6.4992, "y": 9.7348}, {"x": 1.0124, "y": 9.7348}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "9 Food grade plastics refer to plastic containers, tools or other supplies made of plastics that are cleared to be used for food preparation, handling, and service.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.2626, "y": 10.3793}, {"x": 0.4728, "y": 10.3793}, {"x": 0.4728, "y": 10.5655}, {"x": 0.2626, "y": 10.5655}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "18", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7115, "y": 10.4128}, {"x": 4.8135, "y": 10.4128}, {"x": 4.8135, "y": 10.5655}, {"x": 0.7115, "y": 10.5655}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000166.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7593, "y": 0.8164}, {"x": 4.398, "y": 0.8164}, {"x": 4.398, "y": 1.0313}, {"x": 0.7593, "y": 1.0313}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Activity 5. Calculating versus estimating CEC", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7782, "y": 1.3416}, {"x": 6.757, "y": 1.3368}, {"x": 6.7571, "y": 1.4896}, {"x": 0.7784, "y": 1.4944}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "There are two ways you can calculate the CEC: the sum of cations method and the mineralogy method.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7828, "y": 1.9622}, {"x": 3.0606, "y": 1.9575}, {"x": 3.061, "y": 2.1437}, {"x": 0.7831, "y": 2.1484}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The Sum-of-Cations Method", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7736, "y": 2.4874}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 2.4874}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 2.8503}, {"x": 0.7736, "y": 2.8503}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "If you have a soil analysis where the quantities of all cations in the soil are listed, simply summing all those exchangeable quantities will yield the CEC you found in the preceding problems.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7784, "y": 3.2943}, {"x": 2.8413, "y": 3.2943}, {"x": 2.8413, "y": 3.5187}, {"x": 0.7784, "y": 3.5187}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "The \"Mineralogy\" Method", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 3.8338}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 3.8338}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 4.1823}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 4.1823}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "As you know from your reading and class discussion, clay minerals have a range of values for CEC. If the mineralogy of the clay fraction is known (that is, the type and amounts of each clay mineral), then the CEC can be approximated.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 4.3446}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 4.3446}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 4.6931}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 4.6931}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "To make these calculations easier, Table 13.4 contains representative values for CEC to use in all calculations for this class unless otherwise noted. In nature, however, these soil colloids will have a range of values.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7784, "y": 5.161}, {"x": 4.4697, "y": 5.161}, {"x": 4.4697, "y": 5.3759}, {"x": 0.7784, "y": 5.3759}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Table 13.4. Typical CEC of various soil colloids.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7593, "y": 5.6671}, {"x": 2.2635, "y": 5.6671}, {"x": 2.2635, "y": 6.1302}, {"x": 0.7593, "y": 6.1302}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Mineral or colloid type", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.2635, "y": 5.6671}, {"x": 3.4143, "y": 5.6719}, {"x": 3.4143, "y": 5.9106}, {"x": 2.2635, "y": 5.9058}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "CEC of pure colloid", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.2635, "y": 5.9058}, {"x": 3.4143, "y": 5.9106}, {"x": 3.4143, "y": 6.135}, {"x": 2.2635, "y": 6.1302}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "cmolc/kg", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7593, "y": 6.1302}, {"x": 2.2635, "y": 6.1302}, {"x": 2.2635, "y": 6.3498}, {"x": 0.7593, "y": 6.3498}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "kaolinite", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.2635, "y": 6.1302}, {"x": 3.4143, "y": 6.135}, {"x": 3.4096, "y": 6.3546}, {"x": 2.2635, "y": 6.3498}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7593, "y": 6.3498}, {"x": 2.2635, "y": 6.3498}, {"x": 2.2635, "y": 6.579}, {"x": 0.7545, "y": 6.579}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "illite", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.2635, "y": 6.3498}, {"x": 3.4096, "y": 6.3546}, {"x": 3.4096, "y": 6.579}, {"x": 2.2635, "y": 6.579}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "30", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7545, "y": 6.579}, {"x": 2.2635, "y": 6.579}, {"x": 2.2635, "y": 6.8082}, {"x": 0.7545, "y": 6.8082}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "montmorillonite/smectite", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.2635, "y": 6.579}, {"x": 3.4096, "y": 6.579}, {"x": 3.4096, "y": 6.8082}, {"x": 2.2635, "y": 6.8082}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "100", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7545, "y": 6.8082}, {"x": 2.2635, "y": 6.8082}, {"x": 2.2635, "y": 7.0278}, {"x": 0.7545, "y": 7.0278}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "vermiculite", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.2635, "y": 6.8082}, {"x": 3.4096, "y": 6.8082}, {"x": 3.4096, "y": 7.0278}, {"x": 2.2635, "y": 7.0278}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "150", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7545, "y": 7.0278}, {"x": 2.2635, "y": 7.0278}, {"x": 2.2635, "y": 7.2522}, {"x": 0.7545, "y": 7.2522}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "humus", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.2635, "y": 7.0278}, {"x": 3.4096, "y": 7.0278}, {"x": 3.4048, "y": 7.2474}, {"x": 2.2635, "y": 7.2522}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "200", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 7.4527}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 7.4527}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 8.0017}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 8.0017}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "As an example of this mineralogy approach to CEC calculations, consider a soil having 100% clay where the clay is 100% kaolinite. The CEC would then be 10 cmolc/kg. If a soil contains only 10% kaolinite (or 10 kg clay in 100 kg soil), however, this clay would contribute", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.7677, "y": 8.1497}, {"x": 4.4744, "y": 8.1497}, {"x": 4.4744, "y": 8.3312}, {"x": 3.7677, "y": 8.3312}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "10 cmolc", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.6952, "y": 8.2739}, {"x": 3.5003, "y": 8.2739}, {"x": 3.5003, "y": 8.4505}, {"x": 1.6952, "y": 8.4505}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "Total CEC of the soil", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8107, "y": 8.4171}, {"x": 4.4235, "y": 8.4219}, {"x": 4.4219, "y": 8.6224}, {"x": 3.8091, "y": 8.6176}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "kg clay", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8087, "y": 8.1354}, {"x": 5.6492, "y": 8.145}, {"x": 5.6469, "y": 8.3455}, {"x": 4.8064, "y": 8.336}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "10 kg clay", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.5986, "y": 8.2977}, {"x": 4.6989, "y": 8.2977}, {"x": 4.6989, "y": 8.4505}, {"x": 4.5986, "y": 8.4505}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "X", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.7705, "y": 8.4171}, {"x": 5.6683, "y": 8.4171}, {"x": 5.6683, "y": 8.6128}, {"x": 4.7705, "y": 8.6128}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "100 kg soil", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.9834, "y": 8.1497}, {"x": 6.7475, "y": 8.1497}, {"x": 6.7475, "y": 8.6081}, {"x": 5.9834, "y": 8.6081}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "kg soil 1.0 cmolc", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7687, "y": 8.7799}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 8.7752}, {"x": 7.7171, "y": 9.1291}, {"x": 0.769, "y": 9.1339}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "A prairie soil contains 30% clay. This clay sized fraction is dominantly montmorillonite. The soil also contains 5% humus (organic matter).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2225, "y": 9.2908}, {"x": 6.9671, "y": 9.2908}, {"x": 6.9671, "y": 9.4484}, {"x": 1.2225, "y": 9.4484}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "Using the mineralogy method, what is the cation exchange capacity (CEC) contributed by the clay?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7784, "y": 10.3411}, {"x": 1.7382, "y": 10.3411}, {"x": 1.7382, "y": 10.4701}, {"x": 0.7784, "y": 10.4701}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "120 | Soil Colloids", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7623, "y": 5.6421}, {"x": 3.4155, "y": 5.6441}, {"x": 3.4146, "y": 7.2758}, {"x": 0.7607, "y": 7.2741}], "category": "table", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Mineral or colloid typeCEC of pure colloid
cmolc/kg
kaolinite10
illite30
montmorillonite/smectite100
vermiculite150
humus200
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There must be enough parts available for the image to be \"filled in\"; if the image is too abstract, there are minimal reference points for the mind to complete it. See Figure 4.4 4 for an example of how our mind automatically imagine a line connecting the 2 broken ones.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6534, "y": 6.6997}, {"x": 4.688, "y": 6.7033}, {"x": 4.6871, "y": 7.6883}, {"x": 0.6525, "y": 7.6846}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "4. Statistics Canada. Table 18-10-0002-01 Monthly average retail prices for food and other selected products. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/1810000201-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/ reference/licence", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.3738, "y": 7.9319}, {"x": 4.7138, "y": 7.9319}, {"x": 4.7138, "y": 8.061}, {"x": 3.3738, "y": 8.061}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Gestalt's Principles | 89", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000024.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9311, "y": 0.7873}, {"x": 1.7063, "y": 0.7873}, {"x": 1.7063, "y": 0.8993}, {"x": 0.9311, "y": 0.8993}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "At Home in Exile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9311, "y": 1.0871}, {"x": 5.2387, "y": 1.0871}, {"x": 5.2387, "y": 2.5339}, {"x": 0.9311, "y": 2.5339}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "We received the clear impression from grim customs officials and money- changers at the border that we had entered a part of the world still not entirely recovered from post-War economic depression. Roadside stands sold plaster garden statues, especially gnomes, and other wares were also for sale, judging by the surreptitious lifting of skirts to reveal totally bare flesh, from women sheltering under their umbrellas. I wondered where they would take their truck driver customers in a place where there seemed to be only road and forest.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9231, "y": 2.6738}, {"x": 5.2347, "y": 2.6738}, {"x": 5.2347, "y": 3.7569}, {"x": 0.9231, "y": 3.7569}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Anthea's navigation skills took us promptly to the clean and pleasant Tumski Hotel on the Sand Island near the oldest part of Wroclaw. I was immensely moved when I found that my room overlooked a canal of the Oder. This was a place of which mother had often spoken. Maria on the Sand (die Sandkirche) is still there, one of the large old Gothic red-brick churches that escaped bombing.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9311, "y": 3.8888}, {"x": 5.2387, "y": 3.8888}, {"x": 5.2387, "y": 4.9719}, {"x": 0.9311, "y": 4.9719}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "That Saturday afternoon, too late for lunch, we sampled Polish beer and vodka. We explored the famous Rynek, the central seventeenth-century market square with its famed Gothic town hall where American soldiers had stolen the gold from the astrological clock. The bombed-out buildings had been restored, but they were too garishly painted to revive a sense of their history. The adjoining salt square now mostly sells flowers.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9271, "y": 5.1077}, {"x": 5.2347, "y": 5.1077}, {"x": 5.2347, "y": 5.8311}, {"x": 0.9271, "y": 5.8311}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "We wondered at how few smiling faces there were, and were puzzled by how little German or English anyone spoke. Why was there so little tourism? Only a pair of elegant teenagers had fluent German. We turned down their offers of pornographic pictures and sexual experiences.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9232, "y": 5.955}, {"x": 5.235, "y": 5.9591}, {"x": 5.2345, "y": 6.4955}, {"x": 0.9227, "y": 6.4915}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "We covered enough of the area to get a strong impression of a once- lively city devastated by War and hastily repaired. These were convenient reconstructions, done without an eye to matching styles.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9302, "y": 6.6305}, {"x": 5.2345, "y": 6.6265}, {"x": 5.2353, "y": 7.5209}, {"x": 0.9311, "y": 7.5249}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "I was especially anxious to find out where Neumarkt Platz had been. That evening at the hotel, I kept going to the window and trying to imagine my mother as a young woman taking an evening stroll with a companion along the banks of the Oder. But this was autumn. Thick mists hung above the water. Few people were out walking.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9311, "y": 7.6616}, {"x": 5.2387, "y": 7.6616}, {"x": 5.2387, "y": 8.377}, {"x": 0.9311, "y": 8.377}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "On Sunday we set out seriously to find the location of the old square. We walked through once-stately streets, past the Metropole Hotel from where Hitler had addressed the crowds, to the Ethnographic Museum. This proved disappointing. The contents of two rooms were a mere", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.5434, "y": 8.5729}, {"x": 0.6637, "y": 8.5689}, {"x": 0.6673, "y": 8.6768}, {"x": 0.547, "y": 8.6808}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000061.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7592, "y": 1.1914}, {"x": 6.6973, "y": 1.1914}, {"x": 6.6973, "y": 2.2104}, {"x": 1.7592, "y": 2.2104}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "iii. Looking at cost items, the cost of raw woods procurement will be highest share at 42%, followed by labour cost at 35%, electricity cost of the fabrication department at 10% (refer to figure 5-2). For this analysis, $35 per tonne is assumed for raw wood costs and this assumption will be crucial to maintain the economics of this business model.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7592, "y": 2.2763}, {"x": 6.6973, "y": 2.2763}, {"x": 6.6973, "y": 3.0824}, {"x": 1.7592, "y": 3.0824}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "iv. This business model will be operating cost-oriented not capital cost-oriented (refer to figure 5.1); thus, management of raw wood cost, labour cost, and electricity cost is essential. Few variations of capital cost will not affect this business seriously.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7897, "y": 3.1229}, {"x": 6.4337, "y": 3.1229}, {"x": 6.4337, "y": 3.2953}, {"x": 1.7897, "y": 3.2953}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "v. Assumed selling price of wood pellet is $100 per tonne and appropriate.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4753, "y": 3.7161}, {"x": 6.3931, "y": 3.7161}, {"x": 6.3931, "y": 3.8935}, {"x": 1.4753, "y": 3.8935}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Figure 5.1. Operating Cost Structure by the Three Departments of A Company", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.9405, "y": 6.3675}, {"x": 5.4704, "y": 6.3675}, {"x": 5.4704, "y": 6.474}, {"x": 2.9405, "y": 6.474}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": ":selected: \" Cutting raw woods . 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Section 5.1: The Linear Model35
Section 5.2: Simple Regression Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up36
Section 5.3: Multiple Regression Explanation, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up39
Section 5.4: Hierarchical Regression Explanation, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up43
Section 5.5: Chapter Five Self-Test47
Part VI. Chapter Six - Comparing Three or More Group Means
Section 6.1: Between Versus Within Group Analyses49
Section 6.2: One-Way ANOVA Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up51
Section 6.3 Repeated Measures ANOVA Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up54
Section 6.4: Chapter Six Self-Test62
Part VII. Chapter Seven - Moderation and Mediation Analyses
Section 7.1: Mediation and Moderation Models64
Section 7.2: Mediation Assumptions, The PROCESS Macro, Interpretation, and Write Up66
Section 7.3: Moderation Models, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up69
Section 7.4: Chapter Seven Self-Test73
Part VIII. Chapter Eight - Factor Analysis and Scale Reliability
Section 8.1: Factor Analysis Definitions75
Section 8.2: EFA versus CFA76
Section 8.3: EFA Steps with Factor Extraction78
Section 8.4: EFA Determining the Number of Factors80
Section 8.5: EFA Interpretation84
Section 8.6: EFA Write Up86
Section 8.7: Scale Reliability87
Section 8.8: Chapter Eight Self-Test89
Part IX. Chapter Nine - Nonparametric Statistics
Section 9.1: Nonparametric Definitions91
Section 9.2: Choosing Appropriate Tests93
Section 9.3: Comparing Two Independent Conditions: The Mann- Whitney U Test94
Section 9.4: Comparing Two Dependent Conditions or Paired Samples - Wilcoxon Sign-Rank Test96
Section 9.5: Differences Between Several Independent Groups: The Kruskal-Wallis Test98
Section 9.6: Chapter Nine Self-Test100
References101
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A limitation of this study is that we were unable to translate the survey in all ASEAN languages, and there is a selection bias in that we are focussing the survey in areas", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.355, "y": 1.0089}, {"x": 7.2601, "y": 1.0089}, {"x": 7.2601, "y": 2.0076}, {"x": 4.355, "y": 2.0076}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "of the region that most experience violent extremism and terrorism. However, through our networks, where possible, we disseminated the survey throughout all ASEAN countries.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.3507, "y": 2.3321}, {"x": 7.2564, "y": 2.327}, {"x": 7.2607, "y": 4.7705}, {"x": 4.355, "y": 4.7756}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "It is important to note the limitations of this six-month study. Although the survey was disseminated among all member states, the majority of expert respondents came from Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand. While this can be regarded as highly selective rather than representative, it is important to note that Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand are the countries that continue to face the most pressing threat of ongoing violent extremism and conflict.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.355, "y": 5.095}, {"x": 7.2571, "y": 5.1001}, {"x": 7.2524, "y": 7.7632}, {"x": 4.3503, "y": 7.7581}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "This is with the exception of Myanmar. Given the current political circumstances and challenges posed by COVID-19, on top of the short project time span, it was unfeasible to include Myanmar within the scope of this study. It is also important to note that the data derived from the surveys and interviews were based on the perceptions of experts and key informants, who are involved in peacebuilding, and on P/CVE strategies throughout the region. As a result, it is important to note the subjectivity of responses.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.6972, "y": 8.1825}, {"x": 5.5667, "y": 8.1825}, {"x": 5.5667, "y": 8.3498}, {"x": 2.6972, "y": 8.3498}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Figure 1: Age by gender of respondents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9075, "y": 8.6996}, {"x": 1.526, "y": 8.6996}, {"x": 1.526, "y": 8.8365}, {"x": 0.9075, "y": 8.8365}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "OVER 50", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1458, "y": 9.2319}, {"x": 1.5362, "y": 9.2319}, {"x": 1.5362, "y": 9.3688}, {"x": 1.1458, "y": 9.3688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "41-50", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.6313, "y": 9.7084}, {"x": 2.7327, "y": 9.7084}, {"x": 2.7327, "y": 9.7794}, {"x": 2.6313, "y": 9.7794}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "O", "html": 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{"text": "15", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.4185, "y": 10.8238}, {"x": 6.5249, "y": 10.8238}, {"x": 6.5249, "y": 10.9049}, {"x": 6.4185, "y": 10.9049}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.2687, "y": 11.3764}, {"x": 5.9368, "y": 11.3764}, {"x": 5.9368, "y": 11.5183}, {"x": 0.2687, "y": 11.5183}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 7.6504, "y": 11.3916}, {"x": 7.8076, "y": 11.3916}, {"x": 7.8076, "y": 11.498}, {"x": 7.6504, "y": 11.498}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "26", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000155.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7899, "y": 0.8596}, {"x": 1.9859, "y": 0.8767}, {"x": 1.9822, "y": 1.1349}, {"x": 0.7862, "y": 1.1178}], "category": 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{"text": "5.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1324, "y": 2.9323}, {"x": 4.2179, "y": 2.9323}, {"x": 4.2179, "y": 3.1613}, {"x": 1.1284, "y": 3.1613}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Types of Sources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2179, "y": 2.9323}, {"x": 4.7553, "y": 2.9323}, {"x": 4.7553, "y": 3.1613}, {"x": 4.2179, "y": 3.1613}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "38", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9388, "y": 3.1613}, {"x": 1.1284, "y": 3.1613}, {"x": 1.1284, "y": 3.3942}, {"x": 0.9388, "y": 3.3942}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "6.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1284, "y": 3.1613}, {"x": 4.2179, "y": 3.1613}, {"x": 4.214, "y": 3.3942}, {"x": 1.1284, "y": 3.3942}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Access & Searching", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2179, "y": 3.1613}, {"x": 4.7553, "y": 3.1613}, {"x": 4.7553, "y": 3.3864}, {"x": 4.214, "y": 3.3942}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "55", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9388, "y": 3.3942}, {"x": 1.1284, "y": 3.3942}, {"x": 1.1284, "y": 3.6272}, {"x": 0.9388, "y": 3.6272}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "7.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1284, "y": 3.3942}, {"x": 4.214, "y": 3.3942}, {"x": 4.214, "y": 3.6272}, {"x": 1.1284, "y": 3.6272}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "SIFTing Information", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.214, "y": 3.3942}, {"x": 4.7553, "y": 3.3864}, {"x": 4.7553, "y": 3.6193}, {"x": 4.214, "y": 3.6272}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "67", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9388, "y": 3.6272}, {"x": 1.1284, "y": 3.6272}, {"x": 1.1245, "y": 3.8562}, {"x": 0.9348, "y": 3.8562}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "8.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1284, "y": 3.6272}, {"x": 4.214, "y": 3.6272}, {"x": 4.214, "y": 3.8562}, {"x": 1.1245, "y": 3.8562}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "Evaluating News Sources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.214, "y": 3.6272}, {"x": 4.7553, "y": 3.6193}, {"x": 4.7553, "y": 3.8562}, {"x": 4.214, "y": 3.8562}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "80", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9348, "y": 3.8562}, {"x": 1.1245, "y": 3.8562}, {"x": 1.1245, "y": 4.1642}, {"x": 0.9348, "y": 4.1642}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "9.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1245, "y": 3.8562}, {"x": 4.214, "y": 3.8562}, {"x": 4.214, "y": 4.1642}, {"x": 1.1245, "y": 4.1642}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "Audience, Presentation & Citation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.214, "y": 3.8562}, {"x": 4.7553, "y": 3.8562}, {"x": 4.7513, "y": 4.1563}, {"x": 4.214, "y": 4.1642}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "88", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1245, "y": 4.1642}, {"x": 4.214, "y": 4.1642}, {"x": 4.214, "y": 4.4446}, {"x": 1.1205, "y": 4.4446}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.214, "y": 4.1642}, {"x": 4.7513, "y": 4.1563}, {"x": 4.7513, "y": 4.4446}, {"x": 4.214, "y": 4.4446}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "97", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9579, "y": 1.9718}, {"x": 4.7606, "y": 1.9676}, {"x": 4.7664, "y": 4.4254}, {"x": 0.9632, "y": 4.4297}], "category": "table", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
1.Front Matter1
2.Introduction to Researching Wicked Problems3
3.Our Mental Shortcuts13
4.Identifying a Topic25
5.Types of Sources38
6.Access & Searching55
7.SIFTing Information67
8.Evaluating News Sources80
9.Audience, Presentation & Citation88
Instructor Resources97
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000007.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 2.6406, "y": 1.332}, {"x": 3.5195, "y": 1.332}, {"x": 3.5195, "y": 1.4492}, {"x": 2.6406, "y": 1.4492}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "CHAPTER 2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.3828, "y": 1.8398}, {"x": 3.7695, "y": 1.8398}, {"x": 3.7695, "y": 2.0508}, {"x": 2.3828, "y": 2.0508}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Narratives in Chuj", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9004, "y": 2.6059}, {"x": 5.2683, "y": 2.6002}, {"x": 5.2702, "y": 4.0958}, {"x": 0.9023, "y": 4.1016}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "T HIS COLLECTION OF SIX narratives told in Chuj demonstrates the broad variety of stories people tell one another and the variety of sources of those stories: personal narratives, legendary events, mythological tales, and stories borrowed from other cultures. All were recorded by me during field work on Chuj from 1964 to 1965. (See the Archive of the Indigenous Lan- guages of Latin America, www.ailla.utexas.org, for these and other samples of Chuj speech recorded during field work; AILLA reference codes for each text are given below and at the head of each transcription.)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.2383, "y": 4.3828}, {"x": 3.918, "y": 4.3828}, {"x": 3.918, "y": 4.5391}, {"x": 2.2383, "y": 4.5391}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Introduction to the Texts", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9062, "y": 4.6797}, {"x": 5.2578, "y": 4.6797}, {"x": 5.2578, "y": 5.9648}, {"x": 0.9062, "y": 5.9648}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Two of the stories are ultimately of foreign origin, but their origins are not the same. In one case, the story known to the narrator as An Old Man Whose Son Killed Him [CAC 002 Ro22], the story clearly comes from the European tra- dition, and must have been introduced to the Chuj by schoolteachers. It is the classic Greek tale of a couple whose child is destined to kill his father and how that came about, including the solution to a famous riddle: What animal walks on four legs at dawn, on two legs at noon, and on three legs in the evening?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9064, "y": 5.992}, {"x": 5.2705, "y": 5.9961}, {"x": 5.269, "y": 7.6524}, {"x": 0.9049, "y": 7.6483}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "The other tale, Coyote and Rabbit [CAC 002 Ro27], is probably ultimately of African origin, although some of its episodes are traditional in the American South and may have been introduced secondhand to the Chuj. This is the series of incidents that make up the Br'er Rabbit stories, stories that reflected earlier African tales involving Hyena instead of Fox (Diarassouba 2007). Here the story features Coyote instead of either Fox or Hyena. Coyote stories and stories of Rabbit Trickster abound in the native New World, and some of the episodes may be of American origin, adapted to the framework of the African stories. Some ep- isodes have a local flavor (such as misty mountains) and are likely of local origin.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9063, "y": 7.6797}, {"x": 5.2617, "y": 7.6797}, {"x": 5.2617, "y": 8.0352}, {"x": 0.9063, "y": 8.0352}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "A third story, Friend of the Animals [CAC 002 Rozo], expresses such a universal theme that it could possibly be of foreign origin as well, but it has", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.0156, "y": 8.2969}, {"x": 3.1367, "y": 8.2969}, {"x": 3.1367, "y": 8.3789}, {"x": 3.0156, "y": 8.3789}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "22", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000123.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.768, "y": 0.8415}, {"x": 3.7245, "y": 0.8743}, {"x": 3.7208, "y": 1.2064}, {"x": 0.7643, "y": 1.1736}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "The Data Journey", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": 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0.9893, "y": 2.5271}, {"x": 1.255, "y": 2.5271}, {"x": 1.255, "y": 2.5935}, {"x": 0.9893, "y": 2.5935}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "100,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0003, "y": 2.6784}, {"x": 1.2477, "y": 2.6784}, {"x": 1.2477, "y": 2.7448}, {"x": 1.0003, "y": 2.7448}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "80,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8822, "y": 2.3976}, {"x": 0.9671, "y": 2.398}, {"x": 0.9634, "y": 3.1695}, {"x": 0.8785, "y": 3.1691}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Fruit Produced (Tora)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.004, "y": 2.837}, {"x": 1.2477, "y": 2.837}, {"x": 1.2477, "y": 2.8997}, {"x": 1.004, "y": 2.8997}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "80,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0003, "y": 2.9883}, {"x": 1.244, "y": 2.9883}, {"x": 1.244, "y": 3.0584}, {"x": 1.0003, "y": 3.0584}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "40,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0067, "y": 3.1432}, {"x": 1.255, "y": 3.1395}, {"x": 1.256, "y": 3.2059}, {"x": 1.0077, "y": 3.2096}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "20,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.196, "y": 3.3019}, {"x": 1.2403, "y": 3.3019}, {"x": 1.2403, "y": 3.3535}, {"x": 1.196, "y": 3.3535}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "n", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4802, "y": 3.3867}, {"x": 1.6389, "y": 3.3867}, {"x": 1.6389, "y": 3.4457}, {"x": 1.4802, "y": 3.4457}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "20%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.9822, "y": 3.3867}, {"x": 2.1409, "y": 3.3867}, {"x": 2.1409, "y": 3.4457}, {"x": 1.9822, "y": 3.4457}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "2017", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.4916, "y": 3.383}, {"x": 2.654, "y": 3.383}, {"x": 2.654, "y": 3.4494}, {"x": 2.4916, "y": 3.4494}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "2018", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.9936, "y": 3.3904}, {"x": 3.1634, "y": 3.3904}, {"x": 3.1634, "y": 3.4457}, {"x": 2.9936, "y": 3.4457}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "2019", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.491, "y": 3.6155}, {"x": 2.2554, "y": 3.6118}, {"x": 2.2557, "y": 3.6782}, {"x": 1.4913, "y": 3.6819}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Apples Blusterlos :selected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.296, "y": 3.6118}, {"x": 2.7315, "y": 3.6118}, {"x": 2.7315, "y": 3.6782}, {"x": 2.296, "y": 3.6782}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Cra-barries :selected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.8003, "y": 3.6258}, {"x": 2.847, "y": 3.6258}, {"x": 2.847, "y": 3.673}, {"x": 2.8003, "y": 3.673}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": ":selected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.1426, "y": 3.6249}, {"x": 3.1883, "y": 3.6249}, {"x": 3.1883, "y": 3.672}, {"x": 3.1426, "y": 3.672}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": ":unselected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0272, "y": 1.9922}, {"x": 4.6916, "y": 1.9922}, {"x": 4.6916, "y": 2.8924}, {"x": 4.0272, "y": 2.8924}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.1. Production of apples, blueberries, cranberries, graphs, and", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0272, "y": 2.9293}, {"x": 4.6732, "y": 2.9293}, {"x": 4.6732, "y": 3.4347}, {"x": 4.0272, "y": 3.4347}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "strawberrie s in British Columbia, 2076-2020.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.4956, "y": 3.3867}, {"x": 3.6765, "y": 3.3867}, {"x": 3.6765, "y": 3.4494}, {"x": 3.4956, "y": 3.4494}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7752, "y": 4.4197}, {"x": 4.7101, "y": 4.4197}, {"x": 4.7101, "y": 4.9325}, {"x": 0.7752, "y": 4.9325}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "The underlying raw data went through many stages before it was presented to you in this data visualization. The information had to be:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8822, "y": 5.1797}, {"x": 2.3366, "y": 5.1871}, {"x": 2.3359, "y": 5.3199}, {"x": 0.8815, "y": 5.3125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Collected via surveys", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8856, "y": 5.3789}, {"x": 2.5839, "y": 5.3752}, {"x": 2.5842, "y": 5.5117}, {"x": 0.8859, "y": 5.5154}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Inputted into a database", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8822, "y": 5.5744}, {"x": 2.5731, "y": 5.5781}, {"x": 2.5728, "y": 5.7036}, {"x": 0.8819, "y": 5.6999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Stored on secure servers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8822, "y": 5.7663}, {"x": 3.3962, "y": 5.77}, {"x": 3.396, "y": 5.9065}, {"x": 0.882, "y": 5.9028}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Cleaned for accuracy and consistency", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8674, "y": 5.9581}, {"x": 3.2188, "y": 5.9581}, {"x": 3.2188, "y": 6.0983}, {"x": 0.8674, "y": 6.0983}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Analyzed to understand the trends", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8859, "y": 6.1536}, {"x": 2.6023, "y": 6.1536}, {"x": 2.6023, "y": 6.2938}, {"x": 0.8859, "y": 6.2938}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Presented as a bar graph", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6828, "y": 6.8767}, {"x": 4.6651, "y": 6.873}, {"x": 4.6659, "y": 7.6884}, {"x": 0.6835, "y": 7.6921}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "1. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate value of marketed fruits. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved January 9th, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/3210036401-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7715, "y": 7.9319}, {"x": 1.994, "y": 7.9392}, {"x": 1.9933, "y": 8.0647}, {"x": 0.7707, "y": 8.0573}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "4 | The Data Journey", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000031.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0259, "y": 0.2666}, {"x": 3.0865, "y": 0.2666}, {"x": 3.0865, "y": 0.4132}, {"x": 1.0259, "y": 0.4132}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.407, "y": 0.7597}, {"x": 3.2597, "y": 0.7597}, {"x": 3.2597, "y": 1.0885}, {"x": 2.407, "y": 1.0885}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "lim PLH + PHL PLL", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.3973, "y": 0.8441}, {"x": 4.0102, "y": 0.8441}, {"x": 4.0102, "y": 0.9907}, {"x": 3.3973, "y": 0.9907}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "and lim", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0502, "y": 0.7553}, {"x": 4.6674, "y": 0.7642}, {"x": 4.6628, "y": 1.0885}, {"x": 4.0455, "y": 1.0797}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "PLH + PHL PLL + PHH", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.6223, "y": 0.8352}, {"x": 5.8576, "y": 0.8352}, {"x": 5.8576, "y": 0.9952}, {"x": 5.6223, "y": 0.9952}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "(13)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.03, "y": 1.2486}, {"x": 5.9197, "y": 1.244}, {"x": 5.92, "y": 1.5682}, {"x": 1.0303, "y": 1.5728}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "equal zero when certain parameters tend to infinity in some well-defined way. However, it is worthwhile at this stage to note their implications for cosmology.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0244, "y": 1.5774}, {"x": 6.0303, "y": 1.5726}, {"x": 6.0323, "y": 3.5578}, {"x": 1.0263, "y": 3.5626}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "The strong broken symmetry in Definition 5 actually means that a monotonic behavior of the entropy is far more probable than a non-monotonic one. In the case of a weak broken symmetry, this is not necessarily so; it could very well be that the most probable scenario would be high entropy at both ends. Thus, this is definitely a weaker statement, but it can nevertheless be argued that it can be used to explain the time asymmetry that we observe, referring to a kind of anthropic principle: it is an obvious observational fact that we live in a universe with low entropy at at least one end. If the statement in Definition 4 is fulfilled, then clearly among such scenarios, the monotonic ones (LH and HL) are the by far most probable ones. Thus, since universes with high entropy at both ends would seem to be quite uninhabitable, one can argue that given the existence of an observer, then with almost certainty he must live in a universe with monotonic entropy.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0203, "y": 3.568}, {"x": 6.0219, "y": 3.557}, {"x": 6.023, "y": 4.0497}, {"x": 1.0214, "y": 4.0607}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Summing up, both limits above can be used to argue in favor of time asymmetry. Nevertheless, at least to the mind of the author, the strong broken symmetry is the preferable one. This alternative will be further studied in Section 9.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0214, "y": 4.3894}, {"x": 5.1782, "y": 4.3894}, {"x": 5.1782, "y": 4.5538}, {"x": 1.0214, "y": 4.5538}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "8. Numerical computations in the combinatorial multiverse", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0213, "y": 4.7317}, {"x": 6.0351, "y": 4.7271}, {"x": 6.0359, "y": 5.5522}, {"x": 1.022, "y": 5.5568}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "With the setup in Sections 6 and 7, we can now use Mathematica or MATLAB to generate instances of the combinatorial multiverse for small values of m and W and then compute the corresponding probability weights PLL, PLH, PHL and PHH. It is important to note that the matrices here can be treated as sparse, rather than as full matrices, which make the computations considerably faster.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0245, "y": 5.5627}, {"x": 5.7811, "y": 5.553}, {"x": 5.7825, "y": 6.2057}, {"x": 1.0259, "y": 6.2154}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "In particular, in the case m = 2 in Section 6 and with a randomly generated dynamics which is manifested by an adjacency matrix A, we can compute the power A4 and read of the first row, which contains all the information we need about the paths from the state att = - 2 with S = 0. So what do we find?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0214, "y": 6.2287}, {"x": 6.0264, "y": 6.2287}, {"x": 6.0264, "y": 6.8996}, {"x": 1.0214, "y": 6.8996}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "In Figure 3, I have plotted the ratio NLL / (NLH + NHL) for the cases m = 2 (light gray) and m = 3 (dark gray) for values of W ranging from 3 to 30. What is actually displayed are the mean values of 1000 randomly generated matrices as above for each value of W. Although the picture clearly supports the claim that", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.9407, "y": 7.3883}, {"x": 2.1139, "y": 7.3883}, {"x": 2.1139, "y": 7.4683}, {"x": 1.9407, "y": 7.4683}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "0.10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.9318, "y": 7.7082}, {"x": 2.1183, "y": 7.7082}, {"x": 2.1183, "y": 7.7926}, {"x": 1.9318, "y": 7.7926}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "0.08", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.9363, "y": 8.0281}, {"x": 2.1095, "y": 8.0281}, {"x": 2.1095, "y": 8.108}, {"x": 1.9363, "y": 8.108}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "0.06", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.9407, "y": 8.3524}, {"x": 2.1095, "y": 8.3524}, {"x": 2.1095, "y": 8.4279}, {"x": 1.9407, "y": 8.4279}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "0.04", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.9318, "y": 8.6634}, {"x": 2.1006, "y": 8.6634}, {"x": 2.1006, "y": 8.7389}, {"x": 1.9318, "y": 8.7389}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "0.02", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.9363, "y": 8.9833}, {"x": 2.1139, "y": 8.9833}, {"x": 2.1139, "y": 9.0632}, {"x": 1.9363, "y": 9.0632}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "0.00", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.1583, "y": 9.041}, {"x": 5.1115, "y": 9.041}, {"x": 5.1115, "y": 9.1521}, {"x": 2.1583, "y": 9.1521}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 1314 151617 18 1920 21 222324252627282930", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0303, "y": 9.2854}, {"x": 5.9689, "y": 9.2898}, {"x": 5.9687, "y": 9.5475}, {"x": 1.0301, "y": 9.543}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Figure 3. The ratio NLL/(NLH + NHL) as a function of W for the cases m = 2 (light gray) and m = 3 (dark gray) [4].", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0214, "y": 9.8096}, {"x": 1.2124, "y": 9.8052}, {"x": 1.215, "y": 9.9162}, {"x": 1.024, "y": 9.9206}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "318", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000115.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0884, "y": 0.549}, {"x": 3.443, "y": 0.5443}, {"x": 3.4434, "y": 0.7305}, {"x": 1.0888, "y": 0.7352}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.886, "y": 0.5777}, {"x": 7.5079, "y": 0.5825}, {"x": 7.5067, "y": 0.7305}, {"x": 6.8848, "y": 0.7257}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2319, "y": 1.0169}, {"x": 7.139, "y": 1.0122}, {"x": 7.1394, "y": 1.3941}, {"x": 1.2322, "y": 1.3989}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "5. Sample problem: If the ocular has a 10x lens and the objective has a 45x lens the total magnification is 10 x 45 = 450x", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9885, "y": 1.5421}, {"x": 2.5022, "y": 1.5421}, {"x": 2.5022, "y": 1.7235}, {"x": 0.9885, "y": 1.7235}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Changing objectives:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2511, "y": 1.8572}, {"x": 7.0006, "y": 1.8572}, {"x": 7.0006, "y": 2.2582}, {"x": 1.2511, "y": 2.2582}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "1. When changing objectives from scanning power to lower power to high power the following changes will occur:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7475, "y": 2.3012}, {"x": 4.5556, "y": 2.2964}, {"x": 4.5559, "y": 2.4731}, {"x": 1.7478, "y": 2.4779}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "a. The size of the field of view decreases", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7236, "y": 2.5208}, {"x": 4.2596, "y": 2.5161}, {"x": 4.2599, "y": 2.6879}, {"x": 1.7239, "y": 2.6927}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "b. The field of view becomes darker", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7287, "y": 2.7357}, {"x": 4.0924, "y": 2.7357}, {"x": 4.0924, "y": 2.9171}, {"x": 1.7287, "y": 2.9171}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "c. The size of the image increases", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7334, "y": 2.9553}, {"x": 5.043, "y": 2.9601}, {"x": 5.0427, "y": 3.1415}, {"x": 1.7332, "y": 3.1367}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "d. The resolution (ability to see detail) increases", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7382, "y": 3.1749}, {"x": 6.8191, "y": 3.1749}, {"x": 6.8191, "y": 3.3563}, {"x": 1.7382, "y": 3.3563}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "e. The working distance between the slide and the objective lens decreases", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7333, "y": 3.3945}, {"x": 6.7998, "y": 3.3898}, {"x": 6.8, "y": 3.576}, {"x": 1.7334, "y": 3.5807}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "f. The depth of focus (thickness of the specimen that is visible) is reduced", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2272, "y": 3.6189}, {"x": 7.3539, "y": 3.6189}, {"x": 7.3539, "y": 4.0104}, {"x": 1.2272, "y": 4.0104}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "2. When changing from scanning to low power the field of view gets smaller. In fact, every time you increase the power of the objective, the field gets smaller.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9837, "y": 4.4592}, {"x": 3.2667, "y": 4.464}, {"x": 3.2663, "y": 4.6502}, {"x": 0.9833, "y": 4.6454}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Steps for Using the Microscope:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2463, "y": 4.7791}, {"x": 7.4447, "y": 4.7791}, {"x": 7.4447, "y": 5.1849}, {"x": 1.2463, "y": 5.1849}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "1. 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"category": "paragraph", "id": 64, "content": {"text": "Will not terminate employment", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2587, "y": 7.6502}, {"x": 5.5566, "y": 7.6502}, {"x": 5.5566, "y": 7.7617}, {"x": 4.2587, "y": 7.7617}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 65, "content": {"text": "Will terminate employment", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.6925, "y": 7.6514}, {"x": 6.3414, "y": 7.6454}, {"x": 6.3424, "y": 7.7515}, {"x": 5.6935, "y": 7.7576}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 66, "content": {"text": ". Don't know :selected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2827, "y": 8.1977}, {"x": 3.9295, "y": 8.2028}, {"x": 3.9292, "y": 8.3599}, {"x": 1.2824, "y": 8.3548}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 67, "content": {"text": "6.2. Expectations for Re-Hiring Employees", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.5477, "y": 8.2028}, {"x": 7.7113, "y": 8.2028}, {"x": 7.7113, "y": 9.3485}, {"x": 4.5477, "y": 9.3485}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 68, "content": {"text": "they had no plans to re-hire and another 36% said they didn't know whether they would re-hire or not. In January 2021, 20% said they had no plans to re-hire and another 27% said they did not know. This question was only posed to those who had let staff go since the last survey round, and in October 2020 and January 2021, the base numbers reduced as fewer MSMEs", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2928, "y": 8.5374}, {"x": 7.7011, "y": 8.5374}, {"x": 7.7011, "y": 9.5158}, {"x": 1.2928, "y": 9.5158}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 69, "content": {"text": "In July 2020, 81% of the MSMEs that had laid off employees expected to re-hire all of them when the situation improved. This number reduced to 23% in October 2020 and further to just 7% in January 2021.5 In July 2020, all MSMEs had plans to re-hire at least some of their staff. But in October 2020, 17% said reported letting staff go. In July 2020, 195 MSMEs", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2979, "y": 9.8707}, {"x": 7.5693, "y": 9.8707}, {"x": 7.5693, "y": 10.3219}, {"x": 1.2979, "y": 10.3219}], "category": "footnote", "id": 70, "content": {"text": "5. The question on re-hiring was asked to those who had laid-off employees since the last survey. In the latter two survey rounds, respondents were asked about plans to re-hire staff whom they had let go since the previous interview, whereas in July 2020, they were asked about plans to re-hire staff they had let go since their business was first affected by the pandemic.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.5273, "y": 10.9759}, {"x": 0.654, "y": 10.9759}, {"x": 0.654, "y": 11.0823}, {"x": 0.5273, "y": 11.0823}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 71, "content": {"text": "23", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000144.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2335, "y": 0.9898}, {"x": 3.335, "y": 0.9898}, {"x": 3.335, "y": 1.1522}, {"x": 1.2335, "y": 1.1522}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Chapter 3. Numerical differentiation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.9746, "y": 0.9948}, {"x": 7.1268, "y": 0.9948}, {"x": 7.1268, "y": 1.1319}, {"x": 6.9746, "y": 1.1319}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "35", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2296, "y": 1.4313}, {"x": 3.1776, "y": 1.4466}, {"x": 3.1764, "y": 1.604}, {"x": 1.2284, "y": 1.5887}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Note that the exact error equals", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.9133, "y": 1.7359}, {"x": 5.2284, "y": 1.7308}, {"x": 5.2287, "y": 1.8983}, {"x": 2.9137, "y": 1.9034}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "M - Q(h) = e - 2.7525 ... = - 0.0342", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2284, "y": 2.0455}, {"x": 4.2639, "y": 2.0455}, {"x": 4.2639, "y": 2.2079}, {"x": 1.2284, "y": 2.2079}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "In this example the error estimate is very reliable.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2386, "y": 2.2942}, {"x": 6.6142, "y": 2.2942}, {"x": 6.6142, "y": 2.7764}, {"x": 1.2386, "y": 2.7764}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "To receive a better approximation the error estimate can be added to the approximation: Q(h) + CphP = 2.7525 ... - 0.0348 . . . = 2.7177 .. ..", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2335, "y": 2.9896}, {"x": 7.137, "y": 2.9896}, {"x": 7.137, "y": 3.6545}, {"x": 1.2335, "y": 3.6545}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "In the above example, the value of p was computed using Richardson's extrapolation. However, using Theorem 3.2.1, it is clear that p = 1, and this value could have been used immediately in equation (3.13b) in order to determine cphP. In practice, more complex situations are found, and the following complications may occur:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4518, "y": 3.7916}, {"x": 6.2436, "y": 3.7916}, {"x": 6.2436, "y": 3.9489}, {"x": 1.4518, "y": 3.9489}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "- It is not known whether higher-order derivatives exist and/or are bounded.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4568, "y": 4.0656}, {"x": 7.137, "y": 4.0656}, {"x": 7.137, "y": 4.4006}, {"x": 1.4568, "y": 4.4006}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "- The final result is a combination of various approximation methods. The influence of these approximations on p is not always clear.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4518, "y": 4.5123}, {"x": 6.8478, "y": 4.5174}, {"x": 6.8477, "y": 4.6798}, {"x": 1.4516, "y": 4.6747}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "- During implementation of the algorithm in a computer program, errors may be made.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2335, "y": 4.8169}, {"x": 7.1319, "y": 4.8169}, {"x": 7.1319, "y": 5.1518}, {"x": 1.2335, "y": 5.1518}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "To reveal any of these complications it is good practice to verify whether the calculated p is close to the p that follows from theory.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2284, "y": 5.3701}, {"x": 6.4771, "y": 5.3701}, {"x": 6.4771, "y": 5.5579}, {"x": 1.2284, "y": 5.5579}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "3.7.3 Formulae of higher accuracy from Richardson's extrapolation *", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2284, "y": 5.6493}, {"x": 7.1268, "y": 5.6493}, {"x": 7.1268, "y": 5.9843}, {"x": 1.2284, "y": 5.9843}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "In several applications the value of p in (3.10) is known. In that case Richardson's extrapolation can be used to determine formulae of higher accuracy.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2284, "y": 6.0655}, {"x": 6.5989, "y": 6.0655}, {"x": 6.5989, "y": 6.2381}, {"x": 1.2284, "y": 6.2381}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "This is done by making use of the fact that the error estimates for Q(h) and Q(2h) equal", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.1323, "y": 6.3468}, {"x": 7.1358, "y": 6.3853}, {"x": 7.1319, "y": 6.7902}, {"x": 3.1284, "y": 6.7517}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "M-Q(h) = Cphp + ((hp+1), (3.15a) (3.15b)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.1149, "y": 6.6187}, {"x": 5.2284, "y": 6.5984}, {"x": 5.2302, "y": 6.7862}, {"x": 3.1167, "y": 6.8065}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "M-Q(2h)=cp(2h)P + ((hp+1).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2335, "y": 6.9283}, {"x": 6.3654, "y": 6.9283}, {"x": 6.3654, "y": 7.1009}, {"x": 1.2335, "y": 7.1009}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Multiplying equation (3.15a) by 2P and subtracting equation (3.15b) from this yields", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.2025, "y": 7.2329}, {"x": 6.1472, "y": 7.2227}, {"x": 6.1477, "y": 7.4207}, {"x": 2.203, "y": 7.4308}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "2P (M- Q(h)) - (M-Q(2h))=2\"(cphp)-cp(2h)P +((hp+1),", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2386, "y": 7.573}, {"x": 1.8122, "y": 7.5679}, {"x": 1.8133, "y": 7.6948}, {"x": 1.2397, "y": 7.6999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "such that", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2363, "y": 7.9262}, {"x": 4.4912, "y": 8.1013}, {"x": 4.472, "y": 8.4583}, {"x": 1.2171, "y": 8.2832}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "This means that M = 2PQ(h) - Q(2h) 2P - 1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.9027, "y": 7.7049}, {"x": 5.4467, "y": 7.6948}, {"x": 5.4474, "y": 7.8927}, {"x": 2.9035, "y": 7.9029}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "(2P - 1) M - 2PQ(h) + Q(2h) = O(hp+1).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.5228, "y": 8.1668}, {"x": 7.1268, "y": 8.1668}, {"x": 7.1268, "y": 8.3597}, {"x": 4.5228, "y": 8.3597}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "+ O(hp+1). (3.16)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2336, "y": 8.5069}, {"x": 7.1321, "y": 8.512}, {"x": 7.1318, "y": 8.8394}, {"x": 1.2334, "y": 8.8343}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "The value (2PQ(h) - Q(2h))/ (2P - 1) is a new approximation formula for M with an accuracy that is one order higher than the order of Q(h).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2386, "y": 9.0398}, {"x": 4.6345, "y": 9.0398}, {"x": 4.6345, "y": 9.2023}, {"x": 1.2386, "y": 9.2023}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "Example 3.7.2 (Forward difference of higher accuracy)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2281, "y": 9.3139}, {"x": 7.1421, "y": 9.3089}, {"x": 7.1424, "y": 9.6351}, {"x": 1.2284, "y": 9.6402}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "As an example, the forward-difference method is considered. The error in the forward-difference formula may be written as", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.2629, "y": 9.6484}, {"x": 7.1267, "y": 9.6281}, {"x": 7.1277, "y": 9.8215}, {"x": 3.2639, "y": 9.8418}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "f' (x) - Qf(h) = c1h + O(h2), (3.17)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2386, "y": 9.9129}, {"x": 3.1776, "y": 9.9129}, {"x": 3.1776, "y": 10.0804}, {"x": 1.2386, "y": 10.0804}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "and the difference for 2h equals", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.1913, "y": 10.2174}, {"x": 5.1675, "y": 10.2022}, {"x": 5.169, "y": 10.4001}, {"x": 3.1929, "y": 10.4154}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "f' (x) - Qf(2h) = c12h + O(h2).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.7715, "y": 10.2326}, {"x": 7.1296, "y": 10.2275}, {"x": 7.1319, "y": 10.39}, {"x": 6.7738, "y": 10.3951}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "(3.18)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000133.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7634, "y": 0.8259}, {"x": 3.683, "y": 0.8259}, {"x": 3.683, "y": 1.0491}, {"x": 0.7634, "y": 1.0491}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "7.6 Examples of Women's Impact", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7671, "y": 1.4063}, {"x": 7.2228, "y": 1.4018}, {"x": 7.224, "y": 3.1161}, {"x": 0.7683, "y": 3.1205}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Sportfishing. Among those who fish for sport, only 27% of U.S. anglers are female (Burkett and Carter 2020). Underrepresentation of females in sportfishing is ironic, as the first publication on fly-fishing, dating from the 15th century, was written by Dame Juliana Berners, entitled Treatyse of Fysshynge with an Angle, a publication that heavily influenced novelty of the sport for European enthusiasts. Though sometimes invisible, women are slowly changing the world of sportfishing by breaking stereotypes. Future growth of sportfishing will rely on female anglers, instructors, and guides. Here I share a few examples on women making a substantial impact through their passion toward fishing. These examples demonstrate women who loved and valued what they did. If the paucity of female role models discourages females from seeing the relevance of fishing to them, these examples should inspire.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7679, "y": 3.2812}, {"x": 4.5982, "y": 3.2812}, {"x": 4.5982, "y": 7.5179}, {"x": 0.7679, "y": 7.5179}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Frederick Buller (2013) chronicled the very long list of large Atlantic Salmon caught by female anglers, which are outnumbered 200 to 1 by male salmon anglers. Georgina Ballantine holds the British record for a 64-pound rod-caught Atlantic Salmon from River Tay, Scotland, in 1922 (Figure 7.5). Joan Wulff was introduced to fly-fishing by her father when she was ten and won several fly-fishing accuracy championships before winning the 1951 Fishermen's Distance competition against all- male competitors. She became the first female spokesperson for Garcia Corporation in 1959 and advocated for women anglers in her writings for Outdoor Life and Rod & Reel. Today, females make up 30% of participants in the sport of fly-fishing (Recreational Fishing and Boating Foundation 2021). Joan Wulff participated in many distance casting events and did trick casting. She snapped a cigarette from the mouth of Johnny Carson on the TV show \"Who Do You Trust?\" (Fogt 2017). Starting in 1978, Wulff opened a fly- casting school on the Upper Beaverkill River in New York. Her Fly- Casting Techniques, published in 1987, and New Fly-Casting Techniques, published in 2012, are classic guides to learning her techniques. When asked about her favorite fish, she would respond, \"Whatever I'm fishing for,\" and her favorite place to fish was \"Wherever I am.\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.687, "y": 6.6786}, {"x": 7.1248, "y": 6.6741}, {"x": 7.1255, "y": 7.0759}, {"x": 4.6877, "y": 7.0804}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Figure 7.5: Georgina Ballantine holds the British record for a 64-pound rod-caught salmon from River Tay, Scotland in 1922.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7723, "y": 7.692}, {"x": 7.2232, "y": 7.692}, {"x": 7.2232, "y": 9.0179}, {"x": 0.7723, "y": 9.0179}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Most avid bass anglers can identify Roland Martin, Bill Dance, and Jimmy Houston, who dominated competitive bass fishing in the first decade of Bass Anglers Sportsman Society (B.A.S.S.) and have had TV fishing shows for decades. Kim Bain-Moore began competing in bass tournaments at age 19 and in 2009 became the first woman to compete in the Bassmaster Classic tournament. Only three females have been inducted into the Bass Fishing Hall of Fame. The first was Christine Houston, who organized the first-ever all women's bass club, the \"Tulsa Bass Belles.\" But female participation in competitive bass fishing never took off as expected. Fewer that one in five readers of Field & Stream, Outdoor Life, and Bassmaster magazines are female (Carini and Weber 2017).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.8884, "y": 9.3393}, {"x": 7.2098, "y": 9.3393}, {"x": 7.2098, "y": 9.4732}, {"x": 5.8884, "y": 9.4732}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Gender and Fishing | 155", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000100.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.998, "y": 0.9347}, {"x": 1.2177, "y": 0.931}, {"x": 1.2225, "y": 1.2137}, {"x": 1.0028, "y": 1.2174}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "A", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.6379, "y": 0.9405}, {"x": 2.1441, "y": 0.9405}, {"x": 2.1441, "y": 1.184}, {"x": 1.6379, "y": 1.184}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "14%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.6522, "y": 1.3893}, {"x": 2.1441, "y": 1.3893}, {"x": 2.1441, "y": 1.6137}, {"x": 1.6522, "y": 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Their hypothesis is that choosing not to participate in a demand response program should carry the threat of social sanctions only if participation is considered to be for the public good. 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Warning: This question concerns a politically charged event that occurred on January 18, 2019, at the Indigenous People's March in Washington, D.C. After reading this account of what happened at the march, and viewing this video of the event, which of the effects presented in this chapter do you think best describes this episode in our nation's history?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4612, "y": 5.7148}, {"x": 7.65, "y": 5.7148}, {"x": 7.65, "y": 6.5408}, {"x": 1.4612, "y": 6.5408}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "7. Think of a situation in your own life when you framed information (either wittingly or unwittingly) in such a way that helped pre-determine an outcome. Describe the situation and how you framed the information. 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When someone admonishes you \"not to judge a book by its cover,\" or as British management journalist Robert Heller once noted, \"Never ignore a gut feeling, but never believe that it's enough,\" what heuristic(s) is he unwittingly advising you to avoid using?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3848, "y": 8.3694}, {"x": 7.4447, "y": 8.3694}, {"x": 7.4447, "y": 8.9805}, {"x": 1.3848, "y": 8.9805}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "10. Browse the internet for information about an effect that was not discussed in this chapter. Can you classify this effect as a special case of a Priming or Framing Effect? Explain.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3848, "y": 9.2526}, {"x": 7.3732, "y": 9.2574}, {"x": 7.3729, "y": 9.6582}, {"x": 1.3845, "y": 9.6534}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "11. Browse the internet for a heuristic other than the Affect and Availability Heuristics described in this chapter. Explain the heuristic.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3801, "y": 9.9258}, {"x": 7.459, "y": 9.9258}, {"x": 7.459, "y": 10.1072}, {"x": 1.3801, "y": 10.1072}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "12. It's one thing to detect the existence of a Silo Effect and quite another to measure its", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7684, "y": 10.4462}, {"x": 1.9722, "y": 10.4414}, {"x": 1.9726, "y": 10.556}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 10.5608}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "24 ARTHUR J. 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This will be the content for your slides.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.6025, "y": 4.0773}, {"x": 5.7638, "y": 4.0773}, {"x": 5.7638, "y": 4.2444}, {"x": 2.6025, "y": 4.2444}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "03- Generate Slides with ChatGPT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.5978, "y": 4.3446}, {"x": 7.9031, "y": 4.3446}, {"x": 7.9031, "y": 4.9175}, {"x": 2.5978, "y": 4.9175}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Provide the summarized content to ChatGPT and instruct it to create a structured outline for Google Slides, including titles, main points, and any specific instructions for slide design.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.593, "y": 5.4618}, {"x": 5.1525, "y": 5.4618}, {"x": 5.1525, "y": 5.6432}, {"x": 2.593, "y": 5.6432}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "04 - Create App Script Code", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.593, "y": 5.7244}, {"x": 7.8746, "y": 5.7292}, {"x": 7.8741, "y": 6.301}, {"x": 2.5925, "y": 6.2962}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "After finalizing the slide structure, ask ChatGPT to generate a Google Apps Script code that can create these slides automatically.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.6025, "y": 6.6745}, {"x": 5.7975, "y": 6.6793}, {"x": 5.7972, "y": 6.8607}, {"x": 2.6023, "y": 6.8559}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "05 - Execute in Google Apps Script", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.5978, "y": 6.9418}, {"x": 8.0511, "y": 6.9418}, {"x": 8.0511, "y": 7.5004}, {"x": 2.5978, "y": 7.5004}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Open Google Apps Script, start a new project, and paste the code provided by ChatGPT. Run the script to auto-generate your slide deck.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.6025, "y": 8.0399}, {"x": 4.7944, "y": 8.0399}, {"x": 4.7944, "y": 8.2118}, {"x": 2.6025, "y": 8.2118}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "06 - Edit and Customize", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.6025, "y": 8.3121}, {"x": 7.9652, "y": 8.3121}, {"x": 7.9652, "y": 8.6845}, {"x": 2.6025, "y": 8.6845}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Once the slides are created, you can further edit and customize them in Google Slides according to your needs.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4565, "y": 9.7157}, {"x": 7.0244, "y": 9.7157}, {"x": 7.0244, "y": 10.2648}, {"x": 1.4565, "y": 10.2648}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "INTERESTED IN FREE AI-CONSULTANCE OR COLLABORATION WITH US?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.318, "y": 10.3841}, {"x": 7.1677, "y": 10.3841}, {"x": 7.1677, "y": 10.5608}, {"x": 1.318, "y": 10.5608}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "EMAIL REBECCA.ALLEN@MSJ.EDU FOR MORE INFORMATION", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000056.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1559, "y": 1.1914}, {"x": 6.6973, "y": 1.1914}, {"x": 6.6973, "y": 1.5817}, {"x": 1.1559, "y": 1.5817}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "scheme helped the biomass power capacity to increase by more than double in 7 years. Under the FIT scheme, biomass fuels for power generation are grouped into six categories.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.19, "y": 1.7136}, {"x": 6.6922, "y": 1.7136}, {"x": 6.6922, "y": 2.1039}, {"x": 1.19, "y": 2.1039}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "\u2022 General wood: sawmill residues, import wood such as pellets and chips, palm kernel shell (PKS) and palm trunk", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.19, "y": 2.1546}, {"x": 3.0723, "y": 2.1546}, {"x": 3.0723, "y": 2.3219}, {"x": 1.19, "y": 2.3219}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Liquid biomass: palm oil", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.19, "y": 2.3726}, {"x": 4.1472, "y": 2.3726}, {"x": 4.1472, "y": 2.545}, {"x": 1.19, "y": 2.545}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Unutilised wood: domestic thinned wood", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.19, "y": 2.6007}, {"x": 6.6922, "y": 2.6007}, {"x": 6.6922, "y": 2.9607}, {"x": 1.19, "y": 2.9607}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Construction wood waste: wood waste salvaged from construction and other wood materials", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.19, "y": 3.0317}, {"x": 6.6872, "y": 3.0317}, {"x": 6.6872, "y": 3.4119}, {"x": 1.19, "y": 3.4119}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Waste materials and other biomass: pruned branched, paper, food waste, waste cooking oil, and black liquor", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.19, "y": 3.4727}, {"x": 6.023, "y": 3.4727}, {"x": 6.023, "y": 3.635}, {"x": 1.19, "y": 3.635}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Biogas: methane derived from sewage sludge, manure, and food waste.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1661, "y": 3.7718}, {"x": 6.6973, "y": 3.7718}, {"x": 6.6973, "y": 4.365}, {"x": 1.1661, "y": 4.365}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "While inexpensive biomass sources such as wood waste from construction and waste materials, were the main fuels under the RPS, the domestic unutilised wood and the general wood whose tariff rates are set higher increased specifically (Figure 4.1, 4.2).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.2609, "y": 4.7097}, {"x": 5.5921, "y": 4.7047}, {"x": 5.5923, "y": 4.872}, {"x": 2.2612, "y": 4.877}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.1. Approved Capacity under the FIT Scheme", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4398, "y": 5.1001}, {"x": 1.668, "y": 5.095}, {"x": 1.6707, "y": 5.2165}, {"x": 1.4425, "y": 5.2216}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "700", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.6984, "y": 5.0393}, {"x": 1.9722, "y": 5.0393}, {"x": 1.9722, "y": 5.1559}, {"x": 1.6984, "y": 5.1559}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "MW", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4348, "y": 5.3384}, {"x": 1.668, "y": 5.3384}, {"x": 1.668, "y": 5.455}, {"x": 1.4348, "y": 5.455}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "600", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4398, "y": 5.5614}, {"x": 1.6629, "y": 5.5614}, {"x": 1.6629, "y": 5.678}, {"x": 1.4398, "y": 5.678}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "500", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4398, "y": 5.7845}, {"x": 1.6655, "y": 5.7896}, {"x": 1.6629, "y": 5.9011}, {"x": 1.4373, "y": 5.896}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "400", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.9402, "y": 5.2218}, {"x": 5.9267, "y": 5.2218}, {"x": 5.9267, "y": 5.3485}, {"x": 4.9402, "y": 5.3485}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": ":unselected: Waste materials", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.9404, "y": 5.484}, {"x": 5.4112, "y": 5.4905}, {"x": 5.4096, "y": 5.6121}, {"x": 4.9388, "y": 5.6057}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": ":unselected: Biogas", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.9178, "y": 5.7287}, {"x": 6.4387, "y": 5.7287}, {"x": 6.4387, "y": 5.8707}, {"x": 4.9178, "y": 5.8707}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": ":selected: Construction wood waste", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4449, "y": 6.0228}, {"x": 1.6629, "y": 6.0228}, {"x": 1.6629, "y": 6.1343}, {"x": 1.4449, "y": 6.1343}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "300", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.9178, "y": 5.9924}, {"x": 6.3525, "y": 5.9924}, {"x": 6.3525, "y": 6.1394}, {"x": 4.9178, "y": 6.1394}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": ":selected: General wood (10MWs)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4398, "y": 6.2459}, {"x": 1.6629, "y": 6.2459}, {"x": 1.6629, "y": 6.3574}, {"x": 1.4398, "y": 6.3574}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "200", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.9178, "y": 6.2357}, {"x": 6.3728, "y": 6.2357}, {"x": 6.3728, "y": 6.3929}, {"x": 4.9178, "y": 6.3929}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": ":unselected: General wood (<10MW)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4449, "y": 6.4841}, {"x": 1.6629, "y": 6.4841}, {"x": 1.6629, "y": 6.5957}, {"x": 1.4449, "y": 6.5957}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "100", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5919, "y": 6.7123}, {"x": 1.6528, "y": 6.7123}, {"x": 1.6528, "y": 6.8137}, {"x": 1.5919, "y": 6.8137}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.8049, "y": 6.8694}, {"x": 4.7961, "y": 6.8694}, {"x": 4.7961, "y": 6.9962}, {"x": 1.8049, "y": 6.9962}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.9279, "y": 6.4943}, {"x": 6.4286, "y": 6.4943}, {"x": 6.4286, "y": 6.6616}, {"x": 4.9279, "y": 6.6616}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": ":selected: II Unutilised wood (2MWs)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.9375, "y": 6.7325}, {"x": 6.4286, "y": 6.7325}, {"x": 6.4286, "y": 6.9201}, {"x": 4.9375, "y": 6.9201}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": ":selected: Unutilised wood (<2MW)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1661, "y": 7.1685}, {"x": 2.1141, "y": 7.1685}, {"x": 2.1141, "y": 7.3003}, {"x": 1.1661, "y": 7.3003}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "FIT = feed-in-tariff.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1606, "y": 7.351}, {"x": 6.6872, "y": 7.346}, {"x": 6.6876, "y": 7.8337}, {"x": 1.161, "y": 7.8388}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "Note: Liquid biomass approved under the FIT scheme between FY2012 and FY2017 is included in general wood and no liquid biomass has been approved since FY2018. Source: METI (2021a).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8379, "y": 11.0266}, {"x": 4.0153, "y": 11.0266}, {"x": 4.0153, "y": 11.1634}, {"x": 3.8379, "y": 11.1634}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "30", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000071.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9836, "y": 1.0089}, {"x": 7.2803, "y": 1.0089}, {"x": 7.2803, "y": 1.4144}, {"x": 0.9836, "y": 1.4144}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "be used as a good opportunity to learn from each other and increase the capacity of human rights institutions in various countries.94", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9745, "y": 1.4569}, {"x": 7.2783, "y": 1.3706}, {"x": 7.2899, "y": 2.2153}, {"x": 0.9861, "y": 2.3017}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "What works in other countries, can be learned and developed according to the situation in Indonesia. 95 Partnerships can be carried out formally through a memorandum of understanding or with a partnerships agreement for potential strategic partners.96", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9836, "y": 2.545}, {"x": 4.3905, "y": 2.545}, {"x": 4.3905, "y": 2.7224}, {"x": 0.9836, "y": 2.7224}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "3.2.6. SDGs Dissemination in Social Media", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9785, "y": 2.9911}, {"x": 7.2753, "y": 2.9911}, {"x": 7.2753, "y": 4.9227}, {"x": 0.9785, "y": 4.9227}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Information dissemination in the digital era is closely related to the use of social media. Therefore, the dissemination of the SDGs through social media platforms owned by the Komnas HAM needs to be optimized as a way to increase public participation to be active as \"agents\" of the Komnas HAM in Indonesia. To be able to achieve this, the community needs to first receive education about the SDGs to clearly understand the focus of each goal and its derivatives. Once there is a fairly good understanding at the level of the general public, especially those who interact with the Komnas HAM's social media, an easier way to report SDGs related to human rights violations can be formulated.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9785, "y": 4.9734}, {"x": 7.2753, "y": 4.9734}, {"x": 7.2753, "y": 6.038}, {"x": 0.9785, "y": 6.038}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "The Komnas HAM, for example, has used social media Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube. There has been an increase in the frequency of Instagram social media uploads from 2019-2020 from 111 uploads in 2019 to 198 uploads in 2020. The variety of content uploaded by the Komnas HAM on Instagram is also increasingly diverse with the following details:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0764, "y": 6.1294}, {"x": 1.2384, "y": 6.1241}, {"x": 1.2421, "y": 6.2408}, {"x": 1.0802, "y": 6.246}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "90", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.6725, "y": 6.1316}, {"x": 2.189, "y": 6.2608}, {"x": 2.1523, "y": 6.4075}, {"x": 1.6358, "y": 6.2784}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "81 76", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0697, "y": 6.3118}, {"x": 1.237, "y": 6.3118}, {"x": 1.237, "y": 6.4284}, {"x": 1.0697, "y": 6.4284}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "80", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0697, "y": 6.5044}, {"x": 1.237, "y": 6.5044}, {"x": 1.237, "y": 6.6311}, {"x": 1.0697, "y": 6.6311}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "70", 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"html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.1862, "y": 7.9746}, {"x": 6.9314, "y": 7.9797}, {"x": 6.9305, "y": 8.1166}, {"x": 6.1852, "y": 8.1115}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "Videographic", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8061, "y": 8.2636}, {"x": 4.2181, "y": 8.2585}, {"x": 4.2195, "y": 8.37}, {"x": 3.8075, "y": 8.3751}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "2019 :selected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2536, "y": 8.2585}, {"x": 4.6592, "y": 8.2585}, {"x": 4.6592, "y": 8.3701}, {"x": 4.2536, "y": 8.3701}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": ":selected: -2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2573, "y": 8.7959}, {"x": 1.9632, "y": 8.801}, {"x": 1.962, "y": 8.9632}, {"x": 1.2562, "y": 8.9581}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "Diagram 4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.2561, "y": 8.7908}, {"x": 6.3171, "y": 8.7908}, {"x": 6.3171, "y": 8.9632}, {"x": 2.2561, "y": 8.9632}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "Distribution of @komnas.ham Instagram Content (2019-2020)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9836, "y": 9.237}, {"x": 7.2702, "y": 9.237}, {"x": 7.2702, "y": 9.6476}, {"x": 0.9836, "y": 9.6476}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "If observed from the Komnas HAM's Instagram account within the 2019-2020 period, the SDGs have only been mentioned explicitly twice in the following contents:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9785, "y": 10.043}, {"x": 7.2702, "y": 10.043}, {"x": 7.2702, "y": 10.3726}, {"x": 0.9785, "y": 10.3726}], "category": "footnote", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "94 See also Komnas HAM, \"The NHRI Practice and Experience in Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, and Palestine in Supporting Sustainable Development Goals Achievements\" (n. 93).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9839, "y": 10.3574}, {"x": 1.4094, "y": 10.3726}, {"x": 1.4044, "y": 10.5145}, {"x": 0.9788, "y": 10.4993}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "95 Ibid.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9785, "y": 10.5247}, {"x": 1.4044, "y": 10.5297}, {"x": 1.4027, "y": 10.6667}, {"x": 0.9769, "y": 10.6616}], "category": "footnote", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "96 Ibid.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0508, "y": 10.8795}, {"x": 4.2139, "y": 10.8743}, {"x": 4.2181, "y": 11.0063}, {"x": 4.0551, "y": 11.0116}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "18", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000176.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7668, "y": 0.819}, {"x": 4.7211, "y": 0.8116}, {"x": 4.7221, "y": 1.3506}, {"x": 0.7678, "y": 1.358}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "vapor and other gases, making it useless. Only in the vacuum of space can optical elements be cooled to hundreds of degrees below freezing and still remain operational.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7663, "y": 1.3984}, {"x": 4.7235, "y": 1.3945}, {"x": 4.7267, "y": 4.6557}, {"x": 0.7695, "y": 4.6595}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "The first orbiting infrared observatory, launched in 1983, was the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), built as a joint project by the United States, the Netherlands, and Britain. IRAS was equipped with a 0.6-meter telescope cooled to a temperature of less than 10 K. For the first time, the infrared sky could be seen as if it were night, rather than through a bright foreground of atmospheric and telescope emissions. IRAS carried out a rapid but comprehensive survey of the entire infrared sky over a 10-month period, cataloging about 350,000 sources of infrared radiation. 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These infrared images-a region of star formation, the remnant of an exploded star, and a region where an old star is", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7715, "y": 7.8396}, {"x": 4.4332, "y": 7.8396}, {"x": 4.4332, "y": 7.9798}, {"x": 0.7715, "y": 7.9798}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "336 | Chapter 6 Section 6.5: Observations outside Earth's Atmosphere", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000157.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7863, "y": 0.8291}, {"x": 1.2183, "y": 0.8526}, {"x": 1.207, "y": 1.0588}, {"x": 0.775, "y": 1.0353}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Stop", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7715, "y": 1.4019}, {"x": 2.9862, "y": 1.4019}, {"x": 2.9862, "y": 5.0395}, {"x": 0.7715, "y": 5.0395}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Check your emotions. If a claim causes strong emotion - anger, glee, pride, vindication - STOP. 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You're likely to take a more informed path with different search terms and better decisions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.0937, "y": 0.9044}, {"x": 4.7012, "y": 0.9156}, {"x": 4.7012, "y": 1.4102}, {"x": 3.0937, "y": 1.3989}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "In these", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.0937, "y": 1.3989}, {"x": 4.7012, "y": 1.4102}, {"x": 4.7012, "y": 1.6181}, {"x": 3.0937, "y": 1.6069}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "chapters we're", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.2117, "y": 1.6069}, {"x": 4.7012, "y": 1.6181}, {"x": 4.7012, "y": 1.8261}, {"x": 3.2117, "y": 1.8148}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "focusing on", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.2117, "y": 1.8148}, {"x": 4.7012, "y": 1.8261}, {"x": 4.7012, "y": 2.0059}, {"x": 3.2117, "y": 2.0003}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "researching a", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.0937, "y": 1.9947}, {"x": 4.7012, "y": 2.0059}, {"x": 4.7012, "y": 2.2083}, {"x": 3.0937, "y": 2.197}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "wicked problem,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.2117, "y": 2.197}, {"x": 4.7012, "y": 2.2083}, {"x": 4.7012, "y": 2.3994}, {"x": 3.2117, "y": 2.3937}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "but the SIFT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.2117, "y": 2.3937}, {"x": 4.7012, "y": 2.3994}, {"x": 4.7012, "y": 2.5961}, {"x": 3.2117, "y": 2.5904}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "method is a", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.2117, "y": 2.5904}, {"x": 4.7012, "y": 2.5961}, {"x": 4.7012, "y": 2.7984}, {"x": 3.2117, "y": 2.7872}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "great thing to", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.2117, 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{"text": "strongest", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.2117, "y": 4.5407}, {"x": 4.7068, "y": 4.5463}, {"x": 4.7068, "y": 4.743}, {"x": 3.2117, "y": 4.7374}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "feelings, but", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.2117, "y": 4.7374}, {"x": 4.7068, "y": 4.743}, {"x": 4.7068, "y": 4.9341}, {"x": 3.2117, "y": 4.9285}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "those strong", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.2117, "y": 4.9285}, {"x": 4.7068, "y": 4.9341}, {"x": 4.7068, "y": 5.1308}, {"x": 3.2117, "y": 5.1252}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "feelings are a", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.2117, "y": 5.1252}, {"x": 4.7068, "y": 5.1308}, {"x": 4.7068, "y": 5.3275}, {"x": 3.2117, "y": 5.3275}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "good sign that", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": 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In these
chapters we're
focusing on
researching a
wicked problem,
but the SIFT
method is a
great thing to
use before you
share
information on
social media.
Often we feel
compelled to
share the things
that evoke the
strongest
feelings, but
those strong
feelings are a
good sign that
those things
need to be
checked before they are shared.
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Almost all respondents (87.8% ) are interested in approaches to recycle plastics. 87% (20) are interested in improving waste management systems in their LGUs.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4659, "y": 1.996}, {"x": 7.4922, "y": 1.9908}, {"x": 7.4931, "y": 3.0507}, {"x": 1.4668, "y": 3.0559}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "d. Awareness of Plastics Ordinance. About 68% of respondents know that there is a city ordinance on plastics, while 52% are aware of the provincial plastic ordinance. 9% do not know of any ordinance and 17% do not know whether or not there is a plastic ordinance. In the same way, only 70% knows of the implementation of an ordinance regulating or prohibiting Single Use Plastics. 30% of the respondents are not aware of the ordinance.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4899, "y": 3.3038}, {"x": 3.6014, "y": 3.3134}, {"x": 3.6006, "y": 3.5043}, {"x": 1.489, "y": 3.4948}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "6.2 Waste Management", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4803, "y": 3.7669}, {"x": 7.3778, "y": 3.7669}, {"x": 7.3778, "y": 4.3876}, {"x": 1.4803, "y": 4.3876}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "a. Waste Management Fee Collection. At the Barangay level, only 5 respondent barangays - Sampaloc II, H-2, Salitran-II, San Roque-Sta. Cristina II, and Salawag - collect waste management fees.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4899, "y": 4.6597}, {"x": 7.5067, "y": 4.6597}, {"x": 7.5067, "y": 5.944}, {"x": 1.4899, "y": 5.944}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "b. Waste Management Budget. Majority of the respondents (44%) do not know the budget allocation of their LGUS for waste management. 12% of respondents replied that their LGUs have no allocation for waste management while 32% of respondents replied that their budget allocation is below 5% of their LGU budget. Only 8% of respondents replied that their budget allocation for waste management is between 10-20% if the LGU budget. See Figure 20.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.5119, "y": 6.7699}, {"x": 3.7343, "y": 6.7747}, {"x": 3.7322, "y": 6.8703}, {"x": 3.5098, "y": 6.8655}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "44%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.6471, "y": 6.8}, {"x": 6.5898, "y": 6.7892}, {"x": 6.5908, "y": 6.9561}, {"x": 4.648, "y": 6.967}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": ":unselected: Below 5% of the LGU budget", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.6518, "y": 7.0745}, {"x": 5.9213, "y": 7.0745}, {"x": 5.9213, "y": 7.2409}, {"x": 4.6518, "y": 7.2409}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": ":unselected: 5% to below 10%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.6506, "y": 7.3533}, {"x": 5.9834, "y": 7.3533}, {"x": 5.9834, "y": 7.5146}, {"x": 4.6506, "y": 7.5146}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": ":unselected: 10% to below 20%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.5213, "y": 7.5052}, {"x": 2.7458, "y": 7.5052}, {"x": 2.7458, "y": 7.5959}, {"x": 2.5213, "y": 7.5959}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "12%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.6531, "y": 7.6461}, {"x": 5.7112, "y": 7.6461}, {"x": 5.7112, "y": 7.7985}, {"x": 4.6531, "y": 7.7985}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": ":unselected: 20% and over", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.7171, "y": 7.9779}, {"x": 2.9056, "y": 7.9827}, {"x": 2.9034, "y": 8.0686}, {"x": 2.7149, "y": 8.0637}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "8%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.6506, "y": 7.9389}, {"x": 5.7017, "y": 7.9389}, {"x": 5.7017, "y": 8.1002}, {"x": 4.6506, "y": 8.1002}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": ":unselected: No Allocation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.6722, "y": 8.2261}, {"x": 3.9014, "y": 8.2261}, {"x": 3.9014, "y": 8.3121}, {"x": 3.6722, "y": 8.3121}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "32%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.6569, "y": 8.2189}, {"x": 5.6301, "y": 8.2189}, {"x": 5.6301, "y": 8.3739}, {"x": 4.6569, "y": 8.3739}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": ":unselected: I don't know", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.6933, "y": 8.799}, {"x": 6.2508, "y": 8.799}, {"x": 6.2508, "y": 8.9423}, {"x": 2.6933, "y": 8.9423}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Figure 20. Percentage of LGU Budget Allocated for Waste Management", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4708, "y": 9.3433}, {"x": 7.3301, "y": 9.3433}, {"x": 7.3301, "y": 9.7396}, {"x": 1.4708, "y": 9.7396}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "c. Waste Collection and Segregation. For 70% of the respondents, wastes are collected by the city government. 35% responded that barangays collect their wastes and still,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.5146, "y": 10.4128}, {"x": 7.6261, "y": 10.4128}, {"x": 7.6261, "y": 10.5655}, {"x": 3.5146, "y": 10.5655}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 7.9461, "y": 10.3841}, {"x": 8.1705, "y": 10.3841}, {"x": 8.1705, "y": 10.5655}, {"x": 7.9461, "y": 10.5655}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "49", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000043.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9633, "y": 0.9937}, {"x": 3.8227, "y": 0.9937}, {"x": 3.8227, "y": 1.9772}, {"x": 0.9633, "y": 1.9772}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 7: Respondents' reaction to the statement \"I am worried that misogynistic and hostile beliefs espoused by extremist groups result in violence towards women.\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2231, "y": 2.4082}, {"x": 1.6389, "y": 2.4031}, {"x": 1.6426, "y": 2.7123}, {"x": 1.2269, "y": 2.7174}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "56% AGREE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.0977, "y": 2.3473}, {"x": 3.7314, "y": 2.3473}, {"x": 3.7314, "y": 2.8035}, {"x": 3.0977, "y": 2.8035}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "36% STRONGLY AGREE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0697, "y": 4.4258}, {"x": 1.7947, "y": 4.4258}, {"x": 1.7947, "y": 4.7402}, {"x": 1.0697, "y": 4.7402}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "3% UNDECIDED", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.1804, "y": 4.517}, {"x": 3.7795, "y": 4.5221}, {"x": 3.7771, "y": 4.8162}, {"x": 3.1779, "y": 4.8111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "4% DISAGREE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.0837, "y": 4.8416}, {"x": 2.7175, "y": 4.8416}, {"x": 2.7175, "y": 5.2826}, {"x": 2.0837, "y": 5.2826}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "1% STRONGLY DISAGREE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9785, "y": 5.6071}, {"x": 3.9089, "y": 5.6071}, {"x": 3.9089, "y": 6.8086}, {"x": 0.9785, "y": 6.8086}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, 70% of respondents agreed that online radicalization and the proliferation of extremist propaganda had increased. Altogether, 76.9% and 92.9% of women agreed with the statement.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9937, "y": 7.1381}, {"x": 3.2396, "y": 7.1381}, {"x": 3.2396, "y": 7.4879}, {"x": 0.9937, "y": 7.4879}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "One interviewee from Indonesia noted that:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4627, "y": 7.863}, {"x": 3.8884, "y": 7.8704}, {"x": 3.8798, "y": 10.7196}, {"x": 1.454, "y": 10.7122}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "\"COVID has managed to restrict direct meetings to disseminate propaganda, misinformation and disinformation through most government's large-scale restrictions to prevent the virus' spread. However, the tendency to utilize onlinespaces to disseminate these has increased since the use of online activities is mandatory in various sectors, such as working and education. Most people certainly use online platforms to disseminate false information", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8385, "y": 1.0141}, {"x": 7.2938, "y": 1.0038}, {"x": 7.2971, "y": 1.7891}, {"x": 4.8417, "y": 1.7994}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "regarding the outbreak, as well as radical ideas targeted at people, including recruiting them as a part of groups.\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.3499, "y": 2.3675}, {"x": 6.9052, "y": 2.3675}, {"x": 6.9052, "y": 3.3663}, {"x": 4.3499, "y": 3.3663}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Figure 8: Respondents' view to the statement, \"Online radicalization and the proliferation of extremist propaganda has increased during COVID-1\".", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.5882, "y": 3.7364}, {"x": 5.004, "y": 3.7364}, {"x": 5.004, "y": 4.0456}, {"x": 4.5882, "y": 4.0456}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "47% AGREE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.4539, "y": 3.6907}, {"x": 7.0927, "y": 3.6907}, {"x": 7.0927, "y": 4.1318}, {"x": 6.4539, "y": 4.1318}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "23% STRONGLY AGREE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.4361, "y": 5.7642}, {"x": 5.1583, "y": 5.7693}, {"x": 5.1561, "y": 6.0836}, {"x": 4.4339, "y": 6.0785}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "21% UNDECIDED", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.6263, "y": 5.6831}, {"x": 7.2296, "y": 5.6831}, {"x": 7.2296, "y": 5.9924}, {"x": 6.6263, "y": 5.9924}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "6% DISAGREE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.44, "y": 6.1698}, {"x": 5.6833, "y": 6.1698}, {"x": 5.6833, "y": 6.3371}, {"x": 5.44, "y": 6.3371}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "3%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.445, "y": 6.3675}, {"x": 6.0686, "y": 6.3675}, {"x": 6.0686, "y": 6.6261}, {"x": 5.445, "y": 6.6261}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "STRONGLY DISAGREE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.3499, "y": 6.981}, {"x": 6.895, "y": 6.981}, {"x": 6.895, "y": 7.3308}, {"x": 4.3499, "y": 7.3308}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Another interviewee from Indonesia observed that:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8468, "y": 7.6654}, {"x": 7.2955, "y": 7.6654}, {"x": 7.2955, "y": 10.7275}, {"x": 4.8468, "y": 10.7275}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "\"(Based on my experience), during 2020-2021 one of the interesting things has been the impact of misinformation and disinformation related to COVID, affecting people's views and attitudes in responding to, preventing and handling of (the virus). At the beginning of the Indonesian government's policy on limiting religious activities in places of worship, this issue caused a strong, adverse reaction among extremist groups, giving rise to a narrative that the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.2687, "y": 11.3764}, {"x": 5.9216, "y": 11.3764}, {"x": 5.9216, "y": 11.5183}, {"x": 0.2687, "y": 11.5183}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 7.6504, "y": 11.3916}, {"x": 7.8076, "y": 11.3916}, {"x": 7.8076, "y": 11.498}, {"x": 7.6504, "y": 11.498}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "36", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000053.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6133, "y": 0.5071}, {"x": 2.4535, "y": 0.5117}, {"x": 2.4531, "y": 0.6523}, {"x": 0.6129, "y": 0.6477}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "16 Encinas Franco and Laguna", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6233, "y": 0.9984}, {"x": 1.7458, "y": 0.9984}, {"x": 1.7458, "y": 1.3557}, {"x": 0.6233, "y": 1.3557}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "IX - Zamboanga Peninsula", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7458, "y": 0.9984}, {"x": 2.873, "y": 1.003}, {"x": 2.873, "y": 1.3603}, {"x": 1.7458, "y": 1.3557}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.873, "y": 1.003}, {"x": 4.0002, "y": 1.003}, {"x": 4.0002, "y": 1.3603}, {"x": 2.873, "y": 1.3603}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0002, "y": 1.003}, {"x": 5.1182, "y": 1.003}, {"x": 5.1228, "y": 1.3603}, {"x": 4.0002, "y": 1.3603}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6233, "y": 1.3557}, {"x": 1.7458, "y": 1.3557}, {"x": 1.7458, "y": 1.713}, {"x": 0.6233, "y": 1.7084}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "X - Northern Mindanao\n:selected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7458, "y": 1.3557}, {"x": 2.873, "y": 1.3603}, {"x": 2.873, "y": 1.713}, {"x": 1.7458, "y": 1.713}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.873, "y": 1.3603}, {"x": 4.0002, "y": 1.3603}, {"x": 4.0002, "y": 1.713}, {"x": 2.873, "y": 1.713}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0002, "y": 1.3603}, {"x": 5.1228, "y": 1.3603}, {"x": 5.1228, "y": 1.713}, {"x": 4.0002, "y": 1.713}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6233, "y": 1.7084}, {"x": 1.7458, "y": 1.713}, {"x": 1.7458, "y": 1.9172}, {"x": 0.6233, "y": 1.9172}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "XI - Davao Region", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7458, "y": 1.713}, {"x": 2.873, "y": 1.713}, {"x": 2.873, "y": 1.9172}, {"x": 1.7458, "y": 1.9172}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.873, "y": 1.713}, {"x": 4.0002, "y": 1.713}, {"x": 4.0002, "y": 1.9172}, {"x": 2.873, "y": 1.9172}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0002, "y": 1.713}, {"x": 5.1228, "y": 1.713}, {"x": 5.1228, "y": 1.9172}, {"x": 4.0002, "y": 1.9172}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6233, "y": 1.9172}, {"x": 1.7458, "y": 1.9172}, {"x": 1.7458, "y": 2.2745}, {"x": 0.6233, "y": 2.2745}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "XII - SOCCSKSARGEN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7458, "y": 1.9172}, {"x": 2.873, "y": 1.9172}, {"x": 2.873, "y": 2.2745}, {"x": 1.7458, "y": 2.2745}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.873, "y": 1.9172}, {"x": 4.0002, "y": 1.9172}, {"x": 4.0002, "y": 2.2745}, {"x": 2.873, "y": 2.2745}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0002, "y": 1.9172}, {"x": 5.1228, "y": 1.9172}, {"x": 5.1228, "y": 2.2745}, {"x": 4.0002, "y": 2.2745}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6233, "y": 2.2745}, {"x": 1.7458, "y": 2.2745}, {"x": 1.7458, "y": 2.4834}, {"x": 0.6233, "y": 2.4834}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "XIII - Caraga", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7458, "y": 2.2745}, {"x": 2.873, "y": 2.2745}, {"x": 2.873, "y": 2.4834}, {"x": 1.7458, "y": 2.4834}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.873, "y": 2.2745}, {"x": 4.0002, "y": 2.2745}, {"x": 4.0002, "y": 2.4834}, {"x": 2.873, "y": 2.4834}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0002, "y": 2.2745}, {"x": 5.1228, "y": 2.2745}, {"x": 5.1228, "y": 2.4834}, {"x": 4.0002, "y": 2.4834}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6233, "y": 2.4834}, {"x": 1.7458, "y": 2.4834}, {"x": 1.7458, "y": 2.6876}, {"x": 0.6233, "y": 2.6876}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "ARMM", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7458, "y": 2.4834}, {"x": 2.873, "y": 2.4834}, {"x": 2.873, "y": 2.6876}, {"x": 1.7458, "y": 2.6876}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.873, "y": 2.4834}, {"x": 4.0002, "y": 2.4834}, {"x": 4.0002, "y": 2.6876}, {"x": 2.873, "y": 2.6876}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0002, "y": 2.4834}, {"x": 5.1228, "y": 2.4834}, {"x": 5.1228, "y": 2.6876}, {"x": 4.0002, "y": 2.6876}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6233, "y": 2.6876}, {"x": 1.7458, "y": 2.6876}, {"x": 1.7458, "y": 2.8917}, {"x": 0.6233, "y": 2.8917}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "Party-List", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7458, "y": 2.6876}, {"x": 2.873, "y": 2.6876}, {"x": 2.873, "y": 2.8917}, {"x": 1.7458, "y": 2.8917}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.873, "y": 2.6876}, {"x": 4.0002, "y": 2.6876}, {"x": 4.0002, "y": 2.8917}, {"x": 2.873, "y": 2.8917}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "15", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0002, "y": 2.6876}, {"x": 5.1228, "y": 2.6876}, {"x": 5.1274, "y": 2.8917}, {"x": 4.0002, "y": 2.8917}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6233, "y": 2.8917}, {"x": 1.7458, "y": 2.8917}, {"x": 1.7458, "y": 3.2491}, {"x": 0.6187, "y": 3.2491}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "TOTAL (w/ Party- List)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7458, "y": 2.8917}, {"x": 2.873, "y": 2.8917}, {"x": 2.873, "y": 3.2491}, {"x": 1.7458, "y": 3.2491}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "55", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.873, "y": 2.8917}, {"x": 4.0002, "y": 2.8917}, {"x": 4.0002, "y": 3.2491}, {"x": 2.873, "y": 3.2491}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "66", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0002, "y": 2.8917}, {"x": 5.1274, "y": 2.8917}, {"x": 5.1274, "y": 3.2491}, {"x": 4.0002, "y": 3.2491}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "88", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6187, "y": 3.2491}, {"x": 1.7458, "y": 3.2491}, {"x": 1.7458, "y": 3.6064}, {"x": 0.6187, "y": 3.6064}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "TOTAL (w/o Party- List)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7458, "y": 3.2491}, {"x": 2.873, "y": 3.2491}, {"x": 2.873, "y": 3.6064}, {"x": 1.7458, "y": 3.6064}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "45", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.873, "y": 3.2491}, {"x": 4.0002, "y": 3.2491}, {"x": 4.0002, "y": 3.6064}, {"x": 2.873, "y": 3.6064}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "51", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0002, "y": 3.2491}, {"x": 5.1274, "y": 3.2491}, {"x": 5.1274, "y": 3.6064}, {"x": 4.0002, "y": 3.6064}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "68", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6133, "y": 3.7734}, {"x": 3.7266, "y": 3.7734}, {"x": 3.7266, "y": 3.9258}, {"x": 0.6133, "y": 3.9258}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "Source: HOR 2022. Computations made by the authors.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6041, "y": 4.2777}, {"x": 5.1283, "y": 4.2731}, {"x": 5.1299, "y": 5.8001}, {"x": 0.6057, "y": 5.8047}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": {"text": "Overall, the abovementioned situation indicates that Filipino women have gradually increased their presence in formal politics. In Asia, the Philippines and Taiwan are the only countries above the global average of 24.5 percent of women in parliament (Liu 2021). However, challenges remain as the increased participation of women comes from dysfunctional features of the country's political system: political dynasties and the Party-List law. Nonetheless, not all women from these groups are necessarily averse to women's issues.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6133, "y": 6.1992}, {"x": 4.0041, "y": 6.2031}, {"x": 4.0039, "y": 6.3984}, {"x": 0.6131, "y": 6.3945}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 39, "content": {"text": "Barriers to Filipino Women's Participation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6133, "y": 6.6133}, {"x": 5.1367, "y": 6.6133}, {"x": 5.1367, "y": 7.5352}, {"x": 0.6133, "y": 7.5352}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 40, "content": {"text": "Previous studies have identified political, economic, and cultural factors that impede women's participation in politics. However, context still matters since the perception of women's role in societies and the evolution of political systems differ. The following section examines some of these barriers.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6094, "y": 7.7109}, {"x": 5.1367, "y": 7.7109}, {"x": 5.1367, "y": 8.457}, {"x": 0.6094, "y": 8.457}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 41, "content": {"text": "The Philippine electoral system's \"first-past-the-post\" electoral type, coupled with the lack of well-developed political parties, inhibits women's entry into politics. Encinas-Franco (2021) argues that \"[w] ithout party discipline and institutionalized rules within parties, one", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6267, "y": 0.9988}, {"x": 5.1231, "y": 1.0026}, {"x": 5.1214, "y": 3.6125}, {"x": 0.6247, "y": 3.6089}], "category": "table", "id": 42, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula424
X - Northern Mindanao\n:selected:222
XI - Davao Region135
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN221
XIII - Caraga133
ARMM122
Party-List101520
TOTAL (w/ Party- List)556688
TOTAL (w/o Party- List)455168
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000008.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7726, "y": 0.4931}, {"x": 3.6898, "y": 0.4931}, {"x": 3.6898, "y": 0.6131}, {"x": 0.7726, "y": 0.6131}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "CIRCULATING THINGS, CIRCULATING STEREOTYPES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.6825, "y": 0.5065}, {"x": 6.8157, "y": 0.5065}, {"x": 6.8157, "y": 0.5953}, {"x": 6.6825, "y": 0.5953}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "73", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7726, "y": 0.8397}, {"x": 3.7076, "y": 0.8397}, {"x": 3.7076, "y": 2.3191}, {"x": 0.7726, "y": 2.3191}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "indicates the use of balsam, which is \"indigenous in various parts of Arabia,\" as an ingredient in the \"Myrabolan comfit.\"25 Such references emphasize Arabia's exoticism and refined taste, as well as the sweetness and fragrance of its products, which were much valued during a time when the con- sumption of sugar and spices was rising rapidly among European populations.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7548, "y": 2.3413}, {"x": 3.7165, "y": 2.3413}, {"x": 3.7165, "y": 6.9885}, {"x": 0.7548, "y": 6.9885}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Coffee is another staple thing customarily asso- ciated with the area. In his Dictionary, Johnson indi- cates the Arabic origin of coffee and rightly so, as one the most popular types of coffee is called \"Ara- bica\" because it was first domesticated for commer- cial use in the southern part of Arabia the Happy (present-day Yemen). Given the Muslim prohibi- tion of alcohol, coffee became particularly attrac- tive to the Muslim world as \"the wine of Islam,\"26 and spread through the ports of the Persian Gulf in Western Europe, where it became immensely pop- ular. Collections of travels published during the time mention that coffee was \"the product of Ara- bia only.\"27 Imported largely from Yemen, which was credited with producing the best coffee in the world, coffee was considered to have stimulating and therapeutic properties.28 The former quality is famously described by Pope in The Rape of the Lock: \"Coffee (which makes the politician wise), / And see thro' all things with his half-shut Eyes) / Sent up in vapours to the Baron's brain / New Stratagems, the radiant Lock to gain.\"29 According to Beawes, the product was brought to Mecca through the port of Jeddah, whose \"[t]rade consists mainly of coffee brought here by the Arabians and bought by the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7815, "y": 7.4455}, {"x": 3.6992, "y": 7.4505}, {"x": 3.6984, "y": 7.918}, {"x": 0.7807, "y": 7.913}], "category": "footnote", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "25 Wiliam Beckford, An Arabian Tale, from an Unpub- lished Manuscript: With Notes Critical and Explanatory (London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1786), 165.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7815, "y": 7.9431}, {"x": 3.7034, "y": 7.9481}, {"x": 3.7023, "y": 8.5846}, {"x": 0.7804, "y": 8.5796}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "26 For the association between coffee and wine, see Ralph S. Hattox, Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a So- cial Beverage in the Medieval Middle East (Seattle: Uni- versity of Washington Press, 1985), 18-19.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7771, "y": 8.6139}, {"x": 3.0418, "y": 8.6186}, {"x": 3.0416, "y": 8.7478}, {"x": 0.7768, "y": 8.7431}], "category": "footnote", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "27 A Collection of Voyages and Travels, 1:440.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7771, "y": 8.7784}, {"x": 3.7034, "y": 8.7833}, {"x": 3.7026, "y": 9.2505}, {"x": 0.7763, "y": 9.2455}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "28 Coffee was customarily used as a mild painkiller during the eighteenth century. Poet Alexander Pope, for in- stance, used it as a palliative for his migraines.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.777, "y": 9.2765}, {"x": 2.5354, "y": 9.2765}, {"x": 2.5354, "y": 9.4186}, {"x": 0.777, "y": 9.4186}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "29 Pope, The Rape of the Lock, 69.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8709, "y": 2.9678}, {"x": 5.7057, "y": 2.9678}, {"x": 5.7057, "y": 3.0211}, {"x": 4.8709, "y": 3.0211}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "TASTK & HIGH LIFE.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8808, "y": 3.2654}, {"x": 6.6785, "y": 3.2699}, {"x": 6.6776, "y": 3.8553}, {"x": 3.8798, "y": 3.8509}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 4.2 William Hogarth, Taste in High Life [graphic]. PRINT MADE BY ISAAC MILLS AFTER WILLIAM HOGARTH'S PAINTING, WITHOUT THE ARTIST'S PERMISSION, LONDON, 1798", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8763, "y": 4.1984}, {"x": 6.8202, "y": 4.1984}, {"x": 6.8202, "y": 5.8689}, {"x": 3.8763, "y": 5.8689}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Turks ... [and] by the Merchants of Mogul, Persia, and several places on the coast of Ehiopia.\"30 From here, coffee spread rapidly in England, France, and Italy, giving rise to the coffeehouse culture that is a hallmark of the eighteenth century. Coffee was also regularly paired in the visual culture of the time with expensive china (fig. 4.2), was employed as a mark of the culture of sociability (fig. 4.3), or was used for its oracular properties31 (fig. 4.4).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8763, "y": 5.8867}, {"x": 6.8246, "y": 5.8867}, {"x": 6.8246, "y": 7.3616}, {"x": 3.8763, "y": 7.3616}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Arabian medicines were also much sought-after in the Western world. As indicated by Beawes, \"from Arabia, Medicinal drugs, Dragon's Blood, Manna, Myrrh, [and] Incense,\"32 were brought to the British metropolis. Pharmacopoia Reformata (1744) mentions gum Arabic, aloe, cassia, acacia, cardamom, saffron, myrrh, and spikenard, which were all used for their therapeutic properties.33 To", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8808, "y": 7.6149}, {"x": 5.9588, "y": 7.6149}, {"x": 5.9588, "y": 7.7437}, {"x": 3.8808, "y": 7.7437}], "category": "footnote", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "30 Beawes, Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, 791.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8896, "y": 7.7892}, {"x": 6.8152, "y": 7.7792}, {"x": 6.8173, "y": 8.4081}, {"x": 3.8917, "y": 8.4181}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "31 Again, the custom of reading one's fortune in coffee grounds is of Turkish provenance, not Arabic. Such mistaken attributions were pervasive during the eigh- teenth century.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8853, "y": 8.4495}, {"x": 5.9724, "y": 8.4539}, {"x": 5.9721, "y": 8.5834}, {"x": 3.885, "y": 8.579}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "32 Beawes, Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, 792.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8852, "y": 8.6101}, {"x": 6.8246, "y": 8.6101}, {"x": 6.8246, "y": 9.4186}, {"x": 3.8852, "y": 9.4186}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "33 M.M., Pharmacopoia Reformata: Or, An Essay for a Ref- ormation of the London Pharmacopoia, by a Set of Re- marks on the Draught for a New One, and a Brief Ac- count of the Proceedings of the Committee Appointed by the College of Physicians, to Thoroughly Reform Their", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000055.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1605, "y": 1.1964}, {"x": 6.7125, "y": 1.1914}, {"x": 6.7131, "y": 1.7845}, {"x": 1.161, "y": 1.7896}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "pharmaceutical products (Casson, Muliastra, and Obidzinski, 2014). The development of biofuels from biomass has raised interest in expanding the palm oil plantation area. This is because palm oil is the main raw material for biodiesel in Indonesia.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1559, "y": 1.9214}, {"x": 6.7024, "y": 1.9214}, {"x": 6.7024, "y": 3.1584}, {"x": 1.1559, "y": 3.1584}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "CPO is the primary product derived from the red fruit of the oil palm, while palm kernel oil, derived from the fruit's nut, is considered a secondary product. Oil palm biomass includes EFBs, palm mesocarps fibres (PMFs), PKS, oil palm fronds, oil palm trunks, as well as palm oil mill effluent (POME). Oil palm fronds account for 70% of the total oil palm biomass produced, while EFB accounts for 10% and oil palm trunks account for only about 5% of the total biomass produced.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1601, "y": 3.2953}, {"x": 6.6969, "y": 3.2902}, {"x": 6.6978, "y": 4.3132}, {"x": 1.161, "y": 4.3183}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "According to Harahap et al. (2019), Indonesia housed 11 million hectares (Mha) of oil palm plantations and produced 31 million tonnes (Mt) of CPO in 2015. Oil extraction from palm fruits occurs in palm oil mills. One tonne (t) of CPO production results in nearly 5 t of solid biomass waste, including EFBs, PKSs, PMFs, and POME; see Figure 3.3. This implies that, in 2015, Indonesia produced around 155 Mt of palm biomass residue.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.5299, "y": 4.6489}, {"x": 5.3436, "y": 4.6489}, {"x": 5.3436, "y": 4.8111}, {"x": 2.5299, "y": 4.8111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Figure 3.3. Biomass Use in Oil Palm Industry", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.1092, "y": 5.3637}, {"x": 6.2816, "y": 5.3637}, {"x": 6.2816, "y": 5.4398}, {"x": 6.1092, "y": 5.4398}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "~2 t", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.1928, "y": 5.6071}, {"x": 4.6704, "y": 5.6122}, {"x": 4.6694, "y": 5.7085}, {"x": 4.1918, "y": 5.7034}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Mesocarp", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.9482, "y": 5.5817}, {"x": 5.6276, "y": 5.5817}, {"x": 5.6276, "y": 5.6831}, {"x": 4.9482, "y": 5.6831}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Crude palm oil", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.0179, "y": 5.5462}, {"x": 6.388, "y": 5.5462}, {"x": 6.388, "y": 5.6375}, {"x": 6.0179, "y": 5.6375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Effluent", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.303, "y": 5.8453}, {"x": 2.1344, "y": 5.8504}, {"x": 2.1331, "y": 6.0681}, {"x": 1.3016, "y": 6.063}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "One hectare of oil palm plantation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.4031, "y": 5.9265}, {"x": 2.8908, "y": 5.9315}, {"x": 2.8887, "y": 6.1333}, {"x": 2.401, "y": 6.1282}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Fresh fruit bunch", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.3664, "y": 5.9366}, {"x": 3.6097, "y": 5.9366}, {"x": 3.6097, "y": 6.1242}, {"x": 3.3664, "y": 6.1242}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Palm fruits", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.0991, "y": 6.0836}, {"x": 6.2613, "y": 6.0836}, {"x": 6.2613, "y": 6.1597}, {"x": 6.0991, "y": 6.1597}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "~8 t", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.0889, "y": 6.2256}, {"x": 6.3323, "y": 6.2256}, {"x": 6.3323, "y": 6.3168}, {"x": 6.0889, "y": 6.3168}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Shell", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.1826, "y": 6.474}, {"x": 4.7353, "y": 6.474}, {"x": 4.7353, "y": 6.5602}, {"x": 4.1826, "y": 6.5602}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Palm kernel", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.54, "y": 6.6971}, {"x": 2.758, "y": 6.6971}, {"x": 2.758, "y": 6.7832}, {"x": 2.54, "y": 6.7832}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "~15 t", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2726, "y": 6.8875}, {"x": 2.5614, "y": 6.8946}, {"x": 2.5603, "y": 7.0976}, {"x": 1.2714, "y": 7.0904}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Legend: Residue production", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.1345, "y": 6.7934}, {"x": 6.312, "y": 6.7934}, {"x": 6.312, "y": 6.8644}, {"x": 6.1345, "y": 6.8644}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "~1 t", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.8101, "y": 6.9404}, {"x": 6.6365, "y": 6.9404}, {"x": 6.6365, "y": 7.0469}, {"x": 5.8101, "y": 7.0469}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Empty fruit bunch", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.1498, "y": 7.5336}, {"x": 6.3221, "y": 7.5285}, {"x": 6.3247, "y": 7.6146}, {"x": 6.1523, "y": 7.6197}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "~3 t", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1605, "y": 7.8225}, {"x": 2.687, "y": 7.8175}, {"x": 2.6875, "y": 7.9594}, {"x": 1.161, "y": 7.9645}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Source: Harahap et al. (2019).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.161, "y": 8.2839}, {"x": 6.6973, "y": 8.2839}, {"x": 6.6973, "y": 9.5057}, {"x": 1.161, "y": 9.5057}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Regarding the potential for biodiesel, the previous Table 2.10 projected the demand of FAME for both B30 and B40 mandates using the volume of diesel fuel needed for the road transport sector. As shown, the FAME demand will reach 19.1 million kL in 2040 for the B30 mandate and 25.4 million kL for the B40 mandate. The current FAME production capacity is 12.85 million kL, indicating a shortage of supply to meet the 2040 demand for both the B30 and B40 mandates.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1616, "y": 9.6527}, {"x": 6.6978, "y": 9.6578}, {"x": 6.6971, "y": 10.4537}, {"x": 1.1609, "y": 10.4486}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "Increasing the capacity for FAME production implies that the demand for domestic CPO will continue to increase. The estimated CPO required to produce FAME in 2040 is also calculated above (Table 2.11). The estimated CPO consumption for B30 and B40 mandate in 2040 will be 17.5 and 23.4 million tonnes, respectively. This was calculated based on", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.843, "y": 11.0266}, {"x": 4.0153, "y": 11.0266}, {"x": 4.0153, "y": 11.1533}, {"x": 3.843, "y": 11.1533}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "24", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000138.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5982, "y": 2.4687}, {"x": 4.9509, "y": 2.4687}, {"x": 4.9509, "y": 2.6071}, {"x": 1.5982, "y": 2.6071}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 11.2: Arapaima gigas displayed in the Siam Centre, Bangkok.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7715, "y": 3.2411}, {"x": 7.2229, "y": 3.2366}, {"x": 7.2237, "y": 4.3559}, {"x": 0.7723, "y": 4.3604}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Arapaima is an important flagship genus for flooded forest ecosystem and human floodplain communities. Flagship taxa are used as a symbol to promote conservation awareness (Caro 2010). Their large size makes them a true freshwater megafauna like crocodiles, river dolphins, and other large fish. Freshwater megafauna face many threats, and 71% of these species are in decline (He et al. 2017, 2018). Arapaima continue to face intense fishing throughout their range (Watson et al. 2021). However, freshwater megafauna like the Arapaima have fewer conservation resources and efforts than marine or terrestrial megafaunas.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7715, "y": 4.5357}, {"x": 7.2188, "y": 4.5313}, {"x": 7.2197, "y": 5.8438}, {"x": 0.7725, "y": 5.8482}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Fishing, in general, and fishing for Arapaima in particular, is a central element of the local economy and culture in Amazonia. Because these fish are obligate breathers, they are traditionally harvested by fishers using harpoons at the time when they surface to breathe. Men typically fish from canoes and search for signs of Arapaima near the surface. As they near the Arapaima, the harpooner throws the harpoon by hand. This is a specialized type of fishing, and the local fishers possess knowledge of the behavior that increases their likelihood of catching one. With appropriate training, fishers' participation in management processes can contribute to the conservation and governance of these small-scale fisheries.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7717, "y": 6.0268}, {"x": 7.2229, "y": 6.0223}, {"x": 7.2237, "y": 7.1468}, {"x": 0.7725, "y": 7.1513}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Many populations of Arapaima have been driven to local extinction due to overfishing (Castello et al. 2015a; Gurdak 2019a; Watson et al. 2021; Freitas and Sousa 2021). Much of the catch is illegal, with most specimens being caught below the minimum size limit or during the closed season (Cavole et al. 2015). The small-scale fishers are geographically dispersed, and governments in these regions have insufficient resources to devote to enforcing fishing rules. The riverine fishers who target Arapaima are marginalized and have limited formal education. Yet, compliance with regulations is essential to prevent overfishing and local extinction.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7723, "y": 7.3214}, {"x": 7.2232, "y": 7.3214}, {"x": 7.2232, "y": 8.6339}, {"x": 0.7723, "y": 8.6339}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Arapaima represent only a small fraction of the fisheries harvest, but they are culturally important and symbolic as a flagship genus of tropical South American fisheries and floodplain management and conservation. Reducing the threats to Arapaima will also provide protections for many of the highly migratory fish of the Amazon basin. Collectively, the migratory fish contribute most of the fishery's landings in the basin (Duponchelle et al. 2021). Migratory fish depend on multiple, distant, but interconnected habitats during their life cycle. Any threat to one of the habitats or the corridor that connects them can influence these important food fish (Goulding et al. 2019).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2366, "y": 9.3438}, {"x": 7.2188, "y": 9.3438}, {"x": 7.2188, "y": 9.4821}, {"x": 4.2366, "y": 9.4821}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Integrating Fishers in the Management of Arapaima | 251", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000078.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3635, "y": 0.9582}, {"x": 5.4805, "y": 0.9531}, {"x": 5.4808, "y": 1.1559}, {"x": 1.3638, "y": 1.161}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.10. 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migrant workers in 2020, 55 percent earned a monthly income of between PHP20,000 and PHP50,000, and 19 percent earned between PHP5000 and PHP20,000. Before their return, 50 percent reported remitting amounts ranging from PHP10,000 to PHP20,000 (US$200 to US$400) monthly. It is highly unlikely that the families of these migrant workers would have savings to rely on after they lost their jobs. 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AMSAverage Annual GrowthRemittance inflows in 2020 (US$ Million)
2000-20042004-20092009-20142014-20192019-2020
Cambodia7.5%-0.7%50.6%6.7%-16.6%1,272
Indonesia9.4%29.5%4.7%6.4%-17.3%9,651
Lao PDR4.0%115.7%38.0%9.5%-10.6%265
Malaysia18.6%7.1%6.9%0.7%-11.2%1,454
Myanmar2.7%-14.1%102.7%5.4%-7.1%2,250
Philippines10.6%11.7%7.5%4.2%-0.7%34,913
Thailand-0.9%18.6%11.4%4.6%-1.2%8,067
Viet Nam11.5%21.1%14.8%7.2%1.2%17,200
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000086.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5663, "y": 1.0265}, {"x": 6.9242, "y": 1.0265}, {"x": 6.9242, "y": 1.8429}, {"x": 1.5663, "y": 1.8429}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions Staff of the Global Legal Research Directorate", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9837, "y": 2.3394}, {"x": 2.1584, "y": 2.3394}, {"x": 2.1584, "y": 2.5065}, {"x": 0.9837, "y": 2.5065}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "I. Introduction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9694, "y": 2.7166}, {"x": 7.502, "y": 2.7166}, {"x": 7.502, "y": 3.4661}, {"x": 0.9694, "y": 3.4661}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "This report, prepared by the research staff of the Law Library of Congress, surveys 39 jurisdictions regarding whether, and if so how, they restrict ownership of land by foreigners.1 The jurisdictions surveyed were among those with the highest gross domestic product according to 2021 World Bank data, selected to ensure broadly representative coverage.2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9742, "y": 3.6667}, {"x": 7.5067, "y": 3.6667}, {"x": 7.5067, "y": 4.23}, {"x": 0.9742, "y": 4.23}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "We identified 10 countries that do not restrict land ownership by foreigners: Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9789, "y": 4.421}, {"x": 7.5115, "y": 4.421}, {"x": 7.5115, "y": 4.9891}, {"x": 0.9789, "y": 4.9891}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "We found that the following countries do not permit foreign ownership of land, although exceptions may apply in some cases or other rights to land may be acquired: China, Indonesia, Nigeria, Philippines, and Thailand.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9789, "y": 5.1849}, {"x": 7.5115, "y": 5.1849}, {"x": 7.5115, "y": 6.1254}, {"x": 0.9789, "y": 6.1254}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Among the other jurisdictions surveyed, some have restrictions that apply to different types of land, including agricultural, residential, and commercial land. Other types of restriction are based on the location of the land, such as near the border or military establishments. Some jurisdictions restrict particular categories of foreigners from land ownership. Some require special permission or approval for foreigners before they can acquire land.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9742, "y": 6.326}, {"x": 7.5163, "y": 6.326}, {"x": 7.5163, "y": 7.2665}, {"x": 0.9742, "y": 7.2665}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Ownership of agricultural land by foreigners is restricted by some provinces of Canada, and by Egypt, India (restricted for diplomatic personnel, nonresidents of Indian origin and nonresident citizens without registration), Iran, Poland (permit required), and Russia. Argentina, Brazil, and Turkey restrict ownership of rural or local land to a percentage of the total land of the local jurisdiction.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9885, "y": 7.4622}, {"x": 7.5071, "y": 7.467}, {"x": 7.5067, "y": 8.0161}, {"x": 0.9881, "y": 8.0113}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Article XVII of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) obligates members to provide national treatment to other members, i.e., \"treatment no less favourable than that it accords to its own.\" 3 If land ownership restrictions result in less favorable treatment of foreigners, GATS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9789, "y": 8.2834}, {"x": 7.4208, "y": 8.2834}, {"x": 7.4208, "y": 9.0903}, {"x": 0.9789, "y": 9.0903}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "1 The surveyed jurisdictions are Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Egypt, Finland, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9837, "y": 9.1858}, {"x": 6.7713, "y": 9.1858}, {"x": 6.7713, "y": 9.3433}, {"x": 0.9837, "y": 9.3433}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "2 World Bank Databank, Gross Domestic Product 2021 (Jan. 15, 2023), https://perma.cc/GP7Y-Z8K8.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9789, "y": 9.434}, {"x": 7.5067, "y": 9.434}, {"x": 7.5067, "y": 9.8924}, {"x": 0.9789, "y": 9.8924}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "3 General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1B, art. XVII, 1869 U.N.T.S. 183, 33 I.L.M. 1167 (1994), https://perma.cc/Z89Y- SEVS.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9837, "y": 10.3268}, {"x": 2.8947, "y": 10.3364}, {"x": 2.8938, "y": 10.513}, {"x": 0.9828, "y": 10.5035}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "The Law Library of Congress", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 7.3539, "y": 10.3411}, {"x": 7.4256, "y": 10.3411}, {"x": 7.4256, "y": 10.4701}, {"x": 7.3539, "y": 10.4701}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000182.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9606, "y": 0.5498}, {"x": 10.1794, "y": 0.5498}, {"x": 10.1794, "y": 1.5509}, {"x": 0.9606, "y": 1.5509}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "AI Pack Upstage offers 3 AI packs that process unstructured information and data, making a tangible impact on your business", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7144, "y": 2.0642}, {"x": 5.3043, "y": 2.0642}, {"x": 5.3043, "y": 2.4}, {"x": 1.7144, "y": 2.4}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "OCR", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.3043, "y": 2.0642}, {"x": 9.0492, "y": 2.0642}, {"x": 9.0492, "y": 2.4129}, {"x": 5.3043, "y": 2.4}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Recommendation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 9.0492, "y": 2.0642}, {"x": 12.8716, "y": 2.0771}, {"x": 12.8716, "y": 2.4129}, {"x": 9.0492, "y": 2.4129}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Product semantic search", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.4359, "y": 2.4}, {"x": 1.7144, "y": 2.4}, {"x": 1.7144, "y": 3.601}, {"x": 0.4489, "y": 3.601}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Pack", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7144, "y": 2.4}, {"x": 5.3043, "y": 2.4}, {"x": 5.3043, "y": 3.601}, {"x": 1.7144, "y": 3.601}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "A solution that recognizes characters in an image and extracts necessary information", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.3043, "y": 2.4}, {"x": 9.0492, "y": 2.4129}, {"x": 9.0492, "y": 3.601}, {"x": 5.3043, "y": 3.601}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "A solution that recommends the best products and contents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 9.0492, "y": 2.4129}, {"x": 12.8716, "y": 2.4129}, {"x": 12.8716, "y": 3.601}, {"x": 9.0492, "y": 3.601}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "A solution that enables semantic search, analyzes and organizes key information in unstructured text data into a standardized form (DB)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.4489, "y": 3.601}, {"x": 1.7144, "y": 3.601}, {"x": 1.7144, "y": 5.1378}, {"x": 0.4489, "y": 5.1378}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Application", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7144, "y": 3.601}, {"x": 5.3043, "y": 3.601}, {"x": 5.3043, "y": 5.1378}, {"x": 1.7144, "y": 5.1378}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Applicable to all fields that require text extraction from standardized documents, such as receipts, bills, credit cards, ID cards, certificates, and medical receipts", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.3043, "y": 3.601}, {"x": 9.0492, "y": 3.601}, {"x": 9.0492, "y": 5.1378}, {"x": 5.3043, "y": 5.1378}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Applicable to all fields that use any form of recommendation including alternative products, products and contents that are likely to be purchased next", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 9.0492, "y": 3.601}, {"x": 12.8716, "y": 3.601}, {"x": 12.8716, "y": 5.1378}, {"x": 9.0492, "y": 5.1378}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Applicable to all fields that deal with various types of unstructured data containing text information that require semantic search and conversion into a DB", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.4489, "y": 5.1378}, {"x": 1.7144, "y": 5.1378}, {"x": 1.7144, "y": 6.7908}, {"x": 0.4489, "y": 6.7908}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Highlight", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7144, "y": 5.1378}, {"x": 5.3043, "y": 5.1378}, {"x": 5.3172, "y": 6.7908}, {"x": 1.7144, "y": 6.7908}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Achieved 1st place in the OCR World Competition The team includes specialists who have presented 14 papers in the world's most renowned AI conferences", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.3043, "y": 5.1378}, {"x": 9.0492, "y": 5.1378}, {"x": 9.0621, "y": 6.7779}, {"x": 5.3172, "y": 6.7908}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Team with specialists and technologies that received Kaggle's Gold Medal recommendation (Education platform) Proven superior performance of more than 170% compared to other global top-tier recommendation models", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 9.0492, "y": 5.1378}, {"x": 12.8716, "y": 5.1378}, {"x": 12.8716, "y": 6.7779}, {"x": 9.0621, "y": 6.7779}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Creation of the first natural language evaluation system in Korean (KLUE) World's No.1 in Kaggle text embedding competition in E-commerce subject (Shopee)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 12.8762, "y": 7.1065}, {"x": 13.0208, "y": 7.1065}, {"x": 13.0208, "y": 7.2222}, {"x": 12.8762, "y": 7.2222}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "11", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.3892, "y": 2.3243}, {"x": 12.9748, "y": 2.3107}, {"x": 12.9795, "y": 6.8371}, {"x": 0.3923, "y": 6.849}], "category": "table", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
OCRRecommendationProduct semantic search
PackA solution that recognizes characters in an image and extracts necessary informationA solution that recommends the best products and contentsA solution that enables semantic search, analyzes and organizes key information in unstructured text data into a standardized form (DB)
ApplicationApplicable to all fields that require text extraction from standardized documents, such as receipts, bills, credit cards, ID cards, certificates, and medical receiptsApplicable to all fields that use any form of recommendation including alternative products, products and contents that are likely to be purchased nextApplicable to all fields that deal with various types of unstructured data containing text information that require semantic search and conversion into a DB
HighlightAchieved 1st place in the OCR World Competition The team includes specialists who have presented 14 papers in the world's most renowned AI conferencesTeam with specialists and technologies that received Kaggle's Gold Medal recommendation (Education platform) Proven superior performance of more than 170% compared to other global top-tier recommendation modelsCreation of the first natural language evaluation system in Korean (KLUE) World's No.1 in Kaggle text embedding competition in E-commerce subject (Shopee)
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000129.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7402, "y": 1.0599}, {"x": 1.1297, "y": 1.0551}, {"x": 1.1317, "y": 1.2174}, {"x": 0.7422, "y": 1.2223}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "(15.19)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.239, "y": 0.8241}, {"x": 1.6357, "y": 0.8377}, {"x": 1.6272, "y": 1.0857}, {"x": 1.2304, "y": 1.072}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "_2 \u00d8y =", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.8385, "y": 0.7591}, {"x": 2.8604, "y": 0.7591}, {"x": 2.8604, "y": 1.1458}, {"x": 1.8385, "y": 1.1458}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "1 4 (0 \u2103) + o2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7306, "y": 1.5278}, {"x": 7.7598, "y": 1.5278}, {"x": 7.7598, "y": 2.5304}, {"x": 0.7306, "y": 2.5304}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "n the case that the distributions were identically distributed with expected value and variance of px and oz, each partner would face the same expected value as before, Ur. But, the variance of their individual earnings would be (02 + 02)/4 = 02/2, half of what it was before without combining their businesses. Furthermore, the standard deviation of the earnings each partner would face would be:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7325, "y": 2.9668}, {"x": 2.1957, "y": 2.8994}, {"x": 2.2091, "y": 3.1889}, {"x": 0.7458, "y": 3.2563}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "(15.20) V 2 12", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7306, "y": 3.5664}, {"x": 7.7551, "y": 3.5664}, {"x": 7.7551, "y": 3.9484}, {"x": 0.7306, "y": 3.9484}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "And if n partners joined together, then they would each face the same expected value as before, but the variance each partner would receive is Ox Vn. We now illustrate these important results.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7354, "y": 4.1393}, {"x": 7.7598, "y": 4.1393}, {"x": 7.7598, "y": 4.9557}, {"x": 0.7354, "y": 4.9557}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Assume that business one's earnings are determined by outcomes associated with the toss of a fair coin. If the outcome of the coin toss is tails, the firm pays (loses) $5,000. If the toss is a heads, the firm wins $8,000. Thus, the firm wins either $8,000 or loses $5,000 and earns on average (.5) (-5,000) + (.5) (8,000) = $1500.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7306, "y": 5.1419}, {"x": 4.0831, "y": 5.1467}, {"x": 4.0829, "y": 5.3043}, {"x": 0.7304, "y": 5.2995}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "The standard deviation of this risky outcomes is:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7522, "y": 5.5525}, {"x": 6.2342, "y": 5.5048}, {"x": 6.2365, "y": 5.7674}, {"x": 0.7545, "y": 5.8151}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "(15.21) \\(.5)(-$5,000-$1,500)2+(.5)($8,000-$1,500)2= $6,500", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7402, "y": 6.0872}, {"x": 7.7598, "y": 6.0872}, {"x": 7.7598, "y": 6.6793}, {"x": 0.7402, "y": 6.6793}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Furthermore, assuming a normal distribution, 68% of the time, the average outcome will be between the mean and plus or minus one standard deviation: ($1,500 + $6,500) = $8,000 and ($1,500 - $6,500) = - $5,000.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7346, "y": 6.8798}, {"x": 7.7551, "y": 6.875}, {"x": 7.7559, "y": 8.1155}, {"x": 0.7354, "y": 8.1202}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Now suppose that two persons decide to combine their operations and share the average of the outcomes. Then the possible outcomes of two coin tosses are two heads (H, H) which earns on average $16,000 /2 = $8,000 and occurs with a probability of .25; two tails (T, T) which earns on average -$10,000 / 2 = - $5,000 and occurs with a probability of .25, and one head and one tail (H, T) or one tail and one head (T, H) which both earn on average $3,000 / 2 = $1,500 and each occurs with a probability of .25. The expected value for each of the two players can now can be expressed as:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7399, "y": 8.2667}, {"x": 7.1389, "y": 8.238}, {"x": 7.14, "y": 8.4648}, {"x": 0.7409, "y": 8.4935}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "(15.22) (.25)($8, 000) + (.25)(-$5, 000) + (.25)($1, 500) + (.25)($1, 500) = $1, 500", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7354, "y": 8.6749}, {"x": 7.7551, "y": 8.6749}, {"x": 7.7551, "y": 9.0616}, {"x": 0.7354, "y": 9.0616}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "The two players now receive on average the same as before, $1,500, but consider the standard deviation of the average outcome:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7306, "y": 10.451}, {"x": 3.1326, "y": 10.451}, {"x": 3.1326, "y": 10.5846}, {"x": 0.7306, "y": 10.5846}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "340 | Ch. 15. Homogeneous Risk Measures", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000096.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3084, "y": 0.8355}, {"x": 1.8289, "y": 0.8355}, {"x": 1.8289, "y": 0.9501}, {"x": 1.3084, "y": 0.9501}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Percentile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5949, "y": 1.0933}, {"x": 1.7955, "y": 1.0933}, {"x": 1.7955, "y": 1.1936}, {"x": 1.5949, "y": 1.1936}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "100", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.614, "y": 1.5469}, {"x": 1.7525, "y": 1.5469}, {"x": 1.7525, "y": 1.6519}, {"x": 1.614, "y": 1.6519}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "80", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.6093, "y": 1.9861}, {"x": 1.7573, "y": 1.9861}, {"x": 1.7573, "y": 2.0911}, {"x": 1.6093, "y": 2.0911}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "60", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.8183, "y": 2.1198}, {"x": 5.6444, "y": 2.1198}, {"x": 5.6444, "y": 2.3633}, {"x": 4.8183, "y": 2.3633}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Perceived Ability Actual Test Score", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.6141, "y": 2.4144}, {"x": 1.748, "y": 2.4208}, {"x": 1.743, "y": 2.5256}, {"x": 1.6091, "y": 2.5192}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "40", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5902, "y": 2.8741}, {"x": 1.7287, "y": 2.8741}, {"x": 1.7287, "y": 2.9792}, {"x": 1.5902, "y": 2.9792}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.2793, "y": 3.4042}, {"x": 2.4366, "y": 3.3993}, {"x": 2.4402, "y": 3.5139}, {"x": 2.2829, "y": 3.5188}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Q1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.8031, "y": 3.4041}, {"x": 2.9702, "y": 3.4041}, {"x": 2.9702, "y": 3.5139}, {"x": 2.8031, "y": 3.5139}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Q2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.2949, "y": 3.3993}, {"x": 3.4621, "y": 3.3993}, {"x": 3.4621, "y": 3.4996}, {"x": 3.2949, "y": 3.4996}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Q3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8107, "y": 3.3898}, {"x": 3.973, "y": 3.3898}, {"x": 3.973, "y": 3.4948}, {"x": 3.8107, "y": 3.4948}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Q4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.5317, "y": 3.3993}, {"x": 4.9615, "y": 3.3993}, {"x": 4.9615, "y": 3.5187}, {"x": 4.5317, "y": 3.5187}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Quartile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9933, "y": 3.8863}, {"x": 7.7025, "y": 3.8863}, {"x": 7.7025, "y": 4.9319}, {"x": 0.9933, "y": 4.9319}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "8. Suppose Evelyn the Environmental Economist is presenting her case in a public meeting for why raising the price of municipal water in the face of persistent drought conditions would be a good thing for the community, when someone in the audience yells out, \"That's unfair for seniors and others living on fixed incomes.\" How might Evelyn frame her response in a way that dispels the audience's concerns about the fairness of a price increase?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9933, "y": 5.1944}, {"x": 7.6357, "y": 5.1992}, {"x": 7.6354, "y": 5.6001}, {"x": 0.993, "y": 5.5953}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "9. How would the indifference curve in Figure 6.1 change when drawn for a person who suffers from guilt but not envy? Draw the curve.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9215, "y": 5.8676}, {"x": 7.6739, "y": 5.8628}, {"x": 7.6742, "y": 6.27}, {"x": 0.9218, "y": 6.2748}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "10. Can you recall an example from your own life where you exhibited an Endowment Effect that ultimately led to regret?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9312, "y": 6.536}, {"x": 7.6022, "y": 6.536}, {"x": 7.6022, "y": 7.1519}, {"x": 0.9312, "y": 7.1519}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "11. The Gender Gap experiment discussed in this chapter measured gender differences in terms of how males and females deal with competitive situations. Think of another situation where a gender gap may exist and design an experiment to test for it.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9264, "y": 7.4193}, {"x": 7.6166, "y": 7.4193}, {"x": 7.6166, "y": 8.25}, {"x": 0.9264, "y": 8.25}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "12. It was shown in this chapter that a Homo economicus who exhibits convex-shaped indifference curves exhibits an Endowment Effect. Does this result still hold if Homo economicus exhibits linearly shaped indifference curves, as depicted in the figure below? Show your result using this graph.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.4343, "y": 10.4414}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 10.4414}, {"x": 7.7169, "y": 10.5608}, {"x": 5.4343, "y": 10.5608}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 117", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000134.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7634, "y": 0.8125}, {"x": 7.2232, "y": 0.8125}, {"x": 7.2232, "y": 1.75}, {"x": 0.7634, "y": 1.75}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "What's unique about the growth of Alligator Gars is their fast growth in the first years of life followed by slower growth (Figure 8.6; Figure 8.7). Juvenile Alligator Gars quickly transition to fish-eating habits (Butler et al. 2018). 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(1988) with permission.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7736, "y": 4.1107}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 4.1107}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 4.6549}, {"x": 0.7736, "y": 4.6549}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 40, "content": {"text": "Assume that one terrace has a length of slope of 130 ft, has the same percent slope as above (2%), uses underground outlets to remove excess water, and that contour tillage practices are being used as described above, calculate the erosion rate for that single terrace.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1938, "y": 4.8268}, {"x": 1.6522, "y": 4.8268}, {"x": 1.6522, "y": 4.9939}, {"x": 1.1938, "y": 4.9939}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 41, "content": {"text": "A4 =", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2511, "y": 5.1467}, {"x": 5.1143, "y": 5.1467}, {"x": 5.1143, "y": 5.2947}, {"x": 1.2511, "y": 5.2947}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 42, "content": {"text": "How does that erosion rate compare to the tolerable erosion rate?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2511, "y": 5.7769}, {"x": 6.2987, "y": 5.7817}, {"x": 6.2986, "y": 5.9392}, {"x": 1.251, "y": 5.9345}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 43, "content": {"text": "How does that erosion rate compare to the likely geologic erosion rate of 1 ton/ac/yr?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1566, "y": 6.4179}, {"x": 7.716, "y": 6.3466}, {"x": 7.727, "y": 7.3531}, {"x": 1.1676, "y": 7.4244}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 44, "content": {"text": "Now, calculate the erosion rate if conservation tillage, contour tillage, and terraces were all used together for soil conservation as they were described above. A5 = R \u00d7 K x LS \u00d7 C x Pc \u00d7 Pt A5 =", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2511, "y": 7.5911}, {"x": 5.1143, "y": 7.5911}, {"x": 5.1143, "y": 7.7392}, {"x": 1.2511, "y": 7.7392}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 45, "content": {"text": "How does that erosion rate compare to the tolerable erosion rate?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2463, "y": 8.2309}, {"x": 6.2938, "y": 8.2309}, {"x": 6.2938, "y": 8.3885}, {"x": 1.2463, "y": 8.3885}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 46, "content": {"text": "How does that erosion rate compare to the likely geologic erosion rate of 1 ton/ac/yr?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1508, "y": 8.8659}, {"x": 7.7121, "y": 8.8659}, {"x": 7.7121, "y": 9.2192}, {"x": 1.1508, "y": 9.2192}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 47, "content": {"text": "Considering your results, would installing terraces in addition to using contour tillage and conservation tillage make economic sense if the goal is to reduce erosion rates to near-geologic rates?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7736, "y": 10.3411}, {"x": 2.6598, "y": 10.3411}, {"x": 2.6598, "y": 10.4701}, {"x": 0.7736, "y": 10.4701}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 48, "content": {"text": "146 | Soil Erosion and Conservation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7642, "y": 1.5675}, {"x": 6.106, "y": 1.569}, {"x": 6.1061, "y": 3.6032}, {"x": 0.7632, "y": 3.6012}], "category": "table", "id": 49, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Terrace Interval Underground Outlets Waterways with percent grade of:
(ft)Pt Values0.1-0.30.4-0.70.8
Pt ValuesPt Values Pt Values
<1100.50.60.71.0
110-1400.60.70.81.0
140-1800.70.80.91.0
180-2250.80.80.91.0
225-3000.90.91.01.0
300+1.01.01.01.0
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Councilor", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7469, "y": 4.2601}, {"x": 2.8685, "y": 4.2601}, {"x": 2.8685, "y": 4.6139}, {"x": 1.7469, "y": 4.6186}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "12,406", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.8685, "y": 4.2601}, {"x": 3.9994, "y": 4.2601}, {"x": 4.0041, "y": 4.6186}, {"x": 2.8685, "y": 4.6139}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "10.5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.9994, "y": 4.2601}, {"x": 5.1303, "y": 4.2601}, {"x": 5.1303, "y": 4.6186}, {"x": 4.0041, "y": 4.6186}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": {"text": "N/A", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6172, "y": 4.7383}, {"x": 3.3086, "y": 4.7383}, {"x": 3.3086, "y": 4.8867}, {"x": 0.6172, "y": 4.8867}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 39, "content": {"text": "Source: Tancangco 1991 as cited in Valte (1992).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": 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It can also be observed that in executive positions such as the cabinet, few women are appointed, especially during President Fidel Ramos's time, compared to Cory Aquino's administration (Table 1). As mentioned above, the Philippines has made significant strides in legislating for women's rights. However, 35 years after re- democratization and 84 years after the grant of suffrage, participation of women in politics is still a work in progress, as in most countries.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6133, "y": 7.4258}, {"x": 5.1328, "y": 7.4258}, {"x": 5.1328, "y": 7.9727}, {"x": 0.6133, "y": 7.9727}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 42, "content": {"text": "In 2019, the overall percentage of women in all elective posts in the country was only about 20 percent (PCW 2021), barely reaching the 30 percent international requirement for women's political", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6201, "y": 1.6162}, {"x": 5.1321, "y": 1.6206}, {"x": 5.1293, "y": 4.6209}, {"x": 0.6168, "y": 4.6165}], "category": "table", "id": 43, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Government PositionNo. of SeatsAquino Administration (1986-1992)Ramos Administration (1992-1998)
Senate248.316.7
House of Representatives2029.410.4
Cabinet2015.05.0
Governor735.45.4
Provincial Board Member6269.910.9
City/Municipal Mayor1,5787.411.2
City/Municipal Vice Mayor1,5786.514.9
City Municipal Councilor12,40610.5N/A
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"Indonesia", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.0313, "y": 1.4821}, {"x": 2.2589, "y": 1.4777}, {"x": 2.2608, "y": 1.5714}, {"x": 2.0331, "y": 1.5759}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Japan", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5223, "y": 1.6875}, {"x": 2.2723, "y": 1.6875}, {"x": 2.2723, "y": 1.7857}, {"x": 1.5223, "y": 1.7857}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Papua New Guinea", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7143, "y": 1.8973}, {"x": 2.2723, "y": 1.9018}, {"x": 2.2716, "y": 1.9911}, {"x": 1.7136, "y": 1.9866}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Taiwan, China", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.0446, "y": 2.1161}, {"x": 2.2679, "y": 2.1161}, {"x": 2.2679, "y": 2.2054}, {"x": 2.0446, "y": 2.2054}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Spain", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.933, "y": 2.3304}, 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""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.2143, "y": 3.3929}, {"x": 6.1652, "y": 3.3929}, {"x": 6.1652, "y": 3.4911}, {"x": 5.2143, "y": 3.4911}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "500,000 600,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.7054, "y": 3.6607}, {"x": 4.6205, "y": 3.6607}, {"x": 4.6205, "y": 3.7902}, {"x": 3.7054, "y": 3.7902}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Catch (metric tons)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2991, "y": 4.0134}, {"x": 6.4554, "y": 4.0134}, {"x": 6.4554, "y": 4.1563}, {"x": 1.2991, "y": 4.1562}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Figure 12.8: Top tuna fishing nations based on landings of seven tuna species in 2018. Long description.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7715, "y": 4.7857}, {"x": 7.2188, "y": 4.7813}, {"x": 7.2197, "y": 6.0933}, {"x": 0.7725, "y": 6.0978}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "Today most tuna are captured in purse seines, and longlines are the second-most-common gear. Indonesia and Japan are consistently the top-two fishing nations (Figure 12.8). Five of the top tuna fishing nations-Japan, Taiwan (Republic of China), Spain, Korea, and the USA-have large fishing fleets that operate far from their home waters, whereas the others have large local or regional fleets. New technologies, such as sonar, have made tuna fishing much more effective. In response, the use of spotter planes is banned for fishing Atlantic Bluefin Tuna in the Mediterranean (Di Natale 2020). Many recreational tuna boats also use spotter planes in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, although the traditionalist harpoon fishers shun the technology (Whynott 1995; Decker 2016).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7679, "y": 6.2679}, {"x": 7.2232, "y": 6.2679}, {"x": 7.2232, "y": 8.9509}, {"x": 0.7679, "y": 8.9509}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "The Pacific Ocean has consistently had the highest landings, about 66% of the world's tuna catch. The western and central Pacific Ocean is where many artisanal and industrial fisheries overlap. For the small island nations, fishing provides a major source of income, jobs, and food security (Bell et al. 2019). Yet, Pacific island nations have not fully realized the economic potential with the global tuna industry, despite the fact that 80% of it is caught within their exclusive economic zones (EEZs, i.e., within 200 miles). The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea awarded coastal states sovereign rights to (1) exploit and manage all living resources within their EEZ, (2) exclude distant water fleets in favor of developing their own fleets, and (3) charge distant water fleets rent for access. Eight island nations-the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu, which support 80% of the purse-seine catch in their waters-formed an alliance and require collective bargaining to set rents for access by foreign vessels. The alliance also prioritized domestic over foreign vessels and set limits on the number of purse-seine vessels. The issue of sovereignty over tuna that migrate freely among EEZs remains a concern for small island nations (Bailey et al. 2012). Working to establish fair and equitable allocations of total allowable catches to the many parties will require more equitable sharing with the larger tuna-fishing nations.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7768, "y": 9.3438}, {"x": 4.4598, "y": 9.3438}, {"x": 4.4598, "y": 9.4821}, {"x": 0.7768, "y": 9.4821}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "282 | Conserving Tuna: The Most Commercially Valuable Fish on Earth", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000025.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0878, "y": 0.7833}, {"x": 5.0708, "y": 0.7833}, {"x": 5.0708, "y": 0.9072}, {"x": 4.0878, "y": 0.9072}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "2. The Lost Homeland", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7709, "y": 1.0871}, {"x": 5.0788, "y": 1.0831}, {"x": 5.0793, "y": 1.6213}, {"x": 0.7714, "y": 1.6253}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "gesture in honour of local culture. Few of the artefacts were authentically part of this area. It told us nothing of any interest or with any authority. We wondered whose culture we were looking at.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7672, "y": 1.7505}, {"x": 5.0868, "y": 1.7505}, {"x": 5.0868, "y": 2.458}, {"x": 0.7672, "y": 2.458}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "At the central railway station, we tried to question officials, in German and English, about the location of Steinkirche. But only Polish was spoken at the information office and other counters. Nor could we locate the correct train line on the information screens.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7712, "y": 2.6018}, {"x": 5.0828, "y": 2.6018}, {"x": 5.0828, "y": 4.4323}, {"x": 0.7712, "y": 4.4323}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "On our walk back to the centre of town, past the dilapidated theatre where my mother had attended performances, John spotted another bookshop. Surprisingly it was trading busily on a Polish Catholic Sunday. It sold old maps and books. We found old pictures of Breslau labelled in Polish and English. We found descriptions in both Polish and English of Neumarkt Platz (Novi Targ). Various maps showed clear plans of its location. They also showed the Neptune fountain I had been seeking. For centuries it had a conspicuous place in town maps as a well drawing water from the Oder, whose tributaries flowed together and separated the town into different quarters, spanned by a multitude of bridges.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7712, "y": 4.5522}, {"x": 5.0788, "y": 4.5562}, {"x": 5.0783, "y": 5.0885}, {"x": 0.7707, "y": 5.0845}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "I was thrilled. Before this find, my family had begun to question whether the fountain had actually existed. 'You and your fountain!' they cried. But I always knew it was there, in my memory and beyond.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7672, "y": 5.2237}, {"x": 5.0828, "y": 5.2237}, {"x": 5.0828, "y": 6.4706}, {"x": 0.7672, "y": 6.4706}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "When we walked to Novi Targ, we found the old houses by the square had been destroyed totally by the War. So, to my disappointment, had the Neptune fountain . In Microcosm, his history of Wroclaw, Norman Davies tells how, after the War, the rubble of Breslau had been removed in trainloads to rebuild Warsaw in its original style. Some fine Breslau buildings left standing by War were even knocked down for their old bricks.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.771, "y": 6.6265}, {"x": 5.0786, "y": 6.6213}, {"x": 5.0793, "y": 7.1528}, {"x": 0.7717, "y": 7.158}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "I viewed this horrible information as being akin to the punishment Dante dished out to sinners in his Purgatory. Atonement was to be made only by suffering punishment that fitted the spirit of a crime.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7712, "y": 7.2899}, {"x": 5.0788, "y": 7.2899}, {"x": 5.0788, "y": 7.8255}, {"x": 0.7712, "y": 7.8255}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "We then looked for the air-raid shelters in which my grandmother and aunt Else had sheltered from the fire-bombs that rained down on the city in early 1945.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.3426, "y": 8.5729}, {"x": 5.4625, "y": 8.5729}, {"x": 5.4625, "y": 8.6688}, {"x": 5.3426, "y": 8.6688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "11", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000036.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 2.1902, "y": 0.9937}, {"x": 6.9457, "y": 0.9937}, {"x": 6.9457, "y": 1.3485}, {"x": 2.1902, "y": 1.3485}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "2. General Profile of MSMES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.5425, "y": 1.7085}, {"x": 6.9609, "y": 1.7085}, {"x": 6.9609, "y": 3.3663}, {"x": 0.5425, "y": 3.3663}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "In July 2020, the survey established a general profile Business characteristics. Business size was of the MSMEs interviewed. The respondents updated determined by the number of staff at the time of interview. Following Government Decree number 25/ GOV, firms with five or less staff are microenterprises, those with six - 50 staff are small, and those with 51 - 99 staff are medium. the interviewers on the status of their business in each subsequent phase. Respondents whose business had permanently closed were only asked the reasons for closing (Section 2.4) and about government assistance programs (Section 7). The demographics of respondents and business characteristics (i.e., the Micro and small enterprises made up most of proportions) remained roughly the same across all the three survey phases.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8125, "y": 3.0418}, {"x": 6.966, "y": 3.0418}, {"x": 6.966, "y": 3.3713}, {"x": 3.8125, "y": 3.3713}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "respondents. Approximately 58% were microenterprises, 40% were small, and only two", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.5475, "y": 3.5336}, {"x": 3.9748, "y": 3.5336}, {"x": 3.9748, "y": 3.6907}, {"x": 0.5475, "y": 3.6907}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Figure 2.1: Surveyed MSMEs by size across sectors (%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.4994, "y": 4.0608}, {"x": 2.5704, "y": 4.0608}, {"x": 2.5704, "y": 4.147}, {"x": 2.4994, "y": 4.147}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.8556, "y": 4.1166}, {"x": 2.0178, "y": 4.1166}, {"x": 2.0178, "y": 4.2078}, {"x": 1.8556, "y": 4.2078}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "100", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.3968, "y": 4.0608}, {"x": 3.4475, "y": 4.0608}, {"x": 3.4475, "y": 4.1369}, {"x": 3.3968, "y": 4.1369}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "1", 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"y": 6.2205}, {"x": 4.4361, "y": 6.3016}, {"x": 4.0965, "y": 6.3016}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "Medium", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.5475, "y": 6.7072}, {"x": 6.9609, "y": 6.7072}, {"x": 6.9609, "y": 7.8529}, {"x": 0.5475, "y": 7.8529}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "percent were medium. The tourism MSME sample main products are silk and cotton products such as included a higher percentage of microenterprises than bags, clothes, and scarves, bamboo wicker, pottery, carvings, and mulberry paper products. MSMEs interviewed in the agriculture sector focused on the cultivation and trade of cash crops such as vegetables, cassava, banana, sugar cane, tea and coffee, livestock or fish, and rice. the other two sectors. All of the tourism and handicraft/ textile MSMEs interviewed were registered, or formal, constituting approximately 71% of the sample. The remainder (agriculture MSMEs) were informal, as they were individual farmers.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.5425, "y": 8.0355}, {"x": 6.9609, "y": 8.0355}, {"x": 6.9609, "y": 9.3485}, {"x": 0.5425, "y": 9.3485}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "The geographic focus of sampling sought to emulate Demographics of respondents. The overall gender the concentration of businesses nationwide. ratio of interviewees was slightly skewed towards Interviewed MSMEs in the tourism and handicraft/ men (52%). Within the handicraft/textile sector, textile sectors were mainly based in Vientiane Capital, Luang Prabang, and Champasack provinces. For the agriculture sector, MSMEs were based in 12 provinces and the capital. Annex 1 provides the locations of respondents who participated in all three phases.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.7669, "y": 8.5374}, {"x": 6.9609, "y": 8.5374}, {"x": 6.9609, "y": 9.6831}, {"x": 3.7669, "y": 9.6831}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "80% were women, while the agriculture sector was dominated by male representatives (74%). The tourism sector respondents were 51% men. Most of the interviewees were MSME owners (80%), followed by managers (17%), while the other three percent comprised positions such as accountant, assistant, and deputy manager. More than half (58%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.5475, "y": 9.531}, {"x": 3.7264, "y": 9.531}, {"x": 3.7264, "y": 9.678}, {"x": 0.5475, "y": 9.678}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "The tourism sub-sectors interviewed included", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.5475, "y": 9.7034}, {"x": 6.9609, "y": 9.7034}, {"x": 6.9609, "y": 10.1799}, {"x": 0.5475, "y": 10.1799}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "lodging, restaurants and bars, and tour operators. of interviewees were 36 to 55 years old; the youngest Most handicraft/textile respondents were involved respondent was 23 and the eldest was 83. in production, with the remaining in sales. The", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 7.6555, "y": 10.9657}, {"x": 7.7265, "y": 10.9657}, {"x": 7.7265, "y": 11.0722}, {"x": 7.6555, "y": 11.0722}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000151.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 1.6089}, {"x": 1.7764, "y": 1.6089}, {"x": 1.7764, "y": 1.7665}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 1.7665}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "CHAPTER 1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 2.0195}, {"x": 1.891, "y": 2.0195}, {"x": 1.891, "y": 2.1962}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 2.1962}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "CALIFORNIA", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 3.3277}, {"x": 2.5596, "y": 3.3277}, {"x": 2.5596, "y": 3.4661}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 3.4661}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 4.1107}, {"x": 3.0896, "y": 4.1107}, {"x": 3.0896, "y": 4.2873}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 4.2873}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "COURSE MARKING DRIVERS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 4.4544}, {"x": 7.7264, "y": 4.4544}, {"x": 7.7264, "y": 5.5048}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 5.5048}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "SB1359 was passed in September 2016, going into force in January 2018. The law \"requires California Community Colleges and California State Universities and requests the University of California system to include a symbol/logo in the online campus course schedule by January 1, 2018 for courses that exclusively use digital course materials that are free of charge to students and therefore not required to be purchased.\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7681, "y": 5.6814}, {"x": 7.7215, "y": 5.6766}, {"x": 7.7222, "y": 6.7099}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 6.7147}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "The potential scale of impact is significant. With 114 colleges serving 2.1 million students, the California Community Colleges (CCCs) comprise the largest public system of higher education in the US. The California State University (CSU) with 23 campuses serving nearly 500,000 students, is the largest four-year public university system in the US. 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The CCCs' system office issued a memo to college leadership explaining the requirements and created a sample logo that colleges could choose to adopt. 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"category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Figure 10.5: Frequency distribution displays the number of angler days resulting in differing catch per day for a hypothetical 8 fish per day creel limit and estimated change if creel limit is reduced to 4 fish per day. Long description.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7679, "y": 5.2232}, {"x": 7.2232, "y": 5.2232}, {"x": 7.2232, "y": 6.7366}, {"x": 0.7679, "y": 6.7366}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "Creel limits are one of many elements that may be used by anglers to define fishing success. When more fish are harvested per trip, anglers rate fishing higher. High creel limits may cause anglers to have unrealistic expectations about the potential supply of fish compared to the demand (Cook et al. 2001). Creel limit reductions may be unsuccessful in reducing angler harvest or affecting fish populations. The hypothetical angler success graph (Figure 10.5) demonstrates that a reduction in creel from 8 to 4 would affect only a few trips and result in a small harvest reduction. Furthermore, creel limits are applied on a per-angler basis, so they cannot control total harvest if total fishing effort increases or if noncompliance is high. Finally, since anglers have a variety of motivations, they likely respond differently to regulation changes (Beard et al. 2011).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7679, "y": 6.9018}, {"x": 7.2232, "y": 6.9018}, {"x": 7.2232, "y": 8.0357}, {"x": 0.7679, "y": 8.0357}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "The ethic of fairness is involved in setting creel limit regulations because many anglers do not harvest a single fish during an angling trip. In Wisconsin lakes, Walleye harvest was not equally distributed. Only 7.4% of Walleye angler trips were successful in harvesting at least one Walleye, and <1% harvested a limit during a fishing trip (Staggs 1989). In Minnesota, anglers were slightly more successful, where 27.2% of angler trips ended with a harvest of at least one Walleye and about 1% harvesting a limit. The ideal creel limit would distribute the catch among more anglers and prevent overuse by a few individuals.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7679, "y": 8.1964}, {"x": 7.2188, "y": 8.1964}, {"x": 7.2188, "y": 9.125}, {"x": 0.7679, "y": 9.125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "Long-term trends in panfish populations (i.e., Bluegill, Yellow Perch, Black Crappie, Pumpkinseed, and Rock Bass) in Wisconsin lakes showed significant declines due to overfishing (Rypel et al. 2016). The daily limit for panfish was 50 aggregate per day from 1967 through 1998, which was reduced to 25 in 1998. Further reduction in daily limits for panfish (10) to improve undesirable small sizes of Bluegill populations increased both mean length and mean maximum length relative to sizes in control lakes (Jacobson 2005; Rypel et al. 2015).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7723, "y": 9.3393}, {"x": 3.1476, "y": 9.3438}, {"x": 3.1473, "y": 9.4821}, {"x": 0.7721, "y": 9.4777}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "226 | Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000002.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.851, "y": 0.4978}, {"x": 1.0373, "y": 0.4938}, {"x": 1.0396, "y": 0.5982}, {"x": 0.8532, "y": 0.6023}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "316", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.9159, "y": 0.4858}, {"x": 5.3908, "y": 0.4818}, {"x": 5.392, "y": 0.6263}, {"x": 4.9171, "y": 0.6303}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "YARROW", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.851, "y": 0.8431}, {"x": 5.3948, "y": 0.8431}, {"x": 5.3948, "y": 1.3811}, {"x": 0.851, "y": 1.3811}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "where SOAS below some threshold cannot be recovered, so that an observer can only guess about order.19 However, either kind of model can easily be fitted and interpreted from either theoretical perspective.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.855, "y": 1.7785}, {"x": 5.1098, "y": 1.7785}, {"x": 5.1098, "y": 1.9431}, {"x": 0.855, "y": 1.9431}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "8 Choosing between Observer Models and Rejecting Participants", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.851, "y": 2.1519}, {"x": 5.4028, "y": 2.1519}, {"x": 5.4028, "y": 3.0633}, {"x": 0.851, "y": 3.0633}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Two further reasonable questions one might ask are: 1) could my observer model have generated these data? and 2) does another observer model de- scribe the data better? Model comparison is a large and complex topic, so once again, what I have to say here should be treated as a brief introduction rather than a comprehensive summary.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8429, "y": 3.0914}, {"x": 5.3988, "y": 3.0914}, {"x": 5.3988, "y": 6.2429}, {"x": 0.8429, "y": 6.2429}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Let's begin by considering a metric I have not yet mentioned: Deviance. De- viance (sometimes called G2) is a measure based on log likelihood, but which looks rather more like summed squared error, in that it is zero for a perfectly fitting model and large/positive for a poorly fitting model. Formally, deviance is two times the difference in log likelihood between the saturated model and the model with our current set of parameters. A saturated model is one that exactly predicts the data (which can always be accomplished by a model that has one parameter per data point). Hence it represents the situation with the maximum possible log-likelihood when predicting this particular set of data. Deviance is closely related to a simpler calculation (-2 \u00d7 log likelihood) that forms the basis of a couple of well-known metrics for model comparison (the Akaike information criterion, AIC, and the Bayesian information criterion, BIC) and indeed is occasionally defined this way. That's because we are of- ten only really interested in differences (in Deviance, or AIC, or BIC) between models, and the log-likelihood of the saturated model gets subtracted out in a comparison between two models (because it has contributed to the deviance in the same way for both) so calculating it is not necessary.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8429, "y": 6.267}, {"x": 5.3988, "y": 6.267}, {"x": 5.3988, "y": 7.3631}, {"x": 0.8429, "y": 7.3631}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "However, if you want to say something about the goodness of fit of a model without relating it to any other model, based on asymptotic statistical theory, you do need to calculate deviance properly. Asymptotically, it turns out that the deviance of a model fitted to data when that model actually generated those data follows a chi-square (x2) distribution, with degrees of freedom equal to the number of data points minus the number of model parameters (note: for", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8627, "y": 7.6569}, {"x": 5.3903, "y": 7.6457}, {"x": 5.3919, "y": 8.2841}, {"x": 0.8643, "y": 8.2952}], "category": "footnote", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "19 Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez and Alcal\u00e1-Quintana's commitment to this account is a little unclear, be- cause they often let 8 vary across experimental conditions, suggesting flexibility more akin to a criterion-based account. It may be that they believe a low-threshold exists, but that synchrony is often additionally reported beyond this hard limit.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000014.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.777, "y": 0.4976}, {"x": 0.9546, "y": 0.4976}, {"x": 0.9546, "y": 0.5998}, {"x": 0.777, "y": 0.5998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "158", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.426, "y": 0.502}, {"x": 6.8246, "y": 0.502}, {"x": 6.8246, "y": 0.6042}, {"x": 5.426, "y": 0.6042}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "AL-OGAYYEL AND OSKAY", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7815, "y": 3.3543}, {"x": 3.3879, "y": 3.3543}, {"x": 3.3879, "y": 3.4876}, {"x": 0.7815, "y": 3.4876}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 8.15 Typical black-and-white Bedouin tent.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.7945, "y": 3.9273}, {"x": 3.4456, "y": 3.9452}, {"x": 3.444, "y": 4.003}, {"x": 2.7929, "y": 3.9852}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Typical three-poled Bedouin tent", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.5354, "y": 4.8026}, {"x": 2.8595, "y": 4.8026}, {"x": 2.8595, "y": 4.847}, {"x": 2.5354, "y": 4.847}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "MEN'SPUBLIC SICE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2059, "y": 5.5156}, {"x": 1.2632, "y": 5.5156}, {"x": 1.2632, "y": 5.5842}, {"x": 1.2059, "y": 5.5842}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": ":selected:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.777, "y": 6.0599}, {"x": 3.1614, "y": 6.0599}, {"x": 3.1614, "y": 6.1932}, {"x": 0.777, "y": 6.1932}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 8.16 Typical three-poled Bedouin tent", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7726, "y": 6.4553}, {"x": 3.712, "y": 6.4553}, {"x": 3.712, "y": 7.1751}, {"x": 0.7726, "y": 7.1751}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "black and white, with a little red-dyed wool for decoration. This wool comes from sheep and cam- els, whose wool is known for its softness and, when left undyed, for its beautiful natural colors.49", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7682, "y": 7.2062}, {"x": 3.7076, "y": 7.2062}, {"x": 3.7076, "y": 8.4901}, {"x": 0.7682, "y": 8.4901}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Figure 8.16 indicates the complex nature of the interior of a Bedouin tent. The inside area is divid- ed into many parts, each of them with its specific use. It is important to note that a \"well-to-do\" Bed- ouin tent like the one shown in figure 8.16 indi- cates the higher status of the family living in it than that of a family living in the humbler,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7771, "y": 9.0891}, {"x": 2.7174, "y": 9.0943}, {"x": 2.717, "y": 9.2321}, {"x": 0.7768, "y": 9.2268}], "category": "footnote", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "49 For details, see Al-Sabah, Ibjad, 17.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8808, "y": 3.8297}, {"x": 6.8202, "y": 3.8297}, {"x": 6.8202, "y": 5.669}, {"x": 3.8808, "y": 5.669}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "three-poled tent in figure 8.15. These images also show that different areas are used by men and by women.50 For example, the tent contains a space which is allocated to female weavers, like a studio where they perform their craft and practice their skills.51 Thus, in the Bedouin society, the tent is a not only a signifier of social relationships and fam- ily status but also of gender roles. It is, therefore, an extremely important space because here wom- en make items that support their family or tribe.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8763, "y": 5.7001}, {"x": 6.8113, "y": 5.7001}, {"x": 6.8113, "y": 7.3616}, {"x": 3.8763, "y": 7.3616}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "While the function of the textile is to create and demarcate the Bedouin space, the way the space is constructed influences the way the nomads live and the way the family or the tribe is perceived by the outside world. The textile is, therefore, structuring the formation of a private and a public identity by delineating the space: the outside, non- patterned textiles are public, while the inside, patterned textiles are private.52 We can infer,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8852, "y": 7.7526}, {"x": 6.8202, "y": 7.7526}, {"x": 6.8202, "y": 8.5612}, {"x": 3.8852, "y": 8.5612}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "50 See also Dickson, The Arab of the Desert, 66-67; and Canavan, \"Applications of Textile Products,\" 541. Here, Canavan explains that dividers were parts of women's possessions, accompanying them into marriage, as well as \"testimony of a tribe's wealth and prestige.\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8852, "y": 8.6234}, {"x": 4.0149, "y": 8.6189}, {"x": 4.0184, "y": 8.7211}, {"x": 3.8887, "y": 8.7256}], "category": "footnote", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "51", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.196, "y": 8.5878}, {"x": 6.8069, "y": 8.5878}, {"x": 6.8069, "y": 8.8944}, {"x": 4.196, "y": 8.8944}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Refah Al Raheel, interviewed by Rana Al-Ogayyel, Ri- yadh, 2017.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8851, "y": 8.9216}, {"x": 6.8243, "y": 8.9166}, {"x": 6.8249, "y": 9.2276}, {"x": 3.8857, "y": 9.2326}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "52 While the outside of the traditional tents is black and without much pattern except for stripes, the inside of", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000105.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7306, "y": 0.9358}, {"x": 4.5365, "y": 0.9358}, {"x": 4.5365, "y": 1.2174}, {"x": 0.7306, "y": 1.2174}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "The Scholarly Publishing Cycle", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7402, "y": 1.6089}, {"x": 7.7551, "y": 1.6089}, {"x": 7.7551, "y": 2.0291}, {"x": 0.7402, "y": 2.0291}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Having explored the scholarly publishing ecosystem and its primary relationships, we can update the cycle as follows:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.0963, "y": 2.5208}, {"x": 2.6598, "y": 2.5208}, {"x": 2.6598, "y": 2.6354}, {"x": 2.0963, "y": 2.6354}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "RETAILERS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.5736, "y": 2.9914}, {"x": 2.636, "y": 2.9887}, {"x": 2.641, "y": 3.1054}, {"x": 2.5787, "y": 3.1081}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "$", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.7935, "y": 2.898}, {"x": 2.8545, "y": 2.8671}, {"x": 3.0037, "y": 3.1606}, {"x": 2.9427, "y": 3.1915}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Content", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.8938, "y": 3.3659}, {"x": 3.5576, "y": 3.3659}, {"x": 3.5576, "y": 3.4805}, {"x": 2.8938, "y": 3.4805}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "PUBLISHERS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.4124, "y": 3.2609}, {"x": 4.8135, "y": 3.2609}, {"x": 4.8135, "y": 3.3372}, {"x": 4.4124, "y": 3.3372}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Validation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.4649, "y": 3.5282}, {"x": 4.7753, "y": 3.5282}, {"x": 4.7753, "y": 3.6046}, {"x": 4.4649, "y": 3.6046}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Content", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.802, "y": 3.3611}, {"x": 6.2843, "y": 3.3611}, {"x": 6.2843, "y": 3.4757}, {"x": 5.802, "y": 3.4757}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "READERS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.6598, "y": 3.8194}, {"x": 2.7267, "y": 3.8194}, {"x": 2.7267, "y": 3.9293}, {"x": 2.6598, "y": 3.9293}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "$", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.0041, "y": 3.6891}, {"x": 3.0705, "y": 3.7096}, {"x": 2.9698, "y": 4.0357}, {"x": 2.9034, "y": 4.0152}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Content", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.3208, "y": 4.3589}, {"x": 3.1087, "y": 4.3589}, {"x": 3.1087, "y": 4.4783}, {"x": 2.3208, "y": 4.4783}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "AGGREGATORS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.9818, "y": 3.9472}, {"x": 4.0351, "y": 3.9102}, {"x": 4.2221, "y": 4.1786}, {"x": 4.1688, "y": 4.2157}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Content", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8775, "y": 4.0152}, {"x": 3.9291, "y": 3.9758}, {"x": 4.1163, "y": 4.2205}, {"x": 4.0647, "y": 4.2599}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "+ Tools", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.7103, "y": 4.1516}, {"x": 3.7725, "y": 4.1489}, {"x": 3.7772, "y": 4.2587}, {"x": 3.7151, "y": 4.2614}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "$", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.5389, "y": 4.4047}, {"x": 3.8506, "y": 4.5171}, {"x": 3.7861, "y": 4.6958}, {"x": 3.4744, "y": 4.5834}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Content + Tools", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.2088, "y": 3.9641}, {"x": 5.2671, "y": 4.0056}, {"x": 5.0761, "y": 4.273}, {"x": 5.0178, "y": 4.2314}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Services", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.3747, "y": 4.1164}, {"x": 5.439, "y": 4.1584}, {"x": 5.2671, "y": 4.421}, {"x": 5.2028, "y": 4.3789}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Content", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.4493, "y": 4.2051}, {"x": 5.5059, "y": 4.2444}, {"x": 5.3435, "y": 4.4783}, {"x": 5.287, "y": 4.4391}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "+ Tools", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.5528, "y": 4.7934}, {"x": 3.62, "y": 4.7966}, {"x": 3.6149, "y": 4.9032}, {"x": 3.5477, "y": 4.9}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "$", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.3646, "y": 4.7457}, {"x": 4.9042, "y": 4.7457}, {"x": 4.9042, "y": 4.8555}, {"x": 4.3646, "y": 4.8555}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "LIBRARIES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.1048, "y": 5.1801}, {"x": 5.1716, "y": 5.1746}, {"x": 5.1812, "y": 5.2899}, {"x": 5.1144, "y": 5.2955}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "$", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.1191, "y": 5.5907}, {"x": 5.864, "y": 5.5907}, {"x": 5.864, "y": 5.7101}, {"x": 5.1191, "y": 5.7101}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "INSTITUTIONS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7354, "y": 6.875}, {"x": 7.7503, "y": 6.875}, {"x": 7.7503, "y": 7.2999}, {"x": 0.7354, "y": 7.2999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "Our project set out to explore and address the shortfall in serving the scholarly reader identified in this section. This shortfall is made clear in two connected points:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9024, "y": 7.5864}, {"x": 7.3396, "y": 7.5816}, {"x": 7.3399, "y": 7.9923}, {"x": 0.9027, "y": 7.9971}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Scholarly readers are not just content consumers; scholarly reading is an act of creation as well.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8978, "y": 8.0686}, {"x": 7.4924, "y": 8.0686}, {"x": 7.4924, "y": 8.4839}, {"x": 0.8978, "y": 8.4839}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 Publishers and aggregators are not incentivized to create better tools to support scholarly reading.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7306, "y": 8.7704}, {"x": 7.7646, "y": 8.7704}, {"x": 7.7646, "y": 9.9019}, {"x": 0.7306, "y": 9.9019}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "From here, this report will consider the experiences of publishers, librarians and readers through a synthesis of interviews conducted with several members of each group, as well as a short online survey aimed at readers. We will then share some of our own philosophy on the future of scholarly reading, then detail the path forward we see for our own work in the area.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7354, "y": 10.2934}, {"x": 3.0132, "y": 10.2934}, {"x": 3.0132, "y": 10.4319}, {"x": 0.7354, "y": 10.4319}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "10 | The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000180.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9694, "y": 0.8212}, {"x": 3.0515, "y": 0.8546}, {"x": 3.0466, "y": 1.1554}, {"x": 0.9646, "y": 1.122}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Version History", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9598, "y": 1.9049}, {"x": 7.5163, "y": 1.9049}, {"x": 7.5163, "y": 2.7261}, {"x": 0.9598, "y": 2.7261}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "This page provides a record of edits and changes made to this book since its initial publication. Whenever edits or updates are made in the text, we provide a record and description of those changes here. If the change is minor, the version number increases by 0.1. If the edits involve substantial updates, the edition number increases to the next whole number.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9598, "y": 2.9266}, {"x": 7.5163, "y": 2.9266}, {"x": 7.5163, "y": 3.5139}, {"x": 0.9598, "y": 3.5139}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The files posted alongside this book always reflect the most recent version. If you find an error in this book, please let us know in the Rebus Community forum, where reported errors will be visible to others.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9694, "y": 3.7287}, {"x": 7.5258, "y": 3.7287}, {"x": 7.5258, "y": 4.3207}, {"x": 0.9694, "y": 4.3207}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "We will contact the author, make the necessary changes, and replace all file types as soon as possible. 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Introduction to Open Educational Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9851, "y": 5.3163}, {"x": 7.5171, "y": 5.3189}, {"x": 7.5157, "y": 6.5629}, {"x": 0.983, "y": 6.5605}], "category": "table", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
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1.0April 30, 2022Original
1.0June 3, 2022Small edits for clarity on Creative Commons licensing and attribution.1. Introduction to Open Educational Resources
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For a flow in a pipe with a circular cross section of diameter D (meter), the Reynolds number, Re, is given by", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8357, "y": 4.7044}, {"x": 4.5565, "y": 4.679}, {"x": 4.5685, "y": 5.0199}, {"x": 3.8477, "y": 5.0453}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Re = Do ,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2331, "y": 5.1366}, {"x": 7.1318, "y": 5.1315}, {"x": 7.1322, "y": 5.6261}, {"x": 1.2335, "y": 5.6311}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "in which v (m/s) is the average flow velocity and v (m2 / s) is the viscosity of the fluid. The flow is called laminar if Re < 2100 (low flow velocity) and turbulent if Re > 3000. For 2100 \u2264 Re \u2264 3000, the flow is neither laminar nor turbulent.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2335, "y": 5.7102}, {"x": 6.0456, "y": 5.7102}, {"x": 6.0456, "y": 5.8777}, {"x": 1.2335, "y": 5.8777}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "For turbulent flows, the pressure drop between inflow and outflow is given by", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.5373, "y": 6.0719}, {"x": 4.7602, "y": 5.97}, {"x": 4.7804, "y": 6.2128}, {"x": 3.5575, "y": 6.3147}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Pout - Pin pwLv2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.4061, "y": 6.1974}, {"x": 4.7157, "y": 6.1873}, {"x": 4.7205, "y": 6.3343}, {"x": 4.4109, "y": 6.3445}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "2gD", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2284, "y": 6.4563}, {"x": 7.1421, "y": 6.4563}, {"x": 7.1421, "y": 6.9639}, {"x": 1.2284, "y": 6.9639}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "in which w is a friction coefficient, p (kg /m3) is the fluid density, L (m) is the length and g (m/s2) is the acceleration of gravity. If the fluid contains particles (sand, paper fibers), then the friction coefficient w satisfies the equation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.3858, "y": 7.106}, {"x": 3.4619, "y": 7.106}, {"x": 3.4619, "y": 7.2278}, {"x": 3.3858, "y": 7.2278}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.0472, "y": 7.296}, {"x": 5.0752, "y": 7.296}, {"x": 5.0752, "y": 7.3344}, {"x": 5.0472, "y": 7.3344}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": ",", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.3239, "y": 7.304}, {"x": 3.5334, "y": 7.304}, {"x": 3.5334, "y": 7.448}, {"x": 3.3239, "y": 7.448}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "\u221a w", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.6059, "y": 7.0833}, {"x": 5.0406, "y": 7.106}, {"x": 5.0355, "y": 7.4264}, {"x": 3.6008, "y": 7.4037}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "k In (Revw) + 14 - K =", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2335, "y": 7.5476}, {"x": 4.3959, "y": 7.5476}, {"x": 4.3959, "y": 7.71}, {"x": 1.2335, "y": 7.71}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "in which k is a parameter known from experiments.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2081, "y": 7.7861}, {"x": 7.1268, "y": 7.7861}, {"x": 7.1268, "y": 8.1059}, {"x": 1.2081, "y": 8.1059}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "In this chapter, numerical methods will be discussed that can be used to determine w if the values of Re and k are known.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2335, "y": 8.38}, {"x": 2.7309, "y": 8.38}, {"x": 2.7309, "y": 8.5678}, {"x": 1.2335, "y": 8.5678}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "4.2 Definitions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2284, "y": 8.7404}, {"x": 7.1421, "y": 8.7404}, {"x": 7.1421, "y": 9.2327}, {"x": 1.2284, "y": 9.2327}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "In this chapter, various iterative methods will be considered to solve nonlinear equations of the form f(p) = 0. The point p is called a zero of the function f, or a root of the equation f(x) = 0. First, some useful definitions and concepts are introduced.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2335, "y": 9.3089}, {"x": 2.0812, "y": 9.319}, {"x": 2.0794, "y": 9.4713}, {"x": 1.2317, "y": 9.4612}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Convergence", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2277, "y": 9.4883}, {"x": 7.1265, "y": 9.475}, {"x": 7.1276, "y": 9.9655}, {"x": 1.2288, "y": 9.9789}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "Each numerical method generates a sequence {pn} = p0, p1, p2, . . . which should converge to p: limn-> Pn = p. Assume that the sequence indeed converges, with pn = p for all n. If there exist positive constants \u00c0 and a satisfying", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.5736, "y": 10.187}, {"x": 3.8375, "y": 10.1971}, {"x": 3.8325, "y": 10.3037}, {"x": 3.5736, "y": 10.2986}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "lim", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.8578, "y": 10.0905}, {"x": 4.5177, "y": 10.1007}, {"x": 4.5177, "y": 10.2631}, {"x": 3.8578, "y": 10.2428}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Ip - Pn+1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.5417, "y": 10.2117}, {"x": 7.1236, "y": 10.0823}, {"x": 7.1323, "y": 10.3238}, {"x": 3.5505, "y": 10.4532}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "11200 Ip - pn a = 1, (4.1)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000029.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0217, "y": 0.2665}, {"x": 3.4731, "y": 0.271}, {"x": 3.4726, "y": 0.5731}, {"x": 1.0212, "y": 0.5687}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Combinatorial Cosmology DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90696", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0214, "y": 0.7464}, {"x": 2.1723, "y": 0.7508}, {"x": 2.1716, "y": 0.9241}, {"x": 1.0208, "y": 0.9196}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "5. The dynamics", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0259, "y": 1.0929}, {"x": 6.0219, "y": 1.0929}, {"x": 6.0219, "y": 2.5857}, {"x": 1.0259, "y": 2.5857}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The next step is to construct a model for the dynamics. The idea, which essen- tially goes back to Boltzmann (see [12]), is that any given macro-state at any given time is extremely likely to develop into a state with higher entropy at the next moment of time, simply because there are so many more states with higher entropy than with lower entropy (compare with (3)). The problem with this in the present situation, however, is that this way of thinking in fact presupposes a preferred direction of time. Otherwise, given that the dynamical laws are time symmetric, why can we not similarly argue that the entropy should also grow when we go backward in time? (compare [9]).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0254, "y": 2.5903}, {"x": 6.0262, "y": 2.5853}, {"x": 6.0267, "y": 3.0783}, {"x": 1.0259, "y": 3.0833}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "There have been many attempts to avoid this problem by looking for defects in the symmetries. But my conclusion here is that we must actually accept Boltzmann's argument in both directions of time and hence we are led to the following:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0206, "y": 3.0946}, {"x": 6.0326, "y": 3.0334}, {"x": 6.0423, "y": 3.8307}, {"x": 1.0303, "y": 3.8919}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Principle 1. At every moment of time t and for every state with entropy S, there are very many \"accessible states\" with higher entropy, both at the previous moment of time t - 1 and at the next one t + 1. On the other hand, the chance for finding such accessible states with lower entropy, both at times t - 1 and t + 1, is extremely small.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0253, "y": 3.9187}, {"x": 6.0216, "y": 3.914}, {"x": 6.0222, "y": 4.5496}, {"x": 1.0259, "y": 4.5543}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "This principle also implies a shift of perspective in the search for time's arrow. Rather than trying to find the reason for the asymmetry, we must concentrate on understanding why we cannot observe the symmetric structure of the multiverse as a whole.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0259, "y": 4.5849}, {"x": 6.0308, "y": 4.5849}, {"x": 6.0308, "y": 5.7445}, {"x": 1.0259, "y": 5.7445}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "As still one more simplification, let us assume that the entropy can only change by +1 during each unit of time. This assumption, however, has to be modified near the endpoints (BB and BC) for the following reason: it is a very important aspect of this approach to assume that physics during the first and last moments is very different from the rest of the time, since at these moments quantum phenomena can be expected to become global. To model this in a simple way, we can split the life-span of our multiverse up into three parts:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.558, "y": 5.8822}, {"x": 5.8754, "y": 5.8822}, {"x": 5.8754, "y": 6.0644}, {"x": 2.558, "y": 6.0644}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "[-To, -T1] U [-T1, T1] U [T1, To]. (4)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0195, "y": 6.2071}, {"x": 5.9015, "y": 6.1929}, {"x": 5.9034, "y": 6.8543}, {"x": 1.0214, "y": 6.8685}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Here the first and last parts may be called \"the extreme phases,\" which are characterized by the property that transition between very different states can be possible. During the \"normal phase\" in between on the other hand, physics is supposed to behave more or less as we are used to.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0303, "y": 7.255}, {"x": 2.8422, "y": 7.255}, {"x": 2.8422, "y": 7.4327}, {"x": 1.0303, "y": 7.4327}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "6. Modeling the dynamics", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0293, "y": 7.5931}, {"x": 6.0212, "y": 7.5826}, {"x": 6.0226, "y": 8.2352}, {"x": 1.0306, "y": 8.2458}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "To construct a miniature multiverse for computational purposes, one can pro- ceed as follows: first of all, in the very small multiverses studied here, the extreme phases will only last for one single unit of time. Also, for ease of notation, let us put T1 = m, so that the moments of time can in this context be denoted as", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.216, "y": 8.4013}, {"x": 5.871, "y": 8.4013}, {"x": 5.871, "y": 8.5568}, {"x": 2.216, "y": 8.5568}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "-m-1,-m,-m+1, ... ,m-1,m,m+1. (5)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0251, "y": 8.7213}, {"x": 6.0304, "y": 8.7169}, {"x": 6.0311, "y": 9.543}, {"x": 1.0259, "y": 9.5475}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "The dynamics is specified by randomly choosing for each state at time t with entropy S, K edges to states at time t + 1 with entropy S + 1, and similarly K edges to states at time t - 1 with entropy S + 1 (with obvious modifications at the end- points). In this section, again to make everything as simple as possible, K will be set equal to 2. These random choices are in practice carried out by the random number", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0136, "y": 9.7918}, {"x": 1.209, "y": 9.7874}, {"x": 1.2124, "y": 9.934}, {"x": 1.017, "y": 9.9384}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "313", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000150.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6844, "y": 0.7047}, {"x": 1.0545, "y": 0.7047}, {"x": 1.0545, "y": 0.8314}, {"x": 0.6844, "y": 0.8314}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Circle", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.2917, "y": 0.3397}, {"x": 7.549, "y": 0.3397}, {"x": 7.549, "y": 0.6591}, {"x": 6.2917, "y": 0.6591}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Co-funded by the European Union", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1661, "y": 1.7997}, {"x": 5.7188, "y": 1.7997}, {"x": 5.7188, "y": 2.0279}, {"x": 1.1661, "y": 2.0279}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "6. ECO CIRCLE COMPETENCE FRAMEWORK", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9788, "y": 2.5706}, {"x": 2.8282, "y": 2.5642}, {"x": 2.8282, "y": 3.1549}, {"x": 0.9788, "y": 3.1613}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Competence Area", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.8282, "y": 2.5642}, {"x": 7.2141, "y": 2.5706}, {"x": 7.2141, "y": 3.1485}, {"x": 2.8282, "y": 3.1549}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "#1 THE 3 Rs: RECYCLE-REUSE-REDUCE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9788, "y": 3.1613}, {"x": 2.8282, "y": 3.1549}, {"x": 2.8346, "y": 4.3812}, {"x": 0.9788, "y": 4.3876}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Competence Statement", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.8282, "y": 3.1549}, {"x": 7.2141, "y": 3.1485}, {"x": 7.2141, "y": 4.3748}, {"x": 2.8346, "y": 4.3812}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "To know the basics of the 3 Rs and their importance and implementation into daily life in relation to green entrepreneurship and circular economy.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9788, "y": 4.3876}, {"x": 2.8346, "y": 4.3812}, {"x": 2.8346, "y": 4.8435}, {"x": 0.9788, "y": 4.8371}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Learning Outcomes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9788, "y": 4.8371}, {"x": 2.8346, "y": 4.8435}, {"x": 2.8346, "y": 6.1212}, {"x": 0.9788, "y": 6.1212}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Knowledge", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.8346, "y": 4.8435}, {"x": 7.2077, "y": 4.8435}, {"x": 7.2077, "y": 6.1276}, {"x": 2.8346, "y": 6.1212}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 To understand the meaning of reducing, reusing and recycling and how they connect . To understand the importance of the 3 Rs as waste management . To be familiar with the expansion of the 3 Rs - the 7 Rs", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9788, "y": 6.1212}, {"x": 2.8346, "y": 6.1212}, {"x": 2.8346, "y": 7.187}, {"x": 0.9788, "y": 7.1934}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Skills", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.8346, "y": 6.1212}, {"x": 7.2077, "y": 6.1276}, {"x": 7.2077, "y": 7.1934}, {"x": 2.8346, "y": 7.187}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 To implement different ways of waste management into daily life \u00b7 To properly implement recycling in day-to-day activities \u00b7 To promote reducing and reusing before recycling", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9788, "y": 7.1934}, {"x": 2.8346, "y": 7.187}, {"x": 2.8346, "y": 8.3684}, {"x": 0.9788, "y": 8.3684}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Attitudes and Values", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.8346, "y": 7.187}, {"x": 7.2077, "y": 7.1934}, {"x": 7.2077, "y": 8.3748}, {"x": 2.8346, "y": 8.3684}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 To acquire a proactive approach to implementing the 3 Rs into daily personal life \u00b7 To educate others on the importance of sustainable waste management", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2421, "y": 10.5551}, {"x": 7.113, "y": 10.5551}, {"x": 7.113, "y": 10.8288}, {"x": 1.2421, "y": 10.8288}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.0214, "y": 10.9607}, {"x": 5.3335, "y": 10.9556}, {"x": 5.3338, "y": 11.0773}, {"x": 3.0216, "y": 11.0823}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9783, "y": 2.5653}, {"x": 7.229, "y": 2.5675}, {"x": 7.2279, "y": 8.3899}, {"x": 0.9766, "y": 8.3876}], "category": "table", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Competence Area#1 THE 3 Rs: RECYCLE-REUSE-REDUCE
Competence StatementTo know the basics of the 3 Rs and their importance and implementation into daily life in relation to green entrepreneurship and circular economy.
Learning Outcomes
Knowledge\u00b7 To understand the meaning of reducing, reusing and recycling and how they connect . To understand the importance of the 3 Rs as waste management . To be familiar with the expansion of the 3 Rs - the 7 Rs
Skills\u00b7 To implement different ways of waste management into daily life \u00b7 To properly implement recycling in day-to-day activities \u00b7 To promote reducing and reusing before recycling
Attitudes and Values\u00b7 To acquire a proactive approach to implementing the 3 Rs into daily personal life \u00b7 To educate others on the importance of sustainable waste management
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{"coordinates": [{"x": 6.3779, "y": 2.5128}, {"x": 6.7986, "y": 2.5128}, {"x": 6.7986, "y": 2.6455}, {"x": 6.3779, "y": 2.6455}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 139, "content": {"text": "37.83", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9633, "y": 2.7883}, {"x": 7.2905, "y": 2.7883}, {"x": 7.2905, "y": 3.6045}, {"x": 0.9633, "y": 3.6045}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 140, "content": {"text": "Table 2: Evaluation results in the Open LLM Leaderboard for SOLAR 10.7B and SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct along with other top-performing models. We report the scores for the six tasks mentioned in Sec. 4.1 along with the H6 score (average of six tasks). We also report the size of the models in units of billions of parameters. The type indicates the training stage of the model and is chosen from { Pretrained, Instruction-tuned, Alignment-tuned}. Models based on SOLAR 10.7B are colored purple. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9633, "y": 3.9239}, {"x": 3.3512, "y": 3.9239}, {"x": 3.3512, "y": 4.0862}, {"x": 0.9633, "y": 4.0862}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 141, "content": {"text": "MetaMathQA (Yu et al., 2023) dataset.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9633, "y": 4.1166}, {"x": 4.0458, "y": 4.1166}, {"x": 4.0458, "y": 5.9721}, {"x": 0.9633, "y": 5.9721}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 142, "content": {"text": "We reformatted the instruction datasets with an Alpaca-styled chat template. For datasets such as OpenOrca, which are derived from FLAN (Long- pre et al., 2023), we filter data that overlaps with the benchmark datasets (see Tab. 8 in Appendix. C for more information). The alignment datasets are in the {prompt, chosen, rejected} triplet for- mat. We preprocess the alignment datasets follow- ing Zephyr (Tunstall et al., 2023). We use Data- verse (Park et al., 2024) for data preprocessing.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9633, "y": 6.0887}, {"x": 4.0356, "y": 6.0887}, {"x": 4.0356, "y": 8.3295}, {"x": 0.9633, "y": 8.3295}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 143, "content": {"text": "Evaluation. In the HuggingFace Open LLM Leaderboard (Beeching et al., 2023), six types of evaluation methods are presented: ARC (Clark et al., 2018), HellaSWAG (Zellers et al., 2019), MMLU (Hendrycks et al., 2020), TruthfulQA (Lin et al., 2022), Winogrande (Sakaguchi et al., 2021), and GSM8K (Cobbe et al., 2021). We utilize these datasets as benchmarks for evaluation and also re- port the average scores for the six tasks, e.g., H6. We either submit directly to the Open LLM Leader- board or utilize Evalverse (Kim et al., 2024b) for running evaluations locally.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9633, "y": 8.4461}, {"x": 4.0458, "y": 8.4461}, {"x": 4.0458, "y": 9.7389}, {"x": 0.9633, "y": 9.7389}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 144, "content": {"text": "Model merging. Model merging methods such as Yadav et al. (2023) can boost model perfor- mance without further training. We merge some of the models that we trained in both the instruc- tion and alignment tuning stages. We implement our own merging methods although popular open source also exist such as MergeKit3.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9633, "y": 9.8707}, {"x": 2.175, "y": 9.8707}, {"x": 2.175, "y": 10.0329}, {"x": 0.9633, "y": 10.0329}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 145, "content": {"text": "4.2 Main Results", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9633, "y": 10.1242}, {"x": 4.0204, "y": 10.1242}, {"x": 4.0204, "y": 10.479}, {"x": 0.9633, "y": 10.479}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 146, "content": {"text": "We present evaluation results for our SOLAR 10.7B and SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct models along", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1407, "y": 10.5754}, {"x": 3.6608, "y": 10.5804}, {"x": 3.6604, "y": 10.7376}, {"x": 1.1404, "y": 10.7325}], "category": "footnote", "id": 147, "content": {"text": "3https://github. com/cg123/mergekit", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2232, "y": 3.929}, {"x": 7.3057, "y": 3.929}, {"x": 7.3057, "y": 6.3574}, {"x": 4.2232, "y": 6.3574}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 148, "content": {"text": "with other top-performing models in Tab. 2. SO- LAR 10.7B outperforms other pretrained models of similar sizes, such as Qwen 14B and Mistral 7B, which shows that DUS is an effective method to up-scale base LLMs. Furthermore, despite the smaller size, SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct scores the highest in terms of H6, even surpassing the recent top-performing open-source LLM Mixtral 8x7B- Instruct-v0.1 or Qwen 72B. The above results indi- cate DUS can up-scale models that are capable of achieving state-of-the-art performance when fine- tuned. We also report data contamination results for SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct in Appendix C.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2384, "y": 6.5247}, {"x": 5.6681, "y": 6.5247}, {"x": 5.6681, "y": 6.6818}, {"x": 4.2384, "y": 6.6818}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 149, "content": {"text": "4.3 Ablation Studies", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2318, "y": 6.7985}, {"x": 7.2952, "y": 6.7934}, {"x": 7.2968, "y": 7.7059}, {"x": 4.2333, "y": 7.711}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 150, "content": {"text": "We present ablation studies for both the instruction and alignment tuning stages. Note that the evalua- tion results for the following studies are ran locally and may vary from results obtained by submitting to the Open LLM Leaderboard.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2435, "y": 7.8732}, {"x": 5.9272, "y": 7.8783}, {"x": 5.9267, "y": 8.0355}, {"x": 4.243, "y": 8.0304}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 151, "content": {"text": "4.3.1 Instruction Tuning", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2214, "y": 8.1166}, {"x": 7.3062, "y": 8.106}, {"x": 7.3126, "y": 9.9615}, {"x": 4.2277, "y": 9.9721}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 152, "content": {"text": "Ablation on the training datasets. We present ablation studies using different training datasets for the instruction tuning in Tab. 3. The ablated models are prefixed with SFT for supervised fine- tuning. 'SFT vl' only uses the Alpaca-GPT4 dataset, whereas 'SFT v2' also uses the OpenOrca dataset. 'SFT v3' uses the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset along with the datasets used in 'SFT v2'. Similarly, 'SFT v4' uses the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset along with the datasets used in 'SFT v1'.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2283, "y": 10.0025}, {"x": 7.3057, "y": 10.0025}, {"x": 7.3057, "y": 10.7325}, {"x": 4.2283, "y": 10.7325}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 153, "content": {"text": "First, we analyze how Alpaca-GPT4 and OpenOrca affect the trained models. The first ab- lated model, 'SFT v1', which used only the Alpaca- GPT4 dataset for training, resulted in 69.15 for H6.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4578, "y": 0.9645}, {"x": 6.8016, "y": 0.9671}, {"x": 6.8015, "y": 2.661}, {"x": 1.4567, "y": 2.6581}], "category": "table", "id": 154, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ModelSizeTypeH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct~ 11B :unselected:Alignment-tuned74.2071.0888.1666.2171.4383.5864.75
Qwen 72B~ 72B :unselected:Pretrained73.6065.1985.9477.3760.1982.4870.43
Mixtral 8x7B-Instruct-v0.1~ 47B :unselected:Instruction-tuned72.6270.2287.6371.1664.5881.3760.73
Yi 34B-200K~ 34BPretrained70.8165.3685.5876.0653.6482.5661.64
Yi 34B~34BPretrained69.4264.5985.6976.3556.2383.0350.64
Mixtral 8x7B-v0.1~ 47BPretrained68.4266.0486.4971.8246.7881.9357.47
Llama 2 70B~ 70B :unselected:Pretrained67.8767.3287.3369.8344.9283.7454.06
Falcon 180B~ 180B :unselected:Pretrained67.8569.4588.8670.5045.4786.9045.94
SOLAR 10.7B~ 11BPretrained66.0461.9584.6065.4845.0483.6655.50
Qwen 14B~ 14B :unselected:Pretrained65.8658.2883.9967.7049.4376.8058.98
Mistral 7B-Instruct-v0.2~7BInstruction-tuned65.7163.1484.8860.7868.2677.1940.03
Yi 34B-Chat~ 34BInstruction-tuned65.3265.4484.1674.9055.3780.1131.92
Mistral 7B~ 7B :unselected:Pretrained60.9759.9883.3164.1642.1578.3737.83
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000073.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9785, "y": 1.0038}, {"x": 7.2803, "y": 1.0038}, {"x": 7.2803, "y": 2.5196}, {"x": 0.9785, "y": 2.5196}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "In this content, DPN Argentina provides a brief explanation of the SDGs and the 2030 Agenda action plans, and most importantly, their role in advancing the 2030 Agenda through the SDGs Monitoring and Evaluation Program with a focus on certain thematic areas. 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Examples of such greetings are as follows:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3993, "y": 3.4423}, {"x": 2.3017, "y": 3.4423}, {"x": 2.3017, "y": 3.6654}, {"x": 1.3993, "y": 3.6654}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Defensoria del Pueblo ODPNArgentina", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0647, "y": 3.7921}, {"x": 4.208, "y": 3.7921}, {"x": 4.208, "y": 4.6945}, {"x": 1.0647, "y": 4.6945}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "D\u00eda Mundial de la #Salud La cobertura sanitaria universal es el objetivo primordial de la @opsoms. Para lograrlo es crucial que todas las personas puedan tener la atenci\u00f3n que necesitan, en el seno mismo de la comunidad. Translate Tweet", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.3014, "y": 6.0697}, {"x": 4.0707, "y": 6.0646}, {"x": 4.0717, "y": 6.4081}, {"x": 2.3023, "y": 6.4132}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "7 de Abril D\u00eda Mundial de la Salud", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0642, "y": 6.8339}, {"x": 2.2257, "y": 6.8289}, {"x": 2.2261, "y": 6.9353}, {"x": 1.0647, "y": 6.9404}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "7:00 PM . Apr 7, 2021 - Buffer", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.7707, "y": 5.6628}, {"x": 5.3284, "y": 5.6628}, {"x": 5.3284, "y": 5.8149}, {"x": 4.7707, "y": 5.8149}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Figure 6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.6326, "y": 5.4246}, {"x": 7.1384, "y": 5.4246}, {"x": 7.1384, "y": 6.0786}, {"x": 5.6326, "y": 6.0786}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "DPN Argentina Content: World Health Day Celebration (7 April 2021).98", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9785, "y": 10.3624}, {"x": 7.2651, "y": 10.3675}, {"x": 7.2649, "y": 10.692}, {"x": 0.9782, "y": 10.6869}], "category": "footnote", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "98 DPN Argentina, \"D\u00eda Mundial de la #Salud\", accessed on 5 December 2021,https://twitter.com/D PNArgentina/status/1379765916259483648.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0356, "y": 10.8745}, {"x": 4.2131, "y": 10.8745}, {"x": 4.2131, "y": 11.0063}, {"x": 4.0356, "y": 11.0063}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "23", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000152.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 0.7925}, {"x": 7.7312, "y": 0.7925}, {"x": 7.7312, "y": 1.184}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 1.184}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "should adopt two separate designators to mark no-cost vs. low-cost, but the council felt it was better to simplify the process and allow for some OER providers that have fees associated with their services.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7638, "y": 1.3702}, {"x": 7.7117, "y": 1.3599}, {"x": 7.713, "y": 2.1858}, {"x": 0.765, "y": 2.1962}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "At this point in time, the application of the #NOLO designator was a manual process. It required the addition of the designator to the section title prior to registration and then its removal after add/drop to ensure the label didn't appear on the student transcript. This process severely hampered our long- term reporting abilities. In total, four colleges adopted the #NOLO designator in this fashion.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7638, "y": 2.3776}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 2.3728}, {"x": 7.7224, "y": 3.4172}, {"x": 0.7645, "y": 3.422}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "To assist in greater faculty and institutional adoption as well as improve data capture, the CSCU OER Advisory Council made a formal recommendation to the provost's academic council in Spring 2018 to implement the #NOLO designator as a course section attribute within the student information system. 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The ability to mark courses was enabled late Fall 2018 and the student-facing features were enabled in January 2019. Each institutional representative on the OER council engaged with their local governance structures to request a vote for adoption.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 10.4414}, {"x": 7.6452, "y": 10.4414}, {"x": 7.6452, "y": 10.5655}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 10.5655}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "4 BOYOUNG CHAE, KEVIN CORCORAN, MICHAEL DALY, ANN FIDDLER, JEFF GALLANT, JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG, AMY HOFER, AND", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.0889, "y": 7.2846}, {"x": 5.3592, "y": 7.286}, {"x": 5.3566, "y": 8.4711}, {"x": 3.0857, "y": 8.4686}], "category": "table", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
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", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000092.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7545, "y": 0.7878}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 0.7878}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 3.7383}, {"x": 0.7545, "y": 3.7383}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "laboratory experiments that have formed key pillars of the field, such as those experiments depicted in Examples 1 and 2 in the book's Introduction section. The thought experiments in Section 1 are, for the most part, re-castings of the simple cognitive tests devised by psychologists and economists over the past three-to-four decades to illustrate the fallacies, miscalculations, and biases distinguishing Homo sapiens from Homo economicus. Similarly, the laboratory experiments presented in Section 2 are, for the most part, re-castings of the seminal experiments conducted by Kahneman and Tversky (among many others). These experiments helped motivate the revised theories of human choice behavior, such as Kahneman and Tversky's (1979) Prospect Theory, which form another pillar of behavioral economics. Alongside these experiments, Section 2 presents the revised theories of human choice behavior with varying degrees of rigor. This is where the theoretical bases of Homo economicus' rational choice behavior are examined, and where key refinements to this theory are developed-theoretical refinements underpinning the myriad departures from rational choice behavior we witness Homo sapiens make in this section's laboratory and field experiments (and which are examined further in Sections 3 and 4).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 3.7765}, {"x": 7.7264, "y": 3.7765}, {"x": 7.7264, "y": 5.901}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 5.901}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Section 3 submerses the student in the world of behavioral game theory. Here we explore games such as Ultimatum Bargaining presented in Example 5. We follow Camerer (2003)'s lead, first by characterizing the games analytically (i.e., identifying solution, or equilibrium, concepts that are predicted to result when members of Homo economicus play the games), and then by discussing empirical results obtained from corresponding field experiments conducted with Homo sapiens. It is within the context of these games and field experiments that theories of social interaction are tested concerning inter alia trust and trustworthiness, honesty, fairness, reciprocity, etc. As with the thought and laboratory experiments presented in Sections 1 and 2, the games and field experiments presented in Section 3 are meant to be replicated with students as subjects and the instructor as the experimenter, or researcher.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7676, "y": 5.925}, {"x": 7.7209, "y": 5.9201}, {"x": 7.7222, "y": 7.8091}, {"x": 0.769, "y": 7.814}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Finally, Section 4 wades into the vast sea of empirical research and choice architecture. Here the student explores studies reporting on (1) the outcomes of actual policy nudges, such as the SMarT retirement-savings plan presented in Example 3 of the Introduction, (2) analyses of secondary datasets to test for choice behavior consistent with the revised theories discussed in Section 2, such as the test for loss aversion in Example 4 of the Introduction, and (3) analyses of primary datasets obtained from novel field experiments to further test the revised theories. The main purpose of this section is not only to introduce the student to interesting empirical studies and policy adaptations in the field of behavioral economics, but also, in the process, to incubate in the student an abiding appreciation for the obscure settings that sometimes lend themselves to such study.\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7593, "y": 8.0113}, {"x": 4.7132, "y": 8.0113}, {"x": 4.7132, "y": 8.1879}, {"x": 0.7593, "y": 8.1879}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "THE TEXTBOOK'S DIFFERENT LEVELS OF RIGOR", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 8.3646}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 8.3646}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 9.6202}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 9.6202}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Because the mathematical and computational rigor of material presented in this textbook varies throughout, particularly in Sections 2 - 4, the extent of the rigor used in the presentation of a given topic is indicated with superscripts. Topics without a superscript are considered basic and universal enough that backgrounds in economics, mathematics, or statistics are not required for the reader to understand the material. Topics with a single asterisk (*) indicate that higher mathematical reasoning skills are recommended for the reader to fully grasp the material. Topics with a double", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6493, "y": 9.8876}, {"x": 7.5784, "y": 9.8828}, {"x": 7.5788, "y": 10.5617}, {"x": 0.6498, "y": 10.5665}], "category": "footnote", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "3. Our approach to studying behavioral economics is focused on the underlying laboratory experimentation and behavioral games that form the bedrock of the field. As such, we eschew delving into related fields such as neuroeconomics and auction theory. See Cartwright (2018) and Just (2013) for introductions to the former and latter fields, respectively. XX ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000017.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 3.4745, "y": 2.0478}, {"x": 3.5051, "y": 2.0983}, {"x": 3.0894, "y": 2.35}, {"x": 3.0589, "y": 2.2996}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "100/0X64", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.7224, "y": 3.4325}, {"x": 1.7585, "y": 3.4212}, {"x": 1.7787, "y": 3.4858}, {"x": 1.7425, "y": 3.4971}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "M", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7794, "y": 4.3963}, {"x": 1.7425, "y": 4.3963}, {"x": 1.7425, "y": 4.5282}, {"x": 0.7794, "y": 4.5282}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "16 Face Your World", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7674, "y": 4.5682}, {"x": 5.3601, "y": 4.5722}, {"x": 5.3592, "y": 5.6274}, {"x": 0.7664, "y": 5.6234}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "A girl at work with the Interactor during the Face Your World participation process (image courtesy of Van Heeswijk). On top of the workstation we see the drawing the girl made in an earlier stage of the process. The drawing depicts a large tree with a little house inside the tree and a rope ladder leading up to the little house. On the screen we see the girl working on a new object for the library. She is digitally redrawing her design for a tree house. Once this drawing is finished, she can save it to the library of the Interactor and use it when designing the park.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7695, "y": 6.0829}, {"x": 5.3591, "y": 6.0789}, {"x": 5.3611, "y": 8.385}, {"x": 0.7715, "y": 8.389}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "ticipating in Face Your World Slotervaart made a total of 1216 sketches in this phase of the planning project and Kaspori considered this the most creative part of the process (interview with Kaspori, 2007). In the third phase of the game, children would discuss each other's sketches, vote for the best sketch and write down why they had voted for that particular sketch. In the final stage, children entered the multi-player mode and had to start designing the park together. This final design- ing phase was directed at cooperation between the children: they had to agree on how to design the park and work together in order to be able to realize their ideas (interview with Heeswijk, 2007). To realize their ideas, players thus needed to communicate and cooperate. The discussion option of the game was facilitated through a chat function. This chat function was one of the few aspects of the game that did not work as it had been intended and projected by the designers. Children working with the Interactor did not use the chat function for communi-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7833, "y": 8.7207}, {"x": 2.8536, "y": 8.7207}, {"x": 2.8536, "y": 8.8286}, {"x": 0.7833, "y": 8.8286}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "PART IV: SERIOUS GEOGRAPHIES OF PLAY", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.1757, "y": 8.7207}, {"x": 5.3475, "y": 8.7207}, {"x": 5.3475, "y": 8.8446}, {"x": 5.1757, "y": 8.8446}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "115", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000001.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.851, "y": 0.4978}, {"x": 1.0436, "y": 0.4978}, {"x": 1.0436, "y": 0.5982}, {"x": 0.851, "y": 0.5982}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "314", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.9011, "y": 0.5018}, {"x": 5.3988, "y": 0.5018}, {"x": 5.3988, "y": 0.6102}, {"x": 4.9011, "y": 0.6102}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "YARROW", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8467, "y": 0.8471}, {"x": 5.3974, "y": 0.8385}, {"x": 5.4005, "y": 2.4966}, {"x": 0.8498, "y": 2.5052}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "1999 such iterations to form parameter distributions. If these distributions are symmetric, we can pretty much just read values straight out of them to form confidence intervals (e.g., the 50th and 1950th values out of 1999 will give us a roughly 95% confidence interval). If they are not, we must do something more complicated, with the best choice being the bias-corrected and accelerated (BCa) approach. Because of the large number of fits that are required, bootstrapping is fairly slow. If the experiment contains many trials, the BCa method makes it even slower (because it incorporates additional \"jackknife\" resampling, implying one further fitting iteration for almost every trial).18", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8478, "y": 2.5251}, {"x": 5.404, "y": 2.5293}, {"x": 5.4025, "y": 4.188}, {"x": 0.8463, "y": 4.1839}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The code accompanying this chapter offers options to generate confidence intervals on fitted parameters. Confidence intervals sometimes imply statistical inference, as for example when they fail to overlap some value and thus imply that our statistic differs significantly from that value. However, in SJ experiments we are more likely to want to ask a question such as whether a particular parameter differs between two conditions for a single observer. To answer this kind of question, you will need to modify or develop the code. If we take the example of whether parameters vary across conditions, my recommendation would be to adopt a permutation test approach.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8448, "y": 4.2076}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 4.2034}, {"x": 5.4048, "y": 6.5927}, {"x": 0.8469, "y": 6.5968}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "To do so, take the trials from both conditions and think of each trial as a card in a deck of cards. 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You can then compare the difference you actually obtained against this null distribution to generate a p value for your difference of interest.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.855, "y": 7.0138}, {"x": 3.1911, "y": 7.0138}, {"x": 3.1911, "y": 7.1663}, {"x": 0.855, "y": 7.1663}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "7 Variants of sJ Observer Models", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8429, "y": 7.3872}, {"x": 5.3946, "y": 7.3831}, {"x": 5.3951, "y": 7.9211}, {"x": 0.8434, "y": 7.9251}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "In this chapter, I have presented two variants of a latency-based observer mod- el applied to the sj task. Both assume that a single SOA will generate an inter- nal response (At) that is a Gaussian random variable. Both assume a simple", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.863, "y": 8.1826}, {"x": 5.4026, "y": 8.174}, {"x": 5.4031, "y": 8.4709}, {"x": 0.8636, "y": 8.4795}], "category": "footnote", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "18 E.g., . 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"paragraph", "id": 43, "content": {"text": "2050", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9503, "y": 4.378}, {"x": 1.8528, "y": 4.378}, {"x": 1.8528, "y": 4.5117}, {"x": 0.9503, "y": 4.5117}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 44, "content": {"text": "(Kaza et al. 2018)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.8211, "y": 3.447}, {"x": 6.4896, "y": 3.447}, {"x": 6.4896, "y": 3.7049}, {"x": 5.8211, "y": 3.7049}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 45, "content": {"text": "Europe and Central Asia", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.7188, "y": 3.447}, {"x": 7.2298, "y": 3.447}, {"x": 7.2298, "y": 3.8433}, {"x": 6.7188, "y": 3.8433}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 46, "content": {"text": "East Asia and Pacific", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 4.6645}, {"x": 7.7264, "y": 4.6645}, {"x": 7.7264, "y": 5.8915}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 5.8915}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 47, "content": {"text": "Canada is currently the world's largest producer of MSW per capita. At slightly more than 36 metric tons per person per year, Canadians generate roughly 10 tons more MSW per person annually than the next highest garbage producers, Bulgarians and Americans (Tiseo, 2021). Summiting a list like this is obviously not in any country's best interest-there are no kudos for reaching the top of the heap, so to speak. Is it therefore possible that those nations reaching the top will take the lead in reversing course?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7643, "y": 5.9487}, {"x": 7.7273, "y": 5.9536}, {"x": 7.7255, "y": 8.4905}, {"x": 0.7626, "y": 8.4856}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 48, "content": {"text": "Halifax is one Canadian city that apparently has. On August 1st, 2015, the city began providing a \"green nudge\" to citizens living in its urban core area with the introduction of the Clear Bag Policy, a policy designed to nudge households toward more responsible sorting of their waste, which, in turn, would result in an overall reduction in the total amount of waste generated. As Akbulut-Yuksel and Boulatoff point out, under the new policy, households were mandated to replace their black garbage bags, traditionally used for the disposal of their refuse, with clear, transparent bags. The Clear Bag Policy allowed households to put out the same number of garbage bags at the curb (six every other week), but all waste destined for the landfill was required to be disposed of in a clear bag (except for one dark bag permitted for privacy's sake). This allowed waste collectors to screen and refuse any bags containing materials that should otherwise have been diverted from the landfill, such as recyclables, food waste, and hazardous waste. Clear bags also made apparent to everyone, neighbors and passersby alike, a given household's waste-generation and disposal habits. 33", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7688, "y": 8.5126}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 8.5126}, {"x": 7.7216, "y": 9.3433}, {"x": 0.7688, "y": 9.3433}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 49, "content": {"text": "To test the Clear Bag Policy's impact on a typical household's generation of MSW, Akbulut-Yuksel and Boulatoff designed a quasi-experiment spanning the period from January 6, 2014, to July 28, 2017, with January 6, 2014, to July 31, 2015, serving as the pre-treatment period and August 1, 2015, to July 28, 2017, serving as the post-treatment period. MSW data collected during this time span", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.573, "y": 9.5247}, {"x": 7.6887, "y": 9.5298}, {"x": 7.6879, "y": 10.5656}, {"x": 0.5723, "y": 10.5606}], "category": "footnote", "id": 50, "content": {"text": "33. As Akbulut-Yuksel and Boulatoff point out, Halifax households are required to sort waste in four ways: (1) recyclable containers (plastics, glass, and aluminum) are put in a transparent blue bag, (2) paper and cardboard are put in a separate bag, (3) organic food waste goes in a green bin provided by the city, and (4) the remaining waste (refuse) goes into garbage bags. Recyclable materials are collected each week, while garbage and organic waste are each collected every other week on opposite weeks (except in the summer months when, thank goodness, organic waste is collected on a weekly basis). 234 ARTHUR J. 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Mistral 7b. arXiv preprint arXiv: 2310.06825.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2283, "y": 9.384}, {"x": 7.2963, "y": 9.3891}, {"x": 7.2951, "y": 10.1391}, {"x": 4.227, "y": 10.134}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "Jean Kaddour, Oscar Key, Piotr Nawrot, Pasquale Minervini, and Matt J Kusner. 2023. No train no gain: Revisiting efficient training algorithms for transformer-based language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.06440.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.2333, "y": 10.2712}, {"x": 7.2854, "y": 10.2712}, {"x": 7.2854, "y": 10.4233}, {"x": 4.2333, "y": 10.4233}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "Jared Kaplan, Sam McCandlish, Tom Henighan, Tom B", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.3804, "y": 10.4233}, {"x": 7.3108, "y": 10.4233}, {"x": 7.3108, "y": 10.7376}, {"x": 4.3804, "y": 10.7376}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "Brown, Benjamin Chess, Rewon Child, Scott Gray, Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, and Dario Amodei. 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000179.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 2.5739, "y": 2.5829}, {"x": 2.6765, "y": 2.5438}, {"x": 2.6933, "y": 2.5877}, {"x": 2.5906, "y": 2.6268}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.741, "y": 3.0556}, {"x": 2.762, "y": 3.0976}, {"x": 2.6742, "y": 3.1415}, {"x": 2.6531, "y": 3.0995}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.7728, "y": 3.23}, {"x": 2.7983, "y": 3.2656}, {"x": 2.6949, "y": 3.3395}, {"x": 2.6694, "y": 3.3038}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3929, "y": 3.4976}, {"x": 1.4278, "y": 3.5569}, {"x": 1.0219, "y": 3.7956}, {"x": 0.987, "y": 3.7363}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Contemporary Calculux", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 7.1629, "y": 4.273}, {"x": 7.431, "y": 4.3113}, {"x": 7.4256, "y": 4.3494}, {"x": 7.1575, "y": 4.3111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Technology", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9789, "y": 5.796}, {"x": 7.3492, "y": 5.796}, {"x": 7.3492, "y": 6.1159}, {"x": 0.9789, "y": 6.1159}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Figure 12.2. A set of open textbooks printed in bulk are featured in this photo. Open textbooks from the Open Course Library, picture by Tom Caswell, CC BY 2.0.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9694, "y": 6.4405}, {"x": 5.3292, "y": 6.4405}, {"x": 5.3292, "y": 6.6602}, {"x": 0.9694, "y": 6.6602}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "What tool(s) do you typically use in your course?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9598, "y": 6.8702}, {"x": 7.5211, "y": 6.8702}, {"x": 7.5211, "y": 7.4766}, {"x": 0.9598, "y": 7.4766}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Ask whether the instructor utilizes your institution's course management system (Canvas, Blackboard, etc.), or a separate course website to communicate and share content with students. This may affect the tools and practices you recommend.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9692, "y": 7.7726}, {"x": 6.0933, "y": 7.7678}, {"x": 6.0935, "y": 7.9826}, {"x": 0.9694, "y": 7.9874}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "What supporting materials do you utilize for this course?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9694, "y": 8.1975}, {"x": 7.5163, "y": 8.1975}, {"x": 7.5163, "y": 8.799}, {"x": 0.9694, "y": 8.799}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "If the instructor relies on self-grading homework platforms or ancillary presentations and lecture notes from publishers, you will want to discuss the various free and low-cost options available to replace that content (See Chapter 15, Finding Ancillaries for OER).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9694, "y": 8.9996}, {"x": 7.5211, "y": 8.9996}, {"x": 7.5211, "y": 10.0404}, {"x": 0.9694, "y": 10.0404}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Alternatively, does the instructor already supplement their course materials with course notes or materials they have personally created? Often, when traditional materials are lacking or require supplement, instructors will create notes, reading lists, or other content to \"back up\" any traditional, commercial content used in their course. This instructor-created content can be reused with OER as well, or even adapted into a new open resource in the future.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9786, "y": 10.3411}, {"x": 3.1227, "y": 10.3364}, {"x": 3.123, "y": 10.4748}, {"x": 0.9789, "y": 10.4796}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "164 | SUPPORTING OER ADOPTION", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000032.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8284, "y": 0.7617}, {"x": 1.9029, "y": 0.7734}, {"x": 1.9002, "y": 1.0195}, {"x": 0.8257, "y": 1.0078}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Prologue", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8245, "y": 1.2656}, {"x": 3.5909, "y": 1.2656}, {"x": 3.5909, "y": 1.4414}, {"x": 0.8245, "y": 1.4414}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Programming and Understanding", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8206, "y": 1.6055}, {"x": 5.1577, "y": 1.6055}, {"x": 5.1577, "y": 3.3945}, {"x": 0.8206, "y": 3.3945}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "One way to become aware of the precision required to unam- biguously communicate a mathematical idea is to program it for a computer. Rather than using canned programs purely as an aid to visualization or numerical computation, we use computer programming in a functional style to encourage clear thinking. Programming forces us to be precise and unambiguous, without forcing us to be excessively rigorous. The computer does not toler- ate vague descriptions or incomplete constructions. Thus the act of programming makes us keenly aware of our errors of reasoning or unsupported conclusions.1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8245, "y": 3.4023}, {"x": 5.1577, "y": 3.4023}, {"x": 5.1577, "y": 4.4609}, {"x": 0.8245, "y": 4.4609}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Although this book is about differential geometry, we can show how thinking about programming can help in understanding in a more elementary context. The traditional use of Leibniz's notation and Newton's notation is convenient in simple situations, but in more complicated situations it can be a serious handicap to clear reasoning.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8284, "y": 4.4844}, {"x": 5.1617, "y": 4.4844}, {"x": 5.1617, "y": 5.5312}, {"x": 0.8284, "y": 5.5312}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "A mechanical system is described by a Lagrangian function of the system state (time, coordinates, and velocities). A motion of the system is described by a path that gives the coordinates for each moment of time. A path is allowed if and only if it satisfies the Lagrange equations. Traditionally, the Lagrange equations are written", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8875, "y": 5.5415}, {"x": 1.9837, "y": 5.688}, {"x": 1.9525, "y": 5.9213}, {"x": 0.8563, "y": 5.7748}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "d OL OL = 0.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8479, "y": 5.8477}, {"x": 1.6294, "y": 5.8477}, {"x": 1.6294, "y": 6.0078}, {"x": 0.8479, "y": 6.0078}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "dt 8q \u018fq", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8401, "y": 6.1367}, {"x": 3.7159, "y": 6.1367}, {"x": 3.7159, "y": 6.3008}, {"x": 0.8401, "y": 6.3008}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "What could this expression possibly mean?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8248, "y": 6.3162}, {"x": 5.1545, "y": 6.3203}, {"x": 5.1537, "y": 7.1923}, {"x": 0.824, "y": 7.1883}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Let's try to write a program that implements Lagrange equa- tions. What are Lagrange equations for? Our program must take a proposed path and give a result that allows us to decide if the path is allowed. This is already a problem; the equation shown above does not have a slot for a path to be tested.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8245, "y": 7.4453}, {"x": 5.1538, "y": 7.4453}, {"x": 5.1538, "y": 7.8672}, {"x": 0.8245, "y": 7.8672}], "category": "footnote", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "1 The idea of using computer programming to develop skills of clear thinking was originally advocated by Seymour Papert. An extensive discussion of this idea, applied to the education of young children, can be found in Papert [13].", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000146.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6844, "y": 0.7047}, {"x": 1.0545, "y": 0.7047}, {"x": 1.0545, "y": 0.8314}, {"x": 0.6844, "y": 0.8314}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Circle", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.329, "y": 0.365}, {"x": 0.7742, "y": 0.3441}, {"x": 0.7909, "y": 0.6996}, {"x": 0.3457, "y": 0.7206}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "EC", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.2866, "y": 0.3447}, {"x": 7.544, "y": 0.3447}, {"x": 7.544, "y": 0.6591}, {"x": 6.2866, "y": 0.6591}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Co-funded by the European Union", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1605, "y": 1.1966}, {"x": 7.1485, "y": 1.1914}, {"x": 7.149, "y": 1.7908}, {"x": 1.161, "y": 1.796}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "organizations to navigate successfully the global digital economy. Finally each of the identified competences, within the Framework will correspond to the different e-learning modules (PR2) and e-game levels (PR3)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1661, "y": 1.9569}, {"x": 2.9405, "y": 1.9569}, {"x": 2.9405, "y": 2.1343}, {"x": 1.1661, "y": 2.1343}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Reference frameworks:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.449, "y": 2.4639}, {"x": 7.1434, "y": 2.4639}, {"x": 7.1434, "y": 3.0063}, {"x": 1.449, "y": 3.0063}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u2b9a GreenComp - \"The European Sustainability Competence Framework\"(1), responds to the growing need for people to improve and develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes to live, work and act in a sustainable manner.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1536, "y": 3.2143}, {"x": 7.166, "y": 3.1734}, {"x": 7.1785, "y": 5.0136}, {"x": 1.1661, "y": 5.0545}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "GreenComp is a reference framework for sustainability competences. It provides a common ground to learners and guidance to educators, providing a consensual definition of what sustainability as a competence entails. It is designed to support education and training programmes for lifelong learning. It is written for all learners, irrespective of their age and their education level and in any learning setting - formal, non-formal and informal. Sustainability competences can help learners become systemic and critical thinkers, as well as develop agency, and form a knowledge basis for everyone who cares about our planet's present and future state. The aim of GreenComp is to foster a sustainability mindset by helping users develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes to think, plan and act with empathy, responsibility, and care for our planet.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1661, "y": 5.2573}, {"x": 7.1587, "y": 5.2573}, {"x": 7.1587, "y": 6.1749}, {"x": 1.1661, "y": 6.1749}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Green- Comp is the result of a robust research methodology that has involved a large and diverse group of experts and stakeholders, to build a consensus on an agreed proposal. It provides a general reference model that everyone involved in lifelong learning can use to design learning opportunities aimed at developing sustainability competences and to assess progress in supporting education and training for sustainability.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1661, "y": 6.4233}, {"x": 6.2917, "y": 6.4233}, {"x": 6.2917, "y": 6.5855}, {"x": 1.1661, "y": 6.5855}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "GreenComp consists of 12 competences organised into the four main areas below:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0951, "y": 6.8111}, {"x": 3.6015, "y": 6.8174}, {"x": 3.6015, "y": 7.3342}, {"x": 1.0951, "y": 7.3342}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Area", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.6015, "y": 6.8174}, {"x": 7.229, "y": 6.8174}, {"x": 7.229, "y": 7.3342}, {"x": 3.6015, "y": 7.3342}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Competence", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0951, "y": 7.3342}, {"x": 3.6015, "y": 7.3342}, {"x": 3.6015, "y": 8.3361}, {"x": 1.0951, "y": 8.3298}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "1. Embodying sustainability values", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.6015, "y": 7.3342}, {"x": 7.229, "y": 7.3342}, {"x": 7.229, "y": 7.6744}, {"x": 3.6015, "y": 7.6681}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "1.1 Valuing sustainability", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.6015, "y": 7.6681}, {"x": 7.229, "y": 7.6744}, {"x": 7.229, "y": 8.0021}, {"x": 3.6015, "y": 7.9958}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "1.2 Supporting fairness", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.6015, "y": 7.9958}, {"x": 7.229, "y": 8.0021}, {"x": 7.229, "y": 8.3424}, {"x": 3.6015, "y": 8.3361}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "1.3 Promoting nature", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0951, "y": 8.3298}, {"x": 3.6015, "y": 8.3361}, {"x": 3.6015, "y": 9.3947}, {"x": 1.0951, "y": 9.3821}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "2. Embracing complexity in sustainability", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.6015, "y": 8.3361}, {"x": 7.229, "y": 8.3424}, {"x": 7.229, "y": 8.6764}, {"x": 3.6015, "y": 8.6701}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "2.1 Systems thinking", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.6015, "y": 8.6701}, {"x": 7.229, "y": 8.6764}, {"x": 7.229, "y": 9.004}, {"x": 3.6015, "y": 9.004}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "2.2 Critical thinking", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.6015, "y": 9.004}, {"x": 7.229, "y": 9.004}, {"x": 7.2227, "y": 9.3947}, {"x": 3.6015, "y": 9.3947}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "2.3 Problem framing", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0951, "y": 9.3821}, {"x": 3.6015, "y": 9.3947}, {"x": 3.6015, "y": 10.0501}, {"x": 1.0888, "y": 10.0501}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "3. Envisioning sustainable futures", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.6015, "y": 9.3947}, {"x": 7.2227, "y": 9.3947}, {"x": 7.2227, "y": 9.7224}, {"x": 3.6015, "y": 9.7224}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "3.1 Futures literacy", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.6015, "y": 9.7224}, {"x": 7.2227, "y": 9.7224}, {"x": 7.2227, "y": 10.0564}, {"x": 3.6015, "y": 10.0501}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "3.2 Adaptability", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2421, "y": 10.5551}, {"x": 7.113, "y": 10.5551}, {"x": 7.113, "y": 10.8288}, {"x": 1.2421, "y": 10.8288}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.0214, "y": 10.9556}, {"x": 5.3335, "y": 10.9505}, {"x": 5.3338, "y": 11.0773}, {"x": 3.0216, "y": 11.0823}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.0998, "y": 6.8003}, {"x": 7.2239, "y": 6.8035}, {"x": 7.2227, "y": 10.0558}, {"x": 1.098, "y": 10.0523}], "category": "table", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
AreaCompetence
1. Embodying sustainability values1.1 Valuing sustainability
1.2 Supporting fairness
1.3 Promoting nature
2. Embracing complexity in sustainability2.1 Systems thinking
2.2 Critical thinking
2.3 Problem framing
3. Envisioning sustainable futures3.1 Futures literacy
3.2 Adaptability
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JurisdictionGATS XVII Reservation (1994)Foreign Ownership PermittedRestrictions on Foreign OwnershipForeign Ownership Reporting Requirements
ArgentinaYYProhibition on ownership of property that contains or borders large and permanent bodies of water and of land in border security zones. Rural land can only be acquired upon certificate being granted (total percentage must not exceed 15% of the territory, in which shares of nationals of one country must not exceed 30%; maximum limit per foreigner; certain long-term residents exempted).
AustraliaNYApproval is needed from the Treasurer if the acquisition constitutes a \"significant action,\" including acquiring an interest in different types of land where the monetary threshold is met for that type of land. The Treasurer may prohibit a significant action that is found to be contrary to the national interest.Acquisitions of residential and agricultural land by foreign persons must be reported to the relevant government agency.
AustriaYY\n:unselected:Prior authorization required with exceptions; authorization may be refused if the acquisition contradicts national public policy interests.
BelgiumN\n:selected:Y\n:selected:None.
BrazilY\n:selected:Y\n:selected:Acquisition of rural property by an alien individual or company, including Brazilian companies controlled by foreigners, may not exceed 50 modules; foreign ownership of rural areas may not exceed a quarter of the surface of the municipalities, and ownership
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"markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.7931, "y": 6.5105}, {"x": 6.8664, "y": 6.5105}, {"x": 6.8664, "y": 6.7947}, {"x": 5.7931, "y": 6.789}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 43, "content": {"text": "70.2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3863, "y": 6.7947}, {"x": 3.6238, "y": 6.7947}, {"x": 3.6238, "y": 7.0789}, {"x": 1.3863, "y": 7.0846}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 44, "content": {"text": "Maharashtra", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.6238, "y": 6.7947}, {"x": 4.7085, "y": 6.7947}, {"x": 4.7085, "y": 7.0789}, {"x": 3.6238, "y": 7.0789}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 45, "content": {"text": "1210", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.7085, "y": 6.7947}, {"x": 5.7931, "y": 6.789}, {"x": 5.7931, "y": 7.0789}, {"x": 4.7085, "y": 7.0789}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 46, "content": {"text": "26.3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.7931, "y": 6.789}, {"x": 6.8664, "y": 6.7947}, {"x": 6.8664, "y": 7.0789}, {"x": 5.7931, "y": 7.0789}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 47, "content": {"text": "351.0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3863, "y": 7.0846}, {"x": 3.6238, "y": 7.0789}, {"x": 3.6238, "y": 7.3575}, {"x": 1.3863, "y": 7.3575}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 48, "content": {"text": "Karnataka", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.6238, "y": 7.0789}, {"x": 4.7085, "y": 7.0789}, {"x": 4.7085, "y": 7.3575}, {"x": 3.6238, "y": 7.3575}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 49, "content": {"text": "1175", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.7085, "y": 7.0789}, {"x": 5.7931, "y": 7.0789}, {"x": 5.7931, "y": 7.3575}, {"x": 4.7085, "y": 7.3575}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 50, "content": {"text": "15.4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.7931, "y": 7.0789}, {"x": 6.8664, "y": 7.0789}, {"x": 6.8721, "y": 7.3575}, {"x": 5.7931, "y": 7.3575}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 51, "content": {"text": "205.9", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3863, "y": 7.3575}, {"x": 3.6238, "y": 7.3575}, {"x": 3.6181, "y": 7.6417}, {"x": 1.3806, "y": 7.6417}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 52, "content": {"text": "Tamil Nadu", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.6238, "y": 7.3575}, {"x": 4.7085, "y": 7.3575}, {"x": 4.7085, "y": 7.6417}, {"x": 3.6181, "y": 7.6417}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 53, "content": {"text": "1043", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.7085, "y": 7.3575}, {"x": 5.7931, "y": 7.3575}, {"x": 5.7931, "y": 7.6417}, {"x": 4.7085, "y": 7.6417}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 54, "content": {"text": "16.3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.7931, "y": 7.3575}, {"x": 6.8721, "y": 7.3575}, {"x": 6.8721, "y": 7.6417}, {"x": 5.7931, "y": 7.6417}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 55, "content": {"text": "217.4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3689, "y": 7.7059}, {"x": 5.1763, "y": 7.7059}, {"x": 5.1763, "y": 7.8529}, {"x": 1.3689, "y": 7.8529}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 56, "content": {"text": "Sources: Team Lease Regtech, and Reserve Bank of India for GSDPs", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.368, "y": 7.9341}, {"x": 3.0166, "y": 7.9239}, {"x": 3.0174, "y": 8.0659}, {"x": 1.3689, "y": 8.076}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 57, "content": {"text": "Exchange rate: Rs 75 to USD", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0001, "y": 11.0925}, {"x": 4.2536, "y": 11.0925}, {"x": 4.2536, "y": 11.2851}, {"x": 4.0001, "y": 11.2851}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 58, "content": {"text": "81", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.384, "y": 2.0054}, {"x": 6.8737, "y": 2.0068}, {"x": 6.8737, "y": 4.1012}, {"x": 1.3834, "y": 4.1}], "category": "table", "id": 59, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Imprisonment termsNumber of clausesPercentage of all statesPercentage of total
Less than 3 months4,44821.3%17.0%
3 months to less than 1 year4,80623.0%18.4%
1 year to less than 3 years9,76646.7%37.4%
3 years to less than 5 years8344.0%3.2%
5 years to less than 10 years1,0214.9%3.9%
More than 10 years200.1%0.1%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3798, "y": 5.6744}, {"x": 6.8725, "y": 5.6741}, {"x": 6.8734, "y": 7.6491}, {"x": 1.3797, "y": 7.6494}], "category": "table", "id": 60, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Imprisonment termsNumber of clausesPercentage of all statesPercentage of total
Less than 3 months4,44821.3%17.0%
3 months to less than 1 year4,80623.0%18.4%
1 year to less than 3 years9,76646.7%37.4%
3 years to less than 5 years8344.0%3.2%
5 years to less than 10 years1,0214.9%3.9%
More than 10 years200.1%0.1%
StateNumber of clausesGSDP (In Rs lakh crore)GSDP (In $ billion)
Gujarat146915.6200.4
Punjab12735.370.2
Maharashtra121026.3351.0
Karnataka117515.4205.9
Tamil Nadu104316.3217.4
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With our focus on monographs, the two most significant groups are large commercial publishers and university presses. These publish the vast majority of monographs in circulation, although in recent years, smaller open access publishers have also begun to emerge.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7354, "y": 8.0447}, {"x": 4.9665, "y": 8.0495}, {"x": 4.9663, "y": 8.2261}, {"x": 0.7352, "y": 8.2214}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "The role of publishers includes (among other things):", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9018, "y": 8.5174}, {"x": 3.3618, "y": 8.5078}, {"x": 3.3625, "y": 8.6845}, {"x": 0.9025, "y": 8.694}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 acquisitions and list curation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9025, "y": 8.7513}, {"x": 4.5654, "y": 8.7561}, {"x": 4.5652, "y": 8.928}, {"x": 0.9023, "y": 8.9232}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 editorial work and coordinating peer review", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8976, "y": 8.99}, {"x": 7.6022, "y": 8.9852}, {"x": 7.6024, "y": 9.1714}, {"x": 0.8978, "y": 9.1762}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 design and production (for various formats, typically: print, digital PDF, and EPUB)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8978, "y": 9.224}, {"x": 7.4066, "y": 9.2287}, {"x": 7.4063, "y": 9.6535}, {"x": 0.8974, "y": 9.6488}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "\u00b7 distribution and marketing of finished products into various channels (libraries, aggregators, stores) where readers can access books", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7354, "y": 10.2982}, {"x": 2.975, "y": 10.2982}, {"x": 2.975, "y": 10.4319}, {"x": 0.7354, "y": 10.4319}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "6 | The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000068.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3323, "y": 0.9787}, {"x": 6.5612, "y": 0.9787}, {"x": 6.5612, "y": 1.375}, {"x": 1.3323, "y": 1.375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "The World Bank/PEMSEA Assessment of Policies and Regulations to Guide Country Dialogue at National Level to Reduce Plastic Waste in the Philippines indicated:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.6093, "y": 1.6471}, {"x": 6.5421, "y": 1.6471}, {"x": 6.5421, "y": 3.3707}, {"x": 1.6093, "y": 3.3707}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "\"Despite these efforts, there seemed to be very limited information that shows the effectiveness of the bans on reducing plastics and litter, or even diversion from landfills in the country. For the majority of LGUs in the country, however, there seemed to be no clear documentation and reporting of progress and updated waste data possibly due to the difficulty and complexity of data generation and assessment. Another possible constraint is that the scope of the LGU ordinances vary and covered different kinds of SUPP, including the exemptions, which makes integration of the various reports, if available, a challenge.\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.3275, "y": 3.6523}, {"x": 6.9815, "y": 3.6523}, {"x": 6.9815, "y": 4.4878}, {"x": 1.3275, "y": 4.4878}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The World Bank/PEMSEA report also recommended that a baseline assessment be conducted to obtain a better understanding which SUPP are the most prevalent and problematic in the Philippines and to also identify the sources and extent and impacts of mismanagement.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9646, "y": 4.76}, {"x": 6.9719, "y": 4.76}, {"x": 6.9719, "y": 7.1615}, {"x": 0.9646, "y": 7.1615}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "b. Extended producer responsibility (EPR). EPR schemes use a combination of regulatory approaches to extend manufacturers' responsibility for single-use plastic products throughout their life cycle, including to the end-of-life stage. These schemes are aimed at decreasing the overall environmental impact from a product and its packaging. The primary responsibility under EPR lies with the producer, who makes design and marketing decisions. In most European countries, product manufacturers are charged a fee for every piece of packaging they put onto the market based on the reusability or recyclability of the packaging, supported by technical analysis. These fees are intended to cover some or all of the costs of collection, sorting and recycling. Since the recycling of plastic packaging costs more than it yields, companies will benefit from a more cost- effective system of packaging.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9885, "y": 7.424}, {"x": 4.7657, "y": 7.424}, {"x": 4.7657, "y": 9.816}, {"x": 0.9885, "y": 9.816}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "c. Regulated Storage, Manufacture and Use of plastics. India required its states to enforce existing rules on the storage, manufacture, and use of some single-use plastics in lieu of a nationwide ban. Meanwhile, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) is yet to issue a list of non-environmentally accepted products (NEAP) as provided in Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act, passed a decade ago. This will include single use plastics in all product forms per technical advice of the Department of Science and", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.5966, "y": 8.7799}, {"x": 5.711, "y": 8.7716}, {"x": 5.7542, "y": 9.3624}, {"x": 5.6399, "y": 9.3708}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "RECYCLE ME", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.3034, "y": 8.7704}, {"x": 6.4084, "y": 8.7704}, {"x": 6.4084, "y": 9.3147}, {"x": 6.3034, "y": 9.3147}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "RECYCLE ME", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 5.2806, "y": 9.6202}, {"x": 6.8382, "y": 9.6155}, {"x": 6.8391, "y": 9.9059}, {"x": 5.2815, "y": 9.9107}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Figure 27. Soft drinks can with the message \"Recycle Me\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.2579, "y": 10.3793}, {"x": 0.468, "y": 10.3793}, {"x": 0.468, "y": 10.5655}, {"x": 0.2579, "y": 10.5655}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "64", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7115, "y": 10.408}, {"x": 4.8137, "y": 10.4128}, {"x": 4.8135, "y": 10.5655}, {"x": 0.7113, "y": 10.5608}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000174.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7752, "y": 0.8079}, {"x": 2.9198, "y": 0.8079}, {"x": 2.9198, "y": 1.0367}, {"x": 0.7752, "y": 1.0367}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Tycho Brahe's Observatory", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7678, "y": 1.3392}, {"x": 4.7211, "y": 1.3392}, {"x": 4.7211, "y": 3.2465}, {"x": 0.7678, "y": 3.2465}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Three years after the publication of Copernicus' De Revolutionibus, Tycho Brahe was born to a family of Danish nobility. He developed an early interest in astronomy and, as a young man, made significant astronomical observations. Among these was a careful study of what we now know was an exploding star that flared up to great brilliance in the night sky. His growing reputation gained him the patronage of the Danish King Frederick II, and at the age of 30, Brahe was able to establish a fine astronomical observatory on the North Sea island of Hven (Figure 1). Brahe was the last and greatest of the pre-telescopic observers in Europe.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.9671, "y": 3.7151}, {"x": 4.5144, "y": 3.7151}, {"x": 4.5144, "y": 4.1799}, {"x": 0.9671, "y": 4.1799}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) and Johannes Kepler (1571-1630).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.9124, "y": 4.4935}, {"x": 3.4925, "y": 4.4972}, {"x": 3.4912, "y": 4.712}, {"x": 2.911, "y": 4.7083}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "IOANNIS KEPPLER\u0130 Mathematici Carfarci hanc Imaginem.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.8755, "y": 4.7333}, {"x": 3.4329, "y": 4.737}, {"x": 3.4321, "y": 4.8563}, {"x": 2.8747, "y": 4.8526}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "ALCEN TORATENNI BIROUTHECA Conker", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2.8829, "y": 4.8624}, {"x": 3.389, "y": 4.8661}, {"x": 3.3886, "y": 4.9288}, {"x": 2.8824, "y": 4.9251}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "MATTHIAS BERNE GGERVS,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.0121, "y": 4.9288}, {"x": 3.2446, "y": 4.9325}, {"x": 3.2438, "y": 4.9842}, {"x": 3.0113, "y": 4.9805}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "MDCXXAL", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5575, "y": 6.1524}, {"x": 1.6131, "y": 6.1426}, {"x": 1.6244, "y": 6.2066}, {"x": 1.5688, "y": 6.2164}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "70", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.2993, "y": 6.2311}, {"x": 1.3393, "y": 6.2211}, {"x": 1.351, "y": 6.268}, {"x": 1.3111, "y": 6.278}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.6721, "y": 6.862}, {"x": 1.7718, "y": 6.862}, {"x": 1.7718, "y": 6.9505}, {"x": 1.6721, "y": 6.9505}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "(a)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.743, "y": 6.862}, {"x": 3.8352, "y": 6.862}, {"x": 3.8352, "y": 6.9468}, {"x": 3.743, "y": 6.9468}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "(b)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.8379, "y": 7.0354}, {"x": 4.651, "y": 7.0354}, {"x": 4.651, "y": 7.5666}, {"x": 0.8379, "y": 7.5666}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Figure 1. (a) A stylized engraving shows Tycho Brahe using his instruments to measure the altitude of celestial objects above the horizon. The large curved instrument in the foreground allowed", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.4359, "y": 7.7732}, {"x": 4.7174, "y": 7.7732}, {"x": 4.7174, "y": 7.9097}, {"x": 1.4359, "y": 7.9097}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Chapter 3 Orbits and Gravity Section 3.1: The Laws of Planetary", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0493, "y": 7.9134}, {"x": 4.7174, "y": 7.9134}, {"x": 4.7174, "y": 8.0352}, {"x": 4.0493, "y": 8.0352}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Motion | 99", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000075.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5514, "y": 0.9683}, {"x": 7.2854, "y": 0.9683}, {"x": 7.2854, "y": 1.7541}, {"x": 1.5514, "y": 1.7541}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "2020 and 2021, and, for approximately half of AMS, working hours lost were higher in 2021 compared to 2020 (Figure 1.3). The disruptions in global supply chains because of travel and transport restrictions hit some AMS particularly hard because of supply needs from other countries.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5514, "y": 1.9214}, {"x": 7.2905, "y": 1.9214}, {"x": 7.2905, "y": 4.7148}, {"x": 1.5514, "y": 4.7148}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Despite these tremendous job losses, many countries also experienced labour shortages due to previously unprecedented demand for certain products, such as rubber gloves in Malaysia and for fishery products in Thailand. The return of migrant workers to their home countries contributed to significant labour shortages (Lee and David, 2021; Sriring and Staporncharnchai, 2021).4 COVID-related movement restrictions caused many workers to withdraw from the labour force (especially women) and labour force participation rates declined in most countries.5 This was the case for Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Viet Nam (Figure 1.4). According to the ILO (2021c), female employment in AMS in 2020 was 3.9 percent lower than the expected level, which is markedly less than the 2.7 percent figure for male employment.6 The impact of the pandemic on employment is evident in lower labour force participation, lower working hours, and higher unemployment rates in most countries (Figure 1.5).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5615, "y": 4.877}, {"x": 7.0218, "y": 4.877}, {"x": 7.0218, "y": 5.0697}, {"x": 1.5615, "y": 5.0697}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.3. Decline in weekly working hours compared to 2019 (percent)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5717, "y": 5.2218}, {"x": 1.7136, "y": 5.2167}, {"x": 1.718, "y": 5.3382}, {"x": 1.576, "y": 5.3433}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "18", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5717, "y": 5.4499}, {"x": 1.7238, "y": 5.4499}, {"x": 1.7238, "y": 5.5716}, {"x": 1.5717, "y": 5.5716}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "16", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5767, "y": 5.6933}, {"x": 1.7136, "y": 5.6933}, {"x": 1.7136, "y": 5.8099}, {"x": 1.5767, "y": 5.8099}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "14", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5717, "y": 5.9214}, {"x": 1.7136, "y": 5.9214}, {"x": 1.7136, "y": 6.038}, {"x": 1.5717, "y": 6.038}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "12", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5717, "y": 6.1597}, {"x": 1.7187, "y": 6.1597}, {"x": 1.7187, "y": 6.2813}, {"x": 1.5717, "y": 6.2813}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.6278, "y": 6.3963}, {"x": 1.7136, "y": 6.3929}, {"x": 1.7187, "y": 6.5196}, {"x": 1.6328, "y": 6.523}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.6325, "y": 6.6362}, {"x": 1.7187, "y": 6.6362}, {"x": 1.7187, "y": 6.7528}, {"x": 1.6325, "y": 6.7528}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.6325, "y": 6.8644}, {"x": 1.7238, "y": 6.8644}, {"x": 1.7238, "y": 6.981}, {"x": 1.6325, "y": 6.981}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.6274, "y": 7.1128}, {"x": 1.7187, "y": 7.1128}, {"x": 1.7187, "y": 7.2294}, {"x": 1.6274, "y": 7.2294}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.6274, "y": 7.3409}, {"x": 1.7135, "y": 7.3372}, {"x": 1.7187, "y": 7.4575}, {"x": 1.6327, "y": 7.4612}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.9468, "y": 7.4829}, {"x": 3.4323, "y": 7.4829}, {"x": 3.4323, "y": 7.5944}, {"x": 1.9468, "y": 7.5944}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Brunei Cambodia Indonesia", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 3.5337, "y": 7.493}, {"x": 3.9697, "y": 7.493}, {"x": 3.9697, "y": 7.5944}, {"x": 3.5337, "y": 7.5944}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Lao PDR", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.8454, "y": 7.6096}, {"x": 2.3828, "y": 7.6096}, {"x": 2.3828, "y": 7.7161}, {"x": 1.8454, "y": 7.7161}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Darussalam", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0861, "y": 7.4879}, {"x": 6.7429, "y": 7.4829}, {"x": 6.7432, "y": 7.6045}, {"x": 4.0863, "y": 7.6096}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 6.7784, "y": 7.4879}, {"x": 7.2296, "y": 7.4879}, {"x": 7.2296, "y": 7.5893}, {"x": 6.7784, "y": 7.5893}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Viet Nam", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.0598, "y": 7.8732}, {"x": 4.4716, "y": 7.8732}, {"x": 4.4716, "y": 7.985}, {"x": 4.0598, "y": 7.985}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": ":selected: 2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4.5213, "y": 7.8351}, {"x": 4.8975, "y": 7.8276}, {"x": 4.901, "y": 8.005}, {"x": 4.5249, "y": 8.0125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": ":selected: 2021", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.5565, "y": 8.1166}, {"x": 2.8341, "y": 8.1166}, {"x": 2.8341, "y": 8.2788}, {"x": 1.5565, "y": 8.2788}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Source: ILO (2022a)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1711, "y": 9.2622}, {"x": 7.2907, "y": 9.2674}, {"x": 7.2904, "y": 9.6646}, {"x": 1.1708, "y": 9.6594}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "4 There are of course long-standing reasons for the labour shortages in these sectors, which accounts for their high reliance for migrant workers, including poor working conditions, that is prone to abuse, and lack of attractiveness for local workers (Looi, 2020; Ng, 2020; ILO, 2015).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1711, "y": 9.673}, {"x": 7.2905, "y": 9.673}, {"x": 7.2905, "y": 10.3117}, {"x": 1.1711, "y": 10.3117}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "5 Mckinsey Global Institute (2020) estimates that at the beginning of the pandemic, women accounted for more than half of total job losses from COVID-19 though they made up only two-fifths of the global labour force. This is because they are overrepresented in sectors hardest hit by the pandemic: accommodation and food services; retail and wholesale trade; and other services, such as arts, recreation, and public administration.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1711, "y": 10.332}, {"x": 7.2855, "y": 10.3371}, {"x": 7.2852, "y": 10.7361}, {"x": 1.1708, "y": 10.731}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "6 This is equivalent to saying there is greater increase in unemployment or inactivity for women compared to men. According to the report, one reason is the increase in unpaid care responsibilities for women as schools closed (ILO, 2021c).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1.1509, "y": 11.1026}, {"x": 3.4982, "y": 11.1026}, {"x": 3.4982, "y": 11.2953}, {"x": 1.1509, "y": 11.2953}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 7.6758, "y": 11.1178}, {"x": 7.8745, "y": 11.1127}, {"x": 7.8786, "y": 11.2699}, {"x": 7.6798, "y": 11.275}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "15", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000125.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7715, "y": 0.8153}, {"x": 4.7174, "y": 0.8153}, {"x": 4.7174, "y": 1.9258}, {"x": 0.7715, "y": 1.9258}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "ways. Review Figure 2.16 below, which is a line graph of the percentage of Canadian vs. foreign television programmes watched in New Brunswick from 2000 to 2004. Because of the similar colours of the lines, it is difficult for the reader to understand which line graph corresponds to which colour from the legend.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.6534, "y": 6.696}, {"x": 4.6842, "y": 6.696}, {"x": 4.6842, "y": 7.6884}, {"x": 0.6534, "y": 7.6884}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "8. Statistics Canada. Table 22-10-0097-01 Television viewing time of all television stations, by province, content and type of programme. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.25318/2210009701-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.7678, "y": 7.9355}, {"x": 2.7648, "y": 7.9355}, {"x": 2.7648, "y": 8.061}, {"x": 0.7678, "y": 8.061}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "54 | Misleading Data Visualizations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/dataset/sample_results/unstructured_241010.json b/dataset/sample_results/unstructured_241010.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7146dbfb4187fa54459b59337be2f9d14c4a3e52 --- /dev/null +++ b/dataset/sample_results/unstructured_241010.json @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +{"01030000000047.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 127.94634246826172, "y": 96.40251159667969}, {"x": 127.94634246826172, "y": 122.2137451171875}, {"x": 629.2810668945312, "y": 122.2137451171875}, {"x": 629.2810668945312, "y": 96.40251159667969}], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "ANFREL Pre-Election Assessment Mission Report", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 138.5510711669922, "y": 161.2090606689453}, {"x": 138.5510711669922, "y": 715.3994750976562}, {"x": 1505.520263671875, "y": 715.3994750976562}, {"x": 1505.520263671875, "y": 161.2090606689453}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
NoPolitical partyProvisional registration result on 7 MarchOfficial registration result on 29 AprilDifference in the number of candidates
Number of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidatesNumber of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidates
11Khmer United Party3549830457-41
12Grassroots Democracy Party3243532481+46
13Beehive Social Democratic Party2542523392-33
14Cambodian Indigeneous Peoples Democracy Party1919419202+8
15Ekpheap Cheat Khmer Party1517514178+3
16Reaksmey Khemara Party779688+9
17Khmer Economic Development Party465464-1
Total84,20886,092+1,884
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|S| Medium\ufe4d Large |
Total applicable compliances7841,1881,693
Compliances with imprisonment154362622
Percentage of imprisonment \n clauses20%30%37%
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mmmm
Less than 3 months104282
3 months to less than 1 year67203373
1 year to less than 3 years505868
3 years to less than 5 years84080
5 years to 10 years191919
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If n is the dimension, then any set of n linearly independent vector \ufb01elds may be used as a basis. The coordinate basis X is an example of a basis.1 We will see later that not every basis is a coordinate basis: in order to be a coordinate basis, there must be a coordinate system such that each basis element is the directional derivative operator in a corresponding coordinate direction.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 389.7633361816406, "y": 751.7659912109375}, {"x": 389.7633361816406, "y": 857.0423583984375}, {"x": 1268.7119140625, "y": 857.0423583984375}, {"x": 1268.7119140625, "y": 751.7659912109375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Let e be a tuple of basis vector \ufb01elds, such as the coordinate basis X. The general vector \ufb01eld v applied to an arbitrary manifold function f can be expressed as a linear combination", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 400.00349194444453, "y": 883.6546630859375}, {"x": 400.00349194444453, "y": 961.703125}, {"x": 993.0576171875, "y": 961.703125}, {"x": 993.0576171875, "y": 883.6546630859375}], "category": "equation", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "v(f)(m) = e(f)(m) b(m) = ei(f)(m) bi(m), i", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 394.499267578125, "y": 980.7618408203125}, {"x": 394.499267578125, "y": 1266.6884765625}, {"x": 1270.480224609375, "y": 1266.6884765625}, {"x": 1270.480224609375, "y": 980.7618408203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "where b is a tuple-valued coe\ufb03cient function on the manifold. When expressed in a coordinate basis, the coe\ufb03cients that specify the direction of the vector are naturally expressed as functions bi of the coordinates of the manifold point. Here, the coe\ufb03cient function b is more naturally expressed as a tuple-valued function on the manifold. If b is the coe\ufb03cient function expressed as a function of coordinates, then b = b \u25e6 \u03c7 is the coe\ufb03cient function as a function on the manifold.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 398.00396728515625, "y": 1271.0598722222223}, {"x": 398.00396728515625, "y": 1448.5537109375}, {"x": 1269.7017822265625, "y": 1448.5537109375}, {"x": 1269.7017822265625, "y": 1271.0598722222223}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "The coordinate-basis forms have a simple de\ufb01nition in terms of the coordinate-basis vectors and the coordinates (equation 3.40). With this choice, the dual property, equation (3.41), holds without further fuss. More generally, we can de\ufb01ne a basis of one-forms \u02dce that is dual to e in that the property", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 398.8948669433594, "y": 1473.1133055555554}, {"x": 398.8948669433594, "y": 1518.54296875}, {"x": 589.73046875, "y": 1518.54296875}, {"x": 589.73046875, "y": 1473.1133055555554}], "category": "equation", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "\u02dcei(ej)(m) = \u03b4i", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 398.5022277832031, "y": 1541.2547607421875}, {"x": 398.5022277832031, "y": 1610.427734375}, {"x": 1263.2510986328125, "y": 1610.427734375}, {"x": 1263.2510986328125, "y": 1541.2547607421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "is satis\ufb01ed, analogous to property (3.41). Figure 4.1 illustrates the duality of basis \ufb01elds.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 398.1268310546875, "y": 1656.0611111111111}, {"x": 398.1268310546875, "y": 1718.690673828125}, {"x": 1272.49267578125, "y": 1718.690673828125}, {"x": 1272.49267578125, "y": 1656.0611111111111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "1We cannot say if the basis vectors are orthogonal or normalized until we introduce a metric.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1201.0035580555557, "y": 889.7390747070312}, {"x": 1201.0035580555557, "y": 928.4634399414062}, {"x": 1267.168701171875, "y": 928.4634399414062}, {"x": 1267.168701171875, "y": 889.7390747070312}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "(4.1)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1201.0058333333334, "y": 1476.134765625}, {"x": 1201.0058333333334, "y": 1514.4344482421875}, {"x": 1267.874755859375, "y": 1514.4344482421875}, {"x": 1267.874755859375, "y": 1476.134765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "(4.2)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000161.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 238.43055555555554, "y": 314.3130555555555}, {"x": 238.43055555555554, "y": 339.3130555555555}, {"x": 255.00555555555553, "y": 339.3130555555555}, {"x": 255.00555555555553, "y": 314.3130555555555}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 238.43055555555554, "y": 780.9797222222221}, {"x": 238.43055555555554, "y": 805.9797222222221}, {"x": 255.00555555555553, "y": 805.9797222222221}, {"x": 255.00555555555553, "y": 780.9797222222221}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 238.43055555555554, "y": 1208.7575}, {"x": 238.43055555555554, "y": 1233.7575}, {"x": 255.00555555555553, "y": 1233.7575}, {"x": 255.00555555555553, "y": 1208.7575}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 238.43055555555554, "y": 1286.5352777777778}, {"x": 238.43055555555554, "y": 1311.5352777777778}, {"x": 255.00555555555553, "y": 1311.5352777777778}, {"x": 255.00555555555553, "y": 1286.5352777777778}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 270.0592041015625, "y": 231.63633728027344}, {"x": 270.0592041015625, "y": 301.3457946777344}, {"x": 880.9716666666666, "y": 301.3457946777344}, {"x": 880.9716666666666, "y": 231.63633728027344}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "of any individual to color their decisions, even when they\u2019re acting in good faith.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 266.7458801269531, "y": 310.61419677734375}, {"x": 266.7458801269531, "y": 768.4512329101562}, {"x": 893.4186111111111, "y": 768.4512329101562}, {"x": 893.4186111111111, "y": 310.61419677734375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Credentials: Academic credentials tend to represent a significant commitment of time towards gaining mastery of a subject, and therefore requiring a particular degree may increase the likelihood of accurate information. However, not all groups are equally represented in higher education. Degree completion is uneven across race and income factors (among others), making academia not demographically representative of our society as a whole. Some perspectives are therefore systematically underrepresented in groups with advanced degrees.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 268.9818420410156, "y": 776.9522094726562}, {"x": 268.9818420410156, "y": 1194.868611111111}, {"x": 899.3602777777777, "y": 1194.868611111111}, {"x": 899.3602777777777, "y": 776.9522094726562}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Peer Review: Peer review sometimes only results in collaborative improvements to a work. It can also prevent the publication of very obviously flawed or poorly executed or analyzed research. Very new or radical ideas may be initially rejected because they are such a departure from existing dogma. Peer review is largely a practice of academia, therefore has the same exclusionary problems mentioned in the credentials section. It is possible for individual reviewers to act in a biased or unethical way to prevent the publication of some works.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 268.2181701660156, "y": 1204.3671875}, {"x": 268.2181701660156, "y": 1273.3653564453125}, {"x": 886.3327777777779, "y": 1273.3653564453125}, {"x": 886.3327777777779, "y": 1204.3671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Fact Checking: Not a lot of downside here. Let me know if your students come up with anything good.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 270.6747222222222, "y": 1281.3126220703125}, {"x": 270.6747222222222, "y": 1470.09521484375}, {"x": 876.7077777777778, "y": 1470.09521484375}, {"x": 876.7077777777778, "y": 1281.3126220703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Domains: For some top level domains (mostly just .gov and .edu) looking at the domain provides some assurance that the web content there is an official communication of a particular institution. There really isn\u2019t any problem with domains excluding", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1572.518611111111}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1594.7408333333335}, {"x": 437.9399999999999, "y": 1594.7408333333335}, {"x": 437.9399999999999, "y": 1572.518611111111}], "category": "heading1", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "106 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000149.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 60.93454360961914, "y": 67.91571044921875}, {"x": 60.93454360961914, "y": 169.95753479003906}, {"x": 216.47532653808594, "y": 169.95753479003906}, {"x": 216.47532653808594, "y": 67.91571044921875}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Circle", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1132.4466552734375, "y": 64.82308197021484}, {"x": 1132.4466552734375, "y": 142.31216430664062}, {"x": 1251.2137451171875, "y": 142.31216430664062}, {"x": 1251.2137451171875, "y": 64.82308197021484}], "category": "figure", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "[ ]", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1257.1751708984375, "y": 72.3549575805664}, {"x": 1257.1751708984375, "y": 134.6339874267578}, {"x": 1518.8961181640625, "y": 134.6339874267578}, {"x": 1518.8961181640625, "y": 72.3549575805664}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Co-funded by the European Union", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 488.6637878417969}, {"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 563.3888888888887}, {"x": 1374.4608154296875, "y": 563.3888888888887}, {"x": 1374.4608154296875, "y": 488.6637878417969}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "With this in mind, here we have the 7 key competence areas selected to form a part of Eco- Circle\u2019s Competence Framework:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 407.18206787109375, "y": 609.3414306640625}, {"x": 407.18206787109375, "y": 641.0555555555554}, {"x": 841.1015555555555, "y": 641.0555555555554}, {"x": 841.1015555555555, "y": 609.3414306640625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Eco-Circle Competence Framework", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 409.5466003417969, "y": 675.2601318359375}, {"x": 409.5466003417969, "y": 707.0555555555554}, {"x": 843.1015555555555, "y": 707.0555555555554}, {"x": 843.1015555555555, "y": 675.2601318359375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "#1: The 3 Rs: Recycle-Reuse-Reduce", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 411.7707214355469, "y": 742.4849243164062}, {"x": 411.7707214355469, "y": 774.6637573242188}, {"x": 808.4348888888887, "y": 774.6637573242188}, {"x": 808.4348888888887, "y": 742.4849243164062}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "#2: Lifecycle of Circular Economy", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 404.1073913574219, "y": 807.6074829101562}, {"x": 404.1073913574219, "y": 841.3575439453125}, {"x": 1010.7808227539062, "y": 841.3575439453125}, {"x": 1010.7808227539062, "y": 807.6074829101562}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "#3: Social Entrepreneurship and Circular Economy", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 407.88128662109375, "y": 874.442626953125}, {"x": 407.88128662109375, "y": 906.42822265625}, {"x": 930.4850463867188, "y": 906.42822265625}, {"x": 930.4850463867188, "y": 874.442626953125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "#4: Corporate Environmental Sustainability", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 409.5788269042969, "y": 940.2886962890625}, {"x": 409.5788269042969, "y": 972.490478515625}, {"x": 823.1015555555555, "y": 972.490478515625}, {"x": 823.1015555555555, "y": 940.2886962890625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "#5: Embodying Sustainable Values", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 410.5072937011719, "y": 1006.5697021484375}, {"x": 410.5072937011719, "y": 1038.1388888888887}, {"x": 791.7682222222221, "y": 1038.1388888888887}, {"x": 791.7682222222221, "y": 1006.5697021484375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "#6: Environmental Engagement", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 411.4859924316406, "y": 1071.695556640625}, {"x": 411.4859924316406, "y": 1105.0723876953125}, {"x": 1053.8237777777777, "y": 1105.0723876953125}, {"x": 1053.8237777777777, "y": 1071.695556640625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "#7: Supporting Local Eco-friendly and Green Activities", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 252.73333333333332, "y": 2113.25}, {"x": 252.73333333333332, "y": 2172.0166666666664}, {"x": 1426.303111111111, "y": 2172.0166666666664}, {"x": 1426.303111111111, "y": 2113.25}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 607.2860107421875, "y": 2191.0}, {"x": 607.2860107421875, "y": 2221.6666666666665}, {"x": 1072.1251111111112, "y": 2221.6666666666665}, {"x": 1072.1251111111112, "y": 2191.0}], "category": "footer", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000030.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 205.999755859375, "y": 53.907127380371094}, {"x": 205.999755859375, "y": 83.15442583333348}, {"x": 477.31915283203125, "y": 83.15442583333348}, {"x": 477.31915283203125, "y": 53.907127380371094}], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Combinatorial Cosmology", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 208.66138888888887, "y": 84.09954833984375}, {"x": 208.66138888888887, "y": 115.64213562011719}, {"x": 693.3123196388889, "y": 115.64213562011719}, {"x": 693.3123196388889, "y": 84.09954833984375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90696", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.71142578125, "y": 149.58328247070312}, {"x": 205.71142578125, "y": 582.8870849609375}, {"x": 1211.078125, "y": 582.8870849609375}, {"x": 1211.078125, "y": 149.58328247070312}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "As for the normal phase, the choice will, to start with, be the simplest possible one: each path is either possible or not, corresponding to the probability weights 1 and 0. During the extreme phases, this assumption is no longer reasonable. Again the model will be extremely simplified, but still it is based on physical intuition and, most importantly, completely time symmetric. Assume that the only types of edges having a non-neglectable chance of occurring during the extreme phase m 1, m are of the following two kinds: The first scenario is that the universe \u00bd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd passes through the extreme phase into a state of zero entropy. The other scenario is that it passes into a state with high entropy (equal to 2m). Universes of one of these two types will be given the (un-normalized) probability 1 or p, respectively. Here p > 0 should be thought of as a very small number, at least when the size of the model becomes large. During the other extreme phase m, m 1 , near the Big \u00bd \u00fe \ufffd Crunch, we make the completely symmetric assumption.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 201.23257446289062, "y": 579.7391357421875}, {"x": 201.23257446289062, "y": 938.0982666015625}, {"x": 1212.553955078125, "y": 938.0982666015625}, {"x": 1212.553955078125, "y": 579.7391357421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Remark 3. These assumptions may perhaps seem somewhat arbitrary. And to a certain extent, this may be so. However, they do represent the following viewpoint of what may happen at the full cosmological scale: we may think of the Big Bang and the Big Crunch as states of complete order with zero volume and entropy. Such states can very well be metastable, very much like an oversaturated gas at a tem- perature below the point of condensation. If no disturbance takes place, such meta- stable states can very well continue to exist for a substantial period of time. In particular, a low-entropy state can have a very good chance of surviving the intense but extremely short extreme phase. On the other hand, if a sufficiently large dis- turbance occurs, then the metastable state may almost immediately decay into a", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.96426391601562, "y": 947.3841552734375}, {"x": 194.96426391601562, "y": 1046.3164972222216}, {"x": 1217.306396484375, "y": 1046.3164972222216}, {"x": 1217.306396484375, "y": 947.3841552734375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "It is not my intension to further argue in favor of this viewpoint here. The main thing in this chapter is to show that completely symmetric boundary conditions at the endpoints may give rise to a broken time symmetry.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 227.8126678466797, "y": 1046.9825439453125}, {"x": 227.8126678466797, "y": 1081.844970703125}, {"x": 1020.6398315429688, "y": 1081.844970703125}, {"x": 1020.6398315429688, "y": 1046.9825439453125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "The multiverse now splits up into four different kinds of paths:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 241.88778555555533, "y": 1112.0333251953125}, {"x": 241.88778555555533, "y": 1146.123291015625}, {"x": 928.5234375, "y": 1146.123291015625}, {"x": 928.5234375, "y": 1112.0333251953125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "\u2022 LL: The entropy is low (=0) at both ends ( m and m).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 241.86011166666646, "y": 1180.008544921875}, {"x": 241.86011166666646, "y": 1214.4041748046875}, {"x": 756.92138671875, "y": 1214.4041748046875}, {"x": 756.92138671875, "y": 1180.008544921875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "\u2022 LH: The entropy is 0 at m and 2m at m.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 241.86011166666637, "y": 1247.36669921875}, {"x": 241.86011166666637, "y": 1279.5919189453125}, {"x": 755.6488647460938, "y": 1279.5919189453125}, {"x": 755.6488647460938, "y": 1247.36669921875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "\u2022 HL: The entropy is 2m at m and 0 at m.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 241.88778555555524, "y": 1311.816162109375}, {"x": 241.88778555555524, "y": 1347.12109375}, {"x": 981.7960205078125, "y": 1347.12109375}, {"x": 981.7960205078125, "y": 1311.816162109375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "\u2022 HH: The entropy is high ( 2m) at both ends ( m and m).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 201.63388061523438, "y": 1378.582275390625}, {"x": 201.63388061523438, "y": 1480.9681396484375}, {"x": 1186.030517578125, "y": 1480.9681396484375}, {"x": 1186.030517578125, "y": 1378.582275390625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "If we now denote by NLL, NLH, NHL and NHH the number of paths of the indicated kinds, then with the above assumptions we also get the corresponding probability weights for the corresponding types as", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 296.9358825683594, "y": 1501.3695068359375}, {"x": 296.9358825683594, "y": 1541.671875}, {"x": 1029.958251953125, "y": 1541.671875}, {"x": 1029.958251953125, "y": 1501.3695068359375}], "category": "equation", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "p2NHH: NLL, pNLH,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 238.49893188476562, "y": 1568.429443359375}, {"x": 238.49893188476562, "y": 1633.8913466666668}, {"x": 1176.3826904296875, "y": 1633.8913466666668}, {"x": 1176.3826904296875, "y": 1568.429443359375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "We can now consider the following two types of broken time symmetry: Definition 4. A multiverse is said to exhibit a weak broken time symmetry if", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 601.0662841796875, "y": 1659.556396484375}, {"x": 601.0662841796875, "y": 1692.2518772222222}, {"x": 810.4866333007812, "y": 1692.2518772222222}, {"x": 810.4866333007812, "y": 1659.556396484375}], "category": "equation", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "PHL:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 248.0330533333333, "y": 1721.032958984375}, {"x": 248.0330533333333, "y": 1756.4560546875}, {"x": 1170.597487222222, "y": 1756.4560546875}, {"x": 1170.597487222222, "y": 1721.032958984375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Definition 5. A multiverse is said to exhibit a strong broken time symmetry if", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 557.3411254882812, "y": 1778.170654296875}, {"x": 557.3411254882812, "y": 1813.4613037109375}, {"x": 849.8341722222223, "y": 1813.4613037109375}, {"x": 849.8341722222223, "y": 1778.170654296875}], "category": "equation", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "PHL:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 207.904052734375, "y": 1841.6685791015625}, {"x": 207.904052734375, "y": 1909.7994384765625}, {"x": 1180.7280942777777, "y": 1909.7994384765625}, {"x": 1180.7280942777777, "y": 1841.6685791015625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Both these definitions should of course be made more precise when applied to specific models for the multiverse, e.g., by showing that the corresponding limits", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1123.934476111111, "y": 1503.319580078125}, {"x": 1123.934476111111, "y": 1535.4553238888889}, {"x": 1179.3489990234375, "y": 1535.4553238888889}, {"x": 1179.3489990234375, "y": 1503.319580078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "(10)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1127.7029594444443, "y": 1658.0885009765625}, {"x": 1127.7029594444443, "y": 1690.5731016666666}, {"x": 1179.1927490234375, "y": 1690.5731016666666}, {"x": 1179.1927490234375, "y": 1658.0885009765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "(11)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1127.098865, "y": 1779.153076171875}, {"x": 1127.098865, "y": 1810.8881016666667}, {"x": 1178.70068359375, "y": 1810.8881016666667}, {"x": 1178.70068359375, "y": 1779.153076171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "(12)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 154.5531016666669}, {"x": -1169.2913888888888, "y": 182.22699055555563}, {"x": -259.9550738888889, "y": 182.22699055555563}, {"x": 0, "y": 154.5531016666669}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "With this setup and the random dynamics introduced earlier, each B-matrix", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 187.78944222222233}, {"x": -1208.6713327777777, "y": 215.46333111111107}, {"x": -242.95500394444423, "y": 215.46333111111107}, {"x": 0, "y": 187.78944222222233}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "contains all the information about the edges from all the states at one moment of", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 220.85254611111128}, {"x": -1208.6713327777777, "y": 250.5659194444446}, {"x": -225.41206461111108, "y": 250.5659194444446}, {"x": 0, "y": 220.85254611111128}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "time to the states at the next one. For example, B12 contains the information about", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 254.08888666666672}, {"x": -735.9095255555557, "y": 281.7627755555555}, {"x": -612.6223505555557, "y": 281.7627755555555}, {"x": 0, "y": 254.08888666666672}], "category": "heading1", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "0 at time t", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 254.08888666666672}, {"x": -554.4795100000001, "y": 282.6206661111112}, {"x": -214.09067666666684, "y": 282.6206661111112}, {"x": 0, "y": 254.08888666666672}], "category": "heading1", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "2 to the five states with S \u2264 1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 254.08888666666672}, {"x": -1208.6625694444444, "y": 281.7627755555555}, {"x": -772.6604500000001, "y": 281.7627755555555}, {"x": 0, "y": 254.08888666666672}], "category": "heading1", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "all edges from the single state with S", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 272.54737055555563}, {"x": -764.8840872222223, "y": 300.2212594444444}, {"x": -743.5751927777778, "y": 300.2212594444444}, {"x": 0, "y": 272.54737055555563}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "\u00bc", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 272.54737055555563}, {"x": -604.8736616666669, "y": 300.2212594444444}, {"x": -554.5902055555557, "y": 300.2212594444444}, {"x": 0, "y": 272.54737055555563}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "\u00bc \ufffd", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 287.32522722222217}, {"x": -1208.6625694444447, "y": 314.99911611111094}, {"x": -1126.8032061111112, "y": 314.99911611111094}, {"x": 0, "y": 287.32522722222217}], "category": "heading1", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "when t", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 287.3094905555556}, {"x": -1068.826408888889, "y": 316.865363888889}, {"x": -231.09004605555543, "y": 316.865363888889}, {"x": 0, "y": 287.3094905555556}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "1. In the same way, B23 gives a complete description of the edges from", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 305.7837111111111}, {"x": -1119.0545172222223, "y": 333.45759999999984}, {"x": -1068.771061111111, "y": 333.45759999999984}, {"x": 0, "y": 305.7837111111111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "\u00bc \ufffd", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 320.54583111111106}, {"x": -788.0464316666665, "y": 349.07761055555557}, {"x": -378.6389194444443, "y": 349.07761055555557}, {"x": 0, "y": 320.54583111111106}], "category": "heading1", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "1 to the 21 states with S \u2264 2 when t", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 320.54583111111106}, {"x": -1208.6618688888889, "y": 349.07761055555557}, {"x": -846.1892722222221, "y": 349.07761055555557}, {"x": 0, "y": 320.54583111111106}], "category": "heading1", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "the 5 states with S \u2264 1 at time t", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 320.54583111111106}, {"x": -341.9156688888888, "y": 348.2197199999998}, {"x": -318.30984166666656, "y": 348.2197199999998}, {"x": 0, "y": 320.54583111111106}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "0.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 339.00431499999996}, {"x": -370.89023055555543, "y": 366.67820388888873}, {"x": -349.581336111111, "y": 366.67820388888873}, {"x": 0, "y": 339.00431499999996}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "\u00bc", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 339.00431499999996}, {"x": -838.4405833333332, "y": 366.67820388888873}, {"x": -788.157127222222, "y": 366.67820388888873}, {"x": 0, "y": 339.00431499999996}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "\u00bc \ufffd", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 353.7821716666665}, {"x": -1169.3095988888886, "y": 381.45606055555527}, {"x": -246.06992211111086, "y": 381.45606055555527}, {"x": 0, "y": 353.7821716666665}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "The number of rows and columns in the B-matrices are now given as follows:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 414.83597222222227}, {"x": -1129.2931555555554, "y": 445.4804883333335}, {"x": -1057.5695822222224, "y": 445.4804883333335}, {"x": 0, "y": 414.83597222222227}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "B12 : 1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 414.5315594444443}, {"x": -405.6649672222223, "y": 443.6444905555555}, {"x": -356.29474944444456, "y": 443.6444905555555}, {"x": 0, "y": 414.5315594444443}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": {"text": "341:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 414.83597222222227}, {"x": -743.1659399999999, "y": 445.4804883333335}, {"x": -655.8013572222221, "y": 445.4804883333335}, {"x": 0, "y": 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The", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 498.21739944444454}, {"x": -406.2737927777779, "y": 525.8912883333333}, {"x": -384.96489833333345, "y": 525.8912883333333}, {"x": 0, "y": 498.21739944444454}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 52, "content": {"text": "\ufffd", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 512.8211572222224}, {"x": -1042.679506111111, "y": 542.646043888889}, {"x": -302.0364391666669, "y": 542.646043888889}, {"x": 0, "y": 512.8211572222224}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 53, "content": {"text": "1 can also be described as block matrices in the following way:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 512.8292127777778}, {"x": -1208.6228533333335, "y": 542.646043888889}, {"x": -1057.5182027777776, "y": 542.646043888889}, {"x": 0, "y": 512.8292127777778}], "category": "heading1", "id": 54, "content": {"text": "matrices Bk,k", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 536.1952788888889}, {"x": -1057.6344327777776, "y": 555.5669455555558}, {"x": -1042.7182494444444, "y": 555.5669455555558}, {"x": 0, "y": 536.1952788888889}], "category": "heading1", "id": 55, "content": {"text": "\u00fe", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 546.521712777778}, {"x": -1025.0543272222221, "y": 574.1956016666667}, {"x": -282.87383588888883, "y": 574.1956016666667}, {"x": 0, "y": 546.521712777778}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 56, "content": {"text": "(the first element is always a 0 and among the other four, two", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 546.521712777778}, {"x": -1101.1021738888887, "y": 574.1956016666667}, {"x": -1042.9316594444444, "y": 574.1956016666667}, {"x": 0, "y": 546.521712777778}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 57, "content": {"text": "0101", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 546.521712777778}, {"x": -1125.0400877777777, "y": 574.1956016666667}, {"x": -1108.6294716666664, "y": 574.1956016666667}, {"x": 0, "y": 546.521712777778}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 58, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 546.527953888889}, {"x": -1208.6468761111112, "y": 592.6540855555556}, {"x": -1143.41555, "y": 592.6540855555556}, {"x": 0, "y": 546.527953888889}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 59, "content": {"text": "B12 \u00bc", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 564.9801966666669}, {"x": -1135.7498827777777, "y": 592.6540855555556}, {"x": -1125.0954355555555, "y": 592.6540855555556}, {"x": 0, "y": 564.9801966666669}], "category": "heading1", "id": 60, "content": {"text": "\u00f0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 564.9801966666669}, {"x": -1042.8486377777776, "y": 592.6540855555556}, {"x": -1032.1941905555555, "y": 592.6540855555556}, {"x": 0, "y": 564.9801966666669}], "category": "heading1", "id": 61, "content": {"text": "\u00de", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 564.9801966666669}, {"x": -1108.6571455555554, "y": 592.6540855555556}, {"x": -1101.1851955555553, "y": 592.6540855555556}, {"x": 0, "y": 564.9801966666669}], "category": "heading1", "id": 62, "content": {"text": "j", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 579.7580533333335}, {"x": -1208.67058, "y": 607.4319422222221}, {"x": -240.08170149999967, "y": 607.4319422222221}, {"x": 0, "y": 579.7580533333335}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 63, "content": {"text": "randomly chosen elements will be one instead of zero). For the following matrix,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 612.9943938888889}, {"x": -1208.67058, "y": 640.6682827777779}, {"x": -512.1354010000001, "y": 640.6682827777779}, {"x": 0, "y": 612.9943938888889}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 64, "content": {"text": "we obtain (with certain random choices of ones as before)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 672.7556052777777}, {"x": -1163.7781416666667, "y": 969.6055613888889}, {"x": -257.1525724999999, "y": 969.6055613888889}, {"x": 0, "y": 672.7556052777777}], "category": "figure", "id": 65, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 984.6317127777778}, {"x": -265.2040261111111, "y": 1012.3056016666668}, {"x": -250.81360388888885, "y": 1012.3056016666668}, {"x": 0, "y": 984.6317127777778}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 66, "content": {"text": "8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1003.0901966666668}, {"x": -275.74777777777774, "y": 1030.7640855555558}, {"x": -265.09333055555555, "y": 1030.7640855555558}, {"x": 0, "y": 1003.0901966666668}], "category": "heading1", "id": 67, "content": {"text": "\u00f0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1003.0901966666668}, {"x": -250.73058222222218, "y": 1030.7640855555558}, {"x": -240.07613499999997, "y": 1030.7640855555558}, {"x": 0, "y": 1003.0901966666668}], "category": "heading1", "id": 68, "content": {"text": "\u00de", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1046.993935}, {"x": -1169.309976111111, "y": 1076.5498083333332}, {"x": -284.74543988888894, "y": 1076.5498083333332}, {"x": 0, "y": 1046.993935}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 69, "content": {"text": "Both C1 and C3 have rows containing only zeros, except for two randomly", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1080.2302755555556}, {"x": -1208.64929, "y": 1107.9041644444446}, {"x": -212.49445077777764, "y": 1107.9041644444446}, {"x": 0, "y": 1080.2302755555556}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 70, "content": {"text": "chosen positions where there are ones instead (these are the edges which connect to", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1113.4506016666667}, {"x": -1208.64929, "y": 1143.0064750000001}, {"x": -220.05772449999995, "y": 1143.0064750000001}, {"x": 0, "y": 1113.4506016666667}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 71, "content": {"text": "states with higher entropy one unit of time later), and C2 is a column of zeros with", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1146.520898888889}, {"x": -1208.6603594444446, "y": 1174.1947877777777}, {"x": -212.50552022222192, "y": 1174.1947877777777}, {"x": 0, "y": 1146.520898888889}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 72, "content": {"text": "two randomly chosen ones instead (these are the edges which connect to states with", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1179.7572394444446}, {"x": -1208.6603594444446, "y": 1207.4311283333334}, {"x": -760.3018486111113, "y": 1207.4311283333334}, {"x": 0, "y": 1179.7572394444446}], "category": "heading1", "id": 73, "content": {"text": "lower entropy one unit of time later).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1212.9781016666668}, {"x": -1169.2804155555555, "y": 1242.533975}, {"x": -683.0861728333334, "y": 1242.533975}, {"x": 0, "y": 1212.9781016666668}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 74, "content": {"text": "The structures of B34 and B45 are similar:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1275.5916825000002}, {"x": -1140.6309716666665, "y": 1412.6000066666668}, {"x": -343.93884833333334, "y": 1412.6000066666668}, {"x": 0, "y": 1275.5916825000002}], "category": "figure", "id": 75, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1331.4033794444445}, {"x": -265.2040261111111, "y": 1359.0772683333334}, {"x": -250.81360388888885, "y": 1359.0772683333334}, {"x": 0, "y": 1331.4033794444445}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 76, "content": {"text": "9", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1349.8618633333335}, {"x": -275.74777777777774, "y": 1377.5357522222223}, {"x": -265.09333055555555, "y": 1377.5357522222223}, {"x": 0, "y": 1349.8618633333335}], "category": "heading1", "id": 77, "content": {"text": "\u00f0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1349.8618633333335}, {"x": -250.73058222222218, "y": 1377.5357522222223}, {"x": -240.07613499999997, "y": 1377.5357522222223}, {"x": 0, "y": 1349.8618633333335}], "category": "heading1", "id": 78, "content": {"text": "\u00de", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1448.2425383333334}, {"x": -1169.309976111111, "y": 1475.9164272222224}, {"x": -212.50740688888885, "y": 1475.9164272222224}, {"x": 0, "y": 1448.2425383333334}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 79, "content": {"text": "where now all D:s and E:s with odd indices have rows with two randomly chosen", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1481.478878888889}, {"x": -1208.6899199999998, "y": 1509.1527677777779}, {"x": -248.3450929999996, "y": 1509.1527677777779}, {"x": 0, "y": 1481.478878888889}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 80, "content": {"text": "ones and those with even indices have columns with two randomly chosen ones.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1580.7796361111111}, {"x": -1208.661388888889, "y": 1611.2213027777777}, {"x": -323.8043313888888, "y": 1611.2213027777777}, {"x": 0, "y": 1580.7796361111111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 81, "content": {"text": "7. Modeling the combinatorial multiverse as a probability space", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1649.1983794444443}, {"x": -1169.2913888888888, "y": 1676.8722683333335}, {"x": -255.0318890555555, "y": 1676.8722683333335}, {"x": 0, "y": 1649.1983794444443}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 82, "content": {"text": "Now when we have specified the dynamics of the model, i.e., decided which", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1682.2686766666666}, {"x": -1208.671332777778, "y": 1709.9425655555556}, {"x": -225.75291461111098, "y": 1709.9425655555556}, {"x": 0, "y": 1682.2686766666666}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 83, "content": {"text": "paths (universes) can occur, it is time to attribute to each such path its probability", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1715.5050172222225}, {"x": -1208.671332777778, "y": 1743.178906111111}, {"x": -228.27123849999987, "y": 1743.178906111111}, {"x": 0, "y": 1715.5050172222225}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 84, "content": {"text": "weight so that the multiverse becomes a probability space. Following the tradition", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1748.741357777778}, {"x": -1208.671332777778, "y": 1776.4152466666665}, {"x": -226.79068544444416, "y": 1776.4152466666665}, {"x": 0, "y": 1748.741357777778}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 85, "content": {"text": "in statistical mechanics, I will frequently make use of un-normalized probabilities.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1779.0996138888888}, {"x": -1208.671332777778, "y": 1809.6515872222224}, {"x": -231.1188816666666, "y": 1809.6515872222224}, {"x": 0, "y": 1779.0996138888888}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 86, "content": {"text": "This means that summing up all (un-normalized) probabilities will give the \u201cstate", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1812.3359544444445}, {"x": -1208.671332777778, "y": 1842.8879277777778}, {"x": -212.40026322222243, "y": 1842.8879277777778}, {"x": 0, "y": 1812.3359544444445}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 87, "content": {"text": "sum,\u201d which in general is not equal to one. To obtain the usual probabilities, one has", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1848.4503794444445}, {"x": -1208.671332777778, "y": 1876.1242683333332}, {"x": -212.45561099999978, "y": 1876.1242683333332}, {"x": 0, "y": 1848.4503794444445}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 88, "content": {"text": "to divide by the state sum. This may seem unnatural at first but turns out to be very", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1881.68672}, {"x": -1208.671332777778, "y": 1909.360608888889}, {"x": -229.3947983888891, "y": 1909.360608888889}, {"x": 0, "y": 1881.68672}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 89, "content": {"text": "practical in situations where only the relative sizes of the probabilities are needed.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 206.748046875, "y": 1960.6910400390625}, {"x": 206.748046875, "y": 1987.387856111111}, {"x": 242.10986328125, "y": 1987.387856111111}, {"x": 242.10986328125, "y": 1960.6910400390625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 90, "content": {"text": "317", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000021.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 310.6101379394531, "y": 387.3407287597656}, {"x": 310.6101379394531, "y": 577.9680555555556}, {"x": 857.4477777777777, "y": 577.9680555555556}, {"x": 857.4477777777777, "y": 387.3407287597656}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "2 The Lost Homeland", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.10336303710938, "y": 685.8275146484375}, {"x": 151.10336303710938, "y": 1090.716064453125}, {"x": 1023.5163888888894, "y": 1090.716064453125}, {"x": 1023.5163888888894, "y": 685.8275146484375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Since the death of my mother, Elfriede, ten years ago, I have been haunted by the desire to visit the homeland, the Heimat, that she never saw again after her fifty years in Australia. In more ways than one, Germany had become her lost homeland, the spiritual place of her ancestors from which she was exiled. I sensed the pain she felt over the tangible loss of connection to her own past. For me to be able to go so far away and pay tribute to her German home in what is now Poland, to savour the environment of her childhood, at first seemed impossible. I nevertheless hoped for the opportunity to do so, although I expected to find all the names of the places changed, and that people spoke a language I did not understand. It would be confronting to go there, I thought.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.9403839111328, "y": 1109.962890625}, {"x": 146.9403839111328, "y": 1448.946533203125}, {"x": 1027.2991943359375, "y": 1448.946533203125}, {"x": 1027.2991943359375, "y": 1109.962890625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "When in 1997 I visited Vienna, my father\u2019s Austrian birth city, and after that my German cousins in Germany, I was not regarded as a stranger. Despite being an almost lifelong Australian, I spoke their language and somehow belonged. I was accepted by people as someone who had come home to reclaim my heritage. I could merge with crowds unobtrusively, like a \u2018local\u2019. The only subtle tremors of feeling generated by what people are used to were shown up in my too-German ways for the Austrians, and my too-Austrian ways for the Germans. The Austrians reacted more firmly. This suggests that my mother\u2019s influence on me was strongest.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.8262176513672, "y": 1467.1334228515625}, {"x": 151.8262176513672, "y": 1615.1959228515625}, {"x": 1025.970947265625, "y": 1615.1959228515625}, {"x": 1025.970947265625, "y": 1467.1334228515625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "I was born in Turkey, north of Ankara, in 1935, and when I also went there on my trip home, I was treated to a special welcome by each Turk who found this out, from my passport or my conversation. My birth in Turkey entitled me to Turkish citizenship. Naturally I was delighted,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1082.0040283203125, "y": 1713.04638671875}, {"x": 1082.0040283203125, "y": 1740.5127777777777}, {"x": 1097.7216796875, "y": 1740.5127777777777}, {"x": 1097.7216796875, "y": 1713.04638671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000127.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 139.6074676513672, "y": 144.4482421875}, {"x": 139.6074676513672, "y": 595.5210571289062}, {"x": 1549.796142578125, "y": 595.5210571289062}, {"x": 1549.796142578125, "y": 144.4482421875}], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Year3-Year5-Year7-Year
133.0%20.00%14.29%
244.45%32.00%24.49%
314.81%19.20%17.49%
47.41%1152%12.49%
51152%8.93%
65.76%8.93%
78.93%
84.46%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.4425506591797, "y": 641.8184814453125}, {"x": 146.4425506591797, "y": 762.4552777777776}, {"x": 1569.8214111328125, "y": 762.4552777777776}, {"x": 1569.8214111328125, "y": 641.8184814453125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Suppose your business just purchased a $100,000 asset that has a 3-year useful life, and falls into 3-year class of assets. Using the SL method, the depreciation expense each year for the next 3 years would be:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.1343994140625, "y": 806.3919067382812}, {"x": 150.1343994140625, "y": 1056.257080078125}, {"x": 1545.6766357421875, "y": 1056.257080078125}, {"x": 1545.6766357421875, "y": 806.3919067382812}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
YearRecovery RateUnadjusted BasisDepreciation ExpenseAccumulated Depreciation
11667$100,000$16,670$16,670
23333$100,000$33,330$50,000
33333$100,000$33,330$88,330
41667$100,000$16,670$100,000
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 143.9541778564453, "y": 1097.55908203125}, {"x": 143.9541778564453, "y": 1220.820068359375}, {"x": 1561.501953125, "y": 1220.820068359375}, {"x": 1561.501953125, "y": 1097.55908203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Note that the book value or basis of the asset (acquisition cost \u2013 accumulated depreciation) would be $0 after it has been fully depreciated at the end of 4 years. Because of the half-year convention, it takes 4 years to depreciate the asset, even though it falls into the 3-year classification.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 141.2382049560547, "y": 1255.58984375}, {"x": 141.2382049560547, "y": 1292.023681640625}, {"x": 1427.326171875, "y": 1292.023681640625}, {"x": 1427.326171875, "y": 1255.58984375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Depreciation expense for the same asset using the MACRS method would be calculated as:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.7281494140625, "y": 1326.8341064453125}, {"x": 153.7281494140625, "y": 1576.20458984375}, {"x": 1548.112548828125, "y": 1576.20458984375}, {"x": 1548.112548828125, "y": 1326.8341064453125}], "category": "table", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
YearRecovery RateUnadjustedBasisDepreciation ExpenseAccumulated Depreciation
1.3333$100,000$33,333$33,333
24445$100,000$44,450$77,780
31481$100,000$14,810$92,950
4741$100,000$7,410$100,000
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.0, "y": 1622.196044921875}, {"x": 150.0, "y": 1746.029541015625}, {"x": 1557.2777777777778, "y": 1746.029541015625}, {"x": 1557.2777777777778, "y": 1622.196044921875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Note again that the depreciation expense using MACRS is higher in the early years and lower in later years than with the SL method and that the book value after 4 years is again zero. Businesses often use MACRS for tax purposes and SL for profit reporting. Can you think of any reasons why?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 131.36227416992188, "y": 1778.281005859375}, {"x": 131.36227416992188, "y": 1991.0040283203125}, {"x": 1582.695068359375, "y": 1991.0040283203125}, {"x": 1582.695068359375, "y": 1778.281005859375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Some businesses that invest small amounts in capital assets are allowed to deduct up to $1,000,000 of the cost of acquired depreciable property as a current expenditure instead of a capital expenditure. This is known as direct expensing, and is available only to businesses that don\u2019t make large capital purchases each year. The allowable expensing amount is reduced by one dollar for each dollar of capital investment expenditure over $2,500,000 during the year. Other restrictions also apply.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.0, "y": 2089.884033203125}, {"x": 150.0, "y": 2117.08740234375}, {"x": 540.94091796875, "y": 2117.08740234375}, {"x": 540.94091796875, "y": 2089.884033203125}], "category": "footer", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "42 | Ch. 3. The Federal Tax System", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000070.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 205.7277374267578, "y": 199.2171173095703}, {"x": 205.7277374267578, "y": 282.3888888888888}, {"x": 1462.7611111111112, "y": 282.3888888888888}, {"x": 1462.7611111111112, "y": 199.2171173095703}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "two meetings are related to the initial meeting of VNR and as particular human rights focus.73", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 265.74444444444447, "y": 329.96807861328125}, {"x": 265.74444444444447, "y": 1021.0729370117188}, {"x": 1395.395751953125, "y": 1021.0729370117188}, {"x": 1395.395751953125, "y": 329.96807861328125}], "category": "figure", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "180 160 160 5 \u83d6 140 \uc73c 120 \ud6a8100 80 60 43 40 18 20 2 1 1 Meeting Participation Frequency \u5340 X m2x w3x wdx w5x \u66fc \u4e86 K w8x \u5713 |1X w23x w24x", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 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VNR-related meetings are as follows:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 350.3333333333333, "y": 1414.0877777777775}, {"x": 350.3333333333333, "y": 1441.7544444444445}, {"x": 462.8796666666666, "y": 1441.7544444444445}, {"x": 462.8796666666666, "y": 1414.0877777777775}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "31 (13%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 455.05555555555554, "y": 1341.7544444444443}, {"x": 455.05555555555554, "y": 1369.421111111111}, {"x": 536.6852222222221, "y": 1369.421111111111}, {"x": 536.6852222222221, "y": 1341.7544444444443}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "7 (3%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 563.8611111111111, "y": 1309.5322222222221}, {"x": 563.8611111111111, "y": 1337.1988888888889}, {"x": 661.1574444444443, "y": 1337.1988888888889}, {"x": 661.1574444444443, "y": 1309.5322222222221}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "16 (7%)", "html": 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"=", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1049.2777777777778, "y": 1537.4444444444443}, {"x": 1049.2777777777778, "y": 1562.4444444444443}, {"x": 1325.552777777778, "y": 1562.4444444444443}, {"x": 1325.552777777778, "y": 1537.4444444444443}], "category": "heading1", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Philanthropic Foundation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1049.2777777777778, "y": 1613.9166666666665}, {"x": 1049.2777777777778, "y": 1638.9166666666665}, {"x": 1293.6277777777777, "y": 1638.9166666666665}, {"x": 1293.6277777777777, "y": 1613.9166666666665}], "category": "heading1", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Educational Institution", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 581.0, "y": 1781.5322222222221}, {"x": 581.0, "y": 1809.1988888888889}, {"x": 693.6018888888889, "y": 1809.1988888888889}, {"x": 693.6018888888889, "y": 1781.5322222222221}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "90 (37%)", "html": "", "markdown": 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1719.1111111111106}], "category": "heading1", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "Companies", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1049.2777777777778, "y": 1766.9166666666663}, {"x": 1049.2777777777778, "y": 1791.9166666666663}, {"x": 1237.9777777777779, "y": 1791.9166666666663}, {"x": 1237.9777777777779, "y": 1766.9166666666663}], "category": "heading1", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "Other Institutions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 331.7279968261719, "y": 1938.725830078125}, {"x": 331.7279968261719, "y": 1975.8677978515625}, {"x": 477.0802222222222, "y": 1975.8677978515625}, {"x": 477.0802222222222, "y": 1938.725830078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "Diagram 3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 469.15814208984375, "y": 1921.4267578125}, {"x": 469.15814208984375, "y": 1991.3828125}, {"x": 1191.5328369140625, "y": 1991.3828125}, {"x": 1191.5328369140625, "y": 1921.4267578125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "Distribution of Participating Institutions within VNR Meeting of Indonesia 2021.75", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.58155822753906, "y": 2042.431884765625}, {"x": 190.58155822753906, "y": 2075.654052734375}, {"x": 771.496888888889, "y": 2075.654052734375}, {"x": 771.496888888889, "y": 2042.431884765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "74 Data is processed based on: ibid., 332-345.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 187.03176879882812, "y": 2074.61572265625}, {"x": 187.03176879882812, "y": 2143.904052734375}, {"x": 1474.9775390625, "y": 2143.904052734375}, {"x": 1474.9775390625, "y": 2074.61572265625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "75 Data is processed based on: Kementerian PPN / Bappenas, \u201cAnnexes Indonesia\u2019s VNR 2021\u201d (n. 68), 332-345.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 811.4722222222222, "y": 2179.143333333333}, {"x": 811.4722222222222, "y": 2206.81}, {"x": 850.1635555555556, "y": 2206.81}, {"x": 850.1635555555556, "y": 2179.143333333333}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "14", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000004.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 173.25, "y": 101.52499999999993}, {"x": 173.25, "y": 132.0805555555555}, {"x": 210.61944444444447, "y": 132.0805555555555}, {"x": 210.61944444444447, "y": 101.52499999999993}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "3\ufffd\ufffd", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 986.1405555555556, "y": 102.86111111111134}, {"x": 986.1405555555556, "y": 130.6388888888891}, {"x": 1078.3905555555557, "y": 130.6388888888891}, {"x": 1078.3905555555557, "y": 102.86111111111134}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Yarrow", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 159.64163208007812, "y": 170.5469207763672}, {"x": 159.64163208007812, "y": 281.7405555555559}, {"x": 1089.23291015625, "y": 281.7405555555559}, {"x": 1089.23291015625, "y": 170.5469207763672}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "observer model with three parameters captures pss, sensory noise and an in- terval bias (i.e., a tendency to select one interval in preference to the other under uncertainty).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 169.75070190429688, "y": 280.6009826660156}, {"x": 169.75070190429688, "y": 842.7819444444445}, {"x": 1086.244873046875, "y": 842.7819444444445}, {"x": 1086.244873046875, "y": 280.6009826660156}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The 2xSJ task provides estimates that correlate fairly well with equivalent parameters estimated using tojs, sjs, and ternary tasks. However, each trial takes longer than in those single-presentation tasks, which makes experi- ments more onerous. There are a few reasons why the roving-standard 2xSJ is still worth considering. Firstly, it asks about synchrony explicitly (unlike the toj) and by requiring relative judgements it reveals a point of maximal syn- chrony perception (whereas the sj and ternary tasks often reveal a range of soa values that are classified as synchronous). Secondly, it can be added in to a single-presentation task (as a follow-up question every two trials), which somewhat mitigates the burden of additional experimental time. Finally, a case can be made that it will be more resistant to some forms of decision-level bias (Morgan, Grant, Melmoth, & Solomon, 2015; Morgan, Melmoth, & Solomon, 2013). As with the other tasks I have described, code to fit data from the 2xSJ accompanies this chapter.23 For further information, read the comments there and consult Yarrow et al. (2016).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 170.05206298828125, "y": 917.5663452148438}, {"x": 170.05206298828125, "y": 947.2647705078125}, {"x": 408.8222961425781, "y": 947.2647705078125}, {"x": 408.8222961425781, "y": 917.5663452148438}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "12 Conclusion", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 168.1093292236328, "y": 991.360107421875}, {"x": 168.1093292236328, "y": 1553.4541666666667}, {"x": 1084.83, "y": 1553.4541666666667}, {"x": 1084.83, "y": 991.360107421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "In this chapter, I have outlined the benefits of fitting formal observer models to judgements about simultaneity, and described how this can be achieved us- ing Matlab code (see book\u2019s GitHub repository). In doing so, I have presented one particular observer model in some detail, and highlighted the fundamen- tally subjective nature of the sj task, which requires us to think carefully about how both the strategic decisions and perceptual sensitivity of a participant can affect their psychometric function. I have gone on to supply a brief over- view of appropriate models for several closely related timing tasks. I hope I have also provided enough of a tutorial regarding bespoke model fitting and evaluation to allow the interested reader to go forward and explore their own models of perceived simultaneity. Modelling may seem intimidating, but in fact, a good understanding of just a few basic concepts (which is best gained through practical exploration) will take you a long way, providing tools to engage more fully with the timing literature. This is an endeavour I would very much encourage!", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 174.0, "y": 1603.0}, {"x": 174.0, "y": 1619.0}, {"x": 196.0, "y": 1619.0}, {"x": 196.0, "y": 1603.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "23", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 202.19065856933594, "y": 1592.85791015625}, {"x": 202.19065856933594, "y": 1625.6486111111112}, {"x": 726.3358764648438, "y": 1625.6486111111112}, {"x": 726.3358764648438, "y": 1592.85791015625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": ".", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000079.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 274.3759460449219, "y": 264.4865417480469}, {"x": 274.3759460449219, "y": 483.67972222222244}, {"x": 711.7111111111112, "y": 483.67972222222244}, {"x": 711.7111111111112, "y": 264.4865417480469}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Executive Summary", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 843.8377777777778, "y": 262.30823333333336}, {"x": 843.8377777777778, "y": 476.1040666666667}, {"x": 1215.2033333333334, "y": 476.1040666666667}, {"x": 1215.2033333333334, "y": 262.30823333333336}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "I ndia suffers from", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1234.57, "y": 318.16861111111115}, {"x": 1234.57, "y": 347.33527777777783}, {"x": 1386.6770833333335, "y": 347.33527777777783}, {"x": 1386.6770833333335, "y": 318.16861111111115}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "\u2018regulatory", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 941.5908333333332, "y": 362.6130555555556}, {"x": 941.5908333333332, "y": 391.77972222222223}, {"x": 1386.61, "y": 391.77972222222223}, {"x": 1386.61, "y": 362.6130555555556}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "cholesterol\u2019 that is getting in", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 941.5908333333332, "y": 407.0575}, {"x": 941.5908333333332, "y": 436.2241666666667}, {"x": 1386.7325, "y": 436.2241666666667}, {"x": 1386.7325, "y": 407.0575}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "the way of doing business. The", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 451.50194444444446}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 480.66861111111115}, {"x": 1018.1675, "y": 480.66861111111115}, {"x": 1018.1675, "y": 451.50194444444446}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "legislations,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1044.0820833333335, "y": 451.50194444444446}, {"x": 1044.0820833333335, "y": 480.66861111111115}, {"x": 1202.7195833333333, "y": 480.66861111111115}, {"x": 1202.7195833333333, "y": 451.50194444444446}], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "rules and", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1228.64875, "y": 451.50194444444446}, {"x": 1228.64875, "y": 480.66861111111115}, {"x": 1386.6970833333335, "y": 480.66861111111115}, {"x": 1386.6970833333335, "y": 451.50194444444446}], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "regulations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 495.9463888888889}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 525.1130555555555}, {"x": 1386.6008333333332, "y": 525.1130555555555}, {"x": 1386.6008333333332, "y": 495.9463888888889}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "enacted by the Union and State", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 540.3908333333334}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 569.5575}, {"x": 1386.6358333333335, "y": 569.5575}, {"x": 1386.6358333333335, "y": 540.3908333333334}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "governments have over time created", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 584.8352777777778}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 614.0019444444445}, {"x": 1386.6591666666668, "y": 614.0019444444445}, {"x": 1386.6591666666668, "y": 584.8352777777778}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "barriers to the smooth flow of ideas,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 629.2797222222223}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 658.4463888888889}, {"x": 1386.6883333333337, "y": 658.4463888888889}, {"x": 1386.6883333333337, "y": 629.2797222222223}], "category": "heading1", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "organisation, money, entrepreneurship", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 673.7241666666666}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 702.8908333333334}, {"x": 1386.6241666666667, "y": 702.8908333333334}, {"x": 1386.6241666666667, "y": 673.7241666666666}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "and through them the creation of jobs,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 718.1686111111111}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 747.3352777777778}, {"x": 1079.4758333333334, "y": 747.3352777777778}, {"x": 1079.4758333333334, "y": 718.1686111111111}], "category": "heading1", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "wealth and GDP.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 807.0575}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 836.2241666666666}, {"x": 1386.7145833333334, "y": 836.2241666666666}, {"x": 1386.7145833333334, "y": 807.0575}], "category": "heading1", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "The presence of hostile clauses in these", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 851.5019444444445}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 880.6686111111111}, {"x": 1386.6854166666667, "y": 880.6686111111111}, {"x": 1386.6854166666667, "y": 851.5019444444445}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "laws, rules and regulations has grown", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 895.9463888888889}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 925.1130555555554}, {"x": 1386.6883333333333, "y": 925.1130555555554}, {"x": 1386.6883333333333, "y": 895.9463888888889}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "since Independence, surviving three", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 940.3908333333331}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 969.5574999999999}, {"x": 1386.6241666666667, "y": 969.5574999999999}, {"x": 1386.6241666666667, "y": 940.3908333333331}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "decades of economic reforms initiated in", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 984.8352777777776}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1014.0019444444443}, {"x": 1386.6504166666666, "y": 1014.0019444444443}, {"x": 1386.6504166666666, "y": 984.8352777777776}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "1991. The biggest challenges come from", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1029.279722222222}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1058.4463888888888}, {"x": 1386.6299999999999, "y": 1058.4463888888888}, {"x": 1386.6299999999999, "y": 1029.279722222222}], "category": "heading1", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "the continuance of imprisonment as a tool", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1073.7241666666664}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1102.8908333333331}, {"x": 1386.6825000000001, "y": 1102.8908333333331}, {"x": 1386.6825000000001, "y": 1073.7241666666664}], "category": "heading1", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "of control. As automation increases in", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1118.168611111111}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1147.3352777777777}, {"x": 1386.6591666666668, "y": 1147.3352777777777}, {"x": 1386.6591666666668, "y": 1118.168611111111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "the coming years, the pre-Independence", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1162.6130555555553}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1191.779722222222}, {"x": 1243.2904166666667, "y": 1191.779722222222}, {"x": 1243.2904166666667, "y": 1162.6130555555553}], "category": "heading1", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "1940s-style administrative", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1273.652916666667, "y": 1162.6130555555553}, {"x": 1273.652916666667, "y": 1191.779722222222}, {"x": 1386.6416666666667, "y": 1191.779722222222}, {"x": 1386.6416666666667, "y": 1162.6130555555553}], "category": "heading1", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "controls", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1207.0575}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1236.2241666666664}, {"x": 1386.6008333333332, "y": 1236.2241666666664}, {"x": 1386.6008333333332, "y": 1207.0575}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "meant to protect labour will prove", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1251.3248444444444}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1280.668611111111}, {"x": 1378.5475, "y": 1280.668611111111}, {"x": 1378.5475, "y": 1251.3248444444444}], "category": "heading1", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "counter-productive in 21st-century India.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1340.3908333333331}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1369.5575}, {"x": 1386.6270833333333, "y": 1369.5575}, {"x": 1386.6270833333333, "y": 1340.3908333333331}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "There are 1,536 laws that govern", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1384.8352777777777}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1414.0019444444442}, {"x": 1386.6912500000003, "y": 1414.0019444444442}, {"x": 1386.6912500000003, "y": 1384.8352777777777}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "doing business in India, of which 678", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1429.2797222222223}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1458.4463888888888}, {"x": 1386.6329166666667, "y": 1458.4463888888888}, {"x": 1386.6329166666667, "y": 1429.2797222222223}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "are implemented at the Union level.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1473.7241666666666}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1502.8908333333334}, {"x": 1386.694166666667, "y": 1502.8908333333334}, {"x": 1386.694166666667, "y": 1473.7241666666666}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "Within these laws is a web of 69,233", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1518.1686111111112}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1547.3352777777777}, {"x": 1386.63, "y": 1547.3352777777777}, {"x": 1386.63, "y": 1518.1686111111112}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "compliances, of which 25,537 are at the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1562.6130555555555}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1591.7797222222223}, {"x": 1386.7145833333334, "y": 1591.7797222222223}, {"x": 1386.7145833333334, "y": 1562.6130555555555}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "Union level. These compliances need to", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1607.0575}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1636.2241666666666}, {"x": 1386.6679166666665, "y": 1636.2241666666666}, {"x": 1386.6679166666665, "y": 1607.0575}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "be communicated to the governments", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1651.5019444444445}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1680.6686111111112}, {"x": 1386.6620833333334, "y": 1680.6686111111112}, {"x": 1386.6620833333334, "y": 1651.5019444444445}], "category": "heading1", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "through 6,618 annual filings, 2,282", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1695.9463888888888}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1725.1130555555555}, {"x": 1386.6358333333333, "y": 1725.1130555555555}, {"x": 1386.6358333333333, "y": 1695.9463888888888}], "category": "heading1", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "(34.5 percent) at the Union level and at", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1740.3908333333334}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1769.5575}, {"x": 1076.4716666666666, "y": 1769.5575}, {"x": 1076.4716666666666, "y": 1740.3908333333334}], "category": "heading1", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "the states, 4,336.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1829.2797222222223}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1858.4463888888888}, {"x": 938.3675, "y": 1858.4463888888888}, {"x": 938.3675, "y": 1829.2797222222223}], "category": "heading1", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "These", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 986.2008333333333, "y": 1829.2797222222223}, {"x": 986.2008333333333, "y": 1858.4463888888888}, {"x": 1100.8258333333333, "y": 1858.4463888888888}, {"x": 1100.8258333333333, "y": 1829.2797222222223}], "category": "heading1", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "changes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1148.6591666666668, "y": 1829.2797222222223}, {"x": 1148.6591666666668, "y": 1858.4463888888888}, {"x": 1183.1925, "y": 1858.4463888888888}, {"x": 1183.1925, "y": 1829.2797222222223}], "category": "heading1", "id": 38, "content": {"text": "in", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1231.0258333333336, "y": 1829.2797222222223}, {"x": 1231.0258333333336, "y": 1858.4463888888888}, {"x": 1386.6591666666668, "y": 1858.4463888888888}, {"x": 1386.6591666666668, "y": 1829.2797222222223}], "category": "heading1", "id": 39, "content": {"text": "compliance", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1873.7241666666666}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1902.8908333333334}, {"x": 1386.6825000000001, "y": 1902.8908333333334}, {"x": 1386.6825000000001, "y": 1873.7241666666666}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 40, "content": {"text": "requirements occur constantly and", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1918.168611111111}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1947.3352777777777}, {"x": 1386.6504166666668, "y": 1947.3352777777777}, {"x": 1386.6504166666668, "y": 1918.168611111111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 41, "content": {"text": "add to business uncertainty. In the 12", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1962.6130555555555}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1991.7797222222223}, {"x": 1386.6329166666665, "y": 1991.7797222222223}, {"x": 1386.6329166666665, "y": 1962.6130555555555}], "category": "heading1", "id": 42, "content": {"text": "months up to 31 December 2021, there", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 2007.0575}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 2036.2241666666666}, {"x": 1386.6854166666667, "y": 2036.2241666666666}, {"x": 1386.6854166666667, "y": 2007.0575}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 43, "content": {"text": "have been 3,577 regulatory changes;", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 814.0111111111111, "y": 2221.6130555555555}, {"x": 814.0111111111111, "y": 2266.0575}, {"x": 839.5222222222222, "y": 2266.0575}, {"x": 839.5222222222222, "y": 2221.6130555555555}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 44, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000165.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 156.71009826660156, "y": 167.62600708007812}, {"x": 156.71009826660156, "y": 226.43524169921875}, {"x": 213.39710998535156, "y": 226.43524169921875}, {"x": 213.39710998535156, "y": 167.62600708007812}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "\\", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 234.5636111111111, "y": 163.5703887939453}, {"x": 234.5636111111111, "y": 193.2621307373047}, {"x": 705.463611111111, "y": 193.2621307373047}, {"x": 705.463611111111, "y": 163.5703887939453}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Record your observations in Table 13.2.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 283.85614013671875}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 330.3547668457031}, {"x": 1165.1824951171875, "y": 330.3547668457031}, {"x": 1165.1824951171875, "y": 283.85614013671875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Table 13.2. Effect of cations on flocculation of a clay suspension.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 163.7996368408203, "y": 397.2205505371094}, {"x": 163.7996368408203, "y": 428.4363098144531}, {"x": 781.9566040039062, "y": 428.4363098144531}, {"x": 781.9566040039062, "y": 397.2205505371094}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Added cation Relative Size & Settling Rates of Floccules", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 167.60527777777776, "y": 448.9483333333333}, {"x": 167.60527777777776, "y": 471.44833333333304}, {"x": 200.8152777777778, "y": 471.44833333333304}, {"x": 200.8152777777778, "y": 448.9483333333333}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "K+", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 167.60527777777776, "y": 493.94833333333344}, {"x": 167.60527777777776, "y": 516.4483333333332}, {"x": 214.09027777777777, "y": 516.4483333333332}, {"x": 214.09027777777777, "y": 493.94833333333344}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Na+", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 167.60527777777776, "y": 538.9483333333335}, {"x": 167.60527777777776, "y": 561.4483333333333}, {"x": 224.8677777777778, "y": 561.4483333333333}, {"x": 224.8677777777778, "y": 538.9483333333335}], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Ca2+", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 167.60527777777776, "y": 583.9483333333334}, {"x": 167.60527777777776, "y": 606.4483333333332}, {"x": 218.18527777777777, "y": 606.4483333333332}, {"x": 218.18527777777777, "y": 583.9483333333334}], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Al3+", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 164.6500701904297, "y": 625.186767578125}, {"x": 164.6500701904297, "y": 651.4483333333333}, {"x": 238.86277777777778, "y": 651.4483333333333}, {"x": 238.86277777777778, "y": 625.186767578125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Check", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.45120239257812, "y": 750.171630859375}, {"x": 154.45120239257812, "y": 798.618896484375}, {"x": 1121.19384765625, "y": 798.618896484375}, {"x": 1121.19384765625, "y": 750.171630859375}], "category": "heading1", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Activity 4. Determining CEC by replacing adsorbed cations.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 140.0609130859375, "y": 856.454833984375}, {"x": 140.0609130859375, "y": 1006.3129272460938}, {"x": 1568.2744140625, "y": 1006.3129272460938}, {"x": 1568.2744140625, "y": 856.454833984375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "In this activity, you will titrate the filtrate with a 0.01 molar solution of NaOH using phenolphthalein as an indicator. Phenolphthalein changes from colorless to faint pink when the quantity of OH\u2013 ions added via the NaOH equals the quantity of H+ ions in the solution (that is, when the pH is raised to 7). For this activity, assume the soil samples have been extracted and the filtrates are now available for analysis.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 170.00805555555556, "y": 1047.3599853515625}, {"x": 170.00805555555556, "y": 1118.3305555555555}, {"x": 1536.9552777777776, "y": 1118.3305555555555}, {"x": 1536.9552777777776, "y": 1047.3599853515625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "1. Place 10 ml of each filtrate into separate 125 ml flasks. This 10 ml quantity is the amount of filtrate from 1.0 gram of soil.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.94927978515625, "y": 1126.0111083984375}, {"x": 155.94927978515625, "y": 1159.4046630859375}, {"x": 762.1347045898438, "y": 1159.4046630859375}, {"x": 762.1347045898438, "y": 1126.0111083984375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "2. Add 10 drops of the phenolphthalein indicator.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.22837829589844, "y": 1164.3753662109375}, {"x": 156.22837829589844, "y": 1278.24951171875}, {"x": 1521.230277777778, "y": 1278.24951171875}, {"x": 1521.230277777778, "y": 1164.3753662109375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "3. Titrate the extract with the NaOH solution to a faint pink endpoint. The titration must be done very carefully to obtain meaningful results. If you put too much NaOH in the flask and get a bright pink color, discard the solution and repeat the process. In the table below, record the milliliters of NaOH solution used to achieve the endpoint.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.85894775390625, "y": 1323.6221923828125}, {"x": 155.85894775390625, "y": 1381.3524169921875}, {"x": 214.0291290283203, "y": 1381.3524169921875}, {"x": 214.0291290283203, "y": 1323.6221923828125}], "category": "figure", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "O\ufe51", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 218.7296905517578, "y": 1317.147705078125}, {"x": 218.7296905517578, "y": 1350.4215087890625}, {"x": 871.6818237304688, "y": 1350.4215087890625}, {"x": 871.6818237304688, "y": 1317.147705078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Calculate the CEC and record your data in Table 13.3.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.47308349609375, "y": 1378.9200439453125}, {"x": 151.47308349609375, "y": 1453.07666015625}, {"x": 1550.587158203125, "y": 1453.07666015625}, {"x": 1550.587158203125, "y": 1378.9200439453125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Here is an example of how to calculate the CEC, assuming 2.5 mL of NaOH was required to achieve an end point. The reaction occurring during titration is", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 607.9236450195312, "y": 1481.60888671875}, {"x": 607.9236450195312, "y": 1525.078369140625}, {"x": 1095.7471923828125, "y": 1525.078369140625}, {"x": 1095.7471923828125, "y": 1481.60888671875}], "category": "equation", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "NaOH +H\" \u3161 Nar \u5341 \u73a9 0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1552.3314208984375}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1630.36962890625}, {"x": 1555.19677734375, "y": 1630.36962890625}, {"x": 1555.19677734375, "y": 1552.3314208984375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "Thus, one mole of NaOH reacts with one mole of H+. Therefore, at the phenolphthalein end point, moles of NaOH added = moles of H+ in solution.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1657.95703125}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1695.5107421875}, {"x": 1444.9202777777778, "y": 1695.5107421875}, {"x": 1444.9202777777778, "y": 1657.95703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "The solution of 0.01 molar NaOH contains 1 cmol charge per liter (1 cmolc/L). Therefore 2.5 mL NaOH contains", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.44036865234375, "y": 1711.2015380859375}, {"x": 192.44036865234375, "y": 1791.04931640625}, {"x": 1526.906494140625, "y": 1791.04931640625}, {"x": 1526.906494140625, "y": 1711.2015380859375}], "category": "equation", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "1L 0.01 mol NaOH 1 Tnol 100 cmol. of NaOH = 2.5 mL NaOH \u00d7 1000 mL 1L 1 mol NaOH 1 Tnol 0.0025 mol, NaOH", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 158.0, "y": 1742.0}, {"x": 158.0, "y": 1765.0}, {"x": 223.0, "y": 1765.0}, {"x": 223.0, "y": 1742.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "cmol,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.3981170654297, "y": 1818.1156005859375}, {"x": 154.3981170654297, "y": 1849.4161111111111}, {"x": 354.8802777777778, "y": 1849.4161111111111}, {"x": 354.8802777777778, "y": 1818.1156005859375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "Thus, the CEC is", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 422.16619873046875, "y": 1876.7491455078125}, {"x": 422.16619873046875, "y": 1980.38818359375}, {"x": 1269.4166259765625, "y": 1980.38818359375}, {"x": 1269.4166259765625, "y": 1876.7491455078125}], "category": "equation", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "cnole 0.0025 cmol. 1000 g soil 2.5cmolc kg soil \ufe4d 1 g soil 1 kg soil kg soil", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 2069.067626953125}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 2095.76318359375}, {"x": 345.73626708984375, "y": 2095.76318359375}, {"x": 345.73626708984375, "y": 2069.067626953125}], "category": "footer", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "114 | Soil Colloids", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000015.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 103.08277777777795}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 130.86055555555572}, {"x": 436.75805555555564, "y": 130.86055555555572}, {"x": 436.75805555555564, "y": 103.08277777777795}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "From Cradle to Grave", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.9177703857422, "y": 152.16976928710938}, {"x": 153.9177703857422, "y": 1358.486083984375}, {"x": 1360.3359169444443, "y": 1358.486083984375}, {"x": 1360.3359169444443, "y": 152.16976928710938}], "category": "figure", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "o ol 2 \u93ae \uff0c \u6a48 \u00a5 3 \u525b 1 \u2032'\u300d \\ % \u5937 \u7bb1 6 \u58a9 \u6642 ey \ub4e0 \u201d \ufe50\uff0c\u2032 o xe 5yv M \u985e \ufe52 G 13 W R % | \u300a n 1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1372.065185546875}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1497.7938888888891}, {"x": 1363.9449462890625, "y": 1497.7938888888891}, {"x": 1363.9449462890625, "y": 1372.065185546875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Figure 11.1\ufffd A Bahraini bride in traditional green thobe. She wears a circular gold plate (hama or taasa) on her head, with the chains of discs talaat suspended from the rim. Sweet basil (mishmun), jasmine, and rosebuds adorn her hair. Around her wrists she wears gold bangles, including the shmelat, studded with turquoise and pink glass. She wears a murta\u02bfasha choker and a long murtahish necklace ending in a crescent element.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1324.163611111111, "y": 101.58000000000003}, {"x": 1324.163611111111, "y": 132.13555555555558}, {"x": 1362.2052777777778, "y": 132.13555555555558}, {"x": 1362.2052777777778, "y": 101.58000000000003}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "\ufffd07", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1553.810302734375}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1777.5372222222222}, {"x": 746.2591666666666, "y": 1777.5372222222222}, {"x": 746.2591666666666, "y": 1553.810302734375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "central element. As seen in figure 11.11, a seytemi may be added to this; it can be identified by the row of gold coins running up the chain and \u201cit is among the most sought after pieces of jewellery by women in the u.a.e.\u201d72 All these pieces may vary in size and weight. At her waist, the bride will wear a", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1825.374722222222}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1850.374722222222}, {"x": 186.92972222222218, "y": 1850.374722222222}, {"x": 186.92972222222218, "y": 1825.374722222222}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "72", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 189.19277954101562, "y": 1817.0445556640625}, {"x": 189.19277954101562, "y": 1850.374722222222}, {"x": 702.6222534179688, "y": 1850.374722222222}, {"x": 702.6222534179688, "y": 1817.0445556640625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Gubash and Lootah, Traditional Emirati Jewels, 62.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 775.2160034179688, "y": 1549.7105712890625}, {"x": 775.2160034179688, "y": 1852.3427777777779}, {"x": 1373.532470703125, "y": 1852.3427777777779}, {"x": 1373.532470703125, "y": 1549.7105712890625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "gold belt (hizam), which is usually composed of articulated square or round elements with smaller dangling bells or tassels. On her hands, she will of- ten have rings on each finger, especially the shahi- da ring, worn on both forefingers, and the marami on the middle finger. The back of her hand may be covered in the kaf or chef ornament, which runs from rings and is anchored to a bracelet. She also", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000119.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 200.0, "y": 111.30633333333309}, {"x": 200.0, "y": 150.3063333333333}, {"x": 1486.8419999999999, "y": 150.3063333333333}, {"x": 1486.8419999999999, "y": 111.30633333333309}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 250.48007202148438, "y": 201.1577911376953}, {"x": 250.48007202148438, "y": 238.63333333333335}, {"x": 1096.504, "y": 238.63333333333335}, {"x": 1096.504, "y": 201.1577911376953}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "chromosome. Meiosis and mitosis are both nuclear divisions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 256.5746666666665, "y": 283.49517822265625}, {"x": 256.5746666666665, "y": 365.21527099609375}, {"x": 1381.8266666666661, "y": 365.21527099609375}, {"x": 1381.8266666666661, "y": 283.49517822265625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "that result in new daughter cells. However, the two processes have significant differences. Fill out the following chart comparing the two forms of nuclear division.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 276.2657775878906, "y": 451.9084167480469}, {"x": 276.2657775878906, "y": 974.2406616210938}, {"x": 1691.14404296875, "y": 974.2406616210938}, {"x": 1691.14404296875, "y": 451.9084167480469}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Mitosis (begins with a single cell)Meiosis (begins with a single cell)
# chromosomes in parent cells
# DNA replications
# nuclear divisions
# daughter cells produced
purpose
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 210.606201171875, "y": 1050.056396484375}, {"x": 210.606201171875, "y": 1220.8333333333335}, {"x": 1473.3637348333334, "y": 1220.8333333333335}, {"x": 1473.3637348333334, "y": 1050.056396484375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "5. Using your beads, strings, and magnets recreate the process of meiosis. Ensuring you have two different colored beads, demonstrate the process of crossing over. When you think you have it down, flag your instructor over. Have them sign off on your handiwork. Instructor signature:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 229.0, "y": 1241.0}, {"x": 229.0, "y": 1269.0}, {"x": 238.0, "y": 1269.0}, {"x": 238.0, "y": 1241.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u3161", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 216.73294067382812, "y": 1254.669677734375}, {"x": 216.73294067382812, "y": 1266.0093994140625}, {"x": 260.8073425292969, "y": 1266.0093994140625}, {"x": 260.8073425292969, "y": 1254.669677734375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "\u3161", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 211.51194763183594, "y": 1323.9786376953125}, {"x": 211.51194763183594, "y": 1583.1666666666667}, {"x": 1488.2224455555552, "y": 1583.1666666666667}, {"x": 1488.2224455555552, "y": 1323.9786376953125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "6. By now hopefully you\u2019ve noticed that these processes are denoted with \u201c2n\u201d and \u201cn\u201d in various places. This is a reference to the number of sets of chromosomes that cell has at any given moment. Autosomal human cells are 2n. Gametes are 1n. Mitosis begins with one 2n cell and ends with two 2n cells. Meiosis begins with one 2n cell and ends with 4 1n cells. Sketch those two processes here to show every time the \u201cn\u201d classification changes. (Hint: draw every step, it\u2019ll make your life easier, even if it takes a little bit longer!)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 833.0, "y": 2037.6333333333332}, {"x": 833.0, "y": 2068.2999999999997}, {"x": 875.5653333333332, "y": 2068.2999999999997}, {"x": 875.5653333333332, "y": 2037.6333333333332}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "71", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000060.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 496.7222222222222, "y": 240.49244689941406}, {"x": 496.7222222222222, "y": 273.05555555555543}, {"x": 1085.125111111111, "y": 273.05555555555543}, {"x": 1085.125111111111, "y": 240.49244689941406}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.8. Domestic Wood Pellets Production", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 354.1111111111111, "y": 295.80555555555554}, {"x": 354.1111111111111, "y": 827.75}, {"x": 1220.1666666666665, "y": 827.75}, {"x": 1220.1666666666665, "y": 295.80555555555554}], "category": "figure", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 \ub8f0 1,000 800 600 400 127 131 147 200 126 120 120 \u5716 \u56e4 = = = = B 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 \u76ee Domestic production", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 233.51315307617188, "y": 835.654296875}, {"x": 233.51315307617188, "y": 867.104248046875}, {"x": 1094.8444444444444, "y": 867.104248046875}, {"x": 1094.8444444444444, "y": 835.654296875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Source: Forestry Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (MAFF), 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.24815368652344, "y": 933.8320922851562}, {"x": 232.24815368652344, "y": 1096.1388888888887}, {"x": 1351.34814453125, "y": 1096.1388888888887}, {"x": 1351.34814453125, "y": 933.8320922851562}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Applications of wood pellets in Japan include power generation, boilers, stoves, agriculture use, and others. Although the trade statistics do not specify the usage of the imported wood pellets, according to the Japan Wood Pellet Association (JPA), most are used for power generation.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 227.5205841064453, "y": 1120.7059326171875}, {"x": 227.5205841064453, "y": 1329.928466796875}, {"x": 1351.5352783203125, "y": 1329.928466796875}, {"x": 1351.5352783203125, "y": 1120.7059326171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "The price of domestic wood pellets for power generation has a wide range. According to a survey of domestic wood pellet manufacturers undertaken by JPA in 2020, the average price of domestic wood pellets for power generation is around 14,000~29,000 \u00a5/tonne, while according to the Trade Statistics of Japan, the average cost, insurance, and freight (CIF) price of imported wood pellets is around 18,000 \u00a5/tonne in 2020 (Figure 4.9).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 339.72222222222223, "y": 1395.6424560546875}, {"x": 339.72222222222223, "y": 1474.59033203125}, {"x": 1248.8751111111112, "y": 1474.59033203125}, {"x": 1248.8751111111112, "y": 1395.6424560546875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Figure 4-9. Average Cost, Insurance, and Freight Prices of Wood Pellets and Wood Chips", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 354.1111111111111, "y": 1485.5426025390625}, {"x": 354.1111111111111, "y": 1981.4444444444441}, {"x": 1220.1666666666665, "y": 1981.4444444444441}, {"x": 1220.1666666666665, "y": 1485.5426025390625}], "category": "figure", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 \u2014e\u2014Wood pellets \u4e00 Wood chips, coniferous \u2014e\u2014Wood chips, non-coniferous", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 235.40110778808594, "y": 2008.625732421875}, {"x": 235.40110778808594, "y": 2035.9984130859375}, {"x": 683.7888888888888, "y": 2035.9984130859375}, {"x": 683.7888888888888, "y": 2008.625732421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Average price = import value/import tonne.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 234.96429443359375, "y": 2042.8743896484375}, {"x": 234.96429443359375, "y": 2071.324951171875}, {"x": 851.2686767578125, "y": 2071.324951171875}, {"x": 851.2686767578125, "y": 2042.8743896484375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Source: Estimated by IEEJ based on Trade Statistics of Japan.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 772.8055555555554, "y": 2208.0078125}, {"x": 772.8055555555554, "y": 2238.6}, {"x": 809.1015555555554, "y": 2238.6}, {"x": 809.1015555555554, "y": 2208.0078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "40", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000072.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 318.66666666666663, "y": 238.11111111111086}, {"x": 318.66666666666663, "y": 263.11111111111086}, {"x": 346.56666666666666, "y": 263.11111111111086}, {"x": 346.56666666666666, "y": 238.11111111111086}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "35", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 318.66666666666663, "y": 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"y": 949.9506225585938}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "As of 1 December 2021, the Komnas HAM\u2019s YouTube channel has 2,290 subscribers with 185,676 total views. In the 2019-2020 period, content that specifically discusses the SDGs explicitly cannot be found on the Komnas HAM\u2019s YouTube. Nevertheless, on 15 December 2021, the Tanggap Rasa Podcast with the title of \u201cPodcast #EP32: SDGs dan Anak Muda\u201d (Translation: \u201cPodcast #EP32: SDGs and Youth\u201d) has been broadcast and can increase the awareness and understanding of the citizen on the SDGs, especially towards young generations.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 199.44444444444443, "y": 1282.9952392578125}, {"x": 199.44444444444443, "y": 1816.534423828125}, {"x": 1456.933837890625, "y": 1816.534423828125}, {"x": 1456.933837890625, "y": 1282.9952392578125}], "category": "figure", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "J8 RIBE HOME Uploads . | . = \u5541 3 \u201c Podcast #EPS30 - Upaya Diskus| Paralel 7 Festral Paralel Event 1 Festival HAM Konfersnsi Pers Festival Menjemput Festval HAM Merawat Wansan ingatan RAM 2021 \u201cPelindungan. 2021 HAM \uacfc\uc774 2021 2021 Semarang", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 364.74530029296875, "y": 1909.4566650390625}, {"x": 364.74530029296875, "y": 1945.263916015625}, {"x": 483.0802222222222, "y": 1945.263916015625}, {"x": 483.0802222222222, "y": 1909.4566650390625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "Figure 4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 565.7921752929688, "y": 1895.99560546875}, {"x": 565.7921752929688, "y": 1960.7544444444443}, {"x": 1255.3085555555556, "y": 1960.7544444444443}, {"x": 1255.3085555555556, "y": 1895.99560546875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "Komnas HAM\u2019s YouTube channel as of 1 December 2021", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 811.4722222222222, "y": 2179.143333333333}, {"x": 811.4722222222222, "y": 2206.81}, {"x": 850.1635555555556, "y": 2206.81}, {"x": 850.1635555555556, "y": 2179.143333333333}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "21", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000048.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 121.98817443847656, "y": 101.3479995727539}, {"x": 121.98817443847656, "y": 130.27777777777771}, {"x": 141.00491333007812, "y": 130.27777777777771}, {"x": 141.00491333007812, "y": 101.3479995727539}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 186.41168212890625, "y": 100.90150451660156}, {"x": 186.41168212890625, "y": 130.70494079589844}, {"x": 492.925048828125, "y": 130.70494079589844}, {"x": 492.925048828125, "y": 100.90150451660156}], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Encinas Franco and Laguna", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 124.55889129638672, "y": 196.95498657226562}, {"x": 124.55889129638672, "y": 239.5584716796875}, {"x": 706.3443603515625, "y": 239.5584716796875}, {"x": 706.3443603515625, "y": 196.95498657226562}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Filipino Women in Electoral Politics", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 121.11619567871094, "y": 279.423095703125}, {"x": 121.11619567871094, "y": 1093.1941666666667}, {"x": 1034.882080078125, "y": 1093.1941666666667}, {"x": 1034.882080078125, "y": 279.423095703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The nature and extent of Filipino women\u2019s political participation is a product of the country\u2019s colonial history, martial law, and democratization post-1986. Historians argue that Spain\u2019s strong Catholic traditions ushered in patriarchal norms and practices that were not present in the pre-Hispanic period. National hero, Jose Rizal, has documented this in his \u201cLetter to the Women of Malolos,\u201d praising the women for advocating their right to education. Historians also found proof of women\u2019s contribution to the Philippine revolution (Camagay 1998). Decades later, the suffragist movement ushered in one of the first national issues to have brought Filipino women together. It was a hard- fought battle; the movement had to contend with staunch opposition from antisuffragists in the Constitutional Convention that drafted the 1935 Constitution. The reluctance was expected because only 21-year- old Filipino men had been allowed to vote during the time. They framed their opposition based on traditional notions of womanhood and their role in the private sphere, foremost of which is motherhood. Another key argument against female suffrage was the idea that politics is supposed to be \u201cdirty\u201d and that this would taint families if women took part in politics. The assumptions catered to the age-old public-private divide, strongly suggesting that only men are qualified to occupy the former.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 122.89529418945312, "y": 1121.8602294921875}, {"x": 122.89529418945312, "y": 1623.749722222222}, {"x": 1032.80322265625, "y": 1623.749722222222}, {"x": 1032.80322265625, "y": 1121.8602294921875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Eventually, the 1935 Constitution granted women suffrage on the condition that more than 300,000 women would vote affirmatively in a plebiscite. When signing the law paving the way for the said plebiscite, President Manuel Quezon had this to say to Filipino men: \u201cAre you going to deprive our women of the opportunity to say how their lives are going to be regulated and is it fair for us to presume that men can always speak in this country for women?\u201d (Official Gazette 1936). In April 1937, more than 400,000 women voted in favor of their right to vote and participate in political life. In 1946 and 1947, Filipinos elected the first woman member of the House of Representatives, and senator, respectively. Nonetheless, data from 1946 to 1992 indicate an uphill climb. For instance, in the 1949 and 1953 elections for the House of Representatives, only one woman was elected out of the 100 positions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000184.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 188.5782928466797, "y": 111.12493133544922}, {"x": 188.5782928466797, "y": 149.04719324888887}, {"x": 623.38232421875, "y": 149.04719324888887}, {"x": 623.38232421875, "y": 111.12493133544922}], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Semantic Search Pack: Value", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.01316833496094, "y": 191.99627685546875}, {"x": 194.01316833496094, "y": 256.43885991555555}, {"x": 1717.8216552734375, "y": 256.43885991555555}, {"x": 1717.8216552734375, "y": 191.99627685546875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "SS Pack allows businesses to access further data more rapidly", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 130.18734741210938, "y": 464.3917236328125}, {"x": 130.18734741210938, 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to that of traditional keyword-matching search systems", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1834.9256591796875, "y": 761.0583333333333}, {"x": 1834.9256591796875, "y": 835.1861105133335}, {"x": 1996.9694444444444, "y": 835.1861105133335}, {"x": 1996.9694444444444, "y": 761.0583333333333}], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "SOTA 2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1836.2862548828125, "y": 850.0391845703125}, {"x": 1836.2862548828125, "y": 892.570068359375}, {"x": 2209.737548828125, "y": 892.570068359375}, {"x": 2209.737548828125, "y": 850.0391845703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Cutting-Edge Technology", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1831.7349853515625, "y": 958.6766357421875}, {"x": 1831.7349853515625, "y": 1080.1388876933333}, {"x": 2432.1177511066667, "y": 1080.1388876933333}, {"x": 2432.1177511066667, "y": 958.6766357421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "The analysis of user logs saved in real-time allows us to further optimize the individual search services over time", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2576.446533203125, "y": 1419.3582763671875}, {"x": 2576.446533203125, "y": 1449.4722210266666}, {"x": 2607.745361328125, "y": 1449.4722210266666}, {"x": 2607.745361328125, "y": 1419.3582763671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "22", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000093.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 144.7375030517578, "y": 154.3378448486328}, {"x": 144.7375030517578, "y": 324.3912353515625}, {"x": 1566.6639404296875, "y": 324.3912353515625}, {"x": 1566.6639404296875, "y": 154.3378448486328}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "survey responses and outcomes from the experiments and games. This spreadsheet is linked to the students\u2019 randomly assigned course ID (CID) numbers. The other spreadsheet, which is linked to their university student ID numbers and their names, compiles their performances on quizzes, homework, and exams assigned throughout the semester.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 320.91607666015625}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 667.66162109375}, {"x": 1553.6507568359375, "y": 667.66162109375}, {"x": 1553.6507568359375, "y": 320.91607666015625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "At the risk of sounding draconian, this is a course where it may make sense to base upwards of 50% of a student\u2019s grade upon their in-person attendance, which would entail carefully taking role at the beginning of each class. If the class meets 30 times face-to-face during the semester, for example, their grade attributable to attendance would then drop by 3.33 percentage points for each missed class (excused absences withstanding). Granted, students who foresee having difficulty attending class in-person throughout the semester would likely choose to drop the course immediately. For those students who remain, the remaining 50% of their course grade would then be based upon their quizzes, homework, and exam scores.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 149.91929626464844, "y": 670.5592041015625}, {"x": 149.91929626464844, "y": 1178.023888888889}, {"x": 1550.1156005859375, "y": 1178.023888888889}, {"x": 1550.1156005859375, "y": 670.5592041015625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The issue of how best to convey written information to the student a priori (i.e., before conducting a given experiment or game) also looms large in a participatory-learning setting such as this, especially if the instructor desires to obtain unbiased responses from the students (or more practically, to control for potential biases). For example, the first set of thought experiments presented in Section 1 is meant to demonstrate firsthand to the students the extent to which automatic, knee-jerk responses from what Kahneman (2011) identifies as the System 1 portion of the brain can result in miscalculations. Students who choose to read ahead (small in number though these types of students may be) potentially skew the distribution of responses away from its otherwise true representation of these miscalculations. Such skewness may be tolerable for strictly educational purposes, where the goal is to demonstrate that at least a certain percentage of students are prone to miscalculation. But if the instructor also hopes to compile student responses into a dataset amenable for statistical analysis, then this type of potential bias draws into question the validity of the data. 2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 145.1637725830078, "y": 1183.50830078125}, {"x": 145.1637725830078, "y": 1391.9127777777776}, {"x": 1565.051513671875, "y": 1391.9127777777776}, {"x": 1565.051513671875, "y": 1183.50830078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "To help control for potential biases associated with students having read ahead about the game or experiment they are now participating in, I recommend including the following question on each Response Card: \u201cDid you read about this topic ahead of time?\u201d (see Appendix A). Answers to this question provide a control for the level of student foreknowledge, which is the potential bias of concern.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 140.9463653564453, "y": 1395.83203125}, {"x": 140.9463653564453, "y": 1692.843994140625}, {"x": 1557.4927978515625, "y": 1692.843994140625}, {"x": 1557.4927978515625, "y": 1395.83203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "I am personally unaware of any studies that have looked at how well students learn the lessons of behavioral economics in a cumulative sense over a span of time (e.g., an entire semester) and across a variety of experiments and games. In other words, I know of no studies that estimate the extent to which individuals who begin a course in behavioral economics as bona fide Homo sapiens evolve toward \u201cHomo economism\u201d in their individual and social choices. The pedagogy promoted in this textbook\u2014in particular, the data it generates\u2014offers instructors the opportunity to empirically test the hypothesis that students make this evolution.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 131.4061111111111, "y": 2045.4815673828125}, {"x": 131.4061111111111, "y": 2079.614501953125}, {"x": 1546.8786163888892, "y": 2079.614501953125}, {"x": 1546.8786163888892, "y": 2045.4815673828125}], "category": "footer", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "2. Note that this potential biasedness problem also extends to the laboratory experiments of Section 2 and games of Section 3.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1081.58935546875, "y": 2088.1962890625}, {"x": 1081.58935546875, "y": 2112.945}, {"x": 1545.3194580078125, "y": 2112.945}, {"x": 1545.3194580078125, "y": 2088.1962890625}], "category": "footer", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM XXV", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000013.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 101.58000000000003}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 132.13555555555558}, {"x": 192.3747222222222, "y": 132.13555555555558}, {"x": 192.3747222222222, "y": 101.58000000000003}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "150", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.97384643554688, "y": 162.56982421875}, {"x": 156.97384643554688, "y": 1316.8526611328125}, {"x": 742.0518798828125, "y": 1316.8526611328125}, {"x": 742.0518798828125, "y": 162.56982421875}], "category": "figure", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "\u300c ~ \u962e - \u00a5 \ufe41 IS4 3\\ ( | \ufe69 14 S /] 1 \u9d28 \ub2c8 \ub09c i \u2032 ' I \u5e2b \u81ea 161 1 ; \u6241 | | i 1[ i i i1 \ube44\ube44 \u9716 \u5c0e \ud589 N \u3001 \u8587 \ufe4d# ~", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.47146606445312, "y": 1340.859130859375}, {"x": 155.47146606445312, "y": 1374.0208333333335}, {"x": 710.8477783203125, "y": 1374.0208333333335}, {"x": 710.8477783203125, "y": 1340.859130859375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Figure 8.7a\u2013c A gazelle horn used in al-Sadu weaving.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.1134033203125, "y": 1438.3857421875}, {"x": 153.1134033203125, "y": 1477.9233333333334}, {"x": 708.7545776367188, "y": 1477.9233333333334}, {"x": 708.7545776367188, "y": 1438.3857421875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "4 Al-Sadu Symbols and Social Significance", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.03164672851562, "y": 1511.106689453125}, {"x": 152.03164672851562, "y": 1851.7097222222221}, {"x": 749.3828125, "y": 1851.7097222222221}, {"x": 749.3828125, "y": 1511.106689453125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Perhaps the main reason for the uniqueness of al-Sadu weaving is that it was never mass-pro- duced for export in the same way other carpets were. Although it was traded among tribes, due to the length of time it takes to produce a tent, and due to its particular function in the harsh climate of the desert, it was not replicable in other geographies. Al-Sadu weaving could not be commercialized in the same way that other", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1089.0702777777776, "y": 103.08277777777795}, {"x": 1089.0702777777776, "y": 130.86055555555572}, {"x": 1362.206388888889, "y": 130.86055555555572}, {"x": 1362.206388888889, "y": 103.08277777777795}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Al-Ogayyel and Oskay", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 777.2845458984375, "y": 153.8660125732422}, {"x": 777.2845458984375, "y": 486.3631896972656}, {"x": 1364.7728271484375, "y": 486.3631896972656}, {"x": 1364.7728271484375, "y": 153.8660125732422}], "category": "figure", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 777.9728393554688, "y": 505.5135192871094}, {"x": 777.9728393554688, "y": 568.1422222222222}, {"x": 1298.6033333333332, "y": 568.1422222222222}, {"x": 1298.6033333333332, "y": 505.5135192871094}], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Figure 8.8 Symbol of stars in contemporary al-Sadu weaving by Leila Yaser.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 775.8416137695312, "y": 616.6607666015625}, {"x": 775.8416137695312, "y": 983.70849609375}, {"x": 1369.853515625, "y": 983.70849609375}, {"x": 1369.853515625, "y": 616.6607666015625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "objects\u2014such as kilims, clothes, bags, blankets, and tablecloths\u2014were in other parts of the world. Therefore, although the weaving practice and the symbols used may have changed, they did not change as much as in other textiles, so examining the symbols embedded in these weav- ings may yield a wealth of information about the life of local populations. In the absence of writ- ten records, al-Sadu weavings become, thus, re-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 770.7074584960938, "y": 986.98486328125}, {"x": 770.7074584960938, "y": 1365.9697222222223}, {"x": 1376.2513427734375, "y": 1365.9697222222223}, {"x": 1376.2513427734375, "y": 986.98486328125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "The natural environment of the nomadic tribe can be seen in al-Sadu designs, which contain symbols that reflect astronomical elements and the desert environment.24 Quite frequently, al- Sadu symbols indicate constellations and stars (fig. 8.8).25 In the vast sky of the pre-electric desert, the stars, the moon, and the sun had a great signifi- cance, being the main sources of orientation. It is important to note that, currently, the weavers in Kuwait explain these symbols simply as \u201cstars,\u201d", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 787.9141845703125, "y": 1412.254638671875}, {"x": 787.9141845703125, "y": 1750.3744444444444}, {"x": 1376.2830810546875, "y": 1750.3744444444444}, {"x": 1376.2830810546875, "y": 1412.254638671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "For more details on the symbols that appear in al-Sadu weavings, see also Altaf Salem Al-Ali Al-Sabah, Ibjad: Ornate Tent Dividers and Weavings of the Kuwait Desert (Kuwait: Al Sadu Society, 2006); Khawla Mohamed Ab- del and Aziez Al Manai, Al Sadu (Doha: National Mu- seum of Qatar, 2013); and Ali S. Alnajadah, \u201cThe Picto- graphic Codes in Al-Sadu Weavings of Kuwait,\u201d International Design Journal 8, no. 3 (2018): 63\u201374. In this latter study, Alnajadah tracks changes in the mean- ings of some al-Sadu symbols.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 791.9208984375, "y": 1751.3935546875}, {"x": 791.9208984375, "y": 1850.374722222222}, {"x": 1370.183349609375, "y": 1850.374722222222}, {"x": 1370.183349609375, "y": 1751.3935546875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Khawlah M. Manna, Al-Sadu in Qatar: Traditional Tech- nical Values and Techniques (Doha: Qatar Museums Authority, Qatar National Museum, 2013), 99\u2013100.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000057.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 455.38888888888886, "y": 239.96302795410156}, {"x": 455.38888888888886, "y": 275.0790710449219}, {"x": 1126.7917777777777, "y": 275.0790710449219}, {"x": 1126.7917777777777, "y": 239.96302795410156}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.2. Operating Capacity under the FIT Scheme", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 236.24999999999997, "y": 279.1388888888889}, {"x": 236.24999999999997, "y": 730.6360473632812}, {"x": 1342.9669189453125, "y": 730.6360473632812}, {"x": 1342.9669189453125, "y": 279.1388888888889}], "category": "figure", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "MW 400 1 | Waste materials 350 | | | 300 Biogas | 250 | \u2122 Construction wood waste | | 200 \u8338 \u774f General wood (10MWS 150 | | 1 | \u91cf General wood (<10MW) 100 50 | | Unutilised wood (2MWs) \ufe31 42 g i g !:l \ufe52 \u4e00 \u4e00 \u4e00 \u4e00 \u5510 Unutilised wood (<2MW) 12\ufe6313 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 202", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 234.23855590820312, "y": 745.3308715820312}, {"x": 234.23855590820312, "y": 773.7222222222221}, {"x": 429.03888888888883, "y": 773.7222222222221}, {"x": 429.03888888888883, "y": 745.3308715820312}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "FIT = feed-in-tariff.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 233.36338806152344, "y": 780.4276733398438}, {"x": 233.36338806152344, "y": 809.6527099609375}, {"x": 465.3722222222222, "y": 809.6527099609375}, {"x": 465.3722222222222, "y": 780.4276733398438}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Source: METI (2021a).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 226.360595703125, "y": 878.1077270507812}, {"x": 226.360595703125, "y": 1130.2506103515625}, {"x": 1354.9156494140625, "y": 1130.2506103515625}, {"x": 1354.9156494140625, "y": 878.1077270507812}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "The newly approved capacity has stagnated lately because some strict measures reduced the accumulated idle capacity in the revised FIT Act of 2017. For instance, developers are required to have entered into the grid connection agreement with a utility company for an FIT approval and to submit a business plan for assessment of feasibility and sustainability. As a result, the approved biomass power capacity is about 160MW on average in FY2018 and FY2019.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 234.85421752929688, "y": 1154.424072265625}, {"x": 234.85421752929688, "y": 1617.1944444444441}, {"x": 1345.8764444444446, "y": 1617.1944444444441}, {"x": 1345.8764444444446, "y": 1154.424072265625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "A recent change in the FIT scheme is that new projects of biomass co-firing with coal in the category of unutilised wood, general wood, and construction wood waste are no longer eligible for the FIT scheme from FY2019.4 The data collected after implementation of the FIT scheme revealed that the generation costs of these biomass co-firing with coal are lower than the estimated costs of conventional biomass power plants in terms of capital expenditures, operation and maintenance, and fuels. Hence, biomass co-firing with coal does not have a rationale to receive support through the FIT scheme since it could make profits without it. For reference, Figure 4.3 illustrates a biomass co-firing ratio of the major power utilities\u2019 coal-fired power plants. Nearly half of the coal-fired power plants co-combusted biomass in FY2019 and most of them are less than 1% ratio of biomass.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 218.55506896972656, "y": 2069.894287109375}, {"x": 218.55506896972656, "y": 2105.75048828125}, {"x": 1299.8637777777778, "y": 2105.75048828125}, {"x": 1299.8637777777778, "y": 2069.894287109375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "4 Biomass of waste materials co-firing with coal is not eligible for the FIT scheme from FY2021.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 771.8309326171875, "y": 2206.997314453125}, {"x": 771.8309326171875, "y": 2238.6}, {"x": 809.1015555555554, "y": 2238.6}, {"x": 809.1015555555554, "y": 2206.997314453125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "31", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000173.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 362.7832946777344, "y": 161.4774999999999}, {"x": 362.7832946777344, "y": 206.1780242919922}, {"x": 736.2464277777779, "y": 206.1780242919922}, {"x": 736.2464277777779, "y": 161.4774999999999}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Humanity\u2019s Home Base.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.8233184814453, "y": 259.8975524902344}, {"x": 156.8233184814453, "y": 655.2302856445312}, {"x": 945.3864135742188, "y": 655.2302856445312}, {"x": 945.3864135742188, "y": 259.8975524902344}], "category": "figure", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "ST i 7 \u300d % \ubca0\uc774", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 167.1360626220703, "y": 676.1875}, {"x": 167.1360626220703, "y": 865.6951293945312}, {"x": 937.5260009765625, "y": 865.6951293945312}, {"x": 937.5260009765625, "y": 676.1875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Figure 1. This image shows the Western hemisphere as viewed from space 35,400 kilometers (about 22,000 miles) above Earth. Data about the land surface from one satellite was combined with another satellite\u2019s data about the clouds to create the image. (credit: modification of work by R. Stockli, A. Nelson, F. Hasler,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 376.7617492675781, "y": 864.7327270507812}, {"x": 376.7617492675781, "y": 896.3016357421875}, {"x": 725.3885498046875, "y": 896.3016357421875}, {"x": 725.3885498046875, "y": 864.7327270507812}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "NASA/ GSFC/ NOAA/ USGS)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.63809204101562, "y": 898.6444702148438}, {"x": 153.63809204101562, "y": 1209.5447998046875}, {"x": 947.3140258789062, "y": 1209.5447998046875}, {"x": 947.3140258789062, "y": 898.6444702148438}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Our nearest astronomical neighbor is Earth\u2019s satellite, commonly called the Moon. Figure 2 shows Earth and the Moon drawn to scale on the same diagram. Notice how small we have to make these bodies to fit them on the page with the right scale. The Moon\u2019s distance from Earth is about 30 times Earth\u2019s diameter, or approximately 384,000 kilometers, and it takes about a month for the Moon to revolve around Earth. The Moon\u2019s diameter is 3476 kilometers, about one fourth the size of Earth.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 288.5147705078125, "y": 1300.548828125}, {"x": 288.5147705078125, "y": 1343.7618408203125}, {"x": 810.796142578125, "y": 1343.7618408203125}, {"x": 810.796142578125, "y": 1300.548828125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Earth and Moon, Drawn to Scale.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.93511962890625, "y": 1400.8536376953125}, {"x": 155.93511962890625, "y": 1479.43408203125}, {"x": 960.8228759765625, "y": 1479.43408203125}, {"x": 960.8228759765625, "y": 1400.8536376953125}], "category": "figure", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "\u3002 \ufe4d", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1568.55908203125}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1594.7408333333335}, {"x": 664.738611111111, "y": 1594.7408333333335}, {"x": 664.738611111111, "y": 1568.55908203125}], "category": "footer", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "10 | Chapter 1 Section 1.6: A Tour of the Universe", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000122.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 200.0, "y": 111.30633333333309}, {"x": 200.0, "y": 150.3063333333333}, {"x": 1486.8419999999999, "y": 150.3063333333333}, {"x": 1486.8419999999999, "y": 111.30633333333309}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 571.264892578125, "y": 217.32864379882812}, {"x": 571.264892578125, "y": 251.4667205810547}, {"x": 1046.9566650390625, "y": 251.4667205810547}, {"x": 1046.9566650390625, "y": 217.32864379882812}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "For use with CarolinaBLU\u2122 stain:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 234.91941833496094, "y": 257.779296875}, {"x": 234.91941833496094, "y": 528.2133178710938}, {"x": 1443.7117919921875, "y": 528.2133178710938}, {"x": 1443.7117919921875, "y": 257.779296875}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
=BamHI-Hindlll restriction enzyme mixtureRestriction Buffer-RNasei
3| \u02cd0 \u6b62| . |24
\u5df4 \u201d\u65e5 3 .| 3| .| |104| 24
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 187.82308959960938, "y": 585.8511352539062}, {"x": 187.82308959960938, "y": 621.1931762695312}, {"x": 781.3211669921875, "y": 621.1931762695312}, {"x": 781.3211669921875, "y": 585.8511352539062}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "3. Mix reagents by pipetting gently up and down.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 191.37013244628906, "y": 650.8373333333335}, {"x": 191.37013244628906, "y": 690.0708618164062}, {"x": 858.7476196289062, "y": 690.0708618164062}, {"x": 858.7476196289062, "y": 650.8373333333335}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "3. Mix reagents by pipetting gently up and down.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 812.3333333333333, "y": 701.0186666666666}, {"x": 812.3333333333333, "y": 719.0186666666666}, {"x": 821.8913333333333, "y": 719.0186666666666}, {"x": 821.8913333333333, "y": 701.0186666666666}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "o", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 191.27902221679688, "y": 722.1620000000001}, {"x": 191.27902221679688, "y": 763.7394409179688}, {"x": 1416.495849609375, "y": 763.7394409179688}, {"x": 1416.495849609375, "y": 722.1620000000001}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "4. Incubate all of the reaction tubes for 1 hour at 37 C.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1090.3333333333333, "y": 772.3519999999997}, {"x": 1090.3333333333333, "y": 790.3519999999999}, {"x": 1099.8913333333333, "y": 790.3519999999999}, {"x": 1099.8913333333333, "y": 772.3519999999997}], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "o", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.0682830810547, "y": 801.9567260742188}, {"x": 196.0682830810547, "y": 841.4697265625}, {"x": 610.6666666666666, "y": 841.4697265625}, {"x": 610.6666666666666, "y": 801.9567260742188}], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "III. Electrophorese Digests", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1100.0, "y": 793.504}, {"x": 1100.0, "y": 821.1706666666668}, {"x": 1424.7513333333334, "y": 821.1706666666668}, {"x": 1424.7513333333334, "y": 793.504}], "category": "heading1", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "C until the next lab period.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 198.24769592285156, "y": 879.2596435546875}, {"x": 198.24769592285156, "y": 909.038330078125}, {"x": 307.4606018066406, "y": 909.038330078125}, {"x": 307.4606018066406, "y": 879.2596435546875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Reagents:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 250.0, "y": 949.825}, {"x": 250.0, "y": 977.4499999999999}, {"x": 268.275, "y": 977.4499999999999}, {"x": 268.275, "y": 949.825}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 298.1398620605469, "y": 947.5942993164062}, {"x": 298.1398620605469, "y": 976.258056640625}, {"x": 704.8236694335938, "y": 976.258056640625}, {"x": 704.8236694335938, "y": 947.5942993164062}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Restriction digests from Part [, on 106", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 250.0, "y": 980.5}, {"x": 250.0, "y": 1008.125}, {"x": 268.275, "y": 1008.125}, {"x": 268.275, "y": 980.5}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 301.05023193359375, "y": 978.9033203125}, {"x": 301.05023193359375, "y": 1007.9395751953125}, {"x": 544.6133422851562, "y": 1007.9395751953125}, {"x": 544.6133422851562, "y": 978.9033203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "10x loading dye, 10 \u5c71", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 197.71556091308594, "y": 1045.7718505859375}, {"x": 197.71556091308594, "y": 1076.7259521484375}, {"x": 465.10845947265625, "y": 1076.7259521484375}, {"x": 465.10845947265625, "y": 1045.7718505859375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Supplies and Equipment", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 250.00000000000003, "y": 1118.4999999999998}, {"x": 250.00000000000003, "y": 1146.1249999999998}, {"x": 268.27500000000003, "y": 1146.1249999999998}, {"x": 268.27500000000003, "y": 1118.4999999999998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 300.5040283203125, "y": 1116.2923583984375}, {"x": 300.5040283203125, "y": 1148.103759765625}, {"x": 1060.5311279296875, "y": 1148.103759765625}, {"x": 1060.5311279296875, "y": 1116.2923583984375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Gel electrophoresis chamber with agarose gel in gel tray, power supply", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 250.0, "y": 1149.175}, {"x": 250.0, "y": 1176.8}, {"x": 268.275, "y": 1176.8}, {"x": 268.275, "y": 1149.175}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 306.2059020996094, "y": 1147.1346435546875}, {"x": 306.2059020996094, "y": 1176.6824951171875}, {"x": 681.3853149414062, "y": 1176.6824951171875}, {"x": 681.3853149414062, "y": 1147.1346435546875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "1-20 uL Micropipette and pipet tips", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 200.0, "y": 1220.5026666666668}, {"x": 200.0, "y": 1251.1693333333333}, {"x": 380.07466666666664, "y": 1251.1693333333333}, {"x": 380.07466666666664, "y": 1220.5026666666668}], "category": "heading1", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Load the Gel", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.4566650390625, "y": 1290.3868408203125}, {"x": 196.4566650390625, "y": 1388.1036376953125}, {"x": 1497.5830078125, "y": 1388.1036376953125}, {"x": 1497.5830078125, "y": 1290.3868408203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "1. Use a micropipette to add 2 \ud835\udf07\ud835\udf07L of 10\u00d7 loading dye to a reaction tube. Use the pipet tip and gently pipet up", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.7356719970703, "y": 1419.8526666666667}, {"x": 192.7356719970703, "y": 1492.723388671875}, {"x": 1464.9541015625, "y": 1492.723388671875}, {"x": 1464.9541015625, "y": 1419.8526666666667}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "for each digest.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 199.99999999999983, "y": 1523.851666666667}, {"x": 199.99999999999983, "y": 1551.5183333333332}, {"x": 1416.7523333333331, "y": 1551.5183333333332}, {"x": 1416.7523333333331, "y": 1523.851666666667}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "Use a fresh pipet tip for each reaction tube and write down the order in which the samples are loaded.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 199.99999999999983, "y": 1666.833}, {"x": 199.99999999999983, "y": 1694.4996666666668}, {"x": 1249.7563333333333, "y": 1694.4996666666668}, {"x": 1249.7563333333333, "y": 1666.833}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "NOTE: Be careful not to punch the tip of the pipet through the bottom or side of the well.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 199.99999999999983, "y": 1809.4823333333336}, {"x": 199.99999999999983, "y": 1851.3143333333337}, {"x": 382.0743333333332, "y": 1851.3143333333337}, {"x": 382.0743333333332, "y": 1809.4823333333336}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "While loading, \u2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 394.4939880371094, "y": 1817.3148193359375}, {"x": 394.4939880371094, "y": 1881.6181640625}, {"x": 1494.823486328125, "y": 1881.6181640625}, {"x": 1494.823486328125, "y": 1817.3148193359375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "Steady the pipet over the well using two hands\ufe52 You may wish to place one or both elbows on the lab bench to steady your hands\ufe52", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 349.9533333333332, "y": 1887.4193333333335}, {"x": 349.9533333333332, "y": 1917.9910000000002}, {"x": 370.31599999999986, "y": 1917.9910000000002}, {"x": 370.31599999999986, "y": 1887.4193333333335}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 399.33935546875, "y": 1882.8266666666668}, {"x": 399.33935546875, "y": 1950.657470703125}, {"x": 1502.0071666666663, "y": 1950.657470703125}, {"x": 1502.0071666666663, "y": 1882.8266666666668}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "steady the pipet over the well using two hands. You may wish to place one or both elbows on the lab bench to steady your hands.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 399.94699999999983, "y": 1981.8456666666668}, {"x": 399.94699999999983, "y": 2009.5123333333336}, {"x": 1387.0217333333328, "y": 2009.5123333333336}, {"x": 1387.0217333333328, "y": 1981.8456666666668}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "cap over the well, the sample will flow into the buffer around the edges of the well.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 824.3333333333333, "y": 2037.6333333333332}, {"x": 824.3333333333333, "y": 2068.2999999999997}, {"x": 883.8879999999999, "y": 2068.2999999999997}, {"x": 883.8879999999999, "y": 2037.6333333333332}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "133", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000023.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 818.488525390625, "y": 156.7155303955078}, {"x": 818.488525390625, "y": 184.8544444444444}, {"x": 1019.9494018554688, "y": 184.8544444444444}, {"x": 1019.9494018554688, "y": 156.7155303955078}], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "2. The Lost Homeland", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.1026611328125, "y": 214.93418884277344}, {"x": 152.1026611328125, "y": 546.7747222222223}, {"x": 1023.5377777777783, "y": 546.7747222222223}, {"x": 1023.5377777777783, "y": 214.93418884277344}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "This description told me that Steinkirche was somewhere in the vicinity of Strehlen. Then, according to Elfriede\u2019s stories about walking her animals, ducks, geese and a goat to the railway station to meet visitors, a station once existed near the village. I wondered whether it had survived the bombing. I have seen films of the utter devastation along the Oder River in early May 1945, just before the War in Europe ended. Did the railway still pass Steinkirche? My mother\u2019s father had been a railway line pointsman, a signal attendant. From a station close to home he would have undertaken the long journeys his work demanded.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.94557189941406, "y": 570.1116943359375}, {"x": 152.94557189941406, "y": 790.3966666666666}, {"x": 1023.5133333333335, "y": 790.3966666666666}, {"x": 1023.5133333333335, "y": 570.1116943359375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "I went back to the old German maps in the National Library and located Steinkirche on one of several contiguous contour maps perhaps designed for military purposes. They covered Lower Silesia in 1938 in\u00b7remarkable detail, although such detail also helped obscure the printed names of villages, which were lost in the depictions of miniature hills, rivers, quarries, castles, lakes and even houses.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.41806030273438, "y": 812.0886840820312}, {"x": 148.41806030273438, "y": 1108.686279296875}, {"x": 1025.4407958984375, "y": 1108.686279296875}, {"x": 1025.4407958984375, "y": 812.0886840820312}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Eventually I did locate the village through this superb map. Steinkirche was off the main road near the second railway station south of Strehlen, probably on a hill, something my mother had never mentioned. If one passed it, one could also locate it as station number two of the seven between Strehlen and Milnsterberg, on the railway running south of Breslau towards the Carpathian Mountains. Then I noted the Polish names for the two townships south of Wroclaw (Breslau). In the German- to-Polish Gazeteer they are given as Strzelin and Ziebice.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.4496612548828, "y": 1131.54833984375}, {"x": 151.4496612548828, "y": 1350.9741666666666}, {"x": 1024.2874755859375, "y": 1350.9741666666666}, {"x": 1024.2874755859375, "y": 1131.54833984375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "My intention was to take a train or a car to the new Polish ex-Steinkirche, visit it discreetly, and search the old cemetery for family connections. I wanted to photograph my two-year-old granddaughter beside my own grandfather Friedrich\u2019s grave. I wanted to look for other evidence of family history, and just savour the atmosphere of the place. I also wanted to see what had happened to Neumarkt Platz.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.0203094482422, "y": 1373.4100341796875}, {"x": 150.0203094482422, "y": 1557.9294444444445}, {"x": 1023.5163888888893, "y": 1557.9294444444445}, {"x": 1023.5163888888893, "y": 1373.4100341796875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "It was difficult to achieve anything in a hurry. In London, my daughter, granddaughter and I visited the office of the Polish Consulate. Tourist brochures were generously given to us, but none of the authoritative road maps of Poland showed the villages between Strzelin and Ziebice. Did our village still exist? And by what name?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.2931365966797, "y": 1580.129150390625}, {"x": 153.2931365966797, "y": 1691.5516666666667}, {"x": 1023.4461111111115, "y": 1691.5516666666667}, {"x": 1023.4461111111115, "y": 1580.129150390625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "After flying to Berlin, we set out in a hire car for Wroclaw on 13 September 2003. Beside the Hitler-era Autobahn, there are still extensive forests, between flat farmlands. It was raining when we entered Poland.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1081.294677734375, "y": 1714.440673828125}, {"x": 1081.294677734375, "y": 1740.5127777777777}, {"x": 1097.9591064453125, "y": 1740.5127777777777}, {"x": 1097.9591064453125, "y": 1714.440673828125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "9", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000186.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 324.0623664444444, "y": 196.85022222222224}, {"x": 324.0623664444444, "y": 562.2972222222222}, {"x": 1329.4829775555554, "y": 562.2972222222222}, {"x": 1329.4829775555554, "y": 196.85022222222224}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "| \u2026 # EE KN \u300f kRN A > Merge 24 Layer j4Lmem 8Layer \u4e00 Copy WLass Continued Pretraining 24 Layer: 24 Layers \u3161 > \u3137 \u3163 \u2026 . \u967d \u4e9e \u9824 tep 1. nn ling ntinued Pretraining", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 181.6202850341797, "y": 588.8026733398438}, {"x": 181.6202850341797, "y": 656.773193359375}, {"x": 1470.6014404296875, "y": 656.773193359375}, {"x": 1470.6014404296875, "y": 588.8026733398438}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 1: Depth up-scaling for the case with n = 32, s = 48, and m = 8. Depth up-scaling is achieved through a dual-stage process of depthwise scaling followed by continued pretraining.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.3618927001953, "y": 715.5283203125}, {"x": 190.3618927001953, "y": 790.28466796875}, {"x": 807.4575805664062, "y": 790.28466796875}, {"x": 807.4575805664062, "y": 715.5283203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "for wider access and application of these models by researchers and developers globally.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.6348876953125, "y": 814.707275390625}, {"x": 190.6348876953125, "y": 854.2638549804688}, {"x": 502.6304931640625, "y": 854.2638549804688}, {"x": 502.6304931640625, "y": 814.707275390625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "2 Depth Up-Scaling", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 191.838134765625, "y": 873.7476196289062}, {"x": 191.838134765625, "y": 1245.4621266666666}, {"x": 810.3773803710938, "y": 1245.4621266666666}, {"x": 810.3773803710938, "y": 873.7476196289062}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "To efficiently scale-up LLMs, we aim to utilize pre- trained weights of base models to scale up to larger LLMs (Komatsuzaki et al., 2022). While exist- ing methods such as Komatsuzaki et al. (2022) use MoE (Shazeer et al., 2017) to scale-up the model ar- chitecture, we opt for a different depthwise scaling strategy inspired by Tan and Le (2019). We then continually pretrain the scaled model as just scaling the model without further pretraining degrades the performance.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 188.09701538085938, "y": 1268.0682373046875}, {"x": 188.09701538085938, "y": 1643.4730224609375}, {"x": 811.406494140625, "y": 1643.4730224609375}, {"x": 811.406494140625, "y": 1268.0682373046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Base model. Any n-layer transformer architec- ture can be used but we select the 32-layer Llama 2 architecture as our base model. We initialize the Llama 2 architecture with pretrained weights from Mistral 7B, as it is one of the top performers com- patible with the Llama 2 architecture. By adopting the Llama 2 architecture for our base model, we aim to leverage the vast pool of community re- sources while introducing novel modifications to further enhance its capabilities.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.224853515625, "y": 1663.6370849609375}, {"x": 190.224853515625, "y": 1810.9599609375}, {"x": 811.5048217773438, "y": 1810.9599609375}, {"x": 811.5048217773438, "y": 1663.6370849609375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Depthwise scaling. From the base model with n layers, we set the target layer count s for the scaled model, which is largely dictated by the available hardware.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 189.64083862304688, "y": 1814.6932373046875}, {"x": 189.64083862304688, "y": 2153.57568359375}, {"x": 812.1624755859375, "y": 2153.57568359375}, {"x": 812.1624755859375, "y": 1814.6932373046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "With the above, the depthwise scaling process is as follows. The base model with n layers is duplicated for subsequent modification. Then, we remove the final m layers from the original model and the initial m layers from its duplicate, thus forming two distinct models with n \u2212 m layers. These two models are concatenated to form a scaled model with s = 2\u00b7(n\u2212m) layers. Note that n = 32 from our base model and we set s = 48 considering", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 845.3509521484375, "y": 717.7412719726562}, {"x": 845.3509521484375, "y": 939.85302734375}, {"x": 1462.935302734375, "y": 939.85302734375}, {"x": 1462.935302734375, "y": 717.7412719726562}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "our hardware constraints and the efficiency of the scaled model, i.e., fitting between 7 and 13 billion parameters. Naturally, this leads to the removal of m = 8 layers. The depthwise scaling process with n = 32, s = 48, and m = 8 is depicted in \u2018Step 1: Depthwise Scaling\u2019 of Fig. 1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 850.3944444444444, "y": 944.4559936523438}, {"x": 850.3944444444444, "y": 1091.2430419921875}, {"x": 1464.5372314453125, "y": 1091.2430419921875}, {"x": 1464.5372314453125, "y": 944.4559936523438}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "We note that a method in the community that also scale the model in the same manner 2 as \u2018Step 1: Depthwise Scaling\u2019 of Fig. 1 has been concurrently developed.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 840.97509765625, "y": 1120.351806640625}, {"x": 840.97509765625, "y": 1574.668701171875}, {"x": 1472.023193359375, "y": 1574.668701171875}, {"x": 1472.023193359375, "y": 1120.351806640625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Continued pretraining. The performance of the depthwise scaled model initially drops below that of the base LLM. Thus, we additionally apply the continued pretraining step as shown in \u2018Step 2: Continued Pretraining\u2019 of Fig. 1. Experimen- tally, we observe rapid performance recovery of the scaled model during continued pretraining, a phenomenon also observed in Komatsuzaki et al. (2022). We consider that the particular way of depthwise scaling has isolated the heterogeneity in the scaled model which allowed for this fast performance recovery.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 845.8670043945312, "y": 1573.536376953125}, {"x": 845.8670043945312, "y": 1835.8043212890625}, {"x": 1464.499755859375, "y": 1835.8043212890625}, {"x": 1464.499755859375, "y": 1573.536376953125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Delving deeper into the heterogeneity of the scaled model, a simpler alternative to depthwise scaling could be to just repeat its layers once more, i.e., from n to 2n layers. Then, the \u2018layer distance\u2019, or the difference in the layer indices in the base model, is only bigger than 1 where layers n and n + 1 are connected, i.e., at the seam.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 845.7597045898438, "y": 1841.30029296875}, {"x": 845.7597045898438, "y": 2064.261474609375}, {"x": 1464.9049072265625, "y": 2064.261474609375}, {"x": 1464.9049072265625, "y": 1841.30029296875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "However, this results in maximum layer distance at the seam, which may be too significant of a discrepancy for continued pretraining to quickly resolve. Instead, depthwise scaling sacrifices the 2m middle layers, thereby reducing the discrep- ancy at the seam and making it easier for continued", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 850.3944444444444, "y": 2090.459893333333}, {"x": 850.3944444444444, "y": 2148.03564453125}, {"x": 1349.5313720703125, "y": 2148.03564453125}, {"x": 1349.5313720703125, "y": 2090.459893333333}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "2https://huggingface.co/Undi95/ Mistral-11B-v0.1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000087.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 388.30987548828125, "y": 101.41712188720703}, {"x": 388.30987548828125, "y": 140.60781860351562}, {"x": 1316.4027777777776, "y": 140.60781860351562}, {"x": 1316.4027777777776, "y": 101.41712188720703}], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 182.25851440429688, "y": 200.81475830078125}, {"x": 182.25851440429688, "y": 317.4757385253906}, {"x": 1518.14501953125, "y": 317.4757385253906}, {"x": 1518.14501953125, "y": 200.81475830078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "members should specify this in their schedule of specific commitments.4 Reservation of the ability to lease or own land to nationals is one such treatment; therefore, it should be listed in the schedule as a limitation on national treatment.5 This applies to services that the GATS covers.6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.40484619140625, "y": 354.2065734863281}, {"x": 190.40484619140625, "y": 659.68798828125}, {"x": 1513.953369140625, "y": 659.68798828125}, {"x": 1513.953369140625, "y": 354.2065734863281}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Some jurisdictions do not list foreign land ownership on their schedules, but restrict it for national security or similar interests.7 Such jurisdictions include Australia and Finland (national interest), Chile and Greece (border area), Russia (national security), and Spain (zones of interest to national defense and the military). Several other jurisdictions that also restrict ownership for national security purposes have entered restrictions on their GATS schedules. Such jurisdictions include Argentina and Mexico (border area), Iran (sensitive areas), South Korea (military bases and installation protection zones), Taiwan (lands within fortified and military areas and adjacent to the national frontiers), and Turkey (designated military zones).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 186.92884826660156, "y": 693.2789306640625}, {"x": 186.92884826660156, "y": 922.4039306640625}, {"x": 1515.1767578125, "y": 922.4039306640625}, {"x": 1515.1767578125, "y": 693.2789306640625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "There are other various restrictions on foreigners\u2019 land ownership. Figure 1 below shows in simplified format the surveyed jurisdictions that impose particular categories of restrictions. On page 4, a color-coded map sets forth which jurisdictions permit foreign acquisition, prohibit it, or impose restrictions. A Comparative Summary Table beginning on page 5 presents the essential findings of our study for each jurisdiction. Lastly, the textual surveys for each jurisdiction provide further detail.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 198.0294952392578, "y": 1705.4295654296875}, {"x": 198.0294952392578, "y": 1736.7037777777775}, {"x": 346.97222222222223, "y": 1736.7037777777775}, {"x": 346.97222222222223, "y": 1705.4295654296875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "4 Id. art. XX.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 189.8387908935547, "y": 1753.531494140625}, {"x": 189.8387908935547, "y": 1822.7183837890625}, {"x": 1473.7574444444447, "y": 1822.7183837890625}, {"x": 1473.7574444444447, "y": 1753.531494140625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "5 Julia Nielson & Daria Taglioni, A Quick Guide to the GATS and Mode 4, OECD, World Bank, IOM Seminar on Trade and Migration (Nov. 12-14, 2003), at 11, https://perma.cc/B8XW-LNZ4.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 182.783935546875, "y": 1834.50634765625}, {"x": 182.783935546875, "y": 1936.7010498046875}, {"x": 1476.0155555555557, "y": 1936.7010498046875}, {"x": 1476.0155555555557, "y": 1834.50634765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "6 World Trade Organization, The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS): Objectives, Coverage and Disciplines, Question 3, https://perma.cc/4J7Y-WAG7. It states, \u201c[t]he GATS applies in principle to all service sectors, with two exceptions.\u201d", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 198.81439208984375, "y": 1951.171875}, {"x": 198.81439208984375, "y": 1985.925048828125}, {"x": 674.6388888888889, "y": 1985.925048828125}, {"x": 674.6388888888889, "y": 1951.171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "7 See GATS art. XIV General Exceptions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.23558044433594, "y": 2066.293701171875}, {"x": 195.23558044433594, "y": 2104.18505859375}, {"x": 583.8472222222222, "y": 2104.18505859375}, {"x": 583.8472222222222, "y": 2066.293701171875}], "category": "footer", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "The Law Library of Congress", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1471.611111111111, "y": 2068.2138671875}, {"x": 1471.611111111111, "y": 2100.225}, {"x": 1493.4583333333333, "y": 2100.225}, {"x": 1493.4583333333333, "y": 2068.2138671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000062.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 200.06666666666666, "y": 263.99188232421875}, {"x": 200.06666666666666, "y": 364.61456298828125}, {"x": 797.3388888888887, "y": 364.61456298828125}, {"x": 797.3388888888887, "y": 263.99188232421875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "1. Shipping as a vector for marine IAS List of Philippine Ports is in Appendix 3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.00376892089844, "y": 343.7866516113281}, {"x": 194.00376892089844, "y": 1217.1038818359375}, {"x": 766.1130981445312, "y": 1217.1038818359375}, {"x": 766.1130981445312, "y": 343.7866516113281}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Shipping remains as the only scientifically documented pathway for marine biological invasion in the Philippines with the introduction and invasion of the South American mussel Mytella strigata (Vallejo et al. 2017). This invasive was first recorded from the South Harbor of Manila in 2014 and has been known to have spread throughout Manila Bay, to Lingayen Gulf, Aparri, Cagayan and Batangas Port in the Philippines. It has since then reported in Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, the Gulf of Thailand, and Sri Lanka.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 783.1944444444443, "y": 383.6998291015625}, {"x": 783.1944444444443, "y": 1126.1666666666667}, {"x": 1529.3955078125, "y": 1126.1666666666667}, {"x": 1529.3955078125, "y": 383.6998291015625}], "category": "figure", "id": 2, "content": {"text": ", \u5974 \u02cb \ufe52\u8f5f\u02cd\u9ecc", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 765.0390014648438, "y": 1126.892578125}, {"x": 765.0390014648438, "y": 1198.701171875}, {"x": 1460.6295555555555, "y": 1198.701171875}, {"x": 1460.6295555555555, "y": 1126.892578125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Figure 2. Foulers from the South Harbor of Manila Bay. Photo by SAILS-PORTEC Manila Bay", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 200.06666666666666, "y": 1301.44873046875}, {"x": 200.06666666666666, "y": 1645.3206787109375}, {"x": 1507.8111111111111, "y": 1645.3206787109375}, {"x": 1507.8111111111111, "y": 1301.44873046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Mytella was likely spread through hull fouling and ballast water release. In the Philippines its spread to other ports was likely through small vessel hull fouling as the first adult samples were recorded from the fishing boat FV Ocean in 2015 which was docked in Manila Bay. An intensive monitoring of the South Harbor area in 2014 resulted in the detection of the first cohort of recruits in Manila Bay. The likely first introduction by ballast water release or by biofouling was in December 2013 and the first cohort of recruits was detected in July 2014.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.94772338867188, "y": 1727.462646484375}, {"x": 193.94772338867188, "y": 1951.2879638671875}, {"x": 1518.69775390625, "y": 1951.2879638671875}, {"x": 1518.69775390625, "y": 1727.462646484375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "There are at least 15 marine non-indigenous species ship hull fouling recorded from Manila Bay\u2019s South Harbor (Vallejo et al. 2019; Trinidad et al 2017.) Only Mytella is considered invasive enough to have wide scale ecological and economic impacts. The most numerous species is the well- studied Hydroides elegans, which is a known ship fouler with a present pantropical distribution.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1482.946533203125, "y": 2026.8712158203125}, {"x": 1482.946533203125, "y": 2060.6}, {"x": 1507.8111111111111, "y": 2060.6}, {"x": 1507.8111111111111, "y": 2026.8712158203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000020.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 106.40483093261719, "y": 1718.2905555555556}, {"x": 106.40483093261719, "y": 1740.5127777777777}, {"x": 122.1528549194336, "y": 1740.5127777777777}, {"x": 122.1528549194336, "y": 1718.2905555555556}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "x", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 187.57589721679688, "y": 157.30398559570312}, {"x": 187.57589721679688, "y": 184.8544444444444}, {"x": 344.17919921875, "y": 184.8544444444444}, {"x": 344.17919921875, "y": 157.30398559570312}], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "At Home in Exile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 183.98388671875, "y": 216.6894073486328}, {"x": 183.98388671875, "y": 363.4413888888888}, {"x": 1055.027777777778, "y": 363.4413888888888}, {"x": 1055.027777777778, "y": 216.6894073486328}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "to speak, using half my allocated 20 minutes because he had a different memory of our internment. As a young boy he had a wonderful time in camp, getting up to mischief, playing games, feeling adventurous. Girls are more vulnerable. Puberty can be a greater problem for them.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 186.22389221191406, "y": 384.7982482910156}, {"x": 186.22389221191406, "y": 827.0633333333334}, {"x": 1054.972777777778, "y": 827.0633333333334}, {"x": 1054.972777777778, "y": 384.7982482910156}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Another interesting matter associated with this book is that the Iranian- born anthropologist Dr Pedram Khosronejad contacted me in 2019 after reading my book in the house of a friend. Pandanus Press having ceased to exist, Pedram took considerable trouble to locate and invite me to join a small group for a project he was devising. Their parents had also been interned from Persia during the period covered by my book. The group is now aged between 64 and 85 years of age \u2013 the \u2018children of internees from Persia\u2019. The group works collectively and individually in association with Dr Khosronejad\u2019s experiment of a reciprocal anthropology of the aged. Outcomes of their work will include a publication as well as documentary film. This book remains one of several unique contributions within the development of the project.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 179.64559936523438, "y": 850.0660400390625}, {"x": 179.64559936523438, "y": 960.6855555555557}, {"x": 1058.56298828125, "y": 960.6855555555557}, {"x": 1058.56298828125, "y": 850.0660400390625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "With the literary title used in its initial hard copy, this book has not been part of bibliographies on civilian or refugee internment in Australia, although it is unusual as an account of a female\u2019s personal experiences.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000012.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 101.58000000000003}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 132.13555555555558}, {"x": 183.45250000000001, "y": 132.13555555555558}, {"x": 183.45250000000001, "y": 101.58000000000003}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "96", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4610137939453, "y": 168.46224975585938}, {"x": 157.4610137939453, "y": 890.9311263888891}, {"x": 742.6395263671875, "y": 890.9311263888891}, {"x": 742.6395263671875, "y": 168.46224975585938}], "category": "figure", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "o %o o ) o 2 & \u3010 ol 696 iy il 29 \u947c\u6c50\u301d\u301e ~ =", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.3271942138672, "y": 912.7056884765625}, {"x": 150.3271942138672, "y": 975.3477777777779}, {"x": 746.834716796875, "y": 975.3477777777779}, {"x": 746.834716796875, "y": 912.7056884765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Figure 5.1 Mr. Bologna Jun-r as Kalim Azack in Aladdin, or The Wonderful Lamp.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1217.7077777777777, "y": 103.08277777777795}, {"x": 1217.7077777777777, "y": 130.86055555555572}, {"x": 1362.2077777777777, "y": 130.86055555555572}, {"x": 1362.2077777777777, "y": 103.08277777777795}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "MacDonald", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 777.9920788888888, "y": 169.98648277777812}, {"x": 777.9920788888888, "y": 892.9793136111111}, {"x": 1329.2430419921875, "y": 892.9793136111111}, {"x": 1329.2430419921875, "y": 169.98648277777812}], "category": "figure", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u906e \\/\u2018 i ( [\\ \ub09c \ubbf8 < ) j 72", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 777.9919444444444, "y": 914.3156127929688}, {"x": 777.9919444444444, "y": 977.2997222222222}, {"x": 1343.3677978515625, "y": 977.2997222222222}, {"x": 1343.3677978515625, "y": 914.3156127929688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Figure 5.2 Mr. Grimaldi as Kazrac (the Chinese slave) in Aladdin, or The Wonderful Lamp.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.8484649658203, "y": 1029.5106201171875}, {"x": 154.8484649658203, "y": 1852.6344444444444}, {"x": 746.2674999999999, "y": 1852.6344444444444}, {"x": 746.2674999999999, "y": 1029.5106201171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "theatrical prints, which are informed by intercul- turation and illustrate the Orientalized look of the tale\u2019s theatrical life: one of John (\u201cJack\u201d) Peter Bo- logna as Kalim Azack, the vizier\u2019s son betrothed to Badroulboudour, and one of the extraordinary pantomime clown Joseph Grimaldi as Kazrac, the magician\u2019s Chinese slave, who, disillusioned by the magician\u2019s cruel plans concerning the lamp, be- friends Aladdin (figs. 5.1 and 5.2). The creation of this non-speaking role (Kazrac\u2019s tongue had been removed by the \u201cTartarian Hord\u201d from whom the magician rescued him) added much to the play, besides giving both the magician and Aladdin an ally and a confidant. Interestingly, these two prints likely represent a notable scene in the play, cer- tainly a favorite with children playing with a toy theater. The prints show Kalim Azack and Kazrac fighting while Aladdin follows the princess to the royal baths. The wealthy Kalim Azack is depicted wearing an elaborate ensemble: long embroidered tunic with fringe, short jacket with embroidery and tassels, full trousers tucked into boots, a sash,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 777.6923828125, "y": 1030.3348388671875}, {"x": 777.6923828125, "y": 1703.0986111111113}, {"x": 1368.8343505859375, "y": 1703.0986111111113}, {"x": 1368.8343505859375, "y": 1030.3348388671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "necklace, earrings, and brooches. With his fanciful hat and long moustache, he depicts a theatrical version of \u201ca Tartar,\u201d or \u201ca Man from Crimea.\u201d An illustration with the same title was included in an 1804 edition of The Costume of Turkey that aptly as- sociates Kalim Azack with the \u201cTartarian Hord\u201d responsible for Kazrac\u2019s disfigurement.41 Kazrac\u2019s \u201cChinese\u201d costume resembles contemporary Qing Dynasty (1636\u20131912) fashion with its changshan tu- nic, long, loose trousers, and a cap with upturned brim, topped with a knob. Despite his role as a poor peasant, Kazrac\u2019s theatrical costume is em- bellished with embroidery and a gold trim, and the character wears white stockings. Additionally, Grimaldi sports a braided pigtail and long mous- tache and brandishes two curved swords. Taken together, these two cultural images exemplify the Orientalized look that contributed to the fantasy", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 788.2852172851562, "y": 1751.929931640625}, {"x": 788.2852172851562, "y": 1850.374722222222}, {"x": 1369.5599365234375, "y": 1850.374722222222}, {"x": 1369.5599365234375, "y": 1751.929931640625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "\u201cA Tartar. A Man from Crimea,\u201d in Octavien Dalvimart, The Costume of Turkey, 1802 (London: Printed for Will- iam Miller, 1804), n.p.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000200.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 90.65768432617188, "y": 77.34434509277344}, {"x": 90.65768432617188, "y": 111.19391632080078}, {"x": 825.5694580078125, "y": 111.19391632080078}, {"x": 825.5694580078125, "y": 77.34434509277344}], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Introduction of product services and key features", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 94.79166969999999, "y": 136.18507385253906}, {"x": 94.79166969999999, "y": 189.25411987304688}, {"x": 917.7678833007812, "y": 189.25411987304688}, {"x": 917.7678833007812, "y": 136.18507385253906}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Key Functions by Main Service Flow", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1747.2222222222222, "y": 0.0}, {"x": 1747.2222222222222, "y": 48.888888888888886}, {"x": 2000.0, "y": 48.888888888888886}, {"x": 2000.0, "y": 0.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "X S K . >", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 83.33333599999999, "y": 250.0487823486328}, {"x": 83.33333599999999, "y": 1071.8755811066667}, {"x": 1917.708558742, "y": 1071.8755811066667}, {"x": 1917.708558742, "y": 250.0487823486328}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Service StageFunction NameExplanationExpected Benefit
1. Project creationProject creation and managementSelect document type to automatically run project creation, Pipeline configuration with recommended Modelset and Endpoint deploymentThe intuitive Ul environment allows the the person in charge to quickly proceed with the entire process from project creation to deployment, improving work efficiency
2. Data labeling and fine-tuningData storage managementProvides convenient functions for uploading raw data, viewer, and data management (search using image metadata, sorting, filtering, hashtags settings on image data) Image data bookmark for Qualitative EvaluationConveniently manage raw data to be used for OCR Pack and actual date from live service
Create and manage Labeling SpaceCreating a Labeling Space to manage raw data annotation, managing labeling resources (Ontology, Characters to be Recognized), data set dump, data set version management 3Labeling work can be outsourced within the pack. Labeled data is continuously supplied from which data sets can be created with ease. The Auto Labeling function increases both efficiency and convenience.
Model trainingVarious basic models for each selected document\uff0c information comparison between models\uff0c basic model training\uff0ctraining pause function\uff0c re\ufe63training\uff0c cancel function\uff0c and configuration support for Characters to be Recognized and Ontology that is frequently modified while developing specialized models 5Providing a foundation for customers to implement\uff0c manage\uff0c and upgrade their own OCR model specialized to the customers needs
3\ufe52Pipeline configuration and deploymentPipeline, Endpoint Creation and managementChoose Detector\uff0c Recognizer, or Parser to create a Pipeline or an Endpoint Connect Pipelines to Endpoints\uff0c perform tasks such 35 deployment controllers\uff0c deployment recovery, and moreProviding a foundation for customers to implement\uff0c manage\uff0c and upgrade their own OCR model specialized to the customers\u2019 needs
4. Monitoring and evaluationProject monitoringMonitoring of deployed Pipelines and Endpoints, notifying the customer of important issues such as suspicion of model performance degradation, and Qualitative Evaluation of actual incoming customer dataMonitor important indicators for each project and quickly identify and respond to issues
Full Pack MonitoringMonitoring traffic of all deployed Endpoints, quality monitoring of all deployed models, and monitoring of resources (GPU, CPU, Storage) connected to the PackMonitoring useful information about the overall OCR Pack at a glance
Quantitative / Qualitative EvaluationQuantitative evaluation leaderboard / Qualitative EvaluationViewing the model\ufe41s performance to help the customer choose the appropriate model
Guide and helpProvides context\ufe63specific guides to help you troubleshoot yourself\uff0c download terminal logs for error situations and Pack documentationThe customer can diagnose\uff0c respond to\uff0c and solve problems occurring in the Pack on their own without external help
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000010.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 103.08277777777795}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 130.86055555555572}, {"x": 735.6469444444449, "y": 130.86055555555572}, {"x": 735.6469444444449, "y": 103.08277777777795}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Circulating Things, Circulating Stereotypes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 162.59257, "y": 160.51213111111116}, {"x": 162.59257, "y": 1011.9121377777777}, {"x": 1361.217626388889, "y": 1011.9121377777777}, {"x": 1361.217626388889, "y": 160.51213111111116}], "category": "figure", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "SIS . \ub07c (o> ! A\\ \u7121 4 t \u90ed \u91cf\u2032\u3011\u2035 M \u56de B \u9846 \" RO2E2E \u3010 NG \\b%j \u00a3, i | S \u4e00 S K \uc5ec Al i 11 | \u5e38 | \u7dda i \u7684 \u7096 S5 \u2122 RIR \u53ef Y \u89bd\ufe5c`\u02ca _\u3011\u02cd\ufe50 \ub140 o 3 \u5f0b ? { & S \ub2c8 \ub354 M i SS e \u964d 9 Ty \u4e00 A ) k \u7121 \uaed8 Al \u300a \u9663 \ufe63 \ub3c8\uac8c 4 i 7 A\\~ 8\ufe63 \u8a17 &Y \u5f65\u66fe F s \u201d \u5fac | \u7898\u8611\u71fe\u66c7 3 \u3010 E \u985e 2 \u540c Q C 2 E S \uc870 \ub8e9 S Lo 57 \u5de8 2001 n val Street., P /z\u00bb[\u2019a/l'(\u2018tffp du Grande Mond.,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 158.0, "y": 1043.0}, {"x": 158.0, "y": 1056.0}, {"x": 277.0, "y": 1056.0}, {"x": 277.0, "y": 1043.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 4.10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 267.16473388671875, "y": 1033.08544921875}, {"x": 267.16473388671875, "y": 1097.3502777777778}, {"x": 1352.2503662109375, "y": 1097.3502777777778}, {"x": 1352.2503662109375, "y": 1033.08544921875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "James Gillray, High Change in Bond Street; ou la politesse du grande monde [graphic]. Etching on wove paper, hand-colored.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 314.9611111111111, "y": 1102.9058333333332}, {"x": 314.9611111111111, "y": 1127.9058333333332}, {"x": 723.0580555555556, "y": 1127.9058333333332}, {"x": 723.0580555555556, "y": 1102.9058333333332}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Published by h. humphrey, London, 1796", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1336.8741666666665, "y": 101.58000000000003}, {"x": 1336.8741666666665, "y": 132.13555555555558}, {"x": 1362.2047222222222, "y": 132.13555555555558}, {"x": 1362.2047222222222, "y": 101.58000000000003}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "83", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.61160278320312, "y": 1215.001708984375}, {"x": 153.61160278320312, "y": 1852.4141666666667}, {"x": 746.5546875, "y": 1852.4141666666667}, {"x": 746.5546875, "y": 1215.001708984375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "meant to bewilder the viewer. Satins, silks, ivory, gigantic eggs, and \u201cartificial\u201d apples describe, in fact, the things of the trade: expensive and rare fabrics, on the one hand, strange collectibles and exotica, on the other. Lavish dresses and embel- lishments become insignia of wealth, power, and nonconformity, of a way of life outside the eco- nomic constraints of the Western civilization. In- terestingly, such projections were internalized by eighteenth -century British subjects in the fashion- able \u201cTurquerie\u201d that allowed the wearers to dis- play their wealth by wearing Oriental dress, tur- bans, ostrich plumes, long capes, veils, and flattering shalvars (figs. 4.9 and 4.10). Another infusion of Ori- entalism in the West, the tradition of painting Euro- pean figures in Middle Eastern dress, becomes a form of cultural cross-dressing meant to suggest", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 779.3336791992188, "y": 1214.6181640625}, {"x": 779.3336791992188, "y": 1478.3863888888889}, {"x": 1370.998779296875, "y": 1478.3863888888889}, {"x": 1370.998779296875, "y": 1214.6181640625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "misuse of power or excessive wealth (fig. 4.11). Such cultural imports are difficult to be under- stood, to use Said\u2019s qualification, as expressions of the Occident\u2019s cultural \u201cantipathy\u201d84 toward the Orient; rather, they reflect the West\u2019s attraction to a space that connotes difference understood as ex- traordinariness rather than inferiority.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 779.5275, "y": 1477.492431640625}, {"x": 779.5275, "y": 1665.400277777778}, {"x": 1369.999267578125, "y": 1665.400277777778}, {"x": 1369.999267578125, "y": 1477.492431640625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Besides their connotations of magic, exoticism, and wealth, the things in the Arabian Nights are also rich bearers of cultural information: as Marina War- ner correctly pointed out, \u201cstories are lodged in goods\u201d85 and as such, they expand the reader\u2019s", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 782.7471923828125, "y": 1717.7037353515625}, {"x": 782.7471923828125, "y": 1743.763427734375}, {"x": 1060.023193359375, "y": 1743.763427734375}, {"x": 1060.023193359375, "y": 1717.7037353515625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "84 Said, Orientalism, 260.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 779.5275, "y": 1751.7874755859375}, {"x": 779.5275, "y": 1851.0669444444443}, {"x": 1368.6396484375, "y": 1851.0669444444443}, {"x": 1368.6396484375, "y": 1751.7874755859375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "85 Marina Warner, introduction to Stranger Magic: Charmed States and the Arabian Nights (London: Chat- to & Windus, 2011), 8.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000009.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 154.76065063476562, "y": 99.33676147460938}, {"x": 154.76065063476562, "y": 121.27241516113281}, {"x": 185.01913452148438, "y": 121.27241516113281}, {"x": 185.01913452148438, "y": 99.33676147460938}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "74", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1293.233611111111, "y": 103.08277777777795}, {"x": 1293.233611111111, "y": 130.86055555555572}, {"x": 1362.2058333333332, "y": 130.86055555555572}, {"x": 1362.2058333333332, "y": 103.08277777777795}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Baird", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802822222222, "y": 155.5121650000002}, {"x": 157.4802822222222, "y": 1199.7523047222223}, {"x": 917.732153888889, "y": 1199.7523047222223}, {"x": 917.732153888889, "y": 155.5121650000002}], "category": "figure", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "v 4 | . > \ubbfc 3%, \ub179\ud1a0 > \u3001 # \u587e \ufe63 \u4e00 \ufe5a | A M The HONEY MOON \u2122 = -", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 949.0, "y": 1066.0}, {"x": 949.0, "y": 1078.0}, {"x": 1059.0, "y": 1078.0}, {"x": 1059.0, "y": 1066.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "FIGURE 4.3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 945.2833251953125, "y": 1080.837646484375}, {"x": 945.2833251953125, "y": 1211.9427777777778}, {"x": 1320.2191666666665, "y": 1211.9427777777778}, {"x": 1320.2191666666665, "y": 1080.837646484375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "The Honey-Moon [graphic]. Mezzotint, hand-colored. Printed for carington bowles, London, June 1777", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.56393432617188, "y": 1251.4927978515625}, {"x": 154.56393432617188, "y": 1477.7983333333334}, {"x": 746.2750000000001, "y": 1477.7983333333334}, {"x": 746.2750000000001, "y": 1251.4927978515625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "this list, Richard Walker, apothecary to the Prince of Wales, adds Arabic henna, manna, and rhu- barb.34 The influence of the Arabian medicine first on the Greek, then on the French and English phy- sicians, although often decried, brought an influx of medicinal plants from or through the Arabian", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 211.54171752929688, "y": 1522.6463623046875}, {"x": 211.54171752929688, "y": 1746.841064453125}, {"x": 745.11, "y": 1746.841064453125}, {"x": 745.11, "y": 1522.6463623046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Book. Interspersed with Some Occasional Observations on Some of the Most Celebrated Modern Dispensatories, and the Present State of Pharmacy (London: Printed and Sold by R. Willock, 1744). This volume contains a wealth of detailed recipes for various afflictions, albeit providing few specifics as to what was treated by using", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1753.8306884765625}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1887.4594444444444}, {"x": 758.9295654296875, "y": 1887.4594444444444}, {"x": 758.9295654296875, "y": 1753.8306884765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "34 Richard Walker, Memoirs of Medicine; Including a Sketch of Medical History from the Earliest Accounts to the Eighteenth Century (London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1799).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 776.053466796875, "y": 1252.5198974609375}, {"x": 776.053466796875, "y": 1515.2011111111115}, {"x": 1372.043212890625, "y": 1515.2011111111115}, {"x": 1372.043212890625, "y": 1252.5198974609375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Peninsula to Europe, where they were customarily used in tinctures, purges, and other more or less effective elixirs.35 Alternately, incense was used for its love-inducing and rejuvenating properties, as seen in an 1787 etching by James Gillray represent- ing a group of five elderly women of fashion at- tending an altar of Love (fig. 4.5).36", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 774.9530029296875, "y": 1553.595703125}, {"x": 774.9530029296875, "y": 1787.4591666666668}, {"x": 1375.0732421875, "y": 1787.4591666666668}, {"x": 1375.0732421875, "y": 1553.595703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "35 For the influence of the Arabian medicine on Western Europe, see volume 3 of John Astruc\u2019s Treatise on the Diseases of Women, in Which Is Attempted to Join a Just Theory to the Most Safe and Approved Practice\u2026 (Lon- don: Printed for J. Nourse, 1767). For detailed recipes of medicines containing ingredients of Arabic origin, see Pharmacopoia Reformata cited above.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 797.7921142578125, "y": 1788.7584228515625}, {"x": 797.7921142578125, "y": 1887.4594444444444}, {"x": 1381.4376220703125, "y": 1887.4594444444444}, {"x": 1381.4376220703125, "y": 1788.7584228515625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Arabian incense is made by using frankincense or gum Arabic resin mixed with sweet-smelling essential oils, such as myrrh and oud.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 781.0, "y": 1794.0}, {"x": 781.0, "y": 1814.0}, {"x": 803.0, "y": 1814.0}, {"x": 803.0, "y": 1794.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "36", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000132.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 167.60527777777776, "y": 173.96361111111136}, {"x": 167.60527777777776, "y": 196.4636111111111}, {"x": 493.90027777777783, "y": 196.4636111111111}, {"x": 493.90027777777783, "y": 173.96361111111136}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Fish species on IUCN Red List", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 165.58291625976562, "y": 215.220947265625}, {"x": 165.58291625976562, "y": 241.61555555555543}, {"x": 322.92277777777775, "y": 241.61555555555543}, {"x": 322.92277777777775, "y": 215.220947265625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Potosi Pupfish", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 365.1871337890625, "y": 215.56448364257812}, {"x": 365.1871337890625, "y": 241.76749999999996}, {"x": 580.3452777777778, "y": 241.76749999999996}, {"x": 580.3452777777778, "y": 215.56448364257812}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Cyprinodon alvarezi", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 167.60527777777776, "y": 264.4191666666668}, {"x": 167.60527777777776, "y": 287.07111111111107}, {"x": 629.3277777777778, "y": 287.07111111111107}, {"x": 629.3277777777778, "y": 264.4191666666668}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "La Palma Pupfish Cyprinodon longidorsalis", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 167.60527777777776, "y": 309.7230555555557}, {"x": 167.60527777777776, "y": 332.3749999999999}, {"x": 545.4027777777778, "y": 332.3749999999999}, {"x": 545.4027777777778, "y": 309.7230555555557}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Butterfly Splitfin Ameca splendens", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 165.72476196289062, "y": 349.72320556640625}, {"x": 165.72476196289062, "y": 377.52666666666653}, {"x": 319.7727777777778, "y": 377.52666666666653}, {"x": 319.7727777777778, "y": 349.72320556640625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Golden Skiffia", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 364.72076416015625, "y": 350.4510803222656}, {"x": 364.72076416015625, "y": 381.27032470703125}, {"x": 541.1277777777779, "y": 381.27032470703125}, {"x": 541.1277777777779, "y": 350.4510803222656}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Skiffia francesae", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 429.3389892578125}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 457.2331848144531}, {"x": 1019.2511111111112, "y": 457.2331848144531}, {"x": 1019.2511111111112, "y": 429.3389892578125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Table 6.1: Four fish species on IUCN Red List \"Extinct in the Wild\" held in public aquariums.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.5372314453125, "y": 554.3646850585938}, {"x": 153.5372314453125, "y": 1052.7447222222222}, {"x": 653.2616666666667, "y": 1052.7447222222222}, {"x": 653.2616666666667, "y": 554.3646850585938}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Public aquariums, because of their in- house expertise, can act quickly to collect and breed rare fish. Actions to prevent the extinction of the Barrens Topminnow include monitoring populations and propagating and stocking juveniles into existing or newly created spring habitats. The Tennessee Aquarium assisted with propagations and developed a program called \u201cKeeper Kids,\u201d where students on spring break help feed the Barrens Topminnows in a behind-the-scenes experience.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 671.6863888888888, "y": 536.5270385742188}, {"x": 671.6863888888888, "y": 976.1503295898438}, {"x": 1444.2042236328125, "y": 976.1503295898438}, {"x": 1444.2042236328125, "y": 536.5270385742188}], "category": "figure", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "\u6155 \u5f62 92 _ \ufe63 \u4e0d \u516c \u201d 2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 666.5940551757812, "y": 986.62060546875}, {"x": 666.5940551757812, "y": 1042.565673828125}, {"x": 1381.308611111111, "y": 1042.565673828125}, {"x": 1381.308611111111, "y": 986.62060546875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Figure 6.3: Photo of the critically endangered Butterfly Splitfin (Ameca spendens).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.55860900878906, "y": 1089.7667236328125}, {"x": 150.55860900878906, "y": 1391.092529296875}, {"x": 1454.4910888671875, "y": 1391.092529296875}, {"x": 1454.4910888671875, "y": 1089.7667236328125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "The breeding colonies of the Butterfly Splitfin (Figure 6.3) at the London Zoo and elsewhere serve as ark populations essential to the survival of this species. Butterfly Splitfins are endemic to the R\u00edo Ameca in western Mexico and almost extinct in the wild. Actions such as nonnative fish removal, stream restoration, and sanctuary designation may take decades before eventual introduction and survival in the wild. The Tennessee Aquarium is part of a large partnership to guide hatchery augmentation and recovery of the rarest darter in North America (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2019). The Conasauga Logperch (Percina jenkinsi), a federally endangered darter (Percidae), is found only in a 30-mile (48 km) stretch of the Conasauga River in Georgia and Tennessee (Moyer et al. 2015).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.2156524658203, "y": 1404.3533935546875}, {"x": 154.2156524658203, "y": 1669.52490234375}, {"x": 909.5696411132812, "y": 1669.52490234375}, {"x": 909.5696411132812, "y": 1404.3533935546875}], "category": "figure", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "L S THE LAKE STURGEON.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.71212768554688, "y": 1681.0584716796875}, {"x": 155.71212768554688, "y": 1709.345947265625}, {"x": 649.2802777777777, "y": 1709.345947265625}, {"x": 649.2802777777777, "y": 1681.0584716796875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Figure 6.4: Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 921.0725708007812, "y": 1417.40771484375}, {"x": 921.0725708007812, "y": 1778.9154052734375}, {"x": 1450.54248046875, "y": 1778.9154052734375}, {"x": 1450.54248046875, "y": 1417.40771484375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "The Banggai Cardinalfish (Pterapogon kauderni), a small, endangered tropical cardinalfish in the family Apogonidae, is now bred and displayed in numerous public aquariums after overharvest in the wild drove wild populations to near extinction. Consequently, most Banggai Cardinalfish sold to hobbyists in the United States and European Union today are captive bred.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1868.9599609375}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1896.734375}, {"x": 975.8358333333333, "y": 1896.734375}, {"x": 975.8358333333333, "y": 1868.9599609375}], "category": "footer", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "132 | Public Aquariums and Their Role in Education, Science, and Conservation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000108.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 233.8665771484375, "y": 321.3878173828125}, {"x": 233.8665771484375, "y": 358.6550000000001}, {"x": 436.8072222222222, "y": 358.6550000000001}, {"x": 436.8072222222222, "y": 321.3878173828125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "CONTENTS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 141.22955322265625, "y": 571.04052734375}, {"x": 141.22955322265625, "y": 1693.8404541015625}, {"x": 1553.8829345703125, "y": 1693.8404541015625}, {"x": 1553.8829345703125, "y": 571.04052734375}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
About the Publishervii
About This Project\u5c71
Acknowledgments\ucc0c
LAB MANUAL
Experimen #1: Hydrostatic Pressure3
Experimen #2: Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration13
Experimen #3: Energy Loss in Pipe Fittings24
Experimen #4: Energy Loss in Pipes33
Experimen #5: Impact of a Jet43
Experimen #6: Orifice and Free Jet Flow50
Experimen #7: Osborne Reynolds' Demonstration59
Experimen #8: Free and Forced Vortices66
Experimen #9: Flow Over Weirs76
Experimen #10: Pumps84
References101
Links by Chapter102
Image Credits104
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Record the Question that is being investigated in this experiment.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 300.0, "y": 630.2333333333333}, {"x": 300.0, "y": 663.5666666666667}, {"x": 1375.0, "y": 663.5666666666667}, {"x": 1375.0, "y": 630.2333333333333}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "________________________________________________________________", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 250.0, "y": 703.7940673828125}, {"x": 250.0, "y": 741.6}, {"x": 993.3333333333335, "y": 741.6}, {"x": 993.3333333333335, "y": 703.7940673828125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "2. Record a Hypothesis for the question stated above.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 300.0, "y": 745.9}, {"x": 300.0, "y": 779.2333333333335}, {"x": 1375.0, "y": 779.2333333333335}, {"x": 1375.0, "y": 745.9}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "________________________________________________________________", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 247.56808471679688, "y": 817.7097778320312}, {"x": 247.56808471679688, "y": 857.1666666666666}, {"x": 1264.708251953125, "y": 857.1666666666666}, {"x": 1264.708251953125, "y": 817.7097778320312}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "3. Predict the results of the experiment based on your hypothesis (if/then).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 300.0, "y": 861.5666666666667}, {"x": 300.0, "y": 894.9000000000001}, {"x": 1375.0, "y": 894.9000000000001}, {"x": 1375.0, "y": 861.5666666666667}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "________________________________________________________________", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 247.72703552246094, "y": 933.3243408203125}, {"x": 247.72703552246094, "y": 972.5}, {"x": 1010.3333333333333, "y": 972.5}, {"x": 1010.3333333333333, "y": 933.3243408203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "4. Perform the experiment below and collect your data.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 200.0, "y": 1015.9000000000001}, {"x": 200.0, "y": 1049.9333333333334}, {"x": 376.0, "y": 1049.9333333333334}, {"x": 376.0, "y": 1015.9000000000001}], "category": "heading1", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "Procedure:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 241.67010498046875, "y": 1087.8223876953125}, {"x": 241.67010498046875, "y": 1241.5666666666668}, {"x": 1517.0111083984375, "y": 1241.5666666666668}, {"x": 1517.0111083984375, "y": 1087.8223876953125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "1. Prepare yeast suspension: Add 7 grams yeast to 50 ml warm tap water. Stir to mix. Alternatively, you can use the yeast suspension from Part 2. Optional: Add a few drops of red food coloring to the yeast to increase contrast, allowing easier measuring of the height of yeast in saccharometers.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 241.3477325439453, "y": 1242.86865234375}, {"x": 241.3477325439453, "y": 1356.5666666666668}, {"x": 1494.0926513671875, "y": 1356.5666666666668}, {"x": 1494.0926513671875, "y": 1242.86865234375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "2. Label 4 test tubes and 4 saccharometers # 1- 4. Use a transfer pipette to add the appropriate amount of glucose and distilled water listed in Table 2 to the corresponding labeled test tubes.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 242.23275756835938, "y": 1357.4163818359375}, {"x": 242.23275756835938, "y": 1471.84814453125}, {"x": 1496.0234375, "y": 1471.84814453125}, {"x": 1496.0234375, "y": 1357.4163818359375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "3. Use a transfer pipette to add the appropriate amount of yeast solution listed in Table 1 to the corresponding labeled test tubes. It is important to work carefully and quickly after adding the yeast solution to the glucose and water.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 249.99999999999983, "y": 1511.0233154296875}, {"x": 249.99999999999983, "y": 1586.9000000000003}, {"x": 1329.6666666666656, "y": 1586.9000000000003}, {"x": 1329.6666666666656, "y": 1511.0233154296875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "4. Carefully pour the contents of the test tubes into the correspondingly labeled saccharometer, ensuring that the solutions are well mixed.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 249.99999999999983, "y": 1626.1678466796875}, {"x": 249.99999999999983, "y": 1702.81884765625}, {"x": 1481.7674560546875, "y": 1702.81884765625}, {"x": 1481.7674560546875, "y": 1626.1678466796875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "5. Carefully tilt the saccharometers to allow any air bubbles that are trapped in the arms of the vertical tube to escape.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 243.55181884765625, "y": 1740.6297607421875}, {"x": 243.55181884765625, "y": 1856.566666666667}, {"x": 1510.6551513671875, "y": 1856.566666666667}, {"x": 1510.6551513671875, "y": 1740.6297607421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "6. Begin the timer for the experiment and measure the size of any bubbles (in mm) that are trapped in the vertical arms of the saccharometers. Record this measurement as the 0 time point.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 249.99999999999983, "y": 1896.353759765625}, {"x": 249.99999999999983, "y": 1971.9000000000003}, {"x": 1462.7999999999986, "y": 1971.9000000000003}, {"x": 1462.7999999999986, "y": 1896.353759765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "7. Position the saccharometers on the large plastic tray, positioning them around a plastic weigh boat to catch any fermentation overflow that may occur.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 844.3333333333333, "y": 2143.5666666666666}, {"x": 844.3333333333333, "y": 2176.8999999999996}, {"x": 876.5999999999999, "y": 2176.8999999999996}, {"x": 876.5999999999999, "y": 2143.5666666666666}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "59", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000041.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 173.49081420898438, "y": 194.58248901367188}, {"x": 173.49081420898438, "y": 525.8869018554688}, {"x": 802.123046875, "y": 525.8869018554688}, {"x": 802.123046875, "y": 194.58248901367188}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "tweets, videos) inciting violence towards religious minorities, ethnic minorities, the LGBTI community, and women and girls. Forty-four per cent of respondents had \u201csometimes\u201d seen extremist social media content inciting violence towards religious minorities, with 31% seeing this content \u201cvery often\u201d.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 178.2862548828125, "y": 588.765380859375}, {"x": 178.2862548828125, "y": 1078.6990966796875}, {"x": 801.9191666666668, "y": 1078.6990966796875}, {"x": 801.9191666666668, "y": 588.765380859375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Both men and women acknowledged that they had \u201csometimes\u201d seen this content on social media (62% and 41%, respectively). Indonesia was the country from which most respondents had viewed this content \u201cvery often\u201d (50%). When collapsing the \u201calways\u201d and \u201cvery often\u201d categories, 41% of Instagram users had often seen intolerant content, followed by 36% of WhatsApp users and 34% of Facebook users. Among the Twitter users in the sample, 48% had seen intolerant content towards religious minorities.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 174.79266357421875, "y": 1141.432373046875}, {"x": 174.79266357421875, "y": 1555.2197265625}, {"x": 804.164794921875, "y": 1555.2197265625}, {"x": 804.164794921875, "y": 1141.432373046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "When asked about how often social media content was inciting violence towards ethnic minorities, 46% of respondents had \u201csometimes\u201d seen this type of extremist social media content inciting violence towards ethnic minorities whereas only 27% have seen this content rarely or never. Women have seen such content more frequently than men (90%), and Indonesia was the country from which most", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 860.4320068359375, "y": 199.3303680419922}, {"x": 860.4320068359375, "y": 403.5184631347656}, {"x": 1492.64697265625, "y": 403.5184631347656}, {"x": 1492.64697265625, "y": 199.3303680419922}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "respondents had seen this content \u201cvery often\u201d (58%). Users of Facebook, WhatsApp and Instagram acknowledged that they had seen this content \u201cvery often\u201d (26%, 31% and 35% respectively).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 866.3316040039062, "y": 465.26068115234375}, {"x": 866.3316040039062, "y": 1000.3961791992188}, {"x": 1490.55859375, "y": 1000.3961791992188}, {"x": 1490.55859375, "y": 465.26068115234375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Thirty-nine per cent of respondents acknowledged that they had \u201csometimes\u201d\u2019 seen social media content inciting violence towards the LGBTI community. Women saw this type of content more frequently than men (84%), and Indonesia was the country from which more respondents saw this content with a higher frequency (53% saw such content \u201calways\u201d and \u201cvery often\u201d). Participants in the survey observed intolerant content directed towards the LGBTI community. For example, one participant from the Philippines observed that,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1162.1932373046875, "y": 1063.383056640625}, {"x": 1162.1932373046875, "y": 1111.50048828125}, {"x": 1217.701416015625, "y": 1111.50048828125}, {"x": 1217.701416015625, "y": 1063.383056640625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "66", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 902.1976928710938, "y": 1134.544189453125}, {"x": 902.1976928710938, "y": 1501.2519444444442}, {"x": 1476.4727783203125, "y": 1501.2519444444442}, {"x": 1476.4727783203125, "y": 1134.544189453125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "There were instances when women were humiliated in public and on social media after they were labelled as part of the LGBTQ+ community. The comments on posts regarding them were mostly commending their public humiliation (cutting their hair) instead of condemning the act\u201d.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1161.3704833984375, "y": 1527.517333984375}, {"x": 1161.3704833984375, "y": 1576.275146484375}, {"x": 1214.73583984375, "y": 1576.275146484375}, {"x": 1214.73583984375, "y": 1527.517333984375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "33", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 124.64521789550781, "y": 1634.855224609375}, {"x": 124.64521789550781, "y": 1673.236083984375}, {"x": 1525.7094444444444, "y": 1673.236083984375}, {"x": 1525.7094444444444, "y": 1634.855224609375}], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Figure 3: Frequency of viewing extremist social media inciting violence toward women and girls", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 596.0, "y": 1694.0}, {"x": 596.0, "y": 1713.0}, {"x": 661.0, "y": 1713.0}, {"x": 661.0, 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"y": 134.36666666666684}, {"x": 1498.2999999999997, "y": 132.70000000000013}], "category": "figure", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 400.0, "y": 229.39463806152344}, {"x": 400.0, "y": 259.5897216796875}, {"x": 508.83837890625, "y": 259.5897216796875}, {"x": 508.83837890625, "y": 229.39463806152344}], "category": "header", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Prologue", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1220.96227, "y": 229.55708611111098}, {"x": 1220.96227, "y": 257.2320861111112}, {"x": 1263.4683025000002, "y": 257.2320861111112}, {"x": 1263.4683025000002, "y": 229.55708611111098}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "xvii", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 399.96666666666664, "y": 265.7000000000001}, {"x": 399.96666666666664, "y": 267.0333333333335}, {"x": 1263.6333333333334, "y": 267.0333333333335}, {"x": 1263.6333333333334, "y": 265.7000000000001}], "category": "figure", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 399.6451110839844, "y": 290.7345275878906}, {"x": 399.6451110839844, "y": 325.8540954589844}, {"x": 779.5670776367188, "y": 325.8540954589844}, {"x": 779.5670776367188, "y": 290.7345275878906}], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Functional Abstraction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 397.2032165527344, "y": 357.1427917480469}, {"x": 397.2032165527344, "y": 643.5787353515625}, {"x": 1272.0657958984375, "y": 643.5787353515625}, {"x": 1272.0657958984375, "y": 357.1427917480469}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "But this corrected use of Leibniz notation is ugly. We had to introduce extraneous symbols (q and \u02d9q) in order to indicate the ar- gument position specifying the partial derivative. Nothing would change here if we replaced q and \u02d9q by a and b.3 We can sim- plify the notation by admitting that the partial derivatives of the Lagrangian are themselves new functions, and by specifying the particular partial derivative by the position of the argument that is varied", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 403.29999999999995, "y": 657.8707885742188}, {"x": 403.29999999999995, "y": 736.1693115234375}, {"x": 1132.8756103515625, "y": 736.1693115234375}, {"x": 1132.8756103515625, "y": 657.8707885742188}], "category": "equation", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "d dt ((\u22022L)(t, w(t), d dt w(t))) \u2212 (\u22021L)(t, w(t), d dt w(t)) = 0,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 395.0961608886719, "y": 754.634765625}, {"x": 395.0961608886719, "y": 823.575439453125}, {"x": 1271.301025390625, "y": 823.575439453125}, {"x": 1271.301025390625, "y": 754.634765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "where \u2202iL is the function which is the partial derivative of the function L with respect to the ith argument.4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 396.87982177734375, "y": 828.0608138888888}, {"x": 396.87982177734375, "y": 1040.891357421875}, {"x": 1270.5406494140625, "y": 1040.891357421875}, {"x": 1270.5406494140625, "y": 828.0608138888888}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Two di\ufb00erent notions of derivative appear in this expression. The functions \u22022L and \u22021L, constructed from the Lagrangian L, have the same arguments as L. The derivative d/dt is an expression derivative. It applies to an expression that involves the variable t and it gives the rate of change of the value of the expression as the value of the variable t is varied.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 395.9964904785156, "y": 1044.0593138888892}, {"x": 395.9964904785156, "y": 1401.8603515625}, {"x": 1274.06591796875, "y": 1401.8603515625}, {"x": 1274.06591796875, "y": 1044.0593138888892}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "These are both useful interpretations of the idea of a derivative. But functions give us more power. There are many equivalent ways to write expressions that compute the same value. For example 1/(1/r1 + 1/r2) = (r1r2)/(r1 + r2). These expressions compute the same function of the two variables r1 and r2. The \ufb01rst expression fails if r1 = 0 but the second one gives the right value of the function. If we abstract the function, say as \u03a0(r1, r2), we can ignore the details of how it is computed. The ideas become clearer because they do not depend on the detailed shape of the expressions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 399.9587707519531, "y": 1445.3947222222223}, {"x": 399.9587707519531, "y": 1563.2332763671875}, {"x": 1266.6826171875, "y": 1563.2332763671875}, {"x": 1266.6826171875, "y": 1445.3947222222223}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "3That the symbols q and \u02d9q can be replaced by other arbitrarily chosen non- con\ufb02icting symbols without changing the meaning of the expression tells us that the partial derivative symbol is a logical quanti\ufb01er, like forall and exists (\u2200 and \u2203).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 396.9434509277344, "y": 1572.7277777777779}, {"x": 396.9434509277344, "y": 1635.9283447265625}, {"x": 1271.5858154296875, "y": 1635.9283447265625}, {"x": 1271.5858154296875, "y": 1572.7277777777779}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "4The argument positions of the Lagrangian are indicated by indices starting with zero for the time argument.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000158.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 151.53663635253906, "y": 161.1536407470703}, {"x": 151.53663635253906, "y": 351.1174011230469}, {"x": 954.368408203125, "y": 351.1174011230469}, {"x": 954.368408203125, "y": 161.1536407470703}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "to expand this section to include notes, tips and feedback from TWP instructors. If you use these materials, please let me know how it went, what worked for you, and any suggested changes or additions. I\u2019d love to hear from you at chwixson (at) plymouth (dot) edu or fill out as much of [this form] as you\u2019d like.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.80307006835938, "y": 452.9704444444443}, {"x": 154.80307006835938, "y": 498.02683333333323}, {"x": 398.00525111111114, "y": 498.02683333333323}, {"x": 398.00525111111114, "y": 452.9704444444443}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Introduction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.76321411132812, "y": 569.19580078125}, {"x": 153.76321411132812, "y": 798.729736328125}, {"x": 949.0740713888889, "y": 798.729736328125}, {"x": 949.0740713888889, "y": 569.19580078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Throughout the chapters, I tried to generate Reflection & Discussion Questions that could be used either as in class (whole group or think/pair/share) discussion prompts or as written reflections assigned out of class. If your students generate any written answers to any of the Reflection & Discussion Questions in this chapter, I would be very interested to see them.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.91160583496094, "y": 900.0619506835938}, {"x": 153.91160583496094, "y": 946.3429444444444}, {"x": 562.8698561967778, "y": 946.3429444444444}, {"x": 562.8698561967778, "y": 900.0619506835938}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Our Mental Shortcuts", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.48147583007812, "y": 1018.9902954101562}, {"x": 154.48147583007812, "y": 1130.9644775390625}, {"x": 950.6565551757812, "y": 1130.9644775390625}, {"x": 950.6565551757812, "y": 1018.9902954101562}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "If you\u2019d like to reinforce Kahneman\u2019s ideas about System 1 and System 2 thinking the video below (12 minutes) is very good, (thanks to Mike Davidson for this suggestion.)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 173.8893280029297, "y": 1135.208251953125}, {"x": 173.8893280029297, "y": 1169.2261962890625}, {"x": 722.2793579101562, "y": 1169.2261962890625}, {"x": 722.2793579101562, "y": 1135.208251953125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "//www.youtube.com/embed/UBVV8pch1dM", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 197.48027777777776, "y": 1306.2216666666666}, {"x": 197.48027777777776, "y": 1328.7216666666666}, {"x": 827.1077777777778, "y": 1328.7216666666666}, {"x": 827.1077777777778, "y": 1306.2216666666666}], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Reflection & Discussion Question 1: Taking Stock of What You", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 197.48027777777776, "y": 1341.2216666666666}, {"x": 197.48027777777776, "y": 1363.7216666666666}, {"x": 345.21944444444443, "y": 1363.7216666666666}, {"x": 345.21944444444443, "y": 1341.2216666666666}], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Already Know", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1572.518611111111}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1594.7408333333335}, {"x": 428.5430555555555, "y": 1594.7408333333335}, {"x": 428.5430555555555, "y": 1572.518611111111}], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "98 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000026.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 109.0535888671875, "y": 1713.4613037109375}, {"x": 109.0535888671875, "y": 1740.5127777777777}, {"x": 136.520751953125, "y": 1740.5127777777777}, {"x": 136.520751953125, "y": 1713.4613037109375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "12", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 186.59251403808594, "y": 156.97767639160156}, {"x": 186.59251403808594, "y": 184.8544444444444}, {"x": 345.220947265625, "y": 184.8544444444444}, {"x": 345.220947265625, "y": 156.97767639160156}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "At Home in Exile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 182.98458862304688, "y": 215.04510498046875}, {"x": 182.98458862304688, "y": 476.7918701171875}, {"x": 1060.8616943359375, "y": 476.7918701171875}, {"x": 1060.8616943359375, "y": 215.04510498046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Else had told us how phosphorenscence burning on human skin could not be put out, and how a seventeen-year-old soldier, weak from starvation, had been fed at a stranger mother\u2019s breast in the bunker before he returned to fight Russian soldiers in the final Breslau street battles. She had told us how a fat man had wedged himself into the shelter\u2019s entrance, and had been mown down by the hysterical mob. She had told us how she herself had carried her sick mother across a burning rooftop.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 171.19688415527344, "y": 492.7547607421875}, {"x": 171.19688415527344, "y": 827.0633333333334}, {"x": 1066.6934814453125, "y": 827.0633333333334}, {"x": 1066.6934814453125, "y": 492.7547607421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Beneath the reconstructed Novi Targ square, John identified shelters in two places, downstairs bolted against public entry. Plain and ugly high- rise public housing of cheap materials now stood around the bare square, where once interesting seventeenth-century merchant houses had stood amid a lively marketplace. People had lived in apartments even before the Communist-style transformations. Before their destruction, the old buildings of Breslau were of stately proportions, made of good material by experienced artisans who valued their talents and who took pride in a town with depth to its history.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 182.6593017578125, "y": 849.2938842773438}, {"x": 182.6593017578125, "y": 1070.6855555555555}, {"x": 1055.7943115234375, "y": 1070.6855555555555}, {"x": 1055.7943115234375, "y": 849.2938842773438}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Novi Targ now looks much sadder and more neglected than my glossy photos show. Breslau\u2019s lively markets that were once a feature of the city, as shown in my photographs of 1905, were relocated by the council in the second half of the twentieth century to a large new market hall. This was allegedly because of the congestion caused in the city\u2019s central squares by traders with their cars, animals and stalls.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 184.3502655029297, "y": 1092.96630859375}, {"x": 184.3502655029297, "y": 1242.6708984375}, {"x": 1055.0124999999998, "y": 1242.6708984375}, {"x": 1055.0124999999998, "y": 1092.96630859375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "I was nevertheless deeply moved. This ugly restoration was on ground where my grandmother and her children had walked so many times. Grandmother Emma and my beloved aunt Else had lived there for fifteen years before 1945. My mother had corresponded with them from far away.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 188.4464111328125, "y": 1264.3966064453125}, {"x": 188.4464111328125, "y": 1447.9294444444442}, {"x": 1056.6768798828125, "y": 1447.9294444444442}, {"x": 1056.6768798828125, "y": 1264.3966064453125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Had we stayed longer, we would have enjoyed other moments of pleasure in a city that remains drab, and in which not even the theatre has been restored. The original buildings, and what they stood for, were German. The culture of Silesia before 1945 has not yet been generally acknowledged. It is also part of Polish history. I am sure this will change.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000027.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 208.2082061767578, "y": 54.33897018432617}, {"x": 208.2082061767578, "y": 83.15442583333348}, {"x": 619.1110229492188, "y": 83.15442583333348}, {"x": 619.1110229492188, "y": 54.33897018432617}], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 309.34320068359375, "y": 148.5120849609375}, {"x": 309.34320068359375, "y": 611.1204833984375}, {"x": 1111.297607421875, "y": 611.1204833984375}, {"x": 1111.297607421875, "y": 148.5120849609375}], "category": "figure", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "\u9818 Single\ufe63treguenrs \u53e3 nutFirecuence 004 025 \u90b1 02 0,15 0, \uc090 || Nurmber of impellers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 208.66138888888887, "y": 642.861572265625}, {"x": 208.66138888888887, "y": 692.3800048828125}, {"x": 663.7037963867188, "y": 692.3800048828125}, {"x": 663.7037963867188, "y": 642.861572265625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Figure 7. Estimated cumulative damage for impeller blades.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 302.76849365234375, "y": 736.6060791015625}, {"x": 302.76849365234375, "y": 1204.634765625}, {"x": 1111.794921875, "y": 1204.634765625}, {"x": 1111.794921875, "y": 736.6060791015625}], "category": "figure", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "msirgle-fraquency \u56de TDuiG\ufe63frequency M 5 \u5433 4 0 \u02cdl\u02cd\u02cdZ|L|\u02cd |\u02cd [ Number pfirmpelier3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.7078094482422, "y": 1232.267822265625}, {"x": 205.7078094482422, "y": 1257.309245}, {"x": 298.46966552734375, "y": 1257.309245}, {"x": 298.46966552734375, "y": 1232.267822265625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Figure 8.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 199.7845001220703, "y": 1253.0714111328125}, {"x": 199.7845001220703, "y": 1284.2498779296875}, {"x": 831.4963989257812, "y": 1284.2498779296875}, {"x": 831.4963989257812, "y": 1253.0714111328125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Estimated residual life of impeller blades by the criterion of cracking.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 307.7331237792969, "y": 1360.7994384765625}, {"x": 307.7331237792969, "y": 1830.694580078125}, {"x": 1111.010498046875, "y": 1830.694580078125}, {"x": 1111.010498046875, "y": 1360.7994384765625}], "category": "figure", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "\ubf40 single\ufe63frequencs m multi-frequence 12 10 \u6642 a |\u02cd [ Nurnber of mpellers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 206.83181762695312, "y": 1857.344970703125}, {"x": 206.83181762695312, "y": 1883.193359375}, {"x": 300.79132080078125, "y": 1883.193359375}, {"x": 300.79132080078125, "y": 1857.344970703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Figure 9.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 197.0809783935547, "y": 1880.763671875}, {"x": 197.0809783935547, "y": 1909.811767578125}, {"x": 889.20849609375, "y": 1909.811767578125}, {"x": 889.20849609375, "y": 1880.763671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Estimated residual life of impeller blades at the stage of crack development.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 206.8562469482422, "y": 1961.453125}, {"x": 206.8562469482422, "y": 1987.3829838888887}, {"x": 236.67495727539062, "y": 1987.3829838888887}, {"x": 236.67495727539062, "y": 1961.453125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "48", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000098.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 244.95669555664062, "y": 155.90725708007812}, {"x": 244.95669555664062, "y": 325.9559020996094}, {"x": 1542.1629638671875, "y": 325.9559020996094}, {"x": 1542.1629638671875, "y": 155.90725708007812}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "one of the two players is allowed to communicate with the other player (i.e., there is \u201cone-way communication\u201d) the players coordinate their choices 96% of the time! However, with simultaneous two-way communication between the two players, they coordinate only 42% of the time! Explain what happened.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 185.35833333333332, "y": 375.20709228515625}, {"x": 185.35833333333332, "y": 547.58056640625}, {"x": 1540.5069444444443, "y": 547.58056640625}, {"x": 1540.5069444444443, "y": 375.20709228515625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "10. We demonstrated how to solve for the Penalty Kick game\u2019s mixed-strategy equilibrium. Suppose you were new to the game of soccer (or football) and assigned to play the goalie position. After watching the following YouTube video, what strategy might make the most sense for you to adopt on penalty kicks: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3yWZZR9ZodI.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 185.35833333333332, "y": 594.4509887695312}, {"x": 185.35833333333332, "y": 722.408203125}, {"x": 1547.5709228515625, "y": 722.408203125}, {"x": 1547.5709228515625, "y": 594.4509887695312}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "11. The map below identifies (with red markers) the locations of gas stations in Salt Lake City, Utah (Utah\u2019s capital city). Do these gas station locations depict a pure strategy equilibrium for the Hotelling Game? Explain.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 249.14694444444442, "y": 725.2580555555555}, {"x": 249.14694444444442, "y": 1659.1808333333333}, {"x": 1042.8969444444444, "y": 1659.1808333333333}, {"x": 1042.8969444444444, "y": 725.2580555555555}], "category": "figure", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "NTS I\u2018I\u00e9chevvon JT\u4e69 State @ Capito |ULH ding a |\u00a9 Maverik | Clark \u963fan\u858aa\u2025um\u516e Slnclalro QSUNBURST is E Sinclair Q \u300e | Maverik Il T 9 Chevron Salt Lake City is \u4e00 \u4eca Al Botanical Gardens Tracy Aviary & | Maverik \u85b4 O Shell [ ( 15 8 Smith's Fuel Center Q Chewro ( \u2014 \ub974 \" ? o Source: Google Maps", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 506.4794921875, "y": 1614.7340087890625}, {"x": 506.4794921875, "y": 1646.513916015625}, {"x": 779.6509399414062, "y": 1646.513916015625}, {"x": 779.6509399414062, "y": 1614.7340087890625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Source: Google Maps", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 185.35833333333332, "y": 1719.335205078125}, {"x": 185.35833333333332, "y": 2024.3104248046875}, {"x": 1548.829833984375, "y": 2024.3104248046875}, {"x": 1548.829833984375, "y": 1719.335205078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "12. In this chapter, we learned that when an individual acquires private information about something, this added information does not necessarily make the individual better off. In particular, when an individual (say, Player 1) acquires private information about something of common interest to both himself and another individual (say, Player 2), and Player 2 knows Player 1 has acquired this private information, Player 1 could actually be made worse off as a result of Player 2 changing her strategy in response to the fact that she knows Player 1 now has additional information. Whew! Can you think of a real-life example where the acquisition", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1089.4547222222222, "y": 2088.741455078125}, {"x": 1089.4547222222222, "y": 2112.945}, {"x": 1542.381591796875, "y": 2112.945}, {"x": 1542.381591796875, "y": 2088.741455078125}], "category": "footer", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 175", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000080.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 276.7577777777778, "y": 277.82333333333327}, {"x": 276.7577777777778, "y": 377.82333333333327}, {"x": 420.1119444444444, "y": 377.82333333333327}, {"x": 420.1119444444444, "y": 277.82333333333327}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "III.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.0, "y": 398.1816666666668}, {"x": 275.0, "y": 489.8483333333334}, {"x": 742.9766666666669, "y": 489.8483333333334}, {"x": 742.9766666666669, "y": 398.1816666666668}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, 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In India,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 808.3661111111111}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 837.5327777777777}, {"x": 1386.6766666666667, "y": 837.5327777777777}, {"x": 1386.6766666666667, "y": 808.3661111111111}], "category": "heading1", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "a wrong political choice in the early", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 852.8105555555555}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 881.9772222222222}, {"x": 1386.6300000000003, "y": 881.9772222222222}, {"x": 1386.6300000000003, "y": 852.8105555555555}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "decades of Independence has created a", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 897.255}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 926.4216666666665}, {"x": 1386.6358333333335, "y": 926.4216666666665}, {"x": 1386.6358333333335, "y": 897.255}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "policy fraternity that shuns data and", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 941.6994444444442}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 970.8661111111109}, {"x": 1386.694166666667, "y": 970.8661111111109}, {"x": 1386.694166666667, "y": 941.6994444444442}], "category": "heading1", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "causalities and leans on rhetoric and", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 986.1438888888887}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1015.3105555555553}, {"x": 1386.6825, "y": 1015.3105555555553}, {"x": 1386.6825, "y": 986.1438888888887}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "ideologies to frame economic policies.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1030.5883333333331}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1059.7549999999999}, {"x": 1386.6650000000002, "y": 1059.7549999999999}, {"x": 1386.6650000000002, "y": 1030.5883333333331}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "Inflation in the 1970s, for instance, was", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1075.0327777777775}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1104.1994444444442}, {"x": 1386.6533333333332, "y": 1104.1994444444442}, {"x": 1386.6533333333332, "y": 1075.0327777777775}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "not caused by hoarders and speculators;", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1119.477222222222}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1148.6438888888886}, {"x": 1386.6008333333334, "y": 1148.6438888888886}, {"x": 1386.6008333333334, "y": 1119.477222222222}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "it was a matter of supply and demand.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1163.9216666666664}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1193.0883333333331}, {"x": 1386.6883333333333, "y": 1193.0883333333331}, {"x": 1386.6883333333333, "y": 1163.9216666666664}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "\u201cExcoriating, coercing, or imprisoning", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1208.366111111111}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1237.5327777777775}, {"x": 1386.665, "y": 1237.5327777777775}, {"x": 1386.665, "y": 1208.366111111111}], "category": "heading1", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "the hoarders and speculators changes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1252.8105555555553}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1281.977222222222}, {"x": 962.0799999999999, "y": 1281.977222222222}, {"x": 962.0799999999999, "y": 1252.8105555555553}], "category": "heading1", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "nothing", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 980.9216666666667, "y": 1252.8105555555553}, {"x": 980.9216666666667, "y": 1281.977222222222}, {"x": 1386.7116666666666, "y": 1281.977222222222}, {"x": 1386.7116666666666, "y": 1252.8105555555553}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "in terms of creating new", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1297.2549999999999}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1326.4216666666664}, {"x": 1386.6620833333336, "y": 1326.4216666666664}, {"x": 1386.6620833333336, "y": 1297.2549999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "supply,\u201d write Vijay Kelkar and Ajay", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1341.5223444444443}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1370.866111111111}, {"x": 1386.6111111111113, "y": 1370.866111111111}, {"x": 1386.6111111111113, "y": 1341.5223444444443}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "Shah.28 \u201cThe economic theory of people", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1386.1438888888886}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1415.3105555555553}, {"x": 1324.6800000000003, "y": 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"id": 47, "content": {"text": "Although", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1008.2216666666667, "y": 1697.2549999999999}, {"x": 1008.2216666666667, "y": 1726.4216666666666}, {"x": 1386.6620833333334, "y": 1726.4216666666666}, {"x": 1386.6620833333334, "y": 1697.2549999999999}], "category": "heading1", "id": 48, "content": {"text": "the biggest constituency", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1741.6994444444445}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1770.866111111111}, {"x": 1386.65625, "y": 1770.866111111111}, {"x": 1386.65625, "y": 1741.6994444444445}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 49, "content": {"text": "at the receiving end of these laws", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1786.1438888888888}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1815.3105555555555}, {"x": 1378.5800000000002, "y": 1815.3105555555555}, {"x": 1378.5800000000002, "y": 1786.1438888888888}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 50, "content": {"text": "is that of entrepreneurs running for-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1830.5883333333331}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1859.7549999999999}, {"x": 1386.6650000000002, "y": 1859.7549999999999}, {"x": 1386.6650000000002, "y": 1830.5883333333331}], "category": "heading1", "id": 51, "content": {"text": "profit firms and corporations, this", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1875.0327777777777}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1904.1994444444445}, {"x": 1248.33625, "y": 1904.1994444444445}, {"x": 1248.33625, "y": 1875.0327777777777}], "category": "heading1", "id": 52, "content": {"text": "regulatory overreach also", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1274.4258333333335, "y": 1875.0327777777777}, {"x": 1274.4258333333335, "y": 1904.1994444444445}, {"x": 1386.6562499999998, "y": 1904.1994444444445}, {"x": 1386.6562499999998, "y": 1875.0327777777777}], "category": "heading1", "id": 53, "content": {"text": "impacts", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1919.477222222222}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1948.6438888888888}, {"x": 1386.6883333333337, "y": 1948.6438888888888}, {"x": 1386.6883333333337, "y": 1919.477222222222}], "category": "heading1", "id": 54, "content": {"text": "not-for-profits such as schools and", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1963.9216666666666}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 1993.0883333333331}, {"x": 1386.65625, "y": 1993.0883333333331}, {"x": 1386.65625, "y": 1963.9216666666666}], "category": "heading1", "id": 55, "content": {"text": "hospitals\u2014both necessary institutions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 2008.366111111111}, {"x": 851.7716666666668, "y": 2037.5327777777777}, {"x": 1386.606666666667, "y": 2037.5327777777777}, {"x": 1386.606666666667, "y": 2008.366111111111}], "category": "heading1", "id": 56, "content": {"text": "for India with a huge demand. Step", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 801.4730555555556, "y": 2221.6130555555555}, {"x": 801.4730555555556, "y": 2266.0575}, {"x": 852.0508333333335, "y": 2266.0575}, {"x": 852.0508333333335, "y": 2221.6130555555555}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 57, "content": {"text": "16", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000054.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 234.19586181640625, "y": 235.71820068359375}, {"x": 234.19586181640625, "y": 263.8375244140625}, {"x": 464.1028888888888, "y": 263.8375244140625}, {"x": 464.1028888888888, "y": 235.71820068359375}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "EFB = empty fruit bunch.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 233.98919677734375, "y": 268.2905578613281}, {"x": 233.98919677734375, "y": 295.3088684082031}, {"x": 496.10288888888886, "y": 295.3088684082031}, {"x": 496.10288888888886, "y": 268.2905578613281}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Source: Murdiyatmo (2021).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 230.02865600585938, "y": 298.970947265625}, {"x": 230.02865600585938, "y": 592.7222222222222}, {"x": 1351.9801025390625, "y": 592.7222222222222}, {"x": 1351.9801025390625, "y": 298.970947265625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "However, the main obstacle with producing second-generation bioethanol is the cost of enzymes. Murdiyatmo (2021) stated that, at the pilot scale, the cost of enzymes is very high, i.e. Rp18,000 per litre of ethanol produced. Some studies provided the cost of enzymes in the US. NREL (2011), for instance, estimated that the cost of enzymes to produce second-generation bioethanol in the US was equivalent to around $0.34 per gallon or Rp1,5292 per litre of ethanol produced, i.e. less than one-tenth of the cost of enzymes in Indonesia.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 233.403564453125, "y": 617.0291137695312}, {"x": 233.403564453125, "y": 959.124267578125}, {"x": 1352.592041015625, "y": 959.124267578125}, {"x": 1352.592041015625, "y": 617.0291137695312}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "In the next sub-sections, we analyse biodiesel and bioethanol introduction in Indonesia. In each sub-section, we first discuss the current supply and demand of the biofuels and the related conventional transport fuel. Second, we estimate the conventional transport fuel, i.e. gasoline and diesel fuel demand in road transportation during the period of 2020\u201350. Third, we estimate the volume of pure biofuel (fatty acid methyl ester [FAME]/biodiesel and bioethanol) needs in scenarios, and in the amount of feedstock, i.e. CPO in biodiesel and molasses in bioethanol needed to meet the demand required in each scenario.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 977.857421875}, {"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 1012.7850952148438}, {"x": 626.7362222222222, "y": 1012.7850952148438}, {"x": 626.7362222222222, "y": 977.857421875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "2.1. Diesel and biodiesel use", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 230.70582580566406, "y": 1036.8670654296875}, {"x": 230.70582580566406, "y": 1414.8611111111109}, {"x": 1359.3092041015625, "y": 1414.8611111111109}, {"x": 1359.3092041015625, "y": 1036.8670654296875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "The consumption of diesel fuel in Indonesia, used primarily for road freight transport, fluctuated between 2010 and 2019 as it correlated with the economic condition (Table 2.8). Diesel consumption in the industry sector decreased significantly, around 10% per year between 2010 and 2019, resulting from the shift to another energy type. During the same period, with some fluctuations, diesel production increased at 3.6% annual growth rate, while imports were cut by half from nearly 13 billion litres in 2010 to nearly 6.5 billion litres in 2018. The biodiesel blending rate increased from only 1% in 2010 to nearly 20% in 2019, representing a growing level of mandatory biodiesel programmes. Apparently, diesel imports dropped with the increase of the biodiesel (B100) blending rate.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.80068969726562, "y": 2035.82470703125}, {"x": 232.80068969726562, "y": 2102.619140625}, {"x": 1291.087000000001, "y": 2102.619140625}, {"x": 1291.087000000001, "y": 2035.82470703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "2 Assuming average inflation rate of 2% between 2011 and 2021 and an exchange rate of $1 = Rp14,131.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 772.4309692382812, "y": 2207.269775390625}, {"x": 772.4309692382812, "y": 2238.6}, {"x": 809.1015555555554, "y": 2238.6}, {"x": 809.1015555555554, "y": 2207.269775390625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "11", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000091.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 155.910400390625, "y": 162.9044189453125}, {"x": 155.910400390625, "y": 201.1747222222223}, {"x": 610.1080555555556, "y": 201.1747222222223}, {"x": 610.1080555555556, "y": 162.9044189453125}], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "THIS BOOK'S APPROACH", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 411.38446044921875}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 706.7958333333333}, {"x": 1552.077880859375, "y": 706.7958333333333}, {"x": 1552.077880859375, "y": 411.38446044921875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "This book\u2019s approach is premised on a simple assumption: because behavioral economics is foremost a \u201ctest-and-learn\u201d field of scientific inquiry that evolves according to experimental outcomes and practical, policy-orientated applications of the knowledge garnered from these outcomes, so too should students test-and-learn. Studying and practicing behavioral economics should occur simultaneously, which, in turn, suggests a course taught more according to a practicum approach than in a traditionally styled lecture format. As such, the book\u2019s information and lessons are presented in a succinct and precise format.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 708.9072875976562}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1007.3701171875}, {"x": 1556.3427734375, "y": 1007.3701171875}, {"x": 1556.3427734375, "y": 708.9072875976562}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The goal of this textbook is to help students experience behavioral economics through actual participation in the same experiments and economic games that have served as the foundations for, and shaped the contours of, the field. With the help of this book, students have the opportunity to learn behavioral economics firsthand and, in the process, create their own data and experiences. They will learn about themselves\u2014about how they make private and public choices under experimental conditions\u2014at the same time as they learn about the field of behavioral economics itself. They will be both the subjects and students of behavioral economics. What better way to learn?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.52577209472656, "y": 1046.9462890625}, {"x": 153.52577209472656, "y": 1083.8282470703125}, {"x": 802.7913888888887, "y": 1083.8282470703125}, {"x": 802.7913888888887, "y": 1046.9462890625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "HOMO ECONOMICUS VS. HOMO SAPIENS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 144.69862365722656, "y": 1114.9189453125}, {"x": 144.69862365722656, "y": 1367.2958984375}, {"x": 1568.3565673828125, "y": 1367.2958984375}, {"x": 1568.3565673828125, "y": 1114.9189453125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "For ease of reference and exposition, we henceforth refer to the type of individual construed by the traditional rational-choice model as Homo economicus, a peculiar subspecies of human beings that is unfailingly omniscient, dispassionate, and self-interested when it comes to making choices. Homo sapiens, on the other hand, represents the rest of us\u2014the often-flawed reasoners and sometimes- altruistic competitors who are prone to making decisions based primarily on emotion and heuristics. 1 , 2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.78199768066406, "y": 1406.5516357421875}, {"x": 153.78199768066406, "y": 1443.5638427734375}, {"x": 818.0788888888889, "y": 1443.5638427734375}, {"x": 818.0788888888889, "y": 1406.5516357421875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "THE TEXTBOOK\u2019S DIFFERENT SECTIONS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 149.54388427734375, "y": 1476.208984375}, {"x": 149.54388427734375, "y": 1557.767333984375}, {"x": 1551.30908203125, "y": 1557.767333984375}, {"x": 1551.30908203125, "y": 1476.208984375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "The textbook consists of four sections that, taken together, portray in full the eclectic methodologies comprising the field of behavioral economics. Sections 1 and 2 present the thought and actual", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 122.8620376586914, "y": 1614.4617919921875}, {"x": 122.8620376586914, "y": 1752.930908203125}, {"x": 1558.731689453125, "y": 1752.930908203125}, {"x": 1558.731689453125, "y": 1614.4617919921875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "1. Homo economicus is Latin for \u201ceconomic man.\u201d Persky (1995) traces its use back to the late 1800s when it was used by critics of John Stuart Mill\u2019s work on political economy. In contrast (and, as we will see, with no small touch of irony) Homo sapiens is Latin for \u201cwise man.\u201d For a deep dive into evolution of Homo sapiens, particularly from the start of the Cognitive Revolution 70,000 years ago, see Harari (2015).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 131.4061111111111, "y": 1765.1337890625}, {"x": 131.4061111111111, "y": 2084.753662109375}, {"x": 1540.991388888889, "y": 2084.753662109375}, {"x": 1540.991388888889, "y": 1765.1337890625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "2. We have all heard the saying that \u201cwords matter.\u201d The titles and descriptions we use to distinguish people and their behaviors (e.g., Homo economicus vs. Homo sapiens) can reinforce or diminish behaviors such as pride in cultural heritage, respect for the living world, and trust in community, a process known as \u201ccrowding out\u201d of \u201cintrinsic motivation and commitment.\u201d As an example of this phenomenon, Bauer et al. (2012) asked participants in an online survey to imagine themselves as one of four households facing a water shortage due to a drought affecting their shared well. The survey assigned the label \u201cconsumers\u201d to half of the participants and \u201cindividuals\u201d to the other half. Those imagining themselves as consumers reported feeling less personal responsibility to reduce their water demand, and less trust in others to do the same, than did those referred to as individuals. As we are about to learn, behavioral economics is all about exposing these types of \u201cframing effects\u201d existing in the \u201creal world\u201d inhabited by Homo sapiens.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1092.394722222222, "y": 2088.48779296875}, {"x": 1092.394722222222, "y": 2112.945}, {"x": 1549.40625, "y": 2112.945}, {"x": 1549.40625, "y": 2088.48779296875}], "category": "footer", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM XIX", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000168.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 142.89553833007812, "y": 161.66082763671875}, {"x": 142.89553833007812, "y": 273.4829406738281}, {"x": 1558.0018310546875, "y": 273.4829406738281}, {"x": 1558.0018310546875, "y": 161.66082763671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Soils with the same pH may require different amounts of limestone due to differences in CEC, which would imply differences in buffering capacities. For example, consider the amount of limestone necessary to raise the base saturation of two soils from 70% to 90% when one soil has a CEC of 15 cmolc/kg, and the other has a CEC of 40 cmolc/kg.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 266.5732116699219, "y": 298.0162658691406}, {"x": 266.5732116699219, "y": 524.1743774414062}, {"x": 1439.214111328125, "y": 524.1743774414062}, {"x": 1439.214111328125, "y": 298.0162658691406}], "category": "equation", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "cmol, cmol 15 \u4e00 \u300d \u4e00 x 20% increase = 3 = basic cations required from lime kg g cmol cmol, 40 \uc73c x 20% increase = 8 basic cations required from lime kg kg", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 546.99755859375}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 660.8817138671875}, {"x": 1561.3873291015625, "y": 660.8817138671875}, {"x": 1561.3873291015625, "y": 546.99755859375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Lastly, soil pH is governed by base saturation. If other factors are constant, the lower the pH, the more lime that is required to achieve a desired pH. This is because at a low pH, a larger percentage of the CEC is occupied by acid cations, which requires larger amounts of lime to neutralize.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.74346923828125, "y": 746.718994140625}, {"x": 146.74346923828125, "y": 798.853515625}, {"x": 1198.9229736328125, "y": 798.853515625}, {"x": 1198.9229736328125, "y": 746.718994140625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Activity 1: Determining pH With Indicator Strips (Field Method)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.41250610351562, "y": 854.6074829101562}, {"x": 146.41250610351562, "y": 969.48486328125}, {"x": 1561.866455078125, "y": 969.48486328125}, {"x": 1561.866455078125, "y": 854.6074829101562}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Of the several techniques available for determining pH, one that can be used easily in the field is the indicator strip method. This technique uses the principle of pH sensitivity of certain dyes, which cause differences in color across a range in pH. With the soils provided, complete the following pH determination:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 145.4711456298828, "y": 994.9186401367188}, {"x": 145.4711456298828, "y": 1071.0675048828125}, {"x": 1554.414794921875, "y": 1071.0675048828125}, {"x": 1554.414794921875, "y": 994.9186401367188}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Weigh 10.0 g of soil into a small plastic cup. Add 20 ml of distilled water and stir. Allow to stand for 5 minutes, occasionally stirring.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.81605529785156, "y": 1099.399169921875}, {"x": 153.81605529785156, "y": 1172.686279296875}, {"x": 1549.094444444444, "y": 1172.686279296875}, {"x": 1549.094444444444, "y": 1099.399169921875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Using the pH indicator strips provided, dip the strip into the cup until the tip is wetted. Determine the pH by comparing the color change of the pH test strip to the color chart.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.09165954589844, "y": 1210.4896240234375}, {"x": 157.09165954589844, "y": 1266.4664306640625}, {"x": 213.68150329589844, "y": 1266.4664306640625}, {"x": 213.68150329589844, "y": 1210.4896240234375}], "category": "figure", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "O\ufe51", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 234.5636111111111, "y": 1202.8248291015625}, {"x": 234.5636111111111, "y": 1235.7811279296875}, {"x": 617.5886111111109, "y": 1235.7811279296875}, {"x": 617.5886111111109, "y": 1202.8248291015625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Record the soil pH in Table 14.1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.42738342285156, "y": 1326.29638671875}, {"x": 156.42738342285156, "y": 1375.8692626953125}, {"x": 945.2460482088889, "y": 1375.8692626953125}, {"x": 945.2460482088889, "y": 1326.29638671875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Activity 2: Determining Soil pH with a pH Meter", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.23971557617188, "y": 1430.382222222222}, {"x": 147.23971557617188, "y": 1583.575927734375}, {"x": 1571.0340576171875, "y": 1583.575927734375}, {"x": 1571.0340576171875, "y": 1430.382222222222}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Laboratory pH meters are more accurate than pH dyes and strips. The pH meter measures the hydrogen ion activity [H+] by measuring the electric potential across a thin, porous glass membrane at the base of the electrode. This potential changes in response to [H+], and by standardizing the instrument with buffers of known pH, we can measure the pH of any solution, including soil solutions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.92416381835938, "y": 1613.975830078125}, {"x": 147.92416381835938, "y": 1722.6605555555554}, {"x": 1562.4664306640625, "y": 1722.6605555555554}, {"x": 1562.4664306640625, "y": 1613.975830078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Using the samples prepared in Activity 1, carefully place the electrode in the suspension. Gently swirl the electrode in the solution, and note the pH reading. Wait for the pH meter to reach a steady reading, indicated by the word \u201cready\u201d on the screen.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.51962280273438, "y": 1762.0518798828125}, {"x": 156.51962280273438, "y": 1817.9595947265625}, {"x": 213.44351196289062, "y": 1817.9595947265625}, {"x": 213.44351196289062, "y": 1762.0518798828125}], "category": "figure", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "O\ufe51", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 231.48297119140625, "y": 1754.518798828125}, {"x": 231.48297119140625, "y": 1790.0804443359375}, {"x": 985.3136111111111, "y": 1790.0804443359375}, {"x": 985.3136111111111, "y": 1754.518798828125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Record the value for this 1:2 soil-water suspension in Table 14.1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1140.0540771484375, "y": 2068.605224609375}, {"x": 1140.0540771484375, "y": 2099.100341796875}, {"x": 1542.519722222222, "y": 2099.100341796875}, {"x": 1542.519722222222, "y": 2068.605224609375}], "category": "footer", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH | 127", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1515.44384765625, "y": 2069.507080078125}, {"x": 1515.44384765625, "y": 2095.169677734375}, {"x": 1549.1597900390625, "y": 2095.169677734375}, {"x": 1549.1597900390625, "y": 2069.507080078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "127", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000042.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 192.68943786621094, "y": 197.49017333984375}, {"x": 192.68943786621094, "y": 981.0174999999999}, {"x": 788.7684936523438, "y": 981.0174999999999}, {"x": 788.7684936523438, "y": 197.49017333984375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "this content \u201cvery often\u201d, 71% were from Indonesia and 28.6% were from Thailand. When asked about how often participants had heard of groups expressing the importance of men accompanying women when travelling to conflict zones, more respondents had heard this message with a higher frequency (\u201calways\u201d or \u201cvery often\u201d, 37.1%) than those who had rarely or never heard it (34%). Forty-six per cent of respondents from Indonesia heard this message with a higher frequency, followed by the Philippines (38%) and Thailand (15%). When grouping the answer options of \u201calways\u201d, \u201cvery often\u201d and \u201csometimes\u201d, 66% of respondents said they had heard groups stress the importance of women being accompanied by men when travelling to conflict areas.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.81256103515625, "y": 1069.6246337890625}, {"x": 194.81256103515625, "y": 1184.9341666666667}, {"x": 767.3725, "y": 1184.9341666666667}, {"x": 767.3725, "y": 1069.6246337890625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 5: Importance of a male guardian accompanying women when travelling to conflict zones", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 872.949951171875, "y": 202.4911346435547}, {"x": 872.949951171875, "y": 693.4590454101562}, {"x": 1464.898681640625, "y": 693.4590454101562}, {"x": 1464.898681640625, "y": 202.4911346435547}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "tremist groups. Most respondents (77%) agreed (combining both \u201cstrongly agree\u201d and \u201cagree\u201d) that they were worried about intolerance in their communities, partic- ularly respondents from Indonesia and the Philippines. Almost all respondents in the sample (93%) agreed that they were worried about violent extremism in their countries. This appeared to be a general concern among both men and women as 85% of men and 95% of women agreed that they were concerned.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 873.4605102539062, "y": 756.5604858398438}, {"x": 873.4605102539062, "y": 1289.726111111111}, {"x": 1466.8992919921875, "y": 1289.726111111111}, {"x": 1466.8992919921875, "y": 756.5604858398438}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Significantly, 89% of respondents agreed that religious extremism would impede women\u2019s rights. Half of the participants in Indonesia agreed they were concerned that religious extremism would hamper women\u2019s rights, 27% in Philippines and 16% in Thailand. Both men (84.6%) and women (89.2%) expressed their concerns on this issue. Furthermore, 91% of respondents agreed that religious extremism prioritizes men\u2019s rights over women\u2019s rights \u2013 93.1% of women strongly agreed with the statement compared to 6.90% of men.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 208.0, "y": 1708.0}, {"x": 208.0, "y": 1779.0}, {"x": 276.0, "y": 1779.0}, {"x": 276.0, "y": 1708.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u5716 \u5716 No", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 243.15222222222224, "y": 1713.0838888888889}, {"x": 243.15222222222224, "y": 1735.306111111111}, {"x": 280.2188888888889, "y": 1735.306111111111}, {"x": 280.2188888888889, "y": 1713.0838888888889}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Yes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.09922790527344, "y": 1863.7513427734375}, {"x": 195.09922790527344, "y": 2147.6708984375}, {"x": 785.94677734375, "y": 2147.6708984375}, {"x": 785.94677734375, "y": 1863.7513427734375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "In the second part of the survey, using a five-point Likert scale from \u201cstrong- ly agree\u201d to \u201cstrongly disagree\u201d, partic- ipants were presented with a series of statements regarding how worried they were about intolerant content being es- poused in the offline space by violent ex-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 872.5444946289062, "y": 1353.02978515625}, {"x": 872.5444946289062, "y": 1845.2849999999999}, {"x": 1466.17138671875, "y": 1845.2849999999999}, {"x": 1466.17138671875, "y": 1353.02978515625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "For example, one interviewee from Indonesia observed that the teachings of extremism have entered schools, such as high schools, and have also begun to penetrate student organizations. She observed that the teachings \u201cspread from the Middle East, bringing misogynistic teachings towards women as part of their subjugation strategy\u201d. She acknowledged that it was part of the organizational strategy where women appeared to look empowered:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 896.8955688476562, "y": 1914.03662109375}, {"x": 896.8955688476562, "y": 1963.939697265625}, {"x": 949.7463989257812, "y": 1963.939697265625}, {"x": 949.7463989257812, "y": 1914.03662109375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "66", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 960.724609375, "y": 1938.6861572265625}, {"x": 960.724609375, "y": 2147.268310546875}, {"x": 1465.2535400390625, "y": 2147.268310546875}, {"x": 1465.2535400390625, "y": 1938.6861572265625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "\u201cHowever, this is just manipulation; behind it is the practice of misogyny, women's consciousness, their bodies and minds are controlled, even though", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.0, "y": 2283.0}, {"x": 0.0, "y": 2300.0}, {"x": 43.0, "y": 2300.0}, {"x": 43.0, "y": 2283.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "g", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 63.05155563354492, "y": 2278.177490234375}, {"x": 63.05155563354492, "y": 2305.66357421875}, {"x": 1178.0902099609375, "y": 2305.66357421875}, {"x": 1178.0902099609375, "y": 2278.177490234375}], "category": "footer", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Gender Analysis \uc544 Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1537.555, "y": 2281.359375}, {"x": 1537.555, "y": 2306.035555555555}, {"x": 1564.2078857421875, "y": 2306.035555555555}, {"x": 1564.2078857421875, "y": 2281.359375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "31", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1585.5845947265625, "y": 2280.847900390625}, {"x": 1585.5845947265625, "y": 2300.379638671875}, {"x": 1654, "y": 2300.379638671875}, {"x": 1658.06005859375, "y": 2280.847900390625}], "category": "figure", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000099.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 360.41666666666663, "y": 157.4802777777778}, {"x": 360.41666666666663, "y": 1112.4326171875}, {"x": 1339.5833333333333, "y": 1112.4326171875}, {"x": 1339.5833333333333, "y": 157.4802777777778}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "081 \uc544 -- Putt for par 064 o Pt for ik | 04 02 \u4e00 04 \u4e00 5 50 75 100 125 190 175 200 Distance 10 hole (inches)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 358.7496337890625, "y": 1139.86279296875}, {"x": 358.7496337890625, "y": 1168.365966796875}, {"x": 645.9399999999999, "y": 1168.365966796875}, {"x": 645.9399999999999, "y": 1139.86279296875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "(Pope and Schweitzer 2011)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.51980590820312, "y": 1197.8929443359375}, {"x": 151.51980590820312, "y": 1407.9993896484375}, {"x": 1560.49560546875, "y": 1407.9993896484375}, {"x": 1560.49560546875, "y": 1197.8929443359375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "To reiterate, this study\u2019s main econometric results reveal a negative effect on sinking a putt when the typical golfer is putting for birdie, and a positive effect on putting for bogey. Consistent with the previous graphs, these numerical results suggest that the typical professional golfer is more likely to sink a put for bogey and less likely to sink the putt for birdie (i.e., the typical golfer is indeed loss averse). 10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1446.3919677734375}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1482.2005555555556}, {"x": 1174.2747222222222, "y": 1482.2005555555556}, {"x": 1174.2747222222222, "y": 1446.3919677734375}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "ARE CIGARETTE SMOKERS HYPERBOLIC TIME DISCOUNTERS?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.64364624023438, "y": 1517.3194580078125}, {"x": 151.64364624023438, "y": 1641.11328125}, {"x": 1556.0262451171875, "y": 1641.11328125}, {"x": 1556.0262451171875, "y": 1517.3194580078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Recall from Chapter 4 the distinction between time-consistent exponential time discounters (Homo economicus) and potentially time-inconsistent hyperbolic discounters (Homo sapiens). The discounting time paths for exponential versus hyperbolic discounting looked like this:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 117.33138888888888, "y": 2009.9014892578125}, {"x": 117.33138888888888, "y": 2082.944580078125}, {"x": 1542.9610595703125, "y": 2082.944580078125}, {"x": 1542.9610595703125, "y": 2009.9014892578125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "10. A negative effect associated with putting for double bogey suggests that the typical golfer suppresses his inclination for loss aversion when putting for a score worse than bogey.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1089.4547222222222, "y": 2088.872802734375}, {"x": 1089.4547222222222, "y": 2112.945}, {"x": 1544.0390625, "y": 2112.945}, {"x": 1544.0390625, "y": 2088.872802734375}], "category": "footer", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 193", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000148.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 61.6551399230957, "y": 67.98644256591797}, {"x": 61.6551399230957, "y": 169.32081604003906}, {"x": 216.40863037109375, "y": 169.32081604003906}, {"x": 216.40863037109375, "y": 67.98644256591797}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Circle", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1129.3055555555557, "y": 61.11111111111111}, {"x": 1129.3055555555557, "y": 146.52777777777777}, {"x": 1537.6388888888887, "y": 146.52777777777777}, {"x": 1537.6388888888887, "y": 61.11111111111111}], "category": "figure", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Co-funded by the European Union [ ]", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1131.594970703125, "y": 64.99304962158203}, {"x": 1131.594970703125, "y": 142.3583984375}, {"x": 1251.506591796875, "y": 142.3583984375}, {"x": 1251.506591796875, "y": 64.99304962158203}], "category": "figure", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "[ ]", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.9295654296875, "y": 239.45095825195312}, {"x": 232.9295654296875, "y": 357.7186584472656}, {"x": 1443.928466796875, "y": 357.7186584472656}, {"x": 1443.928466796875, "y": 239.45095825195312}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "As seen in this chart of responses, we were very satisfied to reach diversity in age groups, with all groups being represented by over 10%. The main group reached was of ages 36-45, and the least represented was the youngest age group of 18-25.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 273.4859619140625, "y": 482.36065673828125}, {"x": 273.4859619140625, "y": 513.5996704101562}, {"x": 463.3751220703125, "y": 513.5996704101562}, {"x": 463.3751220703125, "y": 482.36065673828125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Education Level", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.9309997558594, "y": 522.6033935546875}, {"x": 275.9309997558594, "y": 546.3630981445312}, {"x": 408.0814514160156, "y": 546.3630981445312}, {"x": 408.0814514160156, "y": 522.6033935546875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "122 responses", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 483.18621826171875, "y": 587.5653076171875}, {"x": 483.18621826171875, "y": 895.94384765625}, {"x": 1301.133056640625, "y": 895.94384765625}, {"x": 1301.133056640625, "y": 587.5653076171875}], "category": "figure", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "@ Primary @ Lower Secondary \u6200 Upper Secondary @ Non\ufe63formal Training @ Bachelors Degree or Higher \u6200 Master degree \u6200 Bac\ufe625 @ Ph.D. <", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 975.5752563476562}, {"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 1052.764892578125}, {"x": 1410.5417777777777, "y": 1052.764892578125}, {"x": 1410.5417777777777, "y": 975.5752563476562}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Regarding the education level of responders, we were satisfied to receive a very high level of responses with Bachelor\u2019s or higher degrees, with the significant share of others coming from", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 1328.7958984375}, {"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 1403.1142578125}, {"x": 1401.2151111111111, "y": 1403.1142578125}, {"x": 1401.2151111111111, "y": 1328.7958984375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Upper Secondary-educated participants. There was also a small representation of non-formal training, as well as >1% representation for other options.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 274.75994873046875, "y": 1468.8524169921875}, {"x": 274.75994873046875, "y": 1497.98583984375}, {"x": 406.33343505859375, "y": 1497.98583984375}, {"x": 406.33343505859375, "y": 1468.8524169921875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Profession", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.31793212890625, "y": 1506.2230224609375}, {"x": 275.31793212890625, "y": 1532.4962158203125}, {"x": 408.01165771484375, "y": 1532.4962158203125}, {"x": 408.01165771484375, "y": 1506.2230224609375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "122 responses", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 478.79541015625, "y": 1571.15234375}, {"x": 478.79541015625, "y": 1889.3929443359375}, {"x": 1278.7001953125, "y": 1889.3929443359375}, {"x": 1278.7001953125, "y": 1571.15234375}], "category": "figure", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "@ Social Entrepreneur 19.7% @ Youth Worker @ Educator/Trainer @ University Professor @ Expertin Circular Economy @ Youth Leader @ Project Manager @ Student 13V", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 228.3818359375, "y": 1940.5570068359375}, {"x": 228.3818359375, "y": 2056.519775390625}, {"x": 1430.9388888888882, "y": 2056.519775390625}, {"x": 1430.9388888888882, "y": 1940.5570068359375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "For responders\u2019 profession, the most common answers representing 19.7% equally, were Youth Workers and Project Managers, although practising Social Entrepreneurs were also well represented, along with an 8% response rate from self-declared circular economy experts.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 252.73333333333332, "y": 2112.224853515625}, {"x": 252.73333333333332, "y": 2172.0166666666664}, {"x": 1426.303111111111, "y": 2172.0166666666664}, {"x": 1426.303111111111, "y": 2112.224853515625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 606.0968017578125, "y": 2191.0}, {"x": 606.0968017578125, "y": 2221.6666666666665}, {"x": 1072.1251111111112, "y": 2221.6666666666665}, {"x": 1072.1251111111112, "y": 2191.0}], "category": "footer", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000064.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 187.2020721435547, "y": 204.15640258789062}, {"x": 187.2020721435547, "y": 426.1242370605469}, {"x": 1515.6754150390625, "y": 426.1242370605469}, {"x": 1515.6754150390625, "y": 204.15640258789062}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "estuarine influenced areas. Batangas, Cebu and Iloilo are located very near to protected areas and tourism areas. Batangas is within the center of the center of global marine biodiversity while Cebu is in the Mactan key biodiversity area. Manila has the highest number of foreign shipcalls while Cebu has the highest domestic shipcalls and second to Manila in international shipcalls.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.38134765625, "y": 504.81756591796875}, {"x": 196.38134765625, "y": 1011.1939697265625}, {"x": 846.8299560546875, "y": 1011.1939697265625}, {"x": 846.8299560546875, "y": 504.81756591796875}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
PORTSHIPCALLS
ForeignDomestic
MANILA24546,125
CEBU113879,500
BATANGAS95813,196
SUBIC313136
CAGAYAN DE ORO1373,159
DAVAO75017,807
ILOILO21224,381
GENERAL SANTOS112704
ZAMBOANGA4041,27
LUCENA744,428
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.79446411132812, "y": 1073.6077880859375}, {"x": 192.79446411132812, "y": 1113.0379638671875}, {"x": 1408.6585693359375, "y": 1113.0379638671875}, {"x": 1408.6585693359375, "y": 1073.6077880859375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Table 1. Top 10 ports in the Philippines in shipcalls (2020 data from PPA, CPA and SBMA)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 185.93667602539062, "y": 1197.040283203125}, {"x": 185.93667602539062, "y": 1476.9073486328125}, {"x": 1520.6668701171875, "y": 1476.9073486328125}, {"x": 1520.6668701171875, "y": 1197.040283203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The port of Manila has been documented to have a significant number of possible IAS. The on- going SAILS-PORTEC research program has detected IAS in Davao, Cebu and Matnog ports. These ports are adjacent to specific oil tanker pathways/routes. In Luzon where the refineries and oil storage facilities are located such as Batangas, are at higher risk. These loading ports are at high risk for IAS/MNIS and these are located near to international ports.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 200.06666666666666, "y": 1560.8341064453125}, {"x": 200.06666666666666, "y": 1967.1380615234375}, {"x": 1507.5944444444442, "y": 1967.1380615234375}, {"x": 1507.5944444444442, "y": 1560.8341064453125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "The shipcall statistics in Table 1 represent the year 2020, when the COVID 19 pandemic caused a global and domestic maritime transport slowdown. The average reduction in shipcalls is around 40%. Nonetheless, Manila and Cebu are likely the main ports that need to be closely monitored for potential IAS bioinvasion. In 2018, before the COVID-19 pandemic, Manila was experiencing port congestion with a report that ships may stay at berth for five days (Wallis, 2019). This will increase the risks for biofouling. Based on the 2021 statistics from the PPA, the average berthing time has been reduced to 1 day. This is a result of less shipping traffic due to the pandemic.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1466.611111111111, "y": 2026.84375}, {"x": 1466.611111111111, "y": 2060.6}, {"x": 1507.8111111111111, "y": 2060.6}, {"x": 1507.8111111111111, "y": 2026.84375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000164.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 147.91278076171875, "y": 199.84121704101562}, {"x": 147.91278076171875, "y": 392.4562072753906}, {"x": 1559.075927734375, "y": 392.4562072753906}, {"x": 1559.075927734375, "y": 199.84121704101562}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "3Btg2\u201426 to 31 in; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) crushed, silty clay; common coarse prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate coarse subangular blocky; extremely hard, very firm; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine moderate continuity tubular pores; common distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), moist, clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 15 in thick)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.8048858642578, "y": 432.2355041503906}, {"x": 155.8048858642578, "y": 664.2167358398438}, {"x": 1559.9844970703125, "y": 664.2167358398438}, {"x": 1559.9844970703125, "y": 432.2355041503906}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "3Btg3\u201431 to 35 in; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) crushed, silty clay; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint continuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; common medium rounded very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) soft clay bodies pedogenic throughout and few medium rounded white (10YR 8/1) soft nests of gypsum pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 10 in thick)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.21060180664062, "y": 705.9905395507812}, {"x": 150.21060180664062, "y": 975.2732543945312}, {"x": 1560.216796875, "y": 975.2732543945312}, {"x": 1560.216796875, "y": 705.9905395507812}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "3Btg4\u201435 to 42 in; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) crushed, silty clay loam; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) moist irregular mottles throughout; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; very hard, friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/or pores; few medium rounded white (10YR 8/1) soft nests of gypsum pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 10 in thick)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 138.45677185058594, "y": 1016.6187744140625}, {"x": 138.45677185058594, "y": 1247.0089111328125}, {"x": 1574.190185546875, "y": 1247.0089111328125}, {"x": 1574.190185546875, "y": 1016.6187744140625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "3Btg5/E\u201442 to 54 in; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; hard, friable; common very and fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/or pores; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 15 in thick)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.8228759765625, "y": 1289.3013916015625}, {"x": 154.8228759765625, "y": 1560.3250732421875}, {"x": 1560.999267578125, "y": 1560.3250732421875}, {"x": 1560.999267578125, "y": 1289.3013916015625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "3Btg6/E\u201454 to 69 in; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common coarse prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common coarse prominent dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky; slightly hard, very friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous dark grayish brown(10YR 4/2) moist silt coats in root channels and/or pores; common fine rounded black (N 2/0) soft iron/manganese concretions pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 20 in thick)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 142.2382049560547, "y": 1598.9375}, {"x": 142.2382049560547, "y": 1905.6263427734375}, {"x": 1564.1646728515625, "y": 1905.6263427734375}, {"x": 1564.1646728515625, "y": 1598.9375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "3Btg7/E\u201469 to 86 in; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common coarse prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common fine prominent dark brown (7.5YR 3/4.) moist irregular mottles throughout; weak coarse prismatic structure; slightly hard, very friable; few very fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/or pores; common fine rounded black (N 2/0) soft iron/manganese concretions pedogenic throughout and few medium irregular brown (10YR 5/3) soft clay bodies pedogenic in cracks; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 20 in thick)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 141.47702026367188, "y": 1949.5181884765625}, {"x": 141.47702026367188, "y": 2025.768798828125}, {"x": 1551.82275390625, "y": 2025.768798828125}, {"x": 1551.82275390625, "y": 1949.5181884765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "3Btg8/E\u201486 to 97 in; 80% light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) exterior, and 15% yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), exterior, and 5% strong brown (7.5 YR 4/6), exterior, silty clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1342.0, "y": 2072.0}, {"x": 1342.0, "y": 2095.0}, {"x": 1507.0, "y": 2095.0}, {"x": 1507.0, "y": 2072.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Soil Formation |", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1521.0887451171875, "y": 2069.948486328125}, {"x": 1521.0887451171875, "y": 2094.426025390625}, {"x": 1548.1439208984375, "y": 2094.426025390625}, {"x": 1548.1439208984375, "y": 2069.948486328125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "27", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000059.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 304.7413635253906, "y": 239.33981323242188}, {"x": 304.7413635253906, "y": 274.8731994628906}, {"x": 1266.913330078125, "y": 274.8731994628906}, {"x": 1266.913330078125, "y": 239.33981323242188}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.6. Input Biomass Fuel for Each Type of Biomass Power Generation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 330.91666666666663, "y": 295.80555555555526}, {"x": 330.91666666666663, "y": 841.7777777777776}, {"x": 1243.9166666666667, "y": 841.7777777777776}, {"x": 1243.9166666666667, "y": 295.80555555555526}], "category": "figure", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Biogas Unutilised wood General wood Construction \ufe4dWaste materials wood waste and other biomass \u866f Domestic logs and wood chips \u76f4 Domestic wood pellets \u774f PKS \u540c ImpoTt pellets\uff0c chips Construction wood waste Other waste \u866b Others", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 234.2659912109375, "y": 867.1963500976562}, {"x": 234.2659912109375, "y": 894.3888888888886}, {"x": 481.37222222222215, "y": 894.3888888888886}, {"x": 481.37222222222215, "y": 867.1963500976562}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "PKS = palm kernel shell.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 229.8018035888672, "y": 895.4939575195312}, {"x": 229.8018035888672, "y": 986.5298461914062}, {"x": 1343.9499999999996, "y": 986.5298461914062}, {"x": 1343.9499999999996, "y": 895.4939575195312}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Heat value used: Domestic logs and wood chips: 19.4 MJ/kg; Domestic wood pellets, Import pellets, chips: 15.5 MJ/kg; PKS: 18 MJ/kg; Construction wood waste, Other waste, and Others: assuming the same with wood pellets.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 223.84178161621094, "y": 989.0026245117188}, {"x": 223.84178161621094, "y": 1018.1937255859375}, {"x": 1029.8583984375, "y": 1018.1937255859375}, {"x": 1029.8583984375, "y": 989.0026245117188}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Source: Depicted by IEEJ based on Japan Woody Bioenergy Association, 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.77548217773438, "y": 1081.0391845703125}, {"x": 232.77548217773438, "y": 1245.18408203125}, {"x": 1352.25, "y": 1245.18408203125}, {"x": 1352.25, "y": 1081.0391845703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "According to Japan\u2019s trade statistics, its import of wood pellets has increased around 16 times from 2014 to 2019. Viet Nam and Canada are the largest suppliers of Japan\u2019s wood pellet imports (Figure 4.7). On the other hand, domestic wood pellet production stayed almost the same over the same period (Figure 4.8).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 581.067626953125, "y": 1315.5860595703125}, {"x": 581.067626953125, "y": 1349.95361328125}, {"x": 996.982421875, "y": 1349.95361328125}, {"x": 996.982421875, "y": 1315.5860595703125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.7. Wood Pellets Import", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 354.1111111111111, "y": 1372.1388888888887}, {"x": 354.1111111111111, "y": 1911.9999999999998}, {"x": 1220.1944444444446, "y": 1911.9999999999998}, {"x": 1220.1944444444446, "y": 1372.1388888888887}], "category": "figure", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "1,800 1,614 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,060 1,000 800 600 506 400 232 200 97 \ube7c | \ufe4d 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 China \u81ea Viet Nam M Malaysia \u76f4 Indonesia \u76f4 Canada \u8056 US \u7684 Australia \u76f4 Others", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 1940.695068359375}, {"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 1970.1944444444443}, {"x": 609.0582222222222, "y": 1970.1944444444443}, {"x": 609.0582222222222, "y": 1940.695068359375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Source: Trade Statistics of Japan.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 772.8055555555554, "y": 2207.869384765625}, {"x": 772.8055555555554, "y": 2238.6}, {"x": 809.1015555555554, "y": 2238.6}, {"x": 809.1015555555554, "y": 2207.869384765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "39", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000130.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 151.9176025390625, "y": 151.47444444444443}, {"x": 151.9176025390625, "y": 234.68763732910156}, {"x": 1553.384765625, "y": 234.68763732910156}, {"x": 1553.384765625, "y": 151.47444444444443}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Table 15.6. Observations of Returns on the Firm\u2019s Portfolio of Investments rt p and on a Potential New Investment (a Challenger).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 158.11460876464844, "y": 362.9129943847656}, {"x": 158.11460876464844, "y": 692.3956909179688}, {"x": 1408.0028076171875, "y": 692.3956909179688}, {"x": 1408.0028076171875, "y": 362.9129943847656}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Time tObserved returns on the firm's portfolio over time i pObserved returns on a potential new investment for the firm\ufe41s r\u00a2 j
201210%7%
20136%8%
20147%5%
20153%2%
20165%3%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 133.87184143066406, "y": 733.4448852539062}, {"x": 133.87184143066406, "y": 813.6904907226562}, {"x": 1565.7833251953125, "y": 813.6904907226562}, {"x": 1565.7833251953125, "y": 733.4448852539062}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Another way to represent the two rates of return measures and their relationship to each other is to represent them in a two dimensional scatter graph.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 149.56182861328125, "y": 846.6975708007812}, {"x": 149.56182861328125, "y": 971.1588745117188}, {"x": 1565.1986083984375, "y": 971.1588745117188}, {"x": 1565.1986083984375, "y": 846.6975708007812}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "We may visually observe how the two sets of rates of return move together by drawing a line through the points on the graph in such a way as to minimize the squared distance from the point to the line. Our scatter graph is identified as Figure 15.3.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.0, "y": 1101.342529296875}, {"x": 150.0, "y": 1185.3492431640625}, {"x": 1565.279541015625, "y": 1185.3492431640625}, {"x": 1565.279541015625, "y": 1101.342529296875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Figure 15.3. Scatter Graph of Returns on the Firm\u2019s Portfolio of Investments and Returns on the Potential New Investment", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.2799072265625, "y": 1305.98828125}, {"x": 148.2799072265625, "y": 1787.622222222222}, {"x": 1199.759033203125, "y": 1787.622222222222}, {"x": 1199.759033203125, "y": 1305.98828125}], "category": "figure", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "10% \ub418 S ^ = 65 \u4e00 + 4% . - = * \u300c % ne \u2026 4% \u300e & m 10% < \uac00 Observed returns on firm's portfolio of investments", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 424.31982421875, "y": 1746.707275390625}, {"x": 424.31982421875, "y": 1786.0009765625}, {"x": 1092.7919921875, "y": 1786.0009765625}, {"x": 1092.7919921875, "y": 1746.707275390625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Observed returns on firm's portfolio of investments", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.0, "y": 1832.3389892578125}, {"x": 150.0, "y": 1911.9117431640625}, {"x": 1557.2784499999996, "y": 1911.9117431640625}, {"x": 1557.2784499999996, "y": 1832.3389892578125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "The relationship between the returns on the new investment and the firm\u2019s portfolio can be expressed as:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 145.20726013183594, "y": 1938.8240966796875}, {"x": 145.20726013183594, "y": 1993.963611111111}, {"x": 538.7156982421875, "y": 1993.963611111111}, {"x": 538.7156982421875, "y": 1938.8240966796875}], "category": "equation", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "(15.42)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1076.3333333333333, "y": 2089.943603515625}, {"x": 1076.3333333333333, "y": 2116.649169921875}, {"x": 1550.0, "y": 2116.649169921875}, {"x": 1550.0, "y": 2089.943603515625}], "category": "footer", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Ch. 15. Homogeneous Risk Measures | 349", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1512.6312255859375, "y": 2089.761474609375}, {"x": 1512.6312255859375, "y": 2113.06494140625}, {"x": 1555.4720458984375, "y": 2113.06494140625}, {"x": 1555.4720458984375, "y": 2089.761474609375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "349", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000199.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 750.0, "y": 25.0}, {"x": 750.0, "y": 38.333333333333336}, {"x": 784.4444444444445, "y": 38.333333333333336}, {"x": 784.4444444444445, "y": 25.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "s Na", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 96.8750031, "y": 76.85917663574219}, {"x": 96.8750031, "y": 110.65555926389423}, {"x": 428.4285888671875, "y": 110.65555926389423}, {"x": 428.4285888671875, "y": 76.85917663574219}], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Overview of OCR Pack", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 85.44883728027344, "y": 134.18556213378906}, {"x": 85.44883728027344, "y": 188.4580535888672}, {"x": 1436.3717041015625, "y": 188.4580535888672}, {"x": 1436.3717041015625, "y": 134.18556213378906}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Base Model Performance Evaluation of Upstage OCR Pack", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 100.59244537353516, "y": 332.8968811035156}, {"x": 100.59244537353516, "y": 429.22698612484646}, {"x": 800.7776489257812, "y": 429.22698612484646}, {"x": 800.7776489257812, "y": 332.8968811035156}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Upstage universal OCR model E2E performance evaluation1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 141.58120807226516, "y": 487.77779282763885}, {"x": 141.58120807226516, "y": 501.66668181374996}, {"x": 164.74787490109847, "y": 501.66668181374996}, {"x": 164.74787490109847, "y": 487.77779282763885}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": 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"id": 70, "content": {"text": "3 Recall: Percentage of what the OCR model predicted to be True from those that were actually True 4 Precision: Percentage of what the OCR model classifies as True, which is actually True", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1103.8404541015625, "y": 1050.7144775390625}, {"x": 1103.8404541015625, "y": 1067.8216552734375}, {"x": 1443.3607177734375, "y": 1067.8216552734375}, {"x": 1443.3607177734375, "y": 1050.7144775390625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 71, "content": {"text": "5 F1: Harmonic mean value of Recall and Precision", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1105.8206787109375, "y": 1075.8775634765625}, {"x": 1105.8206787109375, "y": 1118.08984375}, {"x": 1783.772942997399, "y": 1118.08984375}, {"x": 1783.772942997399, "y": 1075.8775634765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 72, "content": {"text": "6. Parsing-F1: Comparison of parsing model F1 of both companies for business registration document form. Company A is excluded from comparison due to the absence of the document parsing model.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000159.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 156.9468536376953, "y": 162.4095916748047}, {"x": 156.9468536376953, "y": 309.67803955078125}, {"x": 953.8762817382812, "y": 309.67803955078125}, {"x": 953.8762817382812, "y": 162.4095916748047}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "be a starting point for asking questions too, but I would recommend against brainstorming as the only strategy towards topic and question identification since it does not enable students to get to topics they didn\u2019t know existed.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 144.48745727539062, "y": 315.41693115234375}, {"x": 144.48745727539062, "y": 624.4762573242188}, {"x": 950.6570434570312, "y": 624.4762573242188}, {"x": 950.6570434570312, "y": 315.41693115234375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "I struggle with getting students to actually read the sources we find together in our research consultations. They seem to want to do all the searching first and all the reading later. No matter how I tell them it\u2019s iterative and you need to go back and forth between reading and searching many many times, the messages wasn\u2019t landing. This chapter is my next iteration in how to talk about the research process, but I really don\u2019t now what the secret recipe is yet. Let me know if you think this one lands.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.4262237548828, "y": 724.6881713867188}, {"x": 152.4262237548828, "y": 776.353271484375}, {"x": 463.68532166666665, "y": 776.353271484375}, {"x": 463.68532166666665, "y": 724.6881713867188}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Types of Sources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.7132568359375, "y": 843.5073852539062}, {"x": 147.7132568359375, "y": 1152.0252685546875}, {"x": 949.075, "y": 1152.0252685546875}, {"x": 949.075, "y": 843.5073852539062}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "I am a big fan of Mike Caulfield\u2019s information literacy work (see the next chapter, SIFTing Information.) Sometimes I have found my attempts to use his strategies in the classroom were hard for students. For example, when I\u2019ve tried the exercise about the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Pediatricians (Reflection & Discussion Question 1) without first talking about professional organizations, students rarely got how they were different, and it did not build their confidence.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.99130249023438, "y": 1155.762451171875}, {"x": 155.99130249023438, "y": 1342.7989501953125}, {"x": 949.0894444444443, "y": 1342.7989501953125}, {"x": 949.0894444444443, "y": 1155.762451171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "It\u2019s hard to identify a legitimate professional association if you\u2019ve never heard of the concept of professional associations. This chapter may be long, but I felt it was important to enumerate at least some of the dimensions of the sources they may find, so that when we get to Caulfield\u2019s SIFT method they are set up for success.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1572.518611111111}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1594.7408333333335}, {"x": 436.8655555555555, "y": 1594.7408333333335}, {"x": 436.8655555555555, "y": 1572.518611111111}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "102 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000154.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 157.4802777777778}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 905.07177734375}, {"x": 1548.305908203125, "y": 905.07177734375}, {"x": 1548.305908203125, "y": 157.4802777777778}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "66% 24% 18% 12% 6% 8% No textbook Affordable Zero cost Free Low cost OER required", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 149.581787109375, "y": 933.7507934570312}, {"x": 149.581787109375, "y": 963.2821655273438}, {"x": 991.0327758789062, "y": 963.2821655273438}, {"x": 991.0327758789062, "y": 933.7507934570312}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 7.1: Texas OER landscape survey results show terms used in course schedules", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.5859375, "y": 1012.4293212890625}, {"x": 153.5859375, "y": 1045.5791666666667}, {"x": 462.62472222222215, "y": 1045.5791666666667}, {"x": 462.62472222222215, "y": 1012.4293212890625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "IMPLEMENTATION", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.23143005371094, "y": 1079.4244384765625}, {"x": 147.23143005371094, "y": 1331.210205078125}, {"x": 1561.806884765625, "y": 1331.210205078125}, {"x": 1561.806884765625, "y": 1079.4244384765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Locally, we implemented a quick and free solution that reflects the constraints of system capabilities, no financial support, and a local directive to vet every course to be tagged. Based on what was feasible in the short term and conversations with key stakeholders (i.e., registrar, early OER adopters, curriculum coordinators, student representatives, and the campus store), we incorporated an \u201ceducational resources cost\u201d option into an existing \u201ccourse attribute\u201d drop-down menu under the system\u2019s advanced search options.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 2087.47265625}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 2113.54296875}, {"x": 1541.0919444444444, "y": 2113.54296875}, {"x": 1541.0919444444444, "y": 2087.47265625}], "category": "footer", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "18 BOYOUNG CHAE, KEVIN CORCORAN, MICHAEL DALY, ANN FIDDLER, JEFF GALLANT, JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG, AMY HOFER, AND", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000076.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 314.9605555555556, "y": 193.44801330566406}, {"x": 314.9605555555556, "y": 233.97695922851562}, {"x": 1095.64892578125, "y": 233.97695922851562}, {"x": 1095.64892578125, "y": 193.44801330566406}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.6. Alien temporary work permits, Thailand", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 312.7115958333333, "y": 258.05443888888976}, {"x": 312.7115958333333, "y": 283.83193888888974}, {"x": 398.33240416666666, "y": 283.83193888888974}, {"x": 398.33240416666666, "y": 258.05443888888976}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "140000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 312.7115958333333, "y": 306.6450263888896}, {"x": 312.7115958333333, "y": 332.4225263888896}, {"x": 398.33240416666666, "y": 332.4225263888896}, {"x": 398.33240416666666, "y": 306.6450263888896}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "120000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 312.7115958333333, "y": 355.2356138888895}, {"x": 312.7115958333333, "y": 381.01311388888945}, {"x": 398.33240416666666, "y": 381.01311388888945}, {"x": 398.33240416666666, "y": 355.2356138888895}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "100000", "html": "", 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Non-citizen population in Malaysia (in thousands)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 314.33958722222195, "y": 875.3835733333334}, {"x": 314.33958722222195, "y": 901.1605177777776}, {"x": 378.6703572222219, "y": 901.1605177777776}, {"x": 378.6703572222219, "y": 875.3835733333334}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 144, "content": {"text": "3,500", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 314.33958722222195, "y": 940.1352577777776}, {"x": 314.33958722222195, "y": 965.9122022222222}, {"x": 378.6703572222219, "y": 965.9122022222222}, {"x": 378.6703572222219, "y": 940.1352577777776}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 145, "content": {"text": "3,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 314.33958722222195, "y": 1004.8611652777776}, {"x": 314.33958722222195, "y": 1030.6381097222222}, {"x": 378.6703572222219, "y": 1030.6381097222222}, {"x": 378.6703572222219, "y": 1004.8611652777776}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 146, "content": {"text": "2,500", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 314.33958722222195, "y": 1069.5355188888886}, {"x": 314.33958722222195, "y": 1095.3124633333332}, {"x": 378.6703572222219, "y": 1095.3124633333332}, {"x": 378.6703572222219, "y": 1069.5355188888886}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 147, "content": {"text": "2,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 314.33958722222195, "y": 1134.2614263888886}, {"x": 314.33958722222195, "y": 1160.0383708333334}, {"x": 378.6703572222219, "y": 1160.0383708333334}, {"x": 378.6703572222219, "y": 1134.2614263888886}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 148, "content": {"text": "1,500", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 314.33958722222195, "y": 1199.013110833333}, {"x": 314.33958722222195, "y": 1224.7900552777776}, {"x": 378.6703572222219, "y": 1224.7900552777776}, {"x": 378.6703572222219, "y": 1199.013110833333}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 149, "content": {"text": "1,000", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": 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159, "content": {"text": "Source: Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2022). Figure for 2021 is an estimate.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 314.9605555555556, "y": 1474.7939453125}, {"x": 314.9605555555556, "y": 1513.3985595703125}, {"x": 1241.594970703125, "y": 1513.3985595703125}, {"x": 1241.594970703125, "y": 1474.7939453125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 160, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.8. Singapore foreign workforce stock (in thousands)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 312.68232194444465, "y": 1539.6659202777776}, {"x": 312.68232194444465, "y": 1565.457864722222}, {"x": 377.0503519444446, "y": 1565.457864722222}, {"x": 377.0503519444446, "y": 1539.6659202777776}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 161, "content": {"text": "1,450", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 892.3314616666667, "y": 1538.118403611111}, {"x": 892.3314616666667, "y": 1563.9103480555555}, {"x": 956.6994916666666, "y": 1563.9103480555555}, {"x": 956.6994916666666, "y": 1538.118403611111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 162, "content": {"text": "1,427", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 312.68232194444465, "y": 1596.3566141666663}, {"x": 312.68232194444465, "y": 1622.1485586111107}, {"x": 377.0503519444446, "y": 1622.1485586111107}, {"x": 377.0503519444446, "y": 1596.3566141666663}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 163, "content": {"text": "1,400", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 312.68232194444465, "y": 1653.0473080555553}, {"x": 312.68232194444465, "y": 1678.8392524999997}, {"x": 377.0503519444446, "y": 1678.8392524999997}, {"x": 377.0503519444446, "y": 1653.0473080555553}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 164, "content": {"text": "1,350", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 312.68232194444465, "y": 1709.6606261111108}, {"x": 312.68232194444465, "y": 1735.4525705555552}, {"x": 377.0503519444446, "y": 1735.4525705555552}, {"x": 377.0503519444446, "y": 1709.6606261111108}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 165, "content": {"text": "1,300", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 312.68232194444465, "y": 1766.2739441666663}, {"x": 312.68232194444465, "y": 1792.065888611111}, {"x": 377.0503519444446, "y": 1792.065888611111}, {"x": 377.0503519444446, "y": 1766.2739441666663}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 166, "content": {"text": "1,250", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, 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2075.10791015625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 176, "content": {"text": "Source: Compilation by Manpower Research & Statistics Department (Ministry of Manpower, Singapore, 2022).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 234.117431640625, "y": 2224.429931640625}, {"x": 234.117431640625, "y": 2262.277099609375}, {"x": 699.7660522460938, "y": 2262.277099609375}, {"x": 699.7660522460938, "y": 2224.429931640625}], "category": "footer", "id": 177, "content": {"text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1536.5847222222221, "y": 2227.1247222222223}, {"x": 1536.5847222222221, "y": 2260.4580555555553}, {"x": 1573.6513888888887, "y": 2260.4580555555553}, {"x": 1573.6513888888887, "y": 2227.1247222222223}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 178, "content": {"text": "19", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000156.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 154.0823824999999}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 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Over the last two decades there has been an increase in fact checking as an activity that takes place after a source has been published, a practice discussed in more detail in the chapter, SIFTing Information.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 503.1357116699219, "y": 268.5753173828125}, {"x": 503.1357116699219, "y": 647.79052734375}, {"x": 949.0682836111113, "y": 647.79052734375}, {"x": 949.0682836111113, "y": 268.5753173828125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Fact checkers verify that the names, dates, and facts in a work (usually an article or book) are correct. For example, they may contact a person who is quoted in a proposed news article and ask the person whether this quotation is correct, or how to spell the person\u2019s name. Fact- checkers are primarily useful in catching accidental mistakes.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 503.41864013671875, "y": 656.5481567382812}, {"x": 503.41864013671875, "y": 1191.8097222222223}, {"x": 951.8125610351562, "y": 1191.8097222222223}, {"x": 951.8125610351562, "y": 656.5481567382812}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The number of people employed in fact-checking varies by publication. Some organizations have substantial fact-checking departments. Others may hire freelancers per piece, or may combine fact-checking with other duties. Magazines are more likely to use fact checkers than newspapers. Television and radio programs rarely employ dedicated fact checkers, and instead expect others, including senior staff, to engage in fact-checking in addition to their other duties.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 125.65198516845703, "y": 1410.0723876953125}, {"x": 125.65198516845703, "y": 1540.848876953125}, {"x": 947.4929313888888, "y": 1540.848876953125}, {"x": 947.4929313888888, "y": 1410.0723876953125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "2. Content in this section is adapted from the Wikipedia entry \u201cFact-checking\u201d (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Fact-checking) and is used under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1566.736572265625}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1596.7099609375}, {"x": 389.64208984375, "y": 1596.7099609375}, {"x": 389.64208984375, "y": 1566.736572265625}], "category": "footer", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "48 | Types of Sources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000083.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1214.987548828125, "y": 96.68519592285156}, {"x": 1214.987548828125, "y": 130.32144165039062}, {"x": 1383.9373779296875, "y": 130.32144165039062}, {"x": 1383.9373779296875, "y": 96.68519592285156}], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Appendices", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1434.338623046875, "y": 85.94817352294922}, {"x": 1434.338623046875, "y": 138.31973266601562}, {"x": 1654, "y": 138.31973266601562}, {"x": 1656.0140380859375, "y": 85.94817352294922}], "category": "figure", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 269.4245910644531, "y": 268.246826171875}, {"x": 269.4245910644531, "y": 353.5416259765625}, {"x": 1107.6832275390625, "y": 353.5416259765625}, {"x": 1107.6832275390625, "y": 268.246826171875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "TABLE 35: UNION-STATE BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES BY CATEGORIES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 272.8734130859375, "y": 395.76788330078125}, {"x": 272.8734130859375, "y": 960.4534912109375}, {"x": 1382.740478515625, "y": 960.4534912109375}, {"x": 1382.740478515625, "y": 395.76788330078125}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
CategoryNumber of clauses in Union lawsIn \n percentNumber of clauses in State lawsIn \n percent
Commercial52910.1%8173.9%
Environment, Health and Safety83415.9%3451.7%
Finance & Taxation410.8%8884.2%
General751.4%3601.7%
Industry Specific297956.9%12005.7%
Labour53410.2%1728582.7%
Secretarial2474.7%00.0%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.0, "y": 1002.2431640625}, {"x": 275.0, "y": 1089.2866666666666}, {"x": 1329.1319444444432, "y": 1089.2866666666666}, {"x": 1329.1319444444432, "y": 1002.2431640625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "TABLE 36: THREE CASE STUDIES ON MANUFACTURING COMPLIANCES*", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 273.75469970703125, "y": 1138.35498046875}, {"x": 273.75469970703125, "y": 1431.388427734375}, {"x": 1377.8990478515625, "y": 1431.388427734375}, {"x": 1377.8990478515625, "y": 1138.35498046875}], "category": "table", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
|5| Medium |Large |
Total Applicable Compliances6693,1095,796
Compliances with imprisonment4612,1724,085
Percentage of imprisonment clauses69%70%70%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 271.35498046875, "y": 1435.604736328125}, {"x": 271.35498046875, "y": 1505.4849853515625}, {"x": 1391.1658935546875, "y": 1505.4849853515625}, {"x": 1391.1658935546875, "y": 1435.604736328125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "* These are real data from three companies operating in the automotive components", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 272.6760559082031, "y": 1564.531494140625}, {"x": 272.6760559082031, "y": 1649.3822222222223}, {"x": 1358.9930555555545, "y": 1649.3822222222223}, {"x": 1358.9930555555545, "y": 1564.531494140625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "TABLE 37: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN MANUFACTURING CASE STUDIES*", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 276.753173828125, "y": 1696.6624755859375}, {"x": 276.753173828125, "y": 2043.7880859375}, {"x": 1382.5369873046875, "y": 2043.7880859375}, {"x": 1382.5369873046875, "y": 1696.6624755859375}], "category": "table", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
\u2014mmm
Less than 3 months2582185
3 months to less than 1 year1876991,220
1 year to less than 3 years1781,0701,964
3 years to less than 5 years59245505
5 years to 10 years1276211
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.0, "y": 2049.448486328125}, {"x": 275.0, "y": 2081.8091666666664}, {"x": 452.8144836425781, "y": 2081.8091666666664}, {"x": 452.8144836425781, "y": 2049.448486328125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "* In Table 36", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 800.9529418945312, "y": 2218.978515625}, {"x": 800.9529418945312, "y": 2266.0575}, {"x": 854.7454833984375, "y": 2266.0575}, {"x": 854.7454833984375, "y": 2218.978515625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "85", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000187.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 208.37892150878906, "y": 202.42198181152344}, {"x": 208.37892150878906, "y": 376.4507141113281}, {"x": 1445.1790771484375, "y": 376.4507141113281}, {"x": 1445.1790771484375, "y": 202.42198181152344}], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
PropertiesInstructionTraining Datasets Alignment
Alpaca-GPT4OpenOreaSynth. Math-InstructOrca DPO PairsUltrafeedback CleanedSynth. Math-Alignment
Total # Samples52K291M126K129K60\ufe528K126K
Maximum # Samples Used52K100K52K129K60\ufe528K20.1K
Open Source00X00\u00d7
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 182.06747436523438, "y": 404.1690368652344}, {"x": 182.06747436523438, "y": 638.3646850585938}, {"x": 1475.3482666015625, "y": 638.3646850585938}, {"x": 1475.3482666015625, "y": 404.1690368652344}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 1: Training datasets used for the instruction and alignment tuning stages, respectively. For the instruction tuning process, we utilized the Alpaca-GPT4 (Peng et al., 2023), OpenOrca (Mukherjee et al., 2023), and Synth. Math-Instruct datasets, while for the alignment tuning, we employed the Orca DPO Pairs (Intel, 2023), Ultrafeedback Cleaned (Cui et al., 2023; Ivison et al., 2023), and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets. The \u2018Total # Samples\u2018 indicates the total number of samples in the entire dataset. The \u2018Maximum # Samples Used\u2018 indicates the actual maximum number of samples that were used in training, which could be lower than the total number of samples in a given dataset. \u2018Open Source\u2018 indicates whether the dataset is open-sourced.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 189.09759521484375, "y": 695.7980346679688}, {"x": 189.09759521484375, "y": 997.8896484375}, {"x": 812.493408203125, "y": 997.8896484375}, {"x": 812.493408203125, "y": 695.7980346679688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "pretraining to quickly recover performance. We attribute the success of DUS to reducing such dis- crepancies in both the depthwise scaling and the continued pretraining steps. We also hypothesize that other methods of depthwise scaling could also work for DUS, as long as the discrepancy in the scaled model is sufficiently contained before the continued pretraining step.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.09176635742188, "y": 1021.4637451171875}, {"x": 190.09176635742188, "y": 1398.4482421875}, {"x": 810.4302368164062, "y": 1398.4482421875}, {"x": 810.4302368164062, "y": 1021.4637451171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Comparison to other up-scaling methods. Un- like Komatsuzaki et al. (2022), depthwise scaled models do not require additional modules like gat- ing networks or dynamic expert selection. Conse- quently, scaled models in DUS do not necessitate a distinct training framework for optimal training efficiency, nor do they require specialized CUDA kernels for fast inference. A DUS model can seam- lessly integrate into existing training and inference frameworks while maintaining high efficiency.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 191.09239196777344, "y": 1427.331298828125}, {"x": 191.09239196777344, "y": 1465.7076416015625}, {"x": 481.10992431640625, "y": 1465.7076416015625}, {"x": 481.10992431640625, "y": 1427.331298828125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "3 Training Details", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.5436553955078, "y": 1489.87109375}, {"x": 192.5436553955078, "y": 1602.1578369140625}, {"x": 814.3750610351562, "y": 1602.1578369140625}, {"x": 814.3750610351562, "y": 1489.87109375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "After DUS, including continued pretraining, we perform fine-tuning of SOLAR 10.7B in two stages: 1) instruction tuning and 2) alignment tuning.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.8294677734375, "y": 1626.056640625}, {"x": 190.8294677734375, "y": 2151.8408203125}, {"x": 811.8424072265625, "y": 2151.8408203125}, {"x": 811.8424072265625, "y": 1626.056640625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Instruction tuning. In the instruction tuning stage, the model is trained to follow instructions in a QA format (Zhang et al., 2023). We mostly use open-source datasets but also synthesize a math QA dataset to enhance the model\u2019s mathematical capa- bilities. A rundown of how we crafted the dataset is as follows. First, seed math data are collected from the Math (Hendrycks et al., 2021) dataset only, to avoid contamination with commonly used bench- mark datasets such as GSM8K (Cobbe et al., 2021). Then, using a process similar to MetaMath (Yu et al., 2023), we rephrase the questions and an- swers of the seed math data. We use the resulting rephrased question-answer pairs as a QA dataset", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 847.0313110351562, "y": 698.739013671875}, {"x": 847.0313110351562, "y": 732.2809448242188}, {"x": 1264.384033203125, "y": 732.2809448242188}, {"x": 1264.384033203125, "y": 698.739013671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "and call it \u2018Synth. Math-Instruct\u2018.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 841.6351318359375, "y": 764.2802830555556}, {"x": 841.6351318359375, "y": 1178.7353515625}, {"x": 1471.4556884765625, "y": 1178.7353515625}, {"x": 1471.4556884765625, "y": 764.2802830555556}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Alignment tuning. In the alignment tuning stage, the instruction-tuned model is further fine-tuned to be more aligned with human or strong AI (e.g., GPT4 (OpenAI, 2023)) preferences using sDPO (Kim et al., 2024a), an improved version of direct preference optimization (DPO) (Rafailov et al., 2023). Similar to the instruction tuning stage, we use mostly open-source datasets but also syn- thesize a math-focused alignment dataset utilizing the \u2018Synth. Math-Instruct\u2018 dataset mentioned in the instruction tuning stage.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 849.0475463867188, "y": 1180.0729599999997}, {"x": 849.0475463867188, "y": 1739.091796875}, {"x": 1465.96875, "y": 1739.091796875}, {"x": 1465.96875, "y": 1180.0729599999997}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "The alignment data synthesis process is as follows. We take advantage of the fact that the rephrased question-answer pairs in Synth. Math-Instruct data are beneficial in enhancing the model\u2019s mathematical capabilities (see Sec. 4.3.1). Thus, we speculate that the rephrased answer to the rephrased question is a better answer than the orig- inal answer, possibly due to the interim rephrasing step. Consequently, we set the rephrased question as the prompt and use the rephrased answer as the chosen response and the original answer as the re- jected response and create the {prompt, chosen, rejected} DPO tuple. We aggregate the tuples from the rephrased question-answer pairs and call the resulting dataset \u2018Synth. Math-Alignment\u2018.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 849.5133666992188, "y": 1775.3201904296875}, {"x": 849.5133666992188, "y": 1809.1684355555556}, {"x": 1009.8484497070312, "y": 1809.1684355555556}, {"x": 1009.8484497070312, "y": 1775.3201904296875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "4 Results", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 848.17431640625, "y": 1837.5589599609375}, {"x": 848.17431640625, "y": 1872.9189453125}, {"x": 1194.841552734375, "y": 1872.9189453125}, {"x": 1194.841552734375, "y": 1837.5589599609375}], "category": "heading1", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "4.1 Experimental Details", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 841.7412109375, "y": 1889.298583984375}, {"x": 841.7412109375, "y": 2150.24462890625}, {"x": 1464.476806640625, "y": 2150.24462890625}, {"x": 1464.476806640625, "y": 1889.298583984375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Training datasets. We present details regarding our training datasets for the instruction and align- ment tuning stages in Tab. 1. We do not always use the entire dataset and instead subsample a set amount. Note that most of our training data is open-source, and the undisclosed datasets can be substituted for open-source alternatives such as the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000065.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 200.0, "y": 199.71905517578125}, {"x": 200.0, "y": 933.371337890625}, {"x": 1503.25390625, "y": 933.371337890625}, {"x": 1503.25390625, "y": 199.71905517578125}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "g \u02ca = \ub294 \uff0c . 06 \uc220 \uacc4 7 2 S \u2025 \u4e09 2 \u5df2 j e & \u54c9 \u5716 \ufe41 4 1\\ \u3010 / M | \u300f\uafc0\ud5ec & \u58c7 A 0 \ufe69 | \u594f\u02ca\u8e89_\u02cd", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.48719787597656, "y": 934.9171142578125}, {"x": 194.48719787597656, "y": 1006.526611328125}, {"x": 1474.4631111111112, "y": 1006.526611328125}, {"x": 1474.4631111111112, "y": 934.9171142578125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 6. Mytella strigata biofouling green mussel farms in Bacoor City, Cavite, Manila Bay Photo from https://businessmirror.com.ph/2020/02/17/fake-tahong-invades-bacoor-mussel-farms/", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 244.50006103515625, "y": 1098.7357177734375}, {"x": 244.50006103515625, "y": 1134.8055555555554}, {"x": 543.2555555555556, "y": 1134.8055555555554}, {"x": 543.2555555555556, "y": 1098.7357177734375}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "5. Natural dispersal", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.56488037109375, "y": 1219.6072998046875}, {"x": 196.56488037109375, "y": 1807.3499755859375}, {"x": 1511.727294921875, "y": 1807.3499755859375}, {"x": 1511.727294921875, "y": 1219.6072998046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Dispersal by purely natural means is not included as a pathway of biological invasions (Gaston 1996). Examples include range expansion by flight or any other medium of natural locomotion or transport. However if human created or crafted material is involved in rafting dispersal of IAS, then this may be considered as a case of biological invasion. The 2011 Great East Japan earthquake generated a large tsunami that caused an unprecedented biological transoceanic rafting event from the northwestern Pacific coastline of Japan towards North America on the eastern Pacific(Carlton et al. 2017). Millions of human made objects from small plastics to large docks and whole ships were cast adrift in the Pacific (Murray et al. 2018). This provided a substrate for biofoulers. Large debris could carry up to 20 to 30 mega-species of biofoulers (Carlton et al. 2017). These biofouled debris can constitute an IAS risk (Therriault 2017).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 191.9547119140625, "y": 1892.4500732421875}, {"x": 191.9547119140625, "y": 1991.6324462890625}, {"x": 1507.8111111111111, "y": 1991.6324462890625}, {"x": 1507.8111111111111, "y": 1892.4500732421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "While a tsunami is a relatively rare event, a more common one is fouler dispersal by rafting on coastal currents of floating plastic debris, wood and, bamboo. Marine litter often originate from", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1466.611111111111, "y": 2027.110595703125}, {"x": 1466.611111111111, "y": 2060.6}, {"x": 1507.8111111111111, "y": 2060.6}, {"x": 1507.8111111111111, "y": 2027.110595703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "14", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000198.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 122.91667059999999, "y": 144.72500252286662}, {"x": 122.91667059999999, "y": 216.94722983397776}, {"x": 439.3222484499782, "y": 216.94722983397776}, {"x": 439.3222484499782, "y": 144.72500252286662}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Contents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 229.0, "y": 591.0}, {"x": 229.0, "y": 600.0}, {"x": 261.0, "y": 600.0}, {"x": 261.0, "y": 591.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "9", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 668.7500213999999, "y": 399.4833430043}, {"x": 668.7500213999999, "y": 438.37223174874435}, {"x": 1135.1833530008662, "y": 438.37223174874435}, {"x": 1135.1833530008662, "y": 399.4833430043}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "1. Overview of OCR Pack", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1064.0, "y": 464.0}, {"x": 1064.0, "y": 476.0}, {"x": 1078.0, "y": 476.0}, {"x": 1078.0, "y": 464.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "X", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 668.7500213999999, "y": 492.8166709909664}, {"x": 668.7500213999999, "y": 531.7055597354108}, {"x": 1645.4444622167211, "y": 531.7055597354108}, {"x": 1645.4444622167211, "y": 492.8166709909664}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "2. Introduction of Product Services and Key Features", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 967.8018611779919, "y": 535.7264900599138}, {"x": 967.8018611779919, "y": 552.3931572599138}, {"x": 977.0685281411919, "y": 552.3931572599138}, {"x": 977.0685281411919, "y": 535.7264900599138}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1074.0, "y": 558.0}, {"x": 1074.0, "y": 569.0}, {"x": 1094.0, "y": 569.0}, {"x": 1094.0, "y": 558.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "=3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 668.7500213999999, "y": 586.1499989776328}, {"x": 668.7500213999999, "y": 625.0388877220771}, {"x": 1257.9944636558212, "y": 625.0388877220771}, {"x": 1257.9944636558212, "y": 586.1499989776328}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "3. Product - Detail Specification", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 668.7500213999999, "y": 679.4833352976327}, {"x": 668.7500213999999, "y": 718.3722240420772}, {"x": 1037.9611311397548, "y": 718.3722240420772}, {"x": 1037.9611311397548, "y": 679.4833352976327}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "4. Integration Policy", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 668.7500213999999, "y": 772.8166507842989}, {"x": 668.7500213999999, "y": 811.7055395287432}, {"x": 787.7111320692553, "y": 811.7055395287432}, {"x": 787.7111320692553, "y": 772.8166507842989}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "5. FAQ", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1224.0, "y": 781.0}, {"x": 1224.0, "y": 795.0}, {"x": 1240.0, "y": 795.0}, {"x": 1240.0, "y": 781.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "28", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1851.0, "y": 1067.0}, {"x": 1851.0, "y": 1091.0}, {"x": 1941.0, "y": 1091.0}, {"x": 1941.0, "y": 1067.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "hstage3i", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1969.0, "y": 1123.0}, {"x": 1969.0, "y": 1125.0}, {"x": 2000.0, "y": 1125.0}, {"x": 2000.0, "y": 1123.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "cnn", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000018.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 460.6265563964844, "y": 385.802490234375}, {"x": 460.6265563964844, "y": 454.2927777777778}, {"x": 710.7542724609375, "y": 454.2927777777778}, {"x": 710.7542724609375, "y": 385.802490234375}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Contents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 144.16795349121094, "y": 567.7523193359375}, {"x": 144.16795349121094, "y": 1639.5557861328125}, {"x": 1022.800537109375, "y": 1639.5557861328125}, {"x": 1022.800537109375, "y": 567.7523193359375}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
AuthorsNote to the 2021 Edition1x
Foreword to the 2021 Edition3
Foreword and Acknowledgements
1A Fountain 10 the Square
2TheLosr Homeland
3Steinkirche13
4.A Jewel 10 the Austrian Crown19
Meeting the Relatives37
6.For the Love of Iran.41
To the Bottom of the World53
Das Lager65
His Majesty\u2019s Guests79
10The Imaginary Homeland . . .91
11Shadows and Flames . .119
12After the War123
13Stranded in Exile127
14Swimming for the Eucharist139
15Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam155
16Mirror Without Identity173
17The Wreck of the Deutschland191
18Intelligence Testing209
19A Banquet of Life223
20Marriage in Rome249
21Integration257
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000136.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 157.4802777777778}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 802.0713888888888}, {"x": 1442.519722222222, "y": 802.0713888888888}, {"x": 1442.519722222222, "y": 157.4802777777778}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Getting away from the usual demands \u02cd \u2026 86108 close to nature Enjoying the sounds and smells of nature Catching fish Spending time with family or friends The scenic beauty Experiencing solitude Experiencing excitement/adventure Reliving my childhood memories of going fishing Catching my own food _ 12% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.2290496826172, "y": 811.8048706054688}, {"x": 147.2290496826172, "y": 843.4163208007812}, {"x": 1200.3662109375, "y": 843.4163208007812}, {"x": 1200.3662109375, "y": 811.8048706054688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 10.2: Positive attributes reported by recreational anglers in the United States. Long description.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 963.89697265625}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1077.09375}, {"x": 1449.095, "y": 1077.09375}, {"x": 1449.095, "y": 963.89697265625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Over time, an angler\u2019s motivation may change from a catch orientation to emphasize noncatch motivations, such as being outdoors or passing on their passion for fishing (McKenna 2013). The progression often follows these stages:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1119.62744140625}, {"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1150.6837158203125}, {"x": 602.9552777777777, "y": 1150.6837158203125}, {"x": 602.9552777777777, "y": 1119.62744140625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Stage 1: I just want to catch a fish!", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1158.7374267578125}, {"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1188.2449951171875}, {"x": 626.4302777777777, "y": 1188.2449951171875}, {"x": 626.4302777777777, "y": 1158.7374267578125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Stage 2: I want to catch a lot of fish!", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1197.160888671875}, {"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1227.6727294921875}, {"x": 581.7302777777777, "y": 1227.6727294921875}, {"x": 581.7302777777777, "y": 1197.160888671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Stage 3: I want to catch big fish.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1235.745361328125}, {"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1268.95703125}, {"x": 673.8052777777777, "y": 1268.95703125}, {"x": 673.8052777777777, "y": 1235.745361328125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Stage 4: I\u2019m just happy to be out fishing.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1274.5760498046875}, {"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1306.2880859375}, {"x": 957.1802777777777, "y": 1306.2880859375}, {"x": 957.1802777777777, "y": 1274.5760498046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Stage 5: I want to pass on my knowledge and passion for fishing.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.811767578125, "y": 1348.5333251953125}, {"x": 150.811767578125, "y": 1499.4482421875}, {"x": 1451.3011474609375, "y": 1499.4482421875}, {"x": 1451.3011474609375, "y": 1348.5333251953125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Studies of angler characteristics confirm that there is no such thing as an \u201caverage\u201d angler. Rather, anglers are a heterogeneous and changing group. Therefore, we can segment anglers in distinct categories for analysis (Bryan 1977; Kyle et al. 2007; Beardmore et al. 2013; TenHarmsel et al. 2019). For example, Magee (2018) categorized recreational anglers into five distinct fisher classes with differing motivations (Table 10.1).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1868.1373291015625}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1897.5013427734375}, {"x": 627.2919921875, "y": 1897.5013427734375}, {"x": 627.2919921875, "y": 1868.1373291015625}], "category": "footer", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "216 | Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000121.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 200.0, "y": 111.30633333333309}, {"x": 200.0, "y": 150.3063333333333}, {"x": 1486.8419999999999, "y": 150.3063333333333}, {"x": 1486.8419999999999, "y": 111.30633333333309}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 206.37179565429688, "y": 201.17066955566406}, {"x": 206.37179565429688, "y": 236.26602172851562}, {"x": 1297.5518798828125, "y": 236.26602172851562}, {"x": 1297.5518798828125, "y": 201.17066955566406}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "16. Place the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge and spin for 3 minutes.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.65614318847656, "y": 275.58624267578125}, {"x": 205.65614318847656, "y": 343.8530578613281}, {"x": 1435.42138671875, "y": 343.8530578613281}, {"x": 1435.42138671875, "y": 275.58624267578125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "17. Carefully pour off the supernatant from both tubes. Do not disturb the nucleic acid pellets. Invert the tubes and tap them gently on the surface of a clean paper towel to drain them thoroughly.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.53834533691406, "y": 373.5200000000001}, {"x": 190.53834533691406, "y": 477.984130859375}, {"x": 1502.048666666667, "y": 477.984130859375}, {"x": 1502.048666666667, "y": 373.5200000000001}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "tubes and tap them gently on the surface of a clean paper towel to drain them thoroughly. 18. Briefly spin the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge to bring any remaining ethanol to", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 197.83001708984375, "y": 510.19333333333316}, {"x": 197.83001708984375, "y": 584.1776123046875}, {"x": 1416.5313720703125, "y": 584.1776123046875}, {"x": 1416.5313720703125, "y": 510.19333333333316}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "tube. Be careful not to disturb the nucleic acid pellet.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 324.95269775390625, "y": 619.96923828125}, {"x": 324.95269775390625, "y": 655.7109375}, {"x": 1369.9635009765625, "y": 655.7109375}, {"x": 1369.9635009765625, "y": 619.96923828125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "***Congratulations, you have just completed the miniprep plasmid DNA extraction!!!***", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.6890411376953, "y": 690.5399780273438}, {"x": 195.6890411376953, "y": 726.7373657226562}, {"x": 1081.736666666667, "y": 726.7373657226562}, {"x": 1081.736666666667, "y": 690.5399780273438}], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Restriction Enzyme Digest Prep (switch to the 1- 20-\u03bcL micropipette):", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 258.862548828125, "y": 762.0880126953125}, {"x": 258.862548828125, "y": 925.4970703125}, {"x": 1494.0751333333328, "y": 925.4970703125}, {"x": 1494.0751333333328, "y": 762.0880126953125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "20. Use a micropipette to add 10 \u03bcL of tris\u2013EDTA solution (TE) to each tube. Use a new tip for each tube. Dissolve the pellets by pipetting in and out. Rinse the sides of the tube several times, concentrating on the area where the nucleic acid pellet or particles were observed. Check that no particles remain in the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 259.98133333333357, "y": 925.8573333333327}, {"x": 259.98133333333357, "y": 953.5239999999995}, {"x": 1438.9576000000004, "y": 953.5239999999995}, {"x": 1438.9576000000004, "y": 925.8573333333327}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "pipet tip or on the side of the tube. Use the entire contents of each tube in the restriction digest that", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 180.76820373535156, "y": 965.6204833984375}, {"x": 180.76820373535156, "y": 1006.7993774414062}, {"x": 1266.8958740234375, "y": 1006.7993774414062}, {"x": 1266.8958740234375, "y": 965.6204833984375}], "category": "heading1", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "II. Set Up the Restriction Digests of the \u201cSuspect\u201d and \u201cEvidence\u201d DNA", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 202.126220703125, "y": 1038.6317138671875}, {"x": 202.126220703125, "y": 1361.273681640625}, {"x": 1498.451171875, "y": 1361.273681640625}, {"x": 1498.451171875, "y": 1038.6317138671875}], "category": "table", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ReagentsSupplies and Equipment
Resuspended DNA or ethanol precipitates from Part 1* To be shared by all groups: \u201cEvidence A\u201d DNA* \u201cEvidence B\u201d DNA* Restriction Buffer-RNase A* BamHI-HindIII restriction enzyme mixture* Sterile distilled or deionized water3 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes Micropipet, 1\ufe63 20 pL Micropipet tips Beaker or similar container for waste Beaker or similar container filled with ice Permanent marker Water bath at 37\u00b0C Permanent marker \n Water bath at 37\u00b0C
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 215.69166666666666, "y": 1377.5583333333334}, {"x": 215.69166666666666, "y": 1423.1333333333332}, {"x": 597.3333333333333, "y": 1423.1333333333332}, {"x": 597.3333333333333, "y": 1377.5583333333334}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Sterile distilled or deionized water", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 198.37646484375, "y": 1466.153564453125}, {"x": 198.37646484375, "y": 1501.3079833984375}, {"x": 1244.0846666666666, "y": 1501.3079833984375}, {"x": 1244.0846666666666, "y": 1466.153564453125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Your instructor will assign you to use either \u201cEvidence A\u201d DNA or \u201cEvidence B\u201d DNA", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 200.0, "y": 1531.8373333333334}, {"x": 200.0, "y": 1559.504}, {"x": 282.8257, "y": 1559.504}, {"x": 282.8257, "y": 1531.8373333333334}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "NOTE:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 185.5226593017578, "y": 1605.7950439453125}, {"x": 185.5226593017578, "y": 1705.48828125}, {"x": 1499.796142578125, "y": 1705.48828125}, {"x": 1499.796142578125, "y": 1605.7950439453125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "1. Label the three 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes in which you will perform the restriction digests: \u201cS1\u201d for", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 187.5872344970703, "y": 1736.5193333333334}, {"x": 187.5872344970703, "y": 1842.003173828125}, {"x": 1494.60791015625, "y": 1842.003173828125}, {"x": 1494.60791015625, "y": 1736.5193333333334}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "digested by the restriction enzymes BamHI and HindIII. 2. Use the table below (next page) as a checklist while adding reagents to each reaction. Read down each", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 200.00000000000014, "y": 1873.1926666666668}, {"x": 200.00000000000014, "y": 1900.8593333333336}, {"x": 659.4326666666668, "y": 1900.8593333333336}, {"x": 659.4326666666668, "y": 1873.1926666666668}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "each time you add a reagent to a tube.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 824.3333333333333, "y": 2037.6333333333332}, {"x": 824.3333333333333, "y": 2068.2999999999997}, {"x": 883.8879999999999, "y": 2068.2999999999997}, {"x": 883.8879999999999, "y": 2037.6333333333332}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "132", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000190.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 405.1988525390625, "y": 198.47335815429688}, {"x": 405.1988525390625, "y": 296.8228454589844}, {"x": 1232.597412109375, "y": 296.8228454589844}, {"x": 1232.597412109375, "y": 198.47335815429688}], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ModelH6 (Avg.)ARC\ufe63HelaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSMSK
Cand. 173.7370.4887.4765.7370.6281.5366.57
Cand. 273.2871.5988.3966.1472.5081.9959.14
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 178.36610412597656, "y": 324.11846923828125}, {"x": 178.36610412597656, "y": 424.24444580078125}, {"x": 1469.0096435546875, "y": 424.24444580078125}, {"x": 1469.0096435546875, "y": 324.11846923828125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 6: Performance comparison amongst the merge candidates. \u2018Cand. 1\u2019 and \u2018Cand. 2\u2019 are trained using the same setting as \u2018DPO v2\u2019 and \u2018DPO v3\u2019, respectively, but with slightly different hyper-parameters. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 361.80975341796875, "y": 457.62945556640625}, {"x": 361.80975341796875, "y": 599.6961059570312}, {"x": 1285.8602294921875, "y": 599.6961059570312}, {"x": 1285.8602294921875, "y": 457.62945556640625}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ModelMerge MethodH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMIMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSMISK
Merge v1Average (0.5, 0.5)74.0071.1688.066.14gf82.0864.90
Merge v2Average (0.4, 0.6)73.9371.0888.0866.2771.8981.7764.52
Merge v3Average (0.6, 0.4)74.0571.0887.8866.13.6182.0865.50
Merge v4SLERP73.9671.1688.0366.257981.9364.59
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 186.8914031982422, "y": 631.0040893554688}, {"x": 186.8914031982422, "y": 730.221435546875}, {"x": 1461.2833774999992, "y": 730.221435546875}, {"x": 1461.2833774999992, "y": 631.0040893554688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Table 7: Ablation studies on the different merge methods used for obtaining the final model. We use \u2018Cand. 1\u2019 and \u2018Cand. 2\u2019 from Tab. 6 as our two models for merging. We name the merged models with the \u2018Merge\u2019 prefix to indicate they are merged. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.03465270996094, "y": 792.6082763671875}, {"x": 194.03465270996094, "y": 1203.75927734375}, {"x": 812.5780029296875, "y": 1203.75927734375}, {"x": 812.5780029296875, "y": 792.6082763671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "scores for tasks like ARC, HellaSwag, and Truth- fulQA all improved by good margins, the score for GSM8K is 58.83, which is lower than the SFT base model score of 64.14. Adding Synth. Math-Alignment to train \u2018DPO v2\u2019, we see that the GSM8k score improves to 60.27, which is lower than the SFT base model but still higher than \u2018DPO v1\u2019. Other task scores are also not nega- tively impacted by adding Synth. Math-Alignment. Thus, we can conclude that adding Synth. Math- Alignment is beneficial for H6.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 187.053466796875, "y": 1207.1319580078125}, {"x": 187.053466796875, "y": 1583.385498046875}, {"x": 809.762451171875, "y": 1583.385498046875}, {"x": 809.762451171875, "y": 1207.1319580078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Then, we experiment whether merging \u2018DPO v1\u2019 and \u2018DPO v2\u2019 is beneficial. Unfortunately, \u2018DPO v1+v2\u2019 scores 73.21 in H6, which is worse than \u2018DPO v2\u2019. More importantly, the gain in the GSM8K score from adding Synth. Math- Alignment is gone, which is undesirable. One reason for this could be that \u2018DPO v2\u2019 is a strict improvement over \u2018DPO v1\u2019, unlike the case for merging \u2018SFT v3\u2019 and \u2018SFT v4\u2019 where the models had different strengths and weaknesses.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 186.78810119628906, "y": 1616.0279541015625}, {"x": 186.78810119628906, "y": 1957.922119140625}, {"x": 813.2548828125, "y": 1957.922119140625}, {"x": 813.2548828125, "y": 1616.0279541015625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Ablation on the SFT base models. When ap- plying DPO, we start from a model that is already instruction tuned ,i.e., the SFT base model and ab- late on using different SFT base models. We use Ultrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets for this ablation. Each of the ablated mod- els is trained as follows. \u2018DPO v2\u2019 uses \u2018SFT v3\u2019 as the base SFT model, while \u2018DPO v3\u2019 uses \u2018SFT v3+v4\u2019 as the SFT base model instead.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 187.59068298339844, "y": 1963.7320556640625}, {"x": 187.59068298339844, "y": 2150.449462890625}, {"x": 813.5213012695312, "y": 2150.449462890625}, {"x": 813.5213012695312, "y": 1963.7320556640625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Note that \u2018SFT v3+v4\u2019 has higher scores on all tasks compared to \u2018SFT v3\u2019, and the gap is espe- cially large for ARC (+1.45) and GSM8K (+2.43). Surprisingly, the two models perform similarly in terms of H6. A closer look at the scores for the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 845.4730224609375, "y": 791.3198852539062}, {"x": 845.4730224609375, "y": 976.7241821289062}, {"x": 1463.4581298828125, "y": 976.7241821289062}, {"x": 1463.4581298828125, "y": 791.3198852539062}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "individual tasks shows only a small margin in the GSM8K scores, and other task scores show little difference. Thus, the performance gaps in certain tasks in the SFT base models do not always carry over to the alignment-tuned models.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 845.3638888888889, "y": 1105.829345703125}, {"x": 845.3638888888889, "y": 1665.734348888889}, {"x": 1469.5977783203125, "y": 1665.734348888889}, {"x": 1469.5977783203125, "y": 1105.829345703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Ablation on different merge methods. From Tab. 3, we saw that merging two models that have different strengths can be beneficial to performance. To utilize this for the alignment-tuned model as well, we train two models named \u2018Cand. 1\u2019 and \u2018Cand. 2\u2019 using the same training dataset and SFT base model as \u2018DPO v2\u2019 and \u2018DPO v3\u2019 but with dif- ferent hyper-parameters to maximize each model\u2019s respective strengths. We compare \u2018Cand. 1\u2019 and \u2018Cand. 2\u2019 in Tab. 6 where we can see that \u2018Cand. 1\u2019 has high GSM8K scores but relatively low scores for the other tasks, whereas \u2018Cand. 2\u2019 has low scores for GSM8K but high scores for the other tasks. We merge these two models using various methods and ablate the results in Tab.. 7.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 843.635009765625, "y": 1701.6231689453125}, {"x": 843.635009765625, "y": 2154.454345703125}, {"x": 1475.9669189453125, "y": 2154.454345703125}, {"x": 1475.9669189453125, "y": 1701.6231689453125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "We use two merge methods: 1) Average (a, b), where a and b denote the weighting for \u2018Cand. 1\u2019 and \u2018Cand. 2\u2019 when averaging weights and 2) SLERP (Shoemake, 1985). We use (0.5, 0.5), (0.4, 0.6), and (0.6, 0.4) for Average (a, b). From Tab. 7, we can see that the different merge methods have little effect on the H6 scores. The scores for the individual tasks also do not differ by much, suggest- ing that as long as the merge candidates have suffi- ciently different strengths, the exact merge method may not be as crucial. Thus, we chose \u2018Merge v1\u2019 as our SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct model.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000120.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 200.0, "y": 111.30633333333309}, {"x": 200.0, "y": 150.3063333333333}, {"x": 1486.8419999999999, "y": 150.3063333333333}, {"x": 1486.8419999999999, "y": 111.30633333333309}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 185.68389892578125, "y": 202.8240203857422}, {"x": 185.68389892578125, "y": 320.1455383300781}, {"x": 1465.6930666666656, "y": 320.1455383300781}, {"x": 1465.6930666666656, "y": 202.8240203857422}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Sickle cell hemoglobin and normal hemoglobin differ in only a single amino acid out of more than 100 amino acids in the complete hemoglobin protein. This difference in a single amino acid results in the different properties of sickle cell hemoglobin compared to normal hemoglobin.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 186.72994995117188, "y": 396.3224182128906}, {"x": 186.72994995117188, "y": 473.22799999999995}, {"x": 1475.0555999999997, "y": 473.22799999999995}, {"x": 1475.0555999999997, "y": 396.3224182128906}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Hemoglobin is carried inside red blood cells. Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the watery cytosol of red blood cells. Sickle cell hemoglobin is less soluble in the cytosol because:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 250.01733333333345, "y": 501.1291809082031}, {"x": 250.01733333333345, "y": 537.6279999999998}, {"x": 1100.51513671875, "y": 537.6279999999998}, {"x": 1100.51513671875, "y": 501.1291809082031}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Valine (Val) is much less water-soluble than glutamic acid (Glu).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 250.04800000000023, "y": 541.1365966796875}, {"x": 250.04800000000023, "y": 576.6359999999997}, {"x": 1349.388427734375, "y": 576.6359999999997}, {"x": 1349.388427734375, "y": 541.1365966796875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Amino acid 6 is in a crucial location on the outer surface of the hemoglobin protein.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.40501403808594, "y": 578.1458129882812}, {"x": 193.40501403808594, "y": 653.8853333333334}, {"x": 1415.1966552734375, "y": 653.8853333333334}, {"x": 1415.1966552734375, "y": 578.1458129882812}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "The chart on the next page shows how the lower solubility of sickle cell hemoglobin results in the symptoms of sickle cell anemia.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 138.74761962890625, "y": 730.109619140625}, {"x": 138.74761962890625, "y": 1820.884765625}, {"x": 1566.0191650390625, "y": 1820.884765625}, {"x": 1566.0191650390625, "y": 730.109619140625}], "category": "table", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Genes in DNA-ProteinCharacteristics
2 copies of the allele that codes for normal hemoglobin (55)-Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the cytosol of red blood cells \u5510 \u4e0b \u5577 (\u3011\ufe33\u02d9 \u5f71 \u77da\u2032 {\u3011^\ufe5b\u02cd\u02ca 8 \u02ca\u971e\u2035 \u9ef4Disk-shaped red blood cells can squeeze through the smallest blood vessels \u2014 normal health \u2192
Sickle cell hemoglobin can clump in long rodsIf sickle cell hemoglobin clumps in long rods \u2014 sickle-shaped red blood cells \u2014 clogged small blood vessels
2 copies of the allelein red blood cells\ufe62 fragile red blood 06115
that codes for-\u2014 pain\uff0c damage to body organs \u2192
sickle cell hemoglobin (ss)\u6b72\ufe50 W \u6c99 \u7c21 \u57ce 0\u2019 v aar*\ufe62 anemia = sickle cell anemia
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.52590942382812, "y": 1875.8125}, {"x": 194.52590942382812, "y": 1912.5013333333334}, {"x": 1195.2, "y": 1912.5013333333334}, {"x": 1195.2, "y": 1875.8125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "29a. Circle the arrows in the chart that represent transcription + translation.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 824.3333333333333, "y": 2037.6333333333332}, {"x": 824.3333333333333, "y": 2068.2999999999997}, {"x": 883.8879999999999, "y": 2068.2999999999997}, {"x": 883.8879999999999, "y": 2037.6333333333332}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "115", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000039.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 106.10881042480469, "y": 2196.856201171875}, {"x": 106.10881042480469, "y": 2221.645}, {"x": 135.1177520751953, "y": 2221.645}, {"x": 135.1177520751953, "y": 2196.856201171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "39", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 255.21080017089844, "y": 173.54751586914062}, {"x": 255.21080017089844, "y": 210.3095703125}, {"x": 1505.662841796875, "y": 210.3095703125}, {"x": 1505.662841796875, "y": 173.54751586914062}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 9.4.1: Challenges in importing amongst tourism MSMEs who import \u2013 all survey phases (%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 428.02711111111114, "y": 295.7793749999998}, {"x": 428.02711111111114, "y": 314.4807638888886}, {"x": 459.22102777777775, "y": 314.4807638888886}, {"x": 459.22102777777775, "y": 295.7793749999998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "100", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 438.42508333333336, "y": 359.99994444444434}, {"x": 438.42508333333336, "y": 378.7013333333331}, {"x": 459.22102777777775, "y": 378.7013333333331}, {"x": 459.22102777777775, "y": 359.99994444444434}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "80", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 438.42508333333336, "y": 424.22051388888883}, {"x": 438.42508333333336, "y": 442.92190277777763}, {"x": 459.22102777777775, "y": 442.92190277777763}, {"x": 459.22102777777775, "y": 424.22051388888883}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "60", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 438.42508333333336, "y": 488.45978472222225}, {"x": 438.42508333333336, "y": 507.161173611111}, {"x": 459.22102777777775, "y": 507.161173611111}, {"x": 459.22102777777775, "y": 488.45978472222225}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "40", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 438.42508333333336, "y": 552.7551597222223}, {"x": 438.42508333333336, "y": 571.4565486111111}, {"x": 459.22102777777775, "y": 571.4565486111111}, {"x": 459.22102777777775, "y": 552.7551597222223}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 448.8230555555555, "y": 616.9757291666668}, {"x": 448.8230555555555, "y": 635.6771180555556}, {"x": 459.22102777777775, "y": 635.6771180555556}, {"x": 459.22102777777775, "y": 616.9757291666668}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 579.0, "y": 301.0}, {"x": 579.0, "y": 622.0}, {"x": 1293.0, "y": 622.0}, {"x": 1293.0, "y": 301.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "\u76ee", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 602.8122291666667, "y": 643.8344305555555}, {"x": 602.8122291666667, "y": 662.5358194444443}, {"x": 682.8541736111112, "y": 662.5358194444443}, {"x": 682.8541736111112, "y": 643.8344305555555}], "category": "heading1", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "July 2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 878.975638888889, "y": 643.8344305555555}, {"x": 878.975638888889, "y": 662.5358194444443}, {"x": 992.2873541666667, "y": 662.5358194444443}, {"x": 992.2873541666667, "y": 643.8344305555555}], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "October 2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1171.7645833333333, "y": 643.8344305555555}, {"x": 1171.7645833333333, "y": 662.5358194444443}, {"x": 1285.076298611111, "y": 662.5358194444443}, {"x": 1285.076298611111, "y": 643.8344305555555}], "category": "heading1", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "January 2021", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 583.0, "y": 725.0}, {"x": 583.0, "y": 738.0}, {"x": 596.0, "y": 738.0}, {"x": 596.0, "y": 725.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "\ubfd4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 607.6308333333333, "y": 723.8576736111112}, {"x": 607.6308333333333, "y": 742.5590625}, {"x": 724.0469791666666, "y": 742.5590625}, {"x": 724.0469791666666, "y": 723.8576736111112}], "category": "heading1", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Big Challenge", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 823.0, "y": 725.0}, {"x": 823.0, "y": 738.0}, {"x": 836.0, "y": 738.0}, {"x": 836.0, "y": 725.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "m", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 846.2502777777778, "y": 723.8576736111112}, {"x": 846.2502777777778, "y": 742.5590625}, {"x": 982.4076097222222, "y": 742.5590625}, {"x": 982.4076097222222, "y": 723.8576736111112}], "category": "heading1", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Small Challenge", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1082.0, "y": 725.0}, {"x": 1082.0, "y": 738.0}, {"x": 1094.0, "y": 738.0}, {"x": 1094.0, "y": 725.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "\ub97c", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1107.0577777777778, "y": 723.8576736111112}, {"x": 1107.0577777777778, "y": 742.5590625}, {"x": 1220.3507916666665, "y": 742.5590625}, {"x": 1220.3507916666665, "y": 723.8576736111112}], "category": "heading1", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "No Challenge", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 260.9259033203125, "y": 842.5999755859375}, {"x": 260.9259033203125, "y": 939.4705555555556}, {"x": 896.5722222222222, "y": 939.4705555555556}, {"x": 896.5722222222222, "y": 842.5999755859375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "There were very few tourism MSMEs that exported in each survey round. The base is too small for any conclusive analysis.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 262.5, "y": 974.0275268554688}, {"x": 262.5, "y": 1039.4580555555556}, {"x": 896.580138888889, "y": 1039.4580555555556}, {"x": 896.580138888889, "y": 974.0275268554688}], "category": "heading1", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "9.5. Adapting to the New Normal: Changing Business Models", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 258.07733154296875, "y": 1076.273681640625}, {"x": 258.07733154296875, "y": 1340.370849609375}, {"x": 896.6777777777778, "y": 1340.370849609375}, {"x": 896.6777777777778, "y": 1076.273681640625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "In all survey phases, several MSMEs in the tourism sector reported changing their business models. In July 2020, 167 tourism MSMEs mentioned that they changed their business model, in October 2020, 223 mentioned the same, and in January 2021, it was 183 MSMEs. Some changed models in more ways than one. The main ways across all phases that MSMEs made changes were:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 300.0, "y": 1376.424072265625}, {"x": 300.0, "y": 1406.98095703125}, {"x": 683.8571166992188, "y": 1406.98095703125}, {"x": 683.8571166992188, "y": 1376.424072265625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Adapting to social distancing;", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 951.7716666666668, "y": 843.385498046875}, {"x": 951.7716666666668, "y": 906.5399780273438}, {"x": 1548.981689453125, "y": 906.5399780273438}, {"x": 1548.981689453125, "y": 843.385498046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Devising new ways to reach customers through online markets or social media;", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 951.7716666666668, "y": 941.2819213867188}, {"x": 951.7716666666668, "y": 1006.8851318359375}, {"x": 1548.4258333333335, "y": 1006.8851318359375}, {"x": 1548.4258333333335, "y": 941.2819213867188}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Moving into new products and services in high demand during COVID-19;", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 951.7716666666668, "y": 1042.1541748046875}, {"x": 951.7716666666668, "y": 1075.13671875}, {"x": 1334.7420654296875, "y": 1075.13671875}, {"x": 1334.7420654296875, "y": 1042.1541748046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Reducing employee salaries.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 908.0906372070312, "y": 1107.0047607421875}, {"x": 908.0906372070312, "y": 1442.781005859375}, {"x": 1549.777099609375, "y": 1442.781005859375}, {"x": 1549.777099609375, "y": 1107.0047607421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "Compared to previous survey round results, in January 2021, tourism MSMEs had increasingly shifted towards adapting to social distancing to operate (57%).6 Starting online marketing remained a popular choice, as nearly a quarter (24%) mentioned it in January 2021, compared to 28% in July 2020 and 31% in October 2020. Reducing employee salaries as an approach reduced considerably in January 2021 at 8% of responses compared to 21% in July 2020 and 24% in October 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 257.6254577636719, "y": 2008.936279296875}, {"x": 257.6254577636719, "y": 2040.3209228515625}, {"x": 870.780517578125, "y": 2040.3209228515625}, {"x": 870.780517578125, "y": 2008.936279296875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "6. Compared to 38% in July 2020 and 22% in October 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000112.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 213.95944444444444, "y": 157.07778930664062}, {"x": 213.95944444444444, "y": 195.97085571289062}, {"x": 1102.1152777777777, "y": 195.97085571289062}, {"x": 1102.1152777777777, "y": 157.07778930664062}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Adjust the point gauge to read 10 mm greater than the datum.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 213.95944444444444, "y": 215.3001251220703}, {"x": 213.95944444444444, "y": 254.0800323486328}, {"x": 584.6463888888889, "y": 254.0800323486328}, {"x": 584.6463888888889, "y": 215.3001251220703}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Record the reading as h.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 213.95944444444444, "y": 272.2373352050781}, {"x": 213.95944444444444, "y": 355.5980224609375}, {"x": 1515.0108642578125, "y": 355.5980224609375}, {"x": 1515.0108642578125, "y": 272.2373352050781}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Turn on the pump, and slightly adjust the flow until the water level coincides with the point gauge. Check that the level has stabilized before taking readings.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 213.95944444444444, "y": 373.4530029296875}, {"x": 213.95944444444444, "y": 412.150146484375}, {"x": 924.6822222222221, "y": 412.150146484375}, {"x": 924.6822222222221, "y": 373.4530029296875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Measure the flow rate using the volumetric tank.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 213.95944444444444, "y": 431.9049377441406}, {"x": 213.95944444444444, "y": 471.77587890625}, {"x": 999.449462890625, "y": 471.77587890625}, {"x": 999.449462890625, "y": 431.9049377441406}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Observe the shape of the nappe and take pictures of it.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.201904296875, "y": 503.89068603515625}, {"x": 152.201904296875, "y": 670.8016666666667}, {"x": 1566.243896484375, "y": 670.8016666666667}, {"x": 1566.243896484375, "y": 503.89068603515625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Note: The surface of the water will fall as it approaches the weir. This is particularly noticeable at high flow rates by high heads. To obtain an accurate measurement of the undisturbed water level above the crest of the weir, it is necessary to place the measuring gauge at a distance of at least three times the head above the weir.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 213.95944444444444, "y": 705.7615966796875}, {"x": 213.95944444444444, "y": 876.6785278320312}, {"x": 1543.8919444444443, "y": 876.6785278320312}, {"x": 1543.8919444444443, "y": 705.7615966796875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Increase the flow by opening the bench regulating valve to set the heads above the datum level in 10 mm increments until the regulating valve is fully open. Take care not to allow spillage to occur over the plate top that is adjacent to the notch. At each condition, measure the flow rate and observe the shape of the nappe.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 133.551513671875, "y": 908.2037963867188}, {"x": 133.551513671875, "y": 988.5794444444444}, {"x": 1556.5809326171875, "y": 988.5794444444444}, {"x": 1556.5809326171875, "y": 908.2037963867188}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Note: To obtain a sufficiently accurate result, collect around 25 liters of water each time, or collect the water for at least 120 seconds.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 213.95944444444444, "y": 1022.594482421875}, {"x": 213.95944444444444, "y": 1066.0426025390625}, {"x": 1433.8147222222224, "y": 1066.0426025390625}, {"x": 1433.8147222222224, "y": 1022.594482421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Close the regulating valve, stop the pump, and then replace the weir with the V-notch.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 213.95944444444444, "y": 1081.005615234375}, {"x": 213.95944444444444, "y": 1162.746111111111}, {"x": 1459.2301025390625, "y": 1162.746111111111}, {"x": 1459.2301025390625, "y": 1081.005615234375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Repeat the experiment with the V-notch weir plate, but with 5 mm increments in water surface elevation.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 213.95944444444444, "y": 1183.7119140625}, {"x": 213.95944444444444, "y": 1223.91748046875}, {"x": 1030.178611111111, "y": 1223.91748046875}, {"x": 1030.178611111111, "y": 1183.7119140625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Collect seven head and discharge readings for each weir.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 625.2918090820312, "y": 1254.8905029296875}, {"x": 625.2918090820312, "y": 1859.533447265625}, {"x": 1082.8397216796875, "y": 1859.533447265625}, {"x": 1082.8397216796875, "y": 1254.8905029296875}], "category": "figure", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "o # \u3002 / ] \u8d04 0 P c \u5f65 (]", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 313.4607238769531, "y": 1886.880126953125}, {"x": 313.4607238769531, "y": 1920.058837890625}, {"x": 1060.6044921875, "y": 1920.058837890625}, {"x": 1060.6044921875, "y": 1886.880126953125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Figure 9.3: Position of the notch and Vernier height gauge to set the datum.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 2067.492431640625}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 2093.51953125}, {"x": 633.0321655273438, "y": 2093.51953125}, {"x": 633.0321655273438, "y": 2067.492431640625}], "category": "footer", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "80 APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS LAB MANUAL", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000045.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 782.1397705078125, "y": 96.55077362060547}, {"x": 782.1397705078125, "y": 123.57373046875}, {"x": 1038.85498046875, "y": 123.57373046875}, {"x": 1038.85498046875, "y": 96.55077362060547}], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Civil Society Engagement", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 137.9719696044922, "y": 154.22317504882812}, {"x": 137.9719696044922, "y": 267.20527777777755}, {"x": 1042.68603515625, "y": 267.20527777777755}, {"x": 1042.68603515625, "y": 154.22317504882812}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "election integrity. The registration of local election observers runs until 25 May, and the NEC is still reviewing the application of nearly 5,000 observers.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.18946838378906, "y": 318.097900390625}, {"x": 148.18946838378906, "y": 393.6108333333332}, {"x": 982.0369444444445, "y": 393.6108333333332}, {"x": 982.0369444444445, "y": 318.097900390625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Table: The number of accredited observers as of 28 April 202215", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 141.3138427734375, "y": 426.3027038574219}, {"x": 141.3138427734375, "y": 1001.516357421875}, {"x": 1044.3839111328125, "y": 1001.516357421875}, {"x": 1044.3839111328125, "y": 426.3027038574219}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
NoName of organizationNumber of accredited observers
1Union of Youth Federations of Cambodia (UYFC)17,266
2Cambodian Women for Peace and Development9,835
3Association of Democratic Students of Cambodia711
4Association of Intellectual and Youth Volunteer46
5Our Friends Association27
6COMFREL26
7Traditional and Modern Mental Health Organization15
Total27,926
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.0, "y": 1488.390625}, {"x": 150.0, "y": 1508.9605555555554}, {"x": 514.6866666666667, "y": 1508.9605555555554}, {"x": 514.6866666666667, "y": 1488.390625}], "category": "footer", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "15 https://www.nec.gov.kh/khmer/content/5524", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1010.6363888888889, "y": 1534.6669921875}, {"x": 1010.6363888888889, "y": 1560.7666666666667}, {"x": 1038.681396484375, "y": 1560.7666666666667}, {"x": 1038.681396484375, "y": 1534.6669921875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "17", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000178.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 194.75775146484375, "y": 162.34600830078125}, {"x": 194.75775146484375, "y": 213.47777777777802}, {"x": 661.1690277777777, "y": 213.47777777777802}, {"x": 661.1690277777777, "y": 162.34600830078125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Promotional Materials", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.8502777777778, "y": 257.8320007324219}, {"x": 196.8502777777778, "y": 384.8840637207031}, {"x": 1509.4202826388891, "y": 384.8840637207031}, {"x": 1509.4202826388891, "y": 257.8320007324219}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "A good promotional strategy should include multiple facets, from physical materials to digital communications. Below, we\u2019ve compiled a table of promotional materials you might use on campus, and examples of each type.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 594.0755555555555, "y": 421.8728942871094}, {"x": 594.0755555555555, "y": 457.2972412109375}, {"x": 1117.8375244140625, "y": 457.2972412109375}, {"x": 1117.8375244140625, "y": 421.8728942871094}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Table 7.1. Types of promotional materials", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 202.14305114746094, "y": 459.8909912109375}, {"x": 202.14305114746094, "y": 1058.06201171875}, {"x": 1510.618896484375, "y": 1058.06201171875}, {"x": 1510.618896484375, "y": 459.8909912109375}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Communication \n ChannelMediumExamples
Direct communicationsPhysical or digitalmeetings, consultations, listening sessions, email lists
Indirect communicationsPrimarily digitalwebsites, videos, news articles, newsletters, social media posts,
MessagingPhysical or digitalbrochures, posters, signs, booklets
EventsPhysical or digitalpresentations, webinars, seminars, panels, training sessions
InteractivePhysical or digitalOER \u201cpetting zoos,\u201d games, exhibits, surveys
GoodiesPrimarily \n physicalpens, notepads, bookmarks, stickers, buttons, etc
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.8502777777778, "y": 1095.4022216796875}, {"x": 196.8502777777778, "y": 1397.800048828125}, {"x": 1521.343017578125, "y": 1397.800048828125}, {"x": 1521.343017578125, "y": 1095.4022216796875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Get in contact with partners at your institution to learn more about the processes and options available to you and how you can best leverage the support at your disposal. If you have a marketing team available to you that orders pens and other materials for campus events, get in contact with them about their vendors and how you can leverage their existing workflows for ordering materials to support your OER Program. This might be as simple as ordering buttons and posters through your University Printing Office, or it may require you to browse a third party\u2019s marketing catalog or to create materials yourself, if you lack funding for your work.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 189.12698364257812, "y": 1450.85791015625}, {"x": 189.12698364257812, "y": 1496.6338277777777}, {"x": 463.4447236111111, "y": 1496.6338277777777}, {"x": 463.4447236111111, "y": 1450.85791015625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Annual Events", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.639892578125, "y": 1537.1737060546875}, {"x": 194.639892578125, "y": 2012.9791259765625}, {"x": 1510.4805908203125, "y": 2012.9791259765625}, {"x": 1510.4805908203125, "y": 1537.1737060546875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Creating promotional materials and graphics can make your OER program recognizable on your college\u2019s campus, but just because you\u2019ve created materials doesn\u2019t mean that people will find or learn from them. As a program manager, you will need to find ways to implement your messaging and events on campus. Leveraging annual events like Open Education Week in March and International Open Access Week in October can ground your work in a given time of year and focus your programming around a topic or theme (Open Education Global, n.d.; SPARC, n.d.). The Open Education Week website lists past events and provides downloadable promotional materials to help you kickstart your event planning and coordination. If these weeks regularly conflict with other events at your institution, that\u2019s okay. You can celebrate Open Education Week the week before or after it falls. So long as you are consistent in the general time you hold these events, they will still gain recognition at your institution and faculty will come to expect them.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.8502777777778, "y": 2073.258333333333}, {"x": 196.8502777777778, "y": 2098.258333333333}, {"x": 567.7852777777778, "y": 2098.258333333333}, {"x": 567.7852777777778, "y": 2073.258333333333}], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "92 | PROGRAM MANAGEMENT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000069.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 197.83624267578125, "y": 196.8713836669922}, {"x": 197.83624267578125, "y": 230.55555555555554}, {"x": 308.7853088378906, "y": 230.55555555555554}, {"x": 308.7853088378906, "y": 196.8713836669922}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Replace", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 197.64662170410156, "y": 240.35838317871094}, {"x": 197.64662170410156, "y": 275.0}, {"x": 222.2444444444444, "y": 275.0}, {"x": 222.2444444444444, "y": 240.35838317871094}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "l.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 234.3817901611328, "y": 238.66012573242188}, {"x": 234.3817901611328, "y": 719.4444444444445}, {"x": 1405.0880555555561, "y": 719.4444444444445}, {"x": 1405.0880555555561, "y": 238.66012573242188}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Replace Plastics with Recyclable Materials. Plastics can be replaced by material made from polypropylene, a material type that is 100% recyclable. However, recyclable materials should have a forward linkage \u2013 link to a recycler who is willing to take on the recyclables. Paper-based wrappers are another alternative for bagels and sandwich papers. Containers and packaging can use plastics with a certain percentage of recycled content and designed to be recyclable or reusable. Highly recyclable packaging is of little benefit if it is not disposed of correctly. The success of a recyclable package is an equal demand from recycling companies through improved recyclability of packaging and investments in efficient recycling facilities and systems. This requires investment and innovation since quality and availability are still often a stumbling block for companies to use recycled plastic. The recyclability of plastic packaging can often be improved by:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.0, "y": 733.3333333333333}, {"x": 275.0, "y": 763.8888888888889}, {"x": 290.09444444444443, "y": 763.8888888888889}, {"x": 290.09444444444443, "y": 733.3333333333333}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.0, "y": 777.7777777777777}, {"x": 275.0, "y": 808.3333333333333}, {"x": 290.09444444444443, "y": 808.3333333333333}, {"x": 290.09444444444443, "y": 777.7777777777777}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 341.28790283203125, "y": 730.3527221679688}, {"x": 341.28790283203125, "y": 766.9520263671875}, {"x": 1089.6630555555555, "y": 766.9520263671875}, {"x": 1089.6630555555555, "y": 730.3527221679688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "choosing a common type of plastic (such as PE, PP or PET);", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 342.2669982910156, "y": 773.6810913085938}, {"x": 342.2669982910156, "y": 810.1856689453125}, {"x": 1034.8226318359375, "y": 810.1856689453125}, {"x": 1034.8226318359375, "y": 773.6810913085938}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "choosing a common color (white or transparent); and", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.0, "y": 822.2222222222222}, {"x": 275.0, "y": 852.7777777777777}, {"x": 290.09444444444443, "y": 852.7777777777777}, {"x": 290.09444444444443, "y": 822.2222222222222}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 329.80499267578125, "y": 817.4628295898438}, {"x": 329.80499267578125, "y": 944.2048950195312}, {"x": 1373.5377777777776, "y": 944.2048950195312}, {"x": 1373.5377777777776, "y": 817.4628295898438}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "avoiding combinations of materials, such as plastic windows in cardboard packaging. Watermarking technology is also being developed so that packaging can be more easily recognized by sorters.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.06390380859375, "y": 996.998046875}, {"x": 196.06390380859375, "y": 1030.5555555555554}, {"x": 276.0210266113281, "y": 1030.5555555555554}, {"x": 276.0210266113281, "y": 996.998046875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Trash", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 200.0, "y": 1037.791015625}, {"x": 200.0, "y": 1390.88232421875}, {"x": 1404.8161111111117, "y": 1390.88232421875}, {"x": 1404.8161111111117, "y": 1037.791015625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "m. Waste Segregation and Segregated Bins. Shakey\u2019s Philippines implementation of waste segregation and 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) in its corporate office is one good testament of compliance to RA 9003. The country\u2019s premier pizza restaurant has installed \u201cStop Before You Drop\u201d trash bins for the implementation of company-wide proper waste management. The bins are labeled to indicate the different types of waste to aid in proper disposal and culture development of its employees. Waste collected are weighed on a daily basis to aid in monitoring wastages and to map out more waste management initiatives.56", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.5067138671875, "y": 1440.98876953125}, {"x": 190.5067138671875, "y": 1477.186767578125}, {"x": 774.9028930664062, "y": 1477.186767578125}, {"x": 774.9028930664062, "y": 1440.98876953125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "n. In-store Sorting and Recycling Bins.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 242.6002655029297, "y": 1455.790771484375}, {"x": 242.6002655029297, "y": 1837.9207763671875}, {"x": 860.9403686523438, "y": 1837.9207763671875}, {"x": 860.9403686523438, "y": 1455.790771484375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "McDonalds has installed sorting and recycling points in select restaurants in its markets. It also improved its recycling bin signage to make the recycling process easier to understand. McDonald\u2019s Germany, Austria, Czech Republic and Slovakia on the other hand, collect customer waste to sort for recycling. initiatives.57", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 917.0000711111111, "y": 1443.622802734375}, {"x": 917.0000711111111, "y": 1707.231689453125}, {"x": 1386.56689453125, "y": 1707.231689453125}, {"x": 1386.56689453125, "y": 1443.622802734375}], "category": "figure", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "# i \ufe52 K \uae30 r \ud1a0\uc7a5 i = \u3161 ele", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 913.787841796875, "y": 1713.0528564453125}, {"x": 913.787841796875, "y": 1774.2222222222222}, {"x": 1384.7066650390625, "y": 1774.2222222222222}, {"x": 1384.7066650390625, "y": 1713.0528564453125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Figure 32. In-store Sorting and Recycling Bins, McDonalds", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 200.0, "y": 1920.6674111111113}, {"x": 200.0, "y": 1946.111111111111}, {"x": 218.32500000000002, "y": 1946.111111111111}, {"x": 218.32500000000002, "y": 1920.6674111111113}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "56", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 200.0, "y": 1954.0007444444445}, {"x": 200.0, "y": 1979.4444444444443}, {"x": 218.32500000000002, "y": 1979.4444444444443}, {"x": 218.32500000000002, "y": 1954.0007444444445}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "57", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 224.0947265625, "y": 1915.754638671875}, {"x": 224.0947265625, "y": 1947.8758544921875}, {"x": 970.7323608398438, "y": 1947.8758544921875}, {"x": 970.7323608398438, "y": 1915.754638671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "https://www.shakeyspizza.ph/images/asm-2021/PIZZA_ASM_2020_Report.pdf", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 229.35037231445312, "y": 1950.0494384765625}, {"x": 229.35037231445312, "y": 1983.2901611328125}, {"x": 1190.0811767578125, "y": 1983.2901611328125}, {"x": 1190.0811767578125, "y": 1950.0494384765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "https://corporate.mcdonalds.com/corpmcd/our-purpose-and-impact/our-planet/packaging-and-waste.html", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 52.21945571899414, "y": 2077.123291015625}, {"x": 52.21945571899414, "y": 2119.8713888888888}, {"x": 94.99163818359375, "y": 2119.8713888888888}, {"x": 94.99163818359375, "y": 2077.123291015625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "76", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.31776428222656, "y": 2082.4140625}, {"x": 148.31776428222656, "y": 2115.814208984375}, {"x": 966.5054321289062, "y": 2115.814208984375}, {"x": 966.5054321289062, "y": 2082.4140625}], "category": "footer", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000037.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 106.37000274658203, "y": 2196.81005859375}, {"x": 106.37000274658203, "y": 2221.645}, {"x": 122.44021606445312, "y": 2221.645}, {"x": 122.44021606445312, "y": 2196.81005859375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 255.92332458496094, "y": 202.34312438964844}, {"x": 255.92332458496094, "y": 285.64083333333326}, {"x": 1417.548583984375, "y": 285.64083333333326}, {"x": 1417.548583984375, "y": 202.34312438964844}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "3. Impact on Business Operations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 259.0240478515625, "y": 342.35968017578125}, {"x": 259.0240478515625, "y": 472.33673095703125}, {"x": 899.376220703125, "y": 472.33673095703125}, {"x": 899.376220703125, "y": 342.35968017578125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "This section investigates the impact of public health measures on business operations. MSMEs were asked about their expectations for recovery and the main effects of COVID-19 on their businesses.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 257.5931091308594, "y": 506.6864929199219}, {"x": 257.5931091308594, "y": 539.744873046875}, {"x": 695.399658203125, "y": 539.744873046875}, {"x": 695.399658203125, "y": 506.6864929199219}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "3.1. Status of Business Operations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 256.9068908691406, "y": 574.0223999023438}, {"x": 256.9068908691406, "y": 641.87109375}, {"x": 896.6777777777777, "y": 641.87109375}, {"x": 896.6777777777777, "y": 574.0223999023438}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "As shown in Figure 3.1.1, the number of MSMEs \u201cworking as usual\u201d gradually increased over the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 910.2494506835938, "y": 343.1968078613281}, {"x": 910.2494506835938, "y": 507.3074951171875}, {"x": 1548.4490277777772, "y": 507.3074951171875}, {"x": 1548.4490277777772, "y": 343.1968078613281}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "course of the research period. The impacts of the lockdown from March 30 to May 4, 2020, were starkly felt, with only 30% of the MSMEs \u201cworking as usual,\u201d while over half (58%) were temporarily completely closed.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 912.240234375, "y": 542.7872924804688}, {"x": 912.240234375, "y": 640.5571899414062}, {"x": 1548.4701388888889, "y": 640.5571899414062}, {"x": 1548.4701388888889, "y": 542.7872924804688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "In the agriculture sector, a large majority of MSMEs (93% in July 2020, 98% in October 2020, and 99% in January 2021) were operating normally, though", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 262.4999999999999, "y": 674.5819091796875}, {"x": 262.4999999999999, "y": 708.9872436523438}, {"x": 1060.0714111328125, "y": 708.9872436523438}, {"x": 1060.0714111328125, "y": 674.5819091796875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Figure 3.1.1: Status of operations during each survey phase (%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 441.24083333333334, "y": 803.2264444444444}, {"x": 441.24083333333334, "y": 825.2420000000001}, {"x": 477.96278, "y": 825.2420000000001}, {"x": 477.96278, "y": 803.2264444444444}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "100", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 453.48148222222216, "y": 888.536722222222}, {"x": 453.48148222222216, "y": 910.5522777777777}, {"x": 477.9627799999999, "y": 910.5522777777777}, {"x": 477.9627799999999, "y": 888.536722222222}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "80", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 453.48148222222216, "y": 973.8469999999999}, {"x": 453.48148222222216, "y": 995.8625555555554}, {"x": 477.9627799999999, "y": 995.8625555555554}, {"x": 477.9627799999999, "y": 973.8469999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "60", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 453.48148222222216, 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1313.0, "y": 787.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "14", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 538.4263888888888, "y": 1260.0876180555554}, {"x": 538.4263888888888, "y": 1279.3512291666666}, {"x": 686.1782861111111, "y": 1279.3512291666666}, {"x": 686.1782861111111, "y": 1260.0876180555554}], "category": "heading1", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Lockdown Period", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 789.8655555555556, "y": 1260.0903958333333}, {"x": 789.8655555555556, "y": 1279.3540069444446}, {"x": 872.3138111111111, "y": 1279.3540069444446}, {"x": 872.3138111111111, "y": 1260.0903958333333}], "category": "heading1", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "July 2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 991.8637816666666, "y": 1260.0903958333333}, {"x": 991.8637816666666, "y": 1279.3540069444446}, {"x": 1108.5820013888888, "y": 1279.3540069444446}, {"x": 1108.5820013888888, "y": 1260.0903958333333}], "category": "heading1", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "October 2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1210.9873580555554, "y": 1260.0903958333333}, {"x": 1210.9873580555554, "y": 1279.3540069444446}, {"x": 1327.7055777777775, "y": 1279.3540069444446}, {"x": 1327.7055777777775, "y": 1260.0903958333333}], "category": "heading1", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "January 2021", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 527.5033333333333, "y": 1334.1395}, {"x": 527.5033333333333, "y": 1356.1550555555555}, {"x": 1308.1529177777777, "y": 1356.1550555555555}, {"x": 1308.1529177777777, "y": 1334.1395}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Business premises closed to customers, but some business operations continue", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 527.5033333333333, "y": 1364.7631377777777}, {"x": 527.5033333333333, "y": 1389.1783888888888}, {"x": 1042.689348888889, "y": 1389.1783888888888}, {"x": 1042.689348888889, "y": 1364.7631377777777}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Business premises still open, but reduced operations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 527.5033333333333, "y": 1400.1861666666664}, {"x": 527.5033333333333, "y": 1422.201722222222}, {"x": 711.0051904444445, "y": 1422.201722222222}, {"x": 711.0051904444445, "y": 1400.1861666666664}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "Temporarily closed", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 527.5033333333333, "y": 1433.2095}, {"x": 527.5033333333333, "y": 1455.2250555555556}, {"x": 695.9399457777778, "y": 1455.2250555555556}, {"x": 695.9399457777778, "y": 1433.2095}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "Working as usual", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 261.8868103027344, "y": 1540.26904296875}, {"x": 261.8868103027344, "y": 1912.86376953125}, {"x": 897.31201171875, "y": 1912.86376953125}, {"x": 897.31201171875, "y": 1540.26904296875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "during the first lockdown period, just over three quarters (77%) were working as usual. In contrast, 63% of firms from the tourism sector and 62% from the handicraft/textile sector were working as usual as of July 2020, rising to 80% of tourism and 82% of handicraft/textile firms as of January 2021. During the lockdown period, tourism and handicraft/ textile MSMEs were the hardest hit with just 12% and 15% respectively working as usual. As shown in Table 3.1.1., a majority of tourism and handicraft/ textile MSMEs were temporarily closed during the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 910.5056762695312, "y": 1537.4732666015625}, {"x": 910.5056762695312, "y": 1910.4111328125}, {"x": 1548.4833333333331, "y": 1910.4111328125}, {"x": 1548.4833333333331, "y": 1537.4732666015625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "lockdown period. In the handicraft/textile sector, 30% of MSMEs were temporarily closed as of July 2020, reducing to 12% in January 2021. Similarly, in tourism, 27% of businesses were temporarily closed as of July 2020 and that reduced to 18% in January 2021. Figure 3.1.1 and Table 3.1.1 do not reflect those MSMEs who were permanently closed; this was four in July 2020, 22 in October 2020, and 24 in January 2021. Of these 50 businesses who permanently closed during the research period, 30 were in the tourism sector, 18 in handicraft/textile, and two in agriculture.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000109.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 139.3795166015625, "y": 155.34292602539062}, {"x": 139.3795166015625, "y": 239.8768310546875}, {"x": 1556.4974365234375, "y": 239.8768310546875}, {"x": 1556.4974365234375, "y": 155.34292602539062}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "the jet velocity can be assumed to remain constant. Therefore, the horizontal distance traveled by jet (x) in time (t) is equal to:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.5819091796875, "y": 275.9396057128906}, {"x": 152.5819091796875, "y": 307.99578857421875}, {"x": 273.2720947265625, "y": 307.99578857421875}, {"x": 273.2720947265625, "y": 275.9396057128906}], "category": "equation", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "\u6c59 \u4e09 27", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 342.6979675292969, "y": 269.90380859375}, {"x": 342.6979675292969, "y": 310.9589538574219}, {"x": 395.3146057128906, "y": 310.9589538574219}, {"x": 395.3146057128906, "y": 269.90380859375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "(7)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 149.86541748046875, "y": 344.9101257324219}, {"x": 149.86541748046875, "y": 431.32421875}, {"x": 1550.46142578125, "y": 431.32421875}, {"x": 1550.46142578125, "y": 344.9101257324219}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The vertical component of the trajectory of the jet will have a constant acceleration downward due to the force of gravity. Therefore, at any time, t, the y-position of the jet may be calculated as:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.80076599121094, "y": 460.1131286621094}, {"x": 153.80076599121094, "y": 512.5340576171875}, {"x": 298.319580078125, "y": 512.5340576171875}, {"x": 298.319580078125, "y": 460.1131286621094}], "category": "equation", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "y = 59t\u00b0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 369.2608947753906, "y": 464.36602783203125}, {"x": 369.2608947753906, "y": 506.21923828125}, {"x": 416.4413757324219, "y": 506.21923828125}, {"x": 416.4413757324219, "y": 464.36602783203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "(8)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.17527770996094, "y": 539.9656982421875}, {"x": 151.17527770996094, "y": 580.5366821289062}, {"x": 600.7012329101562, "y": 580.5366821289062}, {"x": 600.7012329101562, "y": 539.9656982421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Rearranging Equation (8) gives:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.10325622558594, "y": 606.8028564453125}, {"x": 155.10325622558594, "y": 669.76123046875}, {"x": 325.79473876953125, "y": 669.76123046875}, {"x": 325.79473876953125, "y": 606.8028564453125}], "category": "equation", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "/ \u4e0b ( 2y )\ufe59\u3015\uff0c5 9", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 398.928466796875, "y": 616.60888671875}, {"x": 398.928466796875, "y": 659.1052856445312}, {"x": 445.79705810546875, "y": 659.1052856445312}, {"x": 445.79705810546875, "y": 616.60888671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "(9\ufe5a", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 137.43716430664062, "y": 694.9063110351562}, {"x": 137.43716430664062, "y": 736.2977905273438}, {"x": 1170.309326171875, "y": 736.2977905273438}, {"x": 1170.309326171875, "y": 694.9063110351562}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Substitution of t and v from Equations 9 and 2 into Equation 7 results in:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.293701171875, "y": 766.3655395507812}, {"x": 150.293701171875, "y": 822.8088989257812}, {"x": 512.9032592773438, "y": 822.8088989257812}, {"x": 512.9032592773438, "y": 766.3655395507812}], "category": "equation", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "T = \u3014'YZ\u3011\ufe68/\u916e(\u8b6c)\ufe59)\u02d9E\u02cb", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 542.0, "y": 776.0}, {"x": 542.0, "y": 812.0}, {"x": 600.0, "y": 812.0}, {"x": 600.0, "y": 776.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "(10\ufe5a", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.9799041748047, "y": 850.3388671875}, {"x": 151.9799041748047, "y": 890.8938888888889}, {"x": 767.4963888888889, "y": 890.8938888888889}, {"x": 767.4963888888889, "y": 850.3388671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Equations (10) can be rearranged to find Cv:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.88775634765625, "y": 923.1700439453125}, {"x": 155.88775634765625, "y": 980.6541748046875}, {"x": 328.44195556640625, "y": 980.6541748046875}, {"x": 328.44195556640625, "y": 923.1700439453125}], "category": "equation", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Cy", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 404.0, "y": 928.0}, {"x": 404.0, "y": 964.0}, {"x": 462.0, "y": 964.0}, {"x": 462.0, "y": 928.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "(11)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.07554626464844, "y": 1005.500244140625}, {"x": 147.07554626464844, "y": 1131.5069444444446}, {"x": 1560.4697265625, "y": 1131.5069444444446}, {"x": 1560.4697265625, "y": 1005.500244140625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Therefore, for steady flow conditions (i.e., constant h in the head tank), the value of Cv can be determined from the x, y coordinates of the jet trajectory. A graph of x plotted against will have a slope of 2Cv.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.94473266601562, "y": 1167.701171875}, {"x": 151.94473266601562, "y": 1206.2933349609375}, {"x": 1147.066388888889, "y": 1206.2933349609375}, {"x": 1147.066388888889, "y": 1167.701171875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "7.2. DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.62393188476562, "y": 1240.81201171875}, {"x": 146.62393188476562, "y": 1323.4737548828125}, {"x": 1550.8443603515625, "y": 1323.4737548828125}, {"x": 1550.8443603515625, "y": 1240.81201171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "If Cd is assumed to be constant, then a graph of Q plotted against (Equation 6) will be linear, and the slope of this graph will be:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 454.0, "y": 1360.0}, {"x": 454.0, "y": 1397.0}, {"x": 512.0, "y": 1397.0}, {"x": 512.0, "y": 1360.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "(12)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1014.0664672851562, "y": 2067.48095703125}, {"x": 1014.0664672851562, "y": 2093.26806640625}, {"x": 1542.585205078125, "y": 2093.26806640625}, {"x": 1542.585205078125, "y": 2067.48095703125}], "category": "footer", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "EXPERIMENT #6: ORIFICE AND FREE JET FLOW 53", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000177.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 700.0598754882812, "y": 165.49761962890625}, {"x": 700.0598754882812, "y": 443.26824951171875}, {"x": 995.0587158203125, "y": 443.26824951171875}, {"x": 995.0587158203125, "y": 165.49761962890625}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 544.1683959960938, "y": 472.529052734375}, {"x": 544.1683959960938, "y": 601.9444444444446}, {"x": 1116.621826171875, "y": 601.9444444444446}, {"x": 1116.621826171875, "y": 472.529052734375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 7.3. You can read more about KSU\u2019s marketing approach in Marking Open and Affordable Courses (Hare, Kirschner, and Reed 2020).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.7626190185547, "y": 650.24560546875}, {"x": 195.7626190185547, "y": 861.976318359375}, {"x": 1509.4207668055556, "y": 861.976318359375}, {"x": 1509.4207668055556, "y": 650.24560546875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "For an even simpler graphic, we can look to Kansas State University. KSU\u2019s Open/Alternative Textbook Initiative developed their OER icon, a book with an \u201cO\u201d on the cover, to be recognizable even at a small scale. This was done because it would be used as a marking denoting the use of open materials in their course schedule. This graphic is clear, easy to read, and emblematic of the initiative itself, by representing open textbooks with a book icon.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.50843811035156, "y": 915.2670288085938}, {"x": 194.50843811035156, "y": 965.9615478515625}, {"x": 681.1528707419444, "y": 965.9615478515625}, {"x": 681.1528707419444, "y": 915.2670288085938}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Aligning with Your Identity", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.27493286132812, "y": 1002.355712890625}, {"x": 195.27493286132812, "y": 1172.5662841796875}, {"x": 1509.4206144444447, "y": 1172.5662841796875}, {"x": 1509.4206144444447, "y": 1002.355712890625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Like KSU did with their OER icon, your branding should be reflective of your initiative\u2019s work in some way. Think about your audience and what you want them to feel when they see your program\u2019s marketing on campus. Does your program have a unique name or tagline that influences the way you present it (e.g., playful, bold, colorful, or innovative)?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.73419189453125, "y": 1188.1041666666665}, {"x": 192.73419189453125, "y": 1729.7696533203125}, {"x": 601.6380615234375, "y": 1729.7696533203125}, {"x": 601.6380615234375, "y": 1188.1041666666665}], "category": "figure", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "pPenEd CvcCcC L / \u601d N Innovation & Affordability", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.5178985595703, "y": 1755.64306640625}, {"x": 194.5178985595703, "y": 1913.578857421875}, {"x": 576.1769444444445, "y": 1913.578857421875}, {"x": 576.1769444444445, "y": 1755.64306640625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Figure 7.4. You can read more about CVCC\u2019s marketing approach in Marking Open and Affordable Courses (Hare, Kirschner, and Reed 2020).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 625.77978515625, "y": 1206.6041259765625}, {"x": 625.77978515625, "y": 1465.5970458984375}, {"x": 1516.376220703125, "y": 1465.5970458984375}, {"x": 1516.376220703125, "y": 1206.6041259765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "A great example of a program whose name and messaging align clearly with their work is Central Virginia Community College (CVCC). CVCC uses the tagline \u201cOpenEd CVCC: Innovation and Affordability\u201d as their program\u2019s name and their icon features this theme of innovation through graphics of light bulbs, gears, and representations of various disciplines.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 618.5328369140625, "y": 1495.7576904296875}, {"x": 618.5328369140625, "y": 1891.044189453125}, {"x": 1523.1400146484375, "y": 1891.044189453125}, {"x": 1523.1400146484375, "y": 1495.7576904296875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "CVCC\u2019s logo is more complex than the ones we shared in our \u201csimple\u201d section. However, this isn\u2019t a problem in their case. Keep in mind that the simplicity of any graphic will depend on where and how it\u2019s used. CVCC\u2019s logo might have more going on than KSU\u2019s icon, but it is meant to be used at a larger scale, so it can accommodate this complexity. If your logo will be used in print materials or as a smaller icon, that\u2019s when you\u2019ll want to focus on simpler designs. For graphics that will be displayed more prominently, though, a larger graphic works fine.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.8502777777778, "y": 2073.258333333333}, {"x": 196.8502777777778, "y": 2098.258333333333}, {"x": 567.7852777777778, "y": 2098.258333333333}, {"x": 567.7852777777778, "y": 2073.258333333333}], "category": "heading1", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "90 | PROGRAM MANAGEMENT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000162.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 229.97543334960938, "y": 231.69017028808594}, {"x": 229.97543334960938, "y": 261.5792236328125}, {"x": 489.9752777777778, "y": 261.5792236328125}, {"x": 489.9752777777778, "y": 231.69017028808594}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "1. Edward Bernays", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 228.24945068359375, "y": 270.3469543457031}, {"x": 228.24945068359375, "y": 301.3279113769531}, {"x": 615.4372222222222, "y": 301.3279113769531}, {"x": 615.4372222222222, "y": 270.3469543457031}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "2. Wikipedia. Public Relations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 228.21656799316406, "y": 310.2526550292969}, {"x": 228.21656799316406, "y": 339.3130555555555}, {"x": 692.1669444444444, "y": 339.3130555555555}, {"x": 692.1669444444444, "y": 310.2526550292969}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "3. Pinterest. Retrieved June 10, 2021.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 224.861328125, "y": 349.2636413574219}, {"x": 224.861328125, "y": 380.2144470214844}, {"x": 832.258611111111, "y": 380.2144470214844}, {"x": 832.258611111111, "y": 349.2636413574219}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "4. Bernays, Edward. Crystalizing Public Opinion.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 235.90000915527344, "y": 387.6477355957031}, {"x": 235.90000915527344, "y": 419.9330749511719}, {"x": 631.1108333333333, "y": 419.9330749511719}, {"x": 631.1108333333333, "y": 387.6477355957031}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Encyclopedia of Propaganda", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 222.30978393554688, "y": 445.5743713378906}, {"x": 222.30978393554688, "y": 474.72972222222216}, {"x": 671.4363888888888, "y": 474.72972222222216}, {"x": 671.4363888888888, "y": 445.5743713378906}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Possible directions for the discussion:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 238.43055555555554, "y": 514.3205555555555}, {"x": 238.43055555555554, "y": 774.1829833984375}, {"x": 886.48095703125, "y": 774.1829833984375}, {"x": 886.48095703125, "y": 514.3205555555555}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "\u2022 What the sources suggest about the level of research. Do sources like Wikipedia and Pinterest indicate a deep engagement with the topic? What about the Encyclopedia of Propaganda? Call back to the chapter, Identifying a Topic, encyclopedias are good preliminary sources, but if research stops with an overview source, how valuable is it?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 238.43055555555554, "y": 782.25927734375}, {"x": 238.43055555555554, "y": 1124.8992919921875}, {"x": 903.135, "y": 1124.8992919921875}, {"x": 903.135, "y": 782.25927734375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Ways in which the citations are ambiguous. Is enough information provided that readers can find the original information? Is number 1 about that person or written by that person? Is number 4 a book or an article? It has implications for how we would look for it. For number 5, there is more than one book with the title Encyclopedia of Propaganda, and also it\u2019s unlikely they meant to refer to the whole encyclopedia.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 238.43055555555554, "y": 1138.648611111111}, {"x": 238.43055555555554, "y": 1163.648611111111}, {"x": 255.00555555555553, "y": 1163.648611111111}, {"x": 255.00555555555553, "y": 1138.648611111111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 259.7879333496094, "y": 1132.5048828125}, {"x": 259.7879333496094, "y": 1441.5283203125}, {"x": 905.2994995117188, "y": 1441.5283203125}, {"x": 905.2994995117188, "y": 1132.5048828125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "The difference between discovering a source on a social media platform and citing the content. Is enough information given to find the Pinterest source? Revisit the creator concept from the chapter, Types of Sources. Social media companies distribute but do not create content, so they are not the ones that should be cited. Opportunity to talk about specific sources students have found on social media", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1572.518611111111}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1594.7408333333335}, {"x": 431.4186111111111, "y": 1594.7408333333335}, {"x": 431.4186111111111, "y": 1572.518611111111}], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "114 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000169.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 162.40818786621094}, {"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 194.89060974121094}, {"x": 594.4802777777776, "y": 194.89060974121094}, {"x": 594.4802777777776, "y": 162.40818786621094}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Lime is recommended if pH < 5.8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.4646759033203, "y": 231.81027221679688}, {"x": 156.4646759033203, "y": 275.5808410644531}, {"x": 459.3851318359375, "y": 275.5808410644531}, {"x": 459.3851318359375, "y": 231.81027221679688}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Target pH of 5.5 =", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 167.4527130126953, "y": 298.903564453125}, {"x": 167.4527130126953, "y": 346.8963317871094}, {"x": 1328.7403564453125, "y": 346.8963317871094}, {"x": 1328.7403564453125, "y": 298.903564453125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "[6,405 \u2014 (1,590 \u00d7 buffer pH) + (98 x buffer pH x buffer p \u660a \ufe5a \u00d7 depth", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 387.68878173828125}, {"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 419.8695983886719}, {"x": 421.9302777777777, "y": 419.8695983886719}, {"x": 421.9302777777777, "y": 387.68878173828125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Depth is in inches", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 425.8174133300781}, {"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 461.139404296875}, {"x": 1306.9302777777777, "y": 461.139404296875}, {"x": 1306.9302777777777, "y": 425.8174133300781}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Used if cash flow is limited or in lime availability problem areas in Central and Western Kansas", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 466.9128112792969}, {"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 497.47137451171875}, {"x": 594.0552777777776, "y": 497.47137451171875}, {"x": 594.0552777777776, "y": 466.9128112792969}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Lime is recommended if pH < 5.5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 142.8055877685547, "y": 539.20458984375}, {"x": 142.8055877685547, "y": 689.9053955078125}, {"x": 1566.16357421875, "y": 689.9053955078125}, {"x": 1566.16357421875, "y": 539.20458984375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "This buffer contains chromium (Cr), a toxic heavy metal. Therefore, your lab instructor will perform the SMP buffer analysis. As a class, determine which soil-water mixtures from Activity 1 need lime (pH \u2264 6.4). To those solutions, add 10 ml of the SMP buffer solution, and stir with a glass rod. Allow the mixtures to stand for 30 minutes, which should be enough time for the acid cations to be displaced from the CEC and forced into solution. Read the pH on meter.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.72142028808594, "y": 725.8626708984375}, {"x": 155.72142028808594, "y": 783.69580078125}, {"x": 213.8749237060547, "y": 783.69580078125}, {"x": 213.8749237060547, "y": 725.8626708984375}], "category": "figure", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "^", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 208.8591766357422, "y": 718.7401733398438}, {"x": 208.8591766357422, "y": 792.1209106445312}, {"x": 1550.276123046875, "y": 792.1209106445312}, {"x": 1550.276123046875, "y": 718.7401733398438}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Assuming the desired pH is 6.0 (i.e. use the middle equation), calculate the lime requirement, show your work below, and record your results in Table 14.1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.55946350097656, "y": 947.8180555555555}, {"x": 154.55946350097656, "y": 994.6316528320312}, {"x": 784.9207812122222, "y": 994.6316528320312}, {"x": 784.9207812122222, "y": 947.8180555555555}], "category": "heading1", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Activity 5: Evaluating Liming Materials", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1052.685546875}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1204.1142578125}, {"x": 1554.9998779296875, "y": 1204.1142578125}, {"x": 1554.9998779296875, "y": 1052.685546875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "The type of liming material and the size or fineness of the material determine how efficiently liming materials raise soil pH. This experiment was actually initiated earlier in the semester to allow time for the liming agents to react. Amending the soil with several different liming agents allows us assess the effects of particle size and liming material based on the relative changes in soil. The treatments included the following:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1245.5244140625}, {"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1278.4608154296875}, {"x": 464.13027777777774, "y": 1278.4608154296875}, {"x": 464.13027777777774, "y": 1245.5244140625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Reagent grade CaCO3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1285.2506103515625}, {"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1315.8355712890625}, {"x": 436.8302777777778, "y": 1315.8355712890625}, {"x": 436.8302777777778, "y": 1285.2506103515625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Reagent grade CaO", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1323.3575439453125}, {"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1355.763671875}, {"x": 460.8052777777777, "y": 1355.763671875}, {"x": 460.8052777777777, "y": 1323.3575439453125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Reagent grade CaSO4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1362.0037841796875}, {"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1393.4254150390625}, {"x": 650.7802777777778, "y": 1393.4254150390625}, {"x": 650.7802777777778, "y": 1362.0037841796875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Coarse dolomitic limestone (35 mesh)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1401.4361572265625}, {"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1431.6353759765625}, {"x": 631.020751953125, "y": 1431.6353759765625}, {"x": 631.020751953125, "y": 1401.4361572265625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Fine dolomitic limestone (120 mesh)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1440.7103271484375}, {"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1470.9046630859375}, {"x": 510.9052777777777, "y": 1470.9046630859375}, {"x": 510.9052777777777, "y": 1440.7103271484375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Control (no amendments)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 145.91615295410156, "y": 1513.604248046875}, {"x": 145.91615295410156, "y": 1625.7325439453125}, {"x": 1561.6212158203125, "y": 1625.7325439453125}, {"x": 1561.6212158203125, "y": 1513.604248046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "When this experiment was initiated, each lab section was divided into six groups, with each group responsible for one of the six treatments. Your laboratory instructor assigned a treatment to your group, and you completed the following steps:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 165.47543334960938, "y": 1667.30419921875}, {"x": 165.47543334960938, "y": 1699.6240234375}, {"x": 474.3302777777778, "y": 1699.6240234375}, {"x": 474.3302777777778, "y": 1667.30419921875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "1. Label four plastic bags", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 162.34445190429688, "y": 1705.5528564453125}, {"x": 162.34445190429688, "y": 1738.326171875}, {"x": 759.6052777777777, "y": 1738.326171875}, {"x": 759.6052777777777, "y": 1705.5528564453125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "2. Weigh 20 g of air-dry soil into each plastic bag.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 164.7063446044922, "y": 1745.6981201171875}, {"x": 164.7063446044922, "y": 1777.1134033203125}, {"x": 997.039306640625, "y": 1777.1134033203125}, {"x": 997.039306640625, "y": 1745.6981201171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "3. Weigh 0.1 gram of designated liming material onto weighing paper.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 165.55805555555557, "y": 1783.1131591796875}, {"x": 165.55805555555557, "y": 1816.3760986328125}, {"x": 1200.9802777777782, "y": 1816.3760986328125}, {"x": 1200.9802777777782, "y": 1783.1131591796875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "4. Add the liming material to the soil and mix thoroughly to distribute evenly in the soil.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 159.97073364257812, "y": 1822.1177978515625}, {"x": 159.97073364257812, "y": 1853.832763671875}, {"x": 720.50146484375, "y": 1853.832763671875}, {"x": 720.50146484375, "y": 1822.1177978515625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "5. Add a few mL of water to each bag and mix.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 162.79336547851562, "y": 1861.18798828125}, {"x": 162.79336547851562, "y": 1892.527099609375}, {"x": 615.1851196289062, "y": 1892.527099609375}, {"x": 615.1851196289062, "y": 1861.18798828125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "6. Close the bags to start incubation.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.11415100097656, "y": 1934.8922119140625}, {"x": 151.11415100097656, "y": 1969.252197265625}, {"x": 1066.605277777778, "y": 1969.252197265625}, {"x": 1066.605277777778, "y": 1934.8922119140625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "Now that the liming agents have had time to react, you will collect the results.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 2067.948974609375}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 2099.256103515625}, {"x": 566.0179443359375, "y": 2099.256103515625}, {"x": 566.0179443359375, "y": 2067.948974609375}], "category": "footer", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "130 | Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000089.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 390.88888888888886, "y": 101.61225891113281}, {"x": 390.88888888888886, "y": 140.41867065429688}, {"x": 1316.4027777777776, "y": 140.41867065429688}, {"x": 1316.4027777777776, "y": 101.61225891113281}], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.21749877929688, "y": 198.76309204101562}, {"x": 193.21749877929688, "y": 1992.713134765625}, {"x": 1506.2418212890625, "y": 1992.713134765625}, {"x": 1506.2418212890625, "y": 198.76309204101562}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
JurisdictionGATS XVII | Reservation (1994)Foreign \n | Ownership \n PermittedRestrictions on Foreign OwnershipForeign \n Ownership \n Reporting \n Requirements
by persons of same nationality must not exceed 40% of the quarter.
CanadaYYProhibition on ownership of residential property with exceptions; some provinces also restrict ownership, of land.
ChileNYincluding agricultural Prohibition on acquisition of public lands within 10 kilometers from the border and favorable military report required for acquisition of land 5 kilometers from the coast; nationals of bordering countries and legal persons with their principal place of business in one of those countries cannot obtain rights to real estate located totally or partially in the border area.
ChinaN (2001)NNo individuals, domestic or foreign, can privately own land. The state grants land use rights to land users for a certain number of years. Foreigners can obtain such land use rights, own residential houses and apartments, or incorporate foreign-invested enterprises to invest in real estate.
EgyptYYProhibition on ownership of agriculture lands, land in Sinai Peninsula; otherwise, permitted to own up to two properties, up to 4,000 square meters, for residential purposes; no disposition for 5 years; approval required to acquire land in tourist areas; joint ownership with an Egyptian who has majority
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.12303161621094, "y": 2066.52490234375}, {"x": 194.12303161621094, "y": 2103.998779296875}, {"x": 583.8472222222222, "y": 2103.998779296875}, {"x": 583.8472222222222, "y": 2066.52490234375}], "category": "footer", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The Law Library of Congress", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1471.611111111111, "y": 2071.0583333333334}, {"x": 1471.611111111111, "y": 2100.225}, {"x": 1493.4583333333333, "y": 2100.225}, {"x": 1493.4583333333333, "y": 2071.0583333333334}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000135.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 153.74412536621094, "y": 161.8238983154297}, {"x": 153.74412536621094, "y": 467.2650451660156}, {"x": 1452.336669921875, "y": 467.2650451660156}, {"x": 1452.336669921875, "y": 161.8238983154297}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Fly fishers targeting trout had an important influence in developing and sustaining conservation programs, although they were sometimes criticized for exclusive or single-interest advocacy. Here I review the history of trout fishing and fly-fishing with special focus on the Rocky Mountain West, where fly fishers first exerted their influence on conservation ethics and sportfishing policy. Although many individuals and organizations played roles, I concentrate on only two: Fly Fishers International (FFI) and Trout Unlimited (TU). These two organizations had similar interests in conservation, but important differences prevented them from working together on a unified goal of conservation. The legacy of fly-fishing demonstrates the importance of passion, persistence, and partnerships in fish conservation.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4805555555555, "y": 499.03082275390625}, {"x": 157.4805555555555, "y": 844.31884765625}, {"x": 1449.0974416666663, "y": 844.31884765625}, {"x": 1449.0974416666663, "y": 499.03082275390625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Trout and salmon are the only sport fish native to the Western states, and fly-fishing here became more than a leisure activity. Norman Maclean\u2019s novel, A River Runs through It (1976), begins, \u201cIn our family there was no clear line between religion and fly fishing.\u201d Later Maclean writes that \u201cSomething within fishermen 1 tries to make fishing into a world perfect and apart.\u201d The iconography of Western fly-fishing that Maclean and others wrote about was created by anglers, fisheries managers, tourists, guides, businesses, and region promoters. The history of Rocky Mountain fly-fishing parallels the history of the expansion of our Western frontier as well as fisheries management (Brown 2015). Although Henry David Thoreau (1862) maintained that \u201cIn wildness is the preservation of the world,\u201d humans are part of the trout fishing system and helped create, destroy, maintain, and restore the trout fishing we have today.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.54632568359375, "y": 869.6212768554688}, {"x": 153.54632568359375, "y": 1141.5712890625}, {"x": 1449.3017578125, "y": 1141.5712890625}, {"x": 1449.3017578125, "y": 869.6212768554688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The first trout fishers were Native Americans. Native Americans used a variety of fishing methods, including weirs, spears, nets, traps, baskets, hook-and-line methods, and baits. They also caught fish by hand via tickling. Tickling for trout involves rubbing the underbelly of a trout with fingers to get the trout to go into a trance, after which they can then easily be thrown onto the bank (Martindale 1901). Native Americans were more patient than others. This method is different from noodling for catfish, where the noodler uses fingers as bait and grabs the catfish by its mouth. Native Americans also caught fish by fly-fishing with deer-hair flies, according to the writings of early American naturalist William Bartram (1739\u20131823) (Monahan, no date).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.81846618652344, "y": 1169.1055908203125}, {"x": 153.81846618652344, "y": 1554.490966796875}, {"x": 1449.0955555555558, "y": 1554.490966796875}, {"x": 1449.0955555555558, "y": 1169.1055908203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The story of Rocky Mountain trout fishing begins with displacement of Native Americans from their historical fishing and hunting grounds. Uninhabited wilderness had to be created through the dispossession of Native people before it could be preserved (Spence 1999). Explorers, trappers, pioneers, soldiers, and homesteaders brought fishing gear to frontier outposts. The Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804\u20131806) included a designated angler named Silas Goodrich. The expedition first described several new species of fish, including the Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout and Westslope Cutthroat Trout, caught by Goodrich. Later military expeditions spent time trout fishing in addition to fighting Native Americans. Custer\u2019s Last Stand at Little Bighorn might have been avoided if he\u2019d joined a column of reinforcements under General George Crook. Crook\u2019s soldiers were comfortably camped close by on Goose Creek near the Tongue River\u2014fishing, not fighting (Monnett 1993; Owens 2002a; Lessner 2010).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 131.63690185546875, "y": 1770.1328125}, {"x": 131.63690185546875, "y": 1841.0023193359375}, {"x": 1351.8055555555552, "y": 1841.0023193359375}, {"x": 1351.8055555555552, "y": 1770.1328125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "1. Although Maclean and other writers use the term fishermen, women are active anglers and contribute significantly to the sport.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 998.025146484375, "y": 1867.8294677734375}, {"x": 998.025146484375, "y": 1898.269287109375}, {"x": 1442.5194444444448, "y": 1898.269287109375}, {"x": 1442.5194444444448, "y": 1867.8294677734375}], "category": "footer", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Fly-Fishing\u2019s Legacy for Conservation | 191", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1413.6807861328125, "y": 1869.47607421875}, {"x": 1413.6807861328125, "y": 1892.2823486328125}, {"x": 1446.7274169921875, "y": 1892.2823486328125}, {"x": 1446.7274169921875, "y": 1869.47607421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "191", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000005.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 183.33333333333331, "y": 115.81111111111113}, {"x": 183.33333333333331, "y": 142.20000000000002}, {"x": 196.55416666666667, "y": 142.20000000000002}, {"x": 196.55416666666667, "y": 115.81111111111113}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 551.9105555555556, "y": 113.96666666666671}, {"x": 551.9105555555556, "y": 143.13333333333338}, {"x": 681.3813888888889, "y": 143.13333333333338}, {"x": 681.3813888888889, "y": 113.96666666666671}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "chapter 1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 183.33333333333331, "y": 188.63128662109375}, {"x": 183.33333333333331, "y": 787.5906372070312}, {"x": 1052.77197265625, "y": 787.5906372070312}, {"x": 1052.77197265625, "y": 188.63128662109375}], "category": "figure", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "i", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 350.39138888888886, "y": 805.4816284179688}, {"x": 350.39138888888886, "y": 870.2649999999999}, {"x": 891.8433227539062, "y": 870.2649999999999}, {"x": 891.8433227539062, "y": 805.4816284179688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.5. The San Mateo Ixtat\u00e1n men\u2019s jacket, lopil (Spanish capixay). Photo by Elizabeth Purdum.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 181.7822265625, "y": 969.453857421875}, {"x": 181.7822265625, "y": 1529.1070556640625}, {"x": 1053.4700927734375, "y": 1529.1070556640625}, {"x": 1053.4700927734375, "y": 969.453857421875}], "category": "figure", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "T A g", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 342.9686111111111, "y": 1543.267822265625}, {"x": 342.9686111111111, "y": 1609.6280517578125}, {"x": 895.6047222222221, "y": 1609.6280517578125}, {"x": 895.6047222222221, "y": 1543.267822265625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.6. Vegetation along the trail from San Mateo Ixtat\u00e1n to Bulej, May 1965. Photo by author.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000058.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 237.14224243164062}, {"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 332.4697570800781}, {"x": 1345.735555555556, "y": 332.4697570800781}, {"x": 1345.735555555556, "y": 237.14224243164062}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "3. Perspective of supply and demand balance of wood pellets and cost structure in Japan", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 227.68710327148438, "y": 355.9369812011719}, {"x": 227.68710327148438, "y": 522.7606811523438}, {"x": 1354.0721435546875, "y": 522.7606811523438}, {"x": 1354.0721435546875, "y": 355.9369812011719}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "According to a survey taken by the Japan Woody Bioenergy Association in FY2018 (from April 2018 to March 2019) with 55 biomass power generators, more than half of fuel for biomass power generation is domestically produced wood biomass at present in Japan in terms of weight (Figure 4.5).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 358.9886779785156, "y": 587.5386962890625}, {"x": 358.9886779785156, "y": 622.9500732421875}, {"x": 1214.5417777777777, "y": 622.9500732421875}, {"x": 1214.5417777777777, "y": 587.5386962890625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.5. Breakdown of Biomass Power Generation Fuel in Japan", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 478.538818359375, "y": 644.9457397460938}, {"x": 478.538818359375, "y": 1099.7506103515625}, {"x": 1030.42578125, "y": 1099.7506103515625}, {"x": 1030.42578125, "y": 644.9457397460938}], "category": "figure", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Waste materials Others Construction \ufe4d | m | wood waste Domestic wood pellets", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 233.25836181640625, "y": 1134.5550537109375}, {"x": 233.25836181640625, "y": 1161.7222222222222}, {"x": 481.37222222222215, "y": 1161.7222222222222}, {"x": 481.37222222222215, "y": 1134.5550537109375}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "PKS = palm kernel shell.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 228.14047241210938, "y": 1168.1649169921875}, {"x": 228.14047241210938, "y": 1233.666015625}, {"x": 1348.979248046875, "y": 1233.666015625}, {"x": 1348.979248046875, "y": 1168.1649169921875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Note: The share of fuel calculated in terms of biomass fuel weight (\u2018Wood pellets\u2019, \u2018Construction wood waste\u2019, \u2018Waste materials\u2019, \u2018Others\u2019: tonne; others: dry tonne).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 1237.6182861328125}, {"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 1269.4683837890625}, {"x": 1105.1777777777777, "y": 1269.4683837890625}, {"x": 1105.1777777777777, "y": 1237.6182861328125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Source: Depicted by IEEJ based on Japan Woody Bioenergy Association (JWBA), 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 224.71481323242188, "y": 1333.4111328125}, {"x": 224.71481323242188, "y": 1497.8902587890625}, {"x": 1354.880615234375, "y": 1497.8902587890625}, {"x": 1354.880615234375, "y": 1333.4111328125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "When translating the survey result into energy form, it is estimated that, within biomass power generation using wood biomass (\u2018Unutilised wood\u2019, \u2018General wood\u2019, and \u2018Construction wood waste\u2019), around 30% of input fuel is met by import biomass fuel (Figure 4.6).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 772.8055555555554, "y": 2207.5498046875}, {"x": 772.8055555555554, "y": 2238.6}, {"x": 809.1015555555554, "y": 2238.6}, {"x": 809.1015555555554, "y": 2207.5498046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "38", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000006.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 513.8763888888889, "y": 111.40119934082031}, {"x": 513.8763888888889, "y": 144.52222222222227}, {"x": 655.5296630859375, "y": 144.52222222222227}, {"x": 655.5296630859375, "y": 111.40119934082031}], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Chuj Country", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 995.4472222222222, "y": 115.81111111111113}, {"x": 995.4472222222222, "y": 142.20000000000002}, {"x": 1021.9152777777775, "y": 142.20000000000002}, {"x": 1021.9152777777775, "y": 115.81111111111113}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "19", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 166.732421875, "y": 190.27777777777777}, {"x": 166.732421875, "y": 1495.587158203125}, {"x": 1005.724365234375, "y": 1495.587158203125}, {"x": 1005.724365234375, "y": 190.27777777777777}], "category": "figure", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "M \u4e00 7 4 4 . .4 % .y 5 i ot \u00a2 - o \u318d \u201d \u9d70 2k \u201d = 5 \ufe63=\ufe63 \ud504 . \u3145 \u516b \u7dad = \u6885 # \ufe63 \u540c S \ub178 o Mgo \u4f36 \ub294 \u2026 \\ s - 225 o \u201d \uc18c \uace0 3 \u2025 \uc774 77 Ki\ufe52Ad < E v 2 iy, SRS \ufe63\ufe52=y\ufe65 \u4e00 . A Ksr 2 % \u5fc3 - Sy \ud750 2 A R Rt v el v :", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 305.451171875, "y": 1514.4356689453125}, {"x": 305.451171875, "y": 1547.4213888888887}, {"x": 862.3102777777779, "y": 1547.4213888888887}, {"x": 862.3102777777779, "y": 1514.4356689453125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.15. On the trail in the Yolcultac (yol k\u2019ultak,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 297.6592102050781, "y": 1545.171630859375}, {"x": 297.6592102050781, "y": 1576.7658333333334}, {"x": 870.9658333333332, "y": 1576.7658333333334}, {"x": 870.9658333333332, "y": 1545.171630859375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u201ccenter of the brushland\u201d) forest, municipio of Nent\u00f3n.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 281.6138916015625, "y": 1577.4619140625}, {"x": 281.6138916015625, "y": 1608.4325}, {"x": 880.8880555555554, "y": 1608.4325}, {"x": 880.8880555555554, "y": 1577.4619140625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "May 1965, at the end of the dry season. Photo by the author.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000095.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 539.5833333333333, "y": 157.4802777777778}, {"x": 539.5833333333333, "y": 605.3969444444444}, {"x": 1160.4166666666665, "y": 605.3969444444444}, {"x": 1160.4166666666665, "y": 157.4802777777778}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "\u02ca \u674e \u4e00 \ufe68V ~ . \uae30\uae30\uae30 ----- 08 ~ M | 0.6 \u02cd S \uc5d0 04 02 0 3 2 3 4=Worst quartile 1= BestI", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 535.292236328125, "y": 635.9219360351562}, {"x": 535.292236328125, "y": 664.3359375}, {"x": 859.29150390625, "y": 664.3359375}, {"x": 859.29150390625, "y": 635.9219360351562}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "(Niederle and Vesterlund 2007)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 692.1740112304688}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 731.7553100585938}, {"x": 1268.416259765625, "y": 731.7553100585938}, {"x": 1268.416259765625, "y": 692.1740112304688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "In other words, while women shy away from competition, men are drawn to it.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 736.039794921875}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1158.299722222222}, {"x": 1550.8883056640625, "y": 1158.299722222222}, {"x": 1550.8883056640625, "y": 736.039794921875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Turning to Task 4, recall that although this choice is very similar to that of Task 3, Task 4\u2019s choice eliminates the prospect of having to subsequently participate in a competition. Thus, only in Task 3 could a gender gap in preference for competition have played a role in the choice of compensation scheme. As the figure below shows, there is no statistically significant gender gap in the choice of compensation scheme in Task 4 based upon perceived ranking in Task 1. A higher percentage of women than men who guessed their Task 1 ranking to be low (i.e., at level \u201c3\u201d) chose the tournament scheme in Task 4, while the percentages were reversed for those participants who guessed their Task 1 rankings to be high (at levels \u201c1\u201d and \u201c2\u201d). But because the two lines in the figure remain close together, these differences are not statistically significant (i.e., we should treat the groups\u2019 respective choices as being no different from one another).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 543.75, "y": 1179.7005555555556}, {"x": 543.75, "y": 1672.6605224609375}, {"x": 1156.25, "y": 1672.6605224609375}, {"x": 1156.25, "y": 1179.7005555555556}], "category": "figure", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u4e00 \u591a \u4e00 V 08 _ \u3134 \uc2dc 0.6 04 \u2014 02 4 3 \u3002 4 = Worst rank = Best rank", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 543.75, "y": 1660.2110595703125}, {"x": 543.75, "y": 1690.9556884765625}, {"x": 863.2921142578125, "y": 1690.9556884765625}, {"x": 863.2921142578125, "y": 1660.2110595703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "(Niederle and Vesterlund 2007)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 144.3802490234375, "y": 1716.69482421875}, {"x": 144.3802490234375, "y": 1842.5560302734375}, {"x": 1564.0263671875, "y": 1842.5560302734375}, {"x": 1564.0263671875, "y": 1716.69482421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "This result from Task 4 cements the authors\u2019 finding that women shy away from actual competition slated to occur at a future point in time, not implicit competition based upon their interpretations of how their past performance compares with others. 10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 117.33138888888888, "y": 1906.7930908203125}, {"x": 117.33138888888888, "y": 2079.80615234375}, {"x": 1550.67822265625, "y": 2079.80615234375}, {"x": 1550.67822265625, "y": 1906.7930908203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "10. In a related study of the performances of men and women in professional judo fights for bronze medals (of all things!), Cohen-Zada et al. (2017) find that men's performances are significantly affected by what the authors' call \"psychological momentum\", while women's is not. Psychological momentum is defined as the tendency of an outcome (such as a win in an initial judo match) to be followed by a similar outcome (a win in a subsequent match) that is not caused by any strategic incentives of the players. The authors point out that this result is consistent with evidence in the biological literature that", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1089.4547222222222, "y": 2088.173095703125}, {"x": 1089.4547222222222, "y": 2112.945}, {"x": 1548.281005859375, "y": 2112.945}, {"x": 1548.281005859375, "y": 2088.173095703125}], "category": "footer", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 111", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000019.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 279.5411376953125, "y": 381.8384094238281}, {"x": 279.5411376953125, "y": 526.5150000000001}, {"x": 881.1181030273438, "y": 526.5150000000001}, {"x": 881.1181030273438, "y": 381.8384094238281}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Author\u2019s Note to the 2021 Edition", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 149.78382873535156, "y": 634.6988525390625}, {"x": 149.78382873535156, "y": 819.376708984375}, {"x": 1026.0535888671875, "y": 819.376708984375}, {"x": 1026.0535888671875, "y": 634.6988525390625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "This book is a minimally amended, reprinted version of Sing me that lovely song again (Pandanus Press, 2006). The title was chosen by Ian Templeman, the publisher, because he was more interested in its literary merits than in academic history. For that reason, many of my dates were removed from the original manuscript during editing.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.40782165527344, "y": 844.6729736328125}, {"x": 153.40782165527344, "y": 1208.9305555555557}, {"x": 1023.4827777777776, "y": 1208.9305555555557}, {"x": 1023.4827777777776, "y": 844.6729736328125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "My original intention was to get my parents and the elder of my two brothers to write their own memories of how they experienced their internment in Persia and five years behind barbed wire in Australia during World War II, focusing on individual memory by gender and age. It seemed a remarkable opportunity to make this anecdotal and analytical contribution to social science: they had each lived in the same space with the same people for the same period. It was to be an experiment made in heaven, that is, within an impeccable laboratory. But my parents had been too distressed by their loss of freedom and the congested and pressured atmosphere of life in camp to collaborate.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.01731872558594, "y": 1233.60009765625}, {"x": 152.01731872558594, "y": 1379.2191666666668}, {"x": 1023.5255555555557, "y": 1379.2191666666668}, {"x": 1023.5255555555557, "y": 1233.60009765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Because I wanted to keep the focus on my own memories, and the tone of voice my own, I wrote my own book with only minimal research in various archives in Australia and abroad. I did some research as a check on some important facts.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.53884887695312, "y": 1401.34228515625}, {"x": 151.53884887695312, "y": 1701.17431640625}, {"x": 1023.507222222222, "y": 1701.17431640625}, {"x": 1023.507222222222, "y": 1401.34228515625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Asked to speak about my book at an academic conference at the University of Queensland in 2006, I did some further research to validate my contribution. My speech was then published in National Socialism in Oceania (edited by Emily Turner-Graham and Christine Winter, Peter Lang, 2010) with the title I had originally suggested to Pandanus Press, \u2018At Home in Exile: Ambiguities of wartime patriotism\u2019. When in 2015 I was asked by Japanese scholars to speak at Cowra, NSW, at a conference on internment, I suggested that my younger brother, Peter, also be invited", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1076.704345703125, "y": 1717.94189453125}, {"x": 1076.704345703125, "y": 1740.5127777777777}, {"x": 1099.0689697265625, "y": 1740.5127777777777}, {"x": 1099.0689697265625, "y": 1717.94189453125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "ix", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000016.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 416.9166564941406, "y": 261.8471984863281}, {"x": 416.9166564941406, "y": 320.82152861111126}, {"x": 814.1902465820312, "y": 320.82152861111126}, {"x": 814.1902465820312, "y": 261.8471984863281}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Table of contents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 144.50660705566406, "y": 386.6126708984375}, {"x": 144.50660705566406, "y": 1637.0462646484375}, {"x": 1081.044921875, "y": 1637.0462646484375}, {"x": 1081.044921875, "y": 386.6126708984375}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Introduction7
1. Changing Practices, Shifting Sites7
2. Core and Periphery of Play12
Part I: New Children, Different Toys21
3. The Child as Consumer26
4. Domesticating Play30
5. The Child in the City35
6. Toys as Containers, Mediators and Promoters39
Part II: From Solitary to Networked Geographies of Play45
7. LEGO Toys: from Wooden Blocks to Plastic Bricks50
8. Brand Extension & Product Differentiation58
9. Bringing the Fans into the Company62
10. Many-to-Many Geographies of Play66
Part I1l: Commercial Geographies of Play71
11. Toy Towns and Simulated Cities73
12. A 21st-century Dollhouse: The Sims83
13. Unwanted Play Practices in The 51015 Online94
14. Commodified Geographies of Play103
Part IV: Serious Geographies of Play107
15. Participation Tools111
16. Participation Processes119
17. Purposeful Play122
18. Serious Geographies of Play124
Conclusion127
19. Changing Geographies of Play127
20. Making Do132
Notes137
Bibliography139
Index153
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000097.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 624.9265747070312, "y": 253.2073974609375}, {"x": 624.9265747070312, "y": 836.9915161132812}, {"x": 1167.9510498046875, "y": 836.9915161132812}, {"x": 1167.9510498046875, "y": 253.2073974609375}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Nature & \u5171 4\uac70 NS ? \u5fd7 J \u4e00 \u4e00 \u4e00 \u4e00 \u4e00 \u4e00 \u4e00 \u4e00 N / 0,1 0,1 / 1,0 -0.2,0.8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 188.0358333333333, "y": 987.626111111111}, {"x": 188.0358333333333, "y": 1029.970703125}, {"x": 1045.357421875, "y": 1029.970703125}, {"x": 1045.357421875, "y": 987.626111111111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Now, how do we solve for the game\u2019s analytical equilibrium?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 217.4866485595703, "y": 1033.174072265625}, {"x": 217.4866485595703, "y": 1457.0663888888885}, {"x": 1550.8726806640625, "y": 1457.0663888888885}, {"x": 1550.8726806640625, "y": 1033.174072265625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Here, Player 2 applies backward induction to find what\u2019s known as a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium (PBE). As we already know, if Player 2 is the weak type and Player 1 has chosen to invade, then Player 2 should concede. If he is the strong type, then Player 2 should fight. We also know that Player 1 recognizes that she gets a payoff of $0 if she concedes in the first round, regardless of Player 2\u2019s type. If she instead chooses to invade in the first round, then Player 1\u2019s expected payoff from invading is . This is merely the weighted average of Player 1\u2019s expected payoff when Player 2 is weak and her expected payoff when Player 2 is strong. Thus, invade is a better strategy than concede for Player 1 when . In other words, if the probability that Player 1 assigns to Player 2 being weak is greater than one-sixth, Player 1 should choose to invade in the first round. Otherwise, Player 1 should concede and be done with it.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.11016845703125, "y": 1463.08349609375}, {"x": 146.11016845703125, "y": 1542.6219444444446}, {"x": 1549.9651230555555, "y": 1542.6219444444446}, {"x": 1549.9651230555555, "y": 1463.08349609375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "What\u2019s the outcome when you and your classmates play this more complicated version of the Escalation Game?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.19613647460938, "y": 1582.488525390625}, {"x": 153.19613647460938, "y": 1619.483154296875}, {"x": 583.2372222222222, "y": 1619.483154296875}, {"x": 583.2372222222222, "y": 1582.488525390625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "BURNING BRIDGES GAME", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.295166015625, "y": 1650.7923583984375}, {"x": 150.295166015625, "y": 1779.2445068359375}, {"x": 1558.123291015625, "y": 1779.2445068359375}, {"x": 1558.123291015625, "y": 1650.7923583984375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "This game shares starkly similar features with the Escalation Game, but there is no uncertainty (thus, the analytical equilibrium is an SPE rather than a PBE). The SPE has much to say about the relationship between two tenacious competitors. Spaniel (2011) portrays the game as follows:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 114.0583724975586, "y": 1904.196044921875}, {"x": 114.0583724975586, "y": 2090.919189453125}, {"x": 1523.1108894444446, "y": 2090.919189453125}, {"x": 1523.1108894444446, "y": 1904.196044921875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "12. This equilibrium is known as a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium (PBE) rather than an SPE because of the uncertainty that at least one of the players is forced to contend with. Similar to Nash, Thomas Bayes is considered a towering figure. He was an 18th-century English statistician, philosopher, and Presbyterian minister who is known for formulating a specific case of the theorem that bears his name: Bayes Theorem. Bayes never published his theory himself\u2014his notes were edited and published posthumously.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 2092.9449999999997}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 2112.945}, {"x": 404.2202777777777, "y": 2112.945}, {"x": 404.2202777777777, "y": 2092.9449999999997}], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "132 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000195.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 195.10238647460938, "y": 200.53680419921875}, {"x": 195.10238647460938, "y": 234.2323244444442}, {"x": 458.7607727050781, "y": 234.2323244444442}, {"x": 458.7607727050781, "y": 200.53680419921875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "A Contributions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.61793518066406, "y": 263.1819152832031}, {"x": 192.61793518066406, "y": 298.325439453125}, {"x": 756.3250122070312, "y": 298.325439453125}, {"x": 756.3250122070312, "y": 263.1819152832031}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "The contributions of this study are as follows:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 234.0, "y": 343.0}, {"x": 234.0, "y": 351.0}, {"x": 242.0, "y": 351.0}, {"x": 242.0, "y": 343.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 251.44410705566406, "y": 341.37713623046875}, {"x": 251.44410705566406, "y": 742.1064453125}, {"x": 814.001220703125, "y": 742.1064453125}, {"x": 814.001220703125, "y": 341.37713623046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Parameter Model: We have released the SO- LAR 10.7B model, which is not only depth- wise scaled but also continually pretrained. The availability of SOLAR 10.7B under the Apache 2.0 license permits commercial us- age, enabling the integration of this advanced model into a diverse range of products and ser- vices. This bridges the gap between academic research and practical applications, fostering wider accessibility and utility in various fields.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 233.01388888888889, "y": 777.8643188476562}, {"x": 233.01388888888889, "y": 963.4041137695312}, {"x": 810.7216186523438, "y": 963.4041137695312}, {"x": 810.7216186523438, "y": 777.8643188476562}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Superior Performance Across Diverse Benchmarks: SOLAR 10.7B excels in var- ious benchmarks, outperforming established models like Llama 2 and Mistral 7B in reason- ing, mathematics, and the MMLU framework.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 233.01388888888889, "y": 997.4754028320312}, {"x": 233.01388888888889, "y": 1219.3167724609375}, {"x": 814.6852416992188, "y": 1219.3167724609375}, {"x": 814.6852416992188, "y": 997.4754028320312}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Advancement in Instruction-Following Ca- pabilities: The introduction of SOLAR 10.7B- Instruct, a variant fine-tuned for enhanced instruction-following abilities, marks a sig- nificant improvement in the model\u2019s ability to understand and execute complex instructions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.0136260986328, "y": 1252.1510009765625}, {"x": 193.0136260986328, "y": 1812.7787933333334}, {"x": 814.1646118164062, "y": 1812.7787933333334}, {"x": 814.1646118164062, "y": 1252.1510009765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Sanghoon Kim, Dahyun Kim, Chanjun Park, Wonsung Lee, Wonho Song, Yunsu Kim and Hyeonwoo Kim contributed equally to this paper. Sanghoon Kim led the Foundation Model part, with Dahyun Kim, Wonho Song, Yunsu Kim, and Hyeonwoo Kim. Chanjun Park led the Data and Evaluation (Data-Centric LLM) part, with Yungi Kim, Jihoo Kim, Changbae Ahn, Seonghoon Yang, Sukyung Lee, and Hyunbyung Park. Wonsung Lee led the Adaptation Modeling part, with Gyoungjin Gim, Hyeonju Lee, and Mikyoung Cha. Hwalsuk Lee performed the role of the overall project opera- tion. Dahyun Kim and Chanjun Park were the main technical writers. All these individuals contributed to the creation of SOLAR 10.7B.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.7568817138672, "y": 1847.991455078125}, {"x": 193.7568817138672, "y": 1888.00634765625}, {"x": 714.130615234375, "y": 1888.00634765625}, {"x": 714.130615234375, "y": 1847.991455078125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "B Related Works and Background", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.8469696044922, "y": 1913.4970703125}, {"x": 196.8469696044922, "y": 1949.1798095703125}, {"x": 592.3305053710938, "y": 1949.1798095703125}, {"x": 592.3305053710938, "y": 1913.4970703125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "B.1 Large Language Models", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 189.10113525390625, "y": 1965.466796875}, {"x": 189.10113525390625, "y": 2150.23291015625}, {"x": 810.2146606445312, "y": 2150.23291015625}, {"x": 810.2146606445312, "y": 1965.466796875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Following the advent of context-based language models, various studies have revealed a \u201cscaling law\u201d (Kaplan et al., 2020; Hernandez et al., 2021; Anil et al., 2023), demonstrating a positive corre- lation between the size of model and training data", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 845.0274658203125, "y": 197.04623413085938}, {"x": 845.0274658203125, "y": 581.4263916015625}, {"x": 1468.666259765625, "y": 581.4263916015625}, {"x": 1468.666259765625, "y": 197.04623413085938}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "and model performance. This has led to the emer- gence of Large Language Models (LLMs). Un- like previous language models, LLMs possess the ability for In-context learning, including Zero-shot learning (Radford et al., 2019) and Few-shot learn- ing (Brown et al., 2020), allowing them to perform new tasks without updating model weights. These capabilities of LLMs, not evident in smaller mod- els, are referred to as Emergent abilities (Wei et al., 2022a).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 847.8712158203125, "y": 616.4306640625}, {"x": 847.8712158203125, "y": 651.5472412109375}, {"x": 1178.8245849609375, "y": 651.5472412109375}, {"x": 1178.8245849609375, "y": 616.4306640625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "B.2 Mixture of Experts", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 850.3944444444444, "y": 673.7145385742188}, {"x": 850.3944444444444, "y": 1159.4815673828125}, {"x": 1468.9786376953125, "y": 1159.4815673828125}, {"x": 1468.9786376953125, "y": 673.7145385742188}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "In the landscape of machine learning architectures, the Mixture of Experts (MoE) models like (Shazeer et al., 2017; Shen et al., 2019; Komatsuzaki et al., 2022) has gained attention for its capability to ad- dress the challenges posed by complex and hetero- geneous data. MoE models offer notable benefits, including enhanced output diversity, allowing for the capture of intricate patterns within the input space. Moreover, their computational efficiency, especially when implemented in a sparse form, has made them valuable in scenarios where resource constraints are a consideration (Shazeer et al., 2017; Komatsuzaki et al., 2022).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 849.9218139648438, "y": 1166.1771240234375}, {"x": 849.9218139648438, "y": 1466.7711181640625}, {"x": 1468.0496826171875, "y": 1466.7711181640625}, {"x": 1468.0496826171875, "y": 1166.1771240234375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "However, efficient implementation of MoE mod- els poses a considerable challenge, primarily due to the intricacies associated with dynamic routing and load-imbalanced computation (Gale et al., 2023). Existing hardware and software for deep learning, such as TPUs and XLA compilers, often demand static knowledge of tensor shapes, making MoE implementation on TPU challenging.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 849.4555555555554, "y": 1474.034071111111}, {"x": 849.4555555555554, "y": 2068.8871266666665}, {"x": 1467.260986328125, "y": 2068.8871266666665}, {"x": 1467.260986328125, "y": 1474.034071111111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "While GPU implementation offers more flexi- bility, sparse computation compatibility becomes a hurdle. Striking the right balance between fix- ing the size of each expert to facilitate efficient computation and maintaining model quality creates a tradeoff between information preservation and hardware efficiency. This tradeoff, in turn, necessi- tates careful consideration during hyperparameter tuning, adding a layer of complexity to the imple- mentation of MoE models, potentially offsetting their advantages. Given the formidable challenges in MoE model implementation, it becomes almost inevitable for researchers and practitioners to re- sort to specialized tools and frameworks, such as Tutel (Hwang et al., 2023) or Megablocks (Gale et al., 2023).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 844.6392822265625, "y": 2078.04736328125}, {"x": 844.6392822265625, "y": 2149.46630859375}, {"x": 1464.9532470703125, "y": 2149.46630859375}, {"x": 1464.9532470703125, "y": 2078.04736328125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Departing from the horizontal expansion char- acteristic of MoE models, the DUS method intro-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000189.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 253.93698120117188, "y": 198.38795471191406}, {"x": 253.93698120117188, "y": 353.8582763671875}, {"x": 1395.4779052734375, "y": 353.8582763671875}, {"x": 1395.4779052734375, "y": 198.38795471191406}], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ModelAlpaca\ufe63GPT4OpenOrcaSynth\ufe52 Math-InstructH6 (Avg\ufe52ARCHellaSwagMMLU\ufe63TruthfulQA\ufe63WinograndeGSMISK
SFT vl0\u2717\u271769\ufe521567\ufe526686\ufe520365\ufe528860\ufe521282.9552.24
SFT v20O\u271769\ufe522165\ufe523685.3965.9358.4782.7957.32
SFT v30OO70.0365.8785.5565.3157.9381.3764.14
SFT v40\u2717O70\ufe528867.3285.8765.8758.9782.4864.75
SFT v3 + v40OO714167.3285.9665.9558.8082.0866.57
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.99166666666667, "y": 378.73394775390625}, {"x": 195.99166666666667, "y": 478.1631164550781}, {"x": 1457.877197265625, "y": 478.1631164550781}, {"x": 1457.877197265625, "y": 378.73394775390625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 3: Ablation studies on the different datasets used for instruction tuning. \u2018SFT v3+v4\u2019 indicates that the model is merged from \u2018SFT v3\u2019 and \u2018SFT v4\u2019 by simply averaging the model weights. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 242.1244354248047, "y": 516.1734008789062}, {"x": 242.1244354248047, "y": 625.931396484375}, {"x": 1388.0870361328125, "y": 625.931396484375}, {"x": 1388.0870361328125, "y": 516.1734008789062}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ModelUltrafeedback CleanSynth. Math-AlignmentH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSMSK
DPO vl0X73.0671.4288.4966.1472.0481.4558.83
DPO v20073.4271.5088.2865.9771.7182.7960.27
DPO vl +v20073\ufe522171.3388.3665.9272.6582.7958.23
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 172.5352020263672, "y": 653.148681640625}, {"x": 172.5352020263672, "y": 785.5803833007812}, {"x": 1464.1785888671875, "y": 785.5803833007812}, {"x": 1464.1785888671875, "y": 653.148681640625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Table 4: Ablation studies on the different datasets used during the direct preference optimization (DPO) stage. \u2018SFT v3\u2019 is used as the SFT base model for DPO. We name ablated models with the \u2018DPO\u2019 prefix to indicate the alignment tuning stage. \u2018DPO v1+v2\u2019 indicates that the model is merged from \u2018DPO v1\u2019 and \u2018DPO v2\u2019 by simply averaging the model weights. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 350.3326721191406, "y": 823.3379516601562}, {"x": 350.3326721191406, "y": 917.087890625}, {"x": 1285.756103515625, "y": 917.087890625}, {"x": 1285.756103515625, "y": 823.3379516601562}], "category": "table", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ModelBase SFT ModelH6(AvgJARCHellaSwagMIMLUTnlhfulQAWinograndeGSMBK
DPO v2SFT v373.4271.5088.2865.9771.7182.7960.27
DPO v3SFT v3 + v473.5871.3388.0865.3972.4581.9362.32
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 185.82594299316406, "y": 945.1962280273438}, {"x": 185.82594299316406, "y": 1045.340576171875}, {"x": 1465.5289306640625, "y": 1045.340576171875}, {"x": 1465.5289306640625, "y": 945.1962280273438}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Table 5: Ablation studies on the different SFT base models used during the direct preference optimization (DPO) stage. Ultrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets are used. We name ablated models with the \u2018DPO\u2019 prefix to indicate the alignment tuning stage. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.04232788085938, "y": 1107.3568115234375}, {"x": 190.04232788085938, "y": 1480.302490234375}, {"x": 813.1220092773438, "y": 1480.302490234375}, {"x": 813.1220092773438, "y": 1107.3568115234375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "When we add the OpenOrca dataset to train the second ablated model, \u2018SFT v2\u2019, the resulting H6 score is 69.21, which is little change from 69.15 of \u2018SFT v1\u2019. However, the task scores vary more as \u2018SFT v2\u2019 gets a substantially higher GSM8K score of 57.32 compared to 52.24 of \u2018SFT v1\u2019 but also gets noticeably lower scores across the board for ARC, HellaSwag, and TruthfulQA. This seems to indicate that using OpenOrca results in a model that behaves differently from using only Alpaca-GPT4.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 191.1864776611328, "y": 1496.41015625}, {"x": 191.1864776611328, "y": 1870.135009765625}, {"x": 812.825927734375, "y": 1870.135009765625}, {"x": 812.825927734375, "y": 1496.41015625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Second, we investigate whether Synth. Math- Instruct dataset is beneficial. For \u2018SFT v3\u2019, we add the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset, which boosts GSM8K scores to 64.14 and achieves comparable scores for the other tasks. Interestingly, when we add the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset to \u2018SFT v1\u2019 to train \u2018SFT v4\u2019, we get our highest H6 score of 70.88 with higher scores than \u2018SFT v3\u2019 for all tasks. From the above, we can see that adding the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset is helpful.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 189.2083740234375, "y": 1889.6019287109375}, {"x": 189.2083740234375, "y": 2152.19921875}, {"x": 813.7373657226562, "y": 2152.19921875}, {"x": 813.7373657226562, "y": 1889.6019287109375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Lastly, we see whether merging models trained with and without OpenOrca can boost performance. In the first analysis, we saw that using OpenOrca re- sulted in a model that behaved differently from the model that was trained without OpenOrca. Build- ing on this intuition, we merge \u2018SFT v3\u2019 and \u2018SFT v4\u2019 as they are the best-performing models with", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 844.5341796875, "y": 1104.9219970703125}, {"x": 844.5341796875, "y": 1366.680419921875}, {"x": 1466.3770751953125, "y": 1366.680419921875}, {"x": 1466.3770751953125, "y": 1104.9219970703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "and without OpenOrca. To our surprise, the result- ing merged model \u2018SFT v3+v4\u2019 retains the high scores for non-GSM8K tasks from \u2018SFT v4\u2019 but also achieves a higher GSM8K score than \u2018SFT v3\u2019 or \u2018SFT v4\u2019. Thus, we see that merging models that specialize in different tasks is a promising way to obtain a model that performs well generally.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 850.1453857421875, "y": 1395.0166015625}, {"x": 850.1453857421875, "y": 1432.4376220703125}, {"x": 1185.0028076171875, "y": 1432.4376220703125}, {"x": 1185.0028076171875, "y": 1395.0166015625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "4.3.2 Alignment Tuning", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 842.9201049804688, "y": 1447.0084228515625}, {"x": 842.9201049804688, "y": 1708.2786865234375}, {"x": 1463.3837890625, "y": 1708.2786865234375}, {"x": 1463.3837890625, "y": 1447.0084228515625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "As we utilize sDPO for practical alignment tun- ing, there are additional aspects to ablate such as the SFT base models used. Thus, we present ab- lations for the different training datasets used for training, the different SFT base models to initialize the sDPO training, and finally, the model merging strategy to obtain the final alignment-tuned model.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 844.7449951171875, "y": 1737.7222900390625}, {"x": 844.7449951171875, "y": 1957.8787933333333}, {"x": 1463.983642578125, "y": 1957.8787933333333}, {"x": 1463.983642578125, "y": 1737.7222900390625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Ablation on the training datasets. We ablate on the different alignment datasets used during DPO in Tab. 4. We use \u2018SFT v3\u2019 as the SFT base model for DPO. \u2018DPO v1\u2019 only uses the Ultrafeedback Clean dataset while \u2018DPO v2\u2019 also used the Synth. Math-Alignment dataset.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 840.2658081054688, "y": 1965.619384765625}, {"x": 840.2658081054688, "y": 2149.629150390625}, {"x": 1467.190185546875, "y": 2149.629150390625}, {"x": 1467.190185546875, "y": 1965.619384765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "First, we test how Ultrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment impacts model perfor- mance. For \u2018DPO v1\u2019, it achieves 73.06 in H6, which is a substantial boost from the SFT base model score of 70.03. However, we note that while", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000003.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 141.75, "y": 103.08333333333368}, {"x": 141.75, "y": 130.86111111111146}, {"x": 643.0555555555559, "y": 130.86111111111146}, {"x": 643.0555555555559, "y": 103.08333333333368}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Interpreting Simultaneity Judgements", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 139.00262451171875, "y": 168.0277557373047}, {"x": 139.00262451171875, "y": 393.94055555555633}, {"x": 1053.4486083984375, "y": 393.94055555555633}, {"x": 1053.4486083984375, "y": 168.0277557373047}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "model (discussed for a binary fit in Section 6.2). Because there are three pos- sible choices, the appropriate data model (applied at each soa) is no longer the binomial distribution, but rather the multinomial distribution, which can provide an exact likelihood of obtaining any particular combination of prob- abilities that divide N choices into three bins when the actual probabilities of selecting each bin are known (or rather, for fitting purposes, predicted).22", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1013.606111111111, "y": 101.552777777778}, {"x": 1013.606111111111, "y": 132.10833333333355}, {"x": 1047.2783333333332, "y": 132.10833333333355}, {"x": 1047.2783333333332, "y": 101.552777777778}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "3\ufffd\ufffd", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.76065063476562, "y": 468.0567321777344}, {"x": 147.76065063476562, "y": 506.41805555555584}, {"x": 555.6148681640625, "y": 506.41805555555584}, {"x": 555.6148681640625, "y": 468.0567321777344}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Dual-Presentation sj Data", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 139.78048706054688, "y": 543.807373046875}, {"x": 139.78048706054688, "y": 1029.7736111111112}, {"x": 1053.4158333333328, "y": 1029.7736111111112}, {"x": 1053.4158333333328, "y": 543.807373046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Several authors have investigated the use of a dual-presentation sj task in which two bimodal stimuli are presented (one after another) and compared, for example by reporting which one was (most) synchronous (Allan & Kristof- ferson, 1974; Powers, Hillock, & Wallace, 2009; Roseboom, Nishida, Fujisaki, & Arnold, 2011). This is a form of what would, in classical signal detection theory, be described as a two-alternative forced choice (specifically the two-interval forced choice variant). However, that designation is ambiguous (about wheth- er there are two presentations or two response categories) and has been ap- plied to cases where either or both of the possible qualifying conditions are met, which is probably why the dual-presentation sj task has ended up being given a variety of names (e.g., temporal 2AFC; forced-choice successiveness discrimination; 2IFC sj, where the classic sj is referred to as 2AFC sj in the same paper). I will label it the 2xSJ.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 139.50453186035156, "y": 1028.0140380859375}, {"x": 139.50453186035156, "y": 1403.8319444444446}, {"x": 1053.5075000000002, "y": 1403.8319444444446}, {"x": 1053.5075000000002, "y": 1028.0140380859375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "The simplest form of the 2xSJ would have a synchronous standard on every trial along with a non-synchronous test pair. Based on the kind of observer models discussed in this chapter, the resulting psychometric function (plotting the probability of judging the standard more synchronous than the test against the test\u2019s soa) is U-shaped and centred over the pss. This approach represents a reasonable way to derive estimates of inverse precision (i.e., \u03c3\u0394t) but a fairly poor way to estimate the pss, because having a synchronous standard on every trial provides feedback about objective synchrony. A simple solution is to also include a range of standards as well as a range of tests, in a roving standard design.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 139.43092346191406, "y": 1402.5186767578125}, {"x": 139.43092346191406, "y": 1590.8319444444446}, {"x": 1053.4766666666665, "y": 1590.8319444444446}, {"x": 1053.4766666666665, "y": 1402.5186767578125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "The observer model can be fitted to data even when both standard and test are non-zero, as described in detail by Yarrow et al. (2016; see also Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez & Peli, 2014). To present all of the data, it is necessary to plot a function for each standard soa (using several standard plots, or a single 3D plot), which is somewhat cumbersome, but not a major obstacle to using the task. A simple", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 141.75, "y": 1638.042777777778}, {"x": 141.75, "y": 1663.042777777778}, {"x": 171.19944444444442, "y": 1663.042777777778}, {"x": 171.19944444444442, "y": 1638.042777777778}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "22", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 191.3131561279297, "y": 1630.0001220703125}, {"x": 191.3131561279297, "y": 1663.042777777778}, {"x": 474.4327087402344, "y": 1663.042777777778}, {"x": 474.4327087402344, "y": 1630.0001220703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": ".", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000128.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 153.3938751220703, "y": 152.63861083984375}, {"x": 153.3938751220703, "y": 1018.5415649414062}, {"x": 1372.261962890625, "y": 1018.5415649414062}, {"x": 1372.261962890625, "y": 152.63861083984375}], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
AB | observedCDE
1timeForecast(observed)Lower Confidence Bound(observed)Upper Confidence Bound(observed)
03
3]2
4 235
5315
6 416
7518
8 675
9 77.917.9017.9017.90
1019.7321445817.9921.47
n21.5996299819.8123.39
121021.6264585719.7823.47
13]22.8599311620.9624.76
141224.72741656227826.68
15132475424515227526.75
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 549.3002319335938, "y": 1143.4010009765625}, {"x": 549.3002319335938, "y": 1178.238037109375}, {"x": 1153.9444444444443, "y": 1178.238037109375}, {"x": 1153.9444444444443, "y": 1143.4010009765625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 13.3. Graph of Projection Estimates", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 607.4349365234375, "y": 1189.7393798828125}, {"x": 607.4349365234375, "y": 1220.8966666666668}, {"x": 1090.0972222222224, "y": 1220.8966666666668}, {"x": 1090.0972222222224, "y": 1189.7393798828125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Open Template in Microsoft Excel", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.0, "y": 1286.1358642578125}, {"x": 150.0, "y": 1796.141388888889}, {"x": 1400.0, "y": 1796.141388888889}, {"x": 1400.0, "y": 1286.1358642578125}], "category": "figure", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "30 25 20 15 10 \u4e00 observed \u4e00 \u4e00 Forecast[observed\ufe5a Lower Confidence Bound(observedj 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 136.4304962158203, "y": 1840.03515625}, {"x": 136.4304962158203, "y": 2003.8824462890625}, {"x": 1567.531005859375, "y": 2003.8824462890625}, {"x": 1567.531005859375, "y": 1840.03515625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Having obtained price forecasts, our next step would be to re-estimate CR for GCS based on the forecasted prices. In addition, we may use the confidence interval forecasts to find a most optimistic forecast using the upper confidence interval forecasts and a pessimistic forecast using the lower bound forecasts.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.0, "y": 2089.800537109375}, {"x": 150.0, "y": 2117.9111328125}, {"x": 664.9002075195312, "y": 2117.9111328125}, {"x": 664.9002075195312, "y": 2089.800537109375}], "category": "footer", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "298 | Ch. 13. Homogeneous Investment Types", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000193.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 216.09022521972656, "y": 203.58372497558594}, {"x": 216.09022521972656, "y": 263.7108933333334}, {"x": 811.8465576171875, "y": 263.7108933333334}, {"x": 811.8465576171875, "y": 203.58372497558594}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Scaling laws for neural language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.08361.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.85, "y": 287.0778503417969}, {"x": 196.85, "y": 381.85870361328125}, {"x": 811.8770751953125, "y": 381.85870361328125}, {"x": 811.8770751953125, "y": 287.0778503417969}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Dahyun Kim, Yungi Kim, Wonho Song, Hyeonwoo Kim, Yunsu Kim, Sanghoon Kim, and Chanjun Park. 2024a. sdpo: Don\u2019t use your data all at once.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.240234375, "y": 400.1900634765625}, {"x": 195.240234375, "y": 525.3657836914062}, {"x": 807.002748188889, "y": 525.3657836914062}, {"x": 807.002748188889, "y": 400.1900634765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Jihoo Kim, Wonho Song, Dahyun Kim, Yunsu Kim, Yungi Kim, and Chanjun Park. 2024b. 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Zephyr: Di- rect distillation of lm alignment. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.16944.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000106.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 150.0, "y": 177.4513397216797}, {"x": 150.0, "y": 968.7577514648438}, {"x": 1550.0, "y": 968.7577514648438}, {"x": 1550.0, "y": 177.4513397216797}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "'1 ' '", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 134.29019165039062, "y": 982.6011352539062}, {"x": 134.29019165039062, "y": 1018.705322265625}, {"x": 1137.7115478515625, "y": 1018.705322265625}, {"x": 1137.7115478515625, "y": 982.6011352539062}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "An example of a conceptual map created by one of our interviewees", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 145.84580993652344, "y": 1177.7705078125}, {"x": 145.84580993652344, "y": 1601.9698486328125}, {"x": 1556.1673583984375, "y": 1601.9698486328125}, {"x": 1556.1673583984375, "y": 1177.7705078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "It seemed at times that the remarkable freedom of writing freeform allowed these languages to form, but it was difficult, if not impossible, to replicate that freedom on available digital tools. Printing out articles or chapters of interest and annotating them with pen or pencil is still seen as the way to go by many. Having physical copies on hand also means easier management as this benefits from the very natural use of space for arranging things, e.g.: \u201cThe pile on the right contains my primary sources; on the left are things I\u2019ve flagged as potentially interesting and to revisit.\u201d Often mentioned was the use of digital editions for quick consultation and search, but print versions for in-depth reading and annotation. Most collect important works in print.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 137.9719696044922, "y": 1640.837646484375}, {"x": 137.9719696044922, "y": 1926.89794921875}, {"x": 1572.8018798828125, "y": 1926.89794921875}, {"x": 1572.8018798828125, "y": 1640.837646484375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "While some note taking did take place alongside annotation, each of our researchers would reach a point where they needed to take the texts they had read and turn the notes, quotes, and other takeaways into something they could then begin to incorporate into their writing. Again, the approaches to this varied widely, and depended on the tools used initially. Some would take handwritten annotations and highlighting and type them into a word processor. Others would export annotations from tools in whatever", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.0, "y": 2059.130126953125}, {"x": 150.0, "y": 2087.998046875}, {"x": 548.1715698242188, "y": 2087.998046875}, {"x": 548.1715698242188, "y": 2059.130126953125}], "category": "footer", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "32 | Considering Scholarly Readers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000052.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 284.6643981933594, "y": 100.01409912109375}, {"x": 284.6643981933594, "y": 131.3564910888672}, {"x": 1011.7383422851562, "y": 131.3564910888672}, {"x": 1011.7383422851562, "y": 100.01409912109375}], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Womens Political Representation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1053.3308333333332, "y": 100.99642181396484}, {"x": 1053.3308333333332, "y": 133.05527777777777}, {"x": 1088.650146484375, "y": 133.05527777777777}, {"x": 1088.650146484375, "y": 100.99642181396484}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "15", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 172.763916015625, "y": 195.58953857421875}, {"x": 172.763916015625, "y": 852.5277777777778}, {"x": 1083.2960205078125, "y": 852.5277777777778}, {"x": 1083.2960205078125, "y": 195.58953857421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "the way for women to enter the House of Representatives. In 2019, 20 women from party lists have contributed to the increase in female legislators. However, the Party-List Law\u2019s implementation has been controversial owing to the entry of political dynasties and traditional politicians. The ideal that it serve as the gateway to political power of disadvantaged groups has been lost due to vague provisions in the law and subsequent Supreme Court decisions. The party list system has also been \u201cco-opted by the traditional political system or have become the training ground for future influence-peddling traditional politicians\u201d (Tigno 2019). In other words, it has deviated from the idea of proportional representation practiced in other countries. Dynastic families took advantage of the system\u2019s flaws and used them to field relatives, including some women, to expand their political power. However, recent interviews with legislators from progressive party lists demonstrate a better understanding of women\u2019s issues than some representatives elected from single-member districts (Encinas-Franco 2022, 157).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 279.9920654296875, "y": 908.6435546875}, {"x": 279.9920654296875, "y": 977.7510375976562}, {"x": 976.4241666666668, "y": 977.7510375976562}, {"x": 976.4241666666668, "y": 908.6435546875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Table 2. Women-Members of the House of Representatives per Region, 2007-2019", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 175.57302856445312, "y": 1011.693115234375}, {"x": 175.57302856445312, "y": 1662.4886474609375}, {"x": 1080.671630859375, "y": 1662.4886474609375}, {"x": 1080.671630859375, "y": 1011.693115234375}], "category": "table", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
REGIONS2007-20102010-20132016-2019
National Capital Region985
Cordillera Autonomous Region121
I - llocos Region154
Il - Cagayan Valley135
\u5c71 \ufe63CentralLuzon8911
IVA - CALABARZON4211
IVB \ufe63 MIMAROPA111
V\ufe63 BicolRegion204
VI - Western Visayas233
VII - Central Visayas223
VIl\ufe63 Eastern Visayas323
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Saccharometer", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 277.2388000488281, "y": 1424.7279052734375}, {"x": 277.2388000488281, "y": 1502.8999999999999}, {"x": 1434.439697265625, "y": 1502.8999999999999}, {"x": 1434.439697265625, "y": 1424.7279052734375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Table 2. Contents of Saccharometers when testing fermentation with various yeast concentrations.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 203.85150146484375, "y": 1500.48681640625}, {"x": 203.85150146484375, "y": 1737.955078125}, {"x": 1455.54345703125, "y": 1737.955078125}, {"x": 1455.54345703125, "y": 1500.48681640625}], "category": "table", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Lonccuuativlls.
SaccharometerDI WaterGlucose SolutionYeast Suspension
*8 nl*6 ml0 ml
*12 l0 ml*2 ml
*6 ml*6 ml*2 ml
*2 ml*6 ml*6 ml
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See table below", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.91949462890625, "y": 1901.1697998046875}, {"x": 205.91949462890625, "y": 1942.2666666666667}, {"x": 1077.6666666666665, "y": 1942.2666666666667}, {"x": 1077.6666666666665, "y": 1901.1697998046875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Saccharometer DI Water Glucose Solution Yeast Suspension", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 206.33333333333334, "y": 1954.8999999999999}, {"x": 206.33333333333334, "y": 1988.2333333333333}, {"x": 231.33333333333331, "y": 1988.2333333333333}, {"x": 231.33333333333331, "y": 1954.8999999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 429.3333333333333, "y": 1954.8999999999999}, {"x": 429.3333333333333, "y": 1988.2333333333333}, {"x": 514.6666666666666, "y": 1988.2333333333333}, {"x": 514.6666666666666, "y": 1954.8999999999999}], "category": "heading1", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "16 ml", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 573.6666666666666, "y": 1954.8999999999999}, {"x": 573.6666666666666, "y": 1988.2333333333333}, {"x": 659.0, "y": 1988.2333333333333}, {"x": 659.0, "y": 1954.8999999999999}], "category": "heading1", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "12 ml", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 819.9296264648438, "y": 1951.591796875}, {"x": 819.9296264648438, "y": 1988.2333333333333}, {"x": 890.6666666666666, "y": 1988.2333333333333}, {"x": 890.6666666666666, "y": 1951.591796875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "0 ml", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 844.3333333333333, "y": 2143.5666666666666}, {"x": 844.3333333333333, "y": 2176.8999999999996}, {"x": 876.5999999999999, "y": 2176.8999999999996}, {"x": 876.5999999999999, "y": 2143.5666666666666}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "58", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000074.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 307.8412170410156, "y": 191.88919067382812}, {"x": 307.8412170410156, "y": 274.4365234375}, {"x": 1465.9572222222218, "y": 274.4365234375}, {"x": 1465.9572222222218, "y": 191.88919067382812}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore. In these three countries, per capita GDP fell between 4 percent to 7 percent.3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 314.9605555555556, "y": 304.25140380859375}, {"x": 314.9605555555556, "y": 343.9753112792969}, {"x": 971.1023559570312, "y": 343.9753112792969}, {"x": 971.1023559570312, "y": 304.25140380859375}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.2. Per capita GDP growth in 2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 335.70324138888844, "y": 370.99390388888855}, {"x": 335.70324138888844, "y": 398.05862611111075}, {"x": 400.6919886111107, "y": 398.05862611111075}, {"x": 400.6919886111107, "y": 370.99390388888855}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "4.0%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 960.9004280555553, "y": 385.66298333333356}, {"x": 960.9004280555553, "y": 412.7277055555557}, {"x": 1025.8891752777774, "y": 412.7277055555557}, {"x": 1025.8891752777774, "y": 385.66298333333356}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "2.5%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1377.481016944444, "y": 399.0058913888889}, {"x": 1377.481016944444, "y": 426.07061361111107}, {"x": 1442.4697641666662, "y": 426.07061361111107}, {"x": 1442.4697641666662, "y": 399.0058913888889}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "2.0%", "html": "", "markdown": 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869.0}, {"x": 595.0, "y": 949.0}, {"x": 680.0, "y": 949.0}, {"x": 680.0, "y": 869.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "\ufe5b_\u3009\u2032Z\ufe65 & KSy", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 711.0, "y": 868.0}, {"x": 711.0, "y": 941.0}, {"x": 783.0, "y": 941.0}, {"x": 783.0, "y": 868.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "& S \u4ec1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 810.0, "y": 870.0}, {"x": 810.0, "y": 942.0}, {"x": 887.0, "y": 942.0}, {"x": 887.0, "y": 870.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "\u3001 \u7e41 x2 x", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 926.0, "y": 910.0}, {"x": 926.0, "y": 935.0}, {"x": 951.0, "y": 935.0}, {"x": 951.0, "y": 910.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "&", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1026.0, "y": 869.0}, {"x": 1026.0, "y": 934.0}, {"x": 1094.0, "y": 934.0}, {"x": 1094.0, "y": 869.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "S & &", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1126.0, "y": 896.0}, {"x": 1126.0, "y": 942.0}, {"x": 1172.0, "y": 942.0}, {"x": 1172.0, "y": 896.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "R &", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1228.0, "y": 890.0}, {"x": 1228.0, "y": 938.0}, {"x": 1283.0, "y": 938.0}, {"x": 1283.0, "y": 890.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "& NG", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1326.0, "y": 885.0}, {"x": 1326.0, "y": 943.0}, {"x": 1393.0, "y": 943.0}, {"x": 1393.0, "y": 885.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "& N", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 312.09613037109375, "y": 1043.740234375}, {"x": 312.09613037109375, "y": 1075.548095703125}, {"x": 684.0174560546875, "y": 1075.548095703125}, {"x": 684.0174560546875, "y": 1043.740234375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "Source: World Bank (2022a)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 302.94720458984375, "y": 1109.4676513671875}, {"x": 302.94720458984375, "y": 1467.383055555555}, {"x": 1476.5426025390625, "y": 1467.383055555555}, {"x": 1476.5426025390625, "y": 1109.4676513671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "It is also noteworthy that in two of these major destination countries \u2013 Thailand and Malaysia \u2013 the most-affected sectors were also ones heavily reliant on migrant workers. In Thailand, affected sectors include manufacturing, construction, agriculture, fishing, seafood processing, domestic work, and hospitality (United Nations Thematic Working Group, 2019; ILO, 2020). In Malaysia, migrant workers were, in 2019, especially prevalent in manufacturing (705,000), construction (435,000), services (306,000), plantation (282,000), agriculture (160,000), and domestic work (127,000) (Wahab, 2020a; Theng, Noor and Khalidi, 2020).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 309.433349609375, "y": 1500.0562744140625}, {"x": 309.433349609375, "y": 2020.211669921875}, {"x": 1466.0938888888888, "y": 2020.211669921875}, {"x": 1466.0938888888888, "y": 1500.0562744140625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "The construction sector in Malaysia crashed in the second quarter of 2020 and did not experience growth again until the second quarter of 2021, before suffering negative growth again the next quarter after a COVID-19 resurgence. Accommodation and dining establishments which includes many tourism-related jobs, fared even worse. Furthermore, wholesale trade and related activities in Malaysia have not recovered to pre-pandemic levels, even after growing in the first two quarters of 2021. In Thailand, the construction sector avoided a massive output decline similar to Malaysia\u2019s, although it did decline in the first quarter of 2020. However, manufacturing, accommodation, and wholesale trade in Thailand all suffered large contractions due to travel restrictions, supply chain disruptions, and weak aggregate demand, and, despite some recovery in the second quarter of 2021, remain well below pre- pandemic levels (Table 1.1).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 235.90623474121094, "y": 2091.884033203125}, {"x": 235.90623474121094, "y": 2151.189697265625}, {"x": 1466.5469970703125, "y": 2151.189697265625}, {"x": 1466.5469970703125, "y": 2091.884033203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "3 The Philippine economy was hit hardest because of the length and severity of the movement restrictions imposed in the country (Olanday and Rigby, 2020).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 231.270263671875, "y": 2224.7353515625}, {"x": 231.270263671875, "y": 2262.124267578125}, {"x": 699.7515258789062, "y": 2262.124267578125}, {"x": 699.7515258789062, "y": 2224.7353515625}], "category": "footer", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1536.5847222222221, "y": 2225.9111328125}, {"x": 1536.5847222222221, "y": 2260.4580555555553}, {"x": 1582.3214111328125, "y": 2260.4580555555553}, {"x": 1582.3214111328125, "y": 2225.9111328125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": {"text": "13", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000191.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 193.2720947265625, "y": 200.22946166992188}, {"x": 193.2720947265625, "y": 234.2323244444442}, {"x": 409.16650390625, "y": 234.2323244444442}, {"x": 409.16650390625, "y": 200.22946166992188}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "5 Conclusion", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 187.9485626220703, "y": 258.6363525390625}, {"x": 187.9485626220703, "y": 638.557373046875}, {"x": 811.1381225585938, "y": 638.557373046875}, {"x": 811.1381225585938, "y": 258.6363525390625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "We introduce SOLAR 10.7B and its fine-tuned vari- ant SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, which are depth up- scaled (DUS) models with 10.7 billion parameters4. They show superior performance over models like Llama 2, Mistral 7B, and Mixtral-7B-Instruct in es- sential NLP tasks while maintaining computational efficiency. Thus, DUS is effective in scaling-up highly performant LLMs from smaller ones. With more exploration, DUS could be further improved, paving a new path to efficiently scaling LLMs.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.3230743408203, "y": 668.0764770507812}, {"x": 194.3230743408203, "y": 704.7811889648438}, {"x": 475.10211181640625, "y": 704.7811889648438}, {"x": 475.10211181640625, "y": 668.0764770507812}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Acknowledgements", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.7161407470703, "y": 731.9917602539062}, {"x": 192.7161407470703, "y": 1291.1121266666664}, {"x": 810.9180297851562, "y": 1291.1121266666664}, {"x": 810.9180297851562, "y": 731.9917602539062}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "We would like to extend our gratitude to the teams at Hugging Face, particularly Cl\u00e9mentine Four- rier, Lewis Tunstall, Omar Sanseviero, and Philipp Schmid. Our appreciation also extends to the teams at AWS, notably Rahul Sharma, Jeongwon Yoon, Nieves Garcia, Ritesh Vajaria, Gal Oshri, Jay Kwon, Brandon Lee and Effie Bae. We are grateful to the teams at Korea Telecom (KT), especially Jin Hyoung Lee, Jungsuk Park, Sungjoon Park, Hong- rae Wang, Kyeongsoo Jung, and Sunyoong Yoon, whose significant support has been instrumental in ensuring the broad compatibility of our model. Ad- ditionally, we would like to extend our thanks to the open community for their invaluable contributions and feedback.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.9937286376953, "y": 1325.658935546875}, {"x": 192.9937286376953, "y": 1361.4045466666664}, {"x": 367.6965637207031, "y": 1361.4045466666664}, {"x": 367.6965637207031, "y": 1325.658935546875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Limitations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.88656616210938, "y": 1389.9278564453125}, {"x": 190.88656616210938, "y": 1873.852294921875}, {"x": 812.9230346679688, "y": 1873.852294921875}, {"x": 812.9230346679688, "y": 1389.9278564453125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Our study on the Depth Up-Scaling (DUS) has im- portant limitations and considerations. One key limitation is the need for more thorough explo- rations of hyperparameters used in the DUS ap- proach. Namely, we removed m = 8 layers from both ends of our base model, primarily due to hard- ware limitations. However, we have not yet deter- mined if this value is optimal for enhancing perfor- mance. The extended time and cost of continued pretraining made it challenging to conduct more comprehensive experiments, which we aim to ad- dress in future work through various comparative analyses.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 189.35595703125, "y": 1879.9383544921875}, {"x": 189.35595703125, "y": 2067.58544921875}, {"x": 812.3080444335938, "y": 2067.58544921875}, {"x": 812.3080444335938, "y": 1879.9383544921875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "In terms of the model\u2019s broader implications, there are several points to note. The model\u2019s sig- nificant computational demands for training and inference might limit its use, especially for those with restricted computational resources. Addition-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.1738739013672, "y": 2090.459893333333}, {"x": 190.1738739013672, "y": 2147.50439453125}, {"x": 819.4448852539062, "y": 2147.50439453125}, {"x": 819.4448852539062, "y": 2090.459893333333}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "4Preprint version is available on https://arxiv. org/abs/2312.15166.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 846.3089599609375, "y": 201.66517639160156}, {"x": 846.3089599609375, "y": 463.4022216796875}, {"x": 1466.1456298828125, "y": 463.4022216796875}, {"x": 1466.1456298828125, "y": 201.66517639160156}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "ally, like all machine learning models, it is vulnera- ble to biases in its training data, which could lead to skewed outcomes in certain situations. Further- more, the substantial energy consumption required for training and operating the model raises environ- mental concerns, which are critical in the pursuit of sustainable AI development.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 844.9140625, "y": 471.5643310546875}, {"x": 844.9140625, "y": 853.534912109375}, {"x": 1475.975341796875, "y": 853.534912109375}, {"x": 1475.975341796875, "y": 471.5643310546875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Lastly, while the fine-tuned variant of the model shows improved performance in following instruc- tions, it still requires task-specific fine-tuning for optimal performance in specialized applications. This fine-tuning process can be resource-intensive and not always effective. Recognizing and address- ing these limitations is essential for a comprehen- sive understanding of the proposed Large Language Model\u2019s capabilities and for guiding future research and development in the field of LLMs.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 848.277099609375, "y": 908.718017578125}, {"x": 848.277099609375, "y": 945.8434355555553}, {"x": 1097.2564697265625, "y": 945.8434355555553}, {"x": 1097.2564697265625, "y": 908.718017578125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Ethics Statement", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 848.8850708007812, "y": 994.7736206054688}, {"x": 848.8850708007812, "y": 1331.1768798828125}, {"x": 1468.7857666015625, "y": 1331.1768798828125}, {"x": 1468.7857666015625, "y": 994.7736206054688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "We conscientiously address and emphasize the commitment of SOLAR 10.7B in maintaining the highest ethical standards. First, we highlight that SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct has shown low levels of data contamination in our evaluations, a testament to our rigorous data handling and processing pro- tocols. This aspect is crucial, as it underpins the reliability and integrity of the results obtained from SOLAR.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 843.4296264648438, "y": 1343.2093505859375}, {"x": 843.4296264648438, "y": 1604.318359375}, {"x": 1466.0928955078125, "y": 1604.318359375}, {"x": 1466.0928955078125, "y": 1343.2093505859375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Furthermore, during the course of our experi- ments, we ensured that all setups and methodolo- gies employed steer clear of any potential ethical pitfalls. This preemptive consideration and avoid- ance of ethically questionable practices underscore our dedication to conducting research that is not only innovative but also responsible.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 842.8489379882812, "y": 1617.09130859375}, {"x": 842.8489379882812, "y": 1915.9605712890625}, {"x": 1471.892578125, "y": 1915.9605712890625}, {"x": 1471.892578125, "y": 1617.09130859375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Additionally, we ensure that SOLAR complies with general ethical considerations in all aspects of its operation. This includes adherence to pri- vacy norms, respect for intellectual property, and ensuring the absence of bias in our algorithms. Our commitment to these ethical principles is unwaver- ing, and we believe it significantly contributes to the credibility and societal acceptance of SOLAR.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 843.9483032226562, "y": 1927.5400390625}, {"x": 843.9483032226562, "y": 2111.6298828125}, {"x": 1463.5888671875, "y": 2111.6298828125}, {"x": 1463.5888671875, "y": 1927.5400390625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "In conclusion, the ethical framework within which SOLAR operates is robust and comprehen- sive, ensuring that our advancements in this field are not only scientifically sound but also ethically responsible.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000022.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 108.25326538085938, "y": 1714.922119140625}, {"x": 108.25326538085938, "y": 1740.5127777777777}, {"x": 124.0613784790039, "y": 1740.5127777777777}, {"x": 124.0613784790039, "y": 1714.922119140625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 186.49588012695312, "y": 156.96749877929688}, {"x": 186.49588012695312, "y": 184.8544444444444}, {"x": 345.1053771972656, "y": 184.8544444444444}, {"x": 345.1053771972656, "y": 156.96749877929688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "At Home in Exile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 185.97628784179688, "y": 214.81161499023438}, {"x": 185.97628784179688, "y": 583.4413888888889}, {"x": 1055.0125000000003, "y": 583.4413888888889}, {"x": 1055.0125000000003, "y": 214.81161499023438}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "To prepare myself for the journey from my home in Canberra, Australia, I visited the National Library\u2019s vast collection of maps. But I could not find Steinkirche, even in old German records of Silesia. The Polish- German Gazeteer, which has a remarkable list of old German place-names in relation to their Polish replacements, and vice versa, gave the names for many places, including M\u00e4rzdorf where my mother had worked as a young woman, on an estate near the Oder River. But there was nothing for Steinkirche. The people assembling the directory must have thought it simply the description of a stone church, as the name suggests, rather than the actual name for the place where the church stood.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 177.8506317138672, "y": 605.6848754882812}, {"x": 177.8506317138672, "y": 900.3966666666666}, {"x": 1060.6268310546875, "y": 900.3966666666666}, {"x": 1060.6268310546875, "y": 605.6848754882812}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Obviously it was not an important village. No one in our extended family could give me the Polish names for rural Steinkirche or of Neumarkt Platz in the Silesian metropolis. Had Steinkirche been north, east, west or south of Breslau? In my mind\u2019s eye I assumed it to be east\u2014towards Posen\u2014 mistakenly, so I was to discover. In answer to one of my many questions, I recalled that my mother had once told me that it had taken her about an hour by train to travel to the school she attended briefly in Breslau. It was an important clue.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 185.18997192382812, "y": 922.9241333007812}, {"x": 185.18997192382812, "y": 1218.8260498046875}, {"x": 1063.810791015625, "y": 1218.8260498046875}, {"x": 1063.810791015625, "y": 922.9241333007812}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "I then rang my cousin, Peter Erlanger, but neither he nor his older sister could help me. Peter advised me to try to find Steinkirche using my computer\u2019s Internet search engine. It was enlightened advice, and was to provide me with a key clue. The website yielded a huge list of entries, mostly concerning stone churches in present-day Germany. But there was also a reference to a 1928 visit by a church official inspecting a number of communities overseen by the Lutheran Church at Strehlen. I had often heard my mother and her sister refer to acquaintances in Strehlen.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 184.41854858398438, "y": 1238.65234375}, {"x": 184.41854858398438, "y": 1570.9741666666666}, {"x": 1059.8026123046875, "y": 1570.9741666666666}, {"x": 1059.8026123046875, "y": 1238.65234375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "The article about Steinkirche described it as having a 1264 Polish Catholic foundation, on a site where pagan sacrifices had taken place. This seemed to have the ring of truth. The description offered a brief history of the church and gave illustrations of it in various stages of alteration. By the seventeenth century, the place had become Lutheran and in the following 200 years the community\u2019s religious confidence expressed itself architecturally, through continual improvements. A church tower with baroque spire was raised and the interior refurbished with an upper-storey balcony with pews on three sides.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000118.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 222.33333333333334, "y": 116.30633333333327}, {"x": 222.33333333333334, "y": 155.3063333333335}, {"x": 1510.8419999999999, "y": 155.3063333333335}, {"x": 1510.8419999999999, "y": 116.30633333333327}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 676.465087890625, "y": 207.60667419433594}, {"x": 676.465087890625, "y": 254.25899999999993}, {"x": 1031.67, "y": 254.25899999999993}, {"x": 1031.67, "y": 207.60667419433594}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Cellular Replication", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 105.55552388888889, "y": 282.91659888888887}, {"x": 105.55552388888889, "y": 985.6940927777777}, {"x": 1238.8886588888888, "y": 985.6940927777777}, {"x": 1238.8886588888888, "y": 282.91659888888887}], "category": "figure", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "\u9edb \u9821 7", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1328.0, "y": 400.0}, {"x": 1328.0, "y": 413.0}, {"x": 1333.0, "y": 413.0}, {"x": 1333.0, "y": 400.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "\ufe69", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1348.0, "y": 321.0}, {"x": 1348.0, "y": 411.0}, {"x": 1468.0, "y": 411.0}, {"x": 1468.0, "y": 321.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "we omw W H 4 coun", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1332.0, "y": 446.0}, {"x": 1332.0, "y": 483.0}, {"x": 1395.0, "y": 483.0}, {"x": 1395.0, "y": 446.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u8526 y", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1416.0, "y": 469.0}, {"x": 1416.0, "y": 477.0}, {"x": 1436.0, "y": 477.0}, {"x": 1436.0, "y": 469.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "=", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1283.3333333333333, "y": 685.3486666666669}, {"x": 1283.3333333333333, "y": 713.0153333333333}, {"x": 1504.5164358333332, "y": 713.0153333333333}, {"x": 1504.5164358333332, "y": 685.3486666666669}], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Cellular Cycle", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1283.3622575000002, "y": 721.6750000000003}, {"x": 1283.3622575000002, "y": 752.8266666666667}, {"x": 1536.0240000000001, "y": 752.8266666666667}, {"x": 1536.0240000000001, "y": 721.6750000000003}], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "and Replication", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1346.0, "y": 871.0}, {"x": 1346.0, "y": 883.0}, {"x": 1358.0, "y": 883.0}, {"x": 1358.0, "y": 871.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "\ud6c8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1375.0, "y": 954.0}, {"x": 1375.0, "y": 975.0}, {"x": 1399.0, "y": 975.0}, {"x": 1399.0, "y": 954.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "\u540c", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 199.3743133544922, "y": 1018.3472900390625}, {"x": 199.3743133544922, "y": 1066.897216796875}, {"x": 851.686, "y": 1066.897216796875}, {"x": 851.686, "y": 1018.3472900390625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Growth and the Creation of Life", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 206.50030517578125, "y": 1091.005126953125}, {"x": 206.50030517578125, "y": 1437.189697265625}, {"x": 1095.647205333333, "y": 1437.189697265625}, {"x": 1095.647205333333, "y": 1091.005126953125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "One of the characteristics of living things is the ability to replicate and pass on genetic information to the next generation. Cell division in individual bacteria and archaea usually occurs by binary fission. Mitochondria and chloroplasts also replicate by binary fission, which is evidence of the evolutionary relationship between these organelles and prokaryotes.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 213.4200439453125, "y": 1443.96728515625}, {"x": 213.4200439453125, "y": 1989.0830078125}, {"x": 1110.66376, "y": 1989.0830078125}, {"x": 1110.66376, "y": 1443.96728515625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Cell division in eukaryotes is more complex. It requires the cell to manage a complicated process of duplicating the nucleus, other organelles, and multiple linear chromosomes. It is controlled in the cell cycle, which is divided into three parts: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. We spilt those further for ease of study. Let\u2019s start with interphase, which is broken into three stages. In the first growth phase (G1), the cell grows and prepares to duplicate its DNA. In the synthesis phase (S), the chromosomes are replicated. In the second growth phase (G2), the cell prepares to divide.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1283.3333333333333, "y": 1148.152}, {"x": 1283.3333333333333, "y": 1178.8266666666666}, {"x": 1489.3573333333331, "y": 1178.8266666666666}, {"x": 1489.3573333333331, "y": 1148.152}], "category": "heading1", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "A step by step", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1283.3333333333333, "y": 1216.16}, {"x": 1283.3333333333333, "y": 1246.8266666666666}, {"x": 1555.3573333333336, "y": 1246.8266666666666}, {"x": 1555.3573333333336, "y": 1216.16}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "guide to growing a", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1283.3440000000003, "y": 1280.4986666666666}, {"x": 1283.3440000000003, "y": 1311.1653333333334}, {"x": 1405.0293333333334, "y": 1311.1653333333334}, {"x": 1405.0293333333334, "y": 1280.4986666666666}], "category": "heading1", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "human!", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1323.0, "y": 1415.0}, {"x": 1323.0, "y": 1447.0}, {"x": 1338.0, "y": 1447.0}, {"x": 1338.0, "y": 1415.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1401.0, "y": 1445.0}, {"x": 1401.0, "y": 1463.0}, {"x": 1422.0, "y": 1463.0}, {"x": 1422.0, "y": 1445.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "z", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1396.0, "y": 1498.0}, {"x": 1396.0, "y": 1507.0}, {"x": 1416.0, "y": 1507.0}, {"x": 1416.0, "y": 1498.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "RQ", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1283.3333333333333, "y": 1609.3486666666668}, {"x": 1283.3333333333333, "y": 1637.0153333333333}, {"x": 1481.9991827777776, "y": 1637.0153333333333}, {"x": 1481.9991827777776, "y": 1609.3486666666668}], "category": "heading1", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Mitosis and", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1283.3018938888886, "y": 1645.343}, {"x": 1283.3018938888886, "y": 1673.0153333333333}, {"x": 1417.4066666666665, "y": 1673.0153333333333}, {"x": 1417.4066666666665, "y": 1645.343}], "category": "heading1", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "Meiosis", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1283.3333333333333, "y": 1707.493333333333}, {"x": 1283.3333333333333, "y": 1738.1599999999999}, {"x": 1542.4947544444442, "y": 1738.1599999999999}, {"x": 1542.4947544444442, "y": 1707.493333333333}], "category": "heading1", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "Similiar processes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1283.3333333333333, "y": 1749.1599999999999}, {"x": 1283.3333333333333, "y": 1779.8266666666664}, {"x": 1550.7221333333332, "y": 1779.8266666666664}, {"x": 1550.7221333333332, "y": 1749.1599999999999}], "category": "heading1", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "with VERY different", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1283.3333333333333, "y": 1790.8266666666666}, {"x": 1283.3333333333333, "y": 1821.493333333333}, {"x": 1402.6879999999999, "y": 1821.493333333333}, {"x": 1402.6879999999999, "y": 1790.8266666666666}], "category": "heading1", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "results!", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 844.3333333333333, "y": 2143.5666666666666}, {"x": 844.3333333333333, "y": 2176.8999999999996}, {"x": 876.5999999999999, "y": 2176.8999999999996}, {"x": 876.5999999999999, "y": 2143.5666666666666}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "66", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000049.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 284.44427490234375, "y": 100.09508514404297}, {"x": 284.44427490234375, "y": 131.1475067138672}, {"x": 1011.9739990234375, "y": 131.1475067138672}, {"x": 1011.9739990234375, "y": 100.09508514404297}], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Womens Political Representation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1066.1947222222223, "y": 101.42794036865234}, {"x": 1066.1947222222223, "y": 133.05527777777777}, {"x": 1087.90576171875, "y": 133.05527777777777}, {"x": 1087.90576171875, "y": 101.42794036865234}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "9", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 172.025634765625, "y": 193.30242919921875}, {"x": 172.025634765625, "y": 619.1944444444445}, {"x": 1082.3697509765625, "y": 619.1944444444445}, {"x": 1082.3697509765625, "y": 193.30242919921875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The post-World War II period saw women participating in formal politics and even attempting to form a political party and an alliance supporting President Ramon Magsaysay\u2019s candidacy for the presidency (He served as president from 1953 to 1957), while the advent of the martial law period in 1972 witnessed feminist movements. Roces (2012, 6) attributes this to the burgeoning student movement and activism, so much so that by the time Marcos declared martial law, women were prepared to take on the resistance. Though inspired by North America\u2019s second-wave feminists, Filipino women were also drawn to the era\u2019s discourses and contexts, such as the Vietnam War and the civil rights movement.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 172.73529052734375, "y": 647.0957641601562}, {"x": 172.73529052734375, "y": 1071.9722222222222}, {"x": 1081.922222222222, "y": 1071.9722222222222}, {"x": 1081.922222222222, "y": 647.0957641601562}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The women\u2019s movement continued to flourish in the Cory Aquino regime (1986\u20131992). The democratic transition provided political opportunity structures and venues ensuring women\u2019s access to the state and nonstate spheres. The drafting of the 1987 Constitution was one such opportunity. The movement managed to advocate for important provisions paving the way for women\u2019s rights legislation from the 1980s to the present. The provision in the 1987 Constitution mandates the state to recognize \u201cthe role of women in nation building and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of men and women\u201d (Article 2, Section 14). This provision is said to be unique and is not even found in other countries\u2019 charters (Masilungan n.d.).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 171.82965087890625, "y": 1099.83837890625}, {"x": 171.82965087890625, "y": 1525.012939453125}, {"x": 1083.1015625, "y": 1525.012939453125}, {"x": 1083.1015625, "y": 1099.83837890625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "The post-Marcos period advanced the participation of women not only in civil society and nongovernment organizations but also in formal politics and bureaucracy. Several women from the movement joined formal politics, while others were invited by the Aquino and Ramos governments (1992\u20131998) to executive posts. The entry of women activists, NGO leaders, and those from the academe ensured that the new democracy would significantly help push measures promoting women\u2019s rights and gender equality. The House of Representative (HOR) and Philippine Commission on Women (PCW)\u2019s \u201cHow to Be a Gender-Responsive Legislator\u201d (2021, 52) listed several recent laws responding to women\u2019s empowerment and gender equality.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 237.5, "y": 1552.2203369140625}, {"x": 237.5, "y": 1589.40673828125}, {"x": 1004.3946533203125, "y": 1589.40673828125}, {"x": 1004.3946533203125, "y": 1552.2203369140625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Republic Act No. 11313: Safe Spaces Act (April 17, 2019)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 237.5, "y": 1617.591796875}, {"x": 237.5, "y": 1693.9786376953125}, {"x": 1083.08447265625, "y": 1693.9786376953125}, {"x": 1083.08447265625, "y": 1617.591796875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Republic Act No. 11210: 105-Day Expanded Maternity Leave Law (March 11, 2019)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000063.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 192.279541015625, "y": 202.74363708496094}, {"x": 192.279541015625, "y": 426.3460998535156}, {"x": 1513.8182373046875, "y": 426.3460998535156}, {"x": 1513.8182373046875, "y": 202.74363708496094}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "The other potentially invasive fouler is the tropical American Mytilopsis sallei and M. adamsi which has been recorded invasive in Singapore, Australia, Thailand among other regions. While they are recorded from the Manila South Harbor, there is no evidence that it is invasive as it exists in low abundances.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 204.48333333333335, "y": 505.1666666666667}, {"x": 204.48333333333335, "y": 938.0833333333333}, {"x": 1503.788888888889, "y": 938.0833333333333}, {"x": 1503.788888888889, "y": 505.1666666666667}], "category": "figure", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "\u570b \uc544 \u8f1d \u611b ( \ub110 \u570b \u4e00 \u3010 \ubc1c \ubc14\uac1c \ufe63", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 189.36561584472656, "y": 960.8414916992188}, {"x": 189.36561584472656, "y": 1054.3856201171875}, {"x": 1480.0782222222217, "y": 1054.3856201171875}, {"x": 1480.0782222222217, "y": 960.8414916992188}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Figure 3. Non-indigenous macrofoulers from Manila Bay with IAS, Mytilopsis sallei and Mytella strigata (=charruana). (From Trinidad et aL 2019)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 183.93756103515625, "y": 1134.9859619140625}, {"x": 183.93756103515625, "y": 1355.1944444444443}, {"x": 1475.1555555555553, "y": 1355.1944444444443}, {"x": 1475.1555555555553, "y": 1134.9859619140625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Newer estimates (2021) on the number of possible IAS in Manila Bay is likely more than 30 species based on more intensive biofouling ecological monitoring and the use environmental DNA in detecting species. When research started in 2006 on IAS in Manila Bay, 3 species were initially observed.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1483.2777777777778, "y": 2026.6500244140625}, {"x": 1483.2777777777778, "y": 2060.6}, {"x": 1507.8111111111111, "y": 2060.6}, {"x": 1507.8111111111111, "y": 2026.6500244140625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000101.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 221.04237365722656, "y": 156.61703491210938}, {"x": 221.04237365722656, "y": 279.9360046386719}, {"x": 1549.976111111111, "y": 279.9360046386719}, {"x": 1549.976111111111, "y": 156.61703491210938}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "[markets] build loyalty and\u2014more important\u2014make people want to extend themselves to the degree that corporations need today: to be flexible, concerned, and willing to pitch in. That\u2019s what a social relationship delivers.\u201d (page 90)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.55905151367188, "y": 284.12335205078125}, {"x": 152.55905151367188, "y": 366.4996643066406}, {"x": 1551.467041015625, "y": 366.4996643066406}, {"x": 1551.467041015625, "y": 284.12335205078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Hence, in the less-predictable world of Homo sapiens, businesses must decide the extent to which they participate with their employees and customers in monetary and/or social markets.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.66053771972656, "y": 370.7331237792969}, {"x": 150.66053771972656, "y": 624.7263793945312}, {"x": 1559.636962890625, "y": 624.7263793945312}, {"x": 1559.636962890625, "y": 370.7331237792969}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "As a follow-on to Heyman and Ariely\u2019s (2004) experiments exploring the payment-effort trade-off, Vohs et al. (2006) sought to understand the behavioral psychology underscoring the trade-off. In its most general terms, the authors\u2019 hypothesis is that money makes Homo sapiens feel self-sufficient and behave accordingly. When reminded of money, people desire to be free from dependency upon others and prefer that others not depend upon them. Vohs et al. designed several experiments to test this hypothesis from a variety of angles.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 627.891845703125}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1266.3135986328125}, {"x": 1549.984444444444, "y": 1266.3135986328125}, {"x": 1549.984444444444, "y": 627.891845703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "In one experiment, the authors found that participants (a sample of University of Minnesota students) who were reminded about money\u2014both Monopoly money and real money\u2014in the context of a series of word descrambling tasks worked longer at the tasks than participants in a non-money- primed control group before requesting help from the experimenter. 25 In subsequent experiments with different groups of students, Vohs et al. found that (1) participants in a high-money treatment worked significantly longer than participants in a low-money treatment before asking for help from another available participant, (2) participants in a money-primed treatment volunteered to help code fewer data sheets than did participants in the non-money-primed control condition, (3) participants in a high-money treatment volunteered to gather fewer pencils that had spilled onto the floor than did participants in a low-money treatment, and (4) participants in a money-primed treatment donated significantly less money to a university student fund than participants in the non-money primed control. Three final experiments tested the effects of money on social intimacy, desire to engage in leisure activities alone, and preference to work alone. As expected, participants who were primed with money ahead of time were subsequently less socially intimate and exhibited a stronger preference for engaging in leisure activities and working alone.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.8173828125, "y": 1269.4501953125}, {"x": 146.8173828125, "y": 1349.333251953125}, {"x": 1553.1319580078125, "y": 1349.333251953125}, {"x": 1553.1319580078125, "y": 1269.4501953125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "So yes, Vohs et al.\u2019s experiments suggest that money makes Homo sapiens feel self-sufficient and behave accordingly.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.65194702148438, "y": 1388.72705078125}, {"x": 148.65194702148438, "y": 1427.506103515625}, {"x": 722.9364624023438, "y": 1427.506103515625}, {"x": 722.9364624023438, "y": 1388.72705078125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "PRICE AND THE PLACEBO EFFECT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 149.0460205078125, "y": 1457.690673828125}, {"x": 149.0460205078125, "y": 1842.9296875}, {"x": 1550.616455078125, "y": 1842.9296875}, {"x": 1550.616455078125, "y": 1457.690673828125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Is it possible that the magnitudes of placebo effects experienced by Homo sapiens (e.g., through medical therapies or medications) are somehow influenced by the prices we pay for them? To investigate this possibility, Waber et al. (2008) studied the effect of price on a group of Homo sapiens\u2019 analgesic responses to placebo pills. Over 80 healthy volunteers in Boston, MA were recruited via an online advertisement to participate in a field experiment where each participant was informed by a brochure about a purported new opioid analgesic recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The opioid was described as similar to codeine but with a faster onset time. In reality, and not disclosed to the participants, the pill was a placebo. After randomization, half of the participants were informed that the drug had a regular price of $2.50 per pill (\u201cregular price\u201d), and half of the participants that", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 108.94529724121094, "y": 1869.6549072265625}, {"x": 108.94529724121094, "y": 2092.917724609375}, {"x": 1552.1148681640625, "y": 2092.917724609375}, {"x": 1552.1148681640625, "y": 1869.6549072265625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "25. The descrambling task consisted of 30 sets of five jumbled words. Participants created sensible phrases using four of the five words. In the control and play-money treatment, the phrases primed neutral concepts (e.g., \u201ccold it desk outside is\u201d became \u201cit is cold outside\u201d). In the real-money treatment, 15 of the phrases primed the concept of money (e.g., \u201chigh a salary desk paying\u201d became \u201ca high-paying salary\u201d), whereas the remaining 15 were neutral phrases. Participants in the play- money treatment were primed with money by a stack of Monopoly money in their visual periphery while completing the neutral descrambling task.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 2092.9449999999997}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 2112.945}, {"x": 404.2202777777777, "y": 2112.945}, {"x": 404.2202777777777, "y": 2092.9449999999997}], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "220 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000085.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 190.63101196289062, "y": 200.00016944444434}, {"x": 190.63101196289062, "y": 482.6272277832031}, {"x": 489.2381286621094, "y": 482.6272277832031}, {"x": 489.2381286621094, "y": 200.00016944444434}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "[ LIBRARY OF CONGRESS |", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 301.6539611816406, "y": 754.860107421875}, {"x": 301.6539611816406, "y": 1012.4868333333334}, {"x": 1399.5445333333334, "y": 1012.4868333333334}, {"x": 1399.5445333333334, "y": 754.860107421875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 756.789794921875, "y": 1093.640625}, {"x": 756.789794921875, "y": 1143.125}, {"x": 948.9166666666666, "y": 1143.125}, {"x": 948.9166666666666, "y": 1093.640625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "June 2023", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 687.1898803710938, "y": 1725.31298828125}, {"x": 687.1898803710938, "y": 1797.8688333333334}, {"x": 1014.9476928710938, "y": 1797.8688333333334}, {"x": 1014.9476928710938, "y": 1725.31298828125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "LL File No. 2023-022255 LRA-D-PUB-002612", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 434.66666666666663, "y": 2029.861572265625}, {"x": 434.66666666666663, "y": 2102.714111328125}, {"x": 1272.3479166666673, "y": 2102.714111328125}, {"x": 1272.3479166666673, "y": 2029.861572265625}], "category": "footer", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate (202) 707-5080 \u2022 law@loc.gov \u2022 http://www.law.gov", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000181.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 195.3033611111111, "y": 142.94293212890625}, {"x": 195.3033611111111, "y": 295.10555436}, {"x": 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2328.006103515625, "y": 1022.2194438466668}, {"x": 2328.006103515625, "y": 989.41552734375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Ensuring performance tailored to customer data via retraining", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1512.8975, "y": 1033.4752197265625}, {"x": 1512.8975, "y": 1113.55277718}, {"x": 2419.446533203125, "y": 1113.55277718}, {"x": 2419.446533203125, "y": 1033.4752197265625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Providing a platform that allows easy distribution and management of AI solutions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1512.8975, "y": 1125.1458740234375}, {"x": 1512.8975, "y": 1160.75439453125}, {"x": 2119.102294921875, "y": 1160.75439453125}, {"x": 2119.102294921875, "y": 1125.1458740234375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "\u2022 AI consulting service to help AI transformation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2588.92431640625, "y": 1421.049560546875}, {"x": 2588.92431640625, "y": 1449.4722210266666}, {"x": 2606.96533203125, "y": 1449.4722210266666}, {"x": 2606.96533203125, "y": 1421.049560546875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000171.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 155.12570190429688, "y": 164.13416666666666}, {"x": 155.12570190429688, "y": 230.80083333333334}, {"x": 413.8802777777778, "y": 230.80083333333334}, {"x": 413.8802777777778, "y": 164.13416666666666}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Contents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 204.62954711914062, "y": 189.52088928222656}, {"x": 204.62954711914062, "y": 2138.5234375}, {"x": 1503.27783203125, "y": 2138.5234375}, {"x": 1503.27783203125, "y": 189.52088928222656}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ontents
Acknowledgment of Countryv
Accessibility InformationVi
Acknowledgmentsvii
About the Authorsviii
Introduction1
Part I. Chapter One - Exploring Your Data
Section 1.1: Data and Types of Statistical Variables3
Section 12\ufe55 Descriptive Statistics5
Section 13\ufe55 Missing Data6
Section 1.4: Checking Values7
Section 15\ufe55 Normality8
Section 16\ufe55 Outliers Section 1.7: Chapter One Self-Test10 9
Part II._Chapter Two\ufe63 Test Statistics, Values, Confidence Intervals and Effect Sizes
p Section 2.1: Values 12
p Section 2.2: Significance13
Section 2.3: Confidence Intervals14
Section 2.4: Effect Sizes16
Section 2.5: Statistical Power17
Section 2.6: Chapter Two Self-Test18
ParrHHL Chapter Three - Comparing Two Group Means
Section 3.1: Looking at Group Differences20
Section 3.2: Between Versus Within Groups Analysis21
Section 3\ufe523\ufe55 Independent T-test Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up22
Section 3.4: Paired T-test Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up25
Section 3.5: Chapter Three Self-Test27
Part IV. Chapter Four - Comparing Associations Between Two Variables
Section 4.1: Examining Relationships29
Section 4\ufe522\ufe55 Correlation Assumptions, Interpretation\uff0c and Write Up31
Section 4.3: Chapter Four Self-Test33
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000167.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 153.1474609375, "y": 162.24647521972656}, {"x": 153.1474609375, "y": 313.514404296875}, {"x": 1560.6380615234375, "y": 313.514404296875}, {"x": 1560.6380615234375, "y": 162.24647521972656}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "The acidic cations adsorbed on the negative exchange sites are called the reserve (also residual or potential) and salt- replaceable (also exchangeable) acidity. The reserve and salt-replaceable acidity controls the level of soluble or active acidity in the soil solution. Only the active acidity is measured in a routine pH determination. The reserve and salt- replaceable acidity is always many times higher than the active acidity.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 144.85824584960938, "y": 341.2082824707031}, {"x": 144.85824584960938, "y": 451.93305555555565}, {"x": 1553.2073974609375, "y": 451.93305555555565}, {"x": 1553.2073974609375, "y": 341.2082824707031}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "A soil is acid when hydrogen ions predominate in the soil. The degree of acidity is expressed in terms of pH, which is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity. Therefore, the pH of a 0.01-molar hydrogen ion solution is", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 583.7430419921875, "y": 480.34613037109375}, {"x": 583.7430419921875, "y": 577.1241455078125}, {"x": 1116.433349609375, "y": 577.1241455078125}, {"x": 1116.433349609375, "y": 480.34613037109375}], "category": "equation", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "1072 mol H pH= log ( )=2 L", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 602.610595703125}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 794.1488647460938}, {"x": 1555.7757568359375, "y": 794.1488647460938}, {"x": 1555.7757568359375, "y": 602.610595703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "At pH 7, the concentration of H+ ions and OH- ions are equal, and the soil or solution is neutral. At pH values less than 7, the soil is acid; at values more than 7, the soil is alkaline. Most soils vary in pH from about 4 to 10. Soils in areas with high rainfall are generally acid with a pH less than 7. Soils developed in high-lime deposits often will be alkaline. Soils high in calcium seldom have pH values higher than 7.5, but the presence of large amounts of calcium carbonate may cause the pH to be as high as 8.5. Where the pH is higher than 8.5, an excess of sodium is highly probable.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 149.71572875976562, "y": 822.0138549804688}, {"x": 149.71572875976562, "y": 895.9728393554688}, {"x": 1555.7974853515625, "y": 895.9728393554688}, {"x": 1555.7974853515625, "y": 822.0138549804688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "The most desirable soil pH for most crops in Kansas is 6.8. However, crops like blueberries need a lower pH, and other crops, like alfalfa, need a higher pH. At soil pH less than 5.8, several problems may occur:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 937.7268676757812}, {"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 969.3561401367188}, {"x": 425.48027777777776, "y": 969.3561401367188}, {"x": 425.48027777777776, "y": 937.7268676757812}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Al and Mn toxicity", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 975.7808837890625}, {"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1009.6796264648438}, {"x": 644.2977294921875, "y": 1009.6796264648438}, {"x": 644.2977294921875, "y": 975.7808837890625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Inhibited growth of N-fixing bacteria", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1015.7534790039062}, {"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1048.3555908203125}, {"x": 661.1052777777777, "y": 1048.3555908203125}, {"x": 661.1052777777777, "y": 1015.7534790039062}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Possible deficiencies in Mg and/or Ca.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1055.3358154296875}, {"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1087.725341796875}, {"x": 641.0552777777777, "y": 1087.725341796875}, {"x": 641.0552777777777, "y": 1055.3358154296875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "\u2022 P deficiency (P reacts with Fe and Al)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1094.080078125}, {"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1126.1651611328125}, {"x": 770.0302777777777, "y": 1126.1651611328125}, {"x": 770.0302777777777, "y": 1094.080078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "\u2022 At more than pH 7.5, other problems may occur:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1131.84716796875}, {"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1163.6224365234375}, {"x": 571.7302777777776, "y": 1163.6224365234375}, {"x": 571.7302777777776, "y": 1131.84716796875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Deficiency of Fe, Mn, Cu, or Zn", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1170.4613037109375}, {"x": 175.23305555555555, "y": 1203.4112548828125}, {"x": 565.3552777777777, "y": 1203.4112548828125}, {"x": 565.3552777777777, "y": 1170.4613037109375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "\u2022 P deficiency (P reacts with Ca)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.0501708984375, "y": 1293.3671875}, {"x": 154.0501708984375, "y": 1342.2640380859375}, {"x": 462.5176624827778, "y": 1342.2640380859375}, {"x": 462.5176624827778, "y": 1293.3671875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Buffering Capacity", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1400.13818359375}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1668.7982177734375}, {"x": 1559.5087890625, "y": 1668.7982177734375}, {"x": 1559.5087890625, "y": 1400.13818359375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Buffering capacity is a measure of the soil\u2019s ability to resist a change in pH, directly related to the magnitude of the exchange capacity. Small fluctuations in acid or base content can occur without a noticeable pH change as cations are adsorbed or released from the exchange complex. Soils with the largest cation exchange capacity have the greatest buffering of a pH change. In other words, two soils may have the same pH (active acidity in soil solution), but the one with the largest cation exchange capacity will have the most acidity stored in reserve and therefore the highest buffering capacity or ability to resist a change in pH. For this reason, it takes less lime to increase the pH of a sandy soil (low CEC) by a given amount than it takes to increase the pH of a clay soil (higher CEC) the same amount.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.73770141601562, "y": 1755.84423828125}, {"x": 156.73770141601562, "y": 1806.2276611328125}, {"x": 522.6854421066666, "y": 1806.2276611328125}, {"x": 522.6854421066666, "y": 1755.84423828125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Sources of Soil Acidity", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 138.03831481933594, "y": 1864.0133056640625}, {"x": 138.03831481933594, "y": 2012.4833984375}, {"x": 1567.3505859375, "y": 2012.4833984375}, {"x": 1567.3505859375, "y": 1864.0133056640625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Controlling soil pH is vital to optimal use and productivity of soils. Adding lime is the most effective and practical way to raise the pH of acid soils. Elemental sulfur, iron sulfate, or aluminum sulfate can be used to reduce soil pH. Because acidity is a concern in Kansas, we will focus on raising soil pH. Understanding the following equations should help you understand the sources of soil acidity and soil reactions to lime.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 2067.786376953125}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 2099.77783203125}, {"x": 564.61767578125, "y": 2099.77783203125}, {"x": 564.61767578125, "y": 2067.786376953125}], "category": "footer", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "124 | Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000185.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 45.16733169555664, "y": 741.6334228515625}, {"x": 45.16733169555664, "y": 1663.0291748046875}, {"x": 100.94444444444446, "y": 1663.0291748046875}, {"x": 100.94444444444446, "y": 741.6334228515625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "4 2 0 2 r p A 4 ] L C . s c [ 3 v 6 6 1 5 1 . 2 1 3 2 : v i X r", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 189.24032592773438, "y": 190.40371704101562}, {"x": 189.24032592773438, "y": 282.3603515625}, {"x": 1476.9117431640625, "y": 282.3603515625}, {"x": 1476.9117431640625, "y": 190.40371704101562}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "SOLAR 10.7B: Scaling Large Language Models with Simple yet Effective Depth Up-Scaling", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 236.4017791748047, "y": 295.4769287109375}, {"x": 236.4017791748047, "y": 453.1075134277344}, {"x": 1418.696533203125, "y": 453.1075134277344}, {"x": 1418.696533203125, "y": 295.4769287109375}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Dahyun Kim\u2217, Chanjun Park\u2217\u2020, Sanghoon Kim\u2217\u2020, Wonsung Lee\u2217\u2020, Wonho Song\u2217 Yunsu Kim\u2217, Hyeonwoo Kim\u2217, Yungi Kim, Hyeonju Lee, Jihoo Kim Changbae Ahn, Seonghoon Yang, Sukyung Lee, Hyunbyung Park, Gyoungjin Gim Mikyoung Cha, Hwalsuk Lee\u2020, Sunghun Kim\u2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 648.54052734375, "y": 490.875732421875}, {"x": 648.54052734375, "y": 529.4039916992188}, {"x": 1012.5255737304688, "y": 529.4039916992188}, {"x": 1012.5255737304688, "y": 490.875732421875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Upstage AI, South Korea", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 240.63611111111115, "y": 535.4449462890625}, {"x": 240.63611111111115, "y": 568.4579467773438}, {"x": 1423.5806884765625, "y": 568.4579467773438}, {"x": 1423.5806884765625, "y": 535.4449462890625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "{kdahyun, chanjun.park, limerobot, wonsung.lee, hwalsuk.lee, hunkim}@upstage.ai", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 436.666015625, "y": 592.8295288085938}, {"x": 436.666015625, "y": 627.9351022222221}, {"x": 566.2041015625, "y": 627.9351022222221}, {"x": 566.2041015625, "y": 592.8295288085938}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Abstract", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 240.93344116210938, "y": 657.319091796875}, {"x": 240.93344116210938, "y": 1350.1525599999998}, {"x": 766.9656372070312, "y": 1350.1525599999998}, {"x": 766.9656372070312, "y": 657.319091796875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "We introduce SOLAR 10.7B, a large language model (LLM) with 10.7 billion parameters, demonstrating superior performance in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. In- spired by recent efforts to efficiently up-scale LLMs, we present a method for scaling LLMs called depth up-scaling (DUS), which encom- passes depthwise scaling and continued pre- training. In contrast to other LLM up-scaling methods that use mixture-of-experts, DUS does not require complex changes to train and infer- ence efficiently. We show experimentally that DUS is simple yet effective in scaling up high- performance LLMs from small ones. Building on the DUS model, we additionally present SO- LAR 10.7B-Instruct, a variant fine-tuned for instruction-following capabilities, surpassing Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct. SOLAR 10.7B is pub- licly available under the Apache 2.0 license, promoting broad access and application in the LLM field 1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.67205810546875, "y": 1380.72412109375}, {"x": 196.67205810546875, "y": 1415.6573244444444}, {"x": 429.8028564453125, "y": 1415.6573244444444}, {"x": 429.8028564453125, "y": 1380.72412109375}], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "1 Introduction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 191.22055053710938, "y": 1439.485595703125}, {"x": 191.22055053710938, "y": 2041.467529296875}, {"x": 813.5184326171875, "y": 2041.467529296875}, {"x": 813.5184326171875, "y": 1439.485595703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "The field of natural language processing (NLP) has been significantly transformed by the introduc- tion of large language models (LLMs), which have enhanced our understanding and interaction with human language (Zhao et al., 2023). These ad- vancements bring challenges such as the increased need to train ever larger models (Rae et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2023; Pan et al., 2023; Lian, 2023; Yao et al., 2023; Gesmundo and Maile, 2023) ow- ing to the performance scaling law (Kaplan et al., 2020; Hernandez et al., 2021; Anil et al., 2023; Kaddour et al., 2023). To efficiently tackle the above, recent works in scaling language models such as a mixture of experts (MoE) (Shazeer et al., 2017; Komatsuzaki et al., 2022) have been pro- posed. While those approaches are able to effi-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 238.73687744140625, "y": 2059.784912109375}, {"x": 238.73687744140625, "y": 2091.865234375}, {"x": 698.25048828125, "y": 2091.865234375}, {"x": 698.25048828125, "y": 2059.784912109375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "\u2217Equal Contribution \u2020 Corresponding Author", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.85000000000002, "y": 2090.459893333333}, {"x": 196.85000000000002, "y": 2147.63427734375}, {"x": 704.9473333333334, "y": 2147.63427734375}, {"x": 704.9473333333334, "y": 2090.459893333333}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "1https://huggingface.co/upstage/ SOLAR-10.7B-v1.0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 845.952392578125, "y": 594.04443359375}, {"x": 845.952392578125, "y": 893.9042358398438}, {"x": 1462.825439453125, "y": 893.9042358398438}, {"x": 1462.825439453125, "y": 594.04443359375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "ciently and effectively scale-up LLMs, they often require non-trivial changes to the training and infer- ence framework (Gale et al., 2023), which hinders widespread applicability. Effectively and efficiently scaling up LLMs whilst also retaining the simplic- ity for ease of use is an important problem (Alberts et al., 2023; Fraiwan and Khasawneh, 2023; Sallam et al., 2023; Bahrini et al., 2023).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 848.23974609375, "y": 903.4201822222223}, {"x": 848.23974609375, "y": 1761.7287933333332}, {"x": 1467.8687744140625, "y": 1761.7287933333332}, {"x": 1467.8687744140625, "y": 903.4201822222223}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Inspired by Komatsuzaki et al. (2022), we present depth up-scaling (DUS), an effective and efficient method to up-scale LLMs whilst also re- maining straightforward to use. DUS consists of scaling the number of layers in the base model and continually pretraining the scaled model. Unlike (Komatsuzaki et al., 2022), DUS does not scale the model using MoE and rather use a depthwise scaling method analogous to Tan and Le (2019) which is adapted for the LLM architecture. Thus, there are no additional modules or dynamism as with MoE, making DUS immediately compatible with easy-to-use LLM frameworks such as Hug- gingFace (Wolf et al., 2019) with no changes to the training or inference framework for maximal efficiency. Furthermore, DUS is applicable to all transformer architectures, opening up new gate- ways to effectively and efficiently scale-up LLMs in a simple manner. Using DUS, we release SO- LAR 10.7B, an LLM with 10.7 billion parameters, that outperforms existing models like Llama 2 (Tou- vron et al., 2023) and Mistral 7B (Jiang et al., 2023) in various benchmarks.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 848.8257446289062, "y": 1771.0072021484375}, {"x": 848.8257446289062, "y": 2033.1385498046875}, {"x": 1466.1319580078125, "y": 2033.1385498046875}, {"x": 1466.1319580078125, "y": 1771.0072021484375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "We have also developed SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, a variant fine-tuned for tasks requiring strict adher- ence to complex instructions. It significantly out- performs the Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct model across various evaluation metrics, evidencing an advanced proficiency that exceeds the capabilities of even larger models in terms of benchmark performance.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 847.8773193359375, "y": 2038.99169921875}, {"x": 847.8773193359375, "y": 2151.338623046875}, {"x": 1466.668212890625, "y": 2151.338623046875}, {"x": 1466.668212890625, "y": 2038.99169921875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "By releasing SOLAR 10.7B under the Apache 2.0 license, we aim to promote collaboration and in- novation in NLP. This open-source approach allows", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000090.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 390.88888888888886, "y": 101.59526824951172}, {"x": 390.88888888888886, "y": 140.441650390625}, {"x": 1316.4027777777776, "y": 140.441650390625}, {"x": 1316.4027777777776, "y": 101.59526824951172}], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 189.24530029296875, "y": 166.06005859375}, {"x": 189.24530029296875, "y": 1997.83203125}, {"x": 1506.5982666015625, "y": 1997.83203125}, {"x": 1506.5982666015625, "y": 166.06005859375}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Jurisdiction| GATS XVII | Reservation \n (1994)Foreign \n | Ownership \n PermittedRestrictions on Foreign OwnershipForeign \n Ownership \n Reporting \n Requirements
right required to acquire desert lands. No restrictions on lands in Investment Zones, Technological Zones, or Free Zones.
FinlandNYPrior approval for a foreigner\u2019s purchase of certain businesses may be required when it includes land purchase and the purchase of business or land interferes with vital interests for Finland; prior approval from the Government of Aland is required for acquisitions within the autonomous region of Aland.
FranceNYNone.
GermanyNYNone.
GreeceNYPrior approval required for purchase by non-European Union and non-European Free Trade Association natural and legal persons of real estate
IndiaNYlocated in border areas. Prohibition on acquisition of land by citizens of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, China, Iran, Nepal, and Bhutan, except for one residential property for self-occupation and one property for carrying out self- employment for long-term visa holders residing in India who are citizens of Afghanistan, Bangladesh or Pakistan and belong to minority religions in those countries, subject to conditions; nonresident foreign nationals not of Indian origin, except for inheritance from a resident; and of agricultural land by diplomatic personnel,
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.5401611328125, "y": 2066.4033203125}, {"x": 193.5401611328125, "y": 2104.094970703125}, {"x": 583.8472222222222, "y": 2104.094970703125}, {"x": 583.8472222222222, "y": 2066.4033203125}], "category": "footer", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The Law Library of Congress", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1471.611111111111, "y": 2067.30029296875}, {"x": 1471.611111111111, "y": 2100.225}, {"x": 1493.56103515625, "y": 2100.225}, {"x": 1493.56103515625, "y": 2067.30029296875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000196.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 188.95274353027344, "y": 202.0413360595703}, {"x": 188.95274353027344, "y": 534.9315711111109}, {"x": 811.4389038085938, "y": 534.9315711111109}, {"x": 811.4389038085938, "y": 202.0413360595703}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "duces model scaling in the vertical dimension. No- tably, DUS does not introduce dynamism in the scaled model, which significantly reduces the com- plexity when compared to MoE. This shift in ap- proach offers a unique and more straightforward way of working, moving away from conventional MoE challenges. Not only that, DUS also under- goes continued pretraining to quickly recover per- formance of the scaled model.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.52964782714844, "y": 564.3031616210938}, {"x": 196.52964782714844, "y": 600.1919555664062}, {"x": 542.2981567382812, "y": 600.1919555664062}, {"x": 542.2981567382812, "y": 564.3031616210938}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "B.3 Prompt Engineering", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 188.97808837890625, "y": 610.7113647460938}, {"x": 188.97808837890625, "y": 1032.9517822265625}, {"x": 815.502685546875, "y": 1032.9517822265625}, {"x": 815.502685546875, "y": 610.7113647460938}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "A key research area to harness the emergent abil- ities of LLMs is prompt engineering. Prompt en- gineering is the study of how to design inputs (prompts) that enable LLMs to better perform spe- cific tasks. A prime example of this research is Chain-of-Thought (CoT) (Wei et al., 2022b), which proposes CoT prompting that decomposes multi-step problems into a series of intermedi- ate reasoning steps. Moreover, efforts are under- way to replace even such prompt engineering with LLMs (Yang et al., 2023).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.27444458007812, "y": 1051.685791015625}, {"x": 192.27444458007812, "y": 1087.94873046875}, {"x": 519.7548217773438, "y": 1087.94873046875}, {"x": 519.7548217773438, "y": 1051.685791015625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "B.4 Instruction Tuning", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.45831298828125, "y": 1103.15478515625}, {"x": 190.45831298828125, "y": 1397.95361328125}, {"x": 813.118896484375, "y": 1397.95361328125}, {"x": 813.118896484375, "y": 1103.15478515625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "To enhance the steerability of LLMs, instruction tuning (Wei et al., 2021) has emerged as a learning technique. This involves fine-tuning LLMs using data formatted as (instruction, input, output) for various tasks (Wang et al., 2022). Instruction tuning allows for targeted adjustments, providing a more controlled and task-oriented improvement to the model\u2019s capabilities.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 191.29586791992188, "y": 1404.584071111111}, {"x": 191.29586791992188, "y": 2000.507568359375}, {"x": 811.0993041992188, "y": 2000.507568359375}, {"x": 811.0993041992188, "y": 1404.584071111111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Before instruction tuning, existing methods faced challenges in effectively guiding and control- ling the behavior of large language models (Zhang et al., 2023). The sheer complexity of these models made it difficult to ensure precise and task-oriented responses. The need for a more targeted approach arose from the limitations of existing methods, lead- ing to the development of instruction tuning. This targeted approach enables better control over the model\u2019s behavior, making it more suitable for spe- cific tasks and improving its overall performance in alignment with user-defined objectives. Therefore, instruction tuning is computationally efficient and facilitates the rapid adaptation of LLMs to a spe- cific domain without requiring extensive retraining or architectural changes.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.1909942626953, "y": 2028.6763916015625}, {"x": 196.1909942626953, "y": 2065.85009765625}, {"x": 513.5587768554688, "y": 2065.85009765625}, {"x": 513.5587768554688, "y": 2028.6763916015625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "B.5 Alignment Tuning", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.76622009277344, "y": 2078.52734375}, {"x": 194.76622009277344, "y": 2152.37646484375}, {"x": 810.084228515625, "y": 2152.37646484375}, {"x": 810.084228515625, "y": 2078.52734375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "LLM has been observed to generate sentences that may be perceived as linguistically incongruent by", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 847.9387817382812, "y": 203.53407111111102}, {"x": 847.9387817382812, "y": 837.0708618164062}, {"x": 1470.4732666015625, "y": 837.0708618164062}, {"x": 1470.4732666015625, "y": 203.53407111111102}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "human readers since they learned not human inten- tion, but only vast knowledge across various do- mains in the pretraining step (Ziegler et al., 2019). To overcome this limitation and align with human intentions, previous research (Ziegler et al., 2019) have proposed Reinforcement Learning with Hu- man Feedback (RLHF). RLHF operates by learning a reward model based on human preferences, em- ploying reinforcement learning to guide the LLM towards prioritizing answers with the highest re- ward scores. This process enhances the safety, propriety, and overall quality of the generated re- sponses. Despite demonstrating satisfactory per- formance, RLHF encounters challenges such as managing numerous hyperparameters and necessi- tating the incorporation of multiple models (policy, value, reward, and reference models).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 849.3137817382812, "y": 847.3733520507812}, {"x": 849.3137817382812, "y": 1407.02099609375}, {"x": 1467.650146484375, "y": 1407.02099609375}, {"x": 1467.650146484375, "y": 847.3733520507812}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "In response to these challenges, the supervised fine-tuning based approaches have proposed, such as Rank Responses to align Human Feedback (RRHF) (Yuan et al., 2023), Reward rAnked Fine- Tuning (RAFT) (Dong et al., 2023), and Direct Policy Optimization (DPO) (Intel, 2023). They avoid the complexities associated with reinforce- ment learning while achieving empirical perfor- mance comparable to RLHF. Among them, DPO that we used directly guides the LLM to increase the probability of positive responses and decrease the probability of negative responses through a \"di- rect\" approach. Interestingly, DPO demonstrates more stable learning results compared to RLHF, despite its simple training approach.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 847.762451171875, "y": 1453.5584716796875}, {"x": 847.762451171875, "y": 1487.626953125}, {"x": 1194.7374267578125, "y": 1487.626953125}, {"x": 1194.7374267578125, "y": 1453.5584716796875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "B.6 Data Contamination", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 848.8414306640625, "y": 1513.6397705078125}, {"x": 848.8414306640625, "y": 2149.016845703125}, {"x": 1467.697998046875, "y": 2149.016845703125}, {"x": 1467.697998046875, "y": 1513.6397705078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Recent researches (Zhou et al., 2023; Sainz et al., 2023; Golchin and Surdeanu, 2023; Deng et al., 2023) emphasize the need to measure whether a specific benchmark was used to train the large lan- guage models. There are three types of the data contamination: guideline, raw text and annota- tion (Sainz et al., 2023). Guideline contamination occurs when a model accesses detailed annotation guidelines for a dataset, providing advantages in specific tasks, and its impact should be considered, especially in zero and few-shot evaluations. Raw text contamination occurs when a model has ac- cess to the original text. Wikipedia is widely used as a pretraining data, but also as a source for cre- ating new datasets. The caution is advised in the development of automatically annotated datasets sourced from the web. Annotation contamina-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000141.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 277.40478515625, "y": 215.7903289794922}, {"x": 277.40478515625, "y": 444.5459289550781}, {"x": 4552.75341796875, "y": 444.5459289550781}, {"x": 4552.75341796875, "y": 215.7903289794922}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "10 THINGS SHOULD KNOW ABOUT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 265.7834777832031, "y": 605.7919921875}, {"x": 265.7834777832031, "y": 6845.4697265625}, {"x": 4785.4658203125, "y": 6845.4697265625}, {"x": 4785.4658203125, "y": 605.7919921875}], "category": "figure", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2420.0, "y": 6760.0}, {"x": 2420.0, "y": 7070.0}, {"x": 2970.0, "y": 7070.0}, {"x": 2970.0, "y": 6760.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Cresthity", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1669.7525634765625, "y": 6865.80810546875}, {"x": 1669.7525634765625, "y": 7010.5380859375}, {"x": 3185.211181640625, "y": 7010.5380859375}, {"x": 3185.211181640625, "y": 6865.80810546875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "and .org", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 4210.0, "y": 6970.0}, {"x": 4210.0, "y": 7050.0}, {"x": 4460.0, "y": 7050.0}, {"x": 4460.0, "y": 6970.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "M", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000046.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 882.40625, "y": 96.55014038085938}, {"x": 882.40625, "y": 123.27083587646484}, {"x": 1527.4412841796875, "y": 123.27083587646484}, {"x": 1527.4412841796875, "y": 96.55014038085938}], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Political Parties, Candidates Registration and Election Campaign", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 133.6339874267578, "y": 154.21913146972656}, {"x": 133.6339874267578, "y": 230.40222222222232}, {"x": 1531.8719444444444, "y": 230.40222222222232}, {"x": 1531.8719444444444, "y": 154.21913146972656}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Table: Provisional Results of Registration of Candidates on 8 March 202221 and Official Results of Registration of Candidates on 29 April 202222", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 142.3805389404297, "y": 260.5098571777344}, {"x": 142.3805389404297, "y": 874.1228637695312}, {"x": 1532.0467529296875, "y": 874.1228637695312}, {"x": 1532.0467529296875, "y": 260.5098571777344}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
NoPolitical partyProvisional registration result on 7 MarchOfficial registration result on 29 AprilDifference in the number of candidates
Number of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidatesNumber of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidates
1Cambodian People\ufe41s Party165228,0081,65228,0080
2Candlelight Party1,64923,6791,62323,939+260
3Funcinpec Party7159,4076809,952+545
4Khmer National United Party6508,3405968,815+475
5Cambodian National Love Party3884,6343155,050+416
6Cambodian National\ufe41s Party3103,9802453,95624
7Cambodian Youth Party1161,8241141,8240
8Khmer Will Party671,000581,050+50
9Cambodian Reform Party5882359978+155
10Kampucheaniyum Party3964238658+16
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.0, "y": 959.6583862304688}, {"x": 150.0, "y": 981.1717529296875}, {"x": 515.8651123046875, "y": 981.1717529296875}, {"x": 515.8651123046875, "y": 959.6583862304688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "21 https://www.nec.gov.kh/khmer/content/5393", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.47776794433594, "y": 960.4849243164062}, {"x": 148.47776794433594, "y": 977.193603515625}, {"x": 167.51873779296875, "y": 977.193603515625}, {"x": 167.51873779296875, "y": 960.4849243164062}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "21", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.0, "y": 1000.749267578125}, {"x": 150.0, "y": 1020.7719444444446}, {"x": 515.71923828125, "y": 1020.7719444444446}, {"x": 515.71923828125, "y": 1000.749267578125}], "category": "footer", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "22 https://www.nec.gov.kh/khmer/content/5525", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1496.702392578125, "y": 1047.6629638671875}, {"x": 1496.702392578125, "y": 1072.5777777777778}, {"x": 1524.951904296875, "y": 1072.5777777777778}, {"x": 1524.951904296875, "y": 1047.6629638671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "23", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000107.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 146.77005004882812, "y": 182.4646759033203}, {"x": 146.77005004882812, "y": 220.10789489746094}, {"x": 394.3597717285156, "y": 220.10789489746094}, {"x": 394.3597717285156, "y": 182.4646759033203}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Print vs. Digital", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 138.15219116210938, "y": 273.101318359375}, {"x": 138.15219116210938, "y": 361.4303283691406}, {"x": 1556.3780517578125, "y": 361.4303283691406}, {"x": 1556.3780517578125, "y": 273.101318359375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Why do some researchers abhor digital and favor print, or vice-versa? The classic print vs. digital debate was necessary for us to understand readers\u2019 preferences with each", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 259.91400146484375, "y": 387.53955078125}, {"x": 259.91400146484375, "y": 433.51910400390625}, {"x": 1417.279541015625, "y": 433.51910400390625}, {"x": 1417.279541015625, "y": 387.53955078125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Q11 What factors influence your choice of print? (select all that apply)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 383.32000732421875, "y": 448.3659973144531}, {"x": 383.32000732421875, "y": 1093.4241943359375}, {"x": 1262.01904296875, "y": 1093.4241943359375}, {"x": 1262.01904296875, "y": 448.3659973144531}], "category": "figure", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Answered: 80 Skipped: 24 Reading experience ] Workflow (managing... Habit/personal preference I Access options via my library ] Other (please specify) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% . 80% \ufe4d 90% 100%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.52230834960938, "y": 1083.220458984375}, {"x": 148.52230834960938, "y": 1120.5577777777778}, {"x": 269.1396179199219, "y": 1120.5577777777778}, {"x": 269.1396179199219, "y": 1083.220458984375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "format.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 162.76596069335938, "y": 1147.00146484375}, {"x": 162.76596069335938, "y": 1194.2880859375}, {"x": 1330.6785888671875, "y": 1194.2880859375}, {"x": 1330.6785888671875, "y": 1147.00146484375}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Q12 What factors influence your choice of digital? (select all that apply)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 279.517333984375, "y": 1206.7388916015625}, {"x": 279.517333984375, "y": 1859.6656494140625}, {"x": 1165.1741943359375, "y": 1859.6656494140625}, {"x": 1165.1741943359375, "y": 1206.7388916015625}], "category": "figure", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Answered: 80 Skipped: 24 \u2014 6222222233393322 Reading experience Workflow (managing\ufe52\ufe52 Habitjpersonal preference Access options via my Uibrary Other (please specify) 0% 10% 20% 30% \ufe4d 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1340.0, "y": 2063.0}, {"x": 1340.0, "y": 2085.0}, {"x": 1510.0, "y": 2085.0}, {"x": 1510.0, "y": 2063.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Online Survey |", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1526.1544189453125, "y": 2060.025390625}, {"x": 1526.1544189453125, "y": 2082.77197265625}, {"x": 1555.609375, "y": 2082.77197265625}, {"x": 1555.609375, "y": 2060.025390625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "39", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000153.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 154.25035095214844, "y": 320.9296875}, {"x": 154.25035095214844, "y": 356.4458333333331}, {"x": 361.22472222222217, "y": 356.4458333333331}, {"x": 361.22472222222217, "y": 320.9296875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "CHAPTER 7.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.05921936035156, "y": 404.80908203125}, {"x": 154.05921936035156, "y": 442.9180555555556}, {"x": 278.30944444444447, "y": 442.9180555555556}, {"x": 278.30944444444447, "y": 404.80908203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "TEXAS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.67572021484375, "y": 665.2356567382812}, {"x": 152.67572021484375, "y": 694.9697875976562}, {"x": 379.4702777777777, "y": 694.9697875976562}, {"x": 379.4702777777777, "y": 665.2356567382812}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "MICHELLE REED", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.19900512695312, "y": 822.7722778320312}, {"x": 156.19900512695312, "y": 858.8001708984375}, {"x": 626.4981079101562, "y": 858.8001708984375}, {"x": 626.4981079101562, "y": 822.7722778320312}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "COURSE MARKING DRIVERS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.53712463378906, "y": 888.9130859375}, {"x": 154.53712463378906, "y": 1145.555908203125}, {"x": 1564.2105712890625, "y": 1145.555908203125}, {"x": 1564.2105712890625, "y": 888.9130859375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "I\u2019ve worked at the University of Texas at Arlington (UTA) for the last three years as Open Education Librarian and was recently promoted to the leadership team as Director of Open Educational Resources following a half-million-dollar investment in OER from university administration. It was in my first year as Open Education Librarian that the Texas Legislature passed Senate Bill 810 (SB810), which requires institutions of higher education across the state to provide searchable information to students about OER-only courses. A strong definition of OER was provided:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 184.98027777777776, "y": 1172.856201171875}, {"x": 184.98027777777776, "y": 1316.4288330078125}, {"x": 1521.7202433611112, "y": 1316.4288330078125}, {"x": 1521.7202433611112, "y": 1172.856201171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u201cteaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under an intellectual property license that allows for free use, reuse, modification, and sharing with others, including full courses, course materials, modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests, software, and any other tools, materials, or techniques used to support access to knowledge.\u201d", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 132.0565185546875, "y": 1348.244384765625}, {"x": 132.0565185546875, "y": 1650.2781982421875}, {"x": 1573.752197265625, "y": 1650.2781982421875}, {"x": 1573.752197265625, "y": 1348.244384765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "However, Texas was not given a very long implementation window. The bill passed in June 2017, effective immediately, with a compliance deadline of Spring 2018. We in higher education know a change of this scope, and impacting as many stakeholders as course marking does, takes longer. A recent survey commissioned by the Digital Higher Education Consortium of Texas (DigiTex) and administered in May 2019 shows only 59 respondents of the 158 two-and four-year institutions that received the statewide survey have a course marking solution in place. The findings were presented in Open Educational Resources (OER) in Texas Higher Education, 2019. 1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 131.83653259277344, "y": 1979.6064453125}, {"x": 131.83653259277344, "y": 2079.365966796875}, {"x": 1541.703888888889, "y": 2079.365966796875}, {"x": 1541.703888888889, "y": 1979.6064453125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "1. Jimes, C., Karaglani, A., Petrides, L., Rios, J., Sebesta, J., & Torre, K. (2019). Open Educational Resources (OER) in Texas Higher Education, 2019. Austin, TX: Digital Higher Education Consortium of Texas and Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board; Half Moon Bay, CA: Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1271.8397222222222, "y": 2089.39990234375}, {"x": 1271.8397222222222, "y": 2112.945}, {"x": 1541.4780555555558, "y": 2112.945}, {"x": 1541.4780555555558, "y": 2089.39990234375}], "category": "footer", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "PRICE TRANSPARENCY 17", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1521.907470703125, "y": 2090.68115234375}, {"x": 1521.907470703125, "y": 2109.6962890625}, {"x": 1547.49365234375, "y": 2109.6962890625}, {"x": 1547.49365234375, "y": 2090.68115234375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "17", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000140.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 155.13925170898438, "y": 165.91847229003906}, {"x": 155.13925170898438, "y": 779.00927734375}, {"x": 878.2619444444445, "y": 779.00927734375}, {"x": 878.2619444444445, "y": 165.91847229003906}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "There is no question that fishing is the major factor driving grouper stocks on the downward spiral, but those that have large spawning aggregations are most vulnerable to declines (Coleman et al. 1996; Asch and Erisman 2018; Sadovy de Mitcheson et al. 2020). Because it takes a long time for scientists to obtain needed life history information, fisheries- independent survey data, and catch history, grouper populations may be overfished long before data are even available for a stock assessment. Without formal stock assessments, general indicators of population status are based on catch trends. Very few grouper stocks that have spawning aggregations are managed sustainably. In a recent global analysis of the status of populations that form spawning aggregations, 45% were unknown, 33% were decreasing, and 5% were already gone (Figure 13.5). Only 12% had stable populations, and 5% were increasing.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 936.1011352539062, "y": 180.4684295654297}, {"x": 936.1011352539062, "y": 570.27978515625}, {"x": 1411.271728515625, "y": 570.27978515625}, {"x": 1411.271728515625, "y": 180.4684295654297}], "category": "figure", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Increasing Gone 5% 5% Same 12% Unknown Decreasing 33%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 893.163330078125, "y": 633.4902954101562}, {"x": 893.163330078125, "y": 743.0303344726562}, {"x": 1446.6302490234375, "y": 743.0303344726562}, {"x": 1446.6302490234375, "y": 633.4902954101562}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Figure 13.5: Current known status reflecting changes of exploited grouper aggregations globally, as noted by fisher interviews, monitoring, or underwater surveys (N = 509). Long description.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 149.22523498535156, "y": 810.1680908203125}, {"x": 149.22523498535156, "y": 1034.5913888888888}, {"x": 1455.1551513671875, "y": 1034.5913888888888}, {"x": 1455.1551513671875, "y": 810.1680908203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Of the 167 species of grouper, 9.6% are vulnerable, 4.8% are near threatened, 1.2% are endangered, and 0.6% are critically endangered (Figure 13.6). The majority of species (68.9%) are classified as least concern and 15% are data deficient, with insufficient data for classification. The larger (>50 cm total length) and long-lived (>20 years) species of grouper that also had smaller geographic ranges were most likely to be endangered or critically endangered (Luiz et al. 2016). Market prices for grouper are escalating, and other lower-valued fish are often mislabeled or substituted.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1050.5358333333334}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1679.1866666666667}, {"x": 755.3969444444444, "y": 1679.1866666666667}, {"x": 755.3969444444444, "y": 1050.5358333333334}], "category": "figure", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Critically Endangered endangered Vulnerable 9% Data deficient 15% Near threatened 5% Least concern 69%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 378.4451904296875, "y": 1621.2398681640625}, {"x": 378.4451904296875, "y": 1662.0982666015625}, {"x": 504.9696350097656, "y": 1662.0982666015625}, {"x": 504.9696350097656, "y": 1621.2398681640625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Least concern 69%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.98670959472656, "y": 1689.591552734375}, {"x": 156.98670959472656, "y": 1773.591552734375}, {"x": 729.8802777777777, "y": 1773.591552734375}, {"x": 729.8802777777777, "y": 1689.591552734375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Figure 13.6: Categories of all grouper species (N = 167) according to the IUCN Red List (IUCN Red List Assessments, updated November 2018). Long description.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 777.44091796875, "y": 1068.424072265625}, {"x": 777.44091796875, "y": 1801.0589599609375}, {"x": 1449.0955555555558, "y": 1801.0589599609375}, {"x": 1449.0955555555558, "y": 1068.424072265625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "To protect grouper from overfishing, many measures are being implemented, such as minimum and slot-size limits, recreational bag limits, commercial fishing quotas, gear and seasonal controls, marine protected areas, and limited entry (Rocklin et al. 2022). The effectiveness will depend on traits of the species and the local context. Regulations to prevent marketing of undersize fish will mitigate growth overfishing. Allowing smaller fish to reach maturity at least once before harvest will mitigate recruitment overfishing. Size-limit regulations focused on protecting spawning-size fish may be ineffective for deepwater recreational fishing. Grouper have a physoclistous (i.e., closed) swim bladder, making them particularly susceptible to ruptured swim bladders, bloating, stomach distention, and protruding eyes caused by rapid decompression when hauled to the surface (Brul\u00e9 et al. 2015). The proportion of grouper with distended stomachs was 70% in one study of commercial hook-and-line fishing and as high as 95% for Red", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1868.58544921875}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1897.8814697265625}, {"x": 598.1699829101562, "y": 1897.8814697265625}, {"x": 598.1699829101562, "y": 1868.58544921875}], "category": "footer", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "312 | Grouper and Spawning Aggregations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000194.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 192.18812561035156, "y": 204.0926055908203}, {"x": 192.18812561035156, "y": 385.4775600000001}, {"x": 811.8136596679688, "y": 385.4775600000001}, {"x": 811.8136596679688, "y": 204.0926055908203}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Peihao Wang, Rameswar Panda, Lucas Torroba Hen- nigen, Philip Greengard, Leonid Karlinsky, Roge- rio Feris, David Daniel Cox, Zhangyang Wang, and Yoon Kim. 2023. 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Instruction tuning for large language models: A survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.10792.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 845.6712646484375, "y": 557.6199951171875}, {"x": 845.6712646484375, "y": 709.7724609375}, {"x": 1464.73681640625, "y": 709.7724609375}, {"x": 1464.73681640625, "y": 557.6199951171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Wayne Xin Zhao, Kun Zhou, Junyi Li, Tianyi Tang, Xiaolei Wang, Yupeng Hou, Yingqian Min, Beichen Zhang, Junjie Zhang, Zican Dong, et al. 2023. A survey of large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.18223.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 845.8424682617188, "y": 734.9659423828125}, {"x": 845.8424682617188, "y": 886.37756}, {"x": 1465.0155029296875, "y": 886.37756}, {"x": 1465.0155029296875, "y": 734.9659423828125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Kun Zhou, Yutao Zhu, Zhipeng Chen, Wentong Chen, Wayne Xin Zhao, Xu Chen, Yankai Lin, Ji-Rong Wen, and Jiawei Han. 2023. Don\u2019t make your llm an evaluation benchmark cheater. arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.01964.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 848.8668823242188, "y": 911.8085327148438}, {"x": 848.8668823242188, "y": 1063.488671111111}, {"x": 1467.2755126953125, "y": 1063.488671111111}, {"x": 1467.2755126953125, "y": 911.8085327148438}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Daniel M Ziegler, Nisan Stiennon, Jeffrey Wu, Tom B Brown, Alec Radford, Dario Amodei, Paul Chris- tiano, and Geoffrey Irving. 2019. Fine-tuning lan- guage models from human preferences. arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.08593.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000081.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 85.46611785888672}, {"x": -0.8086782097816467, "y": 138.3662567138672}, {"x": 219.5429229736328, "y": 138.3662567138672}, {"x": 219.5429229736328, "y": 85.46611785888672}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "~", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 273.22308349609375, "y": 96.9173355102539}, {"x": 273.22308349609375, "y": 128.70533752441406}, {"x": 640.9519653320312, "y": 128.70533752441406}, {"x": 640.9519653320312, "y": 96.9173355102539}], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Jailed for Doing Business", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.0, "y": 267.44696044921875}, {"x": 275.0, "y": 353.1161111111108}, {"x": 1296.84814453125, "y": 353.1161111111108}, {"x": 1296.84814453125, "y": 267.44696044921875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "TABLE 22: COMMERCIAL LAWS WITH MORE THAN 100 IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 276.6090393066406, "y": 397.1834411621094}, {"x": 276.6090393066406, "y": 735.0730590820312}, {"x": 1385.6123046875, "y": 735.0730590820312}, {"x": 1385.6123046875, "y": 397.1834411621094}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
e \u2014\u2014 Law\u626d Union/State \n ruleImprisonment \n clauses
Arms Act, 1959 and Arms Rules 2016Union152
Food Safety & Standards Act, 2006 & Food Safety and Standards (Licensing and Registration of Food Businesses) Regulations, 2011Union123
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 272.71002197265625, "y": 744.844970703125}, {"x": 272.71002197265625, "y": 774.6974487304688}, {"x": 591.2608642578125, "y": 774.6974487304688}, {"x": 591.2608642578125, "y": 744.844970703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Source: TeamLease Regtech", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 270.79534912109375, "y": 911.7740478515625}, {"x": 270.79534912109375, "y": 997.8209228515625}, {"x": 1345.1319444444432, "y": 997.8209228515625}, {"x": 1345.1319444444432, "y": 911.7740478515625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "TABLE 23: IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND SAFETY LAWS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 276.0321960449219, "y": 1042.4866943359375}, {"x": 276.0321960449219, "y": 1444.9156494140625}, {"x": 1383.7493896484375, "y": 1444.9156494140625}, {"x": 1383.7493896484375, "y": 1042.4866943359375}], "category": "table", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Imprisonment terme Number of clauses
E Less than 3 monthsNamber | 150400016
3 months to less than 1 year19914
1 year to less than 3 years32616
3 years to less than 5 years35722
5 years to 1688 than 10 years14727
More than 10 years00
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 274.6475524902344, "y": 1456.959716796875}, {"x": 274.6475524902344, "y": 1487.4083251953125}, {"x": 594.4205322265625, "y": 1487.4083251953125}, {"x": 594.4205322265625, "y": 1456.959716796875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Source: TeamLease Regtech", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 241.86964416503906, "y": 1541.6483154296875}, {"x": 241.86964416503906, "y": 1668.3125}, {"x": 1444.038818359375, "y": 1668.3125}, {"x": 1444.038818359375, "y": 1541.6483154296875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "NOTE: The inconsistency in number of laws is because a single law could have multiple clauses on criminality; it could have a few clauses of less than three months and few of between three and five years.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 801.4730555555556, "y": 2221.6130555555555}, {"x": 801.4730555555556, "y": 2266.0575}, {"x": 852.0508333333335, "y": 2266.0575}, {"x": 852.0508333333335, "y": 2221.6130555555555}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "78", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000197.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 193.9617156982422, "y": 201.933837890625}, {"x": 193.9617156982422, "y": 274.9665222167969}, {"x": 803.197509765625, "y": 274.9665222167969}, {"x": 803.197509765625, "y": 201.933837890625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "tion occurs when the annotations of the specific benchmark are exposed during model training.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.67958068847656, "y": 302.3023986816406}, {"x": 194.67958068847656, "y": 337.88510222222214}, {"x": 589.0358276367188, "y": 337.88510222222214}, {"x": 589.0358276367188, "y": 302.3023986816406}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "C Additional Information", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 187.70037841796875, "y": 365.27851555555566}, {"x": 187.70037841796875, "y": 437.30255126953125}, {"x": 811.8429565429688, "y": 437.30255126953125}, {"x": 811.8429565429688, "y": 365.27851555555566}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "We present additional information for the sake of space in the main paper.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.33206176757812, "y": 460.25970458984375}, {"x": 192.33206176757812, "y": 566.5843488888889}, {"x": 809.868408203125, "y": 566.5843488888889}, {"x": 809.868408203125, "y": 460.25970458984375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Filtered task names. We present task names we use to filter FLAN dervied datasets such as OpenOrca in Table 8.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 213.08319091796875, "y": 610.37744140625}, {"x": 213.08319091796875, "y": 642.0066743567556}, {"x": 452.0145568847656, "y": 642.0066743567556}, {"x": 452.0145568847656, "y": 610.37744140625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Filtered Task Name", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 211.86964416503906, "y": 631.1226806640625}, {"x": 211.86964416503906, "y": 1017.0745239257812}, {"x": 668.4483032226562, "y": 1017.0745239257812}, {"x": 668.4483032226562, "y": 631.1226806640625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "task228_arc_answer_generation_easy ai2_arcARCChallenge:1.0.0 ai2_arcARCEasy:1.0.0 task229_arc_answer_generation_hard hellaswag:1.1.0 task1389_hellaswag_completion cot_gsm8k cot_gsm8k_ii drop:2.0.0 winogrande:1.1.0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.99166666666667, "y": 1055.663330078125}, {"x": 195.99166666666667, "y": 1121.0367431640625}, {"x": 808.2598266601562, "y": 1121.0367431640625}, {"x": 808.2598266601562, "y": 1055.663330078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Table 8: Task names that we use to filter data for FLAN derived datasets such as OpenOrca.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.9557342529297, "y": 1187.6275634765625}, {"x": 196.9557342529297, "y": 1265.2786865234375}, {"x": 804.4412231445312, "y": 1265.2786865234375}, {"x": 804.4412231445312, "y": 1187.6275634765625}], "category": "table", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ARCHellaSwagMIMLUTruthfulQA\ufe4dWinograndeGSMSK
0\ufe5206R/A0.150.28N/A0.70
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 191.73851013183594, "y": 1291.1343994140625}, {"x": 191.73851013183594, "y": 1519.9466552734375}, {"x": 807.7295115888893, "y": 1519.9466552734375}, {"x": 807.7295115888893, "y": 1291.1343994140625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Table 9: Data contamination test results for SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct. We show \u2018result < 0.1, %\u2018 values where a value higher than 0.9 indicates high probability of data contamination. HellaSwag and Winogrande datasets are not currently supported. We set SOLAR 10.7B as our reference model when performing the data contamina- tion tests.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.7551727294922, "y": 1582.3177490234375}, {"x": 193.7551727294922, "y": 1998.8477783203125}, {"x": 811.6597290039062, "y": 1998.8477783203125}, {"x": 811.6597290039062, "y": 1582.3177490234375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Results on data contamination. To show the in- tegrity of SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, we also report the data contamination test (Shi et al., 2023) results in Table. 9. All four tested benchmark datasets yield results well below the contamination thresh- old, affirming the absence of data contamination in our model. One interesting point is that the value for GSM8K is noticeably higher than for other datasets, even without contamination. One potential reason for this is the stronger data similar- ity in math-related instruction datasets.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000147.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 60.77783203125, "y": 68.46881866455078}, {"x": 60.77783203125, "y": 168.57687377929688}, {"x": 216.49063110351562, "y": 168.57687377929688}, {"x": 216.49063110351562, "y": 68.46881866455078}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Circle", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1129.3055555555557, "y": 61.11111111111111}, {"x": 1129.3055555555557, "y": 146.52777777777777}, {"x": 1537.6388888888887, "y": 146.52777777777777}, {"x": 1537.6388888888887, "y": 61.11111111111111}], "category": "figure", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Co-funded by [ ] the European Union", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1132.2696533203125, "y": 64.84346008300781}, {"x": 1132.2696533203125, "y": 142.1988983154297}, {"x": 1251.2332763671875, "y": 142.1988983154297}, {"x": 1251.2332763671875, "y": 64.84346008300781}], "category": "figure", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "[ ]", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 328.0737609863281, "y": 242.7305908203125}, {"x": 328.0737609863281, "y": 283.47222222222206}, {"x": 969.0084444444445, "y": 283.47222222222206}, {"x": 969.0084444444445, "y": 242.7305908203125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "RECOLLECTION OF NATIONAL INITIATIVES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 290.9688720703125}, {"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 366.83026123046875}, {"x": 1437.3066666666668, "y": 366.83026123046875}, {"x": 1437.3066666666668, "y": 290.9688720703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Partners were also asked to recollect initiatives from their respective countries that represented the core values and practices of a Circular Economy or Social Entrepreneurship:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 765.9166666666667, "y": 390.33333333333326}, {"x": 765.9166666666667, "y": 529.9166666666666}, {"x": 907.5833333333334, "y": 529.9166666666666}, {"x": 907.5833333333334, "y": 390.33333333333326}], "category": "figure", "id": 5, "content": {"text": ")", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 224.00747680664062, "y": 605.4057006835938}, {"x": 224.00747680664062, "y": 2049.420654296875}, {"x": 1428.390380859375, "y": 2049.420654296875}, {"x": 1428.390380859375, "y": 605.4057006835938}], "category": "table", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Source (doc, report, etc.)Y earDescription of the initiativeCircular Economy issues addressed
Eco-Ecole \n Program \n https://www.ec\n o-ecole.org/le-\n programme/2005Eco-Ecole is the French version of Eco-Schools, \n an international \n program for education in sustainable development (ESD), developed by the Foundation \n for Environmental \n Education. The Teragir association launched the Eco-School program in 2005. The program aims to help students better understand the world around them in order to flourish and participate in iLEco-Ecole \n offers instructions \n for teaching \n teams to effectively \n deploy \n sustainable \n development \n from kindergarten to high school.
Horsnormes \n https://horsnor\n mes.co/2020Horsnormes is a website which provide baskets \uc548 fruits and vegetables that are directly collected from farmers. It helps farmers to gain money while the consumers pay a faire price in exchange of the product, which foster the reduction of food waste.Waste reduction of fruits and vegetables.
Fondation \n Terre Solidaire (Solidarity \n Earth Foundation) \n https://fondatio\n \u4e09 \ufe4d n- rresolidaire.o rg/quest-ce-\n que-2016The Terre Solidaire Foundation was created \n in 2016 by CCFD-Terre Solidaire to act, particularly in France, in the face of the two major challenges of our time: the massive degradation of our environment \n (including \n biodiversity and climate), and the need to building a fairer and more ecologically responsible society. The association remains mobilized on itsSupport \n and encourage initiatives carried out by citizen mobilizations \n and actors of the social and solidarity \n economy in the design, \n implementation, \n dissemination \n and experimentation of \n of
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 252.73333333333332, "y": 2113.05859375}, {"x": 252.73333333333332, "y": 2172.0166666666664}, {"x": 1426.303111111111, "y": 2172.0166666666664}, {"x": 1426.303111111111, "y": 2113.05859375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 608.4722222222223, "y": 2191.0}, {"x": 608.4722222222223, "y": 2221.6666666666665}, {"x": 1072.1251111111112, "y": 2221.6666666666665}, {"x": 1072.1251111111112, "y": 2191.0}], "category": "footer", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000110.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 151.85177612304688, "y": 155.5260009765625}, {"x": 151.85177612304688, "y": 279.6905555555554}, {"x": 1560.09814453125, "y": 279.6905555555554}, {"x": 1560.09814453125, "y": 155.5260009765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "in the flow. There is also a transitional stage between laminar and turbulent flows, in which the dye stream will wander about and show intermittent bursts of mixing, followed by a more laminar behavior.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 144.7764129638672, "y": 313.40301513671875}, {"x": 144.7764129638672, "y": 355.6546325683594}, {"x": 1425.2986111111109, "y": 355.6546325683594}, {"x": 1425.2986111111109, "y": 313.40301513671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "The Reynolds number (Re), provides a useful way of characterizing the flow. It is defined as:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.06201171875, "y": 385.6942443847656}, {"x": 156.06201171875, "y": 440.05078125}, {"x": 290.76629638671875, "y": 440.05078125}, {"x": 290.76629638671875, "y": 385.6942443847656}], "category": "equation", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Re =\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 366.0, "y": 395.0}, {"x": 366.0, "y": 432.0}, {"x": 406.0, "y": 432.0}, {"x": 406.0, "y": 395.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "1)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 141.73141479492188, "y": 466.4735107421875}, {"x": 141.73141479492188, "y": 550.0145874023438}, {"x": 1565.9454345703125, "y": 550.0145874023438}, {"x": 1565.9454345703125, "y": 466.4735107421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "where ( ) is the kinematic viscosity of the water (Figure 7.2), v is the mean flow velocity and d is the diameter of the pipe.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 583.6835327148438}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 707.4024658203125}, {"x": 1554.030029296875, "y": 707.4024658203125}, {"x": 1554.030029296875, "y": 583.6835327148438}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "The Reynolds number is a dimensionless parameter that is the ratio of the inertial (destabilizing) force to the viscosity (stabilizing) force. As Re increases, the inertial force becomes relatively larger, and the flow destabilizes and becomes fully turbulent.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 741.7680053710938}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 950.8022222222221}, {"x": 1555.088623046875, "y": 950.8022222222221}, {"x": 1555.088623046875, "y": 741.7680053710938}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "The Reynolds experiment determines the critical Reynolds number for pipe flow at which laminar flow (Re<2000 ) becomes transitional (20004000). The advantage of using a critical Reynolds number, instead of critical velocity, is that the results of the experiments are applicable to all Newtonian fluid flows in pipes with a circular cross- section.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.68646240234375, "y": 972.2030555555555}, {"x": 146.68646240234375, "y": 1746.3328857421875}, {"x": 1552.7723388671875, "y": 1746.3328857421875}, {"x": 1552.7723388671875, "y": 972.2030555555555}], "category": "table", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Temperature (degree C)Kinematic viscosity v (m?/s)Temperature (degree C\ufe5aKinematic viscosity v (m?/s)
1.793E-06258.930E-07
1\ufe52732E\ufe6306268\ufe52760E\ufe6307
1\ufe52674E\ufe6306278.540E-07
1.619E-06288.360E-07
1.522E-06298.180E-07
1.520E-06308.020E-07
1\ufe52474E\ufe6306317\ufe52850E\ufe6307
1\ufe52429E\ufe6306327.690E-07
1.386E-06337.530E-07
1.346E-06347.380E-07
101.307E-06357\ufe52240E\ufe6307
111.270E-06367.110E-07
121.235E-06376.970E-07
131.201E-06386.840E-07
141.169E-06396.710E-07
151.138E-06406.580E-07
161.108E-06456.020E-07
171.080E-06505.540E-07
181.053E-06555.110E-07
191\ufe52027E\ufe6306604.760E-07
201.002E-06654.430E-07
219.780E-07704.130E-07
229.550E-07753.860E-07
239\ufe52330E\ufe6307803\ufe52630E\ufe6307
249\ufe52110E\ufe6307853.420E-07
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.09353637695312, "y": 1775.431884765625}, {"x": 153.09353637695312, "y": 1805.733154296875}, {"x": 810.7455444335938, "y": 1805.733154296875}, {"x": 810.7455444335938, "y": 1775.431884765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Figure 7.2: Kinematic Viscosity of Water at Atmospheric Pressure.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 901.90380859375, "y": 2068.073486328125}, {"x": 901.90380859375, "y": 2093.458740234375}, {"x": 1548.2274169921875, "y": 2093.458740234375}, {"x": 1548.2274169921875, "y": 2068.073486328125}], "category": "footer", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "EXPERIMENT #7: OSBORNE REYNOLDS' DEMONSTRATION 61", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000124.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 345.0, "y": 192.0}, {"x": 345.0, "y": 220.0}, {"x": 569.0, "y": 220.0}, {"x": 569.0, "y": 192.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Ontarie Tobevision Viewing in 2004", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 438.0, "y": 248.0}, {"x": 438.0, "y": 257.0}, {"x": 458.0, "y": 257.0}, {"x": 458.0, "y": 248.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 417.0, "y": 277.0}, {"x": 417.0, "y": 286.0}, {"x": 435.0, "y": 286.0}, {"x": 435.0, "y": 277.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "5%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 346.0, "y": 356.0}, {"x": 346.0, "y": 364.0}, {"x": 374.0, "y": 364.0}, {"x": 374.0, "y": 356.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "20%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 545.0, "y": 393.0}, {"x": 545.0, "y": 403.0}, {"x": 561.0, "y": 403.0}, {"x": 561.0, "y": 393.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u2122", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 538.0, "y": 423.0}, {"x": 538.0, "y": 431.0}, {"x": 555.0, "y": 431.0}, {"x": 555.0, "y": 423.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u2122", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 482.0, "y": 462.0}, {"x": 482.0, "y": 471.0}, {"x": 506.0, "y": 471.0}, {"x": 506.0, "y": 462.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "hww", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 305.0, "y": 546.0}, {"x": 305.0, "y": 638.0}, {"x": 702.0, "y": 638.0}, {"x": 702.0, "y": 546.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "@ wmvwsrsuesnes E iz mmasmowsenmmurewneem ~~ Spwts \ubf08 Veriety o gumes. @ mmmy \u91f5 ow \uc774\uc544 \ub9e4\uac70 \uac00 19 Vitmemartie 1 \uba70 \uc608 \uaca8 \uc790 (VN 1 Othwr memrswsemm", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 807.7341666666665, "y": 159.0877685546875}, {"x": 807.7341666666665, "y": 184.3580555555557}, {"x": 927.0008333333333, "y": 184.3580555555557}, {"x": 927.0008333333333, "y": 159.0877685546875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Figure 2.9.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 806.9982299804688, "y": 179.80027770996094}, {"x": 806.9982299804688, "y": 596.0294189453125}, {"x": 946.9560546875, "y": 596.0294189453125}, {"x": 946.9560546875, "y": 179.80027770996094}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "A pie chart displaying 12 categories of television viewing in Ontario in 2004 provides too much visual information , making it hard to read.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.75482177734375, "y": 835.0432739257812}, {"x": 155.75482177734375, "y": 879.7897722222222}, {"x": 493.0995055555555, "y": 879.7897722222222}, {"x": 493.0995055555555, "y": 835.0432739257812}], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "False Causation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.683349609375, "y": 943.681640625}, {"x": 156.683349609375, "y": 974.2025756835938}, {"x": 629.5052777777778, "y": 974.2025756835938}, {"x": 629.5052777777778, "y": 943.681640625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Correlation does not imply causation.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.20245361328125, "y": 981.2124633789062}, {"x": 146.20245361328125, "y": 1167.4663888888888}, {"x": 949.0697141666667, "y": 1167.4663888888888}, {"x": 949.0697141666667, "y": 981.2124633789062}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "If you\u2019ve ever taken a statistics or data analysis course, you have almost certainly come across this common phrase. It means that, just because two trends seem to fluctuate alongside each other, it doesn\u2019t prove that one causes the other or that they are related in a meaningful way.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 166.97645568847656, "y": 1175.6322021484375}, {"x": 166.97645568847656, "y": 1209.162841796875}, {"x": 949.0694444444446, "y": 1209.162841796875}, {"x": 949.0694444444446, "y": 1175.6322021484375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Review Figure 2.10 below, which shows a line graph of the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 128.07481384277344, "y": 1303.8065185546875}, {"x": 128.07481384277344, "y": 1506.706298828125}, {"x": 937.1581420898438, "y": 1506.706298828125}, {"x": 937.1581420898438, "y": 1303.8065185546875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "2. Statistics Canada. Table 37-10-0079-01 Registered apprenticeship training, registrations by major trade groups and sex. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.25318/3710007901-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 118.20758056640625, "y": 1511.4031982421875}, {"x": 118.20758056640625, "y": 1540.3809814453125}, {"x": 954.5162353515625, "y": 1540.3809814453125}, {"x": 954.5162353515625, "y": 1511.4031982421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "3. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1586.915283203125}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1613.7041015625}, {"x": 557.6392822265625, "y": 1613.7041015625}, {"x": 557.6392822265625, "y": 1586.915283203125}], "category": "footer", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "46 | Misleading Data Visualizations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000034.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 163.96666666666667, "y": 132.70000000000013}, {"x": 163.96666666666667, "y": 134.36666666666684}, {"x": 219.63333333333333, "y": 134.36666666666684}, {"x": 219.63333333333333, "y": 132.70000000000013}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.63333333333333, "y": 64.03333333333339}, {"x": 232.63333333333333, "y": 119.69999999999995}, {"x": 234.29999999999998, "y": 119.69999999999995}, {"x": 234.29999999999998, "y": 64.03333333333339}], "category": "figure", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1427.9666666666665, "y": 64.03333333333339}, {"x": 1427.9666666666665, "y": 119.69999999999995}, {"x": 1429.6333333333332, "y": 119.69999999999995}, {"x": 1429.6333333333332, "y": 64.03333333333339}], "category": "figure", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1442.6333333333332, "y": 132.70000000000013}, {"x": 1442.6333333333332, "y": 134.36666666666684}, {"x": 1498.2999999999997, "y": 134.36666666666684}, {"x": 1498.2999999999997, "y": 132.70000000000013}], "category": "figure", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 399.1095275878906, "y": 229.55708611111098}, {"x": 399.1095275878906, "y": 257.2320861111112}, {"x": 455.3205871582031, "y": 257.2320861111112}, {"x": 455.3205871582031, "y": 229.55708611111098}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "xviii", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1160.0495949999997, "y": 229.05543518066406}, {"x": 1160.0495949999997, "y": 260.658447265625}, {"x": 1271.169677734375, "y": 260.658447265625}, {"x": 1271.169677734375, "y": 229.05543518066406}], "category": "header", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Prologue", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 399.96666666666664, "y": 265.7000000000001}, {"x": 399.96666666666664, "y": 267.0333333333335}, {"x": 1263.6333333333334, "y": 267.0333333333335}, {"x": 1263.6333333333334, "y": 265.7000000000001}], "category": "figure", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 396.8403015136719, "y": 292.5093688964844}, {"x": 396.8403015136719, "y": 398.8757629394531}, {"x": 1264.0084228515625, "y": 398.8757629394531}, {"x": 1264.0084228515625, "y": 292.5093688964844}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "So let\u2019s get rid of the expression derivative d/dt and replace it with an appropriate functional derivative. If f is a function then we will write Df as the new function that is the derivative of f :5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 399.9972222222222, "y": 425.06126111111115}, {"x": 399.9972222222222, "y": 503.91858333333346}, {"x": 727.5543823242188, "y": 503.91858333333346}, {"x": 727.5543823242188, "y": 425.06126111111115}], "category": "equation", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "\u4e8c (07)0) = \u4e0b f", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 397.73724365234375, "y": 523.7654418945312}, {"x": 397.73724365234375, "y": 594.0419311523438}, {"x": 1268.513671875, "y": 594.0419311523438}, {"x": 1268.513671875, "y": 523.7654418945312}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "To do this for the Lagrange equation we need to construct a function to take the derivative of.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 393.01007080078125, "y": 598.3931499999999}, {"x": 393.01007080078125, "y": 702.7432861328125}, {"x": 1272.4080810546875, "y": 702.7432861328125}, {"x": 1272.4080810546875, "y": 598.3931499999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Given a con\ufb01guration-space path w, there is a standard way to make the state-space path. We can abstract this method as a mathematical function \u0393:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 393.8402404785156, "y": 722.058786111111}, {"x": 393.8402404785156, "y": 793.6969250000001}, {"x": 753.46826171875, "y": 793.6969250000001}, {"x": 753.46826171875, "y": 722.058786111111}], "category": "equation", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "\u0393[w](t) = (t, w(t), d dt w(t)).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 396.3385009765625, "y": 813.6262817382812}, {"x": 396.3385009765625, "y": 847.61376953125}, {"x": 695.2211303710938, "y": 847.61376953125}, {"x": 695.2211303710938, "y": 813.6262817382812}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Using \u0393 we can write:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 401.61968994140625, "y": 870.3416137695312}, {"x": 401.61968994140625, "y": 943.3635916666667}, {"x": 941.3269653320312, "y": 943.3635916666667}, {"x": 941.3269653320312, "y": 870.3416137695312}], "category": "equation", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "d dt ((\u22022L)(\u0393[w](t))) \u2212 (\u22021L)(\u0393[w](t)) = 0.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 390.10443115234375, "y": 961.0299388888889}, {"x": 390.10443115234375, "y": 1069.7025146484375}, {"x": 1271.59033203125, "y": 1069.7025146484375}, {"x": 1271.59033203125, "y": 961.0299388888889}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "If we now de\ufb01ne composition of functions (f \u25e6 g)(x) = f (g(x)), we can express the Lagrange equations entirely in terms of func- tions:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 400.0027055555555, "y": 1096.3638888888888}, {"x": 400.0027055555555, "y": 1139.7113037109375}, {"x": 920.0390014648438, "y": 1139.7113037109375}, {"x": 920.0390014648438, "y": 1096.3638888888888}], "category": "equation", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "D((\u22022L) \u25e6 (\u0393[w])) \u2212 (\u22021L) \u25e6 (\u0393[w]) = 0.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 393.9609680175781, "y": 1161.004150390625}, {"x": 393.9609680175781, "y": 1530.91796875}, {"x": 1278.6376953125, "y": 1530.91796875}, {"x": 1278.6376953125, "y": 1161.004150390625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "The functions \u22021L and \u22022L are partial derivatives of the func- tion L. Composition with \u0393[w] evaluates these partials with coor- dinates and velocites appropriate for the path w, making functions of time. Applying D takes the time derivative. The Lagrange equation states that the di\ufb00erence of the resulting functions of time must be zero. This statement of the Lagrange equation is complete, unambiguous, and functional. It is not encumbered with the particular choices made in expressing the Lagrangian. For example, it doesn\u2019t matter if the time is named t or \u03c4 , and it has an explicit place for the path to be tested.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 434.0, "y": 1529.0}, {"x": 434.0, "y": 1556.0}, {"x": 801.0, "y": 1556.0}, {"x": 801.0, "y": 1529.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "This expression is equivalent", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 824.0, "y": 1524.0}, {"x": 824.0, "y": 1556.0}, {"x": 1150.0, "y": 1556.0}, {"x": 1150.0, "y": 1524.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "6 to a computer program:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 400.0, "y": 1602.7277777777776}, {"x": 400.0, "y": 1638.049072265625}, {"x": 1186.905029296875, "y": 1638.049072265625}, {"x": 1186.905029296875, "y": 1602.7277777777776}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "5An explanation of functional derivatives is in Appendix B, page 202.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 396.0279541015625, "y": 1647.0611111111111}, {"x": 396.0279541015625, "y": 1765.407958984375}, {"x": 1267.801025390625, "y": 1765.407958984375}, {"x": 1267.801025390625, "y": 1647.0611111111111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "6The programs in this book are written in Scheme, a dialect of Lisp. The details of the language are not germane to the points being made. What is important is that it is mechanically interpretable, and thus unambiguous. In this book we require that the mathematical expressions be explicit enough", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000142.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 248.63864135742188, "y": 201.4259033203125}, {"x": 248.63864135742188, "y": 231.24913511111123}, {"x": 267.1144714355469, "y": 231.24913511111123}, {"x": 267.1144714355469, "y": 201.4259033203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 789.7188110351562, "y": 197.49940490722656}, {"x": 789.7188110351562, "y": 233.96987915039062}, {"x": 1431.42626953125, "y": 233.96987915039062}, {"x": 1431.42626953125, "y": 197.49940490722656}], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Numerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 250.0, "y": 286.5571594238281}, {"x": 250.0, "y": 355.25921630859375}, {"x": 1438.185546875, "y": 355.25921630859375}, {"x": 1438.185546875, "y": 286.5571594238281}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "also plays an important role in error analysis (investigating the difference between the numerical approximation and the solution).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 248.72369384765625, "y": 365.8063659667969}, {"x": 248.72369384765625, "y": 533.5482788085938}, {"x": 1431.2445068359375, "y": 533.5482788085938}, {"x": 1431.2445068359375, "y": 365.8063659667969}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Calculating with only a \ufb01nite subset of the rational numbers has many consequences. For exam- ple: a computer cannot distinguish between two polynomials of suf\ufb01ciently high degree. Conse- quently, methods based on the main theorem of algebra (i.e. that an nth degree polynomial has exactly n complex zeros) cannot be trusted. Errors that follow from the use of \ufb01nitely many digits are called rounding errors (Section 1.4).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 242.46824645996094, "y": 545.9337158203125}, {"x": 242.46824645996094, "y": 747.5966796875}, {"x": 1428.905517578125, "y": 747.5966796875}, {"x": 1428.905517578125, "y": 545.9337158203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "An important aspect of numerical mathematics is the emphasis on ef\ufb01ciency. Contrary to or- dinary mathematics, numerical mathematics considers an increase in ef\ufb01ciency, i.e. a decrease of the number of operations and/or amount of storage required, as an essential improvement. Progress in this aspect is of great practical importance and the end of this development has not been reached yet. Here, the creative mind will meet many challenges. On top of that, revolutions in computer architecture will overturn much conventional wisdom.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 246.188232421875, "y": 798.6075439453125}, {"x": 246.188232421875, "y": 844.9510498046875}, {"x": 879.2420654296875, "y": 844.9510498046875}, {"x": 879.2420654296875, "y": 798.6075439453125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "1.3 Why numerical mathematics?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 243.42295837402344, "y": 869.6331787109375}, {"x": 243.42295837402344, "y": 937.8977661132812}, {"x": 1430.8726806640625, "y": 937.8977661132812}, {"x": 1430.8726806640625, "y": 869.6331787109375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "A big advantage of numerical mathematics is that it can provide answers to problems that do not admit closed-form solutions. Consider for example the integral", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 724.8886108398438, "y": 961.0986938476562}, {"x": 724.8886108398438, "y": 1060.6534423828125}, {"x": 944.5862777777778, "y": 1060.6534423828125}, {"x": 944.5862777777778, "y": 961.0986938476562}], "category": "equation", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "\u03c0 1 + cos2 xdx.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 240.91297912597656, "y": 1072.0926513671875}, {"x": 240.91297912597656, "y": 1273.045654296875}, {"x": 1430.5645751953125, "y": 1273.045654296875}, {"x": 1430.5645751953125, "y": 1072.0926513671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "This is an expression for the arc length of one arc of the curve y(x) = sin x, which does not have a solution in closed form. A numerical method, however, can approximate this integral in a very simple way (Chapter 5). An additional advantage is that a numerical method only uses stan- dard function evaluations and the operations addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Because these are exactly the operations a computer can perform, numerical mathematics and computers form a perfect combination.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 249.9991666666667, "y": 1286.0775146484375}, {"x": 249.9991666666667, "y": 1455.4783935546875}, {"x": 1431.596435546875, "y": 1455.4783935546875}, {"x": 1431.596435546875, "y": 1286.0775146484375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "An advantage of analytical methods is that the solution is given by a mathematical formula. From this, insight in the behavior and the properties of the solution can be gained. For numerical approximations, however, this is not the case. In that case, visualization tools may be used to gain insight in the behavior of the solution. Using a numerical method to draw a graph of a function is usually a more useful tool than evaluating the solution at a large number of points.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 243.63082885742188, "y": 1504.833984375}, {"x": 243.63082885742188, "y": 1551.724609375}, {"x": 644.8450317382812, "y": 1551.724609375}, {"x": 644.8450317382812, "y": 1504.833984375}], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "1.4 Rounding errors", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 249.9987222222226, "y": 1574.4914244444442}, {"x": 249.9987222222226, "y": 1642.777019777778}, {"x": 1424.930762472621, "y": 1642.777019777778}, {"x": 1424.930762472621, "y": 1574.4914244444442}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "A computer uses a \ufb01nite representation of the all numbers in R. These are stored in a computer in the form", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 720.5222778320312, "y": 1641.3846031111113}, {"x": 720.5222778320312, "y": 1678.650146484375}, {"x": 951.7116088867188, "y": 1678.650146484375}, {"x": 951.7116088867188, "y": 1641.3846031111113}], "category": "equation", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "\u03b2e,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 247.75726318359375, "y": 1686.5951222222222}, {"x": 247.75726318359375, "y": 1924.879150390625}, {"x": 1429.87109375, "y": 1924.879150390625}, {"x": 1429.87109375, "y": 1686.5951222222222}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "in which, by de\ufb01nition, d1 > 0 and 0 di < \u03b2. The normalization is needed in order to prevent a \u2264 waste of digits and to make the representation unambiguous. We call the value in equation (1.1) a \ufb02oating point number (representation) in which 0.d1d2 . . . dn is called the mantissa, \u03b2 the base and e (integer) the exponent, where L < e < U. Characteristic values for and U are in the range L | | [100, 1000], often, \u03b2 = 2 (binary representation) and n = 24 (single precision) or n = 53 (double precision). Most computers and software packages (Matlab) satisfy the IEEE-754 standard, and hence provide single-1 and double-precision2 computations.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1369.79052734375, "y": 1642.8360595703125}, {"x": 1369.79052734375, "y": 1675.7761864444444}, {"x": 1427.303466796875, "y": 1675.7761864444444}, {"x": 1427.303466796875, "y": 1642.8360595703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "(1.1)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 247.09542846679688, "y": 1933.8242022222223}, {"x": 247.09542846679688, "y": 1968.7764642222223}, {"x": 413.9065856933594, "y": 1968.7764642222223}, {"x": 413.9065856933594, "y": 1933.8242022222223}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "R Let for x", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 591.2088623046875, "y": 1966.5951222222222}, {"x": 591.2088623046875, "y": 2006.504150390625}, {"x": 1102.60498046875, "y": 2006.504150390625}, {"x": 1102.60498046875, "y": 1966.5951222222222}], "category": "equation", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "\u03b2e x < 0.d1d2 . . . (dn + 1) \u03b2e,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 249.96666666666667, "y": 2015.9777777777776}, {"x": 249.96666666666667, "y": 2017.311111111111}, {"x": 719.9666666666666, "y": 2017.311111111111}, {"x": 719.9666666666666, "y": 2015.9777777777776}], "category": "figure", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 274.0609130859375, "y": 2022.2191162109375}, {"x": 274.0609130859375, "y": 2051.416748046875}, {"x": 1085.427734375, "y": 2051.416748046875}, {"x": 1085.427734375, "y": 2022.2191162109375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-precision_floating-point_format", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 279.99999999999994, "y": 2051.373097611111}, {"x": 279.99999999999994, "y": 2078.749267578125}, {"x": 1078.7522489498776, "y": 2078.749267578125}, {"x": 1078.7522489498776, "y": 2051.373097611111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000175.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 153.46746826171875, "y": 161.2781982421875}, {"x": 153.46746826171875, "y": 623.0146484375}, {"x": 950.2105102539062, "y": 623.0146484375}, {"x": 950.2105102539062, "y": 161.2781982421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "radiation at other wavelengths, as shown in (Figure 1). Just as you can catch more rain with a garbage can than with a coffee cup, large telescopes gather much more light than your eye can. Second, there is an instrument attached to the telescope that sorts the incoming radiation by wavelength. Sometimes the sorting is fairly crude. For example, we might simply want to separate blue light from red light so that we can determine the temperature of a star. But at other times, we want to see individual spectral lines to determine what an object is made of, or to measure its speed (as explained in the Radiation and Spectra chapter). Third, we need some type of detector, a device that senses the radiation in the wavelength regions we have chosen and permanently records the observations.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 238.51749999999998, "y": 711.189208984375}, {"x": 238.51749999999998, "y": 764.1337890625}, {"x": 864.1036987304688, "y": 764.1337890625}, {"x": 864.1036987304688, "y": 711.189208984375}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Orion Region at Different Wavelengths.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.46969604492188, "y": 813.7747802734375}, {"x": 155.46969604492188, "y": 1116.8040771484375}, {"x": 400.4824523925781, "y": 1116.8040771484375}, {"x": 400.4824523925781, "y": 813.7747802734375}], "category": "figure", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "\ub124", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 442.13751220703125, "y": 815.8593139648438}, {"x": 442.13751220703125, "y": 1113.5186767578125}, {"x": 661.6553344726562, "y": 1113.5186767578125}, {"x": 661.6553344726562, "y": 815.8593139648438}], "category": "figure", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 699.9407348632812, "y": 818.0084838867188}, {"x": 699.9407348632812, "y": 1116.5352783203125}, {"x": 946.43212890625, "y": 1116.5352783203125}, {"x": 946.43212890625, "y": 818.0084838867188}], "category": "figure", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\ub0b4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 267.07720947265625, "y": 1129.419921875}, {"x": 267.07720947265625, "y": 1147.929443359375}, {"x": 289.9164123535156, "y": 1147.929443359375}, {"x": 289.9164123535156, "y": 1129.419921875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "(@)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 540.1011962890625, "y": 1129.060546875}, {"x": 540.1011962890625, "y": 1148.3504638671875}, {"x": 561.6680908203125, "y": 1148.3504638671875}, {"x": 561.6680908203125, "y": 1129.060546875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "\u4ec1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 812.19482421875, "y": 1129.0804443359375}, {"x": 812.19482421875, "y": 1149.17333984375}, {"x": 834.6017456054688, "y": 1149.17333984375}, {"x": 834.6017456054688, "y": 1129.0804443359375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "\u00a9", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 159.6497222222222, "y": 1163.44091796875}, {"x": 159.6497222222222, "y": 1503.8328857421875}, {"x": 944.251953125, "y": 1503.8328857421875}, {"x": 944.251953125, "y": 1163.44091796875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Figure 1. The same part of the sky looks different when observed with instruments that are sensitive to different bands of the spectrum. (a) Visible light: this shows part of the Orion region as the human eye sees it, with dotted lines added to show the figure of the mythical hunter, Orion. (b) X-rays: here, the view emphasizes the point-like X-ray sources nearby. The colors are artificial, changing from yellow to white to blue with increasing energy of the X-rays. The bright, hot stars in Orion are still seen in this image, but so are many other objects located at very different", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1568.2393798828125}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1595.3582763671875}, {"x": 839.9655555555556, "y": 1595.3582763671875}, {"x": 839.9655555555556, "y": 1568.2393798828125}], "category": "footer", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "276 | Chapter 6 Astronomical Instruments Section 6.1: Telescopes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000050.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 286.5889587402344, "y": 99.69223022460938}, {"x": 286.5889587402344, "y": 131.54766845703125}, {"x": 1014.4354858398438, "y": 131.54766845703125}, {"x": 1014.4354858398438, "y": 99.69223022460938}], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Womens Political Representation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1054.7055555555555, "y": 102.49972222222223}, {"x": 1054.7055555555555, "y": 133.05527777777777}, {"x": 1083.0, "y": 133.05527777777777}, {"x": 1083.0, "y": 102.49972222222223}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "11", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 237.5, "y": 194.4367218017578}, {"x": 237.5, "y": 270.87677001953125}, {"x": 1081.9166666666665, "y": 270.87677001953125}, {"x": 1081.9166666666665, "y": 194.4367218017578}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Republic Act No. 9501: Magna Carta for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (May 23, 2008)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 237.5, "y": 297.4907531738281}, {"x": 237.5, "y": 372.2690124511719}, {"x": 1081.919444444444, "y": 372.2690124511719}, {"x": 1081.919444444444, "y": 297.4907531738281}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Republic Act No. 9262: Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children Act of 2004 (March 8, 2004)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 237.5, "y": 399.43011474609375}, {"x": 237.5, "y": 513.6388888888889}, {"x": 1081.9166666666667, "y": 513.6388888888889}, {"x": 1081.9166666666667, "y": 399.43011474609375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Republic Act No. 9208 (May 26, 2003), as amended by Republic Act No. 10364 (February 6, 2013): Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 237.5, "y": 542.74609375}, {"x": 237.5, "y": 616.97265625}, {"x": 1081.922222222222, "y": 616.97265625}, {"x": 1081.922222222222, "y": 542.74609375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Republic Act No. 9178: Barangay Micro Business Enterprises Act of 2002 (November 13, 2002)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 237.5, "y": 644.1060791015625}, {"x": 237.5, "y": 719.1944444444445}, {"x": 1082.5469970703125, "y": 719.1944444444445}, {"x": 1082.5469970703125, "y": 644.1060791015625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Republic Act No. 8972: Solo Parent\u2019s Welfare Act (November 7, 2000)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 237.5, "y": 747.7276000976562}, {"x": 237.5, "y": 823.5861206054688}, {"x": 1083.6695556640625, "y": 823.5861206054688}, {"x": 1083.6695556640625, "y": 747.7276000976562}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Republic Act No. 8505: Rape Victim Assistance and Protection Act (February 13, 1998)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 237.5, "y": 850.1309204101562}, {"x": 237.5, "y": 925.906005859375}, {"x": 1081.9166666666663, "y": 925.906005859375}, {"x": 1081.9166666666663, "y": 850.1309204101562}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Republic Act No. 8504: Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act of 1998 (February 13, 1998)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 237.5, "y": 953.2665405273438}, {"x": 237.5, "y": 1027.5277777777778}, {"x": 1084.2613525390625, "y": 1027.5277777777778}, {"x": 1084.2613525390625, "y": 953.2665405273438}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Republic Act No. 8353: Anti-Rape Law of 1997 (September 30, 1997)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 237.5, "y": 1055.168212890625}, {"x": 237.5, "y": 1130.36962890625}, {"x": 1082.6712646484375, "y": 1130.36962890625}, {"x": 1082.6712646484375, "y": 1055.168212890625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Republic Act No. 7877: Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995 (February 14, 1995)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 164.86453247070312, "y": 1159.2020263671875}, {"x": 164.86453247070312, "y": 1350.0777587890625}, {"x": 1087.22509765625, "y": 1350.0777587890625}, {"x": 1087.22509765625, "y": 1159.2020263671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "During the first Aquino administration (1986\u20131992), three women sectoral representatives were appointed in Congress. Yet feminist activists such as Teresita Quintos-Deles and Jurgette Honculada\u2019s appointments were blocked by the House Committee on Appointments (Abao and Yang 2001, 19).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 169.4264678955078, "y": 1376.2330322265625}, {"x": 169.4264678955078, "y": 1648.789794921875}, {"x": 1081.9222222222218, "y": 1648.789794921875}, {"x": 1081.9222222222218, "y": 1376.2330322265625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "While reliable electoral data during the Marcos regime is unavailable, it is safe to argue that the repressive regime hampered the participation of women in formal politics given the widespread militarization and electoral fraud characterizing the dictatorship. And even with the legal framework guaranteed by the transition, women found it difficult to enter formal politics, despite women\u2019s consistently high voter turnout during elections (Table 1).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000028.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 206.03085327148438, "y": 54.01704025268555}, {"x": 206.03085327148438, "y": 83.15442583333348}, {"x": 620.0992431640625, "y": 83.15442583333348}, {"x": 620.0992431640625, "y": 54.01704025268555}], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.39315795898438, "y": 148.9977264404297}, {"x": 193.39315795898438, "y": 218.6815643310547}, {"x": 1215.7037353515625, "y": 218.6815643310547}, {"x": 1215.7037353515625, "y": 148.9977264404297}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "between this and the fact that the development of the underlying wave function for the whole universe is unique.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 246.32315063476562, "y": 216.3789825439453}, {"x": 246.32315063476562, "y": 248.53362833333327}, {"x": 416.3408203125, "y": 248.53362833333327}, {"x": 416.3408203125, "y": 216.3789825439453}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Summarizing:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 198.4360809326172, "y": 248.16970825195312}, {"x": 198.4360809326172, "y": 348.2271716666664}, {"x": 1199.9326171875, "y": 348.2271716666664}, {"x": 1199.9326171875, "y": 248.16970825195312}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Definition 1. A universe U is a chain of states (one state Ut for each moment of time t), with the property that the transition between adjacent states is always possible.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 199.979248046875, "y": 347.0626525878906}, {"x": 199.979248046875, "y": 414.76300048828125}, {"x": 1211.8837890625, "y": 414.76300048828125}, {"x": 1211.8837890625, "y": 347.0626525878906}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Definition 2. A multiverse M is the set of all possible universes U in the sense of Definition 1 together with a probability measure on this set.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 208.6697755555556, "y": 416.10418701171875}, {"x": 208.6697755555556, "y": 652.1898193359375}, {"x": 1203.654541015625, "y": 652.1898193359375}, {"x": 1203.654541015625, "y": 416.10418701171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "It may of course be said that quantum mechanics should allow for transitions between all kinds of states, although the probability for most such transitions may be extremely small. In this extremely simplified treatment, I will assume that for a given state at a given moment of time t, the dynamical laws will only permit transitions to a very limited number of states at the previous and next moments, which will make the probabilistic part of the investigation particularly simple. However, modifications are called for near the endpoints (the Big Bang and the Big Crunch); see Section 5.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.5937042236328, "y": 648.4993896484375}, {"x": 190.5937042236328, "y": 779.9675122222214}, {"x": 1207.956298828125, "y": 779.9675122222214}, {"x": 1207.956298828125, "y": 648.4993896484375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "As it stands, the model presented so far is too simple to generate any results. In fact, there are no observable differences at all between the states, which mean that there are no measurable variables which could be related to the (so far non- specified) dynamics.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.05239868164062, "y": 779.863525390625}, {"x": 194.05239868164062, "y": 915.3782958984375}, {"x": 1216.0592041015625, "y": 915.3782958984375}, {"x": 1216.0592041015625, "y": 779.863525390625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "There are of course many different variables which we can choose to enrich this structure, and which ones to choose must depend on what properties we want to explain. For explaining the second law of thermodynamics, the obvious choice is the entropy.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 206.5059051513672, "y": 987.1183471679688}, {"x": 206.5059051513672, "y": 1025.300048828125}, {"x": 359.093017578125, "y": 1025.300048828125}, {"x": 359.093017578125, "y": 987.1183471679688}], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "4. Entropy", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.7292022705078, "y": 1053.86279296875}, {"x": 195.7292022705078, "y": 1123.515380859375}, {"x": 1202.058349609375, "y": 1123.515380859375}, {"x": 1202.058349609375, "y": 1053.86279296875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "According to Boltzmann, the total entropy of a certain macro-state at a certain time is given by", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 629.8031005859375, "y": 1149.604248046875}, {"x": 629.8031005859375, "y": 1185.1919066666667}, {"x": 774.951904296875, "y": 1185.1919066666667}, {"x": 774.951904296875, "y": 1149.604248046875}], "category": "equation", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "S kB ln \u03a9,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 244.9577178955078, "y": 1214.5994873046875}, {"x": 244.9577178955078, "y": 1248.85400390625}, {"x": 391.977294921875, "y": 1248.85400390625}, {"x": 391.977294921875, "y": 1214.5994873046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "or inversely", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 522.385498046875, "y": 1275.869873046875}, {"x": 522.385498046875, "y": 1316.2277705555555}, {"x": 879.5695190429688, "y": 1316.2277705555555}, {"x": 879.5695190429688, "y": 1275.869873046875}], "category": "equation", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "\u03a9 W S, with W e1=kB,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 204.8252410888672, "y": 1343.777099609375}, {"x": 204.8252410888672, "y": 1411.211108888889}, {"x": 1096.272705078125, "y": 1411.211108888889}, {"x": 1096.272705078125, "y": 1343.777099609375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "where \u03a9 denotes the number of corresponding micro-states and kB is Boltzmann\u2019s constant.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.698486328125, "y": 1414.866943359375}, {"x": 196.698486328125, "y": 1710.355712890625}, {"x": 1204.9039804444444, "y": 1710.355712890625}, {"x": 1204.9039804444444, "y": 1414.866943359375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "This formula was from the beginning derived for simple cases, like an ideal gas. Nevertheless, it does represent a kind of universal truth in statistical mechanics: the number of possible micro-states corresponding to a given macro-state grows expo- nentially with the entropy. Although there are many complications when one tries to consider the entropy of the universe as a whole, I will still take it as the starting point for the discussion that the entropy (at a given time t) is an exponential function of the total entropy as in (3). A more difficult question is if and how the constant W may vary with time, but for the purpose of the present paper, I will simply let it be constant.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.7438507080078, "y": 1710.5576171875}, {"x": 196.7438507080078, "y": 1911.222900390625}, {"x": 1204.7766805555552, "y": 1911.222900390625}, {"x": 1204.7766805555552, "y": 1710.5576171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "One may of course argue that this can only be true when the universe is still quite ordered and the entropy is very far from reaching its maximum. But this is certainly what the situation is like in our universe today, and according to the computations in [10, 11], it would take an almost incredibly long time to reach such a state of maximal entropy. Thus, it will in the following be taken for granted that this time is much longer than the life-span of our universe.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1139.8306266666666, "y": 1151.349853515625}, {"x": 1139.8306266666666, "y": 1183.1717127777779}, {"x": 1179.544677734375, "y": 1183.1717127777779}, {"x": 1179.544677734375, "y": 1151.349853515625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "(2)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1139.537501111111, "y": 1282.319091796875}, {"x": 1139.537501111111, "y": 1314.1953238888889}, {"x": 1179.452392578125, "y": 1314.1953238888889}, {"x": 1179.452392578125, "y": 1282.319091796875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "(3)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 206.63742065429688, "y": 1960.6334228515625}, {"x": 206.63742065429688, "y": 1987.387856111111}, {"x": 243.9104766845703, "y": 1987.387856111111}, {"x": 243.9104766845703, "y": 1960.6334228515625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "312", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000111.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 155.37603759765625, "y": 269.81243896484375}, {"x": 155.37603759765625, "y": 905.4025268554688}, {"x": 900.9434814453125, "y": 905.4025268554688}, {"x": 900.9434814453125, "y": 269.81243896484375}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "a) Cylindrical vessel 3-way \u2018valve Outlet valve Inlet pij 4 \ufe52 =2 \ufe4d7~ \u8af8 D 15-degree angled tubes 60-degree angled tubes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1051.5772705078125, "y": 171.16412353515625}, {"x": 1051.5772705078125, "y": 481.1852111816406}, {"x": 1470.453369140625, "y": 481.1852111816406}, {"x": 1470.453369140625, "y": 171.16412353515625}], "category": "figure", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 919.4071655273438, "y": 498.4015808105469}, {"x": 919.4071655273438, "y": 906.8187255859375}, {"x": 1231.22998046875, "y": 906.8187255859375}, {"x": 1231.22998046875, "y": 498.4015808105469}], "category": "figure", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "ommmmomy", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1231.71923828125, "y": 492.4489440917969}, {"x": 1231.71923828125, "y": 907.0224609375}, {"x": 1545.1905517578125, "y": 907.0224609375}, {"x": 1545.1905517578125, "y": 492.4489440917969}], "category": "figure", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "|", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 964.3198852539062}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1029.6552734375}, {"x": 1451.2391666666663, "y": 1029.6552734375}, {"x": 1451.2391666666663, "y": 964.3198852539062}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Figure 8.1: a) P6238 CUSSONS free and forced vortex apparatus, b) push-in orifices, c) free vortex measuring caliper, d) force vortex measuring probes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.7207794189453, "y": 1079.4713134765625}, {"x": 154.7207794189453, "y": 1114.2575}, {"x": 339.9580555555556, "y": 1114.2575}, {"x": 339.9580555555556, "y": 1079.4713134765625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "7. THEORY", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.61575317382812, "y": 1147.1448974609375}, {"x": 146.61575317382812, "y": 1271.825439453125}, {"x": 1562.069580078125, "y": 1271.825439453125}, {"x": 1562.069580078125, "y": 1147.1448974609375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Two types of vortices are distinguished in the dynamics of the motion: forced and free vortices. The forced vortex is caused by external forces on the fluid, such as the impeller of a pump, and the free vortex naturally occurs in the flow and can be observed in a drain or in the atmosphere of a tornado.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.00607299804688, "y": 1310.7242431640625}, {"x": 156.00607299804688, "y": 1346.4797222222223}, {"x": 459.0219444444444, "y": 1346.4797222222223}, {"x": 459.0219444444444, "y": 1310.7242431640625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "7.1. FREE VORTEX", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1379.3773193359375}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1503.135498046875}, {"x": 1556.09130859375, "y": 1503.135498046875}, {"x": 1556.09130859375, "y": 1379.3773193359375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "A free vortex is formed when water flows out of a vessel through a central hole in the base (Figure 8.2). The degree of the rotation depends on the initial disturbance. In a free cylindrical vortex, the velocity varies inversely with the distance from the axis of rotation (Figure 8.3).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.98731994628906, "y": 1536.595947265625}, {"x": 155.98731994628906, "y": 1587.68896484375}, {"x": 249.01654052734375, "y": 1587.68896484375}, {"x": 249.01654052734375, "y": 1536.595947265625}], "category": "equation", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "v == k T", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 323.2176513671875, "y": 1541.0}, {"x": 323.2176513671875, "y": 1582.6795654296875}, {"x": 371.4552307128906, "y": 1582.6795654296875}, {"x": 371.4552307128906, "y": 1541.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "(1\ufe5a", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.62094116210938, "y": 1615.4315185546875}, {"x": 148.62094116210938, "y": 1657.09326171875}, {"x": 1307.9869444444444, "y": 1657.09326171875}, {"x": 1307.9869444444444, "y": 1615.4315185546875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "The equation governing the surface profile is derived from the Bernoulli\u2019s theorem:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.8411102294922, "y": 1687.955810546875}, {"x": 155.8411102294922, "y": 1750.0518798828125}, {"x": 333.46795654296875, "y": 1750.0518798828125}, {"x": 333.46795654296875, "y": 1687.955810546875}], "category": "equation", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "%4\u2014220", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 410.0, "y": 1700.0}, {"x": 410.0, "y": 1737.0}, {"x": 450.0, "y": 1737.0}, {"x": 450.0, "y": 1700.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "(2)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.82421875, "y": 1774.4444580078125}, {"x": 153.82421875, "y": 1816.499755859375}, {"x": 991.8406372070312, "y": 1816.499755859375}, {"x": 991.8406372070312, "y": 1774.4444580078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Substituting Equation (1) into (2) will give a new expression:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.52114868164062, "y": 1846.1129150390625}, {"x": 156.52114868164062, "y": 1910.2706298828125}, {"x": 365.518310546875, "y": 1910.2706298828125}, {"x": 365.518310546875, "y": 1846.1129150390625}], "category": "equation", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "k2 +z=C 2072", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 437.0, "y": 1859.0}, {"x": 437.0, "y": 1896.0}, {"x": 477.0, "y": 1896.0}, {"x": 477.0, "y": 1859.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "(3)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1942.2175}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1972.7730555555556}, {"x": 203.5886111111111, "y": 1972.7730555555556}, {"x": 203.5886111111111, "y": 1942.2175}], "category": "heading1", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "or:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 2067.3720703125}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 2093.6240234375}, {"x": 632.0656127929688, "y": 2093.6240234375}, {"x": 632.0656127929688, "y": 2067.3720703125}], "category": "footer", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "68 APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS LAB MANUAL", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000077.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 314.9605555555556, "y": 193.1649932861328}, {"x": 314.9605555555556, "y": 272.9647216796875}, {"x": 1473.2713623046875, "y": 272.9647216796875}, {"x": 1473.2713623046875, "y": 193.1649932861328}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "decline in 2020 in absolute numbers and as a percentage of 2019 deployment (Figure 1.9b).9", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 314.1517333984375, "y": 304.2115478515625}, {"x": 314.1517333984375, "y": 384.1046447753906}, {"x": 1465.8938888888883, "y": 384.1046447753906}, {"x": 1465.8938888888883, "y": 304.2115478515625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.9b. 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"content": {"text": "\u300d \u9b25 \u5716 \u4e8c \u02cd \u9589 m2018 m2019 \u5716", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 552.4216666666666, "y": 921.4715216666666}, {"x": 552.4216666666666, "y": 951.3540216666665}, {"x": 618.6519144444444, "y": 951.3540216666665}, {"x": 618.6519144444444, "y": 921.4715216666666}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "2016", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 529.0, "y": 923.0}, {"x": 529.0, "y": 946.0}, {"x": 617.0, "y": 946.0}, {"x": 617.0, "y": 923.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "m2016", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 668.2741666666666, "y": 921.4715216666666}, {"x": 668.2741666666666, "y": 951.3540216666665}, {"x": 734.5044144444445, "y": 951.3540216666665}, {"x": 734.5044144444445, "y": 921.4715216666666}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "2017", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 644.0, "y": 923.0}, {"x": 644.0, "y": 946.0}, {"x": 733.0, "y": 946.0}, {"x": 733.0, "y": 923.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "m2017", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 784.1733333333333, "y": 921.4715216666666}, {"x": 784.1733333333333, "y": 951.3540216666665}, {"x": 850.4035811111111, "y": 951.3540216666665}, {"x": 850.4035811111111, "y": 921.4715216666666}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "2018", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 900.0263888888888, "y": 921.4715216666666}, {"x": 900.0263888888888, "y": 951.3540216666665}, {"x": 966.2566366666666, "y": 951.3540216666665}, {"x": 966.2566366666666, "y": 921.4715216666666}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "2019", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1015.9252777777776, "y": 921.4715216666666}, {"x": 1015.9252777777776, "y": 951.3540216666665}, {"x": 1291.2941955555552, "y": 951.3540216666665}, {"x": 1291.2941955555552, "y": 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Migrant Workers More at Risk of COVID-19 Infection", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 304.96649169921875, "y": 1133.9381103515625}, {"x": 304.96649169921875, "y": 1536.687744140625}, {"x": 1469.473876953125, "y": 1536.687744140625}, {"x": 1469.473876953125, "y": 1133.9381103515625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "COVID-19 infection among migrants appears to be higher than among non-migrant groups (Hintermeier et al., 2020). Migrant workers are disproportionately exposed to COVID-19 because of the nature of their work and their living conditions. Many migrant workers performed essential services, including jobs in healthcare, selected manufacturing, transportation, logistics, construction, and maintenance, which continued during periods of movement restrictions (OECD, ADBI and ILO, 2021). Many migrant workers also have less access to personal protective equipment and testing and treatment facilities (OECD, ADBI and ILO, 2021). The lack of access was especially true for undocumented migrants.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 308.3800354003906, "y": 1565.638427734375}, {"x": 308.3800354003906, "y": 1806.45703125}, {"x": 1466.067222222222, "y": 1806.45703125}, {"x": 1466.067222222222, "y": 1565.638427734375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "Additionally, migrant workers employed in plantations far away from urban centres had limited access to information and testing. High rates of infection were also linked to overcrowded housing conditions, including shared facilities and sleeping areas, which increase the risk of transmission (ASEAN MP, 2021). Many workers in processing or assembly plants worked in conditions where physical distancing was rarely observed.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 309.04840087890625, "y": 1836.6302490234375}, {"x": 309.04840087890625, "y": 2081.60693359375}, {"x": 1466.0705555555555, "y": 2081.60693359375}, {"x": 1466.0705555555555, "y": 1836.6302490234375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "In Malaysia, out of 2,188 positive cases recorded nationwide on 25 November 2020, 1,511 were foreign workers employed by Top Glove Corporation Bhd., one of the world\u2019s largest personal protective equipment (PPE) manufacturers (The Straits Times, 2020; Ngui, 2020). Many other migrant workers were employed as delivery agents, public transport drivers, or restaurant waiters, and are in constant contact with the general public. Infection risk is also higher", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 236.22027777777777, "y": 2116.951171875}, {"x": 236.22027777777777, "y": 2150.422119140625}, {"x": 1136.1202392578125, "y": 2150.422119140625}, {"x": 1136.1202392578125, "y": 2116.951171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "9 Keeping in mind that for 2020 the figures are only up to October of the year.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 233.84678649902344, "y": 2224.604736328125}, {"x": 233.84678649902344, "y": 2262.07373046875}, {"x": 699.9647827148438, "y": 2262.07373046875}, {"x": 699.9647827148438, "y": 2224.604736328125}], "category": "footer", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1536.5847222222221, "y": 2225.97705078125}, {"x": 1536.5847222222221, "y": 2260.4580555555553}, {"x": 1578.4088134765625, "y": 2260.4580555555553}, {"x": 1578.4088134765625, "y": 2225.97705078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "21", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000044.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 188.79388427734375, "y": 155.95303344726562}, {"x": 188.79388427734375, "y": 202.93555555555542}, {"x": 516.2972412109375, "y": 202.93555555555542}, {"x": 516.2972412109375, "y": 155.95303344726562}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Table of Contents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 184.85411071777344, "y": 300.2630310058594}, {"x": 184.85411071777344, "y": 920.7149658203125}, {"x": 1039.7283935546875, "y": 920.7149658203125}, {"x": 1039.7283935546875, "y": 300.2630310058594}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Executive Summary4
Legal Framework6
Election Administration11
Civil Society Engagement15
Political Parties, Candidates Registration and Election Campaign18
Media Freedom and Access to Information25
Voter Education and Awareness29
Participation of Marginalized Sectors31
Recommendations39
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000011.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 101.58000000000003}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 132.13555555555558}, {"x": 183.29972222222221, "y": 132.13555555555558}, {"x": 183.29972222222221, "y": 101.58000000000003}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "84", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.48019749999997, "y": 155.51233444444455}, {"x": 157.48019749999997, "y": 923.1623336111111}, {"x": 742.4801613888889, "y": 923.1623336111111}, {"x": 742.4801613888889, "y": 155.51233444444455}], "category": "figure", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "A \u3161 N g GK k o =) < \" { \u4fd7 2 P y \u6df1 & 4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 144.8136444091797, "y": 944.3347778320312}, {"x": 144.8136444091797, "y": 1028.552734375}, {"x": 755.6783447265625, "y": 1028.552734375}, {"x": 755.6783447265625, "y": 944.3347778320312}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.11 A. Birrell, Sir Robert Shirley [graphic]. Engraving on wove paper.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.70437622070312, "y": 1068.3140869140625}, {"x": 154.70437622070312, "y": 1704.8011111111114}, {"x": 746.78759765625, "y": 1704.8011111111114}, {"x": 746.78759765625, "y": 1068.3140869140625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "knowledge about remote civilizations. There is an obvious cultural coincidence, for instance, between carpet-making and storytelling among nomadic peoples, which these stories convey through their intricate plot development. They also tell fascinat- ing stories about the the traffic in diamonds, gold, and spices between the Indies, China, Arabia, and Western Europe that still wait to be unveiled. Rather than looking at the things of the Nights as colorful details in Sheherazade\u2019s tales or protagonists in the fantastic stories they make for themselves, we could explore, instead, their role as as bearers of cultural knowledge unintentionally embedded in the fabric of the text. In such a reading, \u201chistorically and theo- retically overdetermined material charactersitics of objects are sought out beyond the immediate context in which they appear\u201d86 in order to", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1293.233611111111, "y": 103.08277777777795}, {"x": 1293.233611111111, "y": 130.86055555555572}, {"x": 1362.2058333333332, "y": 130.86055555555572}, {"x": 1362.2058333333332, "y": 103.08277777777795}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Baird", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 777.6639404296875, "y": 168.4920196533203}, {"x": 777.6639404296875, "y": 244.3427777777777}, {"x": 1368.2077777777777, "y": 244.3427777777777}, {"x": 1368.2077777777777, "y": 168.4920196533203}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "defetishize them and expose the power structures in which they are involved.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 811.0, "y": 247.0}, {"x": 811.0, "y": 271.0}, {"x": 873.0, "y": 271.0}, {"x": 873.0, "y": 247.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Thus,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 910.0, "y": 247.0}, {"x": 910.0, "y": 268.0}, {"x": 1180.0, "y": 268.0}, {"x": 1180.0, "y": 247.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Makdisi and Nussbaum", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1278.0, "y": 247.0}, {"x": 1278.0, "y": 268.0}, {"x": 1362.0, "y": 268.0}, {"x": 1362.0, "y": 247.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "in their", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 778.2774658203125, "y": 259.7288513183594}, {"x": 778.2774658203125, "y": 1628.2458333333332}, {"x": 1372.3035888671875, "y": 1628.2458333333332}, {"x": 1372.3035888671875, "y": 259.7288513183594}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "introduction to The Arabian Nights in Historical Context: Between East and West, \u201cthe Nights offered a particularly powerful vision of an Asiatic culture seemingly saturated with references to sensuality, extravagance, indulgence, violence, supernatural- ism, and eroticism \u2026 [and] added a supernatural dimension to the Enlightenment; the tales offered an avenue into modernity through its magical op- posite, an alternative to European identity, and an antidote to neoclassicism.\u201d87 However, reading such imports as an expression of European pow- ers\u2019 disavowal of the East in order to \u201cjustify their conquest and rule over other peoples, particularly in Asia,\u201d88 is an oversimplification of a rather com- plicated process of cultural exchange. None of these descriptions of Arabia were caused by colo- nial \u201cdistortions,\u201d as Said feared, but by false attri- butions: \u201cArabian\u201d was a misnomer that rarely de- scribed Arabia itself. While fictional narratives like Arabian Nights\u2019 Entertainments represented Ara- bia as a land of magic and exorbitant riches, they were too far-fetched to be part of a Westerner\u2019s belief system during the Age of Reason; rather, they were popularized because their wild fiction- ality turned them into bestsellers at the time. Such stories competed with descriptions of the Arabi- an Peninsula by travelers and traders who had vis- ited the area and had unmediated contact with the local culture. However, while the Orientalist litera- ture described Arabia in terms that emphasized its exoticism, magic, superstitions, extravagance, wealth, eroticism, excess, and myriads of other pe- culiarities that contrasted it with the European normativity, travel narratives created an \u201cArabian\u201d identity that was generally congruent with the reality of the place.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1753.659912109375}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1887.4594444444444}, {"x": 745.1272222222221, "y": 1887.4594444444444}, {"x": 745.1272222222221, "y": 1753.659912109375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "86 Elaine Freedgood, \u201cIntroduction: Reading Things,\u201d in The Idea in Things: Fugitive Meaning in the Victorian Novel (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 5\u20136.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 779.5275, "y": 1787.9085693359375}, {"x": 779.5275, "y": 1854.1258333333335}, {"x": 1371.098388671875, "y": 1854.1258333333335}, {"x": 1371.098388671875, "y": 1787.9085693359375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "87 Makdisi and Nussbaum, introduction to The Arabian Nights in Historical Context, 5.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 779.3978881835938, "y": 1854.645263671875}, {"x": 779.3978881835938, "y": 1880.4378662109375}, {"x": 891.8157348632812, "y": 1880.4378662109375}, {"x": 891.8157348632812, "y": 1854.645263671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "88 Ibid.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000160.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 199.4131317138672, "y": 206.71438598632812}, {"x": 199.4131317138672, "y": 588.6336669921875}, {"x": 903.9103393554688, "y": 588.6336669921875}, {"x": 903.9103393554688, "y": 206.71438598632812}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Other advice that might smooth the way for this exercise is to remind students right before they start that we aren\u2019t interested in what these organizations\u2019 websites say about themselves, but what they can learn about them from the rest of the internet. Encourage use of Wikipedia for this type of source research. Encourage them to slow down and to practice \u201cclick restraint\u201d once they have Googled one of these orgs. What can they learn from looking at just the search results page, without clicking through to anything? What is the overall impression from a variety of results?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 238.43055555555554, "y": 625.4241666666666}, {"x": 238.43055555555554, "y": 650.4241666666666}, {"x": 255.00555555555553, "y": 650.4241666666666}, {"x": 255.00555555555553, "y": 625.4241666666666}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 263.9196472167969, "y": 619.7349243164062}, {"x": 263.9196472167969, "y": 884.8670654296875}, {"x": 900.1986111111111, "y": 884.8670654296875}, {"x": 900.1986111111111, "y": 619.7349243164062}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Center for Consumer Freedom: Many of the Google search results (with or without including the search term funding) indicate this is astroturing. A look at the Wikipedia page tells us that this org was started by a pretty well known PR guy and the sidebar lists their focus as \u201crepresents the interests of restaurant and food companies\u201d and their method as \u201clobbying.\u201d", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 238.43055555555554, "y": 897.6463888888889}, {"x": 238.43055555555554, "y": 922.6463888888889}, {"x": 255.00555555555553, "y": 922.6463888888889}, {"x": 255.00555555555553, "y": 897.6463888888889}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 270.6747222222222, "y": 892.4733276367188}, {"x": 270.6747222222222, "y": 1041.41015625}, {"x": 877.2142333984375, "y": 1041.41015625}, {"x": 877.2142333984375, "y": 892.4733276367188}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "National Consumers League: Students may note that it has been around since 1899, has no critical results on the first page of Google results, and even has an entry in the Encyclopedia Britannica.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 238.43055555555554, "y": 1053.2019444444443}, {"x": 238.43055555555554, "y": 1078.2019444444443}, {"x": 255.00555555555553, "y": 1078.2019444444443}, {"x": 255.00555555555553, "y": 1053.2019444444443}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 270.38800048828125, "y": 1048.4989013671875}, {"x": 270.38800048828125, "y": 1118.164306640625}, {"x": 885.2797222222222, "y": 1118.164306640625}, {"x": 885.2797222222222, "y": 1048.4989013671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "One Fair Wage: a legitimately grass-roots effort to raise the minimum wage for restaurant workers.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 238.43055555555554, "y": 1130.979722222222}, {"x": 238.43055555555554, "y": 1155.979722222222}, {"x": 255.00555555555553, "y": 1155.979722222222}, {"x": 255.00555555555553, "y": 1130.979722222222}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 265.5361633300781, "y": 1123.7313232421875}, {"x": 265.5361633300781, "y": 1389.3130555555554}, {"x": 903.8958333333336, "y": 1389.3130555555554}, {"x": 903.8958333333336, "y": 1123.7313232421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Save Our Tips: This is one case where adding the word funding to the search helps a bit. If we do that we find sources indicating that this group is funded in part by the National Restaurant Association and a conservative strategy and consulting group. Not what you would expect for a grassroots effort lead by waitstaff.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1572.518611111111}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1594.7408333333335}, {"x": 437.1369444444444, "y": 1594.7408333333335}, {"x": 437.1369444444444, "y": 1572.518611111111}], "category": "heading1", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "104 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000066.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 269.44444444444446, "y": 225.5972900390625}, {"x": 269.44444444444446, "y": 350.0}, {"x": 1381.3183333333334, "y": 350.0}, {"x": 1381.3183333333334, "y": 225.5972900390625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "consumption onsite or offsite. Food Service Establishments (FSE) refers to the business engaged in the Food Service Industry. For purposes of the survey, the FSE is segmented into:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.0, "y": 363.88888888888886}, {"x": 275.0, "y": 394.44444444444446}, {"x": 290.09444444444443, "y": 394.44444444444446}, {"x": 290.09444444444443, "y": 363.88888888888886}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 331.5732116699219, "y": 359.429443359375}, {"x": 331.5732116699219, "y": 395.59783935546875}, {"x": 1084.389404296875, "y": 395.59783935546875}, {"x": 1084.389404296875, "y": 359.429443359375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "full-service restaurants, with full menu and waiting service;", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.0, "y": 408.3333333333333}, {"x": 275.0, "y": 438.88888888888886}, {"x": 290.09444444444443, "y": 438.88888888888886}, {"x": 290.09444444444443, "y": 408.3333333333333}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 322.246337890625, "y": 404.4442443847656}, {"x": 322.246337890625, "y": 483.4525146484375}, {"x": 1357.6658333333335, "y": 483.4525146484375}, {"x": 1357.6658333333335, "y": 404.4442443847656}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "limited-service restaurants or quick service restaurants (QSR), with full menu but pay-as-you-order such as fast food or turo-turo type8;", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.0, "y": 497.22222222222223}, {"x": 275.0, "y": 527.7777777777777}, {"x": 290.09444444444443, "y": 527.7777777777777}, {"x": 290.09444444444443, "y": 497.22222222222223}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 335.0105285644531, "y": 492.7958068847656}, {"x": 335.0105285644531, "y": 529.2832641601562}, {"x": 1149.5841064453125, "y": 529.2832641601562}, {"x": 1149.5841064453125, "y": 492.7958068847656}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "cafes/bars/pop-ups (selected menu with few chairs and tables);", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.0, "y": 541.6666666666666}, {"x": 275.0, "y": 572.2222222222222}, {"x": 290.09444444444443, "y": 572.2222222222222}, {"x": 290.09444444444443, "y": 541.6666666666666}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 325.1505432128906, "y": 537.779052734375}, {"x": 325.1505432128906, "y": 573.461669921875}, {"x": 1144.6646728515625, "y": 573.461669921875}, {"x": 1144.6646728515625, "y": 537.779052734375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "kiosks and stalls (purely retail, to be consumed elsewhere); and", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.0, "y": 586.1111111111111}, {"x": 275.0, "y": 616.6666666666666}, {"x": 290.09444444444443, "y": 616.6666666666666}, {"x": 290.09444444444443, "y": 586.1111111111111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 336.19879150390625, "y": 583.4231567382812}, {"x": 336.19879150390625, "y": 618.3173217773438}, {"x": 755.450927734375, "y": 618.3173217773438}, {"x": 755.450927734375, "y": 583.4231567382812}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "catering or 100% home delivery.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.0, "y": 670.758544921875}, {"x": 275.0, "y": 752.4741821289062}, {"x": 1354.5604248046875, "y": 752.4741821289062}, {"x": 1354.5604248046875, "y": 670.758544921875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Full-service restaurants, limited-service restaurants and cafes/bars/pop-ups may also offer \u201cto go\u201d or \u201ctake away\u201d services.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 229.06094360351562, "y": 832.0883178710938}, {"x": 229.06094360351562, "y": 1047.785888671875}, {"x": 446.2242736816406, "y": 1047.785888671875}, {"x": 446.2242736816406, "y": 832.0883178710938}], "category": "figure", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "axS Full service", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 458.36798095703125, "y": 831.1372680664062}, {"x": 458.36798095703125, "y": 1049.80078125}, {"x": 682.35400390625, "y": 1049.80078125}, {"x": 682.35400390625, "y": 831.1372680664062}], "category": "figure", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "L) \u5340 m L \"~ z \uba58 \ub9ac - Limited Service", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 695.9305419921875, "y": 831.0067138671875}, {"x": 695.9305419921875, "y": 1047.714599609375}, {"x": 913.275634765625, "y": 1047.714599609375}, {"x": 913.275634765625, "y": 831.0067138671875}], "category": "figure", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "\u5425 T Cafes, bars and Pop ups =%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 650.3844604492188, "y": 1069.0166015625}, {"x": 650.3844604492188, "y": 1099.431640625}, {"x": 927.7333984375, "y": 1099.431640625}, {"x": 927.7333984375, "y": 1069.0166015625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Figure 1. FSI Segmentation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 926.1934204101562, "y": 833.0420532226562}, {"x": 926.1934204101562, "y": 1046.6112060546875}, {"x": 1141.9674072265625, "y": 1046.6112060546875}, {"x": 1141.9674072265625, "y": 833.0420532226562}], "category": "figure", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "^ \u4e00 Kiosks and stalls \u5021 \u5bb9 A", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1157.1136474609375, "y": 832.375}, {"x": 1157.1136474609375, "y": 1049.2308349609375}, {"x": 1380.7989501953125, "y": 1049.2308349609375}, {"x": 1380.7989501953125, "y": 832.375}], "category": "figure", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "\ufe41 \u4e00 \u2025 \u5716 catering", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 200.0, "y": 1184.6610107421875}, {"x": 200.0, "y": 1621.7535400390625}, {"x": 1397.5128173828125, "y": 1621.7535400390625}, {"x": 1397.5128173828125, "y": 1184.6610107421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "b. Plastic. The Baseline Study looked into the extent of Plastic use of FSEs in Dasmari\u00f1as City. Plastics are categorized by food grade.9 The six food grades are 1) Polyethylene Terephthalate: clear, tough plastic such as soft drinks, juice and water, (2) High Density Polyethylene: white or colored plastic such as milk containers, (3) Polyvinyl Chloride: hard rigid clear plastic such as cordial bottles; (4) Low Density Polyethylene: soft, flexible such as squeezable bottles; 5) Polypropylene: hard but flexible plastics such as microwave ware; takeaway containers, some yogurt or jam containers and hinged lunch boxes, and (6) Polystyrene: rigid, brittle plastics such as small tubes and margarine or butter container. See Figure 1. Plastic litter found in the rivers are of categories 1-6. There are also other plastics that do not fall under food grade 1-6.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 202.77777777777777, "y": 1818.7229666666667}, {"x": 202.77777777777777, "y": 1844.1666666666665}, {"x": 214.25277777777777, "y": 1844.1666666666665}, {"x": 214.25277777777777, "y": 1818.7229666666667}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 202.77777777777777, "y": 1885.3896333333332}, {"x": 202.77777777777777, "y": 1910.8333333333333}, {"x": 214.25277777777777, "y": 1910.8333333333333}, {"x": 214.25277777777777, "y": 1885.3896333333332}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "9", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 222.00628662109375, "y": 1814.242431640625}, {"x": 222.00628662109375, "y": 1880.073974609375}, {"x": 1412.8387451171875, "y": 1880.073974609375}, {"x": 1412.8387451171875, "y": 1814.242431640625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "Filipino word for restaurants where a menu of cooked or ready-to-eat food are on display and clients point to their choice of food and pay as they take their food to their tables or ask for take-out packaging.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 236.8892059326172, "y": 1881.0491943359375}, {"x": 236.8892059326172, "y": 1948.346435546875}, {"x": 1311.546142578125, "y": 1948.346435546875}, {"x": 1311.546142578125, "y": 1881.0491943359375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "Food grade plastics refer to plastic containers, tools or other supplies made of plastics that are cleared to be used for food preparation, handling, and service.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 53.001914978027344, "y": 2077.744384765625}, {"x": 53.001914978027344, "y": 2119.8713888888888}, {"x": 94.54493713378906, "y": 2119.8713888888888}, {"x": 94.54493713378906, "y": 2077.744384765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "18", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.4132537841797, "y": 2082.498779296875}, {"x": 150.4132537841797, "y": 2115.739013671875}, {"x": 965.0699462890625, "y": 2115.739013671875}, {"x": 965.0699462890625, "y": 2082.498779296875}], "category": "footer", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000166.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 151.671875, "y": 161.4774999999999}, {"x": 151.671875, "y": 207.41810607910156}, {"x": 894.4950561523438, "y": 207.41810607910156}, {"x": 894.4950561523438, "y": 161.4774999999999}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Activity 5. Calculating versus estimating CEC", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 265.6053161621094}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 301.01214599609375}, {"x": 1357.9302777777777, "y": 301.01214599609375}, {"x": 1357.9302777777777, "y": 265.6053161621094}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "There are two ways you can calculate the CEC: the sum of cations method and the mineralogy method.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.00196838378906, "y": 389.47637939453125}, {"x": 156.00196838378906, "y": 431.5397033691406}, {"x": 619.2550556277778, "y": 431.5397033691406}, {"x": 619.2550556277778, "y": 389.47637939453125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The Sum-of-Cations Method", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.38690185546875, "y": 496.2850646972656}, {"x": 151.38690185546875, "y": 571.903564453125}, {"x": 1551.1357421875, "y": 571.903564453125}, {"x": 1551.1357421875, "y": 496.2850646972656}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "If you have a soil analysis where the quantities of all cations in the soil are listed, simply summing all those exchangeable quantities will yield the CEC you found in the preceding problems.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.9819793701172, "y": 658.7208251953125}, {"x": 153.9819793701172, "y": 707.75}, {"x": 576.3393833333333, "y": 707.75}, {"x": 576.3393833333333, "y": 658.7208251953125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "The \u201cMineralogy\u201d Method", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 134.93450927734375, "y": 766.1726684570312}, {"x": 134.93450927734375, "y": 839.704833984375}, {"x": 1556.5186767578125, "y": 839.704833984375}, {"x": 1556.5186767578125, "y": 766.1726684570312}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "As you know from your reading and class discussion, clay minerals have a range of values for CEC. If the mineralogy of the clay fraction is known (that is, the type and amounts of each clay mineral), then the CEC can be approximated.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 144.00595092773438, "y": 866.5594482421875}, {"x": 144.00595092773438, "y": 941.6066284179688}, {"x": 1559.0692138671875, "y": 941.6066284179688}, {"x": 1559.0692138671875, "y": 866.5594482421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "To make these calculations easier, Table 13.4 contains representative values for CEC to use in all calculations for this class unless otherwise noted. In nature, however, these soil colloids will have a range of values.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.836181640625, "y": 1029.876220703125}, {"x": 150.836181640625, "y": 1079.5211181640625}, {"x": 907.9688110351562, "y": 1079.5211181640625}, {"x": 907.9688110351562, "y": 1029.876220703125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Table 13.4. Typical CEC of various soil colloids.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 164.33322143554688, "y": 1143.1529541015625}, {"x": 164.33322143554688, "y": 1176.1016845703125}, {"x": 418.90777777777777, "y": 1176.1016845703125}, {"x": 418.90777777777777, "y": 1143.1529541015625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Mineral or colloid type", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 460.0496520996094, "y": 1143.33447265625}, {"x": 460.0496520996094, "y": 1174.968505859375}, {"x": 676.3302777777776, "y": 1174.968505859375}, {"x": 676.3302777777776, "y": 1143.33447265625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "CEC of pure colloid", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 461.3824157714844, "y": 1189.9169921875}, {"x": 461.3824157714844, "y": 1220.9058837890625}, {"x": 573.2577777777778, "y": 1220.9058837890625}, {"x": 573.2577777777778, "y": 1189.9169921875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "cmolc/kg", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 164.61703491210938, "y": 1234.2647705078125}, {"x": 164.61703491210938, "y": 1262.5775146484375}, {"x": 264.0627777777778, "y": 1262.5775146484375}, {"x": 264.0627777777778, "y": 1234.2647705078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "kaolinite", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 460.1043701171875, "y": 1235.7540283203125}, {"x": 460.1043701171875, "y": 1262.2472222222223}, {"x": 492.79777777777775, "y": 1262.2472222222223}, {"x": 492.79777777777775, "y": 1235.7540283203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 164.5550537109375, "y": 1279.435302734375}, {"x": 164.5550537109375, "y": 1307.247222222222}, {"x": 219.67027777777776, "y": 1307.247222222222}, {"x": 219.67027777777776, "y": 1279.435302734375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "illite", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 462.5620422363281, "y": 1281.928955078125}, {"x": 462.5620422363281, "y": 1307.247222222222}, {"x": 497.1402777777777, "y": 1307.247222222222}, {"x": 497.1402777777777, "y": 1281.928955078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "30", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 160.2668914794922, "y": 1326.171875}, {"x": 160.2668914794922, "y": 1353.91357421875}, {"x": 506.7702777777777, "y": 1353.91357421875}, {"x": 506.7702777777777, "y": 1326.171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "montmorillonite/smectite 100", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 164.85093688964844, "y": 1370.7469482421875}, {"x": 164.85093688964844, "y": 1397.8699951171875}, {"x": 292.2552777777778, "y": 1397.8699951171875}, {"x": 292.2552777777778, "y": 1370.7469482421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "vermiculite", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 463.9272155761719, "y": 1370.321533203125}, {"x": 463.9272155761719, "y": 1397.2472222222223}, {"x": 505.06027777777774, "y": 1397.2472222222223}, {"x": 505.06027777777774, "y": 1370.321533203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "150", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 164.2674560546875, "y": 1415.237548828125}, {"x": 164.2674560546875, "y": 1443.337646484375}, {"x": 244.39777777777775, "y": 1443.337646484375}, {"x": 244.39777777777775, "y": 1415.237548828125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "humus", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 463.53948974609375, "y": 1415.8681640625}, {"x": 463.53948974609375, "y": 1442.2472222222223}, {"x": 510.6627777777777, "y": 1442.2472222222223}, {"x": 510.6627777777777, "y": 1415.8681640625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "200", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 137.2028045654297, "y": 1489.86572265625}, {"x": 137.2028045654297, "y": 1601.624267578125}, {"x": 1559.8746337890625, "y": 1601.624267578125}, {"x": 1559.8746337890625, "y": 1489.86572265625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "As an example of this mineralogy approach to CEC calculations, consider a soil having 100% clay where the clay is 100% kaolinite. The CEC would then be 10 cmolc/kg. If a soil contains only 10% kaolinite (or 10 kg clay in 100 kg soil), however, this clay would contribute", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 331.2054138183594, "y": 1626.9080810546875}, {"x": 331.2054138183594, "y": 1727.87744140625}, {"x": 1371.097412109375, "y": 1727.87744140625}, {"x": 1371.097412109375, "y": 1626.9080810546875}], "category": "equation", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "10 cmol, 10 kg clay 1.0 cnol Total CEC of the soil = kg clay 100 kg soil \ufe4d kg soil", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 140.8219451904297, "y": 1754.0941162109375}, {"x": 140.8219451904297, "y": 1827.51025390625}, {"x": 1559.765625, "y": 1827.51025390625}, {"x": 1559.765625, "y": 1754.0941162109375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "A prairie soil contains 30% clay. This clay sized fraction is dominantly montmorillonite. The soil also contains 5% humus (organic matter).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.38836669921875, "y": 1864.035400390625}, {"x": 156.38836669921875, "y": 1921.2618408203125}, {"x": 213.2979278564453, "y": 1921.2618408203125}, {"x": 213.2979278564453, "y": 1864.035400390625}], "category": "figure", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "O\ufe51", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 234.42401123046875, "y": 1857.5430908203125}, {"x": 234.42401123046875, "y": 1890.1602783203125}, {"x": 1398.7386111111114, "y": 1890.1602783203125}, {"x": 1398.7386111111114, "y": 1857.5430908203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "Using the mineralogy method, what is the cation exchange capacity (CEC) contributed by the clay?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 2068.69873046875}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 2095.65673828125}, {"x": 351.42486572265625, "y": 2095.65673828125}, {"x": 351.42486572265625, "y": 2068.69873046875}], "category": "footer", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "120 | Soil Colloids", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000126.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 157.4802777777778}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 645.2513888888889}, {"x": 785.5116666666667, "y": 645.2513888888889}, {"x": 785.5116666666667, "y": 157.4802777777778}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Area Harvested for Mushrooms in Ontario 35,000,000 33.250,000 31500,000 29,750,000 20,000,000 2006 200 2008 200", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 806.5864868164062, "y": 155.90823364257812}, {"x": 806.5864868164062, "y": 406.42474365234375}, {"x": 948.3907470703125, "y": 406.42474365234375}, {"x": 948.3907470703125, "y": 155.90823364257812}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.3- Ontario area (in square feet) used to harvest mushroom s over the years.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.39390563964844, "y": 762.273681640625}, {"x": 155.39390563964844, "y": 806.5194944444444}, {"x": 324.2885111111111, "y": 806.5194944444444}, {"x": 324.2885111111111, "y": 762.273681640625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Closure", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.5087127685547, "y": 869.4119873046875}, {"x": 151.5087127685547, "y": 1096.344970703125}, {"x": 955.996337890625, "y": 1096.344970703125}, {"x": 955.996337890625, "y": 869.4119873046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Closure refers to our mind completing missing portions of a design. There must be enough parts available for the image to be \u201cfilled in\u201d; if the image is too abstract, there are minimal reference points for the mind to complete it. See Figure 4.4 4 for an example of how our mind automatically imagine a line connecting the 2 broken ones.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 132.25805555555556, "y": 1336.1845703125}, {"x": 132.25805555555556, "y": 1541.1461181640625}, {"x": 942.9247222222222, "y": 1541.1461181640625}, {"x": 942.9247222222222, "y": 1336.1845703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "4. Statistics Canada. Table 18-10-0002-01 Monthly average retail prices for food and other selected products. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/1810000201-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/ reference/licence", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 676.208611111111, "y": 1590.3597222222222}, {"x": 676.208611111111, "y": 1612.5819444444444}, {"x": 942.5197222222222, "y": 1612.5819444444444}, {"x": 942.5197222222222, "y": 1590.3597222222222}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Gestalt\u2019s Principles | 89", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000024.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 109.73027038574219, "y": 1714.3878173828125}, {"x": 109.73027038574219, "y": 1740.5127777777777}, {"x": 136.20155334472656, "y": 1740.5127777777777}, {"x": 136.20155334472656, "y": 1714.3878173828125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 186.48281860351562, "y": 156.8074951171875}, {"x": 186.48281860351562, "y": 184.8544444444444}, {"x": 345.01300048828125, "y": 184.8544444444444}, {"x": 345.01300048828125, "y": 156.8074951171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "At Home in Exile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 181.20079040527344, "y": 219.71926879882812}, {"x": 181.20079040527344, "y": 510.1080555555556}, {"x": 1061.324462890625, "y": 510.1080555555556}, {"x": 1061.324462890625, "y": 219.71926879882812}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "We received the clear impression from grim customs officials and money- changers at the border that we had entered a part of the world still not entirely recovered from post-War economic depression. Roadside stands sold plaster garden statues, especially gnomes, and other wares were also for sale, judging by the surreptitious lifting of skirts to reveal totally bare flesh, from women sheltering under their umbrellas. I wondered where they would take their truck driver customers in a place where there seemed to be only road and forest.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 179.32936096191406, "y": 531.4676513671875}, {"x": 179.32936096191406, "y": 754.60107421875}, {"x": 1056.62353515625, "y": 754.60107421875}, {"x": 1056.62353515625, "y": 531.4676513671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Anthea\u2019s navigation skills took us promptly to the clean and pleasant Tumski Hotel on the Sand Island near the oldest part of Wroclaw. I was immensely moved when I found that my room overlooked a canal of the Oder. This was a place of which mother had often spoken. Maria on the Sand (die Sandkirche) is still there, one of the large old Gothic red-brick churches that escaped bombing.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 183.05181884765625, "y": 776.6127319335938}, {"x": 183.05181884765625, "y": 999.3280029296875}, {"x": 1057.6590576171875, "y": 999.3280029296875}, {"x": 1057.6590576171875, "y": 776.6127319335938}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "That Saturday afternoon, too late for lunch, we sampled Polish beer and vodka. We explored the famous Rynek, the central seventeenth-century market square with its famed Gothic town hall where American soldiers had stolen the gold from the astrological clock. The bombed-out buildings had been restored, but they were too garishly painted to revive a sense of their history. The adjoining salt square now mostly sells flowers.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 183.8227996826172, "y": 1019.9146728515625}, {"x": 183.8227996826172, "y": 1167.6408333333334}, {"x": 1054.945277777778, "y": 1167.6408333333334}, {"x": 1054.945277777778, "y": 1019.9146728515625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "We wondered at how few smiling faces there were, and were puzzled by how little German or English anyone spoke. Why was there so little tourism? Only a pair of elegant teenagers had fluent German. We turned down their offers of pornographic pictures and sexual experiences.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 181.90370178222656, "y": 1192.571533203125}, {"x": 181.90370178222656, "y": 1301.2627777777777}, {"x": 1054.9666666666667, "y": 1301.2627777777777}, {"x": 1054.9666666666667, "y": 1192.571533203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "We covered enough of the area to get a strong impression of a once- lively city devastated by War and hastily repaired. These were convenient reconstructions, done without an eye to matching styles.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 179.80422973632812, "y": 1323.6602783203125}, {"x": 179.80422973632812, "y": 1509.6058349609375}, {"x": 1060.82177734375, "y": 1509.6058349609375}, {"x": 1060.82177734375, "y": 1323.6602783203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "I was especially anxious to find out where Neumarkt Platz had been. That evening at the hotel, I kept going to the window and trying to imagine my mother as a young woman taking an evening stroll with a companion along the banks of the Oder. But this was autumn. Thick mists hung above the water. Few people were out walking.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 183.12771606445312, "y": 1530.819091796875}, {"x": 183.12771606445312, "y": 1678.5848388671875}, {"x": 1057.5179443359375, "y": 1678.5848388671875}, {"x": 1057.5179443359375, "y": 1530.819091796875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "On Sunday we set out seriously to find the location of the old square. We walked through once-stately streets, past the Metropole Hotel from where Hitler had addressed the crowds, to the Ethnographic Museum. This proved disappointing. The contents of two rooms were a mere", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000061.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 354.72222222222223, "y": 241.1162109375}, {"x": 354.72222222222223, "y": 444.38888888888863}, {"x": 1348.290283203125, "y": 444.38888888888863}, {"x": 1348.290283203125, "y": 241.1162109375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "iii. Looking at cost items, the cost of raw woods procurement will be highest share at 42%, followed by labour cost at 35%, electricity cost of the fabrication department at 10% (refer to figure 5-2). For this analysis, $35 per tonne is assumed for raw wood costs and this assumption will be crucial to maintain the economics of this business model.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 354.72222222222223, "y": 454.18243408203125}, {"x": 354.72222222222223, "y": 616.0555555555554}, {"x": 1347.93017578125, "y": 616.0555555555554}, {"x": 1347.93017578125, "y": 454.18243408203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "iv. This business model will be operating cost-oriented not capital cost-oriented (refer to figure 5.1); thus, management of raw wood cost, labour cost, and electricity cost is essential. Few variations of capital cost will not affect this business seriously.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 354.72222222222223, "y": 624.470947265625}, {"x": 354.72222222222223, "y": 660.4555053710938}, {"x": 1296.24365234375, "y": 660.4555053710938}, {"x": 1296.24365234375, "y": 624.470947265625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "v. Assumed selling price of wood pellet is $100 per tonne and appropriate.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 287.099365234375, "y": 744.1973876953125}, {"x": 287.099365234375, "y": 780.84912109375}, {"x": 1289.9019775390625, "y": 780.84912109375}, {"x": 1289.9019775390625, "y": 744.1973876953125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Figure 5.1. Operating Cost Structure by the Three Departments of A Company", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 431.39231448165276, "y": 823.5573120117188}, {"x": 431.39231448165276, "y": 1313.286376953125}, {"x": 1263.35595703125, "y": 1313.286376953125}, {"x": 1263.35595703125, "y": 823.5573120117188}], "category": "figure", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "@ = Cutting raw woods = Fabrication = Transportation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 233.9768524169922, "y": 1348.5426025390625}, {"x": 233.9768524169922, "y": 1374.7777777777776}, {"x": 401.3722222222222, "y": 1374.7777777777776}, {"x": 401.3722222222222, "y": 1348.5426025390625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Source: Author.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 344.65032958984375, "y": 1434.3731689453125}, {"x": 344.65032958984375, "y": 1470.009033203125}, {"x": 1228.2418212890625, "y": 1470.009033203125}, {"x": 1228.2418212890625, "y": 1434.3731689453125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Figure 5.2. Operating Cost Structure by the Cost Items of a Company", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 414.5457458496094, "y": 1497.242919921875}, {"x": 414.5457458496094, "y": 2003.757568359375}, {"x": 1270.1890869140625, "y": 2003.757568359375}, {"x": 1270.1890869140625, "y": 1497.242919921875}], "category": "figure", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "\u3163 = Raw woods = Electricity = Diesel oil = Labour = Depreciation = Interest payment", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 233.36988830566406, "y": 2037.8328857421875}, {"x": 233.36988830566406, "y": 2065.1944444444443}, {"x": 412.7055555555555, "y": 2065.1944444444443}, {"x": 412.7055555555555, "y": 2037.8328857421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Source: Author.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 772.4520263671875, "y": 2207.46240234375}, {"x": 772.4520263671875, "y": 2238.6}, {"x": 809.1015555555554, "y": 2238.6}, {"x": 809.1015555555554, "y": 2207.46240234375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "50", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000172.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 231.4319305419922, "y": 163.82400512695312}, {"x": 231.4319305419922, "y": 200.1636505126953}, {"x": 1132.654296875, "y": 200.1636505126953}, {"x": 1132.654296875, "y": 163.82400512695312}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Part V. Chapter Five - Comparing Associations Between Multiple Variables", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 223.5935821533203, "y": 246.20777893066406}, {"x": 223.5935821533203, "y": 472.3931884765625}, {"x": 1505.04638671875, "y": 472.3931884765625}, {"x": 1505.04638671875, "y": 246.20777893066406}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Section 5.1: The Linear Model35
Section 5.2: Simple Regression Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up36
Section 5.3: Multiple Regression Explanation, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up39
Section 5.4: Hierarchical Regression Explanation, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up43
Section 5.5: Chapter Five Self-Test47
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.37416076660156, "y": 515.9671630859375}, {"x": 232.37416076660156, "y": 553.7019653320312}, {"x": 989.3430555555557, "y": 553.7019653320312}, {"x": 989.3430555555557, "y": 515.9671630859375}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Part VI. Chapter Six - Comparing Three or More Group Means", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 220.1334686279297, "y": 585.1967163085938}, {"x": 220.1334686279297, "y": 771.1677856445312}, {"x": 1501.68017578125, "y": 771.1677856445312}, {"x": 1501.68017578125, "y": 585.1967163085938}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Section 6.1: Between Versus Within Group Analyses49
Section 6\ufe522\ufe55 One\ufe63Way ANOVA Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up51
Section 6.3 Repeated Measures ANOVA Assumptions, Interpretation\uff0c and Write Up54
Section 6\ufe524\ufe55 Chapter Six Self-Test62
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.23764038085938, "y": 823.4612426757812}, {"x": 232.23764038085938, "y": 857.535400390625}, {"x": 987.0552978515625, "y": 857.535400390625}, {"x": 987.0552978515625, "y": 823.4612426757812}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Part VII. Chapter Seven - Moderation and Mediation Analyses", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 227.608642578125, "y": 873.009521484375}, {"x": 227.608642578125, "y": 1095.5916748046875}, {"x": 1501.5902099609375, "y": 1095.5916748046875}, {"x": 1501.5902099609375, "y": 873.009521484375}], "category": "table", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Section 7.1: Mediation and Moderation Models64
Section 7.2: Mediation Assumptions, The PROCESS Macro, Interpretation, and Write Up66
Section 7.3: Moderation Models, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up69
Section 7.4: Chapter Seven Self-Test73
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 236.22055555555553, "y": 1129.99658203125}, {"x": 236.22055555555553, "y": 1165.2333984375}, {"x": 985.8702777777777, "y": 1165.2333984375}, {"x": 985.8702777777777, "y": 1129.99658203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Part VIII. Chapter Eight - Factor Analysis and Scale Reliability", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 223.9159698486328, "y": 1201.9061279296875}, {"x": 223.9159698486328, "y": 1574.3907470703125}, {"x": 1502.823486328125, "y": 1574.3907470703125}, {"x": 1502.823486328125, "y": 1201.9061279296875}], "category": "table", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Section 8.1: Factor Analysis Definitions75
Section 8.2: EFA versus CFA76
Section 8\ufe523\ufe55 EFA Steps with Factor Extraction78
Section 8.4: EFA Determining the Number of Factors80
Section 8.5: EFA Interpretation84
Section 8.6: EFA Write Up86
Section 8.7: Scale Reliability87
Section 8.8: Chapter Eight Self-Test89
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Section 9.1: Nonparametric Definitions91
Section 9.2: Choosing Appropriate Tests93
Section 9\ufe523\ufe55 Comparing Two Independent Conditions: The Mann\ufe63 Whitney U Test94
Section 94\ufe55 Comparing Two Dependent Conditions or Paired Samples \ufe63 Wilcoxon Sign\ufe63Rank Test96
Section 9.5: Differences Between Several Independent Groups: The Kruskal\ufe63Wallis Test98
Section 9\ufe526\ufe55 Chapter Nine Self-Test100
References101
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000040.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 188.32400512695312, "y": 192.75804138183594}, {"x": 188.32400512695312, "y": 529.6021118164062}, {"x": 777.2291870117188, "y": 529.6021118164062}, {"x": 777.2291870117188, "y": 192.75804138183594}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Thailand, Philippines and Indonesia in particular, identifying known experts at the national, subnational and community level. The survey and interviews with key informants asked key questions to regional experts on violent extremism to ascertain if hostile sentiments espoused are exacerbating insecurities for women.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.78121948242188, "y": 587.5944213867188}, {"x": 192.78121948242188, "y": 1120.0811767578125}, {"x": 772.0366821289062, "y": 1120.0811767578125}, {"x": 772.0366821289062, "y": 587.5944213867188}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "The survey was made available in English, Bahasa, Thai and Tagalog. We used the Qualtrics platform to facilitate the ease of dissemination and response from home computers, iPads or mobile phone survey options. Qualtrics, one of the most widely used research platforms, supports the implementation of both large-scale survey and experimental study designs. It is administered online with responses gathered into a central and privacy protected database that only the approved researchers have access to.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 186.4756622314453, "y": 1179.2742919921875}, {"x": 186.4756622314453, "y": 1554.80810546875}, {"x": 773.7265625, "y": 1554.80810546875}, {"x": 773.7265625, "y": 1179.2742919921875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The platform allows for the easy migration of data into various statistical packages, including STATA, the main statistical analysis package that we will use to analyse the data. A limitation of this study is that we were unable to translate the survey in all ASEAN languages, and there is a selection bias in that we are focussing the survey in areas", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 870.67578125, "y": 201.43124389648438}, {"x": 870.67578125, "y": 401.36053466796875}, {"x": 1458.3974609375, "y": 401.36053466796875}, {"x": 1458.3974609375, "y": 201.43124389648438}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "of the region that most experience violent extremism and terrorism. However, through our networks, where possible, we disseminated the survey throughout all ASEAN countries.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 872.670166015625, "y": 466.5965881347656}, {"x": 872.670166015625, "y": 957.66015625}, {"x": 1459.9661865234375, "y": 957.66015625}, {"x": 1459.9661865234375, "y": 466.5965881347656}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "It is important to note the limitations of this six-month study. Although the survey was disseminated among all member states, the majority of expert respondents came from Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand. While this can be regarded as highly selective rather than representative, it is important to note that Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand are the countries that continue to face the most pressing threat of ongoing violent extremism and conflict.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 873.4378662109375, "y": 1019.856201171875}, {"x": 873.4378662109375, "y": 1553.868896484375}, {"x": 1460.4124755859375, "y": 1553.868896484375}, {"x": 1460.4124755859375, "y": 1019.856201171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "This is with the exception of Myanmar. Given the current political circumstances and challenges posed by COVID-19, on top of the short project time span, it was unfeasible to include Myanmar within the scope of this study. It is also important to note that the data derived from the surveys and interviews were based on the perceptions of experts and key informants, who are involved in peacebuilding, and on P/CVE strategies throughout the region. As a result, it is important to note the subjectivity of responses.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 184.29555555555555, "y": 1745.4299444444443}, {"x": 184.29555555555555, "y": 1772.3188333333333}, {"x": 305.6988888888889, "y": 1772.3188333333333}, {"x": 305.6988888888889, "y": 1745.4299444444443}], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "OVER 50", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 541.5294799804688, "y": 1636.6361083984375}, {"x": 541.5294799804688, "y": 1674.24755859375}, {"x": 1119.6014404296875, "y": 1674.24755859375}, {"x": 1119.6014404296875, "y": 1636.6361083984375}], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Figure 1: Age by gender of respondents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1349.0, "y": 1719.0}, {"x": 1349.0, "y": 1781.0}, {"x": 1374.0, "y": 1781.0}, {"x": 1374.0, "y": 1719.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "\u5716 \u5716", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1384.5394444444444, "y": 1723.8141666666666}, {"x": 1384.5394444444444, "y": 1746.0363888888887}, {"x": 1438.2727777777777, "y": 1746.0363888888887}, {"x": 1438.2727777777777, "y": 1723.8141666666666}], "category": "heading1", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Male", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1384.5394444444444, "y": 1763.0588888888888}, {"x": 1384.5394444444444, "y": 1785.281111111111}, {"x": 1467.717222222222, "y": 1785.281111111111}, {"x": 1467.717222222222, "y": 1763.0588888888888}], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Female", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.1297222222222, "y": 1853.4157777777775}, {"x": 232.1297222222222, "y": 1880.3046666666664}, {"x": 305.69772222222224, "y": 1880.3046666666664}, {"x": 305.69772222222224, "y": 1853.4157777777775}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "41-50", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 231.53833333333336, "y": 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"", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1587.31640625, "y": 2281.202392578125}, {"x": 1587.31640625, "y": 2300.10498046875}, {"x": 1654, "y": 2300.10498046875}, {"x": 1658.3953857421875, "y": 2281.202392578125}], "category": "figure", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000155.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 156.28179931640625, "y": 164.13388888888863}, {"x": 156.28179931640625, "y": 230.80055555555532}, {"x": 413.8802777777778, "y": 230.80055555555532}, {"x": 413.8802777777778, "y": 164.13388888888863}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Contents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 187.11062622070312, "y": 401.20660400390625}, {"x": 187.11062622070312, "y": 888.2952880859375}, {"x": 949.6287231445312, "y": 888.2952880859375}, {"x": 949.6287231445312, "y": 401.20660400390625}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Front Matter1
Introduction to Researching Wicked Problems3
Our Mental Shortcuts13
Identifying a Topic25
Types of Sources38
Access & Searching55
SIFTing Information67
Evaluating News Sources80
Audience, Presentation & Citation88
Instructor Resources97
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All were recorded by me during field work on Chuj from 1964 to 1965. (See the Archive of the Indigenous Lan- guages of Latin America, www.ailla.utexas.org, for these and other samples of Chuj speech recorded during field work; AILLA reference codes for each text are given below and at the head of each transcription.)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 450.3581237792969, "y": 874.3716430664062}, {"x": 450.3581237792969, "y": 914.7219444444444}, {"x": 787.9400634765625, "y": 914.7219444444444}, {"x": 787.9400634765625, "y": 874.3716430664062}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Introduction to the Texts", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 177.45559692382812, "y": 932.1058959960938}, {"x": 177.45559692382812, "y": 1195.372802734375}, {"x": 1055.7958333333336, "y": 1195.372802734375}, {"x": 1055.7958333333336, "y": 932.1058959960938}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Two of the stories are ultimately of foreign origin, but their origins are not the same. In one case, the story known to the narrator as An Old Man Whose Son Killed Him [CAC 002 R022], the story clearly comes from the European tra- dition, and must have been introduced to the Chuj by schoolteachers. It is the classic Greek tale of a couple whose child is destined to kill his father and how that came about, including the solution to a famous riddle: What animal walks on four legs at dawn, on two legs at noon, and on three legs in the evening?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 182.265625, "y": 1197.065673828125}, {"x": 182.265625, "y": 1532.4247222222216}, {"x": 1056.8544921875, "y": 1532.4247222222216}, {"x": 1056.8544921875, "y": 1197.065673828125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "The other tale, Coyote and Rabbit [CAC 002 R027], is probably ultimately of African origin, although some of its episodes are traditional in the American South and may have been introduced secondhand to the Chuj. This is the series of incidents that make up the Br\u2019er Rabbit stories, stories that reflected earlier African tales involving Hyena instead of Fox (Diarassouba 2007). Here the story features Coyote instead of either Fox or Hyena. Coyote stories and stories of Rabbit Trickster abound in the native New World, and some of the episodes may be of American origin, adapted to the framework of the African stories. Some ep- isodes have a local flavor (such as misty mountains) and are likely of local origin.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 174.89239501953125, "y": 1534.5985107421875}, {"x": 174.89239501953125, "y": 1609.9302978515625}, {"x": 1064.841064453125, "y": 1609.9302978515625}, {"x": 1064.841064453125, "y": 1534.5985107421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "A third story, Friend of the Animals [CAC 002 R020], expresses such a universal theme that it could possibly be of foreign origin as well, but it has", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 605.0797222222222, "y": 1655.7977777777778}, {"x": 605.0797222222222, "y": 1682.1866666666667}, {"x": 628.2491666666666, "y": 1682.1866666666667}, {"x": 628.2491666666666, "y": 1655.7977777777778}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "22", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000123.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 157.27615356445312, "y": 172.6957244873047}, {"x": 157.27615356445312, "y": 240.97083333333336}, {"x": 761.7469444444445, "y": 240.97083333333336}, {"x": 761.7469444444445, "y": 172.6957244873047}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "The Data Journey", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.58151245117188, "y": 310.94683837890625}, {"x": 151.58151245117188, "y": 379.2655555555555}, {"x": 959.5355224609375, "y": 379.2655555555555}, {"x": 959.5355224609375, "y": 310.94683837890625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "To get started, let\u2019s consider the data visualization in Figure 1.1 below.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 395.97222222222206}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 766.5108333333333}, {"x": 785.5116666666667, "y": 766.5108333333333}, {"x": 785.5116666666667, "y": 395.97222222222206}], "category": "figure", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Fruit Production in British Columbia wo.000 0,000 100,000 80,000 snmoo 40,000 20,000 9 | \u02cd\u02cd\u02cd| \u301d 2017 200 20 1! Yaw =Amew \u3002Muuwrww \u3002omwuwrue \u00ae Orapes TSuemuemw", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 804.64404296875, "y": 397.14910888671875}, {"x": 804.64404296875, "y": 670.5255737304688}, {"x": 945.7341666666666, "y": 670.5255737304688}, {"x": 945.7341666666666, "y": 397.14910888671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.1. Production of apples, blueberries, cranberries, graphs, and strawberrie s in British Columbia,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 807.0, "y": 667.0}, {"x": 807.0, "y": 683.0}, {"x": 922.0, "y": 683.0}, {"x": 922.0, "y": 667.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "2016-2020.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.7389373779297, "y": 883.6761474609375}, {"x": 148.7389373779297, "y": 990.0816666666666}, {"x": 952.197998046875, "y": 990.0816666666666}, {"x": 952.197998046875, "y": 883.6761474609375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "The underlying raw data went through many stages before it was presented to you in this data visualization. The information had to be:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 177.88305555555553, "y": 1036.24951171875}, {"x": 177.88305555555553, "y": 1064.685}, {"x": 472.83027777777784, "y": 1064.685}, {"x": 472.83027777777784, "y": 1036.24951171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Collected via surveys", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 177.88305555555553, "y": 1078.5738888888889}, {"x": 177.88305555555553, "y": 1103.5738888888889}, {"x": 191.80805555555554, "y": 1103.5738888888889}, {"x": 191.80805555555554, "y": 1078.5738888888889}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.227294921875, "y": 1076.23095703125}, {"x": 205.227294921875, "y": 1104.285888671875}, {"x": 522.7552777777778, "y": 1104.285888671875}, {"x": 522.7552777777778, "y": 1076.23095703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Inputted into a database", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 177.88305555555553, "y": 1115.28564453125}, {"x": 177.88305555555553, "y": 1142.818359375}, {"x": 519.9302777777779, "y": 1142.818359375}, {"x": 519.9302777777779, "y": 1115.28564453125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Stored on secure servers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 177.88305555555553, "y": 1153.1683349609375}, {"x": 177.88305555555553, "y": 1182.91455078125}, {"x": 684.4302777777777, "y": 1182.91455078125}, {"x": 684.4302777777777, "y": 1153.1683349609375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Cleaned for accuracy and consistency", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 177.88305555555553, "y": 1191.31982421875}, {"x": 177.88305555555553, "y": 1220.432373046875}, {"x": 649.9552777777777, "y": 1220.432373046875}, {"x": 649.9552777777777, "y": 1191.31982421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Analyzed to understand the trends", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 177.88305555555553, "y": 1231.035888671875}, {"x": 177.88305555555553, "y": 1259.1294444444445}, {"x": 527.3302777777777, "y": 1259.1294444444445}, {"x": 527.3302777777777, "y": 1231.035888671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Presented as a bar graph", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 138.92472222222221, "y": 1373.494873046875}, {"x": 138.92472222222221, "y": 1542.0740966796875}, {"x": 946.0380859375, "y": 1542.0740966796875}, {"x": 946.0380859375, "y": 1373.494873046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "1. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate value of marketed fruits. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved January 9th, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/3210036401-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1587.6815185546875}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1615.2491455078125}, {"x": 399.2753601074219, "y": 1615.2491455078125}, {"x": 399.2753601074219, "y": 1587.6815185546875}], "category": "footer", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "4 | The Data Journey", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000031.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 205.68310546875, "y": 53.9811897277832}, {"x": 205.68310546875, "y": 83.15442583333348}, {"x": 619.69677734375, "y": 83.15442583333348}, {"x": 619.69677734375, "y": 53.9811897277832}], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 482.46234130859375, "y": 148.8447723388672}, {"x": 482.46234130859375, "y": 221.22882166666687}, {"x": 940.0650634765625, "y": 221.22882166666687}, {"x": 940.0650634765625, "y": 148.8447723388672}], "category": "equation", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "lim PLL PHL and lim PLL \u00fe PHH PHL", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1126.7719444444444, "y": 168.31512451171875}, {"x": 1126.7719444444444, "y": 200.65282388888886}, {"x": 1179.6884765625, "y": 200.65282388888886}, {"x": 1179.6884765625, "y": 168.31512451171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "(13)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.88442993164062, "y": 248.2892303466797}, {"x": 192.88442993164062, "y": 313.72833388888887}, {"x": 1190.7744140625, "y": 313.72833388888887}, {"x": 1190.7744140625, "y": 248.2892303466797}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "equal zero when certain parameters tend to infinity in some well-defined way. However, it is worthwhile at this stage to note their implications for cosmology.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.0808563232422, "y": 315.7198791503906}, {"x": 205.0808563232422, "y": 712.3666381835938}, {"x": 1209.980224609375, "y": 712.3666381835938}, {"x": 1209.980224609375, "y": 315.7198791503906}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "The strong broken symmetry in Definition 5 actually means that a monotonic behavior of the entropy is far more probable than a non-monotonic one. In the case of a weak broken symmetry, this is not necessarily so; it could very well be that the most probable scenario would be high entropy at both ends. Thus, this is definitely a weaker statement, but it can nevertheless be argued that it can be used to explain the time asymmetry that we observe, referring to a kind of anthropic principle: it is an obvious observational fact that we live in a universe with low entropy at at least one end. If the statement in Definition 4 is fulfilled, then clearly among such scenarios, the monotonic ones (LH and HL) are the by far most probable ones. Thus, since universes with high entropy at both ends would seem to be quite uninhabitable, one can argue that given the existence of an observer, then with almost certainty he must live in a universe with monotonic entropy.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.3446807861328, "y": 713.7110595703125}, {"x": 195.3446807861328, "y": 811.9413555555551}, {"x": 1222.598876953125, "y": 811.9413555555551}, {"x": 1222.598876953125, "y": 713.7110595703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Summing up, both limits above can be used to argue in favor of time asymmetry. Nevertheless, at least to the mind of the author, the strong broken symmetry is the preferable one. This alternative will be further studied in Section 9.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 206.54824829101562, "y": 877.3756713867188}, {"x": 206.54824829101562, "y": 913.9782104492188}, {"x": 1038.9293212890625, "y": 913.9782104492188}, {"x": 1038.9293212890625, "y": 877.3756713867188}], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "8. Numerical computations in the combinatorial multiverse", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 199.5132293701172, "y": 946.7437744140625}, {"x": 199.5132293701172, "y": 1111.534393888889}, {"x": 1213.776123046875, "y": 1111.534393888889}, {"x": 1213.776123046875, "y": 946.7437744140625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "With the setup in Sections 6 and 7, we can now use Mathematica or MATLAB to generate instances of the combinatorial multiverse for small values of m and W and then compute the corresponding probability weights PLL, PLH, PHL and PHH. It is important to note that the matrices here can be treated as sparse, rather than as full matrices, which make the computations considerably faster.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 204.97085571289062, "y": 1112.3321533203125}, {"x": 204.97085571289062, "y": 1244.28222}, {"x": 1178.360595703125, "y": 1244.28222}, {"x": 1178.360595703125, "y": 1112.3321533203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "In particular, in the case m 2 in Section 6 and with a randomly generated \u00bc dynamics which is manifested by an adjacency matrix A, we can compute the power A4 and read of the first row, which contains all the information we need about the paths from the state at t 2 with S 0. So what do we find?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.587890625, "y": 1244.1121826171875}, {"x": 193.587890625, "y": 1380.090576171875}, {"x": 1211.8365478515625, "y": 1380.090576171875}, {"x": 1211.8365478515625, "y": 1244.1121826171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "In Figure 3, I have plotted the ratio NLL= NLH \u00fe for the cases m NHL 2 (light \u00f0 \u00de \u00bc gray) and m 3 (dark gray) for values of W ranging from 3 to 30. What is actually \u00bc displayed are the mean values of 1000 randomly generated matrices as above for each value of W. Although the picture clearly supports the claim that", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 381.49334716796875, "y": 1442.07958984375}, {"x": 381.49334716796875, "y": 1833.932861328125}, {"x": 1027.3052978515625, "y": 1833.932861328125}, {"x": 1027.3052978515625, "y": 1442.07958984375}], "category": "figure", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "1DF 4 957 34 002 - 0.00 \uc9c0\uace8 3\uc720 \uc774 B 10111214 \u4ee3 \u4f10 \u4f5c 17181W20Z122233 & EoEoEn", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 206.49563598632812, "y": 1857.0364990234375}, {"x": 206.49563598632812, "y": 1884.1243896484375}, {"x": 299.7873229980469, "y": 1884.1243896484375}, {"x": 299.7873229980469, "y": 1857.0364990234375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Figure 3.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.30355834960938, "y": 1880.3076171875}, {"x": 205.30355834960938, "y": 1910.8912353515625}, {"x": 1195.089069388889, "y": 1910.8912353515625}, {"x": 1195.089069388889, "y": 1880.3076171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "NHL as a function of W for the cases m 2 (light gray) and m 3 (dark gray) [4].", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 207.02099609375, "y": 1961.438720703125}, {"x": 207.02099609375, "y": 1987.3827166666667}, {"x": 243.31689453125, "y": 1987.3827166666667}, {"x": 243.31689453125, "y": 1961.438720703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "318", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000115.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 222.33333333333334, "y": 116.30633333333327}, {"x": 222.33333333333334, "y": 155.3063333333335}, {"x": 1510.8419999999999, "y": 155.3063333333335}, {"x": 1510.8419999999999, "y": 116.30633333333327}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 249.40631103515625, "y": 202.47061157226562}, {"x": 249.40631103515625, "y": 283.26666666666665}, {"x": 1436.6666666666665, "y": 283.26666666666665}, {"x": 1436.6666666666665, "y": 202.47061157226562}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "5. Sample problem: If the ocular has a 10x lens and the objective has a 45x lens the total magnification is 10 x 45 = 450x", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 197.18167114257812, "y": 307.5069580078125}, {"x": 197.18167114257812, "y": 348.0461120605469}, {"x": 507.33333333333337, "y": 348.0461120605469}, {"x": 507.33333333333337, "y": 307.5069580078125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Changing objectives:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 242.98345947265625, "y": 371.0578918457031}, {"x": 242.98345947265625, "y": 453.89999999999964}, {"x": 1409.0703125, "y": 453.89999999999964}, {"x": 1409.0703125, "y": 371.0578918457031}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "1. When changing objectives from scanning power to lower power to high power the following changes will occur:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 350.0, "y": 459.1182556152344}, {"x": 350.0, "y": 498.4999999999998}, {"x": 920.3333333333333, "y": 498.4999999999998}, {"x": 920.3333333333333, "y": 459.1182556152344}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "a. The size of the field of view decreases", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 345.78851318359375, "y": 503.5805358886719}, {"x": 345.78851318359375, "y": 542.4999999999999}, {"x": 857.3333333333333, "y": 542.4999999999999}, {"x": 857.3333333333333, "y": 503.5805358886719}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "b. The field of view becomes darker", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 347.78765869140625, "y": 548.53466796875}, {"x": 347.78765869140625, "y": 586.8333333333333}, {"x": 825.6666666666666, "y": 586.8333333333333}, {"x": 825.6666666666666, "y": 548.53466796875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "c. The size of the image increases", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 341.1888122558594, "y": 593.1888427734375}, {"x": 341.1888122558594, "y": 630.8333333333334}, {"x": 1020.4125366210938, "y": 630.8333333333334}, {"x": 1020.4125366210938, "y": 593.1888427734375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "d. The resolution (ability to see detail) increases", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 342.5384521484375, "y": 636.2244873046875}, {"x": 342.5384521484375, "y": 674.8333333333335}, {"x": 1372.465576171875, "y": 674.8333333333335}, {"x": 1372.465576171875, "y": 636.2244873046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "e. The working distance between the slide and the objective lens decreases", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 333.1020812988281, "y": 679.964599609375}, {"x": 333.1020812988281, "y": 718.8333333333336}, {"x": 1363.6666666666667, "y": 718.8333333333336}, {"x": 1363.6666666666667, "y": 679.964599609375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "f. The depth of focus (thickness of the specimen that is visible) is reduced", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 248.1198272705078, "y": 721.0822143554688}, {"x": 248.1198272705078, "y": 804.6486206054688}, {"x": 1475.3333333333333, "y": 804.6486206054688}, {"x": 1475.3333333333333, "y": 721.0822143554688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "2. When changing from scanning to low power the field of view gets smaller. In fact, every time you increase the power of the objective, the field gets smaller.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 197.3759002685547, "y": 891.6656494140625}, {"x": 197.3759002685547, "y": 932.591064453125}, {"x": 662.0000000000005, "y": 932.591064453125}, {"x": 662.0000000000005, "y": 891.6656494140625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Steps for Using the Microscope:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 240.48631286621094, "y": 955.28466796875}, {"x": 240.48631286621094, "y": 1038.566666666667}, {"x": 1502.3896484375, "y": 1038.566666666667}, {"x": 1502.3896484375, "y": 955.28466796875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "1. Place the slide on the stage lining it up with the rectangle and using the stage clip to hold it in place.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 299.37945556640625, "y": 1040.1771240234375}, {"x": 299.37945556640625, "y": 1473.1663818359375}, {"x": 864.1412353515625, "y": 1473.1663818359375}, {"x": 864.1412353515625, "y": 1040.1771240234375}], "category": "figure", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "5y 2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 246.38885498046875, "y": 1562.728271484375}, {"x": 246.38885498046875, "y": 1601.6000000000004}, {"x": 1457.71435546875, "y": 1601.6000000000004}, {"x": 1457.71435546875, "y": 1562.728271484375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "2. Click the nosepiece to the lowest (shortest) setting, the scanning objective lens or 4x.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 248.7427978515625, "y": 1608.3035888671875}, {"x": 248.7427978515625, "y": 1645.5000000000002}, {"x": 621.3333333333338, "y": 1645.5000000000002}, {"x": 621.3333333333338, "y": 1608.3035888671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "3. Look into the eyepiece.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 249.08583068847656, "y": 1650.3724365234375}, {"x": 249.08583068847656, "y": 1733.2333333333338}, {"x": 1510.0009765625, "y": 1733.2333333333338}, {"x": 1510.0009765625, "y": 1650.3724365234375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "4. Use the coarse adjustment knob to bring the specimen into view. The specimen must be in focus before moving to the next steps.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 250.00000000000045, "y": 1740.3192138671875}, {"x": 250.00000000000045, "y": 1777.9333333333336}, {"x": 1061.93310546875, "y": 1777.9333333333336}, {"x": 1061.93310546875, "y": 1740.3192138671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "5. Rotate the nosepiece to the low-power objective or 10x.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 250.0000000000003, "y": 1784.194091796875}, {"x": 250.0000000000003, "y": 1821.8333333333337}, {"x": 878.6666666666671, "y": 1821.8333333333337}, {"x": 878.6666666666671, "y": 1784.194091796875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "6. Refocus using the coarse adjustment knob.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 247.0243377685547, "y": 1827.5732421875}, {"x": 247.0243377685547, "y": 1865.8333333333337}, {"x": 815.666666666667, "y": 1865.8333333333337}, {"x": 815.666666666667, "y": 1827.5732421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "7. Move the slide to get a centered view.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 244.7023162841797, "y": 1871.991455078125}, {"x": 244.7023162841797, "y": 1910.1666666666672}, {"x": 1263.666666666667, "y": 1910.1666666666672}, {"x": 1263.666666666667, "y": 1871.991455078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "8. Now use the fine adjustment knob to get the specimen in perfect focus.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 249.21072387695312, "y": 1915.8267822265625}, {"x": 249.21072387695312, "y": 1954.1666666666672}, {"x": 1329.3333333333326, "y": 1954.1666666666672}, {"x": 1329.3333333333326, "y": 1915.8267822265625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "9. Your slide MUST be focused on low power before attempting this next step.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 833.0, "y": 2037.6333333333332}, {"x": 833.0, "y": 2068.2999999999997}, {"x": 875.5653333333332, "y": 2068.2999999999997}, {"x": 875.5653333333332, "y": 2037.6333333333332}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000038.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 106.25811767578125, "y": 2196.681884765625}, {"x": 106.25811767578125, "y": 2221.645}, {"x": 135.14060974121094, "y": 2221.645}, {"x": 135.14060974121094, "y": 2196.681884765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "2 3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 262.5, "y": 173.76304626464844}, {"x": 262.5, "y": 208.70327758789062}, {"x": 1322.0369873046875, "y": 208.70327758789062}, {"x": 1322.0369873046875, "y": 173.76304626464844}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 6.1.1: Will they fire more staff in the next 2 months - across survey phases (%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 489.9502777777778, "y": 279.832361111111}, {"x": 489.9502777777778, "y": 299.8045833333334}, {"x": 523.2639444444444, "y": 299.8045833333334}, {"x": 523.2639444444444, "y": 279.832361111111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "100", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 501.0548333333333, "y": 357.2247222222223}, {"x": 501.0548333333333, "y": 377.1969444444446}, {"x": 523.2639444444444, "y": 377.1969444444446}, {"x": 523.2639444444444, "y": 357.2247222222223}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "80", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 501.0548333333333, "y": 434.6170833333335}, {"x": 501.0548333333333, "y": 454.5893055555559}, {"x": 523.2639444444444, "y": 454.5893055555559}, {"x": 523.2639444444444, "y": 434.6170833333335}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "60", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 501.0548333333333, "y": 512.0094444444447}, {"x": 501.0548333333333, "y": 531.9816666666671}, {"x": 523.2639444444444, "y": 531.9816666666671}, {"x": 523.2639444444444, "y": 512.0094444444447}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "40", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 501.0548333333333, "y": 589.4018055555559}, {"x": 501.0548333333333, "y": 609.3740277777783}, {"x": 523.2639444444444, "y": 609.3740277777783}, {"x": 523.2639444444444, "y": 589.4018055555559}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 512.1593888888889, "y": 666.7941666666671}, {"x": 512.1593888888889, "y": 686.7663888888895}, {"x": 523.2639444444444, "y": 686.7663888888895}, {"x": 523.2639444444444, "y": 666.7941666666671}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 525.0, "y": 285.0}, {"x": 525.0, "y": 773.0}, {"x": 1233.0, "y": 773.0}, {"x": 1233.0, "y": 285.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "\u3010 \ubfd4 \ubfd4 \u54f2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 552.4716666666667, "y": 758.2576388888889}, {"x": 552.4716666666667, "y": 778.2298611111113}, {"x": 821.0840750000001, "y": 778.2298611111113}, {"x": 821.0840750000001, "y": 758.2576388888889}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Will not terminate employment", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 882.8269444444444, "y": 758.2576388888889}, {"x": 882.8269444444444, "y": 778.2298611111113}, {"x": 1118.0997222222222, "y": 778.2298611111113}, {"x": 1118.0997222222222, "y": 758.2576388888889}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Will terminate employment", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1179.8716666666667, "y": 758.2576388888889}, {"x": 1179.8716666666667, "y": 778.2298611111113}, {"x": 1278.6542777777777, "y": 778.2298611111113}, {"x": 1278.6542777777777, "y": 758.2576388888889}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Don\u2019t know", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 255.4794158935547, "y": 873.846435546875}, {"x": 255.4794158935547, "y": 908.291748046875}, {"x": 1484.25439453125, "y": 908.291748046875}, {"x": 1484.25439453125, "y": 873.846435546875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Figure 6.1.2: Will they fire more staff in the next 2 months \u2013 across sectors and survey phases (%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 386.1562355555555, "y": 987.4137566666666}, {"x": 386.1562355555555, "y": 1006.7876455555555}, {"x": 418.4718822222222, "y": 1006.7876455555555}, {"x": 418.4718822222222, "y": 987.4137566666666}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "100", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 396.92811777777774, "y": 1075.8555594444442}, {"x": 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"y": 1360.651726111111}, {"x": 418.4718822222222, "y": 1341.2778372222222}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 407.7, "y": 1429.7390138888888}, {"x": 407.7, "y": 1449.112902777778}, {"x": 418.4718822222222, "y": 1449.112902777778}, {"x": 418.4718822222222, "y": 1429.7390138888888}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 478.0, "y": 993.0}, {"x": 478.0, "y": 1551.0}, {"x": 1399.0, "y": 1551.0}, {"x": 1399.0, "y": 993.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "\uc090 \uc090 \ub97c \ub8f0 \u540c", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 458.53972222222217, "y": 1453.351138888889}, {"x": 458.53972222222217, "y": 1470.3033611111107}, {"x": 522.6191222222222, "y": 1470.3033611111107}, {"x": 522.6191222222222, "y": 1453.351138888889}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Jul 2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 562.9377777777778, "y": 1536.1154027777777}, {"x": 562.9377777777778, "y": 1555.4892916666665}, {"x": 823.5030216111111, "y": 1555.4892916666665}, {"x": 823.5030216111111, "y": 1536.1154027777777}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "Will not terminate employment", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 883.3947222222223, "y": 1536.1154027777777}, {"x": 883.3947222222223, "y": 1555.4892916666665}, {"x": 1111.6191333333334, "y": 1555.4892916666665}, {"x": 1111.6191333333334, "y": 1536.1154027777777}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "Will terminate employment", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1171.5413888888888, "y": 1536.1154027777777}, {"x": 1171.5413888888888, "y": 1555.4892916666665}, {"x": 1267.3646433333333, "y": 1555.4892916666665}, {"x": 1267.3646433333333, "y": 1536.1154027777777}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "Don\u2019t know", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1351.8101177777778, "y": 1453.351138888889}, {"x": 1351.8101177777778, "y": 1470.3033611111107}, {"x": 1421.5515599999999, "y": 1470.3033611111107}, {"x": 1421.5515599999999, "y": 1453.351138888889}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "Jan 2021", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 260.6995849609375, "y": 1642.353515625}, {"x": 260.6995849609375, "y": 1674.8629150390625}, {"x": 789.1683959960938, "y": 1674.8629150390625}, {"x": 789.1683959960938, "y": 1642.353515625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "6.2. Expectations for Re-Hiring Employees", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 256.42779541015625, "y": 1709.6275634765625}, {"x": 256.42779541015625, "y": 1908.9420166015625}, {"x": 896.631527777778, "y": 1908.9420166015625}, {"x": 896.631527777778, "y": 1709.6275634765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "In July 2020, 81% of the MSMEs that had laid off employees expected to re-hire all of them when the situation improved. This number reduced to 23% in October 2020 and further to just 7% in January 2021.5 In July 2020, all MSMEs had plans to re-hire at least some of their staff. But in October 2020, 17% said", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 914.2883333333334, "y": 1642.3160400390625}, {"x": 914.2883333333334, "y": 1909.5723876953125}, {"x": 1548.4603271484375, "y": 1909.5723876953125}, {"x": 1548.4603271484375, "y": 1642.3160400390625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "they had no plans to re-hire and another 36% said they didn\u2019t know whether they would re-hire or not. In January 2021, 20% said they had no plans to re-hire and another 27% said they did not know. This question was only posed to those who had let staff go since the last survey round, and in October 2020 and January 2021, the base numbers reduced as fewer MSMEs reported letting staff go. In July 2020, 195 MSMEs", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 262.5, "y": 1975.5941162109375}, {"x": 262.5, "y": 2068.2841796875}, {"x": 1519.1175000000007, "y": 2068.2841796875}, {"x": 1519.1175000000007, "y": 1975.5941162109375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "5. The question on re-hiring was asked to those who had laid-off employees since the last survey. In the latter two survey rounds, respondents were asked about plans to re-hire staff whom they had let go since the previous interview, whereas in July 2020, they were asked about plans to re-hire staff they had let go since their business was first affected by the pandemic.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000144.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 247.9495391845703, "y": 197.80218505859375}, {"x": 247.9495391845703, "y": 232.252197265625}, {"x": 676.6587524414062, "y": 232.252197265625}, {"x": 676.6587524414062, "y": 197.80218505859375}], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Chapter 3. Numerical differentiation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 249.96666666666667, "y": 233.311111111111}, {"x": 249.96666666666667, "y": 234.6444444444444}, {"x": 1424.9666666666667, "y": 234.6444444444444}, {"x": 1424.9666666666667, "y": 233.311111111111}], "category": "figure", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1397.3035888671875, "y": 200.24505615234375}, {"x": 1397.3035888671875, "y": 231.24913511111123}, {"x": 1428.549072265625, "y": 231.24913511111123}, {"x": 1428.549072265625, "y": 200.24505615234375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "35", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 248.49037170410156, "y": 287.82843017578125}, {"x": 248.49037170410156, "y": 319.1095197777776}, {"x": 638.1597290039062, "y": 319.1095197777776}, {"x": 638.1597290039062, "y": 287.82843017578125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Note that the exact error equals", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 586.3333333333333, "y": 346.6645202636719}, {"x": 586.3333333333333, "y": 381.9435729980469}, {"x": 1090.2481755218312, "y": 381.9435729980469}, {"x": 1090.2481755218312, "y": 346.6645202636719}], "category": "equation", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "M Q(h) = e 2.7525 . . . = 0.0342 . . . .", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 245.74229431152344, "y": 408.6921081542969}, {"x": 245.74229431152344, "y": 443.6240539550781}, {"x": 853.5838315869621, "y": 443.6240539550781}, {"x": 853.5838315869621, "y": 408.6921081542969}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "In this example the error estimate is very reliable.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 245.98562622070312, "y": 458.97039794921875}, {"x": 245.98562622070312, "y": 492.2708435058594}, {"x": 1336.9537353515625, "y": 492.2708435058594}, {"x": 1336.9537353515625, "y": 458.97039794921875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "To receive a better approximation the error estimate can be added to the approximation:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 524.5789184570312, "y": 515.2116088867188}, {"x": 524.5789184570312, "y": 561.8772583007812}, {"x": 1142.2482032996088, "y": 561.8772583007812}, {"x": 1142.2482032996088, "y": 515.2116088867188}], "category": "equation", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Q(h) + cphp = 2.7525 . . . 0.0348 . . . = 2.7177 . . . .", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 248.01785278320312, "y": 596.267578125}, {"x": 248.01785278320312, "y": 731.7420654296875}, {"x": 1443.1859130859375, "y": 731.7420654296875}, {"x": 1443.1859130859375, "y": 596.267578125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "In the above example, the value of p was computed using Richardson\u2019s extrapolation. However, using Theorem 3.2.1, it is clear that p = 1, and this value could have been used immediately in equation (3.13b) in order to determine cphp. In practice, more complex situations are found, and the following complications may occur:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 295.99977777777775, "y": 756.5323486328125}, {"x": 295.99977777777775, "y": 791.446044921875}, {"x": 1249.5296630859375, "y": 791.446044921875}, {"x": 1249.5296630859375, "y": 756.5323486328125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "- It is not known whether higher-order derivatives exist and/or are bounded.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 295.9997777777777, "y": 813.4691162109375}, {"x": 295.9997777777777, "y": 881.9580078125}, {"x": 1436.04638671875, "y": 881.9580078125}, {"x": 1436.04638671875, "y": 813.4691162109375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "- The \ufb01nal result is a combination of various approximation methods. The in\ufb02uence of these approximations on p is not always clear.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 295.9990555555556, "y": 901.7525024414062}, {"x": 295.9990555555556, "y": 938.0740356445312}, {"x": 1369.9174150557756, "y": 938.0740356445312}, {"x": 1369.9174150557756, "y": 901.7525024414062}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "- During implementation of the algorithm in a computer program, errors may be made.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 238.6608123779297, "y": 962.8395385742188}, {"x": 238.6608123779297, "y": 1034.227294921875}, {"x": 1433.2178955078125, "y": 1034.227294921875}, {"x": 1433.2178955078125, "y": 962.8395385742188}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "To reveal any of these complications it is good practice to verify whether the calculated p is close to the p that follows from theory.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 245.9093475341797, "y": 1071.81494140625}, {"x": 245.9093475341797, "y": 1115.5256155555549}, {"x": 1295.6406666666667, "y": 1115.5256155555549}, {"x": 1295.6406666666667, "y": 1071.81494140625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "3.7.3 Formulae of higher accuracy from Richardson\u2019s extrapolation \u2217", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 245.35475158691406, "y": 1129.547607421875}, {"x": 245.35475158691406, "y": 1198.4542236328125}, {"x": 1425.1035856083527, "y": 1198.4542236328125}, {"x": 1425.1035856083527, "y": 1129.547607421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "In several applications the value of p in (3.10) is known. In that case Richardson\u2019s extrapolation can be used to determine formulae of higher accuracy.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 243.06309509277344, "y": 1210.2879638671875}, {"x": 243.06309509277344, "y": 1249.3001708984375}, {"x": 1329.6239013671875, "y": 1249.3001708984375}, {"x": 1329.6239013671875, "y": 1210.2879638671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "This is done by making use of the fact that the error estimates for Q(h) and Q(2h) equal", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 623.2833251953125, "y": 1271.97705078125}, {"x": 623.2833251953125, "y": 1364.121826171875}, {"x": 1048.9176025390625, "y": 1364.121826171875}, {"x": 1048.9176025390625, "y": 1271.97705078125}], "category": "equation", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "M M \u2212 Q(h) = cphp + O Q(2h) = cp(2h)p + (hp+1), (hp+1) .", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 249.99458333333422, "y": 1384.219970703125}, {"x": 249.99458333333422, "y": 1422.4100341796875}, {"x": 1272.3953734662805, "y": 1422.4100341796875}, {"x": 1272.3953734662805, "y": 1384.219970703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Multiplying equation (3.15a) by 2p and subtracting equation (3.15b) from this yields", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 430.7540588378906, "y": 1446.5068359375}, {"x": 430.7540588378906, "y": 1488.2529296875}, {"x": 1230.197021484375, "y": 1488.2529296875}, {"x": 1230.197021484375, "y": 1446.5068359375}], "category": "equation", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "2p(M Q(h)) (M Q(2h)) = 2p(cphp) cp(2h)p + (hp+1),", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 245.44757080078125, "y": 1511.5009765625}, {"x": 245.44757080078125, "y": 1544.4436308888883}, {"x": 365.1742858886719, "y": 1544.4436308888883}, {"x": 365.1742858886719, "y": 1511.5009765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "such that", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 580.8851928710938, "y": 1540.852294921875}, {"x": 580.8851928710938, "y": 1580.8624267578125}, {"x": 1093.11474609375, "y": 1580.8624267578125}, {"x": 1093.11474609375, "y": 1540.852294921875}], "category": "equation", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "(2p 1)M 2pQ(h) + Q(2h) = (hp+1).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 245.7147216796875, "y": 1594.2611083984375}, {"x": 245.7147216796875, "y": 1627.7769642222217}, {"x": 445.8418273925781, "y": 1627.7769642222217}, {"x": 445.8418273925781, "y": 1594.2611083984375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "This means that", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 624.65185546875, "y": 1616.464111328125}, {"x": 624.65185546875, "y": 1691.2944888888887}, {"x": 1045.9600830078125, "y": 1691.2944888888887}, {"x": 1045.9600830078125, "y": 1616.464111328125}], "category": "equation", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "2pQ(h) Q(2h) (hp+1). + M = \u2212 2p 1 O", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 219.16001892089844, "y": 1699.7933349609375}, {"x": 219.16001892089844, "y": 1769.6126708984375}, {"x": 1438.8360595703125, "y": 1769.6126708984375}, {"x": 1438.8360595703125, "y": 1699.7933349609375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "The value (2pQ(h) Q(2h))/(2p 1) is a new approximation formula for M with an accuracy \u2212 \u2212 that is one order higher than the order of Q(h).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 242.31491088867188, "y": 1804.5946044921875}, {"x": 242.31491088867188, "y": 1840.949951171875}, {"x": 930.58984375, "y": 1840.949951171875}, {"x": 930.58984375, "y": 1804.5946044921875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "Example 3.7.2 (Forward difference of higher accuracy)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 250.00052777777753, "y": 1861.572998046875}, {"x": 250.00052777777753, "y": 1928.4430197777774}, {"x": 1426.2564981852108, "y": 1928.4430197777774}, {"x": 1426.2564981852108, "y": 1861.572998046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "As an example, the forward-difference method is considered. The error in the forward-difference formula may be written as", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 651.4779052734375, "y": 1928.3753662109375}, {"x": 651.4779052734375, "y": 1968.7491586666665}, {"x": 1021.396728515625, "y": 1968.7491586666665}, {"x": 1021.396728515625, "y": 1928.3753662109375}], "category": "equation", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "f \u2032(x) Q f (h) = c1h + (h2),", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 244.5767822265625, "y": 1980.0408935546875}, {"x": 244.5767822265625, "y": 2015.675537109375}, {"x": 636.7649536132812, "y": 2015.675537109375}, {"x": 636.7649536132812, "y": 1980.0408935546875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "and the difference for 2h equals", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 635.367431640625, "y": 2040.9903564453125}, {"x": 635.367431640625, "y": 2084.658447265625}, {"x": 1034.1405029296875, "y": 2084.658447265625}, {"x": 1034.1405029296875, "y": 2040.9903564453125}], "category": "equation", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "f \u2032(x) Q f (2h) = c12h + (h2).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1343.1358642578125, "y": 1277.0439453125}, {"x": 1343.1358642578125, "y": 1310.7769642222215}, {"x": 1427.8631591796875, "y": 1310.7769642222215}, {"x": 1427.8631591796875, "y": 1277.0439453125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "(3.15a)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1340.9801025390625, "y": 1325.3553466796875}, {"x": 1340.9801025390625, "y": 1358.1097419999992}, {"x": 1427.8414306640625, "y": 1358.1097419999992}, {"x": 1427.8414306640625, "y": 1325.3553466796875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "(3.15b)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1357.4002685546875, "y": 1639.0572509765625}, {"x": 1357.4002685546875, "y": 1672.82275390625}, {"x": 1427.561279296875, "y": 1672.82275390625}, {"x": 1427.561279296875, "y": 1639.0572509765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "(3.16)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1357.5789794921875, "y": 1932.1973876953125}, {"x": 1357.5789794921875, "y": 1965.1685791015625}, {"x": 1427.428955078125, "y": 1965.1685791015625}, {"x": 1427.428955078125, "y": 1932.1973876953125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "(3.17)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1357.5732421875, "y": 2046.232177734375}, {"x": 1357.5732421875, "y": 2079.1094086666667}, {"x": 1428.4605712890625, "y": 2079.1094086666667}, {"x": 1428.4605712890625, "y": 2046.232177734375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "(3.18)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000133.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 148.45848083496094, "y": 161.0870361328125}, {"x": 148.45848083496094, "y": 216.1448516845703}, {"x": 746.4743972222223, "y": 216.1448516845703}, {"x": 746.4743972222223, "y": 161.0870361328125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "7.6 Examples of Women\u2019s Impact", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.9481201171875, "y": 280.1026916503906}, {"x": 153.9481201171875, "y": 624.23388671875}, {"x": 1449.095141111111, "y": 624.23388671875}, {"x": 1449.095141111111, "y": 280.1026916503906}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Sportfishing. Among those who fish for sport, only 27% of U.S. anglers are female (Burkett and Carter 2020). Underrepresentation of females in sportfishing is ironic, as the first publication on fly-fishing, dating from the 15th century, was written by Dame Juliana Berners, entitled Treatyse of Fysshynge with an Angle, a publication that heavily influenced novelty of the sport for European enthusiasts. Though sometimes invisible, women are slowly changing the world of sportfishing by breaking stereotypes. Future growth of sportfishing will rely on female anglers, instructors, and guides. Here I share a few examples on women making a substantial impact through their passion toward fishing. These examples demonstrate women who loved and valued what they did. If the paucity of female role models discourages females from seeing the relevance of fishing to them, these examples should inspire.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.51766967773438, "y": 656.609619140625}, {"x": 152.51766967773438, "y": 1504.7125}, {"x": 924.0952777777778, "y": 1504.7125}, {"x": 924.0952777777778, "y": 656.609619140625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Frederick Buller (2013) chronicled the very long list of large Atlantic Salmon caught by female anglers, which are outnumbered 200 to 1 by male salmon anglers. Georgina Ballantine holds the British record for a 64-pound rod-caught Atlantic Salmon from River Tay, Scotland, in 1922 (Figure 7.5). Joan Wulff was introduced to fly-fishing by her father when she was ten and won several fly-fishing accuracy championships before winning the 1951 Fishermen\u2019s Distance competition against all- male competitors. She became the first female spokesperson for Garcia Corporation in 1959 and advocated for women anglers in her writings for Outdoor Life and Rod & Reel. Today, females make up 30% of participants in the sport of fly-fishing (Recreational Fishing and Boating Foundation 2021). Joan Wulff participated in many distance casting events and did trick casting. She snapped a cigarette from the mouth of Johnny Carson on the TV show \u201cWho Do You Trust?\u201d (Fogt 2017). Starting in 1978, Wulff opened a fly- casting school on the Upper Beaverkill River in New York. Her Fly- Casting Techniques, published in 1987, and New Fly-Casting Techniques, published in 2012, are classic guides to learning her techniques. When asked about her favorite fish, she would respond, \u201cWhatever I\u2019m fishing for,\u201d and her favorite place to fish was \u201cWherever I am.\u201d", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 942.5197222222222, "y": 638.751388888889}, {"x": 942.5197222222222, "y": 1327.1512451171875}, {"x": 1445.62451171875, "y": 1327.1512451171875}, {"x": 1445.62451171875, "y": 638.751388888889}], "category": "figure", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "\u65a0 3 \u90e4 \u6cf0 g 4 \ud480 \u300a", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 942.5197222222222, "y": 1335.2679443359375}, {"x": 942.5197222222222, "y": 1415.9675}, {"x": 1429.875277777778, "y": 1415.9675}, {"x": 1429.875277777778, "y": 1335.2679443359375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Figure 7.5: Georgina Ballantine holds the British record for a 64-pound rod-caught salmon from River Tay, Scotland in 1922.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 131.96005249023438, "y": 1537.7012939453125}, {"x": 131.96005249023438, "y": 1807.470703125}, {"x": 1467.0562744140625, "y": 1807.470703125}, {"x": 1467.0562744140625, "y": 1537.7012939453125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Most avid bass anglers can identify Roland Martin, Bill Dance, and Jimmy Houston, who dominated competitive bass fishing in the first decade of Bass Anglers Sportsman Society (B.A.S.S.) and have had TV fishing shows for decades. Kim Bain-Moore began competing in bass tournaments at age 19 and in 2009 became the first woman to compete in the Bassmaster Classic tournament. Only three females have been inducted into the Bass Fishing Hall of Fame. The first was Christine Houston, who organized the first-ever all women\u2019s bass club, the \u201cTulsa Bass Belles.\u201d But female participation in competitive bass fishing never took off as expected. Fewer that one in five readers of Field & Stream, Outdoor Life, and Bassmaster magazines are female (Carini and Weber 2017).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1179.9732666015625, "y": 1868.5941162109375}, {"x": 1179.9732666015625, "y": 1896.5555419921875}, {"x": 1442.519722222222, "y": 1896.5555419921875}, {"x": 1442.519722222222, "y": 1868.5941162109375}], "category": "footer", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Gender and Fishing | 155", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1409.6600341796875, "y": 1869.2457275390625}, {"x": 1409.6600341796875, "y": 1892.8975830078125}, {"x": 1446.0509033203125, "y": 1892.8975830078125}, {"x": 1446.0509033203125, "y": 1869.2457275390625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "155", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000100.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 177.2125701904297, "y": 186.5552978515625}, {"x": 177.2125701904297, "y": 922.2147216796875}, {"x": 1514.1700439453125, "y": 922.2147216796875}, {"x": 1514.1700439453125, "y": 186.5552978515625}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "4% \u570b Anonymous 2% \u5584 Observable \u2026 \u3163 \u3160 1 0% wwmm 8% \u53e3 \ufe41 \u4e00 \ufe52 \u5fc3 6% \uc73c 4% 2% 0% House Apartment", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.5302734375, "y": 965.2769165039062}, {"x": 190.5302734375, "y": 1711.9019775390625}, {"x": 1449.403076171875, "y": 1711.9019775390625}, {"x": 1449.403076171875, "y": 965.2769165039062}], "category": "figure", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "14% \u56de Anonymous 12% \u5584 Observable - \u2014 \u3160 1 0% - \u2014 8% \u53e3 6% \ufe52 \u5fd7 T3 4% 2% 0% Renter Owner", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 172.22042846679688, "y": 1731.0723876953125}, {"x": 172.22042846679688, "y": 1760.5421142578125}, {"x": 354.27555555555557, "y": 1760.5421142578125}, {"x": 354.27555555555557, "y": 1731.0723876953125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "(Yoeli et al. 2013)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.97122192382812, "y": 1787.992431640625}, {"x": 147.97122192382812, "y": 2046.146484375}, {"x": 1573.856201171875, "y": 2046.146484375}, {"x": 1573.856201171875, "y": 1787.992431640625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "On a final note, Yoeli et al. provide evidence that indirect reciprocity among Homo sapiens is unique to public goods. Their hypothesis is that choosing not to participate in a demand response program should carry the threat of social sanctions only if participation is considered to be for the public good. To test their hypothesis, the authors solicited an additional 1,000 customers with exactly the same treatments as described above, except that the informational materials the customers received ahead of time to entice them to participate in the demand response program were stripped of any language", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1089.4547222222222, "y": 2088.3701171875}, {"x": 1089.4547222222222, "y": 2112.945}, {"x": 1541.4780555555556, "y": 2112.945}, {"x": 1541.4780555555556, "y": 2088.3701171875}], "category": "footer", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 213", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000094.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 340.8136111111111, "y": 157.4802777777778}, {"x": 340.8136111111111, "y": 817.7441666666666}, {"x": 1430.3969444444444, "y": 817.7441666666666}, {"x": 1430.3969444444444, "y": 157.4802777777778}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "\u5c71 Exposures", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 294.1210021972656, "y": 879.351806640625}, {"x": 294.1210021972656, "y": 1089.779052734375}, {"x": 1528.9366455078125, "y": 1089.779052734375}, {"x": 1528.9366455078125, "y": 879.351806640625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "6. Warning: This question concerns a politically charged event that occurred on January 18, 2019, at the Indigenous People\u2019s March in Washington, D.C. After reading this account of what happened at the march, and viewing this video of the event, which of the effects presented in this chapter do you think best describes this episode in our nation\u2019s history?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 294.22749999999996, "y": 1142.239990234375}, {"x": 294.22749999999996, "y": 1309.7930908203125}, {"x": 1537.4258333333332, "y": 1309.7930908203125}, {"x": 1537.4258333333332, "y": 1142.239990234375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "7. Think of a situation in your own life when you framed information (either wittingly or unwittingly) in such a way that helped pre-determine an outcome. Describe the situation and how you framed the information. Was the outcome improved or worsened as a result of how you framed the information?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 280.8670654296875, "y": 1361.741455078125}, {"x": 280.8670654296875, "y": 1448.4468994140625}, {"x": 1529.75, "y": 1448.4468994140625}, {"x": 1529.75, "y": 1361.741455078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "8. After having learned about the Anchoring Effect in this chapter, do you think you will ever fall for something like this again?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 286.7924499511719, "y": 1495.7066650390625}, {"x": 286.7924499511719, "y": 1623.9964599609375}, {"x": 1555.760986328125, "y": 1623.9964599609375}, {"x": 1555.760986328125, "y": 1495.7066650390625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "9. When someone admonishes you \u201cnot to judge a book by its cover,\u201d or as British management journalist Robert Heller once noted, \u201cNever ignore a gut feeling, but never believe that it\u2019s enough,\u201d what heuristic(s) is he unwittingly advising you to avoid using?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 276.66015625, "y": 1671.806640625}, {"x": 276.66015625, "y": 1799.7005615234375}, {"x": 1497.1991666666668, "y": 1799.7005615234375}, {"x": 1497.1991666666668, "y": 1671.806640625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "10. Browse the internet for information about an effect that was not discussed in this chapter. Can you classify this effect as a special case of a Priming or Framing Effect? Explain.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 274.8515625, "y": 1850.1123046875}, {"x": 274.8515625, "y": 1933.5748291015625}, {"x": 1487.395263671875, "y": 1933.5748291015625}, {"x": 1487.395263671875, "y": 1850.1123046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "11. Browse the internet for a heuristic other than the Affect and Availability Heuristics described in this chapter. Explain the heuristic.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 271.6612548828125, "y": 1983.179443359375}, {"x": 271.6612548828125, "y": 2025.49609375}, {"x": 1497.9769444444448, "y": 2025.49609375}, {"x": 1497.9769444444448, "y": 1983.179443359375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "12. It\u2019s one thing to detect the existence of a Silo Effect and quite another to measure its", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.949951171875, "y": 2088.84228515625}, {"x": 153.949951171875, "y": 2112.945}, {"x": 396.5818176269531, "y": 2112.945}, {"x": 396.5818176269531, "y": 2088.84228515625}], "category": "footer", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "24 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000103.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1417.2015380859375, "y": 0.39159417152404785}, {"x": 1417.2015380859375, "y": 415.1867980957031}, {"x": 1700, "y": 415.1867980957031}, {"x": 1700.647216796875, "y": 0.39159417152404785}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "\u3001 OER", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 679.7554975101864, "y": 31.440515518188477}, {"x": 679.7554975101864, "y": 80.90682218444019}, {"x": 1066.6365966796875, "y": 80.90682218444019}, {"x": 1066.6365966796875, "y": 31.440515518188477}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "WITH CHATGPT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 287.18408203125, "y": 144.20408630371094}, {"x": 287.18408203125, "y": 262.07587082322954}, {"x": 1420.3843994140625, "y": 262.07587082322954}, {"x": 1420.3843994140625, "y": 144.20408630371094}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "\u0421REATING SLIDES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 179.99208068847656, "y": 291.1783447265625}, {"x": 179.99208068847656, "y": 524.9444580078125}, {"x": 420.1958312988281, "y": 524.9444580078125}, {"x": 420.1958312988281, "y": 291.1783447265625}], "category": "figure", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "(e(9G COMMONS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 158.04966735839844, "y": 548.0006103515625}, {"x": 158.04966735839844, "y": 771.1814575195312}, {"x": 425.8313903808594, "y": 771.1814575195312}, {"x": 425.8313903808594, "y": 548.0006103515625}], "category": "figure", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 177.24623107910156, "y": 810.7908325195312}, {"x": 177.24623107910156, "y": 1018.488525390625}, {"x": 431.601806640625, "y": 1018.488525390625}, {"x": 431.601806640625, "y": 810.7908325195312}], "category": "figure", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "@", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 517.857421875, "y": 320.71588134765625}, {"x": 517.857421875, "y": 358.45086669921875}, {"x": 1208.55126953125, "y": 358.45086669921875}, {"x": 1208.55126953125, "y": 320.71588134765625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "01 - Find Open Educational Resources", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 515.8050537109375, "y": 375.0689697265625}, {"x": 515.8050537109375, "y": 489.7145690917969}, {"x": 1577.513253761683, "y": 489.7145690917969}, {"x": 1577.513253761683, "y": 375.0689697265625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Start by searching for information on platforms like OER Commons, where authors share their materials freely, ensuring no copyright issues.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 518.2498168945312, "y": 586.4829711914062}, {"x": 518.2498168945312, "y": 624.5221557617188}, {"x": 988.6353149414062, "y": 624.5221557617188}, {"x": 988.6353149414062, "y": 586.4829711914062}], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "02- Prepare Your Content", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 511.3898620605469, "y": 638.922119140625}, {"x": 511.3898620605469, "y": 717.8494262695312}, {"x": 1579.1556396484375, "y": 717.8494262695312}, {"x": 1579.1556396484375, "y": 638.922119140625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Summarize or extract the key points from the materials you've found. This will be the content for your slides.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 519.970458984375, "y": 814.7852172851562}, {"x": 519.970458984375, "y": 851.48974609375}, {"x": 1158.8880615234375, "y": 851.48974609375}, {"x": 1158.8880615234375, "y": 814.7852172851562}], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "03- Generate Slides with ChatGPT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 518.4178466796875, "y": 868.9813232421875}, {"x": 518.4178466796875, "y": 987.4454956054688}, {"x": 1582.4239487188224, "y": 987.4454956054688}, {"x": 1582.4239487188224, "y": 868.9813232421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Provide the summarized content to ChatGPT and instruct it to create a structured outline for Google Slides, including titles, main points, and any specific instructions for slide design.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 173.6355743408203, "y": 1075.2652587890625}, {"x": 173.6355743408203, "y": 1302.642822265625}, {"x": 420.7738952636719, "y": 1302.642822265625}, {"x": 420.7738952636719, "y": 1075.2652587890625}], "category": "figure", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.35203552246094, "y": 1325.5703125}, {"x": 153.35203552246094, "y": 1573.8336181640625}, {"x": 453.75634765625, "y": 1573.8336181640625}, {"x": 453.75634765625, "y": 1325.5703125}], "category": "figure", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "\u5f48", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.25111389160156, "y": 1620.7554931640625}, {"x": 151.25111389160156, "y": 1865.8905029296875}, {"x": 457.2716979980469, "y": 1865.8905029296875}, {"x": 457.2716979980469, "y": 1620.7554931640625}], "category": "figure", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "\u3141", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 515.911376953125, "y": 1091.8546142578125}, {"x": 515.911376953125, "y": 1130.8099365234375}, {"x": 1040.7430419921875, "y": 1130.8099365234375}, {"x": 1040.7430419921875, "y": 1091.8546142578125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "04 - Create App Script Code", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 517.0048828125, "y": 1144.4635009765625}, {"x": 517.0048828125, "y": 1261.8515625}, {"x": 1578.5679931640625, "y": 1261.8515625}, {"x": 1578.5679931640625, "y": 1144.4635009765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "After finalizing the slide structure, ask ChatGPT to generate a Google Apps Script code that can create these slides automatically.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 522.05078125, "y": 1334.9588623046875}, {"x": 522.05078125, "y": 1372.960693359375}, {"x": 1164.97705078125, "y": 1372.960693359375}, {"x": 1164.97705078125, "y": 1334.9588623046875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "05 - Execute in Google Apps Script", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 512.38623046875, "y": 1390.423583984375}, {"x": 512.38623046875, "y": 1502.769852654835}, {"x": 1610.6795563353605, "y": 1502.769852654835}, {"x": 1610.6795563353605, "y": 1390.423583984375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "Open Google Apps Script, start a new project, and paste the code provided by ChatGPT. Run the script to auto-generate your slide deck.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 522.2647705078125, "y": 1608.97216796875}, {"x": 522.2647705078125, "y": 1644.2424709958252}, {"x": 962.1965942382812, "y": 1644.2424709958252}, {"x": 962.1965942382812, "y": 1608.97216796875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "06 - Edit and Customize", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 511.53515625, "y": 1663.65673828125}, {"x": 511.53515625, "y": 1739.634033203125}, {"x": 1609.6038818359375, "y": 1739.634033203125}, {"x": 1609.6038818359375, "y": 1663.65673828125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Once the slides are created, you can further edit and customize them in Google Slides according to your needs.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 293.7575769267671, "y": 1941.6121826171875}, {"x": 293.7575769267671, "y": 2058.6590281114277}, {"x": 1420.291748046875, "y": 2058.6590281114277}, {"x": 1420.291748046875, "y": 1941.6121826171875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "INTERESTED IN FREE AI-CONSULTANCE OR COLLABORATION WITH US?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 259.6461181640625, "y": 2074.984619140625}, {"x": 259.6461181640625, "y": 2116.390625}, {"x": 1449.44091796875, "y": 2116.390625}, {"x": 1449.44091796875, "y": 2074.984619140625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "E M A I L R E B E C C A . A L L E N @ M S J . E D U F O R M O R E I N F O R M A T I O N", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1463.82421875, "y": 2039.970947265625}, {"x": 1463.82421875, "y": 2198.6220703125}, {"x": 1700, "y": 2198.6220703125}, {"x": 1702.9986572265625, "y": 2039.970947265625}], "category": "figure", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000056.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 230.1085205078125, "y": 239.03382873535156}, {"x": 230.1085205078125, "y": 318.1510314941406}, {"x": 1352.98046875, "y": 318.1510314941406}, {"x": 1352.98046875, "y": 239.03382873535156}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "scheme helped the biomass power capacity to increase by more than double in 7 years. Under the FIT scheme, biomass fuels for power generation are grouped into six categories.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 345.16222222222206}, {"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 376.0128888888886}, {"x": 258.92533333333336, "y": 376.0128888888886}, {"x": 258.92533333333336, "y": 345.16222222222206}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 297.40765380859375, "y": 342.37249755859375}, {"x": 297.40765380859375, "y": 420.5380554199219}, {"x": 1345.6395555555555, "y": 420.5380554199219}, {"x": 1345.6395555555555, "y": 342.37249755859375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "General wood: sawmill residues, import wood such as pellets and chips, palm kernel shell (PKS) and palm trunk", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 432.49555555555554}, {"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 463.3462222222221}, {"x": 258.92533333333336, "y": 463.3462222222221}, {"x": 258.92533333333336, "y": 432.49555555555554}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 312.3829040527344, "y": 429.6268005371094}, {"x": 312.3829040527344, "y": 464.75579833984375}, {"x": 620.4028888888888, "y": 464.75579833984375}, {"x": 620.4028888888888, "y": 429.6268005371094}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Liquid biomass: palm oil", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 477.1622222222223}, {"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 508.0128888888888}, {"x": 258.92533333333336, "y": 508.0128888888888}, {"x": 258.92533333333336, "y": 477.1622222222223}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 313.0055847167969, "y": 475.816650390625}, {"x": 313.0055847167969, "y": 509.0555555555555}, {"x": 834.7362222222222, "y": 509.0555555555555}, {"x": 834.7362222222222, "y": 475.816650390625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Unutilised wood: domestic thinned wood", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 521.4955555555554}, {"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 552.346222222222}, {"x": 258.92533333333336, "y": 552.346222222222}, {"x": 258.92533333333336, "y": 521.4955555555554}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 309.24151611328125, "y": 518.5184936523438}, {"x": 309.24151611328125, "y": 596.3888888888887}, {"x": 1345.608888888889, "y": 596.3888888888887}, {"x": 1345.608888888889, "y": 518.5184936523438}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Construction wood waste: wood waste salvaged from construction and other wood materials", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 609.1622222222222}, {"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 640.0128888888888}, {"x": 258.92533333333336, "y": 640.0128888888888}, {"x": 258.92533333333336, "y": 609.1622222222222}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 294.91241455078125, "y": 605.9546508789062}, {"x": 294.91241455078125, "y": 684.3939208984375}, {"x": 1349.135986328125, "y": 684.3939208984375}, {"x": 1349.135986328125, "y": 605.9546508789062}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Waste materials and other biomass: pruned branched, paper, food waste, waste cooking oil, and black liquor", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 696.4955555555554}, {"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 727.346222222222}, {"x": 258.92533333333336, "y": 727.346222222222}, {"x": 258.92533333333336, "y": 696.4955555555554}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 294.4490661621094, "y": 695.677734375}, {"x": 294.4490661621094, "y": 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Approved Capacity under the FIT Scheme", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 274.93055555555554, "y": 998.9722222222222}, {"x": 274.93055555555554, "y": 1409.8055555555554}, {"x": 1304.778076171875, "y": 1409.8055555555554}, {"x": 1304.778076171875, "y": 998.9722222222222}], "category": "figure", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "MW \u02cd 700 Waste materials 600 500 Biogas 400 m Construction wood waste 300 \u8046 General wood (10MWs) 200 \u86c7 General wood (<10MW) 100 Unutilised wood(2MWS \ufe4d _\u2027\u2027- | | \ufe41 e g | \uc058 Unutilised wood (<2MW) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 234.81007385253906, "y": 1436.7733154296875}, {"x": 234.81007385253906, "y": 1464.1111111111109}, {"x": 429.03888888888883, "y": 1464.1111111111109}, {"x": 429.03888888888883, "y": 1436.7733154296875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "FIT = feed-in-tariff.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 215.4228515625, "y": 1472.3348388671875}, {"x": 215.4228515625, "y": 1569.4444444444443}, {"x": 1345.1693115234375, "y": 1569.4444444444443}, {"x": 1345.1693115234375, "y": 1472.3348388671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Note: Liquid biomass approved under the FIT scheme between FY2012 and FY2017 is included in general wood and no liquid biomass has been approved since FY2018. Source: METI (2021a).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 772.8055555555554, "y": 2207.812255859375}, {"x": 772.8055555555554, "y": 2238.6}, {"x": 809.1015555555554, "y": 2238.6}, {"x": 809.1015555555554, "y": 2207.812255859375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "30", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000071.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 193.01780700683594, "y": 199.93309020996094}, {"x": 193.01780700683594, "y": 283.069091796875}, {"x": 1468.4449462890625, "y": 283.069091796875}, {"x": 1468.4449462890625, "y": 199.93309020996094}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "be used as a good opportunity to learn from each other and increase the capacity of human rights institutions in various countries.94", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 189.94615173339844, "y": 287.04351806640625}, {"x": 189.94615173339844, "y": 458.7222222222222}, {"x": 1471.8250732421875, "y": 458.7222222222222}, {"x": 1471.8250732421875, "y": 287.04351806640625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "What works in other countries, can be learned and developed according to the situation in Indonesia. 95 Partnerships can be carried out formally through a memorandum of understanding or with a partnerships agreement for potential strategic partners.96", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.51234436035156, "y": 507.5482482910156}, {"x": 193.51234436035156, "y": 550.251220703125}, {"x": 887.2046508789062, "y": 550.251220703125}, {"x": 887.2046508789062, "y": 507.5482482910156}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "3.2.6. SDGs Dissemination in Social Media", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.0467071533203, "y": 597.784423828125}, {"x": 190.0467071533203, "y": 987.8055555555554}, {"x": 1474.0826416015625, "y": 987.8055555555554}, {"x": 1474.0826416015625, "y": 597.784423828125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Information dissemination in the digital era is closely related to the use of social media. Therefore, the dissemination of the SDGs through social media platforms owned by the Komnas HAM needs to be optimized as a way to increase public participation to be active as \u201cagents\u201d of the Komnas HAM in Indonesia. To be able to achieve this, the community needs to first receive education about the SDGs to clearly understand the focus of each goal and its derivatives. Once there is a fairly good understanding at the level of the general public, especially those who interact with the Komnas HAM\u2019s social media, an easier way to report SDGs related to human rights violations can be formulated.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 189.85353088378906, "y": 992.4841918945312}, {"x": 189.85353088378906, "y": 1208.7708740234375}, {"x": 1469.9111328125, "y": 1208.7708740234375}, {"x": 1469.9111328125, "y": 992.4841918945312}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "The Komnas HAM, for example, has used social media Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube. There has been an increase in the frequency of Instagram social media uploads from 2019-2020 from 111 uploads in 2019 to 198 uploads in 2020. The variety of content uploaded by the Komnas HAM on Instagram is also increasingly diverse with the following details:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 218.53333333333333, "y": 1227.6388888888887}, {"x": 218.53333333333333, "y": 1252.6388888888887}, {"x": 246.43333333333334, "y": 1252.6388888888887}, {"x": 246.43333333333334, "y": 1227.6388888888887}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "90", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 218.53333333333333, "y": 1265.5833333333333}, {"x": 218.53333333333333, "y": 1290.5833333333333}, {"x": 246.43333333333334, "y": 1290.5833333333333}, {"x": 246.43333333333334, "y": 1265.5833333333333}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "80", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 336.80555555555554, "y": 1235.9166666666665}, {"x": 336.80555555555554, "y": 1260.9166666666665}, {"x": 364.7055555555556, "y": 1260.9166666666665}, {"x": 364.7055555555556, "y": 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"paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "2019", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 877.1944444444445, "y": 1654.7777777777774}, {"x": 877.1944444444445, "y": 1679.7777777777774}, {"x": 932.7194444444445, "y": 1679.7777777777774}, {"x": 932.7194444444445, "y": 1654.7777777777774}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 253.4, "y": 1758.712890625}, {"x": 253.4, "y": 1797.6759033203125}, {"x": 1301.610595703125, "y": 1797.6759033203125}, {"x": 1301.610595703125, "y": 1758.712890625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "Diagram 4 Distribution of @komnas.ham Instagram Content (2019-2020)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 200.06666666666666, "y": 1848.08349609375}, {"x": 200.06666666666666, "y": 1934.01220703125}, {"x": 1471.877197265625, "y": 1934.01220703125}, {"x": 1471.877197265625, "y": 1848.08349609375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "If observed from the Komnas HAM\u2019s Instagram account within the 2019-2020 period, the SDGs have only been mentioned explicitly twice in the following contents:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 200.06666666666666, "y": 2010.9088134765625}, {"x": 200.06666666666666, "y": 2079.75634765625}, {"x": 1465.8560791015625, "y": 2079.75634765625}, {"x": 1465.8560791015625, "y": 2010.9088134765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "94 See also Komnas HAM, \u201cThe NHRI Practice and Experience in Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, and Palestine in Supporting Sustainable Development Goals Achievements\u201d (n. 93).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 198.40255737304688, "y": 2046.0205078125}, {"x": 198.40255737304688, "y": 2075.200439453125}, {"x": 1070.8857777777778, "y": 2075.200439453125}, {"x": 1070.8857777777778, "y": 2046.0205078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": {"text": "in Supporting Sustainable Development Goals Achievements\u201d (n. 93).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 201.0, "y": 2079.0}, {"x": 201.0, "y": 2101.0}, {"x": 277.0, "y": 2101.0}, {"x": 277.0, "y": 2079.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 39, "content": {"text": "% |bid.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 200.06666666666666, "y": 2110.4466666666663}, {"x": 200.06666666666666, "y": 2138.81}, {"x": 288.0802222222222, "y": 2138.81}, {"x": 288.0802222222222, "y": 2110.4466666666663}], "category": "heading1", "id": 40, "content": {"text": "96 Ibid.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 811.4722222222222, "y": 2179.143333333333}, {"x": 811.4722222222222, "y": 2206.81}, {"x": 850.1635555555556, "y": 2206.81}, {"x": 850.1635555555556, "y": 2179.143333333333}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 41, "content": {"text": "18", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000176.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 150.7868194580078, "y": 161.88394165039062}, {"x": 150.7868194580078, "y": 270.50946044921875}, {"x": 952.957763671875, "y": 270.50946044921875}, {"x": 952.957763671875, "y": 161.88394165039062}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "vapor and other gases, making it useless. Only in the vacuum of space can optical elements be cooled to hundreds of degrees below freezing and still remain operational.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.50379943847656, "y": 282.6838073730469}, {"x": 152.50379943847656, "y": 934.1091918945312}, {"x": 948.3895263671875, "y": 934.1091918945312}, {"x": 948.3895263671875, "y": 282.6838073730469}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "The first orbiting infrared observatory, launched in 1983, was the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), built as a joint project by the United States, the Netherlands, and Britain. IRAS was equipped with a 0.6-meter telescope cooled to a temperature of less than 10 K. For the first time, the infrared sky could be seen as if it were night, rather than through a bright foreground of atmospheric and telescope emissions. IRAS carried out a rapid but comprehensive survey of the entire infrared sky over a 10-month period, cataloging about 350,000 sources of infrared radiation. Since then, several other infrared telescopes have operated in space with much better sensitivity and resolution due to improvements in infrared detectors. The most powerful of these infrared telescopes is the 0.85-meter Spitzer Space Telescope, which launched in 2003. A few of its observations are shown in Figure 2. With infrared observations, astronomers can detect cooler parts of cosmic objects, such as the dust clouds around star nurseries and the remnants of dying stars, that visible-light images don\u2019t reveal.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 183.8207550048828, "y": 1024.6510009765625}, {"x": 183.8207550048828, "y": 1113.5867919921875}, {"x": 915.7000277777777, "y": 1113.5867919921875}, {"x": 915.7000277777777, "y": 1024.6510009765625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Observations from the Spitzer Space Telescope (SST).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.47914123535156, "y": 1167.8294677734375}, {"x": 153.47914123535156, "y": 1402.099365234375}, {"x": 389.6485900878906, "y": 1402.099365234375}, {"x": 389.6485900878906, "y": 1167.8294677734375}], "category": "figure", "id": 3, "content": {"text": ")", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 421.55145263671875, "y": 1167.615234375}, {"x": 421.55145263671875, "y": 1410.02294921875}, {"x": 672.8445434570312, "y": 1410.02294921875}, {"x": 672.8445434570312, "y": 1167.615234375}], "category": "figure", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 714.0685424804688, "y": 1170.8966064453125}, {"x": 714.0685424804688, "y": 1404.4888916015625}, {"x": 943.4954833984375, "y": 1404.4888916015625}, {"x": 943.4954833984375, "y": 1170.8966064453125}], "category": "figure", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "2 ~", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 223.5394287109375, "y": 1417.997802734375}, {"x": 223.5394287109375, "y": 1435.3953857421875}, {"x": 320.9670104980469, "y": 1435.3953857421875}, {"x": 320.9670104980469, "y": 1417.997802734375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Flame nebula", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 506.0445556640625, "y": 1418.4991455078125}, {"x": 506.0445556640625, "y": 1435.7235107421875}, {"x": 596.7716064453125, "y": 1435.7235107421875}, {"x": 596.7716064453125, "y": 1418.4991455078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Cassiopeia A", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 784.6423950195312, "y": 1417.947021484375}, {"x": 784.6423950195312, "y": 1435.02490234375}, {"x": 871.9373779296875, "y": 1435.02490234375}, {"x": 871.9373779296875, "y": 1417.947021484375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Helix nebula", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 180.2816162109375, "y": 1450.208251953125}, {"x": 180.2816162109375, "y": 1524.3060302734375}, {"x": 933.6778564453125, "y": 1524.3060302734375}, {"x": 933.6778564453125, "y": 1450.208251953125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Figure 2. These infrared images\u2014a region of star formation, the remnant of an exploded star, and a region where an old star is", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1568.7088623046875}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1595.1776123046875}, {"x": 890.9974365234375, "y": 1595.1776123046875}, {"x": 890.9974365234375, "y": 1568.7088623046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "336 | Chapter 6 Section 6.5: Observations outside Earth's Atmosphere", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000157.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 161.97711111111124}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 207.0335}, {"x": 251.28767944444448, "y": 207.0335}, {"x": 251.28767944444448, "y": 161.97711111111124}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Stop", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.20101928710938, "y": 279.5145263671875}, {"x": 152.20101928710938, "y": 1010.5244444444444}, {"x": 601.4125366210938, "y": 1010.5244444444444}, {"x": 601.4125366210938, "y": 279.5145263671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Check your emotions. If a claim causes strong emotion \u2014 anger, glee, pride, vindication \u2014 STOP. You must fact-check this claim. Remember from the chapter, Our Mental Shortcuts, that we more readily accept information that confirms our beliefs (confirmation bias) and we tend to think less critically about that kind of information than we do about information that challenges our beliefs (motivated reasoning.) A strong emotional reaction is a sign that these cognitive biases are at work. Remember, these mental shortcuts don\u2019t make us bad people, we all have them. But we do need to account for them if we want to move toward better information.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.48245239257812, "y": 1019.1234130859375}, {"x": 151.48245239257812, "y": 1360.5244444444445}, {"x": 672.8044444444444, "y": 1360.5244444444445}, {"x": 672.8044444444444, "y": 1019.1234130859375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "In addition, if you get lost while working on the other moves, or hit dead ends, or find yourself going down an increasingly confusing rabbit hole during your investigation, STOP. Back up and start over knowing what you know now. You\u2019re likely to take a more informed path with different search terms and better decisions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 679.6154174804688, "y": 255.8408333333334}, {"x": 679.6154174804688, "y": 1204.37158203125}, {"x": 881.3083333333334, "y": 1204.37158203125}, {"x": 881.3083333333334, "y": 255.8408333333334}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "In these chapters we\u2019re focusing on researching a wicked problem, but the SIFT method is a great thing to use before you share information on social media. Often we feel compelled to share the things that evoke the strongest feelings, but those strong feelings are a good sign that those things need to be checked before", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 680.7033333333334, "y": 1572.518611111111}, {"x": 680.7033333333334, "y": 1594.7408333333335}, {"x": 942.5141666666667, "y": 1594.7408333333335}, {"x": 942.5141666666667, "y": 1572.518611111111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "SIFTing Information | 69", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000114.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 132.66666666666666, "y": 67.973}, {"x": 132.66666666666666, "y": 106.97300000000021}, {"x": 1616.175333333333, "y": 106.97300000000021}, {"x": 1616.175333333333, "y": 67.973}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 109.63655853271484, "y": 174.19264221191406}, {"x": 109.63655853271484, "y": 801.0223999023438}, {"x": 1613.1248779296875, "y": 801.0223999023438}, {"x": 1613.1248779296875, "y": 174.19264221191406}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Genetics Lab\u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 | 94
1. Record your97 Mendelian traits:..
Human Traits\u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 98
Human Genetics\u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 100
Pedigree Analysis102
Practice Problems102
Lab Materials104
Contributors\u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 | 104
From Gene to\u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 105
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 841.3333333333333, "y": 2133.3}, {"x": 841.3333333333333, "y": 2163.9666666666667}, {"x": 866.8479999999998, "y": 2163.9666666666667}, {"x": 866.8479999999998, "y": 2133.3}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000067.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 373.8721923828125, "y": 177.2385711669922}, {"x": 373.8721923828125, "y": 344.44444444444446}, {"x": 1479.5436111111114, "y": 344.44444444444446}, {"x": 1479.5436111111114, "y": 177.2385711669922}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "very much interested to know more about plastics as well as the plastics types that can be reused or recycled. Almost all respondents (87.8% ) are interested in approaches to recycle plastics. 87% (20) are interested in improving waste management systems in their LGUs.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 300.0, "y": 402.77777777777777}, {"x": 300.0, "y": 433.3333333333333}, {"x": 332.05277777777775, "y": 433.3333333333333}, {"x": 332.05277777777775, "y": 402.77777777777777}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "d.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 332.7829895019531, "y": 397.7803649902344}, {"x": 332.7829895019531, "y": 615.1747436523438}, {"x": 1511.1900634765625, "y": 615.1747436523438}, {"x": 1511.1900634765625, "y": 397.7803649902344}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Awareness of Plastics Ordinance. About 68% of respondents know that there is a city ordinance on plastics, while 52% are aware of the provincial plastic ordinance. 9% do not know of any ordinance and 17% do not know whether or not there is a plastic ordinance. In the same way, only 70% knows of the implementation of an ordinance regulating or prohibiting Single Use Plastics. 30% of the respondents are not aware of the ordinance.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 299.55010986328125, "y": 662.1411743164062}, {"x": 299.55010986328125, "y": 702.9337768554688}, {"x": 727.427978515625, "y": 702.9337768554688}, {"x": 727.427978515625, "y": 662.1411743164062}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "6.2 Waste Management", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 300.0, "y": 753.883544921875}, {"x": 300.0, "y": 880.0147705078125}, {"x": 1481.1905555555556, "y": 880.0147705078125}, {"x": 1481.1905555555556, "y": 753.883544921875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "a. Waste Management Fee Collection. At the Barangay level, only 5 respondent barangays - Sampaloc II, H-2, Salitran-II, San Roque-Sta. Cristina II, and Salawag - collect waste management fees.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 300.0, "y": 932.0430908203125}, {"x": 300.0, "y": 1191.1097412109375}, {"x": 1506.3836111111113, "y": 1191.1097412109375}, {"x": 1506.3836111111113, "y": 932.0430908203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "b. Waste Management Budget. Majority of the respondents (44%) do not know the budget allocation of their LGUS for waste management. 12% of respondents replied that their LGUs have no allocation for waste management while 32% of respondents replied that their budget allocation is below 5% of their LGU budget. Only 8% of respondents replied that their budget allocation for waste management is between 10-20% if the LGU budget. See Figure 20.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 505.4964494444444, "y": 1501.4168208333333}, {"x": 505.4964494444444, "y": 1523.6382097222222}, {"x": 549.7170133333333, "y": 1523.6382097222222}, {"x": 549.7170133333333, "y": 1501.4168208333333}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "12%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 546.4060263888888, "y": 1596.0799375}, {"x": 546.4060263888888, "y": 1618.3013263888888}, {"x": 578.2937194444444, "y": 1618.3013263888888}, {"x": 578.2937194444444, "y": 1596.0799375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "8%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 704.0001163888888, "y": 1355.5778455555555}, {"x": 704.0001163888888, "y": 1377.7992344444444}, {"x": 748.2206802777777, "y": 1377.7992344444444}, {"x": 748.2206802777777, "y": 1355.5778455555555}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "44%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 736.7322222222222, "y": 1644.4114583333333}, {"x": 736.7322222222222, "y": 1666.632847222222}, {"x": 780.952786111111, "y": 1666.632847222222}, {"x": 780.952786111111, "y": 1644.4114583333333}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "32%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 934.0, "y": 1644.0}, {"x": 934.0, "y": 1674.0}, {"x": 964.0, "y": 1674.0}, {"x": 964.0, "y": 1644.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "\u5716", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 982.9161111111111, "y": 1363.6344444444444}, {"x": 982.9161111111111, "y": 1391.412222222222}, {"x": 1314.9966666666667, "y": 1391.412222222222}, {"x": 1314.9966666666667, "y": 1363.6344444444444}], "category": "heading1", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Below 5% of the LGU budget", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 982.9161111111111, "y": 1419.0455555555554}, {"x": 982.9161111111111, "y": 1446.8233333333333}, {"x": 1183.3855555555556, "y": 1446.8233333333333}, {"x": 1183.3855555555556, "y": 1419.0455555555554}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "5% to below 10%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 982.9161111111111, "y": 1474.551111111111}, {"x": 982.9161111111111, "y": 1502.3288888888887}, {"x": 1197.6355555555556, "y": 1502.3288888888887}, {"x": 1197.6355555555556, "y": 1474.551111111111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "10% to below 20%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 982.9161111111111, "y": 1531.651111111111}, {"x": 982.9161111111111, "y": 1559.4288888888889}, {"x": 1140.8022222222223, "y": 1559.4288888888889}, {"x": 1140.8022222222223, "y": 1531.651111111111}], "category": "heading1", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "20% and over", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 982.9161111111111, "y": 1590.3455555555556}, {"x": 982.9161111111111, "y": 1618.1233333333332}, {"x": 1139.693888888889, "y": 1618.1233333333332}, {"x": 1139.693888888889, "y": 1590.3455555555556}], "category": "heading1", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "No Allocation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 982.9161111111111, "y": 1645.851111111111}, {"x": 982.9161111111111, "y": 1673.6288888888887}, {"x": 1125.805, "y": 1673.6288888888887}, {"x": 1125.805, "y": 1645.851111111111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "I don\u2019t know", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 541.5322222222222, "y": 1759.9215087890625}, {"x": 541.5322222222222, "y": 1791.5216064453125}, {"x": 1248.7205555555554, "y": 1791.5216064453125}, {"x": 1248.7205555555554, "y": 1759.9215087890625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Figure 20. Percentage of LGU Budget Allocated for Waste Management", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 300.0, "y": 1868.3673095703125}, {"x": 300.0, "y": 1950.7103271484375}, {"x": 1474.0408935546875, "y": 1950.7103271484375}, {"x": 1474.0408935546875, "y": 1868.3673095703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "c. Waste Collection and Segregation. For 70% of the respondents, wastes are collected by the city government. 35% responded that barangays collect their wastes and still,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 710.61572265625, "y": 2083.018798828125}, {"x": 710.61572265625, "y": 2115.129150390625}, {"x": 1522.107177734375, "y": 2115.129150390625}, {"x": 1522.107177734375, "y": 2083.018798828125}], "category": "footer", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1595.8333333333333, "y": 2076.235107421875}, {"x": 1595.8333333333333, "y": 2119.8713888888888}, {"x": 1639.4080810546875, "y": 2119.8713888888888}, {"x": 1639.4080810546875, "y": 2076.235107421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "49", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000043.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 183.77708435058594, "y": 198.6531982421875}, {"x": 183.77708435058594, "y": 399.3441666666664}, {"x": 773.2313888888887, "y": 399.3441666666664}, {"x": 773.2313888888887, "y": 198.6531982421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 7: Respondents\u2019 reaction to the statement \u201cI am worried that misogynistic and hostile beliefs espoused by extremist groups result in violence towards women.\u201d", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 892.352783203125, "y": 338.4084777832031}, {"x": 892.352783203125, "y": 387.9401550292969}, {"x": 946.4673461914062, "y": 387.9401550292969}, {"x": 946.4673461914062, "y": 338.4084777832031}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "33", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 964.599609375, "y": 199.81370544433594}, {"x": 964.599609375, "y": 362.49468994140625}, {"x": 1470.734619140625, "y": 362.49468994140625}, {"x": 1470.734619140625, "y": 199.81370544433594}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "regarding the outbreak, as well as radical ideas targeted at people, including recruiting them as a part of groups.\u201d", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 249.28083333333333, "y": 485.59809111111116}, {"x": 249.28083333333333, "y": 520.8780911111111}, {"x": 322.9807533333333, "y": 520.8780911111111}, {"x": 322.9807533333333, "y": 485.59809111111116}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "56%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 249.28083333333333, "y": 524.757091111111}, {"x": 249.28083333333333, "y": 546.5370911111112}, {"x": 327.7759533333333, "y": 546.5370911111112}, {"x": 327.7759533333333, "y": 524.757091111111}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "AGREE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 622.8527777777778, "y": 473.80086888888906}, {"x": 622.8527777777778, "y": 509.0808688888889}, {"x": 696.4468577777777, "y": 509.0808688888889}, {"x": 696.4468577777777, "y": 473.80086888888906}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "36%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 622.8527777777778, "y": 512.9598688888889}, {"x": 622.8527777777778, "y": 534.7398688888891}, {"x": 757.4084622222222, "y": 534.7398688888891}, {"x": 757.4084622222222, "y": 512.9598688888889}], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "STRONGLY", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 622.8527777777778, "y": 542.2098688888888}, {"x": 622.8527777777778, "y": 563.989868888889}, {"x": 701.3478977777777, "y": 563.989868888889}, {"x": 701.3478977777777, "y": 542.2098688888888}], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "AGREE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 875.0884399414062, "y": 472.6635437011719}, {"x": 875.0884399414062, "y": 673.6346435546875}, {"x": 1388.2652777777778, "y": 673.6346435546875}, {"x": 1388.2652777777778, "y": 472.6635437011719}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Figure 8: Respondents\u2019 view to the statement, \u201cOnline radicalization and the proliferation of extremist propaganda has increased during COVID-1\u201d.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 922.4677777777777, "y": 753.0403133333332}, {"x": 922.4677777777777, "y": 788.320313333333}, {"x": 998.3197777777777, "y": 788.320313333333}, {"x": 998.3197777777777, "y": 753.0403133333332}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "47%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 922.4677777777777, "y": 792.1993133333334}, {"x": 922.4677777777777, "y": 813.9793133333335}, {"x": 1000.9628977777776, "y": 813.9793133333335}, {"x": 1000.9628977777776, "y": 792.1993133333334}], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "AGREE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1296.039722222222, "y": 741.2430911111111}, {"x": 1296.039722222222, "y": 776.523091111111}, {"x": 1368.3284422222223, "y": 776.523091111111}, {"x": 1368.3284422222223, "y": 741.2430911111111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "23%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1296.039722222222, "y": 780.402091111111}, {"x": 1296.039722222222, "y": 802.182091111111}, {"x": 1430.595128888889, "y": 802.182091111111}, {"x": 1430.595128888889, "y": 780.402091111111}], "category": "heading1", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "STRONGLY", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1296.039722222222, "y": 809.6520911111108}, {"x": 1296.039722222222, "y": 831.432091111111}, {"x": 1374.534842222222, "y": 831.432091111111}, {"x": 1374.534842222222, "y": 809.6520911111108}], "category": "heading1", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "AGREE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 218.1927777777778, "y": 890.598091111111}, {"x": 218.1927777777778, "y": 925.8780911111111}, {"x": 269.6662977777778, "y": 925.8780911111111}, {"x": 269.6662977777778, "y": 890.598091111111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "3%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 218.1927777777778, "y": 929.757091111111}, {"x": 218.1927777777778, "y": 951.537091111111}, {"x": 359.21827777777776, "y": 951.537091111111}, {"x": 359.21827777777776, "y": 929.757091111111}], "category": "heading1", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "UNDECIDED", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 420.69277777777774, "y": 971.5980911111111}, {"x": 420.69277777777774, "y": 1006.878091111111}, {"x": 465.4630977777777, "y": 1006.878091111111}, {"x": 465.4630977777777, "y": 971.5980911111111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "1%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 420.69277777777774, "y": 1010.7570911111111}, {"x": 420.69277777777774, "y": 1032.537091111111}, {"x": 542.9221377777778, "y": 1032.537091111111}, {"x": 542.9221377777778, "y": 1010.7570911111111}], "category": "heading1", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "STRONGLY", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 420.69277777777774, "y": 1040.007091111111}, {"x": 420.69277777777774, "y": 1061.787091111111}, {"x": 538.2176577777777, "y": 1061.787091111111}, {"x": 538.2176577777777, "y": 1040.007091111111}], "category": "heading1", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "DISAGREE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 638.4247222222222, "y": 906.5430911111109}, {"x": 638.4247222222222, "y": 941.8230911111109}, {"x": 692.6148022222221, "y": 941.8230911111109}, {"x": 692.6148022222221, "y": 906.5430911111109}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "4%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 638.4247222222222, "y": 945.702091111111}, {"x": 638.4247222222222, "y": 967.482091111111}, {"x": 755.9496022222221, "y": 967.482091111111}, {"x": 755.9496022222221, "y": 945.702091111111}], "category": "heading1", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "DISAGREE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.42002868652344, "y": 1120.569580078125}, {"x": 194.42002868652344, "y": 1364.41650390625}, {"x": 785.77099609375, "y": 1364.41650390625}, {"x": 785.77099609375, "y": 1120.569580078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, 70% of respondents agreed that online radicalization and the proliferation of extremist propaganda had increased. Altogether, 76.9% and 92.9% of women agreed with the statement.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 197.0438232421875, "y": 1427.096923828125}, {"x": 197.0438232421875, "y": 1503.1280555555554}, {"x": 655.8833333333333, "y": 1503.1280555555554}, {"x": 655.8833333333333, "y": 1427.096923828125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "One interviewee from Indonesia noted that:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 293.1672668457031, "y": 1573.7489013671875}, {"x": 293.1672668457031, "y": 2149.357222222222}, {"x": 782.3241666666669, "y": 2149.357222222222}, {"x": 782.3241666666669, "y": 1573.7489013671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "\u201cCOVID has managed to restrict direct meetings to disseminate propaganda, misinformation and disinformation through most government\u2019s large-scale restrictions to prevent the virus\u2019 spread. However, the tendency to utilize online spaces to disseminate these has increased since the use of online activities is mandatory in various sectors, such as working and education. Most people certainly use online platforms to disseminate false information", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 891.3799999999999, "y": 1158.0403133333334}, {"x": 891.3799999999999, "y": 1193.3203133333332}, {"x": 956.96552, "y": 1193.3203133333332}, {"x": 956.96552, "y": 1158.0403133333334}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "21%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 891.3799999999999, "y": 1197.1993133333333}, {"x": 891.3799999999999, "y": 1218.9793133333333}, {"x": 1032.4054999999998, "y": 1218.9793133333333}, {"x": 1032.4054999999998, "y": 1197.1993133333333}], "category": "heading1", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "UNDECIDED", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1327.556388888889, "y": 1142.095591111111}, {"x": 1327.556388888889, "y": 1177.375591111111}, {"x": 1380.264708888889, "y": 1177.375591111111}, {"x": 1380.264708888889, "y": 1142.095591111111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "6%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1327.556388888889, "y": 1181.254591111111}, {"x": 1327.556388888889, "y": 1203.034591111111}, {"x": 1445.0812688888889, "y": 1203.034591111111}, {"x": 1445.0812688888889, "y": 1181.254591111111}], "category": "heading1", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "DISAGREE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1092.5666666666666, "y": 1240.3030911111111}, {"x": 1092.5666666666666, "y": 1275.5830911111111}, {"x": 1144.0401866666668, "y": 1275.5830911111111}, {"x": 1144.0401866666668, "y": 1240.3030911111111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "3%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1092.5666666666666, "y": 1279.462091111111}, {"x": 1092.5666666666666, "y": 1301.242091111111}, {"x": 1214.7960266666666, "y": 1301.242091111111}, {"x": 1214.7960266666666, "y": 1279.462091111111}], "category": "heading1", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "STRONGLY", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1092.5666666666666, "y": 1308.712091111111}, {"x": 1092.5666666666666, "y": 1330.492091111111}, {"x": 1210.0915466666665, "y": 1330.492091111111}, {"x": 1210.0915466666665, "y": 1308.712091111111}], "category": "heading1", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "DISAGREE", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 875.3819444444443, "y": 1396.0701904296875}, {"x": 875.3819444444443, "y": 1471.8460693359375}, {"x": 1386.5680555555555, "y": 1471.8460693359375}, {"x": 1386.5680555555555, "y": 1396.0701904296875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "Another interviewee from Indonesia observed that:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 888.5482177734375, "y": 1524.3524169921875}, {"x": 888.5482177734375, "y": 2151.125}, {"x": 1465.210205078125, "y": 2151.125}, {"x": 1465.210205078125, "y": 1524.3524169921875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "\u201c(Based on my experience), during 2020-2021 one of the interesting things has been the impact of misinformation and disinformation related to COVID, affecting people\u2019s views and attitudes in responding to, preventing and handling of (the virus). At the beginning of the Indonesian government\u2019s policy on limiting religious activities in places of worship, this issue caused a strong, adverse reaction among extremist groups, giving rise to a narrative that the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0.0, "y": 2283.0}, {"x": 0.0, "y": 2300.0}, {"x": 43.0, "y": 2300.0}, {"x": 43.0, "y": 2283.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "g", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 69.92205047607422, "y": 2278.16552734375}, {"x": 69.92205047607422, "y": 2306.017822265625}, {"x": 1172.27734375, "y": 2306.017822265625}, {"x": 1172.27734375, "y": 2278.16552734375}], "category": "footer", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "Gender Analysis \uc544 Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1534.8216666666665, "y": 2281.362548828125}, {"x": 1534.8216666666665, "y": 2306.035555555555}, {"x": 1568.97998046875, "y": 2306.035555555555}, {"x": 1568.97998046875, "y": 2281.362548828125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "36", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1570.0, "y": 2279.0}, {"x": 1570.0, "y": 2310.0}, {"x": 1597.0, "y": 2310.0}, {"x": 1597.0, "y": 2279.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "\uff0c", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1587.0396728515625, "y": 2280.943359375}, {"x": 1587.0396728515625, "y": 2300.346435546875}, {"x": 1654, "y": 2300.346435546875}, {"x": 1658.6871337890625, "y": 2280.943359375}], "category": "figure", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "\u95bb \u8ad6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000053.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 122.76309967041016, "y": 101.53595733642578}, {"x": 122.76309967041016, "y": 130.27777777777771}, {"x": 154.54331970214844, "y": 130.27777777777771}, {"x": 154.54331970214844, "y": 101.53595733642578}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "16", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 178.54647827148438, "y": 101.00178527832031}, {"x": 178.54647827148438, "y": 130.7249298095703}, {"x": 492.7955322265625, "y": 130.7249298095703}, {"x": 492.7955322265625, "y": 101.00178527832031}], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Encinas Franco and Laguna", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 127.80416870117188, "y": 196.92111206054688}, {"x": 127.80416870117188, "y": 722.2750244140625}, {"x": 1031.68212890625, "y": 722.2750244140625}, {"x": 1031.68212890625, "y": 196.92111206054688}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula424
X - Northern Mindanao222
Xl - Davao Region135
X\ufe63 SOCCSKSARGEN221
Xl\ufe63 Caraga133
ARMM122
Party-List101520
TOTAL (w/ Party- List)556688
TOTAL (w/o Party- List)455168
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 123.05067443847656, "y": 754.330810546875}, {"x": 123.05067443847656, "y": 784.7294921875}, {"x": 750.4961547851562, "y": 784.7294921875}, {"x": 750.4961547851562, "y": 754.330810546875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Source: HOR 2022. Computations made by the authors.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 110.40435791015625, "y": 853.1740112304688}, {"x": 110.40435791015625, "y": 1163.9779052734375}, {"x": 1046.4339599609375, "y": 1163.9779052734375}, {"x": 1046.4339599609375, "y": 853.1740112304688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Overall, the abovementioned situation indicates that Filipino women have gradually increased their presence in formal politics. In Asia, the Philippines and Taiwan are the only countries above the global average of 24.5 percent of women in parliament (Liu 2021). However, challenges remain as the increased participation of women comes from dysfunctional features of the country\u2019s political system: political dynasties and the Party-List law. Nonetheless, not all women from these groups are necessarily averse to women\u2019s issues.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 123.50748443603516, "y": 1239.3182373046875}, {"x": 123.50748443603516, "y": 1282.0394287109375}, {"x": 799.7533333333332, "y": 1282.0394287109375}, {"x": 799.7533333333332, "y": 1239.3182373046875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Barriers to Filipino Women\u2019s Participation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 125.0, "y": 1320.182861328125}, {"x": 125.0, "y": 1512.9305419921875}, {"x": 1031.9194444444443, "y": 1512.9305419921875}, {"x": 1031.9194444444443, "y": 1320.182861328125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Previous studies have identified political, economic, and cultural factors that impede women\u2019s participation in politics. However, context still matters since the perception of women\u2019s role in societies and the evolution of political systems differ. The following section examines some of these barriers.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 122.0444564819336, "y": 1541.5482177734375}, {"x": 122.0444564819336, "y": 1693.53857421875}, {"x": 1035.7850341796875, "y": 1693.53857421875}, {"x": 1035.7850341796875, "y": 1541.5482177734375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "The Philippine electoral system\u2019s \u201cfirst-past-the-post\u201d electoral type, coupled with the lack of well-developed political parties, inhibits women\u2019s entry into politics. Encinas-Franco (2021) argues that \u201c[w] ithout party discipline and institutionalized rules within parties, one", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000008.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 103.08277777777795}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 130.86055555555572}, {"x": 735.6469444444449, "y": 130.86055555555572}, {"x": 735.6469444444449, "y": 103.08277777777795}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Circulating Things, Circulating Stereotypes", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.1567840576172, "y": 169.44996643066406}, {"x": 155.1567840576172, "y": 468.75944444444457}, {"x": 746.2797222222223, "y": 468.75944444444457}, {"x": 746.2797222222223, "y": 169.44996643066406}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "indicates the use of balsam, which is \u201cindigenous in various parts of Arabia,\u201d as an ingredient in the \u201cMyrabolan comfit.\u201d25 Such references emphasize Arabia\u2019s exoticism and refined taste, as well as the sweetness and fragrance of its products, which were much valued during a time when the con- sumption of sugar and spices was rising rapidly among European populations.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.89834594726562, "y": 475.60666666666657}, {"x": 153.89834594726562, "y": 1403.828888888889}, {"x": 746.2555555555555, "y": 1403.828888888889}, {"x": 746.2555555555555, "y": 475.60666666666657}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Coffee is another staple thing customarily asso- ciated with the area. In his Dictionary, Johnson indi- cates the Arabic origin of coffee and rightly so, as one the most popular types of coffee is called \u201cAra- bica\u201d because it was first domesticated for commer- cial use in the southern part of Arabia the Happy (present-day Yemen). Given the Muslim prohibi- tion of alcohol, coffee became particularly attrac- tive to the Muslim world as \u201cthe wine of Islam,\u201d26 and spread through the ports of the Persian Gulf in Western Europe, where it became immensely pop- ular. Collections of travels published during the time mention that coffee was \u201cthe product of Ara- bia only.\u201d27 Imported largely from Yemen, which was credited with producing the best coffee in the world, coffee was considered to have stimulating and therapeutic properties.28 The former quality is famously described by Pope in The Rape of the Lock: \u201cCoffee (which makes the politician wise), / And see thro\u2019 all things with his half-shut Eyes) / Sent up in vapours to the Baron\u2019s brain / New Stratagems, the radiant Lock to gain.\u201d29 According to Beawes, the product was brought to Mecca through the port of Jeddah, whose \u201c[t]rade consists mainly of coffee brought here by the Arabians and bought by the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.8189697265625, "y": 1487.4576416015625}, {"x": 151.8189697265625, "y": 1587.4583333333333}, {"x": 754.4696044921875, "y": 1587.4583333333333}, {"x": 754.4696044921875, "y": 1487.4576416015625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "25 Wiliam Beckford, An Arabian Tale, from an Unpub- lished Manuscript: With Notes Critical and Explanatory (London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1786), 165.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.4506378173828, "y": 1588.2557373046875}, {"x": 152.4506378173828, "y": 1720.7919444444447}, {"x": 760.1971435546875, "y": 1720.7919444444447}, {"x": 760.1971435546875, "y": 1588.2557373046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "26 For the association between coffee and wine, see Ralph S. Hattox, Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a So- cial Beverage in the Medieval Middle East (Seattle: Uni- versity of Washington Press, 1985), 18\u201319.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.23971557617188, "y": 1721.5341796875}, {"x": 147.23971557617188, "y": 1754.1255555555558}, {"x": 617.9343872070312, "y": 1754.1255555555558}, {"x": 617.9343872070312, "y": 1721.5341796875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "27 A Collection of Voyages and Travels, 1:440.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.55331420898438, "y": 1753.353515625}, {"x": 150.55331420898438, "y": 1854.1258333333335}, {"x": 766.2869262695312, "y": 1854.1258333333335}, {"x": 766.2869262695312, "y": 1753.353515625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "28 Coffee was customarily used as a mild painkiller during the eighteenth century. Poet Alexander Pope, for in- stance, used it as a palliative for his migraines.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.27700805664062, "y": 1854.691162109375}, {"x": 157.27700805664062, "y": 1887.4594444444444}, {"x": 509.30230712890625, "y": 1887.4594444444444}, {"x": 509.30230712890625, "y": 1854.691162109375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "29 Pope, The Rape of the Lock, 69.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1338.0049999999999, "y": 101.58000000000003}, {"x": 1338.0049999999999, "y": 132.13555555555558}, {"x": 1362.2050000000002, "y": 132.13555555555558}, {"x": 1362.2050000000002, "y": 101.58000000000003}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "73", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 776.5506255555555, "y": 152.62662222222235}, {"x": 776.5506255555555, "y": 619.1699083333333}, {"x": 1336.6705597222222, "y": 619.1699083333333}, {"x": 1336.6705597222222, "y": 152.62662222222235}], "category": "figure", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "= 2 A\\ \ufe62 \u775c \ufe52 \uc0c8 \u8a60 / w | aw -y", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 779.5275, "y": 652.6769409179688}, {"x": 779.5275, "y": 777.4200000000001}, {"x": 1344.1785888671875, "y": 777.4200000000001}, {"x": 1344.1785888671875, "y": 652.6769409179688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Figure 4.2 William Hogarth, Taste in High Life [graphic]. Print made by isaac mills after William Hogarth\u2019s painting, without the artist\u2019s permission, London, 1798", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 777.3064575195312, "y": 836.9437255859375}, {"x": 777.3064575195312, "y": 1177.706388888889}, {"x": 1371.921875, "y": 1177.706388888889}, {"x": 1371.921875, "y": 836.9437255859375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Turks \u2026 [and] by the Merchants of Mogul, Persia, and several places on the coast of Ehiopia.\u201d30 From here, coffee spread rapidly in England, France, and Italy, giving rise to the coffeehouse culture that is a hallmark of the eighteenth century. Coffee was also regularly paired in the visual culture of the time with expensive china (fig. 4.2), was employed as a mark of the culture of sociability (fig. 4.3), or was used for its oracular properties31 (fig. 4.4).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 778.9931640625, "y": 1168.0948486328125}, {"x": 778.9931640625, "y": 1476.9286111111114}, {"x": 1372.3587646484375, "y": 1476.9286111111114}, {"x": 1372.3587646484375, "y": 1168.0948486328125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Arabian medicines were also much sought-after in the Western world. As indicated by Beawes, \u201cfrom Arabia, Medicinal drugs, Dragon\u2019s Blood, Manna, Myrrh, [and] Incense,\u201d32 were brought to the British metropolis. Pharmacopoia Reformata (1744) mentions gum Arabic, aloe, cassia, acacia, cardamom, saffron, myrrh, and spikenard, which were all used for their therapeutic properties.33 To", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 784.2760620117188, "y": 1522.065185546875}, {"x": 784.2760620117188, "y": 1554.125277777778}, {"x": 1203.616455078125, "y": 1554.125277777778}, {"x": 1203.616455078125, "y": 1522.065185546875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Beawes, Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, 791.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 795.7175903320312, "y": 1555.8397216796875}, {"x": 795.7175903320312, "y": 1687.458888888889}, {"x": 1376.9769287109375, "y": 1687.458888888889}, {"x": 1376.9769287109375, "y": 1555.8397216796875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Again, the custom of reading one\u2019s fortune in coffee grounds is of Turkish provenance, not Arabic. Such mistaken attributions were pervasive during the eigh- teenth century.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 781.0, "y": 1564.0}, {"x": 781.0, "y": 1580.0}, {"x": 801.0, "y": 1580.0}, {"x": 801.0, "y": 1564.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "31", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 772.1921997070312, "y": 1688.657958984375}, {"x": 772.1921997070312, "y": 1720.7925}, {"x": 1199.386474609375, "y": 1720.7925}, {"x": 1199.386474609375, "y": 1688.657958984375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "32 Beawes, Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, 792.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 779.5275, "y": 1722.5517578125}, {"x": 779.5275, "y": 1887.4344444444444}, {"x": 1373.1571044921875, "y": 1887.4344444444444}, {"x": 1373.1571044921875, "y": 1722.5517578125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "33 M.M., Pharmacopoia Reformata: Or, An Essay for a Ref- ormation of the London Pharmacopoia, by a Set of Re- marks on the Draught for a New One, and a Brief Ac- count of the Proceedings of the Committee Appointed by the College of Physicians, to Thoroughly Reform Their", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000055.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 226.74655151367188, "y": 238.6181182861328}, {"x": 226.74655151367188, "y": 359.9739074707031}, {"x": 1353.0870361328125, "y": 359.9739074707031}, {"x": 1353.0870361328125, "y": 238.6181182861328}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "pharmaceutical products (Casson, Muliastra, and Obidzinski, 2014). The development of biofuels from biomass has raised interest in expanding the palm oil plantation area. This is because palm oil is the main raw material for biodiesel in Indonesia.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 235.07398986816406, "y": 381.0788879394531}, {"x": 235.07398986816406, "y": 633.3666381835938}, {"x": 1351.5621337890625, "y": 633.3666381835938}, {"x": 1351.5621337890625, "y": 381.0788879394531}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "CPO is the primary product derived from the red fruit of the oil palm, while palm kernel oil, derived from the fruit\u2019s nut, is considered a secondary product. Oil palm biomass includes EFBs, palm mesocarps fibres (PMFs), PKS, oil palm fronds, oil palm trunks, as well as palm oil mill effluent (POME). Oil palm fronds account for 70% of the total oil palm biomass produced, while EFB accounts for 10% and oil palm trunks account for only about 5% of the total biomass produced.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 222.26702880859375, "y": 657.0962524414062}, {"x": 222.26702880859375, "y": 866.3290405273438}, {"x": 1352.2506103515625, "y": 866.3290405273438}, {"x": 1352.2506103515625, "y": 657.0962524414062}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "According to Harahap et al. (2019), Indonesia housed 11 million hectares (Mha) of oil palm plantations and produced 31 million tonnes (Mt) of CPO in 2015. Oil extraction from palm fruits occurs in palm oil mills. One tonne (t) of CPO production results in nearly 5 t of solid biomass waste, including EFBs, PKSs, PMFs, and POME; see Figure 3.3. This implies that, in 2015, Indonesia produced around 155 Mt of palm biomass residue.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 504.11309814453125, "y": 930.4315795898438}, {"x": 504.11309814453125, "y": 964.3583374023438}, {"x": 1076.465576171875, "y": 964.3583374023438}, {"x": 1076.465576171875, "y": 930.4315795898438}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Figure 3.3. Biomass Use in Oil Palm Industry", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 233.70960998535156, "y": 984.9509887695312}, {"x": 233.70960998535156, "y": 1575.9575902724255}, {"x": 1355.6828040643006, "y": 1575.9575902724255}, {"x": 1355.6828040643006, "y": 984.9509887695312}], "category": "figure", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "RS S \u2014\u2014\u2014 =2t Crude palm oil Effluent Mestl)carp One hectare of oil palm plantation Fresh fruit Palm bunch fruits | S \ufe63 \u4e00 2 Shell Palm kernel m \u5bf8 = ~15\u00a2t | SR | ~1t Legend: @ Empty fruit bunch \u4e00 \u4e00 \u4e00 \ufe65 Residue production S \u4e0b \ufe6331", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 233.45480346679688, "y": 1565.49853515625}, {"x": 233.45480346679688, "y": 1593.7777777777776}, {"x": 544.4555555555555, "y": 1593.7777777777776}, {"x": 544.4555555555555, "y": 1565.49853515625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Source: Harahap et al. (2019).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 1656.54052734375}, {"x": 236.39999999999998, "y": 1905.9444444444443}, {"x": 1346.2913818359375, "y": 1905.9444444444443}, {"x": 1346.2913818359375, "y": 1656.54052734375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Regarding the potential for biodiesel, the previous Table 2.10 projected the demand of FAME for both B30 and B40 mandates using the volume of diesel fuel needed for the road transport sector. As shown, the FAME demand will reach 19.1 million kL in 2040 for the B30 mandate and 25.4 million kL for the B40 mandate. The current FAME production capacity is 12.85 million kL, indicating a shortage of supply to meet the 2040 demand for both the B30 and B40 mandates.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 234.5102996826172, "y": 1931.90673828125}, {"x": 234.5102996826172, "y": 2097.028076171875}, {"x": 1351.8026123046875, "y": 2097.028076171875}, {"x": 1351.8026123046875, "y": 1931.90673828125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Increasing the capacity for FAME production implies that the demand for domestic CPO will continue to increase. The estimated CPO required to produce FAME in 2040 is also calculated above (Table 2.11). The estimated CPO consumption for B30 and B40 mandate in 2040 will be 17.5 and 23.4 million tonnes, respectively. This was calculated based on", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 772.3717041015625, "y": 2207.328857421875}, {"x": 772.3717041015625, "y": 2238.6}, {"x": 809.1015555555554, "y": 2238.6}, {"x": 809.1015555555554, "y": 2207.328857421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "24", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000138.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 320.8333333333333, "y": 154.72579956054688}, {"x": 320.8333333333333, "y": 486.91583251953125}, {"x": 1279.3973388671875, "y": 486.91583251953125}, {"x": 1279.3973388671875, "y": 154.72579956054688}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": ". C", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 320.8333333333333, "y": 492.6763916015625}, {"x": 320.8333333333333, "y": 524.0771484375}, {"x": 996.3222222222222, "y": 524.0771484375}, {"x": 996.3222222222222, "y": 492.6763916015625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 11.2: Arapaima gigas displayed in the Siam Centre, Bangkok.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.50172424316406, "y": 645.0968627929688}, {"x": 148.50172424316406, "y": 875.6710205078125}, {"x": 1457.75732421875, "y": 875.6710205078125}, {"x": 1457.75732421875, "y": 645.0968627929688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Arapaima is an important flagship genus for flooded forest ecosystem and human floodplain communities. Flagship taxa are used as a symbol to promote conservation awareness (Caro 2010). Their large size makes them a true freshwater megafauna like crocodiles, river dolphins, and other large fish. Freshwater megafauna face many threats, and 71% of these species are in decline (He et al. 2017, 2018). Arapaima continue to face intense fishing throughout their range (Watson et al. 2021). However, freshwater megafauna like the Arapaima have fewer conservation resources and efforts than marine or terrestrial megafaunas.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 143.51443481445312, "y": 905.3955078125}, {"x": 143.51443481445312, "y": 1174.0054931640625}, {"x": 1459.5130615234375, "y": 1174.0054931640625}, {"x": 1459.5130615234375, "y": 905.3955078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Fishing, in general, and fishing for Arapaima in particular, is a central element of the local economy and culture in Amazonia. Because these fish are obligate breathers, they are traditionally harvested by fishers using harpoons at the time when they surface to breathe. Men typically fish from canoes and search for signs of Arapaima near the surface. As they near the Arapaima, the harpooner throws the harpoon by hand. This is a specialized type of fishing, and the local fishers possess knowledge of the behavior that increases their likelihood of catching one. With appropriate training, fishers\u2019 participation in management processes can contribute to the conservation and governance of these small-scale fisheries.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 136.5988311767578, "y": 1204.1787109375}, {"x": 136.5988311767578, "y": 1433.8248291015625}, {"x": 1460.98876953125, "y": 1433.8248291015625}, {"x": 1460.98876953125, "y": 1204.1787109375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Many populations of Arapaima have been driven to local extinction due to overfishing (Castello et al. 2015a; Gurdak 2019a; Watson et al. 2021; Freitas and Sousa 2021). Much of the catch is illegal, with most specimens being caught below the minimum size limit or during the closed season (Cavole et al. 2015). The small-scale fishers are geographically dispersed, and governments in these regions have insufficient resources to devote to enforcing fishing rules. The riverine fishers who target Arapaima are marginalized and have limited formal education. Yet, compliance with regulations is essential to prevent overfishing and local extinction.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 144.9390869140625, "y": 1462.60498046875}, {"x": 144.9390869140625, "y": 1728.727783203125}, {"x": 1457.185546875, "y": 1728.727783203125}, {"x": 1457.185546875, "y": 1462.60498046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Arapaima represent only a small fraction of the fisheries harvest, but they are culturally important and symbolic as a flagship genus of tropical South American fisheries and floodplain management and conservation. Reducing the threats to Arapaima will also provide protections for many of the highly migratory fish of the Amazon basin. Collectively, the migratory fish contribute most of the fishery\u2019s landings in the basin (Duponchelle et al. 2021). Migratory fish depend on multiple, distant, but interconnected habitats during their life cycle. Any threat to one of the habitats or the corridor that connects them can influence these important food fish (Goulding et al. 2019).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 851.9641666666668, "y": 1868.2156982421875}, {"x": 851.9641666666668, "y": 1897.8685302734375}, {"x": 1442.519722222222, "y": 1897.8685302734375}, {"x": 1442.519722222222, "y": 1868.2156982421875}], "category": "footer", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Integrating Fishers in the Management of Arapaima | 251", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1409.0130615234375, "y": 1869.2413330078125}, {"x": 1409.0130615234375, "y": 1893.4437255859375}, {"x": 1446.3839111328125, "y": 1893.4437255859375}, {"x": 1446.3839111328125, "y": 1869.2413330078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "251", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000078.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 273.6838684082031, "y": 192.06594848632812}, {"x": 273.6838684082031, "y": 233.6102294921875}, {"x": 1102.292236328125, "y": 233.6102294921875}, {"x": 1102.292236328125, "y": 192.06594848632812}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.10. Migrant remittances inflows (in US$ billion)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.6375, "y": 263.1820355555558}, {"x": 275.6375, "y": 292.5853688888891}, {"x": 324.55804, "y": 292.5853688888891}, {"x": 324.55804, "y": 263.1820355555558}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "800", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.6375, "y": 318.40120222222225}, {"x": 275.6375, "y": 347.80453555555556}, {"x": 324.5577761111111, "y": 347.80453555555556}, {"x": 324.5577761111111, "y": 318.40120222222225}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "700", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.6372222222222, "y": 373.62036888888906}, {"x": 275.6372222222222, "y": 403.02370222222237}, {"x": 324.5577761111111, "y": 403.02370222222237}, {"x": 324.5577761111111, "y": 373.62036888888906}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "600", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.6372222222222, "y": 428.83981333333355}, {"x": 275.6372222222222, "y": 458.24314666666686}, {"x": 324.5577761111111, "y": 458.24314666666686}, {"x": 324.5577761111111, "y": 428.83981333333355}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "500", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.6372222222222, "y": 484.11786888888895}, {"x": 275.6372222222222, "y": 513.5212022222223}, {"x": 324.5577761111111, "y": 513.5212022222223}, {"x": 324.5577761111111, "y": 484.11786888888895}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "400", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.6372222222222, "y": 539.3373133333334}, {"x": 275.6372222222222, "y": 568.7406466666667}, {"x": 324.5577761111111, "y": 568.7406466666667}, {"x": 324.5577761111111, "y": 539.3373133333334}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "300", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.6372222222222, "y": 594.55648}, {"x": 275.6372222222222, "y": 623.9598133333333}, {"x": 324.5577761111111, "y": 623.9598133333333}, {"x": 324.5577761111111, "y": 594.55648}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "200", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.6372222222222, "y": 649.86398}, {"x": 275.6372222222222, "y": 679.2673133333333}, {"x": 324.5577761111111, "y": 679.2673133333333}, {"x": 324.5577761111111, "y": 649.86398}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "100", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 305.5625, "y": 705.0831466666668}, {"x": 305.5625, "y": 734.48648}, {"x": 321.9875122222222, "y": 734.48648}, {"x": 321.9875122222222, "y": 705.0831466666668}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1123.2065641666668, "y": 283.1170088888885}, {"x": 1123.2065641666668, "y": 312.5203422222218}, {"x": 1172.1271041666669, "y": 312.5203422222218}, {"x": 1172.1271041666669, "y": 283.1170088888885}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "719", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 975.7359508333334, "y": 290.67366555555526}, {"x": 975.7359508333334, "y": 320.07699888888857}, {"x": 1024.6564908333335, "y": 320.07699888888857}, {"x": 1024.6564908333335, "y": 290.67366555555526}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "694", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 348.0, "y": 315.0}, {"x": 348.0, "y": 849.0}, {"x": 1358.0, "y": 849.0}, {"x": 1358.0, "y": 315.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "610 1 \ud2f0 1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1270.6771775000002, "y": 296.0250722222219}, {"x": 1270.6771775000002, "y": 325.42840555555523}, {"x": 1319.5977175000003, "y": 325.42840555555523}, {"x": 1319.5977175000003, "y": 296.0250722222219}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "702", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 270.85552978515625, "y": 875.4412841796875}, {"x": 270.85552978515625, "y": 910.7937622070312}, {"x": 800.5136108398438, "y": 910.7937622070312}, {"x": 800.5136108398438, "y": 875.4412841796875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Source: World Bank and KNOMAD (2021)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.5905555555555, "y": 943.9085083007812}, {"x": 275.5905555555555, "y": 984.96728515625}, {"x": 1013.310302734375, "y": 984.96728515625}, {"x": 1013.310302734375, "y": 943.9085083007812}], "category": "heading1", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Table 1.4. Growth in migrant remittance inflows", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 276.99359130859375, "y": 1001.3098754882812}, {"x": 276.99359130859375, "y": 1497.4591064453125}, {"x": 1431.8341064453125, "y": 1497.4591064453125}, {"x": 1431.8341064453125, "y": 1001.3098754882812}], "category": "table", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
S2000-2004Average 2004-2009Annual 2009-2014Growth 2014-20192019-2020Remittance inflows in 2020 (US$ Million)
Cambodia7.5%-0.7%50.6%6.7%-16.6%1,272
Indonesia9.4%29.5%4.7%6.4%-17.3%9,651
Lao PDR4.0%115.7%38.0%9.5%-10.6%265
Malaysia18.6%7.1%6.9%0.7%-11.2%1,454
Myanmar2.7%-14.1%102.7%5.4%-7.1%2,250
Philippines10.6%11.7%7.5%4.2%-0.7%34,913
Thailand-0.9%18.6%11.4%4.6%-1.2%8,067
Viet Nam11.5%21.1%14.8%7.2%1.2%17,200
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 283.2315673828125, "y": 1509.275634765625}, {"x": 283.2315673828125, "y": 1542.9561767578125}, {"x": 809.5963745117188, "y": 1542.9561767578125}, {"x": 809.5963745117188, "y": 1509.275634765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Source: World Bank and KNOMAD (2021)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.5905555555555, "y": 1574.3641357421875}, {"x": 275.5905555555555, "y": 1941.347900390625}, {"x": 1430.022705078125, "y": 1941.347900390625}, {"x": 1430.022705078125, "y": 1574.3641357421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "In the Philippines, of the returning Filipino migrant workers in 2020, 55 percent earned a monthly income of between PHP20,000 and PHP50,000, and 19 percent earned between PHP5000 and PHP20,000. Before their return, 50 percent reported remitting amounts ranging from PHP10,000 to PHP20,000 (US$200 to US$400) monthly. It is highly unlikely that the families of these migrant workers would have savings to rely on after they lost their jobs. Additionally, 83 percent of these workers were still unemployed after three months, resulting in a 60 percent drop in household income for 48 percent of the returned migrant workers.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1384.6766805555555, "y": 263.15231666666693}, {"x": 1384.6766805555555, "y": 292.5556500000002}, {"x": 1417.3494566666666, "y": 292.5556500000002}, {"x": 1417.3494566666666, "y": 263.15231666666693}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "90", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1384.6766666666667, "y": 312.2264800000001}, {"x": 1384.6766666666667, "y": 341.6298133333334}, {"x": 1417.3494566666666, "y": 341.6298133333334}, {"x": 1417.3494566666666, "y": 312.2264800000001}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "80", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1384.6766666666667, "y": 361.3300911111111}, {"x": 1384.6766666666667, "y": 390.7334244444444}, {"x": 1417.3494566666666, "y": 390.7334244444444}, {"x": 1417.3494566666666, "y": 361.3300911111111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "70", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1384.6766666666667, "y": 410.43342444444465}, {"x": 1384.6766666666667, "y": 439.8367577777779}, {"x": 1417.3494566666666, "y": 439.8367577777779}, {"x": 1417.3494566666666, "y": 410.43342444444465}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "60", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1384.6766666666667, "y": 459.5367577777779}, {"x": 1384.6766666666667, "y": 488.94009111111114}, {"x": 1417.3494566666666, "y": 488.94009111111114}, {"x": 1417.3494566666666, "y": 459.5367577777779}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "50", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1384.6766666666667, "y": 508.6106466666668}, {"x": 1384.6766666666667, "y": 538.0139800000001}, {"x": 1417.3494566666666, "y": 538.0139800000001}, {"x": 1417.3494566666666, "y": 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"content": {"text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1384.6773972222225, "y": 705.0842455555552}, {"x": 1384.6773972222225, "y": 734.4875788888885}, {"x": 1401.1024094444447, "y": 734.4875788888885}, {"x": 1401.1024094444447, "y": 705.0842455555552}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 76.75575256347656, "y": 2225.287841796875}, {"x": 76.75575256347656, "y": 2260.4580555555553}, {"x": 119.70001983642578, "y": 2260.4580555555553}, {"x": 119.70001983642578, "y": 2225.287841796875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "26", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 958.3611450195312, "y": 2224.579345703125}, {"x": 958.3611450195312, "y": 2261.689697265625}, {"x": 1423.7032470703125, "y": 2261.689697265625}, {"x": 1423.7032470703125, "y": 2224.579345703125}], "category": "footer", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000086.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 317.55555555555554, "y": 203.15542602539062}, {"x": 317.55555555555554, "y": 314.06689453125}, {"x": 1394.236111111111, "y": 314.06689453125}, {"x": 1394.236111111111, "y": 203.15542602539062}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 563.4026489257812, "y": 331.1146240234375}, {"x": 563.4026489257812, "y": 369.95892333984375}, {"x": 1141.7099609375, "y": 369.95892333984375}, {"x": 1141.7099609375, "y": 331.1146240234375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Staff of the Global Legal Research Directorate", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.99314880371094, "y": 466.2886047363281}, {"x": 193.99314880371094, "y": 504.5555555555555}, {"x": 439.05555555555554, "y": 504.5555555555555}, {"x": 439.05555555555554, "y": 466.2886047363281}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "I. Introduction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.7674560546875, "y": 541.3414916992188}, {"x": 192.7674560546875, "y": 696.3408813476562}, {"x": 1507.7916666666665, "y": 696.3408813476562}, {"x": 1507.7916666666665, "y": 541.3414916992188}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "This report, prepared by the research staff of the Law Library of Congress, surveys 39 jurisdictions regarding whether, and if so how, they restrict ownership of land by foreigners.1 The jurisdictions surveyed were among those with the highest gross domestic product according to 2021 World Bank data, selected to ensure broadly representative coverage.2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 184.51983642578125, "y": 733.4026489257812}, {"x": 184.51983642578125, "y": 847.3604736328125}, {"x": 1519.2672119140625, "y": 847.3604736328125}, {"x": 1519.2672119140625, "y": 733.4026489257812}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "We identified 10 countries that do not restrict land ownership by foreigners: Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, and United Kingdom. the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.94468688964844, "y": 884.722900390625}, {"x": 194.94468688964844, "y": 996.76513671875}, {"x": 1507.995361328125, "y": 996.76513671875}, {"x": 1507.995361328125, "y": 884.722900390625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "We found that the following countries do not permit foreign ownership of land, although exceptions may apply in some cases or other rights to land may be acquired: China, Indonesia, Nigeria, Philippines, and Thailand.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 200.0, "y": 1036.032958984375}, {"x": 200.0, "y": 1228.2149658203125}, {"x": 1507.6904444444447, "y": 1228.2149658203125}, {"x": 1507.6904444444447, "y": 1036.032958984375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Among the other jurisdictions surveyed, some have restrictions that apply to different types of land, including agricultural, residential, and commercial land. Other types of restriction are based on the location of the land, such as near the border or military establishments. Some jurisdictions restrict particular categories of foreigners from land ownership. Some require special permission or approval for foreigners before they can acquire land.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.07586669921875, "y": 1262.8173828125}, {"x": 194.07586669921875, "y": 1456.622314453125}, {"x": 1507.676111111111, "y": 1456.622314453125}, {"x": 1507.676111111111, "y": 1262.8173828125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Ownership of agricultural land by foreigners is restricted by some provinces of Canada, and by Egypt, India (restricted for diplomatic personnel, nonresidents of Indian origin and nonresident citizens without registration), Iran, Poland (permit required), and Russia. Argentina, Brazil, and Turkey restrict ownership of rural or local land to a percentage of the total land of the local jurisdiction.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.76734924316406, "y": 1491.7071533203125}, {"x": 195.76734924316406, "y": 1606.0693359375}, {"x": 1507.3214999999996, "y": 1606.0693359375}, {"x": 1507.3214999999996, "y": 1491.7071533203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Article XVII of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) obligates members to provide national treatment to other members, i.e., \u201ctreatment no less favourable than that it accords to its own.\u201d 3 If land ownership restrictions result in less favorable treatment of foreigners, GATS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 186.64613342285156, "y": 1653.3568115234375}, {"x": 186.64613342285156, "y": 1821.7813720703125}, {"x": 1498.66162109375, "y": 1821.7813720703125}, {"x": 1498.66162109375, "y": 1653.3568115234375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "1 The surveyed jurisdictions are Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Egypt, Finland, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 197.63307189941406, "y": 1833.9027099609375}, {"x": 197.63307189941406, "y": 1869.95654296875}, {"x": 1367.361111111111, "y": 1869.95654296875}, {"x": 1367.361111111111, "y": 1833.9027099609375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "2 World Bank Databank, Gross Domestic Product 2021 (Jan. 15, 2023), https://perma.cc/GP7Y-Z8K8.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 191.1085968017578, "y": 1883.87060546875}, {"x": 191.1085968017578, "y": 1983.426}, {"x": 1504.8330000000005, "y": 1983.426}, {"x": 1504.8330000000005, "y": 1883.87060546875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "3 General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1B, art. XVII, 1869 U.N.T.S. 183, 33 I.L.M. 1167 (1994), https://perma.cc/Z89Y- SEVS.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.5270233154297, "y": 2066.009765625}, {"x": 194.5270233154297, "y": 2104.122802734375}, {"x": 583.8472222222222, "y": 2104.122802734375}, {"x": 583.8472222222222, "y": 2066.009765625}], "category": "footer", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "The Law Library of Congress", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1471.611111111111, "y": 2071.0583333333334}, {"x": 1471.611111111111, "y": 2100.225}, {"x": 1493.4583333333333, "y": 2100.225}, {"x": 1493.4583333333333, "y": 2071.0583333333334}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000182.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 195.35011291503906, "y": 111.6274642944336}, {"x": 195.35011291503906, "y": 149.04719324888887}, {"x": 305.247802734375, "y": 149.04719324888887}, {"x": 305.247802734375, "y": 111.6274642944336}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "AI Pack", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.3033611111111, "y": 161.20985412597656}, {"x": 195.3033611111111, "y": 312.7738952636719}, {"x": 2053.792724609375, "y": 312.7738952636719}, {"x": 2053.792724609375, "y": 161.20985412597656}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Upstage offers 3 AI packs that process unstructured information and data, making a tangible impact on your business", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 132.63172912597656, "y": 415.857666015625}, {"x": 132.63172912597656, "y": 1434.337158203125}, {"x": 2587.2138671875, "y": 1434.337158203125}, {"x": 2587.2138671875, "y": 415.857666015625}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
OCRRecommendationProduct semantic search
PackA solution that recognizes characters in an image and extracts necessary informationA solution that recommends the best products and contentsA solution that enables semantic search, analyzes and organizes key information in unstructured text data into a standardized form (DB)
ApplicationApplicable to all fields that require text extraction from standardized documents\uff0c such as receipts\uff0c bills, credit cards\uff0c 10 cards\uff0c certificates\uff0c and medical receiptsApplicable to all fields that use any form \uc544 recommendation including alternative products\uff0c products and contents that are |ikely to be purchased nextApplicable to all fields that deal with various types \uc544 unstructured data containing text information that require semantic search and conversion into a DB
HighlightAchieved 1* place in the OCR World Competition The team includes specialists who have presented 14 papers in the world\u2019s most renowned Al conferencesTeam with specialists and technologies that received Kaggle\ufe41s Gold Medal recommendation (Education platform) Proven superior performance of more than 170% compared to other global top\ufe63tier recommendation modelsCreation of the first natural language evaluation system in Korean (KLUE) World\ufe41s No\ufe521 in Kaggle text embedding competition in E\ufe63commerce subject (Shopee)
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 2576.154052734375, "y": 1420.7030029296875}, {"x": 2576.154052734375, "y": 1449.4722210266666}, {"x": 2607.49658203125, "y": 1449.4722210266666}, {"x": 2607.49658203125, "y": 1420.7030029296875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "11", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000129.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 148.2754669189453, "y": 211.17446899414062}, {"x": 148.2754669189453, "y": 246.9483642578125}, {"x": 248.63888888888889, "y": 246.9483642578125}, {"x": 248.63888888888889, "y": 211.17446899414062}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "(15.19)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 242.00279235839844, "y": 146.0520477294922}, {"x": 242.00279235839844, "y": 241.95240783691406}, {"x": 603.2896728515625, "y": 241.95240783691406}, {"x": 603.2896728515625, "y": 146.0520477294922}], "category": "equation", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "2 \u4e00 \u4e09 \u4e00 1 2 2 9 Oy, \u5341 7 1 Z2 \ufe5a ( 4 )(", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 128.445556640625, "y": 303.35333251953125}, {"x": 128.445556640625, "y": 513.0698852539062}, {"x": 1564.94384765625, "y": 513.0698852539062}, {"x": 1564.94384765625, "y": 303.35333251953125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "n the case that the distributions were identically distributed with expected value and variance of and , each partner would face the same expected value as before, . But, the variance of their individual earnings would be , half of what it was before without combining their businesses. Furthermore, the standard deviation of the earnings each partner would face would be:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 177.9075469970703, "y": 540.0430908203125}, {"x": 177.9075469970703, "y": 649.4556274414062}, {"x": 448.5238952636719, "y": 649.4556274414062}, {"x": 448.5238952636719, "y": 540.0430908203125}], "category": "equation", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Oy 2 15.20) V2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 130.30079650878906, "y": 711.8941040039062}, {"x": 130.30079650878906, "y": 796.1360473632812}, {"x": 1562.41357421875, "y": 796.1360473632812}, {"x": 1562.41357421875, "y": 711.8941040039062}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "And if n partners joined together, then they would each face the same expected value as before, but the variance each partner would receive is . We now illustrate these important results.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 144.29957580566406, "y": 826.26708984375}, {"x": 144.29957580566406, "y": 990.401123046875}, {"x": 1565.713623046875, "y": 990.401123046875}, {"x": 1565.713623046875, "y": 826.26708984375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Assume that business one\u2019s earnings are determined by outcomes associated with the toss of a fair coin. If the outcome of the coin toss is tails, the firm pays (loses) $5,000. If the toss is a heads, the firm wins $8,000. Thus, the firm wins either $8,000 or loses $5,000 and earns on average (.5) (\u20135,000) + (.5) (8,000) = $1500.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.97918701171875, "y": 1025.5997314453125}, {"x": 148.97918701171875, "y": 1061.2359619140625}, {"x": 821.4166666666666, "y": 1061.2359619140625}, {"x": 821.4166666666666, "y": 1025.5997314453125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "The standard deviation of this risky outcomes is:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 177.01341247558594, "y": 1100.9239501953125}, {"x": 177.01341247558594, "y": 1159.5875244140625}, {"x": 1234.353759765625, "y": 1159.5875244140625}, {"x": 1234.353759765625, "y": 1100.9239501953125}], "category": "equation", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "\u65385\u203b\u4e00$5\ufe50 000\ufe63\ufe691\uff0c500\ufe5a\ufe56 \u5341 (\ufe525\ufe5a(\ufe698\uff0c000\ufe63\ufe691\uff0c500\ufe5a\ufe56= \ufe696\uff0c500 15.21)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.0, "y": 1215.9764404296875}, {"x": 150.0, "y": 1336.5694444444443}, {"x": 1557.2777777777778, "y": 1336.5694444444443}, {"x": 1557.2777777777778, "y": 1215.9764404296875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Furthermore, assuming a normal distribution, 68% of the time, the average outcome will be between the mean and plus or minus one standard deviation: ($1,500 + $6,500) = $8,000 and ($1,500 \u2013 $6,500) = \u2013$5,000.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 140.69805908203125, "y": 1372.3214111328125}, {"x": 140.69805908203125, "y": 1628.416748046875}, {"x": 1573.35595703125, "y": 1628.416748046875}, {"x": 1573.35595703125, "y": 1372.3214111328125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Now suppose that two persons decide to combine their operations and share the average of the outcomes. Then the possible outcomes of two coin tosses are two heads (H, H) which earns on average $16,000 / 2 = $8,000 and occurs with a probability of .25; two tails (T, T) which earns on average \u2013$10,000 / 2 = \u2013$5,000 and occurs with a probability of .25, and one head and one tail (H, T) or one tail and one head (T, H) which both earn on average $3,000 / 2 = $1,500 and each occurs with a probability of .25. The expected value for each of the two players can now can be expressed as:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.0, "y": 1649.720458984375}, {"x": 150.0, "y": 1699.8641666666665}, {"x": 1424.224365234375, "y": 1699.8641666666665}, {"x": 1424.224365234375, "y": 1649.720458984375}], "category": "equation", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "(15.22)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 143.54856872558594, "y": 1732.875}, {"x": 143.54856872558594, "y": 1814.08251953125}, {"x": 1557.277222222222, "y": 1814.08251953125}, {"x": 1557.277222222222, "y": 1732.875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "The two players now receive on average the same as before, $1,500, but consider the standard deviation of the average outcome:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.0, "y": 2089.976318359375}, {"x": 150.0, "y": 2117.25927734375}, {"x": 628.2657470703125, "y": 2117.25927734375}, {"x": 628.2657470703125, "y": 2089.976318359375}], "category": "footer", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "340 | Ch. 15. Homogeneous Risk Measures", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000096.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 249.14694444444442, "y": 157.4802777777778}, {"x": 249.14694444444442, "y": 713.3791666666667}, {"x": 1142.8969444444444, "y": 713.3791666666667}, {"x": 1142.8969444444444, "y": 157.4802777777778}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Percentile 100 80 60 \ube7c Perceived Ability \u5716 \u570b ACtual Test Score 40 20 Q3 Q4 Ql Q2 Quartile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 263.3246765136719, "y": 168.28292846679688}, {"x": 263.3246765136719, "y": 193.83543395996094}, {"x": 368.5973205566406, "y": 193.83543395996094}, {"x": 368.5973205566406, "y": 168.28292846679688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Percentile", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 202.5608333333333, "y": 774.9201049804688}, {"x": 202.5608333333333, "y": 987.2503662109375}, {"x": 1546.465, "y": 987.2503662109375}, {"x": 1546.465, "y": 774.9201049804688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "8. Suppose Evelyn the Environmental Economist is presenting her case in a public meeting for why raising the price of municipal water in the face of persistent drought conditions would be a good thing for the community, when someone in the audience yells out, \u201cThat\u2019s unfair for seniors and others living on fixed incomes.\u201d How might Evelyn frame her response in a way that dispels the audience\u2019s concerns about the fairness of a price increase?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 201.22142028808594, "y": 1037.093505859375}, {"x": 201.22142028808594, "y": 1120.9342041015625}, {"x": 1533.2397222222226, "y": 1120.9342041015625}, {"x": 1533.2397222222226, "y": 1037.093505859375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "9. How would the indifference curve in Figure 6.1 change when drawn for a person who suffers from guilt but not envy? Draw the curve.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 184.39295959472656, "y": 1170.1700439453125}, {"x": 184.39295959472656, "y": 1256.61865234375}, {"x": 1542.2069444444442, "y": 1256.61865234375}, {"x": 1542.2069444444442, "y": 1170.1700439453125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "10. Can you recall an example from your own life where you exhibited an Endowment Effect that ultimately led to regret?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 185.35833333333332, "y": 1305.0108642578125}, {"x": 185.35833333333332, "y": 1432.843505859375}, {"x": 1528.6769444444444, "y": 1432.843505859375}, {"x": 1528.6769444444444, "y": 1305.0108642578125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "11. The Gender Gap experiment discussed in this chapter measured gender differences in terms of how males and females deal with competitive situations. Think of another situation where a gender gap may exist and design an experiment to test for it.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 185.35833333333332, "y": 1483.477783203125}, {"x": 185.35833333333332, "y": 1655.5638427734375}, {"x": 1530.2313888888891, "y": 1655.5638427734375}, {"x": 1530.2313888888891, "y": 1483.477783203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "12. It was shown in this chapter that a Homo economicus who exhibits convex-shaped indifference curves exhibits an Endowment Effect. Does this result still hold if Homo economicus exhibits linearly shaped indifference curves, as depicted in the figure below? Show your result using this graph.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1089.4547222222222, "y": 2088.87890625}, {"x": 1089.4547222222222, "y": 2112.945}, {"x": 1541.4780555555556, "y": 2112.945}, {"x": 1541.4780555555556, "y": 2088.87890625}], "category": "footer", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 117", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1512.9920654296875, "y": 2090.3408203125}, {"x": 1512.9920654296875, "y": 2110.3701171875}, {"x": 1549.4371337890625, "y": 2110.3701171875}, {"x": 1549.4371337890625, "y": 2090.3408203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "117", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000134.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 152.83460998535156, "y": 160.51425170898438}, {"x": 152.83460998535156, "y": 353.61016845703125}, {"x": 1449.0952777777777, "y": 353.61016845703125}, {"x": 1449.0952777777777, "y": 160.51425170898438}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "What\u2019s unique about the growth of Alligator Gars is their fast growth in the first years of life followed by slower growth (Figure 8.6; Figure 8.7). Juvenile Alligator Gars quickly transition to fish-eating habits (Butler et al. 2018). A fish diet means the juveniles grow at 4-5 mm per day in the first three months of life, so that by the end of the first growing season they may reach 1.5 to 2 feet in length (~40\u201370 cm) and 8\u201310 pounds in weight (Sakaris et al. 2019). Despite their fast growth, young Alligator Gars are preyed upon by many larger fish.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 316.66666666666663, "y": 364.42499999999995}, {"x": 316.66666666666663, "y": 962.9275}, {"x": 1283.3333333333333, "y": 962.9275}, {"x": 1283.3333333333333, "y": 364.42499999999995}], "category": "figure", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "1 cm Length of Gar Fish by Age 120 300 100 250 80 200 \u300d 60 150 \u314b 6 40 100 20 50 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Age (years)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 311.05218505859375, "y": 972.8751220703125}, {"x": 311.05218505859375, "y": 1032.772705078125}, {"x": 1279.822222222222, "y": 1032.772705078125}, {"x": 1279.822222222222, "y": 972.8751220703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Figure 8.6: Growth in length of Alligator Gar in Texas. Figure 8.7: Growth in weight of Alligator Gar in Texas. Long description.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 336.4583333333333, "y": 1148.7775000000001}, {"x": 336.4583333333333, "y": 1704.6652777777776}, {"x": 1263.5416666666665, "y": 1704.6652777777776}, {"x": 1263.5416666666665, "y": 1148.7775000000001}], "category": "figure", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "1bs kg Weight of Gar Fish by Age 140 300 120 250 100 Texas rod & reel 200 record alligator gar g8 = B 80 (279 1bs) g 150 60 e 100 40 50 20 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Age (years)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 330.32666015625, "y": 1714.792236328125}, {"x": 330.32666015625, "y": 1745.916015625}, {"x": 886.0583333333332, "y": 1745.916015625}, {"x": 886.0583333333332, "y": 1714.792236328125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Figure 8.7: Growth in weight of Alligator Gar in Texas.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 857.8974999999999, "y": 1868.571044921875}, {"x": 857.8974999999999, "y": 1897.34228515625}, {"x": 1442.519722222222, "y": 1897.34228515625}, {"x": 1442.519722222222, "y": 1868.571044921875}], "category": "footer", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Angling and Conservation of Living Fishy Dinosaurs | 171", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000131.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 150.0, "y": 148.20668029785156}, {"x": 150.0, "y": 793.2174682617188}, {"x": 1414.366455078125, "y": 793.2174682617188}, {"x": 1414.366455078125, "y": 148.20668029785156}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "20 e 1 9 10 \u7528 \u7406 L.l -J \ufe6310 \ufe6315 5 28 \u7dad 9 o> o 0280 2 N o BN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 486.4722222222222, "y": 899.3983764648438}, {"x": 486.4722222222222, "y": 935.919677734375}, {"x": 1223.83544921875, "y": 935.919677734375}, {"x": 1223.83544921875, "y": 899.3983764648438}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 17.2. Year-to-year changes in housing prices.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 138.79908752441406, "y": 1060.1116943359375}, {"x": 138.79908752441406, "y": 1659.89794921875}, {"x": 1423.7392578125, "y": 1659.89794921875}, {"x": 1423.7392578125, "y": 1060.1116943359375}], "category": "figure", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% e 5.0% 0.0% -5.0% -10.0% -15.0% -20.0%", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 123.98724365234375, "y": 1701.769287109375}, {"x": 123.98724365234375, "y": 2029.6341552734375}, {"x": 1578.23291015625, "y": 2029.6341552734375}, {"x": 1578.23291015625, "y": 1701.769287109375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Inflationary, nominal, and real interest rates. To understand price volatility of durables, it is necessary to describe inflationary, nominal, and real interest rates. Recall from your earlier training that the inflation rate i is equal to the rate of change in average prices, changes often linked to monetary or fiscal policies of governments. The nominal interest rate r depends on the rate of inflation and a real component that is dependent on factors other than the rate of inflation such as changing market conditions or changes in productivity. To describe the effects of inflation on the nominal interest, let one plus the nominal interest rate r equal one plus the real rate r* times one plus the inflation rate i so", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1209.0, "y": 2093.0}, {"x": 1209.0, "y": 2110.0}, {"x": 1480.0, "y": 2110.0}, {"x": 1480.0, "y": 2093.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Ch.17. Land Investments", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1512.7686767578125, "y": 2090.775146484375}, {"x": 1512.7686767578125, "y": 2113.811767578125}, {"x": 1557.1123046875, "y": 2113.811767578125}, {"x": 1557.1123046875, "y": 2090.775146484375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "385", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000170.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 137.56793212890625, "y": 158.7244110107422}, {"x": 137.56793212890625, "y": 251.5823211669922}, {"x": 1501.817626953125, "y": 251.5823211669922}, {"x": 1501.817626953125, "y": 158.7244110107422}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Table 16.5. Conservation practice (P) values for terraces with underground outlets or waterways.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 163.71046447753906, "y": 316.2379455566406}, {"x": 163.71046447753906, "y": 722.6494140625}, {"x": 1222.0853271484375, "y": 722.6494140625}, {"x": 1222.0853271484375, "y": 316.2379455566406}], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Terrace Interval (ft)Underground OutletsWaterways with percent grade of
04\ufe630\ufe5230\ufe524\ufe630\ufe5270.8
Pt ValuesPt ValuesPt ValuesPt Values
<1100.50.6071.0
110-1400.60.70.81.0
140-180070.80.91.0
180-2250.80.80.91.0
225-3000.90.91.01.0
300+1.01.01.01.0
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.82403564453125, "y": 758.5811767578125}, {"x": 155.82403564453125, "y": 792.2926635742188}, {"x": 796.0802777777778, "y": 792.2926635742188}, {"x": 796.0802777777778, "y": 758.5811767578125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Table adapted from Jones et al. (1988) with permission.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 820.8479614257812}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 932.7589111328125}, {"x": 1579.1751708984375, "y": 932.7589111328125}, {"x": 1579.1751708984375, "y": 820.8479614257812}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Assume that one terrace has a length of slope of 130 ft, has the same percent slope as above (2%), uses underground outlets to remove excess water, and that contour tillage practices are being used as described above, calculate the erosion rate for that single terrace.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 242.0, "y": 968.0}, {"x": 242.0, "y": 995.0}, {"x": 286.0, "y": 995.0}, {"x": 286.0, "y": 968.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "A4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 302.0, "y": 981.0}, {"x": 302.0, "y": 990.0}, {"x": 328.0, "y": 990.0}, {"x": 328.0, "y": 981.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "=", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.83334350585938, "y": 1033.36376953125}, {"x": 155.83334350585938, "y": 1089.309326171875}, {"x": 212.294189453125, "y": 1089.309326171875}, {"x": 212.294189453125, "y": 1033.36376953125}], "category": "figure", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "O\ufe51", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 234.5636111111111, "y": 1027.5030517578125}, {"x": 234.5636111111111, "y": 1060.2784423828125}, {"x": 1028.6386111111112, "y": 1060.2784423828125}, {"x": 1028.6386111111112, "y": 1027.5030517578125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "How does that erosion rate compare to the tolerable erosion rate?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.23550415039062, "y": 1162.2081298828125}, {"x": 156.23550415039062, "y": 1218.7047119140625}, {"x": 213.4290008544922, "y": 1218.7047119140625}, {"x": 213.4290008544922, "y": 1162.2081298828125}], "category": "figure", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "O\ufe51", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 234.5636111111111, "y": 1154.144775390625}, {"x": 234.5636111111111, "y": 1190.5318603515625}, {"x": 1265.538611111111, "y": 1190.5318603515625}, {"x": 1265.538611111111, "y": 1154.144775390625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "How does that erosion rate compare to the likely geologic erosion rate of 1 ton/ac/yr?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.62042236328125, "y": 1290.4814453125}, {"x": 156.62042236328125, "y": 1346.306396484375}, {"x": 212.44918823242188, "y": 1346.306396484375}, {"x": 212.44918823242188, "y": 1290.4814453125}], "category": "figure", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "^", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 224.7130889892578, "y": 1283.63330078125}, {"x": 224.7130889892578, "y": 1355.680419921875}, {"x": 1554.5693359375, "y": 1355.680419921875}, {"x": 1554.5693359375, "y": 1283.63330078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Now, calculate the erosion rate if conservation tillage, contour tillage, and terraces were all used together for soil conservation as they were described above.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 239.1578369140625, "y": 1384.04345703125}, {"x": 239.1578369140625, "y": 1424.6270751953125}, {"x": 802.34814453125, "y": 1424.6270751953125}, {"x": 802.34814453125, "y": 1384.04345703125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "A5 =R xK x LS x C x Pc x Pt", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 241.47006225585938, "y": 1451.36572265625}, {"x": 241.47006225585938, "y": 1486.4171142578125}, {"x": 332.5144958496094, "y": 1486.4171142578125}, {"x": 332.5144958496094, "y": 1451.36572265625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "A5 =", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.41177368164062, "y": 1523.4110107421875}, {"x": 155.41177368164062, "y": 1580.7744140625}, {"x": 214.2039794921875, "y": 1580.7744140625}, {"x": 214.2039794921875, "y": 1523.4110107421875}], "category": "figure", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "O\ufe51", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 234.5636111111111, "y": 1518.04443359375}, {"x": 234.5636111111111, "y": 1550.045654296875}, {"x": 1030.9034423828125, "y": 1550.045654296875}, {"x": 1030.9034423828125, "y": 1518.04443359375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "How does that erosion rate compare to the tolerable erosion rate?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.32943725585938, "y": 1651.0208740234375}, {"x": 156.32943725585938, "y": 1707.7138671875}, {"x": 213.4725799560547, "y": 1707.7138671875}, {"x": 213.4725799560547, "y": 1651.0208740234375}], "category": "figure", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "O\ufe51", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 234.5636111111111, "y": 1644.1192626953125}, {"x": 234.5636111111111, "y": 1679.1131591796875}, {"x": 1265.538611111111, "y": 1679.1131591796875}, {"x": 1265.538611111111, "y": 1644.1192626953125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "How does that erosion rate compare to the likely geologic erosion rate of 1 ton/ac/yr?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.9366455078125, "y": 1778.50341796875}, {"x": 155.9366455078125, "y": 1835.844482421875}, {"x": 212.13623046875, "y": 1835.844482421875}, {"x": 212.13623046875, "y": 1778.50341796875}], "category": "figure", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "^", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 216.22723388671875, "y": 1772.2449951171875}, {"x": 216.22723388671875, "y": 1844.958740234375}, {"x": 1549.0941666666665, "y": 1844.958740234375}, {"x": 1549.0941666666665, "y": 1772.2449951171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Considering your results, would installing terraces in addition to using contour tillage and conservation tillage make economic sense if the goal is to reduce erosion rates to near-geologic rates?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 2068.3193359375}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 2095.98095703125}, {"x": 534.302978515625, "y": 2095.98095703125}, {"x": 534.302978515625, "y": 2068.3193359375}], "category": "footer", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "146 | Soil Erosion and Conservation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000163.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 121.2241057823287, "y": 50.94794108689358}, {"x": 121.2241057823287, "y": 195.11460382994886}, {"x": 619.2665405273438, "y": 195.11460382994886}, {"x": 619.2665405273438, "y": 50.94794108689358}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "H O W C A N Y O U H E L P ?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 34.844512939453125, "y": 211.41014099121094}, {"x": 34.844512939453125, "y": 240.75758048357474}, {"x": 220.91188049316406, "y": 240.75758048357474}, {"x": 220.91188049316406, "y": 211.41014099121094}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "As a boater:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 83.92125066994774, "y": 248.3850555419922}, {"x": 83.92125066994774, "y": 278.2575789210748}, {"x": 611.3046264648438, "y": 278.2575789210748}, {"x": 611.3046264648438, "y": 248.3850555419922}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Check tidal conditions beforehand", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 83.92125066994774, "y": 286.6852722167969}, {"x": 83.92125066994774, "y": 316.2710266113281}, {"x": 529.4373168945312, "y": 316.2710266113281}, {"x": 529.4373168945312, "y": 286.6852722167969}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Stay within marked channels", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 82.55056762695312, "y": 324.5933837890625}, {"x": 82.55056762695312, "y": 355.4621887207031}, {"x": 626.8848266601562, "y": 355.4621887207031}, {"x": 626.8848266601562, "y": 324.5933837890625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Pay attention to buoys and markers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 79.22416687011719, "y": 362.9867422656929}, {"x": 79.22416687011719, "y": 392.8045959472656}, {"x": 381.4732666015625, "y": 392.8045959472656}, {"x": 381.4732666015625, "y": 362.9867422656929}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Do not run aground", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 83.92125066994774, "y": 400.2107238769531}, {"x": 83.92125066994774, "y": 431.30767822265625}, {"x": 559.115966796875, "y": 431.30767822265625}, {"x": 559.115966796875, "y": 400.2107238769531}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "If you run aground, call for help", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 82.01072692871094, "y": 437.9867391406929}, {"x": 82.01072692871094, "y": 467.97930908203125}, {"x": 481.1225891113281, "y": 467.97930908203125}, {"x": 481.1225891113281, "y": 437.9867391406929}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Wear polarized sunglasses", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 82.26437377929688, "y": 473.9563293457031}, {"x": 82.26437377929688, "y": 505.8038635253906}, {"x": 485.5619201660156, "y": 505.8038635253906}, {"x": 485.5619201660156, "y": 473.9563293457031}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Take a safe boating course", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 33.65209197998047, "y": 548.091796875}, {"x": 33.65209197998047, "y": 579.841064453125}, {"x": 274.00628662109375, "y": 579.841064453125}, {"x": 274.00628662109375, "y": 548.091796875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "As a developer:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 80.97146606445312, "y": 586.5139770507812}, {"x": 80.97146606445312, "y": 654.0005493164062}, {"x": 600.45703125, "y": 654.0005493164062}, {"x": 600.45703125, "y": 586.5139770507812}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "Do careful mapping of seagrass in potential areas for development", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 82.89649963378906, "y": 661.0435791015625}, {"x": 82.89649963378906, "y": 693.9279174804688}, {"x": 481.6130676269531, "y": 693.9279174804688}, {"x": 481.6130676269531, "y": 661.0435791015625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Avoid dredging and filling", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 83.92125066994774, "y": 699.4132690429688}, {"x": 83.92125066994774, "y": 730.6541748046875}, {"x": 576.8507080078125, "y": 730.6541748046875}, {"x": 576.8507080078125, "y": 699.4132690429688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "Learn about existing regulations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 34.6490364074707, "y": 773.4912109375}, {"x": 34.6490364074707, "y": 804.5213623046875}, {"x": 303.2472229003906, "y": 804.5213623046875}, {"x": 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[{"x": 83.92125066994774, "y": 1300.4867032031925}, {"x": 83.92125066994774, "y": 1328.2575351710746}, {"x": 628.6998166229231, "y": 1328.2575351710746}, {"x": 628.6998166229231, "y": 1300.4867032031925}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "Follow established laws for seagrass", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 83.92125066994774, "y": 1337.9867016406927}, {"x": 83.92125066994774, "y": 1365.7575336085747}, {"x": 241.83875645192634, "y": 1365.7575336085747}, {"x": 241.83875645192634, "y": 1337.9867016406927}], "category": "heading1", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "protection", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 83.92125066994774, "y": 1375.4867000781928}, {"x": 83.92125066994774, "y": 1403.2575320460746}, {"x": 505.85311906966086, "y": 1403.2575320460746}, {"x": 505.85311906966086, "y": 1375.4867000781928}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "Reach out to environmental", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, 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"markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 83.92125066994774, "y": 1525.4866938281925}, {"x": 83.92125066994774, "y": 1553.2575257960746}, {"x": 526.9865807072248, "y": 1553.2575257960746}, {"x": 526.9865807072248, "y": 1525.4866938281925}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "seagrass is 'ugly' and 'useless'", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 83.92125066994774, "y": 1562.9866922656927}, {"x": 83.92125066994774, "y": 1590.7575242335745}, {"x": 650.6649438081262, "y": 1590.7575242335745}, {"x": 650.6649438081262, "y": 1562.9866922656927}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "Tell your friends and family about the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 83.92125066994774, "y": 1600.4866907031928}, {"x": 83.92125066994774, "y": 1628.2575226710746}, {"x": 537.8960025339155, "y": 1628.2575226710746}, {"x": 537.8960025339155, "y": 1600.4866907031928}], "category": "heading1", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "importance of this ecosystem", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 849.196662533471, "y": 72.85811082813609}, {"x": 849.196662533471, "y": 238.12894144185148}, {"x": 1344.893404979439, "y": 238.12894144185148}, {"x": 1344.893404979439, "y": 72.85811082813609}], "category": "heading1", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "FURTHER RESOURCES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 800.0, "y": 248.0}, {"x": 800.0, "y": 390.0}, {"x": 1070.0, "y": 390.0}, {"x": 1070.0, "y": 248.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "~ == ) 36", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1214.0, "y": 351.0}, {"x": 1214.0, "y": 400.0}, {"x": 1340.0, "y": 400.0}, {"x": 1340.0, "y": 351.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "\u4e0b \u4e00", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 867.0, "y": 453.0}, {"x": 867.0, "y": 459.0}, {"x": 909.0, "y": 459.0}, {"x": 909.0, "y": 453.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "=", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 855.0, "y": 894.0}, {"x": 855.0, "y": 1407.0}, {"x": 1344.0, "y": 1407.0}, {"x": 1344.0, "y": 894.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "(| IIIII I 1] [ 1] 4 \u53f8 11 19 \ud2b8 | il | | \u5713 | \u76ee \u65f3 \u5716 | | | L[] | \u8a55 | \u5c71 | \u02cd n \u5315 \u5373 \u51f6 \u6728 \"I | \u2026\u2026 \u2027\u2027l | | | \ub9ac | ) il ] [ \"y 11 Illll | [ | \u5206 [ [ | n H \u5c71 \u76dc \ube44 7 L \u91cc H \u56de \u3010 \u775e \"1 L | |. \u9801 \u9801 [ \u300d il \ub0b4 LA ] II \ud788 VAcY Frowoope O", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 877.0, "y": 1238.0}, {"x": 877.0, "y": 1293.0}, {"x": 907.0, "y": 1293.0}, {"x": 907.0, "y": 1238.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "\u65e5 \"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 917.0, "y": 1317.0}, {"x": 917.0, "y": 1379.0}, {"x": 1004.0, "y": 1379.0}, {"x": 1004.0, "y": 1317.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "FLOWCODE | \ub810 | \ub978", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 968.556640625, "y": 1458.0325616791984}, {"x": 968.556640625, "y": 1643.6221923828125}, {"x": 1409.710222418782, "y": 1643.6221923828125}, {"x": 1409.710222418782, "y": 1458.0325616791984}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": {"text": "Scan this QR code and learn more about seagrass, what you can do to help, and what organizations are fighting for its restoration!", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1468.4012451171875, "y": 1.176762580871582}, {"x": 1468.4012451171875, "y": 183.3087921142578}, {"x": 2195.873046875, "y": 183.3087921142578}, {"x": 2195.873046875, "y": 1.176762580871582}], "category": "figure", "id": 39, "content": {"text": "~ o a", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1504.197706075093, "y": 212.76274502377626}, {"x": 1504.197706075093, "y": 370.8661134361356}, {"x": 2167.646126348074, "y": 370.8661134361356}, {"x": 2167.646126348074, "y": 212.76274502377626}], "category": "heading1", "id": 40, "content": {"text": "SEAGRASS IN SOUTH FLORIDA", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1530.729248046875, "y": 394.35091454093555}, {"x": 1530.729248046875, "y": 452.0272220315059}, {"x": 2144.331298828125, "y": 452.0272220315059}, {"x": 2144.331298828125, "y": 394.35091454093555}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 41, "content": {"text": "WHY IT IS IMPORTANT", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1820.9877199588418, "y": 461.0175784298244}, {"x": 1820.9877199588418, "y": 507.12174109215084}, {"x": 1850.9093230227718, "y": 507.12174109215084}, {"x": 1850.9093230227718, "y": 461.0175784298244}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 42, "content": {"text": "&", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1560.0176787492608, "y": 523.5175758256579}, {"x": 1560.0176787492608, "y": 581.1938833162283}, {"x": 2111.8754578993126, "y": 581.1938833162283}, {"x": 2111.8754578993126, "y": 523.5175758256579}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 43, "content": {"text": "WHAT YOU CAN DO", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1762.2252197265625, "y": 586.6873168945312}, {"x": 1762.2252197265625, "y": 617.5950927734375}, {"x": 1911.406982421875, "y": 617.5950927734375}, {"x": 1911.406982421875, "y": 586.6873168945312}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 44, "content": {"text": "CC0, 2022", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1465.344970703125, "y": 628.6087646484375}, {"x": 1465.344970703125, "y": 1702.964599609375}, {"x": 2198.038818359375, "y": 1700}, {"x": 2198.038818359375, "y": 628.6087646484375}], "category": "figure", "id": 45, "content": {"text": "\u4e00 \u4e00 \ufe4d \u4e00 \ufe52 \u2014 C 2 0 \\\u02cb\u652f 2 2 > > \u5875\u8526\u3011\u5ba3 DN b N AR (/ / ( \u5f15 / 7/ } W / M \u3010 \u301d_ N () ( ) / Al \u80ba (/ 1 \u4ed9 74 | \u2019\\V\u2018 / \\ \u7121 \u8d6d A W \\ \\ | \ufe5a W \u5531 4 7 141", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000051.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 124.0, "y": 102.49999999999993}, {"x": 124.0, "y": 130.27777777777771}, {"x": 151.52777777777777, "y": 130.27777777777771}, {"x": 151.52777777777777, "y": 102.49999999999993}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "12", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 185.60813903808594, "y": 101.27064514160156}, {"x": 185.60813903808594, "y": 130.3607177734375}, {"x": 492.53778076171875, "y": 130.3607177734375}, {"x": 492.53778076171875, "y": 101.27064514160156}], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Encinas Franco and Laguna", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 125.0, "y": 195.82162475585938}, {"x": 125.0, "y": 261.49371337890625}, {"x": 1031.1025390625, "y": 261.49371337890625}, {"x": 1031.1025390625, "y": 195.82162475585938}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Table 1: Percentage of Government Positions Held by Women During the Presidencies of Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 123.54035949707031, "y": 324.287353515625}, {"x": 123.54035949707031, "y": 927.4287109375}, {"x": 1037.2755126953125, "y": 927.4287109375}, {"x": 1037.2755126953125, "y": 324.287353515625}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Government PositionNo. of SeatsAquino \n Administration (1986\u20131992)Ramos Administration (1992\u20131998)
Senate248.316.7
House of Representatives2029.410.4
[ceee[0 .| . 50 .| \u02cd 5.0
Governor735.45.4
Provincial Board Member6269.910.9
City/Municipal \n Mayor1,578T411\ufe522
City/Municipal Vice \n Mayor1,5786.514.9
City Municipal Councilor12,40610.5N/A
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 124.36699676513672, "y": 948.498046875}, {"x": 124.36699676513672, "y": 978.2957153320312}, {"x": 667.4055555555558, "y": 978.2957153320312}, {"x": 667.4055555555558, "y": 948.498046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Source: Tancangco 1991 as cited in Valte (1992).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 125.0, "y": 1065.2230224609375}, {"x": 125.0, "y": 1107.276388888889}, {"x": 610.6350708007812, "y": 1107.276388888889}, {"x": 610.6350708007812, "y": 1065.2230224609375}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Current Situation: 2001-2019", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 115.50111389160156, "y": 1147.7000732421875}, {"x": 115.50111389160156, "y": 1456.0263888888887}, {"x": 1037.4161376953125, "y": 1456.0263888888887}, {"x": 1037.4161376953125, "y": 1147.7000732421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Filipino women are still very much a minority in the formal political sphere. It can also be observed that in executive positions such as the cabinet, few women are appointed, especially during President Fidel Ramos\u2019s time, compared to Cory Aquino\u2019s administration (Table 1). As mentioned above, the Philippines has made significant strides in legislating for women\u2019s rights. However, 35 years after re- democratization and 84 years after the grant of suffrage, participation of women in politics is still a work in progress, as in most countries.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 125.0, "y": 1483.9715576171875}, {"x": 125.0, "y": 1599.4183349609375}, {"x": 1033.7518310546875, "y": 1599.4183349609375}, {"x": 1033.7518310546875, "y": 1483.9715576171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "In 2019, the overall percentage of women in all elective posts in the country was only about 20 percent (PCW 2021), barely reaching the 30 percent international requirement for women\u2019s political", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000113.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 132.66666666666666, "y": 67.973}, {"x": 132.66666666666666, "y": 106.97300000000021}, {"x": 1616.175333333333, "y": 106.97300000000021}, {"x": 1616.175333333333, "y": 67.973}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 91.21795654296875, "y": 208.53173828125}, {"x": 91.21795654296875, "y": 248.2333333333331}, {"x": 429.4333333333334, "y": 248.2333333333331}, {"x": 429.4333333333334, "y": 208.53173828125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Table of Contents", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 86.40943908691406, "y": 291.69183349609375}, {"x": 86.40943908691406, "y": 2091.025146484375}, {"x": 1612.4676513671875, "y": 2091.025146484375}, {"x": 1612.4676513671875, "y": 291.69183349609375}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Measurement Lab worksheet [\u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 R \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 4 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010\u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 |
Scientific Method Lab [L\u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 R \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010\u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010
Chemistry of the Cell ~ But this \u300e \u8a10 Q \u3010 \u540c \u5973 aaaaaaawwwwwwwssswwwwwwwsmnmg9
Biological Macromolecules and Their Indicators [ \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010\u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 10
Worksheet for Chemistry of the Cell L \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u3010 \u3010\u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 | 12
How molecules move in a liquid [ \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010\u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 | 12
How molecules move in a solid [ \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010\u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 12
Introduction to Light MiCrosSCopPesS: . .ccccuutmmsnmmmsanssssnsssssssssssssssnssssassssanssssnsnnsnsnnnannnnnns16
CellularBiology | A A AR R0 \ube14 \ucd9c 4 \u3010 \u3010 4 R0 \u3010 \uba40 \u3010 \u3010 \uccbc \u3010 \ubab0 \ubab0 \ubd88 \ubd88 \u3010 \u3010 \uc220 \u3010 \uc194 \ube14 \ucd9c \ube14 \ubd88 \u3010 \uc124 \ubcfc \uc194 \ubcfc \ubcfc \ubab0 \ubcfc \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \uc5bc R0 \ubd88 \ubab0 \u3010 \u3010 \ube14\uc124 R \ubd88 \uc904 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \uc990 \ubab0 \ubcfc \ubd88 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \uc194\uc194 \ube14 \u3010 \ubab0 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010\u3010 \ucd9c \ube14 \ubab0 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \uc990 \uc990 \ufe69 )] 32
A cell is the smallest unit of life known to ourplanet................... 33
Cellular Microscopy34
Viewing prepared slides under \u314b miCrosSCOPEe..cccummmmmmmnnmmmssnnsnnnsnnnss 34
Viewing live cells under a miCroSCOPe. ccimmmmmmmnmmmssnmmssnssssanssssnsnnsnnnnss34
Cellular Biology Worksheet [ \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 4 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 4 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010\u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 35
Osmosis and Diffusion (A \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 R \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010\u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 | 39
Enzymatic Activity Lab L\u3010 \u3010 \ufe4d \ufe4d AR R \ufe4d \u3010 \u3010 \ufe4d \ufe4d \u3010 \ufe4d \u3010 \ufe4d \ufe4d \ufe4d \ufe4d \ufe4d 4 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \ufe4d \ufe4d 4 \ufe4d \ufe4d \ufe4d \ufe4d \u3010 4 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u300f \u3010\u3010 \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 0 \u3010 \u3010 | 45
Cellular Respiration Lab | \ube0c \u3010 \u3010 R0 \u3010 \ufe4d \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 R0 R \ufe4d \u3010 \ufe4d \u3010 \ufe4d \ufe4d \u3010 \u3010 \ufe4d 0. \u3010 \ufe4d \ufe4d \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 4 . \u3010 . \u3010 \u3010 \ufe4d \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u3010 \u3010\u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 | 49
[ \u3010 \ufe4d \ufe4d R AR \ufe4d \u3010 \ufe4d \u3010 \ufe4d \ufe4d \ufe4d \u3010 \ufe4d \ufe4d \ufe4d \ufe4d \ufe4d \ufe4d \ufe4d 4 \ufe4d \ufe4d \u3010 \ufe4d \ufe4d \ufe4d \ufe4d \ufe4d \ufe4d \u3010 \ufe4d \u300f \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \ufe4d \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 Photosynthesis Lab\u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 | 61
[ \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 Observing Stomata, Guard Cells and Chloroplasts\u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 | 65
Cellular Replication [ \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 R \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 4 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 4 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010\u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 | 66
Growth and the Creation of Life | \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 4 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010\u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 | 66
Visualizing the Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis [ \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010\u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u300f \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 | 67
When it all OeS WIrONQ. .. ciciiiiimmnmmmsansmsssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssansnnnnnnnnns68
Cellular Replication Worksheet69
Mammalian Gametogenesis72
Genetic Crosses75
MENDELIAN GENETICS, PROBABILITY, PEDIGREES AND CHI-SQUARE STATISTICS . 80
Chi-Square Data Table [\u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 R \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010\u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 \u3010 | 92
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 841.3333333333333, "y": 2133.3}, {"x": 841.3333333333333, "y": 2163.9666666666667}, {"x": 866.8479999999998, "y": 2163.9666666666667}, {"x": 866.8479999999998, "y": 2133.3}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000139.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 651.4600830078125, "y": 181.5501708984375}, {"x": 651.4600830078125, "y": 213.97946166992188}, {"x": 1020.4269409179688, "y": 213.97946166992188}, {"x": 1020.4269409179688, "y": 181.5501708984375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Top 10 tuna fishing nations (2018)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 297.4037780761719, "y": 238.4930877685547}, {"x": 297.4037780761719, "y": 758.763427734375}, {"x": 1245.7138671875, "y": 758.763427734375}, {"x": 1245.7138671875, "y": 238.4930877685547}], "category": "figure", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "\u2026 cove. Republic of Korca | USA | Kirbati ~ Philippines ] 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 Catch (metric tons)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 262.5, "y": 801.7915649414062}, {"x": 262.5, "y": 832.476806640625}, {"x": 1300.226806640625, "y": 832.476806640625}, {"x": 1300.226806640625, "y": 801.7915649414062}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Figure 12.8: Top tuna fishing nations based on landings of seven tuna species in 2018. Long description.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 134.0923309326172, "y": 954.5971069335938}, {"x": 134.0923309326172, "y": 1222.7291259765625}, {"x": 1457.59228515625, "y": 1222.7291259765625}, {"x": 1457.59228515625, "y": 954.5971069335938}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Today most tuna are captured in purse seines, and longlines are the second-most-common gear. Indonesia and Japan are consistently the top-two fishing nations (Figure 12.8). Five of the top tuna fishing nations\u2014Japan, Taiwan (Republic of China), Spain, Korea, and the USA\u2014have large fishing fleets that operate far from their home waters, whereas the others have large local or regional fleets. New technologies, such as sonar, have made tuna fishing much more effective. In response, the use of spotter planes is banned for fishing Atlantic Bluefin Tuna in the Mediterranean (Di Natale 2020). Many recreational tuna boats also use spotter planes in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, although the traditionalist harpoon fishers shun the technology (Whynott 1995; Decker 2016).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1249.518310546875}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1794.2298583984375}, {"x": 1449.0952777777775, "y": 1794.2298583984375}, {"x": 1449.0952777777775, "y": 1249.518310546875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "The Pacific Ocean has consistently had the highest landings, about 66% of the world\u2019s tuna catch. The western and central Pacific Ocean is where many artisanal and industrial fisheries overlap. For the small island nations, fishing provides a major source of income, jobs, and food security (Bell et al. 2019). Yet, Pacific island nations have not fully realized the economic potential with the global tuna industry, despite the fact that 80% of it is caught within their exclusive economic zones (EEZs, i.e., within 200 miles). The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea awarded coastal states sovereign rights to (1) exploit and manage all living resources within their EEZ, (2) exclude distant water fleets in favor of developing their own fleets, and (3) charge distant water fleets rent for access. Eight island nations\u2014the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu, which support 80% of the purse-seine catch in their waters\u2014formed an alliance and require collective bargaining to set rents for access by foreign vessels. The alliance also prioritized domestic over foreign vessels and set limits on the number of purse-seine vessels. The issue of sovereignty over tuna that migrate freely among EEZs remains a concern for small island nations (Bailey et al. 2012). Working to establish fair and equitable allocations of total allowable catches to the many parties will require more equitable sharing with the larger tuna-fishing nations.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1867.55517578125}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1897.875244140625}, {"x": 893.3311767578125, "y": 1897.875244140625}, {"x": 893.3311767578125, "y": 1867.55517578125}], "category": "footer", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "282 | Conserving Tuna: The Most Commercially Valuable Fish on Earth", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000025.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 818.5205688476562, "y": 156.71751403808594}, {"x": 818.5205688476562, "y": 184.8544444444444}, {"x": 1019.9368286132812, "y": 184.8544444444444}, {"x": 1019.9368286132812, "y": 156.71751403808594}], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "2. The Lost Homeland", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 215.97491455078125}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 326.7747222222223}, {"x": 1030.366943359375, "y": 326.7747222222223}, {"x": 1030.366943359375, "y": 215.97491455078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "gesture in honour of local culture. Few of the artefacts were authentically part of this area. It told us nothing of any interest or with any authority. We wondered whose culture we were looking at.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.70042419433594, "y": 350.7630920410156}, {"x": 147.70042419433594, "y": 497.0633333333334}, {"x": 1023.5133333333333, "y": 497.0633333333334}, {"x": 1023.5133333333333, "y": 350.7630920410156}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "At the central railway station, we tried to question officials, in German and English, about the location of Steinkirche. But only Polish was spoken at the information office and other counters. Nor could we locate the correct train line on the information screens.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.98207092285156, "y": 519.8534545898438}, {"x": 156.98207092285156, "y": 887.3522222222222}, {"x": 1023.5133333333339, "y": 887.3522222222222}, {"x": 1023.5133333333339, "y": 519.8534545898438}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "On our walk back to the centre of town, past the dilapidated theatre where my mother had attended performances, John spotted another bookshop. Surprisingly it was trading busily on a Polish Catholic Sunday. It sold old maps and books. We found old pictures of Breslau labelled in Polish and English. We found descriptions in both Polish and English of Neumarkt Platz (Novi Targ). Various maps showed clear plans of its location. They also showed the Neptune fountain I had been seeking. For centuries it had a conspicuous place in town maps as a well drawing water from the Oder, whose tributaries flowed together and separated the town into different quarters, spanned by a multitude of bridges.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 148.28369140625, "y": 908.3683471679688}, {"x": 148.28369140625, "y": 1020.9741666666666}, {"x": 1023.5011111111115, "y": 1020.9741666666666}, {"x": 1023.5011111111115, "y": 908.3683471679688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "I was thrilled. Before this find, my family had begun to question whether the fountain had actually existed. \u2018You and your fountain!\u2019 they cried. But I always knew it was there, in my memory and beyond.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.78118896484375, "y": 1041.93603515625}, {"x": 152.78118896484375, "y": 1301.2627777777777}, {"x": 1023.5072222222227, "y": 1301.2627777777777}, {"x": 1023.5072222222227, "y": 1041.93603515625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "When we walked to Novi Targ, we found the old houses by the square had been destroyed totally by the War. So, to my disappointment, had the Neptune fountain . In Microcosm, his history of Wroclaw, Norman Davies tells how, after the War, the rubble of Breslau had been removed in trainloads to rebuild Warsaw in its original style. Some fine Breslau buildings left standing by War were even knocked down for their old bricks.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 149.89437866210938, "y": 1324.322509765625}, {"x": 149.89437866210938, "y": 1434.9111328125}, {"x": 1023.4980555555553, "y": 1434.9111328125}, {"x": 1023.4980555555553, "y": 1324.322509765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "I viewed this horrible information as being akin to the punishment Dante dished out to sinners in his Purgatory. Atonement was to be made only by suffering punishment that fitted the spirit of a crime.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.04812622070312, "y": 1457.777587890625}, {"x": 147.04812622070312, "y": 1568.5069444444443}, {"x": 1023.4247222222225, "y": 1568.5069444444443}, {"x": 1023.4247222222225, "y": 1457.777587890625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "We then looked for the air-raid shelters in which my grandmother and aunt Else had sheltered from the fire-bombs that rained down on the city in early 1945.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1071.155, "y": 1713.294921875}, {"x": 1071.155, "y": 1740.5127777777777}, {"x": 1097.3890380859375, "y": 1740.5127777777777}, {"x": 1097.3890380859375, "y": 1713.294921875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "11", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000036.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 426.11444091796875, "y": 196.19985961914062}, {"x": 426.11444091796875, "y": 281.0938888888889}, {"x": 1393.138427734375, "y": 281.0938888888889}, {"x": 1393.138427734375, "y": 196.19985961914062}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "2. General Profile of MSMEs", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 201.15888888888884}, {"x": -1406.7913888888888, "y": 281.7144444444444}, {"x": -318.88861111111095, "y": 281.7144444444444}, {"x": 0, "y": 201.15888888888884}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "1. Introduction and Methodology", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 758.5367431640625, "y": 341.81207275390625}, {"x": 758.5367431640625, "y": 542.3195190429688}, {"x": 1401.68994140625, "y": 542.3195190429688}, {"x": 1401.68994140625, "y": 341.81207275390625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Business characteristics. Business size was determined by the number of staff at the time of interview. Following Government Decree number 25/ GOV, firms with five or less staff are microenterprises, those with six \u2013 50 staff are small, and those with 51 \u2013 99 staff are medium.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 760.231201171875, "y": 577.7542724609375}, {"x": 760.231201171875, "y": 676.163818359375}, {"x": 1399.56201171875, "y": 676.163818359375}, {"x": 1399.56201171875, "y": 577.7542724609375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Micro and small enterprises made up most of the respondents. Approximately 58% were microenterprises, 40% were small, and only two", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 109.40097045898438, "y": 343.75994873046875}, {"x": 109.40097045898438, "y": 678.5897827148438}, {"x": 746.675138888889, "y": 678.5897827148438}, {"x": 746.675138888889, "y": 343.75994873046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "In July 2020, the survey established a general profile of the MSMEs interviewed. The respondents updated the interviewers on the status of their business in each subsequent phase. Respondents whose business had permanently closed were only asked the reasons for closing (Section 2.4) and about government assistance programs (Section 7). The demographics of respondents and business characteristics (i.e., the proportions) remained roughly the same across all three survey phases.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 112.49999999999991, "y": 706.8286743164062}, {"x": 112.49999999999991, "y": 740.055908203125}, {"x": 796.4472222222222, "y": 740.055908203125}, {"x": 796.4472222222222, "y": 706.8286743164062}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Figure 2.1: Surveyed MSMEs by size across sectors (%)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 372.98999999999995, "y": 827.9565}, {"x": 372.98999999999995, "y": 845.8209444444444}, {"x": 402.7878933333333, "y": 845.8209444444444}, {"x": 402.7878933333333, "y": 827.9565}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "100", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 382.92263111111106, "y": 897.1812222222221}, {"x": 382.92263111111106, "y": 915.0456666666665}, {"x": 402.7878933333333, "y": 915.0456666666665}, {"x": 402.7878933333333, "y": 897.1812222222221}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "80", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 382.92263111111106, "y": 966.4059444444442}, {"x": 382.92263111111106, "y": 984.2703888888888}, {"x": 402.7878933333333, "y": 984.2703888888888}, {"x": 402.7878933333333, "y": 966.4059444444442}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "60", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 382.92263111111106, "y": 1035.6306666666665}, {"x": 382.92263111111106, "y": 1053.495111111111}, {"x": 402.7878933333333, "y": 1053.495111111111}, {"x": 402.7878933333333, "y": 1035.6306666666665}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "40", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 382.92263111111106, "y": 1104.8553888888887}, {"x": 382.92263111111106, "y": 1122.7198333333333}, {"x": 402.7878933333333, "y": 1122.7198333333333}, {"x": 402.7878933333333, "y": 1104.8553888888887}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 392.85526222222217, "y": 1174.0801111111111}, {"x": 392.85526222222217, "y": 1191.9445555555556}, {"x": 402.7878933333333, "y": 1191.9445555555556}, {"x": 402.7878933333333, "y": 1174.0801111111111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 472.0, "y": 815.0}, {"x": 472.0, "y": 1262.0}, {"x": 1076.0, "y": 1262.0}, {"x": 1076.0, "y": 815.0}], "category": "heading1", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "| \uc090 \u866b", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 640.9108333333334, "y": 1248.891222222222}, {"x": 640.9108333333334, "y": 1266.7556666666667}, {"x": 684.5715355555556, "y": 1266.7556666666667}, {"x": 684.5715355555556, "y": 1248.891222222222}], "category": "heading1", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Micro", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 731.8463888888889, "y": 1248.891222222222}, {"x": 731.8463888888889, "y": 1266.7556666666667}, {"x": 776.5074999999999, "y": 1266.7556666666667}, {"x": 776.5074999999999, "y": 1248.891222222222}], "category": "heading1", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Small", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 823.7802777777778, "y": 1248.891222222222}, {"x": 823.7802777777778, "y": 1266.7556666666667}, {"x": 887.3062422222223, "y": 1266.7556666666667}, {"x": 887.3062422222223, "y": 1248.891222222222}], "category": "heading1", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Medium", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 106.16422271728516, "y": 1341.5953369140625}, {"x": 106.16422271728516, "y": 1572.4722222222233}, {"x": 746.6540277777777, "y": 1572.4722222222233}, {"x": 746.6540277777777, "y": 1341.5953369140625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "percent were medium. The tourism MSME sample included a higher percentage of microenterprises than the other two sectors. All of the tourism and handicraft/ textile MSMEs interviewed were registered, or formal, constituting approximately 71% of the sample. The remainder (agriculture MSMEs) were informal, as they were individual farmers.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 103.25515747070312, "y": 1608.138671875}, {"x": 103.25515747070312, "y": 1874.80810546875}, {"x": 752.0071411132812, "y": 1874.80810546875}, {"x": 752.0071411132812, "y": 1608.138671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "The geographic focus of sampling sought to emulate the concentration of businesses nationwide. Interviewed MSMEs in the tourism and handicraft/ textile sectors were mainly based in Vientiane Capital, Luang Prabang, and Champasack provinces. For the agriculture sector, MSMEs were based in 12 provinces and the capital. Annex 1 provides the locations of respondents who participated in all three phases.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 105.34194946289062, "y": 1909.037109375}, {"x": 105.34194946289062, "y": 2041.067138671875}, {"x": 749.7617797851562, "y": 2041.067138671875}, {"x": 749.7617797851562, "y": 1909.037109375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "The tourism sub-sectors interviewed included lodging, restaurants and bars, and tour operators. Most handicraft/textile respondents were involved in production, with the remaining in sales. The", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 757.8871459960938, "y": 1341.6390380859375}, {"x": 757.8871459960938, "y": 1572.3930555555562}, {"x": 1398.8358154296875, "y": 1572.3930555555562}, {"x": 1398.8358154296875, "y": 1341.6390380859375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "main products are silk and cotton products such as bags, clothes, and scarves, bamboo wicker, pottery, carvings, and mulberry paper products. MSMEs interviewed in the agriculture sector focused on the cultivation and trade of cash crops such as vegetables, cassava, banana, sugar cane, tea and coffee, livestock or fish, and rice.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 756.6630859375, "y": 1600.169677734375}, {"x": 756.6630859375, "y": 2009.1441650390625}, {"x": 1398.555908203125, "y": 2009.1441650390625}, {"x": 1398.555908203125, "y": 1600.169677734375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Demographics of respondents. The overall gender ratio of interviewees was slightly skewed towards men (52%). Within the handicraft/textile sector, 80% were women, while the agriculture sector was dominated by male representatives (74%). The tourism sector respondents were 51% men. Most of the interviewees were MSME owners (80%), followed by managers (17%), while the other three percent comprised positions such as accountant, assistant, and deputy manager. More than half (58%) of interviewees were 36 to 55 years old; the youngest respondent was 23 and the eldest was 83.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1534.2502777777777, "y": 2196.479736328125}, {"x": 1534.2502777777777, "y": 2221.645}, {"x": 1553.6009521484375, "y": 2221.645}, {"x": 1553.6009521484375, "y": 2196.479736328125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000151.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 154.5708465576172, "y": 320.96636962890625}, {"x": 154.5708465576172, "y": 356.4458333333331}, {"x": 361.22472222222217, "y": 356.4458333333331}, {"x": 361.22472222222217, "y": 320.96636962890625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "CHAPTER 1.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.5417022705078, "y": 404.4770812988281}, {"x": 154.5417022705078, "y": 442.9180555555556}, {"x": 386.66888888888883, "y": 442.9180555555556}, {"x": 386.66888888888883, "y": 404.4770812988281}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "CALIFORNIA", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 664.88427734375}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 695.6107177734375}, {"x": 517.9191666666666, "y": 695.6107177734375}, {"x": 517.9191666666666, "y": 664.88427734375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.0966796875, "y": 822.6409912109375}, {"x": 155.0966796875, "y": 858.9229736328125}, {"x": 627.368896484375, "y": 858.9229736328125}, {"x": 627.368896484375, "y": 822.6409912109375}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "COURSE MARKING DRIVERS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.47686767578125, "y": 890.1873779296875}, {"x": 146.47686767578125, "y": 1099.7913818359375}, {"x": 1568.702392578125, "y": 1099.7913818359375}, {"x": 1568.702392578125, "y": 890.1873779296875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "SB1359 was passed in September 2016, going into force in January 2018. The law \u201crequires California Community Colleges and California State Universities and requests the University of California system to include a symbol/logo in the online campus course schedule by January 1, 2018 for courses that exclusively use digital course materials that are free of charge to students and therefore not required to be purchased.\u201d", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.49647521972656, "y": 1135.1978759765625}, {"x": 152.49647521972656, "y": 1345.2415771484375}, {"x": 1563.434814453125, "y": 1345.2415771484375}, {"x": 1563.434814453125, "y": 1135.1978759765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "The potential scale of impact is significant. With 114 colleges serving 2.1 million students, the California Community Colleges (CCCs) comprise the largest public system of higher education in the US. The California State University (CSU) with 23 campuses serving nearly 500,000 students, is the largest four-year public university system in the US. Notably, the law does not apply to the state\u2019s research-focused University of California.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 685.3038330078125, "y": 1363.975341796875}, {"x": 685.3038330078125, "y": 1598.4052777777777}, {"x": 1016.4739379882812, "y": 1598.4052777777777}, {"x": 1016.4739379882812, "y": 1363.975341796875}], "category": "figure", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 687.5, "y": 1627.82373046875}, {"x": 687.5, "y": 1691.85009765625}, {"x": 994.8193969726562, "y": 1691.85009765625}, {"x": 994.8193969726562, "y": 1627.82373046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.1: Zero Cost Textbook Logo", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.7251739501953, "y": 1740.0518798828125}, {"x": 152.7251739501953, "y": 1776.6798095703125}, {"x": 462.62472222222215, "y": 1776.6798095703125}, {"x": 462.62472222222215, "y": 1740.0518798828125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "IMPLEMENTATION", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1805.7076416015625}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 2020.827880859375}, {"x": 1560.3929443359375, "y": 2020.827880859375}, {"x": 1560.3929443359375, "y": 1805.7076416015625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Between the passage of the law in 2016 and the implementation of the law in 2018, both the CCCs and CSU systems engaged in outreach to the field. The CCCs\u2019 system office issued a memo to college leadership explaining the requirements and created a sample logo that colleges could choose to adopt. The CSU system\u2019s Affordable Learning Solutions team engaged the field with a series of webinars and FAQs.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1284.1910400390625, "y": 2089.176025390625}, {"x": 1284.1910400390625, "y": 2112.945}, {"x": 1541.4780555555556, "y": 2112.945}, {"x": 1541.4780555555556, "y": 2089.176025390625}], "category": "footer", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "PRICE TRANSPARENCY 1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1534.03466796875, "y": 2091.14501953125}, {"x": 1534.03466796875, "y": 2109.31005859375}, {"x": 1545.5968017578125, "y": 2109.31005859375}, {"x": 1545.5968017578125, "y": 2091.14501953125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000137.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 154.96983337402344, "y": 140.61732482910156}, {"x": 154.96983337402344, "y": 853.3613888888889}, {"x": 1452.326171875, "y": 853.3613888888889}, {"x": 1452.326171875, "y": 140.61732482910156}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "60 9 \u3137 0 \u91cf NO Daily Limit 40 m Daily Limit-4 30 20 10 | | | | \u2014 \u2014 0 6 7 8 >8 Catch Per Day", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 863.578125}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 922.3692626953125}, {"x": 1431.5198974609375, "y": 922.3692626953125}, {"x": 1431.5198974609375, "y": 863.578125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 10.5: Frequency distribution displays the number of angler days resulting in differing catch per day for a hypothetical 8 fish per day creel limit and estimated change if creel limit is reduced to 4 fish per day. Long description.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 143.0037078857422, "y": 1045.875732421875}, {"x": 143.0037078857422, "y": 1352.7593994140625}, {"x": 1453.8560791015625, "y": 1352.7593994140625}, {"x": 1453.8560791015625, "y": 1045.875732421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Creel limits are one of many elements that may be used by anglers to define fishing success. When more fish are harvested per trip, anglers rate fishing higher. High creel limits may cause anglers to have unrealistic expectations about the potential supply of fish compared to the demand (Cook et al. 2001). Creel limit reductions may be unsuccessful in reducing angler harvest or affecting fish populations. The hypothetical angler success graph (Figure 10.5) demonstrates that a reduction in creel from 8 to 4 would affect only a few trips and result in a small harvest reduction. Furthermore, creel limits are applied on a per-angler basis, so they cannot control total harvest if total fishing effort increases or if noncompliance is high. Finally, since anglers have a variety of motivations, they likely respond differently to regulation changes (Beard et al. 2011).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.88177490234375, "y": 1379.9130859375}, {"x": 146.88177490234375, "y": 1607.9412841796875}, {"x": 1457.923583984375, "y": 1607.9412841796875}, {"x": 1457.923583984375, "y": 1379.9130859375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The ethic of fairness is involved in setting creel limit regulations because many anglers do not harvest a single fish during an angling trip. In Wisconsin lakes, Walleye harvest was not equally distributed. Only 7.4% of Walleye angler trips were successful in harvesting at least one Walleye, and <1% harvested a limit during a fishing trip (Staggs 1989). In Minnesota, anglers were slightly more successful, where 27.2% of angler trips ended with a harvest of at least one Walleye and about 1% harvesting a limit. The ideal creel limit would distribute the catch among more anglers and prevent overuse by a few individuals.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.144287109375, "y": 1637.2283935546875}, {"x": 156.144287109375, "y": 1827.5814208984375}, {"x": 1449.095, "y": 1827.5814208984375}, {"x": 1449.095, "y": 1637.2283935546875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Long-term trends in panfish populations (i.e., Bluegill, Yellow Perch, Black Crappie, Pumpkinseed, and Rock Bass) in Wisconsin lakes showed significant declines due to overfishing (Rypel et al. 2016). The daily limit for panfish was 50 aggregate per day from 1967 through 1998, which was reduced to 25 in 1998. Further reduction in daily limits for panfish (10) to improve undesirable small sizes of Bluegill populations increased both mean length and mean maximum length relative to sizes in control lakes (Jacobson 2005; Rypel et al. 2015).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1867.555419921875}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1897.887939453125}, {"x": 630.75390625, "y": 1897.887939453125}, {"x": 630.75390625, "y": 1867.555419921875}], "category": "footer", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "226 | Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000002.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 173.25, "y": 101.52499999999993}, {"x": 173.25, "y": 132.0805555555555}, {"x": 207.4722222222222, "y": 132.0805555555555}, {"x": 207.4722222222222, "y": 101.52499999999993}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "3\ufffd6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 986.1405555555556, "y": 102.86111111111134}, {"x": 986.1405555555556, "y": 130.6388888888891}, {"x": 1078.3905555555557, "y": 130.6388888888891}, {"x": 1078.3905555555557, "y": 102.86111111111134}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Yarrow", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 163.20925903320312, "y": 166.4459991455078}, {"x": 163.20925903320312, "y": 281.7405555555559}, {"x": 1090.8118896484375, "y": 281.7405555555559}, {"x": 1090.8118896484375, "y": 166.4459991455078}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "where soas below some threshold cannot be recovered, so that an observer can only guess about order.19 However, either kind of model can easily be fitted and interpreted from either theoretical perspective.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 173.19444444444443, "y": 363.6541666666668}, {"x": 173.19444444444443, "y": 394.2097222222224}, {"x": 192.01666666666668, "y": 394.2097222222224}, {"x": 192.01666666666668, "y": 363.6541666666668}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.52154541015625, "y": 354.28326416015625}, {"x": 194.52154541015625, "y": 394.2097222222224}, {"x": 1037.2672119140625, "y": 394.2097222222224}, {"x": 1037.2672119140625, "y": 354.28326416015625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Choosing between Observer Models and Rejecting Participants", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 167.95150756835938, "y": 429.66986083984375}, {"x": 167.95150756835938, "y": 618.3652777777778}, {"x": 1088.1182861328125, "y": 618.3652777777778}, {"x": 1088.1182861328125, "y": 429.66986083984375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Two further reasonable questions one might ask are: 1) could my observer model have generated these data? and 2) does another observer model de- scribe the data better? Model comparison is a large and complex topic, so once again, what I have to say here should be treated as a brief introduction rather than a comprehensive summary.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 170.98033142089844, "y": 616.8170776367188}, {"x": 170.98033142089844, "y": 1254.2125}, {"x": 1084.8805555555555, "y": 1254.2125}, {"x": 1084.8805555555555, "y": 616.8170776367188}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Let\u2019s begin by considering a metric I have not yet mentioned: Deviance. De- viance (sometimes called G2) is a measure based on log likelihood, but which looks rather more like summed squared error, in that it is zero for a perfectly fitting model and large/positive for a poorly fitting model. Formally, deviance is two times the difference in log likelihood between the saturated model and the model with our current set of parameters. A saturated model is one that exactly predicts the data (which can always be accomplished by a model that has one parameter per data point). Hence it represents the situation with the maximum possible log-likelihood when predicting this particular set of data. Deviance is closely related to a simpler calculation (\u20132 \u00d7 log likelihood) that forms the basis of a couple of well-known metrics for model comparison (the Akaike information criterion, aic, and the Bayesian information criterion, bic) and indeed is occasionally defined this way. That\u2019s because we are of- ten only really interested in differences (in Deviance, or aic, or bic) between models, and the log-likelihood of the saturated model gets subtracted out in a comparison between two models (because it has contributed to the deviance in the same way for both) so calculating it is not necessary.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 163.2017059326172, "y": 1252.8740234375}, {"x": 163.2017059326172, "y": 1478.6125000000002}, {"x": 1094.0894775390625, "y": 1478.6125000000002}, {"x": 1094.0894775390625, "y": 1252.8740234375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "However, if you want to say something about the goodness of fit of a model without relating it to any other model, based on asymptotic statistical theory, you do need to calculate deviance properly. Asymptotically, it turns out that the deviance of a model fitted to data when that model actually generated those data follows a chi-square (\u03c72) distribution, with degrees of freedom equal to the number of data points minus the number of model parameters (note: for", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 173.19444444444443, "y": 1538.0983333333334}, {"x": 173.19444444444443, "y": 1563.0983333333334}, {"x": 202.64388888888885, "y": 1563.0983333333334}, {"x": 202.64388888888885, "y": 1538.0983333333334}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "19", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 203.84750366210938, "y": 1530.543212890625}, {"x": 203.84750366210938, "y": 1663.0733333333333}, {"x": 1083.7563888888885, "y": 1663.0733333333333}, {"x": 1083.7563888888885, "y": 1530.543212890625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez and Alcal\u00e1-Quintana\u2019s commitment to this account is a little unclear, be- cause they often let \u03b4 vary across experimental conditions, suggesting flexibility more akin to a criterion-based account. It may be that they believe a low-threshold exists, but that synchrony is often additionally reported beyond this hard limit.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000014.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 101.58000000000003}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 132.13555555555558}, {"x": 191.30527777777777, "y": 132.13555555555558}, {"x": 191.30527777777777, "y": 101.58000000000003}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "158", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1089.0702777777776, "y": 103.08277777777795}, {"x": 1089.0702777777776, "y": 130.86055555555572}, {"x": 1362.206388888889, "y": 130.86055555555572}, {"x": 1362.206388888889, "y": 103.08277777777795}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Al-Ogayyel and Oskay", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.7169952392578, "y": 152.12435913085938}, {"x": 156.7169952392578, "y": 650.8389892578125}, {"x": 1364.209716796875, "y": 650.8389892578125}, {"x": 1364.209716796875, "y": 152.12435913085938}], "category": "figure", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "\ub178 _ 6 i/ \u4e00 \u4e00 \ufe52 \u3134 -->- \u3147 \ufe68 \u02cb \u9d3f = s e ety . e", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 156.2218017578125, "y": 670.5394897460938}, {"x": 156.2218017578125, "y": 701.8425000000001}, {"x": 687.5252075195312, "y": 701.8425000000001}, {"x": 687.5252075195312, "y": 670.5394897460938}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Figure 8.15 Typical black-and-white Bedouin tent.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.6698760986328, "y": 768.6189563888889}, {"x": 154.6698760986328, "y": 1191.217529296875}, {"x": 742.3228149414062, "y": 1191.217529296875}, {"x": 742.3228149414062, "y": 768.6189563888889}], "category": "figure", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "E \ufe4d nawsamassm\ufe52 \u612b \u81f3 s \u4e00 50 =5 S A \u4e8c C M RNy 4 / 4 =0 ses8 === -", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 145.44235229492188, "y": 1210.969970703125}, {"x": 145.44235229492188, "y": 1242.6725000000001}, {"x": 647.4285278320312, "y": 1242.6725000000001}, {"x": 647.4285278320312, "y": 1210.969970703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Figure 8.16 Typical three-poled Bedouin tent", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1290.8125}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1442.0552777777777}, {"x": 746.2705555555553, "y": 1442.0552777777777}, {"x": 746.2705555555553, "y": 1290.8125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "black and white, with a little red-dyed wool for decoration. This wool comes from sheep and cam- els, whose wool is known for its softness and, when left undyed, for its beautiful natural colors.49", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.6090545654297, "y": 1439.5999755859375}, {"x": 155.6090545654297, "y": 1703.875}, {"x": 746.2075, "y": 1703.875}, {"x": 746.2075, "y": 1439.5999755859375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Figure 8.16 indicates the complex nature of the interior of a Bedouin tent. The inside area is divid- ed into many parts, each of them with its specific use. It is important to note that a \u201cwell-to-do\u201d Bed- ouin tent like the one shown in figure 8.16 indi- cates the higher status of the family living in it than that of a family living in the humbler,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1825.0577777777778}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1850.0577777777778}, {"x": 186.92972222222218, "y": 1850.0577777777778}, {"x": 186.92972222222218, "y": 1825.0577777777778}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "49", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 216.65176391601562, "y": 1817.8564453125}, {"x": 216.65176391601562, "y": 1850.0577777777778}, {"x": 543.4617309570312, "y": 1850.0577777777778}, {"x": 543.4617309570312, "y": 1817.8564453125}], "category": "footer", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "For details, see Al-Sabah, Ibjad, 17.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 777.2779541015625, "y": 769.178466796875}, {"x": 777.2779541015625, "y": 1140.92}, {"x": 1372.9661865234375, "y": 1140.92}, {"x": 1372.9661865234375, "y": 769.178466796875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "three-poled tent in figure 8.15. These images also show that different areas are used by men and by women.50 For example, the tent contains a space which is allocated to female weavers, like a studio where they perform their craft and practice their skills.51 Thus, in the Bedouin society, the tent is a not only a signifier of social relationships and fam- ily status but also of gender roles. It is, therefore, an extremely important space because here wom- en make items that support their family or tribe.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 776.0574340820312, "y": 1136.792724609375}, {"x": 776.0574340820312, "y": 1478.2955322265625}, {"x": 1371.061279296875, "y": 1478.2955322265625}, {"x": 1371.061279296875, "y": 1136.792724609375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "While the function of the textile is to create and demarcate the Bedouin space, the way the space is constructed influences the way the nomads live and the way the family or the tribe is perceived by the outside world. The textile is, therefore, structuring the formation of a private and a public identity by delineating the space: the outside, non- patterned textiles are public, while the inside, patterned textiles are private.52 We can infer,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 776.1331787109375, "y": 1550.791015625}, {"x": 776.1331787109375, "y": 1716.723888888889}, {"x": 1373.5318603515625, "y": 1716.723888888889}, {"x": 1373.5318603515625, "y": 1550.791015625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "50 See also Dickson, The Arab of the Desert, 66\u201367; and Canavan, \u201cApplications of Textile Products,\u201d 541. Here, Canavan explains that dividers were parts of women\u2019s possessions, accompanying them into marriage, as well as \u201ctestimony of a tribe\u2019s wealth and prestige.\u201d", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 775.7736206054688, "y": 1716.8310546875}, {"x": 775.7736206054688, "y": 1783.3908333333334}, {"x": 1381.264404296875, "y": 1783.3908333333334}, {"x": 1381.264404296875, "y": 1716.8310546875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "51 Refah Al Raheel, interviewed by Rana Al-Ogayyel, Ri- yadh, 2017.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 779.5275, "y": 1785.3955078125}, {"x": 779.5275, "y": 1850.0577777777778}, {"x": 1370.5751953125, "y": 1850.0577777777778}, {"x": 1370.5751953125, "y": 1785.3955078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "52 While the outside of the traditional tents is black and without much pattern except for stripes, the inside of", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000105.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 139.239990234375, "y": 186.2645263671875}, {"x": 139.239990234375, "y": 246.23477172851562}, {"x": 923.517822265625, "y": 246.23477172851562}, {"x": 923.517822265625, "y": 186.2645263671875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "The Scholarly Publishing Cycle", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 149.001220703125, "y": 319.8380432128906}, {"x": 149.001220703125, "y": 409.0249328613281}, {"x": 1558.7109375, "y": 409.0249328613281}, {"x": 1558.7109375, "y": 319.8380432128906}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Having explored the scholarly publishing ecosystem and its primary relationships, we can update the cycle as follows:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 284.06916666666666, "y": 426.68222222222215}, {"x": 284.06916666666666, "y": 1226.6822222222222}, {"x": 1415.931111111111, "y": 1226.6822222222222}, {"x": 1415.931111111111, "y": 426.68222222222215}], "category": "figure", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "RETAILERS ( \uacbd Validation PUBLISHERS READERS Content % 127 < AGGREGATORS LIBRARIES INSTITUTIONS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 141.07958984375, "y": 1373.6947021484375}, {"x": 141.07958984375, "y": 1460.9886474609375}, {"x": 1555.66455078125, "y": 1460.9886474609375}, {"x": 1555.66455078125, "y": 1373.6947021484375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Our project set out to explore and address the shortfall in serving the scholarly reader identified in this section. This shortfall is made clear in two connected points:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 182.24305555555554, "y": 1517.4659423828125}, {"x": 182.24305555555554, "y": 1601.4708333333333}, {"x": 1473.614013671875, "y": 1601.4708333333333}, {"x": 1473.614013671875, "y": 1517.4659423828125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Scholarly readers are not just content consumers; scholarly reading is an act of creation as well.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 182.24305555555554, "y": 1611.9520263671875}, {"x": 182.24305555555554, "y": 1699.375732421875}, {"x": 1496.586111111111, "y": 1699.375732421875}, {"x": 1496.586111111111, "y": 1611.9520263671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u2022 Publishers and aggregators are not incentivized to create better tools to support scholarly reading.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.0, "y": 1750.4664306640625}, {"x": 150.0, "y": 1982.5225}, {"x": 1567.2781982421875, "y": 1982.5225}, {"x": 1567.2781982421875, "y": 1750.4664306640625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "From here, this report will consider the experiences of publishers, librarians and readers through a synthesis of interviews conducted with several members of each group, as well as a short online survey aimed at readers. We will then share some of our own philosophy on the future of scholarly reading, then detail the path forward we see for our own work in the area.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.0, "y": 2058.4248046875}, {"x": 150.0, "y": 2087.783447265625}, {"x": 605.1559448242188, "y": 2087.783447265625}, {"x": 605.1559448242188, "y": 2058.4248046875}], "category": "footer", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "10 | The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000180.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 194.6271514892578, "y": 165.21209716796875}, {"x": 194.6271514892578, "y": 238.51670837402344}, {"x": 626.3002777777779, "y": 238.51670837402344}, {"x": 626.3002777777779, "y": 165.21209716796875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Version History", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.8502777777778, "y": 378.95806884765625}, {"x": 196.8502777777778, "y": 549.9152221679688}, {"x": 1509.4207668055556, "y": 549.9152221679688}, {"x": 1509.4207668055556, "y": 378.95806884765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "This page provides a record of edits and changes made to this book since its initial publication. Whenever edits or updates are made in the text, we provide a record and description of those changes here. If the change is minor, the version number increases by 0.1. If the edits involve substantial updates, the edition number increases to the next whole number.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.1127471923828, "y": 582.9557495117188}, {"x": 195.1127471923828, "y": 707.2743530273438}, {"x": 1510.0487060546875, "y": 707.2743530273438}, {"x": 1510.0487060546875, "y": 582.9557495117188}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The files posted alongside this book always reflect the most recent version. If you find an error in this book, please let us know in the Rebus Community forum, where reported errors will be visible to others.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 191.8267822265625, "y": 743.1041870117188}, {"x": 191.8267822265625, "y": 867.0430297851562}, {"x": 1512.35693359375, "y": 867.0430297851562}, {"x": 1512.35693359375, "y": 743.1041870117188}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "We will contact the author, make the necessary changes, and replace all file types as soon as possible. Once we receive the updated files, this Version History page will be updated to reflect the edits made.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 191.3562774658203, "y": 931.2437133789062}, {"x": 191.3562774658203, "y": 982.325927734375}, {"x": 518.9377777777778, "y": 982.325927734375}, {"x": 518.9377777777778, "y": 931.2437133789062}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Version History", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 752.0468139648438, "y": 1020.2802734375}, {"x": 752.0468139648438, "y": 1054.8505859375}, {"x": 954.4384155273438, "y": 1054.8505859375}, {"x": 954.4384155273438, "y": 1020.2802734375}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Version History", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 182.51458740234375, "y": 1060.7073974609375}, {"x": 182.51458740234375, "y": 1312.306396484375}, {"x": 1510.5645751953125, "y": 1312.306396484375}, {"x": 1510.5645751953125, "y": 1060.7073974609375}], "category": "table", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
VersionDateChangeAffected Sections
1.0April 30, 2022Original
1.0June 3, 2022Small edits for clarity on Creative Commons licensing and attribution1. Introduction to Open Educational Resources
", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000145.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 245.5353546142578, "y": 469.5497741699219}, {"x": 245.5353546142578, "y": 675.2593572222221}, {"x": 901.2896728515625, "y": 675.2593572222221}, {"x": 901.2896728515625, "y": 469.5497741699219}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Chapter 4 Nonlinear equations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 245.35870361328125, "y": 600.953125}, {"x": 245.35870361328125, "y": 676.6531372070312}, {"x": 898.5853881835938, "y": 676.6531372070312}, {"x": 898.5853881835938, "y": 600.953125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Nonlinear equations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 246.34649658203125, "y": 784.5589599609375}, {"x": 246.34649658203125, "y": 828.2108033333332}, {"x": 579.5478515625, "y": 828.2108033333332}, {"x": 579.5478515625, "y": 784.5589599609375}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "4.1 Introduction", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 243.181884765625, "y": 852.6952514648438}, {"x": 243.181884765625, "y": 923.6701049804688}, {"x": 1438.870361328125, "y": 923.6701049804688}, {"x": 1438.870361328125, "y": 852.6952514648438}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The pressure drop in a \ufb02uid in motion is examined. For a \ufb02ow in a pipe with a circular cross section of diameter D (meter), the Reynolds number, Re, is given by", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 775.8258666992188, "y": 941.8179321289062}, {"x": 775.8258666992188, "y": 1010.9158017777777}, {"x": 899.5020141601562, "y": 1010.9158017777777}, {"x": 899.5020141601562, "y": 941.8179321289062}], "category": "equation", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Re = Dv \u03bd ,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 247.58656311035156, "y": 1024.474853515625}, {"x": 247.58656311035156, "y": 1126.7943115234375}, {"x": 1428.8404541015625, "y": 1126.7943115234375}, {"x": 1428.8404541015625, "y": 1024.474853515625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "in which v (m/s) is the average \ufb02ow velocity and \u03bd (m2/s) is the viscosity of the \ufb02uid. The \ufb02ow is called laminar if Re < 2100 (low \ufb02ow velocity) and turbulent if Re > 3000. For 2100 the \ufb02ow is neither laminar nor turbulent. \u2264 Re \u2264 3000,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 250.00113888888902, "y": 1140.6175537109375}, {"x": 250.00113888888902, "y": 1176.72021484375}, {"x": 1213.6103515625, "y": 1176.72021484375}, {"x": 1213.6103515625, "y": 1140.6175537109375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "For turbulent \ufb02ows, the pressure drop between in\ufb02ow and out\ufb02ow is given by", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 707.6738891601562, "y": 1194.1175537109375}, {"x": 707.6738891601562, "y": 1275.17236328125}, {"x": 965.3568115234375, "y": 1275.17236328125}, {"x": 965.3568115234375, "y": 1194.1175537109375}], "category": "equation", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Pout \u2212 Pin = \u03c1wLv2 2gD ,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 224.44256591796875, "y": 1289.27294921875}, {"x": 224.44256591796875, "y": 1392.498779296875}, {"x": 1448.06982421875, "y": 1392.498779296875}, {"x": 1448.06982421875, "y": 1289.27294921875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "in which w is a friction coef\ufb01cient, \u03c1 (kg/m3) is the \ufb02uid density, L (m) is the length and g (m/s2) is the acceleration of gravity. If the \ufb02uid contains particles (sand, paper \ufb01bers), then the friction coef\ufb01cient w satis\ufb01es the equation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 655.6926879882812, "y": 1412.31494140625}, {"x": 655.6926879882812, "y": 1490.5824684444447}, {"x": 1020.686279296875, "y": 1490.5824684444447}, {"x": 1020.686279296875, "y": 1412.31494140625}], "category": "equation", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "1 \u221aw = 5.6 ln(Re\u221aw) + 14 k \u2212 k ,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 237.51004028320312, "y": 1509.2294921875}, {"x": 237.51004028320312, "y": 1543.3094482421875}, {"x": 887.3729248046875, "y": 1543.3094482421875}, {"x": 887.3729248046875, "y": 1509.2294921875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "in which k is a parameter known from experiments.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 240.2646484375, "y": 1555.4676513671875}, {"x": 240.2646484375, "y": 1624.22021484375}, {"x": 1434.0394287109375, "y": 1624.22021484375}, {"x": 1434.0394287109375, "y": 1555.4676513671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "In this chapter, numerical methods will be discussed that can be used to determine w if the values of Re and k are known.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 246.16647338867188, "y": 1675.7635498046875}, {"x": 246.16647338867188, "y": 1719.5440533333333}, {"x": 554.571044921875, "y": 1719.5440533333333}, {"x": 554.571044921875, "y": 1675.7635498046875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "4.2 De\ufb01nitions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 248.26858520507812, "y": 1746.1201171875}, {"x": 248.26858520507812, "y": 1847.285400390625}, {"x": 1434.91064453125, "y": 1847.285400390625}, {"x": 1434.91064453125, "y": 1746.1201171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "In this chapter, various iterative methods will be considered to solve nonlinear equations of the form f (p) = 0. The point p is called a zero of the function f , or a root of the equation f (x) = 0. First, some useful de\ufb01nitions and concepts are introduced.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 246.98989868164062, "y": 1861.0819091796875}, {"x": 246.98989868164062, "y": 1893.965087890625}, {"x": 420.0779113769531, "y": 1893.965087890625}, {"x": 420.0779113769531, "y": 1861.0819091796875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Convergence", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 228.24542236328125, "y": 1894.8883056640625}, {"x": 228.24542236328125, "y": 1997.6278076171875}, {"x": 1459.8319091796875, "y": 1997.6278076171875}, {"x": 1459.8319091796875, "y": 1894.8883056640625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "= p0, p1, p2, . . . which should converge to p: Each numerical method generates a sequence pn} { \u221e pn = p. Assume that the sequence indeed converges, with pn 6 = p for all n. If there exist limn \u2192 positive constants \u03bb and \u03b1 satisfying", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 710.0250854492188, "y": 2016.0762939453125}, {"x": 710.0250854492188, "y": 2090.16357421875}, {"x": 966.9908447265625, "y": 2090.16357421875}, {"x": 966.9908447265625, "y": 2016.0762939453125}], "category": "equation", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "lim \u221e n p pn+1| \u03b1 = \u03bb, \u2212 | p", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1371.652587890625, "y": 2034.503173828125}, {"x": 1371.652587890625, "y": 2066.1096586666667}, {"x": 1426.9464111328125, "y": 2066.1096586666667}, {"x": 1426.9464111328125, "y": 2034.503173828125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "(4.1)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000029.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 206.57772827148438, "y": 53.69916915893555}, {"x": 206.57772827148438, "y": 83.15442583333348}, {"x": 477.8038024902344, "y": 83.15442583333348}, {"x": 477.8038024902344, "y": 53.69916915893555}], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Combinatorial Cosmology", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 206.82388305664062, "y": 84.64399719238281}, {"x": 206.82388305664062, "y": 115.5953369140625}, {"x": 695.2650146484375, "y": 115.5953369140625}, {"x": 695.2650146484375, "y": 84.64399719238281}], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90696", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 203.9232177734375, "y": 149.34902954101562}, {"x": 203.9232177734375, "y": 187.39877319335938}, {"x": 437.41180419921875, "y": 187.39877319335938}, {"x": 437.41180419921875, "y": 149.34902954101562}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "5. The dynamics", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 197.0429229736328, "y": 216.0321502685547}, {"x": 197.0429229736328, "y": 520.8262939453125}, {"x": 1210.830078125, "y": 520.8262939453125}, {"x": 1210.830078125, "y": 216.0321502685547}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The next step is to construct a model for the dynamics. The idea, which essen- tially goes back to Boltzmann (see [12]), is that any given macro-state at any given time is extremely likely to develop into a state with higher entropy at the next moment of time, simply because there are so many more states with higher entropy than with lower entropy (compare with (3)). The problem with this in the present situation, however, is that this way of thinking in fact presupposes a preferred direction of time. Otherwise, given that the dynamical laws are time symmetric, why can we not similarly argue that the entropy should also grow when we go backward in time? (compare [9]).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 205.46688842773438, "y": 517.9181518554688}, {"x": 205.46688842773438, "y": 616.1648599999987}, {"x": 1217.7825927734375, "y": 616.1648599999987}, {"x": 1217.7825927734375, "y": 517.9181518554688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "There have been many attempts to avoid this problem by looking for defects in the symmetries. But my conclusion here is that we must actually accept Boltzmann\u2019s argument in both directions of time and hence we are led to the following:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 191.77407836914062, "y": 617.2156982421875}, {"x": 191.77407836914062, "y": 782.1805194444435}, {"x": 1221.152587890625, "y": 782.1805194444435}, {"x": 1221.152587890625, "y": 617.2156982421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Principle 1. At every moment of time t and for every state with entropy S, there are very many \u201caccessible states\u201d with higher entropy, both at the previous moment of time t 1 and at the next one t 1. On the other hand, the chance for finding \ufffd \u00fe such accessible states with lower entropy, both at times t 1 and t 1, is extremely \ufffd \u00fe small.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.10140991210938, "y": 782.8138427734375}, {"x": 195.10140991210938, "y": 915.1258816666659}, {"x": 1211.7408447265625, "y": 915.1258816666659}, {"x": 1211.7408447265625, "y": 782.8138427734375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "This principle also implies a shift of perspective in the search for time\u2019s arrow. Rather than trying to find the reason for the asymmetry, we must concentrate on understanding why we cannot observe the symmetric structure of the multiverse as a whole.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 202.439208984375, "y": 914.6419067382812}, {"x": 202.439208984375, "y": 1151.07373046875}, {"x": 1211.7366943359375, "y": 1151.07373046875}, {"x": 1211.7366943359375, "y": 914.6419067382812}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "As still one more simplification, let us assume that the entropy can only change by 1 during each unit of time. This assumption, however, has to be modified near \ufffd the endpoints (BB and BC) for the following reason: it is a very important aspect of this approach to assume that physics during the first and last moments is very different from the rest of the time, since at these moments quantum phenomena can be expected to become global. To model this in a simple way, we can split the life-span of our multiverse up into three parts:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 510.5724182128906, "y": 1174.489501953125}, {"x": 510.5724182128906, "y": 1214.05322265625}, {"x": 901.72998046875, "y": 1214.05322265625}, {"x": 901.72998046875, "y": 1174.489501953125}], "category": "equation", "id": 8, "content": {"text": ": T0, T1 T1, T1 \u222a T1, T0 \u222a", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.8781280517578, "y": 1239.549072265625}, {"x": 196.8781280517578, "y": 1372.959671666667}, {"x": 1197.6834716796875, "y": 1372.959671666667}, {"x": 1197.6834716796875, "y": 1239.549072265625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Here the first and last parts may be called \u201cthe extreme phases,\u201d which are characterized by the property that transition between very different states can be possible. During the \u201cnormal phase\u201d in between on the other hand, physics is supposed to behave more or less as we are used to.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 204.8243865966797, "y": 1448.2274169921875}, {"x": 204.8243865966797, "y": 1487.511474609375}, {"x": 570.6309814453125, "y": 1487.511474609375}, {"x": 570.6309814453125, "y": 1448.2274169921875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "6. Modeling the dynamics", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 202.7541046142578, "y": 1517.7259521484375}, {"x": 202.7541046142578, "y": 1651.3017578125}, {"x": 1208.745849609375, "y": 1651.3017578125}, {"x": 1208.745849609375, "y": 1517.7259521484375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "To construct a miniature multiverse for computational purposes, one can pro- ceed as follows: first of all, in the very small multiverses studied here, the extreme phases will only last for one single unit of time. Also, for ease of notation, let us put m, so that the moments of time can in this context be denoted as", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 445.4620056152344, "y": 1680.5238037109375}, {"x": 445.4620056152344, "y": 1714.427001953125}, {"x": 975.5944213867188, "y": 1714.427001953125}, {"x": 975.5944213867188, "y": 1680.5238037109375}], "category": "equation", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "1, \u2026 , m 1: m 1, m, m 1, m, m", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 200.80508422851562, "y": 1743.386474609375}, {"x": 200.80508422851562, "y": 1912.6361083984375}, {"x": 1220.3121337890625, "y": 1912.6361083984375}, {"x": 1220.3121337890625, "y": 1743.386474609375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "The dynamics is specified by randomly choosing for each state at time t with entropy S, K edges to states at time t 1 with entropy S 1, and similarly K edges to \u00fe \u00fe states at time t 1 with entropy S 1 (with obvious modifications at the end- \ufffd \u00fe points). In this section, again to make everything as simple as possible, K will be set equal to 2. These random choices are in practice carried out by the random number", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1137.4646972222222, "y": 1177.32958984375}, {"x": 1137.4646972222222, "y": 1209.6283794444446}, {"x": 1179.672607421875, "y": 1209.6283794444446}, {"x": 1179.672607421875, "y": 1177.32958984375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "(4)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1140.2552988888888, "y": 1680.0751953125}, {"x": 1140.2552988888888, "y": 1712.784003888889}, {"x": 1179.6712646484375, "y": 1712.784003888889}, {"x": 1179.6712646484375, "y": 1680.0751953125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "(5)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 58.24803694444445}, {"x": -1208.661388888889, "y": 83.15442583333348}, {"x": -801.187885388889, "y": 83.15442583333348}, {"x": 0, "y": 58.24803694444445}], "category": "heading1", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 154.5531016666669}, {"x": -1208.661388888889, "y": 182.22699055555563}, {"x": -212.4927127222223, "y": 182.22699055555563}, {"x": 0, "y": 154.5531016666669}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "between this and the fact that the development of the underlying wave function for", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 187.78944222222233}, {"x": -1208.661388888889, "y": 215.46333111111107}, {"x": -859.1484743888889, "y": 215.46333111111107}, {"x": 0, "y": 187.78944222222233}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "the whole universe is unique.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 220.85973944444453}, {"x": -1169.281445, "y": 248.53362833333327}, {"x": -1003.127416111111, "y": 248.53362833333327}, {"x": 0, "y": 220.85973944444453}], "category": "heading1", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Summarizing:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 254.08060166666675}, {"x": -1169.281445, "y": 283.79397500000005}, {"x": -230.4997499444444, "y": 283.79397500000005}, {"x": 0, "y": 254.08060166666675}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Definition 1. A universe U is a chain of states (one state Ut for each moment of", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 287.31694222222217}, {"x": -1208.6527244444444, "y": 314.99083111111094}, {"x": -274.0446141111115, "y": 314.99083111111094}, {"x": 0, "y": 287.31694222222217}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "time t), with the property that the transition between adjacent states is always", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 320.5532827777776}, {"x": -1208.6527244444444, "y": 348.2271716666664}, {"x": -1106.176313888889, "y": 348.2271716666664}, {"x": 0, "y": 320.5532827777776}], "category": "heading1", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "possible.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 353.78962333333305}, {"x": -1169.2727805555555, "y": 381.4635122222218}, {"x": -219.3139640555555, "y": 381.4635122222218}, {"x": 0, "y": 353.78962333333305}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "Definition 2. A multiverse M is the set of all possible universes U in the sense of", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 387.0259638888885}, {"x": -1208.6527244444444, "y": 414.69985277777727}, {"x": -494.2346784444447, "y": 414.69985277777727}, {"x": 0, "y": 387.0259638888885}], "category": "heading1", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "Definition 1 together with a probability measure on this set.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 420.26230444444394}, {"x": -1169.2727805555555, "y": 447.9361933333327}, {"x": -283.4565037222221, "y": 447.9361933333327}, {"x": 0, "y": 420.26230444444394}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "It may of course be said that quantum mechanics should allow for transitions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 453.4986449999994}, {"x": -1208.6527244444444, "y": 481.17253388888815}, {"x": -231.01725166666805, "y": 481.17253388888815}, {"x": 0, "y": 453.4986449999994}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "between all kinds of states, although the probability for most such transitions may be", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 486.5689422222216}, {"x": -1208.6527244444444, "y": 514.2428311111104}, {"x": -227.05158338888975, "y": 514.2428311111104}, {"x": 0, "y": 486.5689422222216}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "extremely small. In this extremely simplified treatment, I will assume that for a given", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 519.805282777777}, {"x": -1208.6527244444444, "y": 547.4791716666658}, {"x": -227.21762672222272, "y": 547.4791716666658}, {"x": 0, "y": 519.805282777777}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": {"text": "state at a given moment of time t, the dynamical laws will only permit transitions to a", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 553.0416233333325}, {"x": -1208.6527244444444, "y": 580.7155122222213}, {"x": -221.59705988888996, "y": 580.7155122222213}, {"x": 0, "y": 553.0416233333325}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": {"text": "very limited number of states at the previous and next moments, which will make the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 586.2779638888879}, {"x": -1208.6527244444444, "y": 613.9518527777767}, {"x": -224.45854000000034, "y": 613.9518527777767}, {"x": 0, "y": 586.2779638888879}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": {"text": "probabilistic part of the investigation particularly simple. However, modifications are", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 619.5143044444434}, {"x": -1208.6527244444444, "y": 647.1881933333325}, {"x": -308.3796080555552, "y": 647.1881933333325}, {"x": 0, "y": 619.5143044444434}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": {"text": "called for near the endpoints (the Big Bang and the Big Crunch); see Section 5.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 652.7506449999992}, {"x": -1169.2727805555555, "y": 680.424533888888}, {"x": -223.96317738888905, "y": 680.424533888888}, {"x": 0, "y": 652.7506449999992}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": {"text": "As it stands, the model presented so far is too simple to generate any results. In", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 685.9869855555547}, {"x": -1208.6527244444444, "y": 713.6608744444436}, {"x": -220.390478333333, "y": 713.6608744444436}, {"x": 0, "y": 685.9869855555547}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": {"text": "fact, there are no observable differences at all between the states, which mean that", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 719.2233261111103}, {"x": -1208.6527244444444, "y": 746.8972149999993}, {"x": -304.05417922222233, "y": 746.8972149999993}, {"x": 0, "y": 719.2233261111103}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": {"text": "there are no measurable variables which could be related to the (so far non-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 752.2936233333326}, {"x": -1208.6527244444444, "y": 779.9675122222214}, {"x": -961.4695488888889, "y": 779.9675122222214}, {"x": 0, "y": 752.2936233333326}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": {"text": "specified) dynamics.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 785.5299638888881}, {"x": -1169.2727805555555, "y": 813.203852777777}, {"x": -213.24784761111127, "y": 813.203852777777}, {"x": 0, "y": 785.5299638888881}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": {"text": "There are of course many different variables which we can choose to enrich this", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 818.7663044444438}, {"x": -1208.6527244444444, "y": 846.4401933333327}, {"x": -243.2075997222219, "y": 846.4401933333327}, {"x": 0, "y": 818.7663044444438}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": {"text": "structure, and which ones to choose must depend on what properties we want to", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 852.0026449999993}, {"x": -1208.6527244444444, "y": 879.6765338888882}, {"x": -212.40932877777786, "y": 879.6765338888882}, {"x": 0, "y": 852.0026449999993}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": {"text": "explain. For explaining the second law of thermodynamics, the obvious choice is the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 885.2389855555549}, {"x": -1208.6527244444444, "y": 912.9128744444439}, {"x": -1107.6153561111112, "y": 912.9128744444439}, {"x": 0, "y": 885.2389855555549}], "category": "heading1", "id": 39, "content": {"text": "entropy.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 991.6457472222222}, {"x": -1208.661388888889, "y": 1022.0874138888889}, {"x": -1060.422648888889, "y": 1022.0874138888889}, {"x": 0, "y": 991.6457472222222}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 40, "content": {"text": "4. Entropy", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1060.0647683333334}, {"x": -1169.2913888888888, "y": 1087.7386572222224}, {"x": -231.57826822222228, "y": 1087.7386572222224}, {"x": 0, "y": 1060.0647683333334}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 41, "content": {"text": "According to Boltzmann, the total entropy of a certain macro-state at a certain", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1093.1350655555557}, {"x": -1208.671332777778, "y": 1120.8089544444447}, {"x": -1018.3884401666668, "y": 1120.8089544444447}, {"x": 0, "y": 1093.1350655555557}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 42, "content": {"text": "time is given by", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1155.497823888889}, {"x": -731.684183888889, "y": 1185.1919066666667}, {"x": -643.2856144444444, "y": 1185.1919066666667}, {"x": 0, "y": 1155.497823888889}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 43, "content": {"text": "kB ln \u03a9,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1155.5120111111112}, {"x": -782.3827483333336, "y": 1183.1859000000002}, {"x": -768.2690650000002, "y": 1183.1859000000002}, {"x": 0, "y": 1155.5120111111112}], "category": "heading1", "id": 44, "content": {"text": "S", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1155.497823888889}, {"x": -277.49215111111107, "y": 1183.1717127777779}, {"x": -240.04937944444438, "y": 1183.1717127777779}, {"x": 0, "y": 1155.497823888889}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 45, "content": {"text": "(2)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1173.9704950000003}, {"x": -760.6587455555557, "y": 1201.644383888889}, {"x": -739.3498511111112, "y": 1201.644383888889}, {"x": 0, "y": 1173.9704950000003}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 46, "content": {"text": "\u00bc", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1219.1200944444445}, {"x": -1169.3108944444443, "y": 1246.7939833333332}, {"x": -1028.2045023888888, "y": 1246.7939833333332}, {"x": 0, "y": 1219.1200944444445}], "category": "heading1", "id": 47, "content": {"text": "or inversely", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1280.0617727777778}, {"x": -597.9736194444444, "y": 1314.1953238888889}, {"x": -539.6632872222222, "y": 1314.1953238888889}, {"x": 0, "y": 1280.0617727777778}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 48, "content": {"text": "e1=kB,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1281.0690994444444}, {"x": -828.9774088888888, "y": 1314.2075766666667}, {"x": -636.661716111111, "y": 1314.2075766666667}, {"x": 0, "y": 1281.0690994444444}], "category": "heading1", "id": 49, "content": {"text": "W S, with W", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1286.521435}, {"x": -277.7852766666667, "y": 1314.1953238888889}, {"x": -240.0657661111111, "y": 1314.1953238888889}, {"x": 0, "y": 1286.521435}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 50, "content": {"text": "(3)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1288.5538816666667}, {"x": -886.1516633333333, "y": 1316.2277705555555}, {"x": -865.7006594444443, "y": 1316.2277705555555}, {"x": 0, "y": 1288.5538816666667}], "category": "heading1", "id": 51, "content": {"text": "\u03a9", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1304.979918888889}, {"x": -626.948181111111, "y": 1332.6538077777777}, {"x": -605.6392866666666, "y": 1332.6538077777777}, {"x": 0, "y": 1304.979918888889}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 52, "content": {"text": "\u00bc", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1304.9921716666668}, {"x": -857.9519705555555, "y": 1332.6660605555555}, {"x": -836.643076111111, "y": 1332.6660605555555}, {"x": 0, "y": 1304.9921716666668}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 53, "content": {"text": "\u00bc", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1350.3008794444447}, {"x": -1169.2719333333334, "y": 1380.0038316666667}, {"x": -343.9693955555556, "y": 1380.0038316666667}, {"x": 0, "y": 1350.3008794444447}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 54, "content": {"text": "where \u03a9 denotes the number of corresponding micro-states and kB is", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1380.6591355555556}, {"x": -1208.6677277777778, "y": 1411.211108888889}, {"x": -947.4428210000001, "y": 1411.211108888889}, {"x": 0, "y": 1380.6591355555556}], "category": "heading1", "id": 55, "content": {"text": "Boltzmann\u2019s constant.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1416.6075172222222}, {"x": -1169.287783888889, "y": 1444.2814061111114}, {"x": -218.28566177777782, "y": 1444.2814061111114}, {"x": 0, "y": 1416.6075172222222}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 56, "content": {"text": "This formula was from the beginning derived for simple cases, like an ideal gas.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1449.8438577777777}, {"x": -1208.6677277777778, "y": 1477.5177466666669}, {"x": -212.41879733333343, "y": 1477.5177466666669}, {"x": 0, "y": 1449.8438577777777}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 57, "content": {"text": "Nevertheless, it does represent a kind of universal truth in statistical mechanics: the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1483.080198333333}, {"x": -1208.6677277777778, "y": 1510.7540872222223}, {"x": -219.29575872222244, "y": 1510.7540872222223}, {"x": 0, "y": 1483.080198333333}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 58, "content": {"text": "number of possible micro-states corresponding to a given macro-state grows expo-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1516.316538888889}, {"x": -1208.6677277777778, "y": 1543.9904277777778}, {"x": -225.5777315, "y": 1543.9904277777778}, {"x": 0, "y": 1516.316538888889}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 59, "content": {"text": "nentially with the entropy. Although there are many complications when one tries", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1549.5528794444444}, {"x": -1208.6677277777778, "y": 1577.2267683333332}, {"x": -229.12552405555533, "y": 1577.2267683333332}, {"x": 0, "y": 1549.5528794444444}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 60, "content": {"text": "to consider the entropy of the universe as a whole, I will still take it as the starting", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1582.78922}, {"x": -1208.6677277777778, "y": 1610.4631088888889}, {"x": -293.51436133333345, "y": 1610.4631088888889}, {"x": 0, "y": 1582.78922}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 61, "content": {"text": "point for the discussion that the entropy (at a given time t) is an exponential", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1616.0255605555556}, {"x": -1208.6677277777778, "y": 1643.6994494444443}, {"x": -237.77361433333348, "y": 1643.6994494444443}, {"x": 0, "y": 1616.0255605555556}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 62, "content": {"text": "function of the total entropy as in (3). A more difficult question is if and how the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1649.261901111111}, {"x": -1208.6677277777778, "y": 1676.9357899999998}, {"x": -257.5742818333336, "y": 1676.9357899999998}, {"x": 0, "y": 1649.261901111111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 63, "content": {"text": "constant W may vary with time, but for the purpose of the present paper, I will", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1682.3321983333333}, {"x": -1208.6677277777778, "y": 1710.006087222222}, {"x": -915.1584622222223, "y": 1710.006087222222}, {"x": 0, "y": 1682.3321983333333}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 64, "content": {"text": "simply let it be constant.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1715.5685388888887}, {"x": -1169.287783888889, "y": 1743.2424277777777}, {"x": -260.9560310555556, "y": 1743.2424277777777}, {"x": 0, "y": 1715.5685388888887}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 65, "content": {"text": "One may of course argue that this can only be true when the universe is still", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1748.8048794444442}, {"x": -1208.6677277777778, "y": 1776.4787683333332}, {"x": -245.72155522222232, "y": 1776.4787683333332}, {"x": 0, "y": 1748.8048794444442}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 66, "content": {"text": "quite ordered and the entropy is very far from reaching its maximum. But this is", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1782.0412199999998}, {"x": -1208.6677277777778, "y": 1809.7151088888886}, {"x": -280.9255092777781, "y": 1809.7151088888886}, {"x": 0, "y": 1782.0412199999998}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 67, "content": {"text": "certainly what the situation is like in our universe today, and according to the", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1815.2775605555553}, {"x": -1208.6677277777778, "y": 1842.9514494444443}, {"x": -212.54332983333381, "y": 1842.9514494444443}, {"x": 0, "y": 1815.2775605555553}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 68, "content": {"text": "computations in [10, 11], it would take an almost incredibly long time to reach such", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1848.513901111111}, {"x": -1208.6677277777778, "y": 1876.1877899999997}, {"x": -228.5914179999998, "y": 1876.1877899999997}, {"x": 0, "y": 1848.513901111111}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 69, "content": {"text": "a state of maximal entropy. Thus, it will in the following be taken for granted that", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 0, "y": 1881.7502416666664}, {"x": -1208.6677277777778, "y": 1909.4241305555552}, {"x": -505.88378466666694, "y": 1909.4241305555552}, {"x": 0, "y": 1881.7502416666664}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 70, "content": {"text": "this time is much longer than the life-span of our universe.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 206.5855712890625, "y": 1960.85546875}, {"x": 206.5855712890625, "y": 1987.387856111111}, {"x": 243.5150604248047, "y": 1987.387856111111}, {"x": 243.5150604248047, "y": 1960.85546875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 71, "content": {"text": "313", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000150.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 60.29205322265625, "y": 68.06301879882812}, {"x": 60.29205322265625, "y": 169.4340057373047}, {"x": 216.22991943359375, "y": 169.4340057373047}, {"x": 216.22991943359375, "y": 68.06301879882812}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Circle", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1132.9259033203125, "y": 65.09835052490234}, {"x": 1132.9259033203125, "y": 142.2965850830078}, {"x": 1251.5980224609375, "y": 142.2965850830078}, {"x": 1251.5980224609375, "y": 65.09835052490234}], "category": "figure", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "[ ]", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1257.88232421875, "y": 72.14640045166016}, {"x": 1257.88232421875, "y": 134.6829833984375}, {"x": 1520.0218505859375, "y": 134.6829833984375}, {"x": 1520.0218505859375, "y": 72.14640045166016}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Co-funded by the European Union", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 236.3090057373047, "y": 359.5244140625}, {"x": 236.3090057373047, "y": 412.2222222222222}, {"x": 1164.1051025390625, "y": 412.2222222222222}, {"x": 1164.1051025390625, "y": 359.5244140625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "6. ECO CIRCLE COMPETENCE FRAMEWORK", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.56971740722656, "y": 508.60577392578125}, {"x": 195.56971740722656, "y": 1681.5205078125}, {"x": 1465.853759765625, "y": 1681.5205078125}, {"x": 1465.853759765625, "y": 508.60577392578125}], "category": "table", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Competence Area#1 THE 3 RS: RECYCLE-REUSE-REDUCE
Competence StateTo know the basics of the 3 Rs and their importance and implementation into daily life in relation to green entrepreneurship and circular economy.
Learning Outcomes
KnowledgeTo understand the meaning of reducing, reusing and recycling and how they connect To understand the importance of the 3 Rs as waste management To be familiar with the expansion of the 3 Rs - the 7 Rs
SkillsTo implement different ways of waste management into daily life To properly implement recycling in day-to-day activities To promote reducing and reusing before recycling
Attitudes and ValuesTo acquire a proactive approach to implementing the 3 Rs into daily personal life To educate others on the importance of sustainable waste management
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This publication reflects the views only of the author and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 607.4984741210938, "y": 2191.0}, {"x": 607.4984741210938, "y": 2221.6666666666665}, {"x": 1072.1251111111112, "y": 2221.6666666666665}, {"x": 1072.1251111111112, "y": 2191.0}], "category": "footer", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000183.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 196.08078002929688, "y": 110.43401336669922}, {"x": 196.08078002929688, "y": 149.04719324888887}, {"x": 743.9360715955555, "y": 149.04719324888887}, {"x": 743.9360715955555, "y": 110.43401336669922}], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Recommendation Pack: Track Record", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 182.12852478027344, "y": 189.7732391357422}, {"x": 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The Netherlands, speeding tickets are usually processed in a fully automated fashion, and the perpetrator will receive the tickets within a couple of weeks after the offence. The Dutch police optimized the procedures of speed control such that this effort has become very pro\ufb01table to the Dutch government. Various strategies for speed control are carried out by police forces, which are all based on the position of the vehicle at consecutive times. The actual velocity follows from the \ufb01rst-order derivative of the position of the vehicle with respect to time. Since no explicit formula for this position is available, the velocity can only be estimated using an approximation of the velocity based on several discrete vehicle positions at discrete times. This motivates the use of approximate derivatives, also called numerical derivatives. If the police want to know whether the offender drove faster before speed detection (in other words, whether the perpetrator hit the brakes after having seen the police patrol), or whether the driver was already accelerating, then they are also interested in the acceleration of the \u2019bad guy\u2019. This acceleration can be estimated using numerical approximations of the second-order derivative of the car position with respect to time. In", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 238.5525665283203, "y": 1374.588623046875}, {"x": 238.5525665283203, "y": 1678.5570068359375}, {"x": 1434.5438232421875, "y": 1678.5570068359375}, {"x": 1434.5438232421875, "y": 1374.588623046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Since the time-interval of recording is nonzero, the velocity is not determined exactly in general. In this chapter, the resulting error, referred to as the truncation error, is estimated using Taylor se- ries. In most cases, the truncation error increases with an increasing size of the recording interval (Sections 3.2 and 3.4). Next to the truncation error, the measurement of the position of the vehicle is also prone to measurement errors. Issues that in\ufb02uence the results are, for example, paral- lax, the measurement equipment, and in some cases even the performance of the police of\ufb01cer (in car-videoing and laser control). These measurement errors provide an additional deteriora- tion of the approximation of the speed and acceleration. The impact of measurement errors on approximations of derivatives is treated in Section 3.3.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 239.35426330566406, "y": 1730.403564453125}, {"x": 239.35426330566406, "y": 1776.544414444445}, {"x": 1267.8868408203125, "y": 1776.544414444445}, {"x": 1267.8868408203125, "y": 1730.403564453125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "3.2 Simple difference formulae for the \ufb01rst derivative", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 231.35980224609375, "y": 1803.6468505859375}, {"x": 231.35980224609375, "y": 1841.1883544921875}, {"x": 1332.79541015625, "y": 1841.1883544921875}, {"x": 1332.79541015625, "y": 1803.6468505859375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Suppose f is a continuously differentiable function. The forward difference is de\ufb01ned as", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 628.3328333333334, "y": 1864.4569091796875}, {"x": 628.3328333333334, "y": 1937.2491351111112}, {"x": 1052.4970703125, "y": 1937.2491351111112}, {"x": 1052.4970703125, "y": 1864.4569091796875}], "category": "equation", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Q f (h) = f (x + h) f (x) \u2212 h , h > 0,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 242.91160583496094, "y": 1955.8590087890625}, {"x": 242.91160583496094, "y": 1991.2548828125}, {"x": 818.3604736328125, "y": 1991.2548828125}, {"x": 818.3604736328125, "y": 1955.8590087890625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "in which h is called the step size. By de\ufb01nition,", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 642.137451171875, "y": 2015.3094482421875}, {"x": 642.137451171875, "y": 2088.581912888889}, {"x": 1015.5855555555556, "y": 2088.581912888889}, {"x": 1015.5855555555556, "y": 2015.3094482421875}], "category": "equation", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "lim h 0 f (x + h) f (x) \u2212 h = f \u2032(x),", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000188.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 301.5172424316406, "y": 204.15435791015625}, {"x": 301.5172424316406, "y": 532.5623168945312}, {"x": 1358.2943115234375, "y": 532.5623168945312}, {"x": 1358.2943115234375, "y": 204.15435791015625}], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
ModelSizeTypeH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSMI8K
SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct\ufe40 11BAlignment-tuned74.2071.0888.1666.2171.4383.5864.75
Qwen 72B~ 728Pretrained73.6065.1985.9477\ufe523760\ufe521982\ufe524870.43
Mixtral 8x7B-Instruct-v0.1~47BInstruction-tuned72.6270.2287.6371.1664.5881.3760.73
Yi 34B-200K~ 348Pretrained70.8165.3685.5876.0653.6482.5661.64
Yi 34B~ 348Pretrained69.4264.5985.6976.3556.2383.0350.64
Mixtral 8x7B-v0.1~47BPretrained68.4266.0486.4971.8246.7881.9357.47
Llama 2 708~70BPretrained67.8767.3287.3369.8344.9283.7454.06
Falcon 180B~ 180BPretrained67.8569.4588.8670.5045.4786.9045.94
SOLAR 10.7B~ 118Pretrained66.0461.9584.6065.4845.0483.6655.50
Qwen 14B~ 148Pretrained65.8658.2883.9967.7049.4376.8058.98
Mistral 7B-Instruct-v0.2~ 78Instruction-tuned65.7163.1484.8860.7868.2677.1940.03
Yi 34B-Chat~ 348Instruction-tuned65.3265.4484.1674.9055.3780.1131.92
Mistral 7B7BPretrained60\ufe529759\ufe529883\ufe523164.1642.1578.3737.83
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.93611111111113, "y": 557.2210693359375}, {"x": 195.93611111111113, "y": 725.525390625}, {"x": 1476.643310546875, "y": 725.525390625}, {"x": 1476.643310546875, "y": 557.2210693359375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Table 2: Evaluation results in the Open LLM Leaderboard for SOLAR 10.7B and SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct along with other top-performing models. We report the scores for the six tasks mentioned in Sec. 4.1 along with the H6 score (average of six tasks). We also report the size of the models in units of billions of parameters. The type indicates the training stage of the model and is chosen from {Pretrained, Instruction-tuned, Alignment-tuned}. Models based on SOLAR 10.7B are colored purple. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.41476440429688, "y": 784.6734008789062}, {"x": 190.41476440429688, "y": 818.4177856445312}, {"x": 672.4232177734375, "y": 818.4177856445312}, {"x": 672.4232177734375, "y": 784.6734008789062}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "MetaMathQA (Yu et al., 2023) dataset.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.29148864746094, "y": 821.3544311523438}, {"x": 194.29148864746094, "y": 1205.20263671875}, {"x": 811.7374267578125, "y": 1205.20263671875}, {"x": 811.7374267578125, "y": 821.3544311523438}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "We reformatted the instruction datasets with an Alpaca-styled chat template. For datasets such as OpenOrca, which are derived from FLAN (Long- pre et al., 2023), we filter data that overlaps with the benchmark datasets (see Tab. 8 in Appendix. C for more information). The alignment datasets are in the {prompt, chosen, rejected} triplet for- mat. We preprocess the alignment datasets follow- ing Zephyr (Tunstall et al., 2023). We use Data- verse (Park et al., 2024) for data preprocessing.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.5797119140625, "y": 1219.9288330078125}, {"x": 192.5797119140625, "y": 1677.19287109375}, {"x": 814.5049438476562, "y": 1677.19287109375}, {"x": 814.5049438476562, "y": 1219.9288330078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Evaluation. In the HuggingFace Open LLM Leaderboard (Beeching et al., 2023), six types of evaluation methods are presented: ARC (Clark et al., 2018), HellaSWAG (Zellers et al., 2019), MMLU (Hendrycks et al., 2020), TruthfulQA (Lin et al., 2022), Winogrande (Sakaguchi et al., 2021), and GSM8K (Cobbe et al., 2021). We utilize these datasets as benchmarks for evaluation and also re- port the average scores for the six tasks, e.g., H6. We either submit directly to the Open LLM Leader- board or utilize Evalverse (Kim et al., 2024b) for running evaluations locally.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 190.8480682373047, "y": 1690.1826171875}, {"x": 190.8480682373047, "y": 1950.72021484375}, {"x": 809.8773803710938, "y": 1950.72021484375}, {"x": 809.8773803710938, "y": 1690.1826171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Model merging. Model merging methods such as Yadav et al. (2023) can boost model perfor- mance without further training. We merge some of the models that we trained in both the instruc- tion and alignment tuning stages. We implement our own merging methods although popular open source also exist such as MergeKit3.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.35206604003906, "y": 1976.763671875}, {"x": 194.35206604003906, "y": 2010.1416719444444}, {"x": 440.0699157714844, "y": 2010.1416719444444}, {"x": 440.0699157714844, "y": 1976.763671875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "4.2 Main Results", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.57777777777778, "y": 2027.1051025390625}, {"x": 194.57777777777778, "y": 2096.8310546875}, {"x": 810.9191284179688, "y": 2096.8310546875}, {"x": 810.9191284179688, "y": 2027.1051025390625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "We present evaluation results for our SOLAR 10.7B and SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct models along", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 231.4645538330078, "y": 2118.1348933333334}, {"x": 231.4645538330078, "y": 2148.66455078125}, {"x": 740.6044311523438, "y": 2148.66455078125}, {"x": 740.6044311523438, "y": 2118.1348933333334}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "3https://github.com/cg123/mergekit", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 849.3027777777778, "y": 787.386962890625}, {"x": 849.3027777777778, "y": 1271.5538330078125}, {"x": 1467.265380859375, "y": 1271.5538330078125}, {"x": 1467.265380859375, "y": 787.386962890625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "with other top-performing models in Tab. 2. SO- LAR 10.7B outperforms other pretrained models of similar sizes, such as Qwen 14B and Mistral 7B, which shows that DUS is an effective method to up-scale base LLMs. Furthermore, despite the smaller size, SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct scores the highest in terms of H6, even surpassing the recent top-performing open-source LLM Mixtral 8x7B- Instruct-v0.1 or Qwen 72B. The above results indi- cate DUS can up-scale models that are capable of achieving state-of-the-art performance when fine- tuned. We also report data contamination results for SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct in Appendix C.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 849.2498779296875, "y": 1306.820556640625}, {"x": 849.2498779296875, "y": 1339.2218017578125}, {"x": 1138.9581298828125, "y": 1339.2218017578125}, {"x": 1138.9581298828125, "y": 1306.820556640625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "4.3 Ablation Studies", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 845.2631225585938, "y": 1359.3699951171875}, {"x": 845.2631225585938, "y": 1543.7325439453125}, {"x": 1467.180419921875, "y": 1543.7325439453125}, {"x": 1467.180419921875, "y": 1359.3699951171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "We present ablation studies for both the instruction and alignment tuning stages. Note that the evalua- tion results for the following studies are ran locally and may vary from results obtained by submitting to the Open LLM Leaderboard.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 849.96142578125, "y": 1574.6051025390625}, {"x": 849.96142578125, "y": 1610.29541015625}, {"x": 1192.617431640625, "y": 1610.29541015625}, {"x": 1192.617431640625, "y": 1574.6051025390625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "4.3.1 Instruction Tuning", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 843.3951416015625, "y": 1620.965576171875}, {"x": 843.3951416015625, "y": 2006.4639892578125}, {"x": 1470.29150390625, "y": 2006.4639892578125}, {"x": 1470.29150390625, "y": 1620.965576171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "Ablation on the training datasets. We present ablation studies using different training datasets for the instruction tuning in Tab. 3. The ablated models are prefixed with SFT for supervised fine- tuning. \u2018SFT v1\u2019 only uses the Alpaca-GPT4 dataset, whereas \u2018SFT v2\u2019 also uses the OpenOrca dataset. \u2018SFT v3\u2019 uses the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset along with the datasets used in \u2018SFT v2\u2019. Similarly, \u2018SFT v4\u2019 uses the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset along with the datasets used in \u2018SFT v1\u2019.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 842.2539672851562, "y": 2003.0015869140625}, {"x": 842.2539672851562, "y": 2150.970947265625}, {"x": 1465.2537841796875, "y": 2150.970947265625}, {"x": 1465.2537841796875, "y": 2003.0015869140625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "First, we analyze how Alpaca-GPT4 and OpenOrca affect the trained models. The first ab- lated model, \u2018SFT v1\u2019, which used only the Alpaca- GPT4 dataset for training, resulted in 69.15 for H6.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000073.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 190.05078125, "y": 198.2883758544922}, {"x": 190.05078125, "y": 503.5173034667969}, {"x": 1474.3935546875, "y": 503.5173034667969}, {"x": 1474.3935546875, "y": 198.2883758544922}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "In this content, DPN Argentina provides a brief explanation of the SDGs and the 2030 Agenda action plans, and most importantly, their role in advancing the 2030 Agenda through the SDGs Monitoring and Evaluation Program with a focus on certain thematic areas. These focuses allow DPN Argentina to investigate through monitoring and preparing reports on the development of public policies and actions of organizations responsible for compliance with the SDGs, as well as proposals, and recommendations to strengthen related processes.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 200.06666666666666, "y": 508.77447509765625}, {"x": 200.06666666666666, "y": 638.80126953125}, {"x": 1480.3980712890625, "y": 638.80126953125}, {"x": 1480.3980712890625, "y": 508.77447509765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Furthermore, DPN Argentina also regularly uploads commemorations of days related to the SDGs by also including the SDGs logo in each of these uploads. Examples of such greetings are as follows:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.20208740234375, "y": 680.8491821289062}, {"x": 193.20208740234375, "y": 1406.3017578125}, {"x": 873.9380493164062, "y": 1406.3017578125}, {"x": 873.9380493164062, "y": 680.8491821289062}], "category": "figure", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "@ Defensoria del Pusbis & DiaM al de la La cob \ub0b4 aria unive al e ob 100 dial d Par lal que ne pe puedan tener la cion que sitar el no mismo de la comunidad 10 3 Mundial de la 53100 \u3161", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 956.522216796875, "y": 1131.3077392578125}, {"x": 956.522216796875, "y": 1167.740966796875}, {"x": 1072.5524444444445, "y": 1167.740966796875}, {"x": 1072.5524444444445, "y": 1131.3077392578125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Figure 6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1130.4600830078125, "y": 1089.308349609375}, {"x": 1130.4600830078125, "y": 1217.4356689453125}, {"x": 1433.960111111111, "y": 1217.4356689453125}, {"x": 1433.960111111111, "y": 1089.308349609375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "DPN Argentina Content: World Health Day Celebration (7 April 2021).98", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 192.13592529296875, "y": 2075.23193359375}, {"x": 192.13592529296875, "y": 2141.83984375}, {"x": 1460.257, "y": 2141.83984375}, {"x": 1460.257, "y": 2075.23193359375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "98 DPN Argentina, \u201cD\u00eda Mundial de la #Salud\u201d, accessed on 5 December 2021,https://twitter.com/D PNArgentina/status/1379765916259483648.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 811.4722222222222, "y": 2179.143333333333}, {"x": 811.4722222222222, "y": 2206.81}, {"x": 850.1635555555556, "y": 2206.81}, {"x": 850.1635555555556, "y": 2179.143333333333}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "23", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000152.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 154.671875, "y": 156.09164428710938}, {"x": 154.671875, "y": 240.38165283203125}, {"x": 1550.7611083984375, "y": 240.38165283203125}, {"x": 1550.7611083984375, "y": 156.09164428710938}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "should adopt two separate designators to mark no-cost vs. low-cost, but the council felt it was better to simplify the process and allow for some OER providers that have fees associated with their services.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.0988311767578, "y": 272.6166076660156}, {"x": 147.0988311767578, "y": 442.9403076171875}, {"x": 1560.2564697265625, "y": 442.9403076171875}, {"x": 1560.2564697265625, "y": 272.6166076660156}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "At this point in time, the application of the #NOLO designator was a manual process. It required the addition of the designator to the section title prior to registration and then its removal after add/drop to ensure the label didn\u2019t appear on the student transcript. This process severely hampered our long- term reporting abilities. In total, four colleges adopted the #NOLO designator in this fashion.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.41600036621094, "y": 476.04833984375}, {"x": 157.41600036621094, "y": 684.5559692382812}, {"x": 1559.9615478515625, "y": 684.5559692382812}, {"x": 1559.9615478515625, "y": 476.04833984375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "To assist in greater faculty and institutional adoption as well as improve data capture, the CSCU OER Advisory Council made a formal recommendation to the provost\u2019s academic council in Spring 2018 to implement the #NOLO designator as a course section attribute within the student information system. In addition to adding a course section attribute, a student-facing course search filter was added as well as an additional column within the course search results page.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 577.0543823242188, "y": 700.74853515625}, {"x": 577.0543823242188, "y": 1172.05029296875}, {"x": 1121.875, "y": 1172.05029296875}, {"x": 1121.875, "y": 700.74853515625}], "category": "figure", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Your materials for: LIB 100 - Lib & Resch Methods \u02c7| Adoptions not Required This course does not use books @ Course uses OER/Zero cost course Other non-bookstore materials | cwee\u3002 |", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 578.125, "y": 1201.8330078125}, {"x": 578.125, "y": 1231.31103515625}, {"x": 1109.8161111111112, "y": 1231.31103515625}, {"x": 1109.8161111111112, "y": 1201.8330078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Figure 2.1: Filtered Search Option for NOLO Sections.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 587.5, "y": 1259.5616666666667}, {"x": 587.5, "y": 1774.1449999999998}, {"x": 1112.5, "y": 1774.1449999999998}, {"x": 1112.5, "y": 1259.5616666666667}], "category": "figure", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "8\u300a \u300a \u4e00 \u02cb\ufe52( \u4e00 \ufe40 \u4e8c ;lbook NoLo Cred textbook info 3.00 100500 info NoLo 3.00 3.00 textbook info NolLo textbook info NoLo 3\ufe5200 Te \ufe634pook info NoLo 3\ufe5200", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 575.9517211914062, "y": 1803.0889892578125}, {"x": 575.9517211914062, "y": 1869.000732421875}, {"x": 1056.9945068359375, "y": 1869.000732421875}, {"x": 1056.9945068359375, "y": 1803.0889892578125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Figure 2.2: Added Column in Results for NOLO Designator.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 141.53744506835938, "y": 1895.787353515625}, {"x": 141.53744506835938, "y": 2063.431640625}, {"x": 1570.5179443359375, "y": 2063.431640625}, {"x": 1570.5179443359375, "y": 1895.787353515625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "The request to implement the designator within the student information system was supported in Fall 2018 by the president\u2019s cabinet. The ability to mark courses was enabled late Fall 2018 and the student-facing features were enabled in January 2019. Each institutional representative on the OER council engaged with their local governance structures to request a vote for adoption.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 2087.073974609375}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 2114.69873046875}, {"x": 1530.62890625, "y": 2114.69873046875}, {"x": 1530.62890625, "y": 2087.073974609375}], "category": "footer", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "4 BOYOUNG CHAE, KEVIN CORCORAN, MICHAEL DALY, ANN FIDDLER, JEFF GALLANT, JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG, AMY HOFER, AND", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000092.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 153.86122131347656, "y": 154.65272521972656}, {"x": 153.86122131347656, "y": 750.2461111111108}, {"x": 1551.9495849609375, "y": 750.2461111111108}, {"x": 1551.9495849609375, "y": 154.65272521972656}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "laboratory experiments that have formed key pillars of the field, such as those experiments depicted in Examples 1 and 2 in the book\u2019s Introduction section. The thought experiments in Section 1 are, for the most part, re-castings of the simple cognitive tests devised by psychologists and economists over the past three-to-four decades to illustrate the fallacies, miscalculations, and biases distinguishing Homo sapiens from Homo economicus. Similarly, the laboratory experiments presented in Section 2 are, for the most part, re-castings of the seminal experiments conducted by Kahneman and Tversky (among many others). These experiments helped motivate the revised theories of human choice behavior, such as Kahneman and Tversky\u2019s (1979) Prospect Theory, which form another pillar of behavioral economics. Alongside these experiments, Section 2 presents the revised theories of human choice behavior with varying degrees of rigor. This is where the theoretical bases of Homo economicus\u2019 rational choice behavior are examined, and where key refinements to this theory are developed\u2014theoretical refinements underpinning the myriad departures from rational choice behavior we witness Homo sapiens make in this section\u2019s laboratory and field experiments (and which are examined further in Sections 3 and 4).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.20855712890625, "y": 755.537841796875}, {"x": 151.20855712890625, "y": 1178.023888888889}, {"x": 1550.0044444444443, "y": 1178.023888888889}, {"x": 1550.0044444444443, "y": 755.537841796875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Section 3 submerses the student in the world of behavioral game theory. Here we explore games such as Ultimatum Bargaining presented in Example 5. We follow Camerer (2003)\u2019s lead, first by characterizing the games analytically (i.e., identifying solution, or equilibrium, concepts that are predicted to result when members of Homo economicus play the games), and then by discussing empirical results obtained from corresponding field experiments conducted with Homo sapiens. It is within the context of these games and field experiments that theories of social interaction are tested concerning inter alia trust and trustworthiness, honesty, fairness, reciprocity, etc. As with the thought and laboratory experiments presented in Sections 1 and 2, the games and field experiments presented in Section 3 are meant to be replicated with students as subjects and the instructor as the experimenter, or researcher.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.03558349609375, "y": 1182.2989501953125}, {"x": 146.03558349609375, "y": 1564.118896484375}, {"x": 1549.9844444444445, "y": 1564.118896484375}, {"x": 1549.9844444444445, "y": 1182.2989501953125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Finally, Section 4 wades into the vast sea of empirical research and choice architecture. Here the student explores studies reporting on (1) the outcomes of actual policy nudges, such as the SMarT retirement-savings plan presented in Example 3 of the Introduction, (2) analyses of secondary datasets to test for choice behavior consistent with the revised theories discussed in Section 2, such as the test for loss aversion in Example 4 of the Introduction, and (3) analyses of primary datasets obtained from novel field experiments to further test the revised theories. The main purpose of this section is not only to introduce the student to interesting empirical studies and policy adaptations in the field of behavioral economics, but also, in the process, to incubate in the student an abiding appreciation for the obscure settings that sometimes lend themselves to such study. 3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 151.997314453125, "y": 1601.671630859375}, {"x": 151.997314453125, "y": 1640.718017578125}, {"x": 951.5022583007812, "y": 1640.718017578125}, {"x": 951.5022583007812, "y": 1601.671630859375}], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "THE TEXTBOOK\u2019S DIFFERENT LEVELS OF RIGOR", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 137.84634399414062, "y": 1672.9747314453125}, {"x": 137.84634399414062, "y": 1929.4122314453125}, {"x": 1561.0509033203125, "y": 1929.4122314453125}, {"x": 1561.0509033203125, "y": 1672.9747314453125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Because the mathematical and computational rigor of material presented in this textbook varies throughout, particularly in Sections 2 \u2013 4, the extent of the rigor used in the presentation of a given topic is indicated with superscripts. Topics without a superscript are considered basic and universal enough that backgrounds in economics, mathematics, or statistics are not required for the reader to understand the material. Topics with a single asterisk (*) indicate that higher mathematical reasoning skills are recommended for the reader to fully grasp the material. Topics with a double", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 131.13426208496094, "y": 1974.22119140625}, {"x": 131.13426208496094, "y": 2112.945}, {"x": 1519.8669444444445, "y": 2112.945}, {"x": 1519.8669444444445, "y": 1974.22119140625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "3. Our approach to studying behavioral economics is focused on the underlying laboratory experimentation and behavioral games that form the bedrock of the field. As such, we eschew delving into related fields such as neuroeconomics and auction theory. See Cartwright (2018) and Just (2013) for introductions to the former and latter fields, respectively. XX ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000017.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 157.04209899902344, "y": 164.46058654785156}, {"x": 157.04209899902344, "y": 852.471923828125}, {"x": 1071.0, "y": 852.471923828125}, {"x": 1071.0, "y": 164.46058654785156}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "\u2032\u2035\u2032\u883b 2 =\" 10 [27 X 1 / ~~ R 6 \ufe68 W \u2122 N e \u8b77 \uff0c", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.7608642578125, "y": 878.822998046875}, {"x": 155.7608642578125, "y": 908.7186733333333}, {"x": 350.5975036621094, "y": 908.7186733333333}, {"x": 350.5975036621094, "y": 878.822998046875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "16 Face Your World", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.77574157714844, "y": 912.4638671875}, {"x": 153.77574157714844, "y": 1127.7845458984375}, {"x": 1087.6385498046875, "y": 1127.7845458984375}, {"x": 1087.6385498046875, "y": 912.4638671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "A girl at work with the Interactor during the Face Your World participation process (image courtesy of Van Heeswijk). On top of the workstation we see the drawing the girl made in an earlier stage of the process. The drawing depicts a large tree with a little house inside the tree and a rope ladder leading up to the little house. On the screen we see the girl working on a new object for the library. She is digitally redrawing her design for a tree house. Once this drawing is finished, she can save it to the library of the Interactor and use it when designing the park.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 154.03475952148438, "y": 1216.5262451171875}, {"x": 154.03475952148438, "y": 1681.20263671875}, {"x": 1078.1932373046875, "y": 1681.20263671875}, {"x": 1078.1932373046875, "y": 1216.5262451171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "ticipating in Face Your World Slotervaart made a total of 1216 sketches in this phase of the planning project and Kaspori considered this the most creative part of the process (interview with Kaspori, 2007). In the third phase of the game, children would discuss each other\u2019s sketches, vote for the best sketch and write down why they had voted for that particular sketch. In the final stage, children entered the multi-player mode and had to start designing the park together. This final design- ing phase was directed at cooperation between the children: they had to agree on how to design the park and work together in order to be able to realize their ideas (interview with Heeswijk, 2007). To realize their ideas, players thus needed to communicate and cooperate. The discussion option of the game was facilitated through a chat function. This chat function was one of the few aspects of the game that did not work as it had been intended and projected by the designers. Children working with the Interactor did not use the chat function for communi-", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1737.8621194444443}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1762.7685083333333}, {"x": 568.8840094444446, "y": 1762.7685083333333}, {"x": 568.8840094444446, "y": 1737.8621194444443}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "part iv: serious geographies of play", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1039.62744140625, "y": 1744.12939453125}, {"x": 1039.62744140625, "y": 1770.643798828125}, {"x": 1076.4605712890625, "y": 1770.643798828125}, {"x": 1076.4605712890625, "y": 1744.12939453125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "115", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000001.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 173.25, "y": 101.52499999999993}, {"x": 173.25, "y": 132.0805555555555}, {"x": 207.4722222222222, "y": 132.0805555555555}, {"x": 207.4722222222222, "y": 101.52499999999993}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "3\ufffd4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 986.1405555555556, "y": 102.86111111111134}, {"x": 986.1405555555556, "y": 130.6388888888891}, {"x": 1078.3905555555557, "y": 130.6388888888891}, {"x": 1078.3905555555557, "y": 102.86111111111134}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Yarrow", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 170.85963439941406, "y": 166.2778778076172}, {"x": 170.85963439941406, "y": 506.1597222222223}, {"x": 1085.2445068359375, "y": 506.1597222222223}, {"x": 1085.2445068359375, "y": 166.2778778076172}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "1999 such iterations to form parameter distributions. If these distributions are symmetric, we can pretty much just read values straight out of them to form confidence intervals (e.g., the 50th and 1950th values out of 1999 will give us a roughly 95% confidence interval). If they are not, we must do something more complicated, with the best choice being the bias-corrected and accelerated (BCa) approach. Because of the large number of fits that are required, bootstrapping is fairly slow. If the experiment contains many trials, the BCa method makes it even slower (because it incorporates additional \u201cjackknife\u201d resampling, implying one further fitting iteration for almost every trial).18", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 170.90234375, "y": 507.1611022949219}, {"x": 170.90234375, "y": 842.7875}, {"x": 1084.7888888888888, "y": 842.7875}, {"x": 1084.7888888888888, "y": 507.1611022949219}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The code accompanying this chapter offers options to generate confidence intervals on fitted parameters. Confidence intervals sometimes imply statistical inference, as for example when they fail to overlap some value and thus imply that our statistic differs significantly from that value. However, in sj experiments we are more likely to want to ask a question such as whether a particular parameter differs between two conditions for a single observer. To answer this kind of question, you will need to modify or develop the code. If we take the example of whether parameters vary across conditions, my recommendation would be to adopt a permutation test approach.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 168.26991271972656, "y": 842.1101684570312}, {"x": 168.26991271972656, "y": 1320.20849609375}, {"x": 1085.314208984375, "y": 1320.20849609375}, {"x": 1085.314208984375, "y": 842.1101684570312}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "To do so, take the trials from both conditions and think of each trial as a card in a deck of cards. Making sure you keep each trial intact (i.e., without breaking the link between soas and responses) shuffle the trials and then deal them at random into two new piles, each representing a pseudo-condition. If your original conditions contained different numbers of trials, make sure the two pseudo-conditions match the size of the original conditions. For each pseudo-condition, perform a model fit. Now calculate the difference between model parameters in the two pseudo-conditions. This is the value you want to retain. Now repeat this whole process many times. What you are forming is a null distribution of the expected difference between model parameters that would occur just by chance. You can then compare the difference you actually obtained against this null distribution to generate a p value for your difference", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 169.2444305419922, "y": 1402.3155517578125}, {"x": 169.2444305419922, "y": 1441.4875000000002}, {"x": 641.0604248046875, "y": 1441.4875000000002}, {"x": 641.0604248046875, "y": 1402.3155517578125}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "7 Variants of sj Observer Models", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 158.76011657714844, "y": 1477.162841796875}, {"x": 158.76011657714844, "y": 1590.8430555555558}, {"x": 1093.6915283203125, "y": 1590.8430555555558}, {"x": 1093.6915283203125, "y": 1477.162841796875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "In this chapter, I have presented two variants of a latency-based observer mod- el applied to the sj task. Both assume that a single SOA will generate an inter- nal response (\u0394t) that is a Gaussian random variable. Both assume a simple", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 173.19444444444443, "y": 1642.1183333333336}, {"x": 173.19444444444443, "y": 1667.1183333333336}, {"x": 202.64388888888885, "y": 1667.1183333333336}, {"x": 202.64388888888885, "y": 1642.1183333333336}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "18", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 211.12417602539062, "y": 1633.9415283203125}, {"x": 211.12417602539062, "y": 1700.4433333333334}, {"x": 1083.25146484375, "y": 1700.4433333333334}, {"x": 1083.25146484375, "y": 1633.9415283203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "E.g., . Note that Matlab has inbuilt func- tions, which could have done most of this if you have the statistics toolbox extensions.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000102.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 192.70833333333331, "y": 157.4802777777778}, {"x": 192.70833333333331, "y": 844.9802777777778}, {"x": 1507.2916666666665, "y": 844.9802777777778}, {"x": 1507.2916666666665, "y": 157.4802777777778}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "800 714 700 661 602 600 516 500 490 468 440 392 400 369 342 269 289 300 255 231 200 177, 174 129 100 Middle East Sub\ufe63Saharan Latin America North South East Asia Europe and and Africa and America Asia Central Asia and North Africa Caribbean Pacific \ub808 2016 % 2030 W 2050", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 188.70556640625, "y": 874.925537109375}, {"x": 188.70556640625, "y": 904.709228515625}, {"x": 376.08026123046875, "y": 904.709228515625}, {"x": 376.08026123046875, "y": 874.925537109375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "(Kaza et al. 2018)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.84759521484375, "y": 929.4575805664062}, {"x": 150.84759521484375, "y": 1183.9941666666666}, {"x": 1563.55859375, "y": 1183.9941666666666}, {"x": 1563.55859375, "y": 929.4575805664062}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Canada is currently the world\u2019s largest producer of MSW per capita. At slightly more than 36 metric tons per person per year, Canadians generate roughly 10 tons more MSW per person annually than the next highest garbage producers, Bulgarians and Americans (Tiseo, 2021). Summiting a list like this is obviously not in any country\u2019s best interest\u2014there are no kudos for reaching the top of the heap, so to speak. Is it therefore possible that those nations reaching the top will take the lead in reversing course?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 153.88430786132812, "y": 1190.040771484375}, {"x": 153.88430786132812, "y": 1697.7646484375}, {"x": 1549.9977777777776, "y": 1697.7646484375}, {"x": 1549.9977777777776, "y": 1190.040771484375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Halifax is one Canadian city that apparently has. On August 1st, 2015, the city began providing a \u201cgreen nudge\u201d to citizens living in its urban core area with the introduction of the Clear Bag Policy, a policy designed to nudge households toward more responsible sorting of their waste, which, in turn, would result in an overall reduction in the total amount of waste generated. As Akbulut-Yuksel and Boulatoff point out, under the new policy, households were mandated to replace their black garbage bags, traditionally used for the disposal of their refuse, with clear, transparent bags. The Clear Bag Policy allowed households to put out the same number of garbage bags at the curb (six every other week), but all waste destined for the landfill was required to be disposed of in a clear bag (except for one dark bag permitted for privacy\u2019s sake). This allowed waste collectors to screen and refuse any bags containing materials that should otherwise have been diverted from the landfill, such as recyclables, food waste, and hazardous waste. Clear bags also made apparent to everyone, neighbors and passersby alike, a given household\u2019s waste-generation and disposal habits. 33", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 135.90530395507812, "y": 1701.52197265625}, {"x": 135.90530395507812, "y": 1874.4696044921875}, {"x": 1563.3466796875, "y": 1874.4696044921875}, {"x": 1563.3466796875, "y": 1701.52197265625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "To test the Clear Bag Policy\u2019s impact on a typical household\u2019s generation of MSW, Akbulut-Yuksel and Boulatoff designed a quasi-experiment spanning the period from January 6, 2014, to July 28, 2017, with January 6, 2014, to July 31, 2015, serving as the pre-treatment period and August 1, 2015, to July 28, 2017, serving as the post-treatment period. MSW data collected during this time span", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 117.33138888888888, "y": 1904.8458251953125}, {"x": 117.33138888888888, "y": 2113.69482421875}, {"x": 1543.180419921875, "y": 2113.69482421875}, {"x": 1543.180419921875, "y": 1904.8458251953125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "33. As Akbulut-Yuksel and Boulatoff point out, Halifax households are required to sort waste in four ways: (1) recyclable containers (plastics, glass, and aluminum) are put in a transparent blue bag, (2) paper and cardboard are put in a separate bag, (3) organic food waste goes in a green bin provided by the city, and (4) the remaining waste (refuse) goes into garbage bags. Recyclable materials are collected each week, while garbage and organic waste are each collected every other week on opposite weeks (except in the summer months when, thank goodness, organic waste is collected on a weekly basis). 234 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000192.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 195.45179748535156, "y": 200.23289489746094}, {"x": 195.45179748535156, "y": 234.2323244444442}, {"x": 354.4173583984375, "y": 234.2323244444442}, {"x": 354.4173583984375, "y": 200.23289489746094}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "References", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.35089111328125, "y": 253.90213012695312}, {"x": 196.35089111328125, "y": 440.0552978515625}, {"x": 810.271240234375, "y": 440.0552978515625}, {"x": 810.271240234375, "y": 253.90213012695312}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Ian L Alberts, Lorenzo Mercolli, Thomas Pyka, George Prenosil, Kuangyu Shi, Axel Rominger, and Ali Afshar-Oromieh. 2023. Large language models (llm) and chatgpt: what will the impact on nuclear medicine be? 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Scaling laws for transfer. arXiv preprint arXiv:2102.01293.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 845.8600463867188, "y": 1230.4227294921875}, {"x": 845.8600463867188, "y": 1384.088623046875}, {"x": 1464.3592529296875, "y": 1384.088623046875}, {"x": 1464.3592529296875, "y": 1230.4227294921875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "Changho Hwang, Wei Cui, Yifan Xiong, Ziyue Yang, Ze Liu, Han Hu, Zilong Wang, Rafael Salas, Jithin Jose, Prabhat Ram, et al. 2023. Tutel: Adaptive mixture-of-experts at scale. Proceedings of Machine Learning and Systems, 5.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 836.97607421875, "y": 1408.82470703125}, {"x": 836.97607421875, "y": 1471.7049560546875}, {"x": 1472.95263671875, "y": 1471.7049560546875}, {"x": 1472.95263671875, "y": 1408.82470703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "Intel. 2023. Supervised fine-tuning and direct prefer- ence optimization on intel gaudi2.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 842.8151245117188, "y": 1494.182373046875}, {"x": 842.8151245117188, "y": 1677.664794921875}, {"x": 1466.5087890625, "y": 1677.664794921875}, {"x": 1466.5087890625, "y": 1494.182373046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "Hamish Ivison, Yizhong Wang, Valentina Pyatkin, Nathan Lambert, Matthew Peters, Pradeep Dasigi, Joel Jang, David Wadden, Noah A. Smith, Iz Belt- agy, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. 2023. Camels in a changing climate: Enhancing lm adaptation with tulu 2.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 844.23291015625, "y": 1701.7474365234375}, {"x": 844.23291015625, "y": 1855.388916015625}, {"x": 1464.091064453125, "y": 1855.388916015625}, {"x": 1464.091064453125, "y": 1701.7474365234375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "Albert Q Jiang, Alexandre Sablayrolles, Arthur Men- sch, Chris Bamford, Devendra Singh Chaplot, Diego de las Casas, Florian Bressand, Gianna Lengyel, Guil- laume Lample, Lucile Saulnier, et al. 2023. Mistral 7b. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.06825.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 844.8724365234375, "y": 1877.856201171875}, {"x": 844.8724365234375, "y": 2031.2997822222221}, {"x": 1463.7064208984375, "y": 2031.2997822222221}, {"x": 1463.7064208984375, "y": 1877.856201171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "Jean Kaddour, Oscar Key, Piotr Nawrot, Pasquale Minervini, and Matt J Kusner. 2023. No train no gain: Revisiting efficient training algorithms for transformer-based language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.06440.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 850.3944444444444, "y": 2056.51953125}, {"x": 850.3944444444444, "y": 2150.140869140625}, {"x": 1464.0877685546875, "y": 2150.140869140625}, {"x": 1464.0877685546875, "y": 2056.51953125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "Jared Kaplan, Sam McCandlish, Tom Henighan, Tom B Brown, Benjamin Chess, Rewon Child, Scott Gray, Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, and Dario Amodei. 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000179.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 196.11279296875, "y": 154.6103973388672}, {"x": 196.11279296875, "y": 1138.8150634765625}, {"x": 1512.8460693359375, "y": 1138.8150634765625}, {"x": 1512.8460693359375, "y": 154.6103973388672}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "1} M \u984c \u3160 \u4e00 \u02cd 2 28 \u4e00 \ufe63 > 7 [ 6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.8502777777778, "y": 1158.9959716796875}, {"x": 196.8502777777778, "y": 1224.11669921875}, {"x": 1475.9272661805549, "y": 1224.11669921875}, {"x": 1475.9272661805549, "y": 1158.9959716796875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Figure 12.2. A set of open textbooks printed in bulk are featured in this photo. Open textbooks from the Open Course Library, picture by Tom Caswell, CC BY 2.0.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.8502777777778, "y": 1286.8475341796875}, {"x": 196.8502777777778, "y": 1336.1768798828125}, {"x": 1074.8000282323612, "y": 1336.1768798828125}, {"x": 1074.8000282323612, "y": 1286.8475341796875}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "What tool(s) do you typically use in your course?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 191.55271911621094, "y": 1373.0296630859375}, {"x": 191.55271911621094, "y": 1498.4075927734375}, {"x": 1509.420200277778, "y": 1498.4075927734375}, {"x": 1509.420200277778, "y": 1373.0296630859375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Ask whether the instructor utilizes your institution\u2019s course management system (Canvas, Blackboard, etc.), or a separate course website to communicate and share content with students. This may affect the tools and practices you recommend.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.047119140625, "y": 1551.14306640625}, {"x": 195.047119140625, "y": 1599.1318359375}, {"x": 1228.6421575269446, "y": 1599.1318359375}, {"x": 1228.6421575269446, "y": 1551.14306640625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "What supporting materials do you utilize for this course?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.2354278564453, "y": 1638.2645263671875}, {"x": 195.2354278564453, "y": 1763.07080078125}, {"x": 1516.51513671875, "y": 1763.07080078125}, {"x": 1516.51513671875, "y": 1638.2645263671875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "If the instructor relies on self-grading homework platforms or ancillary presentations and lecture notes from publishers, you will want to discuss the various free and low-cost options available to replace that content (See Chapter 15, Finding Ancillaries for OER).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.8502777777778, "y": 1798.4669189453125}, {"x": 196.8502777777778, "y": 2011.9229736328125}, {"x": 1513.6046142578125, "y": 2011.9229736328125}, {"x": 1513.6046142578125, "y": 1798.4669189453125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Alternatively, does the instructor already supplement their course materials with course notes or materials they have personally created? Often, when traditional materials are lacking or require supplement, instructors will create notes, reading lists, or other content to \u201cback up\u201d any traditional, commercial content used in their course. This instructor-created content can be reused with OER as well, or even adapted into a new open resource in the future.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 196.8502777777778, "y": 2073.258333333333}, {"x": 196.8502777777778, "y": 2098.258333333333}, {"x": 623.5047222222222, "y": 2098.258333333333}, {"x": 623.5047222222222, "y": 2073.258333333333}], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "164 | SUPPORTING OER ADOPTION", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000032.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 163.96666666666667, "y": 132.70000000000013}, {"x": 163.96666666666667, "y": 134.36666666666684}, {"x": 219.63333333333333, "y": 134.36666666666684}, {"x": 219.63333333333333, "y": 132.70000000000013}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.63333333333333, "y": 64.03333333333339}, {"x": 232.63333333333333, "y": 119.69999999999995}, {"x": 234.29999999999998, "y": 119.69999999999995}, {"x": 234.29999999999998, "y": 64.03333333333339}], "category": "figure", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1427.9666666666665, "y": 64.03333333333339}, {"x": 1427.9666666666665, "y": 119.69999999999995}, {"x": 1429.6333333333332, "y": 119.69999999999995}, {"x": 1429.6333333333332, "y": 64.03333333333339}], "category": "figure", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1442.6333333333332, "y": 132.70000000000013}, {"x": 1442.6333333333332, "y": 134.36666666666684}, {"x": 1498.2999999999997, "y": 134.36666666666684}, {"x": 1498.2999999999997, "y": 132.70000000000013}], "category": "figure", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 400.0, "y": 284.7866527777777}, {"x": 400.0, "y": 337.64459228515625}, {"x": 613.19384765625, "y": 337.64459228515625}, {"x": 613.19384765625, "y": 284.7866527777777}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Prologue", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 399.4939270019531, "y": 382.296630859375}, {"x": 399.4939270019531, "y": 424.79107666015625}, {"x": 954.9691162109375, "y": 424.79107666015625}, {"x": 954.9691162109375, "y": 382.296630859375}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "Programming and Understanding", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 389.031005859375, "y": 450.6846618652344}, {"x": 389.031005859375, "y": 808.3611694444439}, {"x": 1278.172607421875, "y": 808.3611694444439}, {"x": 1278.172607421875, "y": 450.6846618652344}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "One way to become aware of the precision required to unam- biguously communicate a mathematical idea is to program it for a computer. Rather than using canned programs purely as an aid to visualization or numerical computation, we use computer programming in a functional style to encourage clear thinking. Programming forces us to be precise and unambiguous, without forcing us to be excessively rigorous. The computer does not toler- ate vague descriptions or incomplete constructions. Thus the act of programming makes us keenly aware of our errors of reasoning or unsupported conclusions.1", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 394.205810546875, "y": 813.1018676757812}, {"x": 394.205810546875, "y": 1026.1962890625}, {"x": 1274.477294921875, "y": 1026.1962890625}, {"x": 1274.477294921875, "y": 813.1018676757812}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Although this book is about di\ufb00erential geometry, we can show how thinking about programming can help in understanding in a more elementary context. The traditional use of Leibniz\u2019s notation and Newton\u2019s notation is convenient in simple situations, but in more complicated situations it can be a serious handicap to clear reasoning.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 393.53436279296875, "y": 1027.471435546875}, {"x": 393.53436279296875, "y": 1243.49267578125}, {"x": 1271.4571533203125, "y": 1243.49267578125}, {"x": 1271.4571533203125, "y": 1027.471435546875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "A mechanical system is described by a Lagrangian function of the system state (time, coordinates, and velocities). A motion of the system is described by a path that gives the coordinates for each moment of time. A path is allowed if and only if it satis\ufb01es the Lagrange equations. Traditionally, the Lagrange equations are written", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 401.6558837890625, "y": 1259.75732421875}, {"x": 401.6558837890625, "y": 1338.6417236328125}, {"x": 628.4722290039062, "y": 1338.6417236328125}, {"x": 628.4722290039062, "y": 1259.75732421875}], "category": "equation", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "d dt \u2202L \u2202 \u02d9q \u2212 \u2202L \u2202q = 0.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 390.96221923828125, "y": 1357.481201171875}, {"x": 390.96221923828125, "y": 1392.9578857421875}, {"x": 977.642578125, "y": 1392.9578857421875}, {"x": 977.642578125, "y": 1357.481201171875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "What could this expression possibly mean?", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 393.3690185546875, "y": 1395.7267027777777}, {"x": 393.3690185546875, "y": 1573.6378173828125}, {"x": 1266.9901123046875, "y": 1573.6378173828125}, {"x": 1266.9901123046875, "y": 1395.7267027777777}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Let\u2019s try to write a program that implements Lagrange equa- tions. What are Lagrange equations for? Our program must take a proposed path and give a result that allows us to decide if the path is allowed. This is already a problem; the equation shown above does not have a slot for a path to be tested.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 397.18988037109375, "y": 1617.3944444444442}, {"x": 397.18988037109375, "y": 1708.7154541015625}, {"x": 1265.78662109375, "y": 1708.7154541015625}, {"x": 1265.78662109375, "y": 1617.3944444444442}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "1The idea of using computer programming to develop skills of clear thinking was originally advocated by Seymour Papert. An extensive discussion of this idea, applied to the education of young children, can be found in Papert [13].", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000146.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 60.89336013793945, "y": 67.84951782226562}, {"x": 60.89336013793945, "y": 169.2876434326172}, {"x": 216.54502868652344, "y": 169.2876434326172}, {"x": 216.54502868652344, "y": 67.84951782226562}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Circle", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1129.3055555555557, "y": 61.11111111111111}, {"x": 1129.3055555555557, "y": 146.52777777777777}, {"x": 1537.6388888888887, "y": 146.52777777777777}, {"x": 1537.6388888888887, "y": 61.11111111111111}], "category": "figure", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Co-funded by the European Union [ ]", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1131.61328125, "y": 65.1043930053711}, {"x": 1131.61328125, "y": 142.34930419921875}, {"x": 1251.3955078125, "y": 142.34930419921875}, {"x": 1251.3955078125, "y": 65.1043930053711}], "category": "figure", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "[ ]", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.42247009277344, "y": 239.15130615234375}, {"x": 232.42247009277344, "y": 362.03826904296875}, {"x": 1446.428955078125, "y": 362.03826904296875}, {"x": 1446.428955078125, "y": 239.15130615234375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "organizations to navigate successfully the global digital economy. Finally each of the identified competences, within the Framework will correspond to the different e-learning modules (PR2) and e-game levels (PR3)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 234.3463592529297, "y": 390.59619140625}, {"x": 234.3463592529297, "y": 430.72222222222206}, {"x": 595.2748888888889, "y": 430.72222222222206}, {"x": 595.2748888888889, "y": 390.59619140625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Reference frameworks:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 286.38888888888886, "y": 492.8668518066406}, {"x": 286.38888888888886, "y": 603.3634033203125}, {"x": 1438.860595703125, "y": 603.3634033203125}, {"x": 1438.860595703125, "y": 492.8668518066406}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u2b9a GreenComp \u2013 \u201cThe European Sustainability Competence Framework\u201d(1), responds to the growing need for people to improve and develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes to live, work and act in a sustainable manner.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 221.3909912109375, "y": 642.1382446289062}, {"x": 221.3909912109375, "y": 1028.07373046875}, {"x": 1448.5181884765625, "y": 1028.07373046875}, {"x": 1448.5181884765625, "y": 642.1382446289062}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "GreenComp is a reference framework for sustainability competences. It provides a common ground to learners and guidance to educators, providing a consensual definition of what sustainability as a competence entails. It is designed to support education and training programmes for lifelong learning. It is written for all learners, irrespective of their age and their education level and in any learning setting \u2013 formal, non-formal and informal. Sustainability competences can help learners become systemic and critical thinkers, as well as develop agency, and form a knowledge basis for everyone who cares about our planet\u2019s present and future state. The aim of GreenComp is to foster a sustainability mindset by helping users develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes to think, plan and act with empathy, responsibility, and care for our planet.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 225.62135314941406, "y": 1052.8919677734375}, {"x": 225.62135314941406, "y": 1241.0963134765625}, {"x": 1440.1982421875, "y": 1241.0963134765625}, {"x": 1440.1982421875, "y": 1052.8919677734375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Green- Comp is the result of a robust research methodology that has involved a large and diverse group of experts and stakeholders, to build a consensus on an agreed proposal. It provides a general reference model that everyone involved in lifelong learning can use to design learning opportunities aimed at developing sustainability competences and to assess progress in supporting education and training for sustainability.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 231.21340942382812, "y": 1283.362060546875}, {"x": 231.21340942382812, "y": 1323.0885009765625}, {"x": 1269.6680908203125, "y": 1323.0885009765625}, {"x": 1269.6680908203125, "y": 1283.362060546875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "GreenComp consists of 12 competences organised into the four main areas below:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 217.05300903320312, "y": 1364.1326904296875}, {"x": 217.05300903320312, "y": 2016.1466064453125}, {"x": 1462.521240234375, "y": 2016.1466064453125}, {"x": 1462.521240234375, "y": 1364.1326904296875}], "category": "table", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
AreaCompetence
1. Embodying sustainability values1.1 Valuing sustainability
1.2 Supporting fairness
1.3 Promoting nature
2. Embracing complexity in sustainability2.1 Systems thinking
2.2 Critical thinking
2.3 Problem framing
3. Envisioning sustainable futures3.1 Futures literacy
3.2 Adaptability
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 252.73333333333332, "y": 2112.07373046875}, {"x": 252.73333333333332, "y": 2172.0166666666664}, {"x": 1426.303111111111, "y": 2172.0166666666664}, {"x": 1426.303111111111, "y": 2112.07373046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 606.0694580078125, "y": 2191.0}, {"x": 606.0694580078125, "y": 2221.6666666666665}, {"x": 1072.1251111111112, "y": 2221.6666666666665}, {"x": 1072.1251111111112, "y": 2191.0}], "category": "footer", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000088.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 385.5055847167969, "y": 101.40907287597656}, {"x": 385.5055847167969, "y": 140.5074920654297}, {"x": 1316.8123779296875, "y": 140.5074920654297}, {"x": 1316.8123779296875, "y": 101.40907287597656}], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 529.3654174804688, "y": 204.52041625976562}, {"x": 529.3654174804688, "y": 261.82232666015625}, {"x": 1179.4027777777776, "y": 261.82232666015625}, {"x": 1179.4027777777776, "y": 204.52041625976562}], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Comparative Summary Table", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 193.43365478515625, "y": 290.592529296875}, {"x": 193.43365478515625, "y": 1975.8441162109375}, {"x": 1503.7938232421875, "y": 1975.8441162109375}, {"x": 1503.7938232421875, "y": 290.592529296875}], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
JurisdictionGATS XVII | Reservation (1994)Foreign \n | Ownership \n PermittedRestrictions on Foreign OwnershipForeign \n Ownership \n Reporting \n Requirements
ArgentinaYYProhibition on ownership of property that contains or borders large and permanent bodies of water and of land in border security zones. Rural land can only be acquired upon certificate being granted (total percentage must not exceed 15% of the territory, in which shares of nationals of one country must not exceed 30%; maximum limit per foreigner; certain long-term residents exempted).
AustraliaNYApproval is needed from the Treasurer if the acquisition constitutes a \u201csignificant action,\u201d including acquiring an interest in different types of land where the monetary threshold is met for that type of land. The Treasurer may prohibit a significant action that is found to be contrary to the national interest.Acquisitions of \n of residential and agricultural \n land by foreign persons must be reported to the relevant government \n agency.
AustriaYYPrior authorization required with exceptions; authorization may be refused if the acquisition contradicts national public policy interests.
BelgiumNYNone.
BrazilYYAcquisition of rural property by an alien individual or company, including Brazilian companies controlled by foreigners, may not exceed 50 Tnodules\ufe54 foreign ownership of rural areas may not exceed a quarter of the surface of the municipalities, and ownership
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 194.6714324951172, "y": 2066.431396484375}, {"x": 194.6714324951172, "y": 2103.934326171875}, {"x": 583.8472222222222, "y": 2103.934326171875}, {"x": 583.8472222222222, "y": 2066.431396484375}], "category": "footer", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "The Law Library of Congress", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1471.611111111111, "y": 2071.0583333333334}, {"x": 1471.611111111111, "y": 2100.225}, {"x": 1493.4583333333333, "y": 2100.225}, {"x": 1493.4583333333333, "y": 2071.0583333333334}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "5", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000082.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 1215.0386962890625, "y": 96.72810363769531}, {"x": 1215.0386962890625, "y": 130.26763916015625}, {"x": 1383.9305419921875, "y": 130.26763916015625}, {"x": 1383.9305419921875, "y": 96.72810363769531}], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Appendices", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1434.397705078125, "y": 86.00019073486328}, {"x": 1434.397705078125, "y": 138.25271606445312}, {"x": 1654, "y": 138.25271606445312}, {"x": 1656.089111328125, "y": 86.00019073486328}], "category": "figure", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "~", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.0, "y": 266.5260009765625}, {"x": 275.0, "y": 353.1161111111108}, {"x": 1358.9930555555545, "y": 353.1161111111108}, {"x": 1358.9930555555545, "y": 266.5260009765625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "TABLE 28: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN STATE LAWS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 278.55810546875, "y": 394.7950439453125}, {"x": 278.55810546875, "y": 822.813720703125}, {"x": 1384.8634033203125, "y": 822.813720703125}, {"x": 1384.8634033203125, "y": 394.7950439453125}], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
Imprisonment termsNumber of \n clausesPercentage \n of all statesPercentage \n of total
Less than 3 months4,44821.3%17.0%
3 months to less than 1 year4,80623.0%18.4%
1 year to less than 3 years9,76646.7%37.4%
3 years to less than 5 years8344.0%3.2%
5 years to 1688 than 10 years1,0214.9%3.9%
More than 10 years200.1%0.1%
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 274.68353271484375, "y": 832.33056640625}, {"x": 274.68353271484375, "y": 863.9054565429688}, {"x": 590.4403076171875, "y": 863.9054565429688}, {"x": 590.4403076171875, "y": 832.33056640625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "Source: TeamLease Regtech", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 269.896240234375, "y": 1001.2418212890625}, {"x": 269.896240234375, "y": 1086.5766666666666}, {"x": 1083.131944444444, "y": 1086.5766666666666}, {"x": 1083.131944444444, "y": 1001.2418212890625}], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "TABLE 29: STATES WITH MORE THAN 1,000 IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 271.73480224609375, "y": 1132.2784423828125}, {"x": 271.73480224609375, "y": 1534.28759765625}, {"x": 1385.011474609375, "y": 1534.28759765625}, {"x": 1385.011474609375, "y": 1132.2784423828125}], "category": "table", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "", "html": "
StateNumber of clausesGSDP (In Rs lakh crore)GSDP (In \ufe69 billion)
Gujarat146915.6200.4
Punjab12735.370.2
Maharashtra121026.3351.0
Karnataka117515.4205.9
Tamil Nadu104316.3217.4
", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 275.0, "y": 1542.783203125}, {"x": 275.0, "y": 1575.8236083984375}, {"x": 1037.2645263671875, "y": 1575.8236083984375}, {"x": 1037.2645263671875, "y": 1542.783203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Sources: TeamLease Regtech, and Reserve Bank of India for GSDPs", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 272.6464538574219, "y": 1587.6588134765625}, {"x": 272.6464538574219, "y": 1617.05224609375}, {"x": 606.4856567382812, "y": 1617.05224609375}, {"x": 606.4856567382812, "y": 1587.6588134765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Exchange rate: Rs 75 to USD", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 801.4074096679688, "y": 2219.40625}, {"x": 801.4074096679688, "y": 2266.0575}, {"x": 852.8177490234375, "y": 2266.0575}, {"x": 852.8177490234375, "y": 2219.40625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "81", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000104.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 150.0, "y": 179.99999999999986}, {"x": 150.0, "y": 838.56}, {"x": 1550.0, "y": 838.56}, {"x": 1550.0, "y": 179.99999999999986}], "category": "figure", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "\u4e00 \u4e00 \u4e00 \u4e00 \u4e00 \u4e00 \u4e00 \u4e00 \u4e00 PUBLISHERS READERS AGGREGATORS LIBRARIANS", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 146.6980438232422, "y": 997.2462768554688}, {"x": 146.6980438232422, "y": 1039.0406494140625}, {"x": 1255.4820556640625, "y": 1039.0406494140625}, {"x": 1255.4820556640625, "y": 997.2462768554688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "An overview of each actor\u2019s role in this ecosystem is described below.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.0, "y": 1153.7376708984375}, {"x": 150.0, "y": 1209.671149722222}, {"x": 414.67822265625, "y": 1209.671149722222}, {"x": 414.67822265625, "y": 1153.7376708984375}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Publishers", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 141.50047302246094, "y": 1284.6904296875}, {"x": 141.50047302246094, "y": 1567.952392578125}, {"x": 1573.71240234375, "y": 1567.952392578125}, {"x": 1573.71240234375, "y": 1284.6904296875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "Publishers work to \u201cmake public\u201d scholarly work in the form of textbooks, journals, and monographs, and represent a wide range of publishing approaches, business models, budgets, and institutional affiliations. With our focus on monographs, the two most significant groups are large commercial publishers and university presses. These publish the vast majority of monographs in circulation, although in recent years, smaller open access publishers have also begun to emerge.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 147.81105041503906, "y": 1606.83203125}, {"x": 147.81105041503906, "y": 1648.2291259765625}, {"x": 1003.8414916992188, "y": 1648.2291259765625}, {"x": 1003.8414916992188, "y": 1606.83203125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "The role of publishers includes (among other things):", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 182.24305555555554, "y": 1701.5802001953125}, {"x": 182.24305555555554, "y": 1738.7408333333333}, {"x": 676.2340087890625, "y": 1738.7408333333333}, {"x": 676.2340087890625, "y": 1701.5802001953125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u2022 acquisitions and list curation", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 182.24305555555554, "y": 1749.41455078125}, {"x": 182.24305555555554, "y": 1786.90771484375}, {"x": 918.5545043945312, "y": 1786.90771484375}, {"x": 918.5545043945312, "y": 1749.41455078125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "\u2022 editorial work and coordinating peer review", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 182.24305555555554, "y": 1796.387939453125}, {"x": 182.24305555555554, "y": 1837.6962890625}, {"x": 1520.7041666666664, "y": 1837.6962890625}, {"x": 1520.7041666666664, "y": 1796.387939453125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "\u2022 design and production (for various formats, typically: print, digital PDF, and EPUB)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 182.24305555555554, "y": 1843.999755859375}, {"x": 182.24305555555554, "y": 1930.4074999999998}, {"x": 1480.23095703125, "y": 1930.4074999999998}, {"x": 1480.23095703125, "y": 1843.999755859375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "\u2022 distribution and marketing of finished products into various channels (libraries, aggregators, stores) where readers can access books", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 150.0, "y": 2058.766357421875}, {"x": 150.0, "y": 2088.610595703125}, {"x": 593.0888888888888, "y": 2088.610595703125}, {"x": 593.0888888888888, "y": 2058.766357421875}], "category": "footer", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "6 | The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000068.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 259.7732238769531, "y": 194.98538208007812}, {"x": 259.7732238769531, "y": 277.53704833984375}, {"x": 1323.413818359375, "y": 277.53704833984375}, {"x": 1323.413818359375, "y": 194.98538208007812}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "The World Bank/PEMSEA Assessment of Policies and Regulations to Guide Country Dialogue at National Level to Reduce Plastic Waste in the Philippines indicated:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 319.08062744140625, "y": 324.93145751953125}, {"x": 319.08062744140625, "y": 675.5906372070312}, {"x": 1311.9855555555555, "y": 675.5906372070312}, {"x": 1311.9855555555555, "y": 324.93145751953125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "\u201cDespite these efforts, there seemed to be very limited information that shows the effectiveness of the bans on reducing plastics and litter, or even diversion from landfills in the country. For the majority of LGUs in the country, however, there seemed to be no clear documentation and reporting of progress and updated waste data possibly due to the difficulty and complexity of data generation and assessment. Another possible constraint is that the scope of the LGU ordinances vary and covered different kinds of SUPP, including the exemptions, which makes integration of the various reports, if available, a challenge.\u201d", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 259.49542236328125, "y": 729.7247924804688}, {"x": 259.49542236328125, "y": 900.7257080078125}, {"x": 1397.509722222223, "y": 900.7257080078125}, {"x": 1397.509722222223, "y": 729.7247924804688}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "The World Bank/PEMSEA report also recommended that a baseline assessment be conducted to obtain a better understanding which SUPP are the most prevalent and problematic in the Philippines and to also identify the sources and extent and impacts of mismanagement.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 200.0, "y": 950.9857177734375}, {"x": 200.0, "y": 1434.3017578125}, {"x": 1401.0325927734375, "y": 1434.3017578125}, {"x": 1401.0325927734375, "y": 950.9857177734375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "b. Extended producer responsibility (EPR). EPR schemes use a combination of regulatory approaches to extend manufacturers\u2019 responsibility for single-use plastic products throughout their life cycle, including to the end-of-life stage. These schemes are aimed at decreasing the overall environmental impact from a product and its packaging. The primary responsibility under EPR lies with the producer, who makes design and marketing decisions. In most European countries, product manufacturers are charged a fee for every piece of packaging they put onto the market based on the reusability or recyclability of the packaging, supported by technical analysis. These fees are intended to cover some or all of the costs of collection, sorting and recycling. Since the recycling of plastic packaging costs more than it yields, companies will benefit from a more cost- effective system of packaging.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 198.1996307373047, "y": 1488.0174560546875}, {"x": 198.1996307373047, "y": 1965.90966796875}, {"x": 958.2461111111112, "y": 1965.90966796875}, {"x": 958.2461111111112, "y": 1488.0174560546875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "c. Regulated Storage, Manufacture and Use of plastics. India required its states to enforce existing rules on the storage, manufacture, and use of some single-use plastics in lieu of a nationwide ban. Meanwhile, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) is yet to issue a list of non-environmentally accepted products (NEAP) as provided in Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act, passed a decade ago. This will include single use plastics in all product forms per technical advice of the Department of Science and", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1019.3548413888889, "y": 1486.8259866666667}, {"x": 1019.3548413888889, "y": 1909.4594172222223}, {"x": 1404.2811279296875, "y": 1909.4594172222223}, {"x": 1404.2811279296875, "y": 1486.8259866666667}], "category": "figure", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u2014\u2014 |", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 964.0, "y": 1921.2349853515625}, {"x": 964.0, "y": 1983.86279296875}, {"x": 1373.3427734375, "y": 1983.86279296875}, {"x": 1373.3427734375, "y": 1921.2349853515625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "Figure 27. Soft drinks can with the message \u201cRecycle Me\u201d", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 52.527374267578125, "y": 2077.58837890625}, {"x": 52.527374267578125, "y": 2119.8713888888888}, {"x": 94.42425537109375, "y": 2119.8713888888888}, {"x": 94.42425537109375, "y": 2077.58837890625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "64", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 152.7172088623047, "y": 2083.187744140625}, {"x": 152.7172088623047, "y": 2115.831298828125}, {"x": 956.16455078125, "y": 2115.831298828125}, {"x": 956.16455078125, "y": 2083.187744140625}], "category": "footer", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000174.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 159.95323181152344}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 210.6126251220703}, {"x": 584.7645874023438, "y": 210.6126251220703}, {"x": 584.7645874023438, "y": 159.95323181152344}], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "Tycho Brahe\u2019s Observatory", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 155.92762756347656, "y": 265.7706604003906}, {"x": 155.92762756347656, "y": 651.1817626953125}, {"x": 951.0193481445312, "y": 651.1817626953125}, {"x": 951.0193481445312, "y": 265.7706604003906}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Three years after the publication of Copernicus\u2019 De Revolutionibus, Tycho Brahe was born to a family of Danish nobility. He developed an early interest in astronomy and, as a young man, made significant astronomical observations. Among these was a careful study of what we now know was an exploding star that flared up to great brilliance in the night sky. His growing reputation gained him the patronage of the Danish King Frederick II, and at the age of 30, Brahe was able to establish a fine astronomical observatory on the North Sea island of Hven (Figure 1). Brahe was the last and greatest of the pre-telescopic observers in Europe.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 195.94451904296875, "y": 739.9122924804688}, {"x": 195.94451904296875, "y": 839.3411865234375}, {"x": 904.4393310546875, "y": 839.3411865234375}, {"x": 904.4393310546875, "y": 739.9122924804688}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Tycho Brahe (1546\u20131601) and Johannes Kepler (1571\u20131630).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.76467895507812, "y": 889.6888427734375}, {"x": 157.76467895507812, "y": 1361.2269287109375}, {"x": 533.4017333984375, "y": 1361.2269287109375}, {"x": 533.4017333984375, "y": 889.6888427734375}], "category": "figure", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "1 2 W= AR 7 S \u90dd E s b3 ~", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 577.6209716796875, "y": 891.8030395507812}, {"x": 577.6209716796875, "y": 1358.9989013671875}, {"x": 945.703369140625, "y": 1358.9989013671875}, {"x": 945.703369140625, "y": 891.8030395507812}], "category": "figure", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "\u7e88 \u91e3", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 334.021728515625, "y": 1373.474609375}, {"x": 334.021728515625, "y": 1393.2431640625}, {"x": 355.83740234375, "y": 1393.2431640625}, {"x": 355.83740234375, "y": 1373.474609375}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "\u5c1a", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 750.4351196289062, "y": 1373.1661376953125}, {"x": 750.4351196289062, "y": 1392.50244140625}, {"x": 772.0042114257812, "y": 1392.50244140625}, {"x": 772.0042114257812, "y": 1373.1661376953125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "\u5c15", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 160.08676147460938, "y": 1405.1109619140625}, {"x": 160.08676147460938, "y": 1515.7642822265625}, {"x": 934.1217651367188, "y": 1515.7642822265625}, {"x": 934.1217651367188, "y": 1405.1109619140625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "Figure 1. (a) A stylized engraving shows Tycho Brahe using his instruments to measure the altitude of celestial objects above the horizon. The large curved instrument in the foreground allowed", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 285.6766662597656, "y": 1554.6641845703125}, {"x": 285.6766662597656, "y": 1583.0032958984375}, {"x": 952.9190063476562, "y": 1583.0032958984375}, {"x": 952.9190063476562, "y": 1554.6641845703125}], "category": "footer", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "Chapter 3 Orbits and Gravity Section 3.1: The Laws of Planetary", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 813.7327777777778, "y": 1585.8519444444444}, {"x": 813.7327777777778, "y": 1608.0741666666665}, {"x": 942.5141666666667, "y": 1608.0741666666665}, {"x": 942.5141666666667, "y": 1585.8519444444444}], "category": "heading1", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "Motion | 99", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000075.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 305.6250305175781, "y": 192.0006866455078}, {"x": 305.6250305175781, "y": 353.1213684082031}, {"x": 1472.284912109375, "y": 353.1213684082031}, {"x": 1472.284912109375, "y": 192.0006866455078}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "2020 and 2021, and, for approximately half of AMS, working hours lost were higher in 2021 compared to 2020 (Figure 1.3). The disruptions in global supply chains because of travel and transport restrictions hit some AMS particularly hard because of supply needs from other countries.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 310.3889465332031, "y": 386.82000732421875}, {"x": 310.3889465332031, "y": 944.6876220703125}, {"x": 1466.0886111111113, "y": 944.6876220703125}, {"x": 1466.0886111111113, "y": 386.82000732421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "Despite these tremendous job losses, many countries also experienced labour shortages due to previously unprecedented demand for certain products, such as rubber gloves in Malaysia and for fishery products in Thailand. The return of migrant workers to their home countries contributed to significant labour shortages (Lee and David, 2021; Sriring and Staporncharnchai, 2021).4 COVID-related movement restrictions caused many workers to withdraw from the labour force (especially women) and labour force participation rates declined in most countries.5 This was the case for Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Viet Nam (Figure 1.4). According to the ILO (2021c), female employment in AMS in 2020 was 3.9 percent lower than the expected level, which is markedly less than the 2.7 percent figure for male employment.6 The impact of the pandemic on employment is evident in lower labour force participation, lower working hours, and higher unemployment rates in most countries (Figure 1.5).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 312.56585693359375, "y": 977.0014038085938}, {"x": 312.56585693359375, "y": 1017.1920776367188}, {"x": 1406.290283203125, "y": 1017.1920776367188}, {"x": 1406.290283203125, "y": 977.0014038085938}], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "Figure 1.3. Decline in weekly working hours compared to 2019 (percent)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 314.95222222222225, "y": 1046.070535}, {"x": 314.95222222222225, "y": 1071.7674794444445}, {"x": 343.50668444444443, "y": 1071.7674794444445}, {"x": 343.50668444444443, "y": 1046.070535}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": {"text": "18", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 314.95222222222225, "y": 1093.3785905555555}, {"x": 314.95222222222225, "y": 1119.075535}, {"x": 343.5066288888888, "y": 1119.075535}, {"x": 343.5066288888888, "y": 1093.3785905555555}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": {"text": "16", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 314.95222222222225, "y": 1140.7638683333332}, {"x": 314.95222222222225, "y": 1166.4608127777776}, {"x": 343.5066288888888, "y": 1166.4608127777776}, {"x": 343.5066288888888, "y": 1140.7638683333332}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": {"text": "14", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 314.95222222222225, "y": 1188.0463683333332}, {"x": 314.95222222222225, "y": 1213.7433127777776}, {"x": 343.5066288888888, "y": 1213.7433127777776}, {"x": 343.5066288888888, "y": 1188.0463683333332}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": {"text": "12", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 314.95222222222225, "y": 1235.3802572222223}, {"x": 314.95222222222225, "y": 1261.0772016666667}, {"x": 343.5066288888888, "y": 1261.0772016666667}, {"x": 343.5066288888888, "y": 1235.3802572222223}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": {"text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 328.04166666666663, "y": 1282.7144786111114}, {"x": 328.04166666666663, "y": 1308.4114230555558}, {"x": 342.3963511111111, "y": 1308.4114230555558}, {"x": 342.3963511111111, "y": 1282.7144786111114}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": {"text": "8", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 328.04166666666663, "y": 1330.0225533333335}, {"x": 328.04166666666663, "y": 1355.7194977777779}, {"x": 342.3963511111111, "y": 1355.7194977777779}, {"x": 342.3963511111111, "y": 1330.0225533333335}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": {"text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 328.04166666666663, "y": 1377.3563250000002}, {"x": 328.04166666666663, "y": 1403.0532694444446}, {"x": 342.3963511111111, "y": 1403.0532694444446}, {"x": 342.3963511111111, "y": 1377.3563250000002}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": {"text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 328.04166666666663, "y": 1424.6900966666667}, {"x": 328.04166666666663, "y": 1450.387041111111}, {"x": 342.3963511111111, "y": 1450.387041111111}, {"x": 342.3963511111111, "y": 1424.6900966666667}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": {"text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 393.0, "y": 1125.0}, {"x": 393.0, "y": 1485.0}, {"x": 1430.0, "y": 1485.0}, {"x": 1430.0, "y": 1125.0}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": {"text": "L|\u02cd\u02cd\u02cd\"I\u02cd\u8b5cL\"\"\"", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 328.04166666666663, "y": 1472.0238683333332}, {"x": 328.04166666666663, "y": 1497.7208127777778}, {"x": 342.3963511111111, "y": 1497.7208127777778}, {"x": 342.3963511111111, "y": 1472.0238683333332}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": {"text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 392.7775, "y": 1502.5335411111112}, {"x": 392.7775, "y": 1521.806318888889}, {"x": 450.9070605555555, "y": 1521.806318888889}, {"x": 450.9070605555555, "y": 1502.5335411111112}], "category": "heading1", "id": 14, "content": {"text": "Brunei", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 487.5236491666667, "y": 1502.5335411111112}, {"x": 487.5236491666667, "y": 1521.806318888889}, {"x": 683.5414844444443, "y": 1521.806318888889}, {"x": 683.5414844444443, "y": 1502.5335411111112}], "category": "heading1", "id": 15, "content": {"text": "Cambodia Indonesia", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 713.4001727777776, "y": 1502.5335411111112}, {"x": 713.4001727777776, "y": 1521.806318888889}, {"x": 1232.7709499999996, "y": 1521.806318888889}, {"x": 1232.7709499999996, "y": 1502.5335411111112}], "category": "heading1", "id": 16, "content": {"text": "Lao PDR Mal aysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1257.1690999999996, "y": 1502.5335411111112}, {"x": 1257.1690999999996, "y": 1521.806318888889}, {"x": 1333.7134547222217, "y": 1521.806318888889}, {"x": 1333.7134547222217, "y": 1502.5335411111112}], "category": "heading1", "id": 17, "content": {"text": "Thailand", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 372.0390725, "y": 1526.9521505555556}, {"x": 372.0390725, "y": 1546.2249283333335}, {"x": 477.6094802777778, "y": 1546.2249283333335}, {"x": 477.6094802777778, "y": 1526.9521505555556}], "category": "heading1", "id": 18, "content": {"text": "Darussalam", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 835.1333333333333, "y": 1576.1085905555556}, {"x": 835.1333333333333, "y": 1601.805535}, {"x": 892.087351111111, "y": 1601.805535}, {"x": 892.087351111111, "y": 1576.1085905555556}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": {"text": "2020", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 926.545, "y": 1576.1085905555556}, {"x": 926.545, "y": 1601.805535}, {"x": 983.4990177777777, "y": 1601.805535}, {"x": 983.4990177777777, "y": 1576.1085905555556}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": {"text": "2021", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 311.1798400878906, "y": 1625.813720703125}, {"x": 311.1798400878906, "y": 1657.5419921875}, {"x": 574.4064331054688, "y": 1657.5419921875}, {"x": 574.4064331054688, "y": 1625.813720703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": {"text": "Source: ILO (2022a)", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1363.204234444444, "y": 1502.5335411111112}, {"x": 1363.204234444444, "y": 1521.806318888889}, {"x": 1444.6669463888882, "y": 1521.806318888889}, {"x": 1444.6669463888882, "y": 1502.5335411111112}], "category": "heading1", "id": 22, "content": {"text": "Viet Nam", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 236.22027777777777, "y": 1855.000732421875}, {"x": 236.22027777777777, "y": 1936.4327392578125}, {"x": 1463.7177777777772, "y": 1936.4327392578125}, {"x": 1463.7177777777772, "y": 1855.000732421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": {"text": "4 There are of course long-standing reasons for the labour shortages in these sectors, which accounts for their high reliance for migrant workers, including poor working conditions, that is prone to abuse, and lack of attractiveness for local workers (Looi, 2020; Ng, 2020; ILO, 2015).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 232.5142059326172, "y": 1938.1094970703125}, {"x": 232.5142059326172, "y": 2066.631591796875}, {"x": 1467.5538330078125, "y": 2066.631591796875}, {"x": 1467.5538330078125, "y": 1938.1094970703125}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": {"text": "5 McKinsey Global Institute (2020) estimates that at the beginning of the pandemic, women accounted for more than half of total job losses from COVID-19 though they made up only two-fifths of the global labour force. This is because they are overrepresented in sectors hardest hit by the pandemic: accommodation and food services; retail and wholesale trade; and other services, such as arts, recreation, and public administration.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 236.22027777777777, "y": 2069.088134765625}, {"x": 236.22027777777777, "y": 2149.5400390625}, {"x": 1463.8102777777767, "y": 2149.5400390625}, {"x": 1463.8102777777767, "y": 2069.088134765625}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": {"text": "6 This is equivalent to saying there is greater increase in unemployment or inactivity for women compared to men. According to the report, one reason is the increase in unpaid care responsibilities for women as schools closed (ILO, 2021c).", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 233.6109619140625, "y": 2225.037353515625}, {"x": 233.6109619140625, "y": 2261.904052734375}, {"x": 699.531982421875, "y": 2261.904052734375}, {"x": 699.531982421875, "y": 2225.037353515625}], "category": "footer", "id": 26, "content": {"text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 1536.5847222222221, "y": 2226.19873046875}, {"x": 1536.5847222222221, "y": 2260.4580555555553}, {"x": 1581.728271484375, "y": 2260.4580555555553}, {"x": 1581.728271484375, "y": 2226.19873046875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": {"text": "15", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}, "01030000000125.pdf": {"elements": [{"coordinates": [{"x": 150.11593627929688, "y": 159.8206024169922}, {"x": 150.11593627929688, "y": 386.6066666666667}, {"x": 950.35595703125, "y": 386.6066666666667}, {"x": 950.35595703125, "y": 159.8206024169922}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": {"text": "ways. Review Figure 2.16 below, which is a line graph of the percentage of Canadian vs. foreign television programmes watched in New Brunswick from 2000 to 2004. Because of the similar colours of the lines, it is difficult for the reader to understand which line graph corresponds to which colour from the legend.", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 130.2506866455078, "y": 1338.5107421875}, {"x": 130.2506866455078, "y": 1531.6492919921875}, {"x": 952.7479248046875, "y": 1531.6492919921875}, {"x": 952.7479248046875, "y": 1338.5107421875}], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": {"text": "8. Statistics Canada. Table 22-10-0097-01 Television viewing time of all television stations, by province, content and type of programme. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.25318/2210009701-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence:", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}, {"coordinates": [{"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1587.4796142578125}, {"x": 157.4802777777778, "y": 1613.5369873046875}, {"x": 554.84033203125, "y": 1613.5369873046875}, {"x": 554.84033203125, "y": 1587.4796142578125}], "category": "footer", "id": 2, "content": {"text": "54 | Misleading Data Visualizations", "html": "", "markdown": ""}}]}} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/dataset/sample_results/upstage_241010.json b/dataset/sample_results/upstage_241010.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..625bacefc208299cc42e94262bc13691a4ba8779 --- /dev/null +++ b/dataset/sample_results/upstage_241010.json @@ -0,0 +1,53678 @@ +{ + "01030000000047.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

ANFREL Pre-Election Assessment Mission Report

\n
No.Political partyProvisional registration result on 7 MarchOfficial registration result on 29 AprilDifference in the number of candidates
Number of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidatesNumber of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidates
11Khmer United Party3549830457-41
12Grassroots Democracy Party3243532481+46
13Beehive Social Democratic Party2542523392-33
14Cambodian Indigeneous Peoples Democracy Party1919419202+8
15Ekpheap Cheat Khmer Party1517514178+3
16Reaksmey Khemara Party779688+9
17Khmer Economic Development Party465464-1
Total84,20886,092+1,884
\n
24
", + "markdown": "# ANFREL Pre-Election Assessment Mission Report\n\n| No. | Political party | Provisional registration result on 7 March | Provisional registration result on 7 March | Official registration result on 29 April | Official registration result on 29 April | Difference in the number of candidates |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| No. | Political party | Number of commune/ sangkat | Number of candidates | Number of commune/ sangkat | Number of candidates | Difference in the number of candidates |\n| 11 | Khmer United Party | 35 | 498 | 30 | 457 | -41 |\n| 12 | Grassroots Democracy Party | 32 | 435 | 32 | 481 | +46 |\n| 13 | Beehive Social Democratic Party | 25 | 425 | 23 | 392 | -33 |\n| 14 | Cambodian Indigeneous Peoples Democracy Party | 19 | 194 | 19 | 202 | +8 |\n| 15 | Ekpheap Cheat Khmer Party | 15 | 175 | 14 | 178 | +3 |\n| 16 | Reaksmey Khemara Party | 7 | 79 | 6 | 88 | +9 |\n| 17 | Khmer Economic Development Party | 4 | 65 | 4 | 64 | -1 |\n| | Total | | 84,208 | | 86,092 | +1,884 |\n\n\n24", + "text": "ANFREL Pre-Election Assessment Mission Report\nNo. Political party Provisional registration result on 7 March Official registration result on 29 April Difference in the number of candidates\n Number of commune/ sangkat Number of candidates Number of commune/ sangkat Number of candidates\n 11 Khmer United Party 35 498 30 457 -41\n 12 Grassroots Democracy Party 32 435 32 481 +46\n 13 Beehive Social Democratic Party 25 425 23 392 -33\n 14 Cambodian Indigeneous Peoples Democracy Party 19 194 19 202 +8\n 15 Ekpheap Cheat Khmer Party 15 175 14 178 +3\n 16 Reaksmey Khemara Party 7 79 6 88 +9\n 17 Khmer Economic Development Party 4 65 4 64 -1\n Total 84,208 86,092 +1,884\n24" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

ANFREL Pre-Election Assessment Mission Report

", + "markdown": "# ANFREL Pre-Election Assessment Mission Report", + "text": "ANFREL Pre-Election Assessment Mission Report" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0764, + "y": 0.0813 + }, + { + "x": 0.3802, + "y": 0.0813 + }, + { + "x": 0.3802, + "y": 0.1059 + }, + { + "x": 0.0764, + "y": 0.1059 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
No.Political partyProvisional registration result on 7 MarchOfficial registration result on 29 AprilDifference in the number of candidates
Number of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidatesNumber of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidates
11Khmer United Party3549830457-41
12Grassroots Democracy Party3243532481+46
13Beehive Social Democratic Party2542523392-33
14Cambodian Indigeneous Peoples Democracy Party1919419202+8
15Ekpheap Cheat Khmer Party1517514178+3
16Reaksmey Khemara Party779688+9
17Khmer Economic Development Party465464-1
Total84,20886,092+1,884
", + "markdown": "| No. | Political party | Provisional registration result on 7 March | Provisional registration result on 7 March | Official registration result on 29 April | Official registration result on 29 April | Difference in the number of candidates |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| No. | Political party | Number of commune/ sangkat | Number of candidates | Number of commune/ sangkat | Number of candidates | Difference in the number of candidates |\n| 11 | Khmer United Party | 35 | 498 | 30 | 457 | -41 |\n| 12 | Grassroots Democracy Party | 32 | 435 | 32 | 481 | +46 |\n| 13 | Beehive Social Democratic Party | 25 | 425 | 23 | 392 | -33 |\n| 14 | Cambodian Indigeneous Peoples Democracy Party | 19 | 194 | 19 | 202 | +8 |\n| 15 | Ekpheap Cheat Khmer Party | 15 | 175 | 14 | 178 | +3 |\n| 16 | Reaksmey Khemara Party | 7 | 79 | 6 | 88 | +9 |\n| 17 | Khmer Economic Development Party | 4 | 65 | 4 | 64 | -1 |\n| | Total | | 84,208 | | 86,092 | +1,884 |\n", + "text": "No. Political party Provisional registration result on 7 March Official registration result on 29 April Difference in the number of candidates\n Number of commune/ sangkat Number of candidates Number of commune/ sangkat Number of candidates\n 11 Khmer United Party 35 498 30 457 -41\n 12 Grassroots Democracy Party 32 435 32 481 +46\n 13 Beehive Social Democratic Party 25 425 23 392 -33\n 14 Cambodian Indigeneous Peoples Democracy Party 19 194 19 202 +8\n 15 Ekpheap Cheat Khmer Party 15 175 14 178 +3\n 16 Reaksmey Khemara Party 7 79 6 88 +9\n 17 Khmer Economic Development Party 4 65 4 64 -1\n Total 84,208 86,092 +1,884" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0768, + "y": 0.1322 + }, + { + "x": 0.9104, + "y": 0.1322 + }, + { + "x": 0.9104, + "y": 0.6172 + }, + { + "x": 0.0768, + "y": 0.6172 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
24
", + "markdown": "24", + "text": "24" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0765, + "y": 0.8963 + }, + { + "x": 0.0953, + "y": 0.8963 + }, + { + "x": 0.0953, + "y": 0.9173 + }, + { + "x": 0.0765, + "y": 0.9173 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000035.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

4
Basis Fields

\n

A vector field may be written as a linear combination of basis
vector fields. If n is the dimension, then any set of n linearly
independent vector fields may be used as a basis. The coordinate
basis X is an example of a basis. 1 We will see later that not every
basis is a coordinate basis: in order to be a coordinate basis,
there must be a coordinate system such that each basis element is
the directional derivative operator in a corresponding coordinate
direction.

\n

Let e be a tuple of basis vector fields, such as the coordinate
basis X. The general vector field V applied to an arbitrary manifold
function f can be expressed as a linear combination

\n

$$\\mathrm{v}\\mathrm{(f)}(\\mathrm{m}\\mathrm{)}=\\mathrm{e}\\mathrm{(f)}(\\mathrm{m}\\mathrm{)\\b}(\\mathrm{m}\\mathrm{)=\\sum_{i}\\mathrm{e}_{i}\\mathrm{(f)}(\\mathrm{m}\\mathrm{)\\b}^{i}\\mathrm{(m)},$$

\n
(4.1)\n

where b is a tuple-valued coefficient function on the manifold.
When expressed in a coordinate basis, the coefficients that specify
the direction of the vector are naturally expressed as functions
bi of the coordinates of the manifold point. Here, the coefficient
function b is more naturally expressed as a tuple-valued function
on the manifold. If 6 is the coefficient function expressed as a
function of coordinates, then b = 6 。 x is the coefficient function
as a function on the manifold.

\n

The coordinate-basis forms have a simple definition in terms of
the coordinate-basis vectors and the coordinates (equation 3.40).
With this choice, the dual property, equation (3.41), holds without
further fuss. More generally, we can define a basis of one-forms e
that is dual to e in that the property

\n

$$\\tilde{\\mathrm{e}}^{i}(\\mathrm{e}_{j})(\\mathrm{m})=\\delta_{j}^{i}$$

\n
(4.2)\n

is satisfied, analogous to property (3.41). Figure 4.1 illustrates
the duality of basis fields.

\n

1We cannot say if the basis vectors are orthogonal or normalized until we
introduce a metric.

", + "markdown": "4\nBasis Fields\n\nA vector field may be written as a linear combination of basis\nvector fields. If n is the dimension, then any set of n linearly\nindependent vector fields may be used as a basis. The coordinate\nbasis X is an example of a basis. 1 We will see later that not every\nbasis is a coordinate basis: in order to be a coordinate basis,\nthere must be a coordinate system such that each basis element is\nthe directional derivative operator in a corresponding coordinate\ndirection.\n\nLet e be a tuple of basis vector fields, such as the coordinate\nbasis X. The general vector field V applied to an arbitrary manifold\nfunction f can be expressed as a linear combination\n\n$$\\mathrm{v}\\mathrm{(f)}(\\mathrm{m}\\mathrm{)}=\\mathrm{e}\\mathrm{(f)}(\\mathrm{m}\\mathrm{)\\b}(\\mathrm{m}\\mathrm{)=\\sum_{i}\\mathrm{e}_{i}\\mathrm{(f)}(\\mathrm{m}\\mathrm{)\\b}^{i}\\mathrm{(m)},$$\n\n(4.1)\n\nwhere b is a tuple-valued coefficient function on the manifold.\nWhen expressed in a coordinate basis, the coefficients that specify\nthe direction of the vector are naturally expressed as functions\nbi of the coordinates of the manifold point. Here, the coefficient\nfunction b is more naturally expressed as a tuple-valued function\non the manifold. If 6 is the coefficient function expressed as a\nfunction of coordinates, then b = 6 。 x is the coefficient function\nas a function on the manifold.\n\nThe coordinate-basis forms have a simple definition in terms of\nthe coordinate-basis vectors and the coordinates (equation 3.40).\nWith this choice, the dual property, equation (3.41), holds without\nfurther fuss. More generally, we can define a basis of one-forms e\nthat is dual to e in that the property\n\n$$\\tilde{\\mathrm{e}}^{i}(\\mathrm{e}_{j})(\\mathrm{m})=\\delta_{j}^{i}$$\n\n(4.2)\n\nis satisfied, analogous to property (3.41). Figure 4.1 illustrates\nthe duality of basis fields.\n\n1We cannot say if the basis vectors are orthogonal or normalized until we\nintroduce a metric.", + "text": "4\nBasis Fields\nA vector field may be written as a linear combination of basis\nvector fields. If n is the dimension, then any set of n linearly\nindependent vector fields may be used as a basis. The coordinate\nbasis X is an example of a basis. 1 We will see later that not every\nbasis is a coordinate basis: in order to be a coordinate basis,\nthere must be a coordinate system such that each basis element is\nthe directional derivative operator in a corresponding coordinate\ndirection.\nLet e be a tuple of basis vector fields, such as the coordinate\nbasis X. The general vector field V applied to an arbitrary manifold\nfunction f can be expressed as a linear combination\nv(f)(m) = e(f)(m) b(m) = [] ei(f)(m) b 2 (m), \ni\n(4.1)\nwhere b is a tuple-valued coefficient function on the manifold.\nWhen expressed in a coordinate basis, the coefficients that specify\nthe direction of the vector are naturally expressed as functions\nbi of the coordinates of the manifold point. Here, the coefficient\nfunction b is more naturally expressed as a tuple-valued function\non the manifold. If 6 is the coefficient function expressed as a\nfunction of coordinates, then b = 6 。 x is the coefficient function\nas a function on the manifold.\nThe coordinate-basis forms have a simple definition in terms of\nthe coordinate-basis vectors and the coordinates (equation 3.40).\nWith this choice, the dual property, equation (3.41), holds without\nfurther fuss. More generally, we can define a basis of one-forms e\nthat is dual to e in that the property\ne (ej)(m) = 85\n(4.2)\nis satisfied, analogous to property (3.41). Figure 4.1 illustrates\nthe duality of basis fields.\n1We cannot say if the basis vectors are orthogonal or normalized until we\nintroduce a metric." + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

4
Basis Fields

", + "markdown": "4\nBasis Fields", + "text": "4\nBasis Fields" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.231, + "y": 0.1288 + }, + { + "x": 0.4029, + "y": 0.1288 + }, + { + "x": 0.4029, + "y": 0.1898 + }, + { + "x": 0.231, + "y": 0.1898 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

A vector field may be written as a linear combination of basis
vector fields. If n is the dimension, then any set of n linearly
independent vector fields may be used as a basis. The coordinate
basis X is an example of a basis. 1 We will see later that not every
basis is a coordinate basis: in order to be a coordinate basis,
there must be a coordinate system such that each basis element is
the directional derivative operator in a corresponding coordinate
direction.

", + "markdown": "A vector field may be written as a linear combination of basis\nvector fields. If n is the dimension, then any set of n linearly\nindependent vector fields may be used as a basis. The coordinate\nbasis X is an example of a basis. 1 We will see later that not every\nbasis is a coordinate basis: in order to be a coordinate basis,\nthere must be a coordinate system such that each basis element is\nthe directional derivative operator in a corresponding coordinate\ndirection.", + "text": "A vector field may be written as a linear combination of basis\nvector fields. If n is the dimension, then any set of n linearly\nindependent vector fields may be used as a basis. The coordinate\nbasis X is an example of a basis. 1 We will see later that not every\nbasis is a coordinate basis: in order to be a coordinate basis,\nthere must be a coordinate system such that each basis element is\nthe directional derivative operator in a corresponding coordinate\ndirection." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2312, + "y": 0.2104 + }, + { + "x": 0.7468, + "y": 0.2104 + }, + { + "x": 0.7468, + "y": 0.3409 + }, + { + "x": 0.2312, + "y": 0.3409 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Let e be a tuple of basis vector fields, such as the coordinate
basis X. The general vector field V applied to an arbitrary manifold
function f can be expressed as a linear combination

", + "markdown": "Let e be a tuple of basis vector fields, such as the coordinate\nbasis X. The general vector field V applied to an arbitrary manifold\nfunction f can be expressed as a linear combination", + "text": "Let e be a tuple of basis vector fields, such as the coordinate\nbasis X. The general vector field V applied to an arbitrary manifold\nfunction f can be expressed as a linear combination" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2315, + "y": 0.3417 + }, + { + "x": 0.7472, + "y": 0.3417 + }, + { + "x": 0.7472, + "y": 0.391 + }, + { + "x": 0.2315, + "y": 0.391 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$\\mathrm{v}\\mathrm{(f)}(\\mathrm{m}\\mathrm{)}=\\mathrm{e}\\mathrm{(f)}(\\mathrm{m}\\mathrm{)\\b}(\\mathrm{m}\\mathrm{)=\\sum_{i}\\mathrm{e}_{i}\\mathrm{(f)}(\\mathrm{m}\\mathrm{)\\b}^{i}\\mathrm{(m)},$$

", + "markdown": "$$\\mathrm{v}\\mathrm{(f)}(\\mathrm{m}\\mathrm{)}=\\mathrm{e}\\mathrm{(f)}(\\mathrm{m}\\mathrm{)\\b}(\\mathrm{m}\\mathrm{)=\\sum_{i}\\mathrm{e}_{i}\\mathrm{(f)}(\\mathrm{m}\\mathrm{)\\b}^{i}\\mathrm{(m)},$$", + "text": "v(f)(m) = e(f)(m) b(m) = [] ei(f)(m) b 2 (m), \ni" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2326, + "y": 0.4007 + }, + { + "x": 0.5841, + "y": 0.4007 + }, + { + "x": 0.5841, + "y": 0.4358 + }, + { + "x": 0.2326, + "y": 0.4358 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "
(4.1)", + "markdown": "(4.1)", + "text": "(4.1)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7066, + "y": 0.4051 + }, + { + "x": 0.7446, + "y": 0.4051 + }, + { + "x": 0.7446, + "y": 0.4226 + }, + { + "x": 0.7066, + "y": 0.4226 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

where b is a tuple-valued coefficient function on the manifold.
When expressed in a coordinate basis, the coefficients that specify
the direction of the vector are naturally expressed as functions
bi of the coordinates of the manifold point. Here, the coefficient
function b is more naturally expressed as a tuple-valued function
on the manifold. If 6 is the coefficient function expressed as a
function of coordinates, then b = 6 。 x is the coefficient function
as a function on the manifold.

", + "markdown": "where b is a tuple-valued coefficient function on the manifold.\nWhen expressed in a coordinate basis, the coefficients that specify\nthe direction of the vector are naturally expressed as functions\nbi of the coordinates of the manifold point. Here, the coefficient\nfunction b is more naturally expressed as a tuple-valued function\non the manifold. If 6 is the coefficient function expressed as a\nfunction of coordinates, then b = 6 。 x is the coefficient function\nas a function on the manifold.", + "text": "where b is a tuple-valued coefficient function on the manifold.\nWhen expressed in a coordinate basis, the coefficients that specify\nthe direction of the vector are naturally expressed as functions\nbi of the coordinates of the manifold point. Here, the coefficient\nfunction b is more naturally expressed as a tuple-valued function\non the manifold. If 6 is the coefficient function expressed as a\nfunction of coordinates, then b = 6 。 x is the coefficient function\nas a function on the manifold." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2308, + "y": 0.4457 + }, + { + "x": 0.747, + "y": 0.4457 + }, + { + "x": 0.747, + "y": 0.5764 + }, + { + "x": 0.2308, + "y": 0.5764 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The coordinate-basis forms have a simple definition in terms of
the coordinate-basis vectors and the coordinates (equation 3.40).
With this choice, the dual property, equation (3.41), holds without
further fuss. More generally, we can define a basis of one-forms e
that is dual to e in that the property

", + "markdown": "The coordinate-basis forms have a simple definition in terms of\nthe coordinate-basis vectors and the coordinates (equation 3.40).\nWith this choice, the dual property, equation (3.41), holds without\nfurther fuss. More generally, we can define a basis of one-forms e\nthat is dual to e in that the property", + "text": "The coordinate-basis forms have a simple definition in terms of\nthe coordinate-basis vectors and the coordinates (equation 3.40).\nWith this choice, the dual property, equation (3.41), holds without\nfurther fuss. More generally, we can define a basis of one-forms e\nthat is dual to e in that the property" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2316, + "y": 0.577 + }, + { + "x": 0.7472, + "y": 0.577 + }, + { + "x": 0.7472, + "y": 0.6594 + }, + { + "x": 0.2316, + "y": 0.6594 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$\\tilde{\\mathrm{e}}^{i}(\\mathrm{e}_{j})(\\mathrm{m})=\\delta_{j}^{i}$$

", + "markdown": "$$\\tilde{\\mathrm{e}}^{i}(\\mathrm{e}_{j})(\\mathrm{m})=\\delta_{j}^{i}$$", + "text": "e (ej)(m) = 85" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2311, + "y": 0.6692 + }, + { + "x": 0.347, + "y": 0.6692 + }, + { + "x": 0.347, + "y": 0.6914 + }, + { + "x": 0.2311, + "y": 0.6914 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "
(4.2)", + "markdown": "(4.2)", + "text": "(4.2)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7061, + "y": 0.6711 + }, + { + "x": 0.7451, + "y": 0.6711 + }, + { + "x": 0.7451, + "y": 0.6893 + }, + { + "x": 0.7061, + "y": 0.6893 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

is satisfied, analogous to property (3.41). Figure 4.1 illustrates
the duality of basis fields.

", + "markdown": "is satisfied, analogous to property (3.41). Figure 4.1 illustrates\nthe duality of basis fields.", + "text": "is satisfied, analogous to property (3.41). Figure 4.1 illustrates\nthe duality of basis fields." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2318, + "y": 0.7 + }, + { + "x": 0.7458, + "y": 0.7 + }, + { + "x": 0.7458, + "y": 0.733 + }, + { + "x": 0.2318, + "y": 0.733 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

1We cannot say if the basis vectors are orthogonal or normalized until we
introduce a metric.

", + "markdown": "1We cannot say if the basis vectors are orthogonal or normalized until we\nintroduce a metric.", + "text": "1We cannot say if the basis vectors are orthogonal or normalized until we\nintroduce a metric." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2316, + "y": 0.7536 + }, + { + "x": 0.7471, + "y": 0.7536 + }, + { + "x": 0.7471, + "y": 0.7813 + }, + { + "x": 0.2316, + "y": 0.7813 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000030.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
Combinatorial Cosmology
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ho.577z/intechopen.go696
\n

As for the normal phase, the choice will, to start with, be the simplest possible
one: each path is either possible or not, corresponding to the probability weights 1
and 0. During the extreme phases, this assumption is no longer reasonable. Again
the model will be extremely simplified, but still it is based on physical intuition and,
most importantly, completely time symmetric. Assume that the only types of edges
having a non-neglectable chance of occurring during the extreme phase
[-m - 1, -m] are of the following two kinds: The first scenario is that the universe
passes through the extreme phase into a state of zero entropy. The other scenario is
that it passes into a state with high entropy (equal to 2m). Universes of one of these
two types will be given the (un-normalized) probability 1 or p, respectively. Here
p > 0 should be thought of as a very small number, at least when the size of the
model becomes large. During the other extreme phase [m, m + 1], near the Big
Crunch, we make the completely symmetric assumption.

\n

Remark 3. These assumptions may perhaps seem somewhat arbitrary. And to a
certain extent, this may be so. However, they do represent the following viewpoint
of what may happen at the full cosmological scale: we may think of the Big Bang and
the Big Crunch as states of complete order with zero volume and entropy. Such
states can very well be metastable, very much like an oversaturated gas at a tem-
perature below the point of condensation. If no disturbance takes place, such meta-
stable states can very well continue to exist for a substantial period of time. In
particular, a low-entropy state can have a very good chance of surviving the intense
but extremely short extreme phase. On the other hand, ifa sufficiently large dis-
turbance occurs, then the metastable state may almost immediately decay into a
very disordered state of high entropy.

\n

It is not my intension to further argue in favor of this viewpoint here. The main
thing in this chapter is to show that completely symmetric boundary conditions at
the endpoints may give rise to a broken time symmetry.

\n

The multiverse now splits up into four different kinds of paths:

\n

· LL: The entropy is low (=0) at both ends ( -m and m).

\n

· LH: The entropy is 0 at -m and 2m at m.

\n

· HL: The entropy is 2m at -m and 0 at m.

\n

· HH: The entropy is high (= 2m) at both ends ( -m and m ).

\n

If we now denote by NLL,NLH, NHL and NHH the number of paths of the
indicated kinds, then with the above assumptions we also get the corresponding
probability weights for the corresponding types as

\n

$$P_{L L}=N_{L L},\\quad P_{L H}=p N_{L H},\\quad P_{H L}=p N_{H L},\\quad P_{H H}=p^{2}N_{H H}.$$

\n
(10)\n

We can now consider the following two types of broken time symmetry:
Definition 4. A multiverse is said to exhibit a weak broken time symmetry if

\n

$$P_{L L}\\ll P_{L H}+P_{H L}.$$

\n
(11)\n

Definition 5. A multiverse is said to exhibit a strong broken time symmetry if

\n

$$P_{L L}+P_{H H}\\ll P_{L H}+P_{H L}.$$

\n
(12)\n

Both these definitions should of course be made more precise when applied to
specific models for the multiverse, e.g., by showing that the corresponding limits

\n
317
", + "markdown": "Combinatorial Cosmology\nDOI: http://dx.doi.org/ho.577z/intechopen.go696\n\nAs for the normal phase, the choice will, to start with, be the simplest possible\none: each path is either possible or not, corresponding to the probability weights 1\nand 0. During the extreme phases, this assumption is no longer reasonable. Again\nthe model will be extremely simplified, but still it is based on physical intuition and,\nmost importantly, completely time symmetric. Assume that the only types of edges\nhaving a non-neglectable chance of occurring during the extreme phase\n[-m - 1, -m] are of the following two kinds: The first scenario is that the universe\npasses through the extreme phase into a state of zero entropy. The other scenario is\nthat it passes into a state with high entropy (equal to 2m). Universes of one of these\ntwo types will be given the (un-normalized) probability 1 or p, respectively. Here\np > 0 should be thought of as a very small number, at least when the size of the\nmodel becomes large. During the other extreme phase [m, m + 1], near the Big\nCrunch, we make the completely symmetric assumption.\n\nRemark 3. These assumptions may perhaps seem somewhat arbitrary. And to a\ncertain extent, this may be so. However, they do represent the following viewpoint\nof what may happen at the full cosmological scale: we may think of the Big Bang and\nthe Big Crunch as states of complete order with zero volume and entropy. Such\nstates can very well be metastable, very much like an oversaturated gas at a tem-\nperature below the point of condensation. If no disturbance takes place, such meta-\nstable states can very well continue to exist for a substantial period of time. In\nparticular, a low-entropy state can have a very good chance of surviving the intense\nbut extremely short extreme phase. On the other hand, ifa sufficiently large dis-\nturbance occurs, then the metastable state may almost immediately decay into a\nvery disordered state of high entropy.\n\nIt is not my intension to further argue in favor of this viewpoint here. The main\nthing in this chapter is to show that completely symmetric boundary conditions at\nthe endpoints may give rise to a broken time symmetry.\n\nThe multiverse now splits up into four different kinds of paths:\n\n- · LL: The entropy is low (=0) at both ends ( -m and m).\n\n\n- · LH: The entropy is 0 at -m and 2m at m.\n\n\n- · HL: The entropy is 2m at -m and 0 at m.\n\n\n- · HH: The entropy is high (= 2m) at both ends ( -m and m ).\n\n\nIf we now denote by NLL,NLH, NHL and NHH the number of paths of the\nindicated kinds, then with the above assumptions we also get the corresponding\nprobability weights for the corresponding types as\n\n$$P_{L L}=N_{L L},\\quad P_{L H}=p N_{L H},\\quad P_{H L}=p N_{H L},\\quad P_{H H}=p^{2}N_{H H}.$$\n\n(10)\n\nWe can now consider the following two types of broken time symmetry:\nDefinition 4. A multiverse is said to exhibit a weak broken time symmetry if\n\n$$P_{L L}\\ll P_{L H}+P_{H L}.$$\n\n(11)\n\nDefinition 5. A multiverse is said to exhibit a strong broken time symmetry if\n\n$$P_{L L}+P_{H H}\\ll P_{L H}+P_{H L}.$$\n\n(12)\n\nBoth these definitions should of course be made more precise when applied to\nspecific models for the multiverse, e.g., by showing that the corresponding limits\n\n317", + "text": "Combinatorial Cosmology\nDOI: http://dx.doi.org/ho.577z/intechopen.go696\nAs for the normal phase, the choice will, to start with, be the simplest possible\none: each path is either possible or not, corresponding to the probability weights 1\nand 0. During the extreme phases, this assumption is no longer reasonable. Again\nthe model will be extremely simplified, but still it is based on physical intuition and,\nmost importantly, completely time symmetric. Assume that the only types of edges\nhaving a non-neglectable chance of occurring during the extreme phase\n[-m - 1, -m] are of the following two kinds: The first scenario is that the universe\npasses through the extreme phase into a state of zero entropy. The other scenario is\nthat it passes into a state with high entropy (equal to 2m). Universes of one of these\ntwo types will be given the (un-normalized) probability 1 or p, respectively. Here\np > 0 should be thought of as a very small number, at least when the size of the\nmodel becomes large. During the other extreme phase [m, m + 1], near the Big\nCrunch, we make the completely symmetric assumption.\nRemark 3. These assumptions may perhaps seem somewhat arbitrary. And to a\ncertain extent, this may be so. However, they do represent the following viewpoint\nof what may happen at the full cosmological scale: we may think of the Big Bang and\nthe Big Crunch as states of complete order with zero volume and entropy. Such\nstates can very well be metastable, very much like an oversaturated gas at a tem-\nperature below the point of condensation. If no disturbance takes place, such meta-\nstable states can very well continue to exist for a substantial period of time. In\nparticular, a low-entropy state can have a very good chance of surviving the intense\nbut extremely short extreme phase. On the other hand, ifa sufficiently large dis-\nturbance occurs, then the metastable state may almost immediately decay into a\nvery disordered state of high entropy.\nIt is not my intension to further argue in favor of this viewpoint here. The main\nthing in this chapter is to show that completely symmetric boundary conditions at\nthe endpoints may give rise to a broken time symmetry.\nThe multiverse now splits up into four different kinds of paths:\n· LL: The entropy is low (=0) at both ends ( -m and m).\n· LH: The entropy is 0 at -m and 2m at m.\n· HL: The entropy is 2m at -m and 0 at m.\n· HH: The entropy is high (= 2m) at both ends ( -m and m ).\nIf we now denote by NLL,NLH, NHL and NHH the number of paths of the\nindicated kinds, then with the above assumptions we also get the corresponding\nprobability weights for the corresponding types as\nPLL = NLL, PLH = pN LH' PHL = pN HL' PHH = p2NHH.\n(10)\nWe can now consider the following two types of broken time symmetry:\nDefinition 4. A multiverse is said to exhibit a weak broken time symmetry if\nPLL \"PLH + PHL.\n(11)\nDefinition 5. A multiverse is said to exhibit a strong broken time symmetry if\nPLL + PHH 《 PLH + PHL.\n(12)\nBoth these definitions should of course be made more precise when applied to\nspecific models for the multiverse, e.g., by showing that the corresponding limits\n317" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Combinatorial Cosmology
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ho.577z/intechopen.go696
", + "markdown": "Combinatorial Cosmology\nDOI: http://dx.doi.org/ho.577z/intechopen.go696", + "text": "Combinatorial Cosmology\nDOI: http://dx.doi.org/ho.577z/intechopen.go696" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1434, + "y": 0.0258 + }, + { + "x": 0.4924, + "y": 0.0258 + }, + { + "x": 0.4924, + "y": 0.0569 + }, + { + "x": 0.1434, + "y": 0.0569 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

As for the normal phase, the choice will, to start with, be the simplest possible
one: each path is either possible or not, corresponding to the probability weights 1
and 0. During the extreme phases, this assumption is no longer reasonable. Again
the model will be extremely simplified, but still it is based on physical intuition and,
most importantly, completely time symmetric. Assume that the only types of edges
having a non-neglectable chance of occurring during the extreme phase
[-m - 1, -m] are of the following two kinds: The first scenario is that the universe
passes through the extreme phase into a state of zero entropy. The other scenario is
that it passes into a state with high entropy (equal to 2m). Universes of one of these
two types will be given the (un-normalized) probability 1 or p, respectively. Here
p > 0 should be thought of as a very small number, at least when the size of the
model becomes large. During the other extreme phase [m, m + 1], near the Big
Crunch, we make the completely symmetric assumption.

", + "markdown": "As for the normal phase, the choice will, to start with, be the simplest possible\none: each path is either possible or not, corresponding to the probability weights 1\nand 0. During the extreme phases, this assumption is no longer reasonable. Again\nthe model will be extremely simplified, but still it is based on physical intuition and,\nmost importantly, completely time symmetric. Assume that the only types of edges\nhaving a non-neglectable chance of occurring during the extreme phase\n[-m - 1, -m] are of the following two kinds: The first scenario is that the universe\npasses through the extreme phase into a state of zero entropy. The other scenario is\nthat it passes into a state with high entropy (equal to 2m). Universes of one of these\ntwo types will be given the (un-normalized) probability 1 or p, respectively. Here\np > 0 should be thought of as a very small number, at least when the size of the\nmodel becomes large. During the other extreme phase [m, m + 1], near the Big\nCrunch, we make the completely symmetric assumption.", + "text": "As for the normal phase, the choice will, to start with, be the simplest possible\none: each path is either possible or not, corresponding to the probability weights 1\nand 0. During the extreme phases, this assumption is no longer reasonable. Again\nthe model will be extremely simplified, but still it is based on physical intuition and,\nmost importantly, completely time symmetric. Assume that the only types of edges\nhaving a non-neglectable chance of occurring during the extreme phase\n[-m - 1, -m] are of the following two kinds: The first scenario is that the universe\npasses through the extreme phase into a state of zero entropy. The other scenario is\nthat it passes into a state with high entropy (equal to 2m). Universes of one of these\ntwo types will be given the (un-normalized) probability 1 or p, respectively. Here\np > 0 should be thought of as a very small number, at least when the size of the\nmodel becomes large. During the other extreme phase [m, m + 1], near the Big\nCrunch, we make the completely symmetric assumption." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1429, + "y": 0.0729 + }, + { + "x": 0.8551, + "y": 0.0729 + }, + { + "x": 0.8551, + "y": 0.2832 + }, + { + "x": 0.1429, + "y": 0.2832 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Remark 3. These assumptions may perhaps seem somewhat arbitrary. And to a
certain extent, this may be so. However, they do represent the following viewpoint
of what may happen at the full cosmological scale: we may think of the Big Bang and
the Big Crunch as states of complete order with zero volume and entropy. Such
states can very well be metastable, very much like an oversaturated gas at a tem-
perature below the point of condensation. If no disturbance takes place, such meta-
stable states can very well continue to exist for a substantial period of time. In
particular, a low-entropy state can have a very good chance of surviving the intense
but extremely short extreme phase. On the other hand, ifa sufficiently large dis-
turbance occurs, then the metastable state may almost immediately decay into a
very disordered state of high entropy.

", + "markdown": "Remark 3. These assumptions may perhaps seem somewhat arbitrary. And to a\ncertain extent, this may be so. However, they do represent the following viewpoint\nof what may happen at the full cosmological scale: we may think of the Big Bang and\nthe Big Crunch as states of complete order with zero volume and entropy. Such\nstates can very well be metastable, very much like an oversaturated gas at a tem-\nperature below the point of condensation. If no disturbance takes place, such meta-\nstable states can very well continue to exist for a substantial period of time. In\nparticular, a low-entropy state can have a very good chance of surviving the intense\nbut extremely short extreme phase. On the other hand, ifa sufficiently large dis-\nturbance occurs, then the metastable state may almost immediately decay into a\nvery disordered state of high entropy.", + "text": "Remark 3. These assumptions may perhaps seem somewhat arbitrary. And to a\ncertain extent, this may be so. However, they do represent the following viewpoint\nof what may happen at the full cosmological scale: we may think of the Big Bang and\nthe Big Crunch as states of complete order with zero volume and entropy. Such\nstates can very well be metastable, very much like an oversaturated gas at a tem-\nperature below the point of condensation. If no disturbance takes place, such meta-\nstable states can very well continue to exist for a substantial period of time. In\nparticular, a low-entropy state can have a very good chance of surviving the intense\nbut extremely short extreme phase. On the other hand, ifa sufficiently large dis-\nturbance occurs, then the metastable state may almost immediately decay into a\nvery disordered state of high entropy." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.143, + "y": 0.2835 + }, + { + "x": 0.8551, + "y": 0.2835 + }, + { + "x": 0.8551, + "y": 0.46 + }, + { + "x": 0.143, + "y": 0.46 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

It is not my intension to further argue in favor of this viewpoint here. The main
thing in this chapter is to show that completely symmetric boundary conditions at
the endpoints may give rise to a broken time symmetry.

", + "markdown": "It is not my intension to further argue in favor of this viewpoint here. The main\nthing in this chapter is to show that completely symmetric boundary conditions at\nthe endpoints may give rise to a broken time symmetry.", + "text": "It is not my intension to further argue in favor of this viewpoint here. The main\nthing in this chapter is to show that completely symmetric boundary conditions at\nthe endpoints may give rise to a broken time symmetry." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1423, + "y": 0.4616 + }, + { + "x": 0.8502, + "y": 0.4616 + }, + { + "x": 0.8502, + "y": 0.5109 + }, + { + "x": 0.1423, + "y": 0.5109 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The multiverse now splits up into four different kinds of paths:

", + "markdown": "The multiverse now splits up into four different kinds of paths:", + "text": "The multiverse now splits up into four different kinds of paths:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1722, + "y": 0.5117 + }, + { + "x": 0.7133, + "y": 0.5117 + }, + { + "x": 0.7133, + "y": 0.5289 + }, + { + "x": 0.1722, + "y": 0.5289 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· LL: The entropy is low (=0) at both ends ( -m and m).

", + "markdown": "- · LL: The entropy is low (=0) at both ends ( -m and m).\n", + "text": "· LL: The entropy is low (=0) at both ends ( -m and m)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1676, + "y": 0.5429 + }, + { + "x": 0.6472, + "y": 0.5429 + }, + { + "x": 0.6472, + "y": 0.5604 + }, + { + "x": 0.1676, + "y": 0.5604 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· LH: The entropy is 0 at -m and 2m at m.

", + "markdown": "- · LH: The entropy is 0 at -m and 2m at m.\n", + "text": "· LH: The entropy is 0 at -m and 2m at m." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1668, + "y": 0.5762 + }, + { + "x": 0.5335, + "y": 0.5762 + }, + { + "x": 0.5335, + "y": 0.5926 + }, + { + "x": 0.1668, + "y": 0.5926 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· HL: The entropy is 2m at -m and 0 at m.

", + "markdown": "- · HL: The entropy is 2m at -m and 0 at m.\n", + "text": "· HL: The entropy is 2m at -m and 0 at m." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1683, + "y": 0.6087 + }, + { + "x": 0.5342, + "y": 0.6087 + }, + { + "x": 0.5342, + "y": 0.6249 + }, + { + "x": 0.1683, + "y": 0.6249 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· HH: The entropy is high (= 2m) at both ends ( -m and m ).

", + "markdown": "- · HH: The entropy is high (= 2m) at both ends ( -m and m ).\n", + "text": "· HH: The entropy is high (= 2m) at both ends ( -m and m )." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1671, + "y": 0.6405 + }, + { + "x": 0.6853, + "y": 0.6405 + }, + { + "x": 0.6853, + "y": 0.658 + }, + { + "x": 0.1671, + "y": 0.658 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

If we now denote by NLL,NLH, NHL and NHH the number of paths of the
indicated kinds, then with the above assumptions we also get the corresponding
probability weights for the corresponding types as

", + "markdown": "If we now denote by NLL,NLH, NHL and NHH the number of paths of the\nindicated kinds, then with the above assumptions we also get the corresponding\nprobability weights for the corresponding types as", + "text": "If we now denote by NLL,NLH, NHL and NHH the number of paths of the\nindicated kinds, then with the above assumptions we also get the corresponding\nprobability weights for the corresponding types as" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.144, + "y": 0.6723 + }, + { + "x": 0.8259, + "y": 0.6723 + }, + { + "x": 0.8259, + "y": 0.7228 + }, + { + "x": 0.144, + "y": 0.7228 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$P_{L L}=N_{L L},\\quad P_{L H}=p N_{L H},\\quad P_{H L}=p N_{H L},\\quad P_{H H}=p^{2}N_{H H}.$$

", + "markdown": "$$P_{L L}=N_{L L},\\quad P_{L H}=p N_{L H},\\quad P_{H L}=p N_{H L},\\quad P_{H H}=p^{2}N_{H H}.$$", + "text": "PLL = NLL, PLH = pN LH' PHL = pN HL' PHH = p2NHH." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2148, + "y": 0.7326 + }, + { + "x": 0.7427, + "y": 0.7326 + }, + { + "x": 0.7427, + "y": 0.753 + }, + { + "x": 0.2148, + "y": 0.753 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "
(10)", + "markdown": "(10)", + "text": "(10)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7919, + "y": 0.7338 + }, + { + "x": 0.8323, + "y": 0.7338 + }, + { + "x": 0.8323, + "y": 0.7511 + }, + { + "x": 0.7919, + "y": 0.7511 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

We can now consider the following two types of broken time symmetry:
Definition 4. A multiverse is said to exhibit a weak broken time symmetry if

", + "markdown": "We can now consider the following two types of broken time symmetry:\nDefinition 4. A multiverse is said to exhibit a weak broken time symmetry if", + "text": "We can now consider the following two types of broken time symmetry:\nDefinition 4. A multiverse is said to exhibit a weak broken time symmetry if" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1698, + "y": 0.7644 + }, + { + "x": 0.8277, + "y": 0.7644 + }, + { + "x": 0.8277, + "y": 0.7995 + }, + { + "x": 0.1698, + "y": 0.7995 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$P_{L L}\\ll P_{L H}+P_{H L}.$$

", + "markdown": "$$P_{L L}\\ll P_{L H}+P_{H L}.$$", + "text": "PLL \"PLH + PHL." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4222, + "y": 0.8085 + }, + { + "x": 0.573, + "y": 0.8085 + }, + { + "x": 0.573, + "y": 0.8275 + }, + { + "x": 0.4222, + "y": 0.8275 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "
(11)", + "markdown": "(11)", + "text": "(11)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7944, + "y": 0.809 + }, + { + "x": 0.8323, + "y": 0.809 + }, + { + "x": 0.8323, + "y": 0.8266 + }, + { + "x": 0.7944, + "y": 0.8266 + } + ], + "id": 14, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Definition 5. A multiverse is said to exhibit a strong broken time symmetry if

", + "markdown": "Definition 5. A multiverse is said to exhibit a strong broken time symmetry if", + "text": "Definition 5. A multiverse is said to exhibit a strong broken time symmetry if" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1715, + "y": 0.8395 + }, + { + "x": 0.8312, + "y": 0.8395 + }, + { + "x": 0.8312, + "y": 0.8588 + }, + { + "x": 0.1715, + "y": 0.8588 + } + ], + "id": 15, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$P_{L L}+P_{H H}\\ll P_{L H}+P_{H L}.$$

", + "markdown": "$$P_{L L}+P_{H H}\\ll P_{L H}+P_{H L}.$$", + "text": "PLL + PHH 《 PLH + PHL." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.394, + "y": 0.8679 + }, + { + "x": 0.6015, + "y": 0.8679 + }, + { + "x": 0.6015, + "y": 0.886 + }, + { + "x": 0.394, + "y": 0.886 + } + ], + "id": 16, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "
(12)", + "markdown": "(12)", + "text": "(12)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7938, + "y": 0.8679 + }, + { + "x": 0.8319, + "y": 0.8679 + }, + { + "x": 0.8319, + "y": 0.8851 + }, + { + "x": 0.7938, + "y": 0.8851 + } + ], + "id": 17, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Both these definitions should of course be made more precise when applied to
specific models for the multiverse, e.g., by showing that the corresponding limits

", + "markdown": "Both these definitions should of course be made more precise when applied to\nspecific models for the multiverse, e.g., by showing that the corresponding limits", + "text": "Both these definitions should of course be made more precise when applied to\nspecific models for the multiverse, e.g., by showing that the corresponding limits" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1442, + "y": 0.8991 + }, + { + "x": 0.8366, + "y": 0.8991 + }, + { + "x": 0.8366, + "y": 0.9341 + }, + { + "x": 0.1442, + "y": 0.9341 + } + ], + "id": 18, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
317
", + "markdown": "317", + "text": "317" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1442, + "y": 0.9574 + }, + { + "x": 0.1727, + "y": 0.9574 + }, + { + "x": 0.1727, + "y": 0.97 + }, + { + "x": 0.1442, + "y": 0.97 + } + ], + "id": 19, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000127.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
Year3-Year5-Year7-Year
133.0%20.00%14.29%
244.45%32.00%24.49%
314.81%19.20%17.49%
47.41%11.52%12.49%
511.52%8.93%
65.76%8.93%
78.93%
84.46%
\n\n
YearRecovery RateUnadjusted BasisDepreciation ExpenseAccumulated Depreciation
1.1667$100,000$16,670$16,670
2.3333$100,000$33,330$50,000
3.3333$100,000$33,330$88,330
4.1667$100,000$16,670$100,000
Suppose your business just purchased a $100,000 asset that has a 3-year useful life, and falls into
3-year class of assets. Using the SL method, the depreciation expense each year for the next 3 years
would be:
\n

Note that the book value or basis of the asset (acquisition cost - accumulated depreciation) would
be $0 after it has been fully depreciated at the end of 4 years. Because of the half-year convention, it
takes 4 years to depreciate the asset, even though it falls into the 3-year classification.

\n\n
YearRecovery RateUnadjusted BasisDepreciation ExpenseAccumulated Depreciation
1.3333$100,000$33,333$33,333
2.4445$100,000$44,450$77,780
3.1481$100,000$14,810$92,950
4.741$100,000$7,410$100,000
Depreciation expense for the same asset using the MACRS method would be calculated as:
\n

Note again that the depreciation expense using MACRS is higher in the early years and lower in later
years than with the SL method and that the book value after 4 years is again zero. Businesses often
use MACRS for tax purposes and SL for profit reporting. Can you think of any reasons why?

\n

Some businesses that invest small amounts in capital assets are allowed to deduct up to $1,000,000
of the cost of acquired depreciable property as a current expenditure instead of a capital expenditure.
This is known as direct expensing, and is available only to businesses that don't make large capital
purchases each year. The allowable expensing amount is reduced by one dollar for each dollar of
capital investment expenditure over $2,500,000 during the year. Other restrictions also apply.

\n
42 I Ch. 3. The Federal Tax System
", + "markdown": "| Year | 3-Year | 5-Year | 7-Year |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 33.0% | 20.00% | 14.29% |\n| 2 | 44.45% | 32.00% | 24.49% |\n| 3 | 14.81% | 19.20% | 17.49% |\n| 4 | 7.41% | 11.52% | 12.49% |\n| 5 | | 11.52% | 8.93% |\n| 6 | | 5.76% | 8.93% |\n| 7 | | | 8.93% |\n| 8 | | | 4.46% |\n\n\nSuppose your business just purchased a $100,000 asset that has a 3-year useful life, and falls into\n3-year class of assets. Using the SL method, the depreciation expense each year for the next 3 years\nwould be:\n\n| Year | Recovery Rate | Unadjusted Basis | Depreciation Expense | Accumulated Depreciation |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | .1667 | $100,000 | $16,670 | $16,670 |\n| 2 | .3333 | $100,000 | $33,330 | $50,000 |\n| 3 | .3333 | $100,000 | $33,330 | $88,330 |\n| 4 | .1667 | $100,000 | $16,670 | $100,000 |\n\n\nNote that the book value or basis of the asset (acquisition cost - accumulated depreciation) would\nbe $0 after it has been fully depreciated at the end of 4 years. Because of the half-year convention, it\ntakes 4 years to depreciate the asset, even though it falls into the 3-year classification.\n\nDepreciation expense for the same asset using the MACRS method would be calculated as:\n\n| Year | Recovery Rate | Unadjusted Basis | Depreciation Expense | Accumulated Depreciation |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | .3333 | $100,000 | $33,333 | $33,333 |\n| 2 | .4445 | $100,000 | $44,450 | $77,780 |\n| 3 | .1481 | $100,000 | $14,810 | $92,950 |\n| 4 | .741 | $100,000 | $7,410 | $100,000 |\n\n\nNote again that the depreciation expense using MACRS is higher in the early years and lower in later\nyears than with the SL method and that the book value after 4 years is again zero. Businesses often\nuse MACRS for tax purposes and SL for profit reporting. Can you think of any reasons why?\n\nSome businesses that invest small amounts in capital assets are allowed to deduct up to $1,000,000\nof the cost of acquired depreciable property as a current expenditure instead of a capital expenditure.\nThis is known as direct expensing, and is available only to businesses that don't make large capital\npurchases each year. The allowable expensing amount is reduced by one dollar for each dollar of\ncapital investment expenditure over $2,500,000 during the year. Other restrictions also apply.\n\n42 I Ch. 3. The Federal Tax System", + "text": "Year 3-Year 5-Year 7-Year\n 1 33.0% 20.00% 14.29%\n 2 44.45% 32.00% 24.49%\n 3 14.81% 19.20% 17.49%\n 4 7.41% 11.52% 12.49%\n 5 11.52% 8.93%\n 6 5.76% 8.93%\n 7 8.93%\n 8 4.46%\nSuppose your business just purchased a $100,000 asset that has a 3-year useful life, and falls into\n3-year class of assets. Using the SL method, the depreciation expense each year for the next 3 years\nwould be:\nYear Recovery Rate Unadjusted Basis Depreciation Expense Accumulated Depreciation\n 1 .1667 $100,000 $16,670 $16,670\n 2 .3333 $100,000 $33,330 $50,000\n 3 .3333 $100,000 $33,330 $88,330\n 4 .1667 $100,000 $16,670 $100,000\nNote that the book value or basis of the asset (acquisition cost - accumulated depreciation) would\nbe $0 after it has been fully depreciated at the end of 4 years. Because of the half-year convention, it\ntakes 4 years to depreciate the asset, even though it falls into the 3-year classification.\nDepreciation expense for the same asset using the MACRS method would be calculated as:\nYear Recovery Rate Unadjusted Basis Depreciation Expense Accumulated Depreciation\n 1 .3333 $100,000 $33,333 $33,333\n 2 .4445 $100,000 $44,450 $77,780\n 3 .1481 $100,000 $14,810 $92,950\n 4 .741 $100,000 $7,410 $100,000\nNote again that the depreciation expense using MACRS is higher in the early years and lower in later\nyears than with the SL method and that the book value after 4 years is again zero. Businesses often\nuse MACRS for tax purposes and SL for profit reporting. Can you think of any reasons why?\nSome businesses that invest small amounts in capital assets are allowed to deduct up to $1,000,000\nof the cost of acquired depreciable property as a current expenditure instead of a capital expenditure.\nThis is known as direct expensing, and is available only to businesses that don't make large capital\npurchases each year. The allowable expensing amount is reduced by one dollar for each dollar of\ncapital investment expenditure over $2,500,000 during the year. Other restrictions also apply.\n42 I Ch. 3. The Federal Tax System" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
Year3-Year5-Year7-Year
133.0%20.00%14.29%
244.45%32.00%24.49%
314.81%19.20%17.49%
47.41%11.52%12.49%
511.52%8.93%
65.76%8.93%
78.93%
84.46%
", + "markdown": "| Year | 3-Year | 5-Year | 7-Year |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 33.0% | 20.00% | 14.29% |\n| 2 | 44.45% | 32.00% | 24.49% |\n| 3 | 14.81% | 19.20% | 17.49% |\n| 4 | 7.41% | 11.52% | 12.49% |\n| 5 | | 11.52% | 8.93% |\n| 6 | | 5.76% | 8.93% |\n| 7 | | | 8.93% |\n| 8 | | | 4.46% |\n", + "text": "Year 3-Year 5-Year 7-Year\n 1 33.0% 20.00% 14.29%\n 2 44.45% 32.00% 24.49%\n 3 14.81% 19.20% 17.49%\n 4 7.41% 11.52% 12.49%\n 5 11.52% 8.93%\n 6 5.76% 8.93%\n 7 8.93%\n 8 4.46%" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0869, + "y": 0.069 + }, + { + "x": 0.7885, + "y": 0.069 + }, + { + "x": 0.7885, + "y": 0.2729 + }, + { + "x": 0.0869, + "y": 0.2729 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Suppose your business just purchased a $100,000 asset that has a 3-year useful life, and falls into
3-year class of assets. Using the SL method, the depreciation expense each year for the next 3 years
would be:

", + "markdown": "Suppose your business just purchased a $100,000 asset that has a 3-year useful life, and falls into\n3-year class of assets. Using the SL method, the depreciation expense each year for the next 3 years\nwould be:", + "text": "Suppose your business just purchased a $100,000 asset that has a 3-year useful life, and falls into\n3-year class of assets. Using the SL method, the depreciation expense each year for the next 3 years\nwould be:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0834, + "y": 0.2911 + }, + { + "x": 0.9172, + "y": 0.2911 + }, + { + "x": 0.9172, + "y": 0.3484 + }, + { + "x": 0.0834, + "y": 0.3484 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
YearRecovery RateUnadjusted BasisDepreciation ExpenseAccumulated Depreciation
1.1667$100,000$16,670$16,670
2.3333$100,000$33,330$50,000
3.3333$100,000$33,330$88,330
4.1667$100,000$16,670$100,000
", + "markdown": "| Year | Recovery Rate | Unadjusted Basis | Depreciation Expense | Accumulated Depreciation |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | .1667 | $100,000 | $16,670 | $16,670 |\n| 2 | .3333 | $100,000 | $33,330 | $50,000 |\n| 3 | .3333 | $100,000 | $33,330 | $88,330 |\n| 4 | .1667 | $100,000 | $16,670 | $100,000 |\n", + "text": "Year Recovery Rate Unadjusted Basis Depreciation Expense Accumulated Depreciation\n 1 .1667 $100,000 $16,670 $16,670\n 2 .3333 $100,000 $33,330 $50,000\n 3 .3333 $100,000 $33,330 $88,330\n 4 .1667 $100,000 $16,670 $100,000" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.083, + "y": 0.3667 + }, + { + "x": 0.9149, + "y": 0.3667 + }, + { + "x": 0.9149, + "y": 0.4794 + }, + { + "x": 0.083, + "y": 0.4794 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Note that the book value or basis of the asset (acquisition cost - accumulated depreciation) would
be $0 after it has been fully depreciated at the end of 4 years. Because of the half-year convention, it
takes 4 years to depreciate the asset, even though it falls into the 3-year classification.

", + "markdown": "Note that the book value or basis of the asset (acquisition cost - accumulated depreciation) would\nbe $0 after it has been fully depreciated at the end of 4 years. Because of the half-year convention, it\ntakes 4 years to depreciate the asset, even though it falls into the 3-year classification.", + "text": "Note that the book value or basis of the asset (acquisition cost - accumulated depreciation) would\nbe $0 after it has been fully depreciated at the end of 4 years. Because of the half-year convention, it\ntakes 4 years to depreciate the asset, even though it falls into the 3-year classification." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0839, + "y": 0.498 + }, + { + "x": 0.9165, + "y": 0.498 + }, + { + "x": 0.9165, + "y": 0.5557 + }, + { + "x": 0.0839, + "y": 0.5557 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Depreciation expense for the same asset using the MACRS method would be calculated as:

", + "markdown": "Depreciation expense for the same asset using the MACRS method would be calculated as:", + "text": "Depreciation expense for the same asset using the MACRS method would be calculated as:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.085, + "y": 0.5698 + }, + { + "x": 0.8369, + "y": 0.5698 + }, + { + "x": 0.8369, + "y": 0.5877 + }, + { + "x": 0.085, + "y": 0.5877 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
YearRecovery RateUnadjusted BasisDepreciation ExpenseAccumulated Depreciation
1.3333$100,000$33,333$33,333
2.4445$100,000$44,450$77,780
3.1481$100,000$14,810$92,950
4.741$100,000$7,410$100,000
", + "markdown": "| Year | Recovery Rate | Unadjusted Basis | Depreciation Expense | Accumulated Depreciation |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | .3333 | $100,000 | $33,333 | $33,333 |\n| 2 | .4445 | $100,000 | $44,450 | $77,780 |\n| 3 | .1481 | $100,000 | $14,810 | $92,950 |\n| 4 | .741 | $100,000 | $7,410 | $100,000 |\n", + "text": "Year Recovery Rate Unadjusted Basis Depreciation Expense Accumulated Depreciation\n 1 .3333 $100,000 $33,333 $33,333\n 2 .4445 $100,000 $44,450 $77,780\n 3 .1481 $100,000 $14,810 $92,950\n 4 .741 $100,000 $7,410 $100,000" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.084, + "y": 0.6055 + }, + { + "x": 0.9145, + "y": 0.6055 + }, + { + "x": 0.9145, + "y": 0.7177 + }, + { + "x": 0.084, + "y": 0.7177 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Note again that the depreciation expense using MACRS is higher in the early years and lower in later
years than with the SL method and that the book value after 4 years is again zero. Businesses often
use MACRS for tax purposes and SL for profit reporting. Can you think of any reasons why?

", + "markdown": "Note again that the depreciation expense using MACRS is higher in the early years and lower in later\nyears than with the SL method and that the book value after 4 years is again zero. Businesses often\nuse MACRS for tax purposes and SL for profit reporting. Can you think of any reasons why?", + "text": "Note again that the depreciation expense using MACRS is higher in the early years and lower in later\nyears than with the SL method and that the book value after 4 years is again zero. Businesses often\nuse MACRS for tax purposes and SL for profit reporting. Can you think of any reasons why?" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0837, + "y": 0.7368 + }, + { + "x": 0.9166, + "y": 0.7368 + }, + { + "x": 0.9166, + "y": 0.7947 + }, + { + "x": 0.0837, + "y": 0.7947 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Some businesses that invest small amounts in capital assets are allowed to deduct up to $1,000,000
of the cost of acquired depreciable property as a current expenditure instead of a capital expenditure.
This is known as direct expensing, and is available only to businesses that don't make large capital
purchases each year. The allowable expensing amount is reduced by one dollar for each dollar of
capital investment expenditure over $2,500,000 during the year. Other restrictions also apply.

", + "markdown": "Some businesses that invest small amounts in capital assets are allowed to deduct up to $1,000,000\nof the cost of acquired depreciable property as a current expenditure instead of a capital expenditure.\nThis is known as direct expensing, and is available only to businesses that don't make large capital\npurchases each year. The allowable expensing amount is reduced by one dollar for each dollar of\ncapital investment expenditure over $2,500,000 during the year. Other restrictions also apply.", + "text": "Some businesses that invest small amounts in capital assets are allowed to deduct up to $1,000,000\nof the cost of acquired depreciable property as a current expenditure instead of a capital expenditure.\nThis is known as direct expensing, and is available only to businesses that don't make large capital\npurchases each year. The allowable expensing amount is reduced by one dollar for each dollar of\ncapital investment expenditure over $2,500,000 during the year. Other restrictions also apply." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0848, + "y": 0.8091 + }, + { + "x": 0.9181, + "y": 0.8091 + }, + { + "x": 0.9181, + "y": 0.9057 + }, + { + "x": 0.0848, + "y": 0.9057 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
42 I Ch. 3. The Federal Tax System
", + "markdown": "42 I Ch. 3. The Federal Tax System", + "text": "42 I Ch. 3. The Federal Tax System" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0847, + "y": 0.9487 + }, + { + "x": 0.3182, + "y": 0.9487 + }, + { + "x": 0.3182, + "y": 0.9642 + }, + { + "x": 0.0847, + "y": 0.9642 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000070.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
\"180\n160\n160\nInstitutions\n140\n120\nParticipating\n100\n80\nof
two meetings are related to the initial meeting of VNR and as particular human rights
focus. 73
\n
Diagram 2Participation of Institutions in the VNR Meeting of Indonesia 2021.74
two meetings are related to the initial meeting of VNR and as particular human rights
focus. 73
\n\n
\"16
The distribution of participating institutions in VNR-related meetings are as follows:
\n
Diagram 3Distribution of Participating Institutions within VNR Meeting of Indonesia 2021.75
two meetings are related to the initial meeting of VNR and as particular human rights
focus. 73
\n

74 Data is processed based on: ibid., 332-345.
75 Data is processed based on: Kementerian PPN / Bappenas, \"Annexes Indonesia's VNR 2021\" (n.
68), 332-345.

\n
14
", + "markdown": "two meetings are related to the initial meeting of VNR and as particular human rights\nfocus. 73\n\n180\n160\n160\nInstitutions\n140\n120\nParticipating\n100\n80\nof 60\n43\nNumber\n40\n18\n20 9\n4 2 1 1\n1\n0\nMeeting Participation Frequency\n1x 2x 3x 4x 5x 7x 8x 11x 23x 24x\n\n| Diagram 2 | Participation of Institutions in the VNR Meeting of Indonesia 2021.74 |\n| --- | --- |\n\n\nThe distribution of participating institutions in VNR-related meetings are as follows:\n\n16 (7%) Government\n7 (3%)\n57 (24%)\n■ Other State Institutions\n31 (13%)\nCivil Society Organizations\nPhilanthropic Foundation\n19 (8%)\n20 (8%)\nEducational Institution\nPrivate and State-Owned\nCompanies\n■ Other Institutions\n90 (37%)\n\n| Diagram 3 | Distribution of Participating Institutions within VNR Meeting of Indonesia 2021.75 |\n| --- | --- |\n\n\n74 Data is processed based on: ibid., 332-345.\n75 Data is processed based on: Kementerian PPN / Bappenas, \"Annexes Indonesia's VNR 2021\" (n.\n68), 332-345.\n\n14", + "text": "two meetings are related to the initial meeting of VNR and as particular human rights\nfocus. 73\n180\n160\n160\nInstitutions\n140\n120\nParticipating\n100\n80\nof 60\n43\nNumber\n40\n18\n20 9\n4 2 1 1\n1\n0\nMeeting Participation Frequency\n1x 2x 3x 4x 5x 7x 8x 11x 23x 24x\nDiagram 2 Participation of Institutions in the VNR Meeting of Indonesia 2021.74\nThe distribution of participating institutions in VNR-related meetings are as follows:\n16 (7%) Government\n7 (3%)\n57 (24%)\n■ Other State Institutions\n31 (13%)\nCivil Society Organizations\nPhilanthropic Foundation\n19 (8%)\n20 (8%)\nEducational Institution\nPrivate and State-Owned\nCompanies\n■ Other Institutions\n90 (37%)\nDiagram 3 Distribution of Participating Institutions within VNR Meeting of Indonesia 2021.75\n74 Data is processed based on: ibid., 332-345.\n75 Data is processed based on: Kementerian PPN / Bappenas, \"Annexes Indonesia's VNR 2021\" (n.\n68), 332-345.\n14" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

two meetings are related to the initial meeting of VNR and as particular human rights
focus. 73

", + "markdown": "two meetings are related to the initial meeting of VNR and as particular human rights\nfocus. 73", + "text": "two meetings are related to the initial meeting of VNR and as particular human rights\nfocus. 73" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1291, + "y": 0.0857 + }, + { + "x": 0.883, + "y": 0.0857 + }, + { + "x": 0.883, + "y": 0.1214 + }, + { + "x": 0.1291, + "y": 0.1214 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"180\n160\n160\nInstitutions\n140\n120\nParticipating\n100\n80\nof
", + "markdown": "180\n160\n160\nInstitutions\n140\n120\nParticipating\n100\n80\nof 60\n43\nNumber\n40\n18\n20 9\n4 2 1 1\n1\n0\nMeeting Participation Frequency\n1x 2x 3x 4x 5x 7x 8x 11x 23x 24x", + "text": "180\n160\n160\nInstitutions\n140\n120\nParticipating\n100\n80\nof 60\n43\nNumber\n40\n18\n20 9\n4 2 1 1\n1\n0\nMeeting Participation Frequency\n1x 2x 3x 4x 5x 7x 8x 11x 23x 24x" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.155, + "y": 0.1437 + }, + { + "x": 0.8434, + "y": 0.1437 + }, + { + "x": 0.8434, + "y": 0.4355 + }, + { + "x": 0.155, + "y": 0.4355 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
Diagram 2Participation of Institutions in the VNR Meeting of Indonesia 2021.74
", + "markdown": "| Diagram 2 | Participation of Institutions in the VNR Meeting of Indonesia 2021.74 |\n| --- | --- |\n", + "text": "Diagram 2 Participation of Institutions in the VNR Meeting of Indonesia 2021.74" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2308, + "y": 0.4605 + }, + { + "x": 0.7554, + "y": 0.4605 + }, + { + "x": 0.7554, + "y": 0.4899 + }, + { + "x": 0.2308, + "y": 0.4899 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The distribution of participating institutions in VNR-related meetings are as follows:

", + "markdown": "The distribution of participating institutions in VNR-related meetings are as follows:", + "text": "The distribution of participating institutions in VNR-related meetings are as follows:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1297, + "y": 0.5119 + }, + { + "x": 0.8696, + "y": 0.5119 + }, + { + "x": 0.8696, + "y": 0.5319 + }, + { + "x": 0.1297, + "y": 0.5319 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"16
", + "markdown": "16 (7%) Government\n7 (3%)\n57 (24%)\n■ Other State Institutions\n31 (13%)\nCivil Society Organizations\nPhilanthropic Foundation\n19 (8%)\n20 (8%)\nEducational Institution\nPrivate and State-Owned\nCompanies\n■ Other Institutions\n90 (37%)", + "text": "16 (7%) Government\n7 (3%)\n57 (24%)\n■ Other State Institutions\n31 (13%)\nCivil Society Organizations\nPhilanthropic Foundation\n19 (8%)\n20 (8%)\nEducational Institution\nPrivate and State-Owned\nCompanies\n■ Other Institutions\n90 (37%)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1621, + "y": 0.5404 + }, + { + "x": 0.8494, + "y": 0.5404 + }, + { + "x": 0.8494, + "y": 0.791 + }, + { + "x": 0.1621, + "y": 0.791 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
Diagram 3Distribution of Participating Institutions within VNR Meeting of Indonesia 2021.75
", + "markdown": "| Diagram 3 | Distribution of Participating Institutions within VNR Meeting of Indonesia 2021.75 |\n| --- | --- |\n", + "text": "Diagram 3 Distribution of Participating Institutions within VNR Meeting of Indonesia 2021.75" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2001, + "y": 0.822 + }, + { + "x": 0.7275, + "y": 0.822 + }, + { + "x": 0.7275, + "y": 0.8523 + }, + { + "x": 0.2001, + "y": 0.8523 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

74 Data is processed based on: ibid., 332-345.
75 Data is processed based on: Kementerian PPN / Bappenas, \"Annexes Indonesia's VNR 2021\" (n.
68), 332-345.

", + "markdown": "74 Data is processed based on: ibid., 332-345.\n75 Data is processed based on: Kementerian PPN / Bappenas, \"Annexes Indonesia's VNR 2021\" (n.\n68), 332-345.", + "text": "74 Data is processed based on: ibid., 332-345.\n75 Data is processed based on: Kementerian PPN / Bappenas, \"Annexes Indonesia's VNR 2021\" (n.\n68), 332-345." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1163, + "y": 0.8722 + }, + { + "x": 0.881, + "y": 0.8722 + }, + { + "x": 0.881, + "y": 0.9163 + }, + { + "x": 0.1163, + "y": 0.9163 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
14
", + "markdown": "14", + "text": "14" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4888, + "y": 0.931 + }, + { + "x": 0.5116, + "y": 0.931 + }, + { + "x": 0.5116, + "y": 0.9436 + }, + { + "x": 0.4888, + "y": 0.9436 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000079.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Executive
Summary

\n

I cholesterol' that is getting in
ndia suffers from 'regulatory
the way of doing business. The
legislations, rules and regulations
enacted by the Union and State
governments have over time created
barriers to the smooth flow of ideas,
organisation, money, entrepreneurship
and through them the creation of jobs,
wealth and GDP.

\n

The presence of hostile clauses in these
laws, rules and regulations has grown
since Independence, surviving three
decades of economic reforms initiated in
1991. The biggest challenges come from
the continuance ofimprisonment as a tool
of control. As automation increases in
the coming years, the pre-Independence
1940s-style administrative controls
meant to protect labour will prove
counter-productive in 21st-century India.

\n

There are 1,536 laws that govern
doing business in India, of which 678
are implemented at the Union level.
Within these laws is a web of 69,233
compliances, of which 25,537 are at the
Union level. These compliances need to
be communicated to the governments
through 6,618 annual filings, 2,282
(34.5 percent) at the Union level and at
the states, 4,336.

\n

These changes in compliance
requirements occur constantly and
add to business uncertainty. In the 12
months up to 31 December 2021, there
have been 3,577 regulatory changes;

", + "markdown": "# Executive\nSummary\n\nI cholesterol' that is getting in\nndia suffers from 'regulatory\nthe way of doing business. The\nlegislations, rules and regulations\nenacted by the Union and State\ngovernments have over time created\nbarriers to the smooth flow of ideas,\norganisation, money, entrepreneurship\nand through them the creation of jobs,\nwealth and GDP.\n\nThe presence of hostile clauses in these\nlaws, rules and regulations has grown\nsince Independence, surviving three\ndecades of economic reforms initiated in\n1991. The biggest challenges come from\nthe continuance ofimprisonment as a tool\nof control. As automation increases in\nthe coming years, the pre-Independence\n1940s-style administrative controls\nmeant to protect labour will prove\ncounter-productive in 21st-century India.\n\nThere are 1,536 laws that govern\ndoing business in India, of which 678\nare implemented at the Union level.\nWithin these laws is a web of 69,233\ncompliances, of which 25,537 are at the\nUnion level. These compliances need to\nbe communicated to the governments\nthrough 6,618 annual filings, 2,282\n(34.5 percent) at the Union level and at\nthe states, 4,336.\n\nThese changes in compliance\nrequirements occur constantly and\nadd to business uncertainty. In the 12\nmonths up to 31 December 2021, there\nhave been 3,577 regulatory changes;", + "text": "Executive\nSummary\nI cholesterol' that is getting in\nndia suffers from 'regulatory\nthe way of doing business. The\nlegislations, rules and regulations\nenacted by the Union and State\ngovernments have over time created\nbarriers to the smooth flow of ideas,\norganisation, money, entrepreneurship\nand through them the creation of jobs,\nwealth and GDP.\nThe presence of hostile clauses in these\nlaws, rules and regulations has grown\nsince Independence, surviving three\ndecades of economic reforms initiated in\n1991. The biggest challenges come from\nthe continuance ofimprisonment as a tool\nof control. As automation increases in\nthe coming years, the pre-Independence\n1940s-style administrative controls\nmeant to protect labour will prove\ncounter-productive in 21st-century India.\nThere are 1,536 laws that govern\ndoing business in India, of which 678\nare implemented at the Union level.\nWithin these laws is a web of 69,233\ncompliances, of which 25,537 are at the\nUnion level. These compliances need to\nbe communicated to the governments\nthrough 6,618 annual filings, 2,282\n(34.5 percent) at the Union level and at\nthe states, 4,336.\nThese changes in compliance\nrequirements occur constantly and\nadd to business uncertainty. In the 12\nmonths up to 31 December 2021, there\nhave been 3,577 regulatory changes;" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Executive
Summary

", + "markdown": "# Executive\nSummary", + "text": "Executive\nSummary" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1637, + "y": 0.1148 + }, + { + "x": 0.4306, + "y": 0.1148 + }, + { + "x": 0.4306, + "y": 0.2041 + }, + { + "x": 0.1637, + "y": 0.2041 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

I cholesterol' that is getting in
ndia suffers from 'regulatory
the way of doing business. The
legislations, rules and regulations
enacted by the Union and State
governments have over time created
barriers to the smooth flow of ideas,
organisation, money, entrepreneurship
and through them the creation of jobs,
wealth and GDP.

", + "markdown": "I cholesterol' that is getting in\nndia suffers from 'regulatory\nthe way of doing business. The\nlegislations, rules and regulations\nenacted by the Union and State\ngovernments have over time created\nbarriers to the smooth flow of ideas,\norganisation, money, entrepreneurship\nand through them the creation of jobs,\nwealth and GDP.", + "text": "I cholesterol' that is getting in\nndia suffers from 'regulatory\nthe way of doing business. The\nlegislations, rules and regulations\nenacted by the Union and State\ngovernments have over time created\nbarriers to the smooth flow of ideas,\norganisation, money, entrepreneurship\nand through them the creation of jobs,\nwealth and GDP." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5086, + "y": 0.1267 + }, + { + "x": 0.8419, + "y": 0.1267 + }, + { + "x": 0.8419, + "y": 0.3218 + }, + { + "x": 0.5086, + "y": 0.3218 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The presence of hostile clauses in these
laws, rules and regulations has grown
since Independence, surviving three
decades of economic reforms initiated in
1991. The biggest challenges come from
the continuance ofimprisonment as a tool
of control. As automation increases in
the coming years, the pre-Independence
1940s-style administrative controls
meant to protect labour will prove
counter-productive in 21st-century India.

", + "markdown": "The presence of hostile clauses in these\nlaws, rules and regulations has grown\nsince Independence, surviving three\ndecades of economic reforms initiated in\n1991. The biggest challenges come from\nthe continuance ofimprisonment as a tool\nof control. As automation increases in\nthe coming years, the pre-Independence\n1940s-style administrative controls\nmeant to protect labour will prove\ncounter-productive in 21st-century India.", + "text": "The presence of hostile clauses in these\nlaws, rules and regulations has grown\nsince Independence, surviving three\ndecades of economic reforms initiated in\n1991. The biggest challenges come from\nthe continuance ofimprisonment as a tool\nof control. As automation increases in\nthe coming years, the pre-Independence\n1940s-style administrative controls\nmeant to protect labour will prove\ncounter-productive in 21st-century India." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5117, + "y": 0.3415 + }, + { + "x": 0.8394, + "y": 0.3415 + }, + { + "x": 0.8394, + "y": 0.5511 + }, + { + "x": 0.5117, + "y": 0.5511 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

There are 1,536 laws that govern
doing business in India, of which 678
are implemented at the Union level.
Within these laws is a web of 69,233
compliances, of which 25,537 are at the
Union level. These compliances need to
be communicated to the governments
through 6,618 annual filings, 2,282
(34.5 percent) at the Union level and at
the states, 4,336.

", + "markdown": "There are 1,536 laws that govern\ndoing business in India, of which 678\nare implemented at the Union level.\nWithin these laws is a web of 69,233\ncompliances, of which 25,537 are at the\nUnion level. These compliances need to\nbe communicated to the governments\nthrough 6,618 annual filings, 2,282\n(34.5 percent) at the Union level and at\nthe states, 4,336.", + "text": "There are 1,536 laws that govern\ndoing business in India, of which 678\nare implemented at the Union level.\nWithin these laws is a web of 69,233\ncompliances, of which 25,537 are at the\nUnion level. These compliances need to\nbe communicated to the governments\nthrough 6,618 annual filings, 2,282\n(34.5 percent) at the Union level and at\nthe states, 4,336." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5111, + "y": 0.5701 + }, + { + "x": 0.8396, + "y": 0.5701 + }, + { + "x": 0.8396, + "y": 0.7593 + }, + { + "x": 0.5111, + "y": 0.7593 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

These changes in compliance
requirements occur constantly and
add to business uncertainty. In the 12
months up to 31 December 2021, there
have been 3,577 regulatory changes;

", + "markdown": "These changes in compliance\nrequirements occur constantly and\nadd to business uncertainty. In the 12\nmonths up to 31 December 2021, there\nhave been 3,577 regulatory changes;", + "text": "These changes in compliance\nrequirements occur constantly and\nadd to business uncertainty. In the 12\nmonths up to 31 December 2021, there\nhave been 3,577 regulatory changes;" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5099, + "y": 0.7792 + }, + { + "x": 0.8396, + "y": 0.7792 + }, + { + "x": 0.8396, + "y": 0.8741 + }, + { + "x": 0.5099, + "y": 0.8741 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000015.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
FROM CRADLE TO GRAVE
\n
207
\n
\"\"
\n

FIGURE 11.12 A Bahraini bride in traditional green thobe. She wears a circular gold plate (hama or taasa) on her head, with
the chains of discs talaat suspended from the rim. Sweet basil (mishmun), jasmine, and rosebuds adorn her
hair. Around her wrists she wears gold bangles, including the shmelat, studded with turquoise and pink glass.
She wears a murta'asha choker and a long murtahish necklace ending in a crescent element.

\n

central element. As seen in figure 11.11, a seytemi
may be added to this; it can be identified by the
row of gold coins running up the chain and \"it is
among the most sought after pieces ofjewellery by
women in the U.A.E.\"72 All these pieces may vary in
size and weight. At her waist, the bride will wear a

\n

72 Gubash and Lootah, Traditional EmiratiJewels, 62.

\n

gold belt (hizam), which is usually composed of
articulated square or round elements with smaller
dangling bells or tassels. On her hands, she will of-
ten have rings on each finger, especially the shahi-
da ring, worn on both forefingers, and the marami
on the middle finger. The back of her hand may
be covered in the kaf or chef ornament, which runs
from rings and is anchored to a bracelet. She also

", + "markdown": "FROM CRADLE TO GRAVE\n\n207\n\n\n\nFIGURE 11.12 A Bahraini bride in traditional green thobe. She wears a circular gold plate (hama or taasa) on her head, with\nthe chains of discs talaat suspended from the rim. Sweet basil (mishmun), jasmine, and rosebuds adorn her\nhair. Around her wrists she wears gold bangles, including the shmelat, studded with turquoise and pink glass.\nShe wears a murta'asha choker and a long murtahish necklace ending in a crescent element.\n\ncentral element. As seen in figure 11.11, a seytemi\nmay be added to this; it can be identified by the\nrow of gold coins running up the chain and \"it is\namong the most sought after pieces ofjewellery by\nwomen in the U.A.E.\"72 All these pieces may vary in\nsize and weight. At her waist, the bride will wear a\n\n72 Gubash and Lootah, Traditional EmiratiJewels, 62.\n\ngold belt (hizam), which is usually composed of\narticulated square or round elements with smaller\ndangling bells or tassels. On her hands, she will of-\nten have rings on each finger, especially the shahi-\nda ring, worn on both forefingers, and the marami\non the middle finger. The back of her hand may\nbe covered in the kaf or chef ornament, which runs\nfrom rings and is anchored to a bracelet. She also", + "text": "FROM CRADLE TO GRAVE\n207\n\nFIGURE 11.12 A Bahraini bride in traditional green thobe. She wears a circular gold plate (hama or taasa) on her head, with\nthe chains of discs talaat suspended from the rim. Sweet basil (mishmun), jasmine, and rosebuds adorn her\nhair. Around her wrists she wears gold bangles, including the shmelat, studded with turquoise and pink glass.\nShe wears a murta'asha choker and a long murtahish necklace ending in a crescent element.\ncentral element. As seen in figure 11.11, a seytemi\nmay be added to this; it can be identified by the\nrow of gold coins running up the chain and \"it is\namong the most sought after pieces ofjewellery by\nwomen in the U.A.E.\"72 All these pieces may vary in\nsize and weight. At her waist, the bride will wear a\n72 Gubash and Lootah, Traditional EmiratiJewels, 62.\ngold belt (hizam), which is usually composed of\narticulated square or round elements with smaller\ndangling bells or tassels. On her hands, she will of-\nten have rings on each finger, especially the shahi-\nda ring, worn on both forefingers, and the marami\non the middle finger. The back of her hand may\nbe covered in the kaf or chef ornament, which runs\nfrom rings and is anchored to a bracelet. She also" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
FROM CRADLE TO GRAVE
", + "markdown": "FROM CRADLE TO GRAVE", + "text": "FROM CRADLE TO GRAVE" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1006, + "y": 0.049 + }, + { + "x": 0.2895, + "y": 0.049 + }, + { + "x": 0.2895, + "y": 0.0608 + }, + { + "x": 0.1006, + "y": 0.0608 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
207
", + "markdown": "207", + "text": "207" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8675, + "y": 0.0481 + }, + { + "x": 0.8998, + "y": 0.0481 + }, + { + "x": 0.8998, + "y": 0.0608 + }, + { + "x": 0.8675, + "y": 0.0608 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"\"
", + "markdown": "", + "text": "" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1031, + "y": 0.0742 + }, + { + "x": 0.8924, + "y": 0.0742 + }, + { + "x": 0.8924, + "y": 0.6619 + }, + { + "x": 0.1031, + "y": 0.6619 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

FIGURE 11.12 A Bahraini bride in traditional green thobe. She wears a circular gold plate (hama or taasa) on her head, with
the chains of discs talaat suspended from the rim. Sweet basil (mishmun), jasmine, and rosebuds adorn her
hair. Around her wrists she wears gold bangles, including the shmelat, studded with turquoise and pink glass.
She wears a murta'asha choker and a long murtahish necklace ending in a crescent element.

", + "markdown": "FIGURE 11.12 A Bahraini bride in traditional green thobe. She wears a circular gold plate (hama or taasa) on her head, with\nthe chains of discs talaat suspended from the rim. Sweet basil (mishmun), jasmine, and rosebuds adorn her\nhair. Around her wrists she wears gold bangles, including the shmelat, studded with turquoise and pink glass.\nShe wears a murta'asha choker and a long murtahish necklace ending in a crescent element.", + "text": "FIGURE 11.12 A Bahraini bride in traditional green thobe. She wears a circular gold plate (hama or taasa) on her head, with\nthe chains of discs talaat suspended from the rim. Sweet basil (mishmun), jasmine, and rosebuds adorn her\nhair. Around her wrists she wears gold bangles, including the shmelat, studded with turquoise and pink glass.\nShe wears a murta'asha choker and a long murtahish necklace ending in a crescent element." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1064, + "y": 0.6709 + }, + { + "x": 0.8918, + "y": 0.6709 + }, + { + "x": 0.8918, + "y": 0.7308 + }, + { + "x": 0.1064, + "y": 0.7308 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

central element. As seen in figure 11.11, a seytemi
may be added to this; it can be identified by the
row of gold coins running up the chain and \"it is
among the most sought after pieces ofjewellery by
women in the U.A.E.\"72 All these pieces may vary in
size and weight. At her waist, the bride will wear a

", + "markdown": "central element. As seen in figure 11.11, a seytemi\nmay be added to this; it can be identified by the\nrow of gold coins running up the chain and \"it is\namong the most sought after pieces ofjewellery by\nwomen in the U.A.E.\"72 All these pieces may vary in\nsize and weight. At her waist, the bride will wear a", + "text": "central element. As seen in figure 11.11, a seytemi\nmay be added to this; it can be identified by the\nrow of gold coins running up the chain and \"it is\namong the most sought after pieces ofjewellery by\nwomen in the U.A.E.\"72 All these pieces may vary in\nsize and weight. At her waist, the bride will wear a" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1, + "y": 0.7575 + }, + { + "x": 0.491, + "y": 0.7575 + }, + { + "x": 0.491, + "y": 0.8663 + }, + { + "x": 0.1, + "y": 0.8663 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

72 Gubash and Lootah, Traditional EmiratiJewels, 62.

", + "markdown": "72 Gubash and Lootah, Traditional EmiratiJewels, 62.", + "text": "72 Gubash and Lootah, Traditional EmiratiJewels, 62." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1006, + "y": 0.8872 + }, + { + "x": 0.4626, + "y": 0.8872 + }, + { + "x": 0.4626, + "y": 0.9027 + }, + { + "x": 0.1006, + "y": 0.9027 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

gold belt (hizam), which is usually composed of
articulated square or round elements with smaller
dangling bells or tassels. On her hands, she will of-
ten have rings on each finger, especially the shahi-
da ring, worn on both forefingers, and the marami
on the middle finger. The back of her hand may
be covered in the kaf or chef ornament, which runs
from rings and is anchored to a bracelet. She also

", + "markdown": "gold belt (hizam), which is usually composed of\narticulated square or round elements with smaller\ndangling bells or tassels. On her hands, she will of-\nten have rings on each finger, especially the shahi-\nda ring, worn on both forefingers, and the marami\non the middle finger. The back of her hand may\nbe covered in the kaf or chef ornament, which runs\nfrom rings and is anchored to a bracelet. She also", + "text": "gold belt (hizam), which is usually composed of\narticulated square or round elements with smaller\ndangling bells or tassels. On her hands, she will of-\nten have rings on each finger, especially the shahi-\nda ring, worn on both forefingers, and the marami\non the middle finger. The back of her hand may\nbe covered in the kaf or chef ornament, which runs\nfrom rings and is anchored to a bracelet. She also" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5085, + "y": 0.7574 + }, + { + "x": 0.9007, + "y": 0.7574 + }, + { + "x": 0.9007, + "y": 0.9026 + }, + { + "x": 0.5085, + "y": 0.9026 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000060.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 4.8. Domestic Wood Pellets Production

\n
\"1,800\n1,600\n1,400\n1,200\n1,000tonne\n1,000\n800\n600\n400\n200
\n

Source: Forestry Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (MAFF), 2020.

\n

Applications of wood pellets in Japan include power generation, boilers, stoves,
agriculture use, and others. Although the trade statistics do not specify the usage of the
imported wood pellets, according to the Japan Wood Pellet Association (JPA), most are
used for power generation.

\n

The price of domestic wood pellets for power generation has a wide range. According to
a survey of domestic wood pellet manufacturers undertaken by JPA in 2020, the average
price of domestic wood pellets for power generation is around 14,000~29,000 ¥/tonne,
while according to the Trade Statistics of Japan, the average cost, insurance, and freight
(CIF) price of imported wood pellets is around 18,000 ¥/tonne in 2020 (Figure 4.9).

\n\n
\"30,000\n25,000\n20,000\nYen/tonne\n15,000\n10,000\n5,000\n2012
Figure 4-9. Average Cost, Insurance, and Freight Prices of Wood Pellets
and Wood Chips
\n

Average price = import value/import tonne.
Source: Estimated by IEEJ based on Trade Statistics of Japan.

\n
40
", + "markdown": "# Figure 4.8. Domestic Wood Pellets Production\n\n1,800\n1,600\n1,400\n1,200\n1,000tonne\n1,000\n800\n600\n400\n200 126 120 120 127 131 147\n0\n2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019\nDomestic production\n\nSource: Forestry Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (MAFF), 2020.\n\nApplications of wood pellets in Japan include power generation, boilers, stoves,\nagriculture use, and others. Although the trade statistics do not specify the usage of the\nimported wood pellets, according to the Japan Wood Pellet Association (JPA), most are\nused for power generation.\n\nThe price of domestic wood pellets for power generation has a wide range. According to\na survey of domestic wood pellet manufacturers undertaken by JPA in 2020, the average\nprice of domestic wood pellets for power generation is around 14,000~29,000 ¥/tonne,\nwhile according to the Trade Statistics of Japan, the average cost, insurance, and freight\n(CIF) price of imported wood pellets is around 18,000 ¥/tonne in 2020 (Figure 4.9).\n\nFigure 4-9. Average Cost, Insurance, and Freight Prices of Wood Pellets\nand Wood Chips\n\n30,000\n25,000\n20,000\nYen/tonne\n15,000\n10,000\n5,000\n2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020\nWood pellets Wood chips, coniferous Wood chips, non-coniferous\n\nAverage price = import value/import tonne.\nSource: Estimated by IEEJ based on Trade Statistics of Japan.\n\n40", + "text": "Figure 4.8. Domestic Wood Pellets Production\n1,800\n1,600\n1,400\n1,200\n1,000tonne\n1,000\n800\n600\n400\n200 126 120 120 127 131 147\n0\n2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019\nDomestic production\nSource: Forestry Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (MAFF), 2020.\nApplications of wood pellets in Japan include power generation, boilers, stoves,\nagriculture use, and others. Although the trade statistics do not specify the usage of the\nimported wood pellets, according to the Japan Wood Pellet Association (JPA), most are\nused for power generation.\nThe price of domestic wood pellets for power generation has a wide range. According to\na survey of domestic wood pellet manufacturers undertaken by JPA in 2020, the average\nprice of domestic wood pellets for power generation is around 14,000~29,000 ¥/tonne,\nwhile according to the Trade Statistics of Japan, the average cost, insurance, and freight\n(CIF) price of imported wood pellets is around 18,000 ¥/tonne in 2020 (Figure 4.9).\nFigure 4-9. Average Cost, Insurance, and Freight Prices of Wood Pellets\nand Wood Chips\n30,000\n25,000\n20,000\nYen/tonne\n15,000\n10,000\n5,000\n2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020\nWood pellets Wood chips, coniferous Wood chips, non-coniferous\nAverage price = import value/import tonne.\nSource: Estimated by IEEJ based on Trade Statistics of Japan.\n40" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 4.8. Domestic Wood Pellets Production

", + "markdown": "# Figure 4.8. Domestic Wood Pellets Production", + "text": "Figure 4.8. Domestic Wood Pellets Production" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2955, + "y": 0.102 + }, + { + "x": 0.6553, + "y": 0.102 + }, + { + "x": 0.6553, + "y": 0.1176 + }, + { + "x": 0.2955, + "y": 0.1176 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"1,800\n1,600\n1,400\n1,200\n1,000tonne\n1,000\n800\n600\n400\n200
", + "markdown": "1,800\n1,600\n1,400\n1,200\n1,000tonne\n1,000\n800\n600\n400\n200 126 120 120 127 131 147\n0\n2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019\nDomestic production", + "text": "1,800\n1,600\n1,400\n1,200\n1,000tonne\n1,000\n800\n600\n400\n200 126 120 120 127 131 147\n0\n2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019\nDomestic production" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2288, + "y": 0.1265 + }, + { + "x": 0.7341, + "y": 0.1265 + }, + { + "x": 0.7341, + "y": 0.3414 + }, + { + "x": 0.2288, + "y": 0.3414 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Source: Forestry Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (MAFF), 2020.

", + "markdown": "Source: Forestry Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (MAFF), 2020.", + "text": "Source: Forestry Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (MAFF), 2020." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1391, + "y": 0.3578 + }, + { + "x": 0.6601, + "y": 0.3578 + }, + { + "x": 0.6601, + "y": 0.3712 + }, + { + "x": 0.1391, + "y": 0.3712 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Applications of wood pellets in Japan include power generation, boilers, stoves,
agriculture use, and others. Although the trade statistics do not specify the usage of the
imported wood pellets, according to the Japan Wood Pellet Association (JPA), most are
used for power generation.

", + "markdown": "Applications of wood pellets in Japan include power generation, boilers, stoves,\nagriculture use, and others. Although the trade statistics do not specify the usage of the\nimported wood pellets, according to the Japan Wood Pellet Association (JPA), most are\nused for power generation.", + "text": "Applications of wood pellets in Japan include power generation, boilers, stoves,\nagriculture use, and others. Although the trade statistics do not specify the usage of the\nimported wood pellets, according to the Japan Wood Pellet Association (JPA), most are\nused for power generation." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1398, + "y": 0.3988 + }, + { + "x": 0.8128, + "y": 0.3988 + }, + { + "x": 0.8128, + "y": 0.4694 + }, + { + "x": 0.1398, + "y": 0.4694 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The price of domestic wood pellets for power generation has a wide range. According to
a survey of domestic wood pellet manufacturers undertaken by JPA in 2020, the average
price of domestic wood pellets for power generation is around 14,000~29,000 ¥/tonne,
while according to the Trade Statistics of Japan, the average cost, insurance, and freight
(CIF) price of imported wood pellets is around 18,000 ¥/tonne in 2020 (Figure 4.9).

", + "markdown": "The price of domestic wood pellets for power generation has a wide range. According to\na survey of domestic wood pellet manufacturers undertaken by JPA in 2020, the average\nprice of domestic wood pellets for power generation is around 14,000~29,000 ¥/tonne,\nwhile according to the Trade Statistics of Japan, the average cost, insurance, and freight\n(CIF) price of imported wood pellets is around 18,000 ¥/tonne in 2020 (Figure 4.9).", + "text": "The price of domestic wood pellets for power generation has a wide range. According to\na survey of domestic wood pellet manufacturers undertaken by JPA in 2020, the average\nprice of domestic wood pellets for power generation is around 14,000~29,000 ¥/tonne,\nwhile according to the Trade Statistics of Japan, the average cost, insurance, and freight\n(CIF) price of imported wood pellets is around 18,000 ¥/tonne in 2020 (Figure 4.9)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1398, + "y": 0.4799 + }, + { + "x": 0.8131, + "y": 0.4799 + }, + { + "x": 0.8131, + "y": 0.5701 + }, + { + "x": 0.1398, + "y": 0.5701 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "Figure 4-9. Average Cost, Insurance, and Freight Prices of Wood Pellets
and Wood Chips", + "markdown": "Figure 4-9. Average Cost, Insurance, and Freight Prices of Wood Pellets\nand Wood Chips", + "text": "Figure 4-9. Average Cost, Insurance, and Freight Prices of Wood Pellets\nand Wood Chips" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2012, + "y": 0.5969 + }, + { + "x": 0.7493, + "y": 0.5969 + }, + { + "x": 0.7493, + "y": 0.6303 + }, + { + "x": 0.2012, + "y": 0.6303 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"30,000\n25,000\n20,000\nYen/tonne\n15,000\n10,000\n5,000\n2012
", + "markdown": "30,000\n25,000\n20,000\nYen/tonne\n15,000\n10,000\n5,000\n2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020\nWood pellets Wood chips, coniferous Wood chips, non-coniferous", + "text": "30,000\n25,000\n20,000\nYen/tonne\n15,000\n10,000\n5,000\n2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020\nWood pellets Wood chips, coniferous Wood chips, non-coniferous" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2222, + "y": 0.6417 + }, + { + "x": 0.7322, + "y": 0.6417 + }, + { + "x": 0.7322, + "y": 0.8471 + }, + { + "x": 0.2222, + "y": 0.8471 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Average price = import value/import tonne.
Source: Estimated by IEEJ based on Trade Statistics of Japan.

", + "markdown": "Average price = import value/import tonne.\nSource: Estimated by IEEJ based on Trade Statistics of Japan.", + "text": "Average price = import value/import tonne.\nSource: Estimated by IEEJ based on Trade Statistics of Japan." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1402, + "y": 0.859 + }, + { + "x": 0.5132, + "y": 0.859 + }, + { + "x": 0.5132, + "y": 0.8865 + }, + { + "x": 0.1402, + "y": 0.8865 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
40
", + "markdown": "40", + "text": "40" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.465, + "y": 0.9438 + }, + { + "x": 0.4877, + "y": 0.9438 + }, + { + "x": 0.4877, + "y": 0.9565 + }, + { + "x": 0.465, + "y": 0.9565 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000072.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
\"35\n31\n30\n25
\n
Diagram 5Distribution of Komnas HAM's YouTube Content (2019- 2020)
\n

As of 1 December 2021, the Komnas HAM's YouTube channel has 2,290
subscribers with 185,676 total views. In the 2019-2020 period, content that specifically
discusses the SDGs explicitly cannot be found on the Komnas HAM's YouTube.
Nevertheless, on 15 December 2021, the Tanggap Rasa Podcast with the title of
\"Podcast #EP32: SDGs dan Anak Muda\" (Translation: \"Podcast #EP32: SDGs and
Youth\") has been broadcast and can increase the awareness and understanding of
the citizen on the SDGs, especially towards young generations.

\n
\"Komnas
\n
Komnas HAM's YouTube channel as of 1 December
Figure 42021
\n
21
", + "markdown": "35\n31\n30\n25 23\n20\n15\n10\n5\n2 2 2 2\n1\n0\n0\nEvent Celebration Information Videograph\n2019 2020\n\n| Diagram 5 | Distribution of Komnas HAM's YouTube Content (2019- 2020) |\n| --- | --- |\n\n\nAs of 1 December 2021, the Komnas HAM's YouTube channel has 2,290\nsubscribers with 185,676 total views. In the 2019-2020 period, content that specifically\ndiscusses the SDGs explicitly cannot be found on the Komnas HAM's YouTube.\nNevertheless, on 15 December 2021, the Tanggap Rasa Podcast with the title of\n\"Podcast #EP32: SDGs dan Anak Muda\" (Translation: \"Podcast #EP32: SDGs and\nYouth\") has been broadcast and can increase the awareness and understanding of\nthe citizen on the SDGs, especially towards young generations.\n\nKomnas HAM\nSUBSCRIBE\n2.29K subscribers\nHOME VIDEOS PLAYLISTS COMMUNITY CHANNELS ABOUT\nUploads PLAY ALL\nFestacal ILSSE\n광대리\n38:36 2:43:37 1:23:19 1:13:35 0:46\nPodcast #EPS30 : Upaya Diskusi Paralel 7 Festival Paralel Event 1 Festival HAM Konferensi Pers Festival Menjemput Festival HAM\nMerawat Warisan Ingatan HAM 2021 \"Pelindungan... 2021 HAM Tahun 2021 2021Semarang\n26 vnews days 180 상담하는 Streafted 13 days ago WWW 118 views works ago 60 views weeks\n\n| | Komnas HAM's YouTube channel as of 1 December |\n| --- | --- |\n| Figure 4 | 2021 |\n\n\n21", + "text": "35\n31\n30\n25 23\n20\n15\n10\n5\n2 2 2 2\n1\n0\n0\nEvent Celebration Information Videograph\n2019 2020\nDiagram 5 Distribution of Komnas HAM's YouTube Content (2019- 2020)\nAs of 1 December 2021, the Komnas HAM's YouTube channel has 2,290\nsubscribers with 185,676 total views. In the 2019-2020 period, content that specifically\ndiscusses the SDGs explicitly cannot be found on the Komnas HAM's YouTube.\nNevertheless, on 15 December 2021, the Tanggap Rasa Podcast with the title of\n\"Podcast #EP32: SDGs dan Anak Muda\" (Translation: \"Podcast #EP32: SDGs and\nYouth\") has been broadcast and can increase the awareness and understanding of\nthe citizen on the SDGs, especially towards young generations.\nKomnas HAM\nSUBSCRIBE\n2.29K subscribers\nHOME VIDEOS PLAYLISTS COMMUNITY CHANNELS ABOUT\nUploads PLAY ALL\nFestacal ILSSE\n광대리\n38:36 2:43:37 1:23:19 1:13:35 0:46\nPodcast #EPS30 : Upaya Diskusi Paralel 7 Festival Paralel Event 1 Festival HAM Konferensi Pers Festival Menjemput Festival HAM\nMerawat Warisan Ingatan HAM 2021 \"Pelindungan... 2021 HAM Tahun 2021 2021Semarang\n26 vnews days 180 상담하는 Streafted 13 days ago WWW 118 views works ago 60 views weeks\nKomnas HAM's YouTube channel as of 1 December\n Figure 4 2021\n21" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"35\n31\n30\n25
", + "markdown": "35\n31\n30\n25 23\n20\n15\n10\n5\n2 2 2 2\n1\n0\n0\nEvent Celebration Information Videograph\n2019 2020", + "text": "35\n31\n30\n25 23\n20\n15\n10\n5\n2 2 2 2\n1\n0\n0\nEvent Celebration Information Videograph\n2019 2020" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1784, + "y": 0.0915 + }, + { + "x": 0.813, + "y": 0.0915 + }, + { + "x": 0.813, + "y": 0.3445 + }, + { + "x": 0.1784, + "y": 0.3445 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
Diagram 5Distribution of Komnas HAM's YouTube Content (2019- 2020)
", + "markdown": "| Diagram 5 | Distribution of Komnas HAM's YouTube Content (2019- 2020) |\n| --- | --- |\n", + "text": "Diagram 5 Distribution of Komnas HAM's YouTube Content (2019- 2020)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2048, + "y": 0.3545 + }, + { + "x": 0.788, + "y": 0.3545 + }, + { + "x": 0.788, + "y": 0.3846 + }, + { + "x": 0.2048, + "y": 0.3846 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

As of 1 December 2021, the Komnas HAM's YouTube channel has 2,290
subscribers with 185,676 total views. In the 2019-2020 period, content that specifically
discusses the SDGs explicitly cannot be found on the Komnas HAM's YouTube.
Nevertheless, on 15 December 2021, the Tanggap Rasa Podcast with the title of
\"Podcast #EP32: SDGs dan Anak Muda\" (Translation: \"Podcast #EP32: SDGs and
Youth\") has been broadcast and can increase the awareness and understanding of
the citizen on the SDGs, especially towards young generations.

", + "markdown": "As of 1 December 2021, the Komnas HAM's YouTube channel has 2,290\nsubscribers with 185,676 total views. In the 2019-2020 period, content that specifically\ndiscusses the SDGs explicitly cannot be found on the Komnas HAM's YouTube.\nNevertheless, on 15 December 2021, the Tanggap Rasa Podcast with the title of\n\"Podcast #EP32: SDGs dan Anak Muda\" (Translation: \"Podcast #EP32: SDGs and\nYouth\") has been broadcast and can increase the awareness and understanding of\nthe citizen on the SDGs, especially towards young generations.", + "text": "As of 1 December 2021, the Komnas HAM's YouTube channel has 2,290\nsubscribers with 185,676 total views. In the 2019-2020 period, content that specifically\ndiscusses the SDGs explicitly cannot be found on the Komnas HAM's YouTube.\nNevertheless, on 15 December 2021, the Tanggap Rasa Podcast with the title of\n\"Podcast #EP32: SDGs dan Anak Muda\" (Translation: \"Podcast #EP32: SDGs and\nYouth\") has been broadcast and can increase the awareness and understanding of\nthe citizen on the SDGs, especially towards young generations." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1167, + "y": 0.4053 + }, + { + "x": 0.8848, + "y": 0.4053 + }, + { + "x": 0.8848, + "y": 0.5366 + }, + { + "x": 0.1167, + "y": 0.5366 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Komnas
", + "markdown": "Komnas HAM\nSUBSCRIBE\n2.29K subscribers\nHOME VIDEOS PLAYLISTS COMMUNITY CHANNELS ABOUT\nUploads PLAY ALL\nFestacal ILSSE\n광대리\n38:36 2:43:37 1:23:19 1:13:35 0:46\nPodcast #EPS30 : Upaya Diskusi Paralel 7 Festival Paralel Event 1 Festival HAM Konferensi Pers Festival Menjemput Festival HAM\nMerawat Warisan Ingatan HAM 2021 \"Pelindungan... 2021 HAM Tahun 2021 2021Semarang\n26 vnews days 180 상담하는 Streafted 13 days ago WWW 118 views works ago 60 views weeks", + "text": "Komnas HAM\nSUBSCRIBE\n2.29K subscribers\nHOME VIDEOS PLAYLISTS COMMUNITY CHANNELS ABOUT\nUploads PLAY ALL\nFestacal ILSSE\n광대리\n38:36 2:43:37 1:23:19 1:13:35 0:46\nPodcast #EPS30 : Upaya Diskusi Paralel 7 Festival Paralel Event 1 Festival HAM Konferensi Pers Festival Menjemput Festival HAM\nMerawat Warisan Ingatan HAM 2021 \"Pelindungan... 2021 HAM Tahun 2021 2021Semarang\n26 vnews days 180 상담하는 Streafted 13 days ago WWW 118 views works ago 60 views weeks" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1212, + "y": 0.5507 + }, + { + "x": 0.8777, + "y": 0.5507 + }, + { + "x": 0.8777, + "y": 0.7743 + }, + { + "x": 0.1212, + "y": 0.7743 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
Komnas HAM's YouTube channel as of 1 December
Figure 42021
", + "markdown": "| | Komnas HAM's YouTube channel as of 1 December |\n| --- | --- |\n| Figure 4 | 2021 |\n", + "text": "Komnas HAM's YouTube channel as of 1 December\n Figure 4 2021" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2194, + "y": 0.8111 + }, + { + "x": 0.7724, + "y": 0.8111 + }, + { + "x": 0.7724, + "y": 0.8373 + }, + { + "x": 0.2194, + "y": 0.8373 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
21
", + "markdown": "21", + "text": "21" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4863, + "y": 0.9303 + }, + { + "x": 0.5105, + "y": 0.9303 + }, + { + "x": 0.5105, + "y": 0.9442 + }, + { + "x": 0.4863, + "y": 0.9442 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000173.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Humanity's Home Base.

\n
\"\"
\n

Figure 1. This image shows the Western hemisphere as viewed
from space 35,400 kilometers (about 22,000 miles) above Earth.
Data about the land surface from one satellite was combined with
another satellite's data about the clouds to create the image.
(credit: modification of work by R. Stockli, A. Nelson, F. Hasler,
NASA/ GSFC/ NOAA/ USGS)

\n

Our nearest astronomical neighbor is Earth's satellite, commonly
called the Moon. Figure 2 shows Earth and the Moon drawn to scale
on the same diagram. Notice how small we have to make these
bodies to fit them on the page with the right scale. The Moon's
distance from Earth is about 30 times Earth's diameter, or
approximately 384,000 kilometers, and it takes about a month for
the Moon to revolve around Earth. The Moon's diameter is 3476
kilometers, about one fourth the size of Earth.

\n

Earth and Moon, Drawn to Scale.

\n
10 I Chapter 1 Section 1.6: A Tour of the Universe
", + "markdown": "# Humanity's Home Base.\n\n\n\nFigure 1. This image shows the Western hemisphere as viewed\nfrom space 35,400 kilometers (about 22,000 miles) above Earth.\nData about the land surface from one satellite was combined with\nanother satellite's data about the clouds to create the image.\n(credit: modification of work by R. Stockli, A. Nelson, F. Hasler,\nNASA/ GSFC/ NOAA/ USGS)\n\nOur nearest astronomical neighbor is Earth's satellite, commonly\ncalled the Moon. Figure 2 shows Earth and the Moon drawn to scale\non the same diagram. Notice how small we have to make these\nbodies to fit them on the page with the right scale. The Moon's\ndistance from Earth is about 30 times Earth's diameter, or\napproximately 384,000 kilometers, and it takes about a month for\nthe Moon to revolve around Earth. The Moon's diameter is 3476\nkilometers, about one fourth the size of Earth.\n\n# Earth and Moon, Drawn to Scale.\n\n10 I Chapter 1 Section 1.6: A Tour of the Universe", + "text": "Humanity's Home Base.\n\nFigure 1. This image shows the Western hemisphere as viewed\nfrom space 35,400 kilometers (about 22,000 miles) above Earth.\nData about the land surface from one satellite was combined with\nanother satellite's data about the clouds to create the image.\n(credit: modification of work by R. Stockli, A. Nelson, F. Hasler,\nNASA/ GSFC/ NOAA/ USGS)\nOur nearest astronomical neighbor is Earth's satellite, commonly\ncalled the Moon. Figure 2 shows Earth and the Moon drawn to scale\non the same diagram. Notice how small we have to make these\nbodies to fit them on the page with the right scale. The Moon's\ndistance from Earth is about 30 times Earth's diameter, or\napproximately 384,000 kilometers, and it takes about a month for\nthe Moon to revolve around Earth. The Moon's diameter is 3476\nkilometers, about one fourth the size of Earth.\nEarth and Moon, Drawn to Scale.\n10 I Chapter 1 Section 1.6: A Tour of the Universe" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Humanity's Home Base.

", + "markdown": "# Humanity's Home Base.", + "text": "Humanity's Home Base." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3244, + "y": 0.0943 + }, + { + "x": 0.6749, + "y": 0.0943 + }, + { + "x": 0.6749, + "y": 0.1213 + }, + { + "x": 0.3244, + "y": 0.1213 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"\"
", + "markdown": "", + "text": "" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1406, + "y": 0.1538 + }, + { + "x": 0.8601, + "y": 0.1538 + }, + { + "x": 0.8601, + "y": 0.3843 + }, + { + "x": 0.1406, + "y": 0.3843 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 1. This image shows the Western hemisphere as viewed
from space 35,400 kilometers (about 22,000 miles) above Earth.
Data about the land surface from one satellite was combined with
another satellite's data about the clouds to create the image.
(credit: modification of work by R. Stockli, A. Nelson, F. Hasler,
NASA/ GSFC/ NOAA/ USGS)

", + "markdown": "Figure 1. This image shows the Western hemisphere as viewed\nfrom space 35,400 kilometers (about 22,000 miles) above Earth.\nData about the land surface from one satellite was combined with\nanother satellite's data about the clouds to create the image.\n(credit: modification of work by R. Stockli, A. Nelson, F. Hasler,\nNASA/ GSFC/ NOAA/ USGS)", + "text": "Figure 1. This image shows the Western hemisphere as viewed\nfrom space 35,400 kilometers (about 22,000 miles) above Earth.\nData about the land surface from one satellite was combined with\nanother satellite's data about the clouds to create the image.\n(credit: modification of work by R. Stockli, A. Nelson, F. Hasler,\nNASA/ GSFC/ NOAA/ USGS)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1508, + "y": 0.3948 + }, + { + "x": 0.8485, + "y": 0.3948 + }, + { + "x": 0.8485, + "y": 0.528 + }, + { + "x": 0.1508, + "y": 0.528 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Our nearest astronomical neighbor is Earth's satellite, commonly
called the Moon. Figure 2 shows Earth and the Moon drawn to scale
on the same diagram. Notice how small we have to make these
bodies to fit them on the page with the right scale. The Moon's
distance from Earth is about 30 times Earth's diameter, or
approximately 384,000 kilometers, and it takes about a month for
the Moon to revolve around Earth. The Moon's diameter is 3476
kilometers, about one fourth the size of Earth.

", + "markdown": "Our nearest astronomical neighbor is Earth's satellite, commonly\ncalled the Moon. Figure 2 shows Earth and the Moon drawn to scale\non the same diagram. Notice how small we have to make these\nbodies to fit them on the page with the right scale. The Moon's\ndistance from Earth is about 30 times Earth's diameter, or\napproximately 384,000 kilometers, and it takes about a month for\nthe Moon to revolve around Earth. The Moon's diameter is 3476\nkilometers, about one fourth the size of Earth.", + "text": "Our nearest astronomical neighbor is Earth's satellite, commonly\ncalled the Moon. Figure 2 shows Earth and the Moon drawn to scale\non the same diagram. Notice how small we have to make these\nbodies to fit them on the page with the right scale. The Moon's\ndistance from Earth is about 30 times Earth's diameter, or\napproximately 384,000 kilometers, and it takes about a month for\nthe Moon to revolve around Earth. The Moon's diameter is 3476\nkilometers, about one fourth the size of Earth." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1372, + "y": 0.5314 + }, + { + "x": 0.8637, + "y": 0.5314 + }, + { + "x": 0.8637, + "y": 0.7105 + }, + { + "x": 0.1372, + "y": 0.7105 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Earth and Moon, Drawn to Scale.

", + "markdown": "# Earth and Moon, Drawn to Scale.", + "text": "Earth and Moon, Drawn to Scale." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2591, + "y": 0.7647 + }, + { + "x": 0.7385, + "y": 0.7647 + }, + { + "x": 0.7385, + "y": 0.7909 + }, + { + "x": 0.2591, + "y": 0.7909 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
10 I Chapter 1 Section 1.6: A Tour of the Universe
", + "markdown": "10 I Chapter 1 Section 1.6: A Tour of the Universe", + "text": "10 I Chapter 1 Section 1.6: A Tour of the Universe" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1377, + "y": 0.9215 + }, + { + "x": 0.6086, + "y": 0.9215 + }, + { + "x": 0.6086, + "y": 0.9401 + }, + { + "x": 0.1377, + "y": 0.9401 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000023.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
2. The Lost Homeland
\n

This description told me that Steinkirche was somewhere in the vicinity
of Strehlen. Then, according to Elfriede's stories about walking her
animals, ducks, geese and a goat to the railway station to meet visitors,
a station once existed near the village. I wondered whether it had survived
the bombing. I have seen films of the utter devastation along the Oder
River in early May 1945, just before the War in Europe ended. Did the
railway still Steinkirche? My mother's father had been a railway line
pass
pointsman, a signal attendant. From a station close to home he would
have undertaken the long journeys his work demanded.

\n

I went back to the old German maps in the National Library and located
Steinkirche on one of several contiguous contour maps perhaps designed
for military purposes. They covered Lower Silesia in 1938 in-remarkable
detail, although such detail also helped obscure the printed names
of villages, which were lost in the depictions of miniature hills, rivers,
quarries, castles, lakes and even houses.

\n

Eventually I did locate the village through this superb map. Steinkirche
was off the main road near the second railway station south of Strehlen,
probably on a hill, something my mother had never mentioned. If one
passed it, one could also locate it as station number two of the seven
between Strehlen and Milnsterberg, on the railway running south of
Breslau towards the Carpathian Mountains. Then I noted the Polish
names for the two townships south of Wroclaw (Breslau). In the German-
to-Polish Gazeteer they are given as Strzelin and Ziebice.

\n

My intention was to take a train or a car to the new Polish ex-Steinkirche,
visit it discreetly, and search the old cemetery for family connections.
I wanted to photograph my two-year-old granddaughter beside my own
grandfather Friedrich's grave. I wanted to look for other evidence of family
history, and just savour the atmosphere of the place. I also wanted to see
what had happened to Neumarkt Platz.

\n

It was difficult to achieve anything in a hurry. In London, my daughter,
granddaughter and I visited the office of the Polish Consulate. Tourist
brochures were generously given to us, but none of the authoritative road
maps of Poland showed the villages between Strzelin and Ziebice. Did our
village still exist? And by what name?

\n

After flying to Berlin, we set out in a hire car for Wroclaw on 13 September
2003. Beside the Hitler-era Autobahn, there are still extensive forests,
between flat farmlands. It was raining when we entered Poland.

\n
9
", + "markdown": "2. The Lost Homeland\n\nThis description told me that Steinkirche was somewhere in the vicinity\nof Strehlen. Then, according to Elfriede's stories about walking her\nanimals, ducks, geese and a goat to the railway station to meet visitors,\na station once existed near the village. I wondered whether it had survived\nthe bombing. I have seen films of the utter devastation along the Oder\nRiver in early May 1945, just before the War in Europe ended. Did the\nrailway still Steinkirche? My mother's father had been a railway line\npass\npointsman, a signal attendant. From a station close to home he would\nhave undertaken the long journeys his work demanded.\n\nI went back to the old German maps in the National Library and located\nSteinkirche on one of several contiguous contour maps perhaps designed\nfor military purposes. They covered Lower Silesia in 1938 in-remarkable\ndetail, although such detail also helped obscure the printed names\nof villages, which were lost in the depictions of miniature hills, rivers,\nquarries, castles, lakes and even houses.\n\nEventually I did locate the village through this superb map. Steinkirche\nwas off the main road near the second railway station south of Strehlen,\nprobably on a hill, something my mother had never mentioned. If one\npassed it, one could also locate it as station number two of the seven\nbetween Strehlen and Milnsterberg, on the railway running south of\nBreslau towards the Carpathian Mountains. Then I noted the Polish\nnames for the two townships south of Wroclaw (Breslau). In the German-\nto-Polish Gazeteer they are given as Strzelin and Ziebice.\n\nMy intention was to take a train or a car to the new Polish ex-Steinkirche,\nvisit it discreetly, and search the old cemetery for family connections.\nI wanted to photograph my two-year-old granddaughter beside my own\ngrandfather Friedrich's grave. I wanted to look for other evidence of family\nhistory, and just savour the atmosphere of the place. I also wanted to see\nwhat had happened to Neumarkt Platz.\n\nIt was difficult to achieve anything in a hurry. In London, my daughter,\ngranddaughter and I visited the office of the Polish Consulate. Tourist\nbrochures were generously given to us, but none of the authoritative road\nmaps of Poland showed the villages between Strzelin and Ziebice. Did our\nvillage still exist? And by what name?\n\nAfter flying to Berlin, we set out in a hire car for Wroclaw on 13 September\n2003. Beside the Hitler-era Autobahn, there are still extensive forests,\nbetween flat farmlands. It was raining when we entered Poland.\n\n9", + "text": "2. The Lost Homeland\nThis description told me that Steinkirche was somewhere in the vicinity\nof Strehlen. Then, according to Elfriede's stories about walking her\nanimals, ducks, geese and a goat to the railway station to meet visitors,\na station once existed near the village. I wondered whether it had survived\nthe bombing. I have seen films of the utter devastation along the Oder\nRiver in early May 1945, just before the War in Europe ended. Did the\nrailway still Steinkirche? My mother's father had been a railway line\npass\npointsman, a signal attendant. From a station close to home he would\nhave undertaken the long journeys his work demanded.\nI went back to the old German maps in the National Library and located\nSteinkirche on one of several contiguous contour maps perhaps designed\nfor military purposes. They covered Lower Silesia in 1938 in-remarkable\ndetail, although such detail also helped obscure the printed names\nof villages, which were lost in the depictions of miniature hills, rivers,\nquarries, castles, lakes and even houses.\nEventually I did locate the village through this superb map. Steinkirche\nwas off the main road near the second railway station south of Strehlen,\nprobably on a hill, something my mother had never mentioned. If one\npassed it, one could also locate it as station number two of the seven\nbetween Strehlen and Milnsterberg, on the railway running south of\nBreslau towards the Carpathian Mountains. Then I noted the Polish\nnames for the two townships south of Wroclaw (Breslau). In the German-\nto-Polish Gazeteer they are given as Strzelin and Ziebice.\nMy intention was to take a train or a car to the new Polish ex-Steinkirche,\nvisit it discreetly, and search the old cemetery for family connections.\nI wanted to photograph my two-year-old granddaughter beside my own\ngrandfather Friedrich's grave. I wanted to look for other evidence of family\nhistory, and just savour the atmosphere of the place. I also wanted to see\nwhat had happened to Neumarkt Platz.\nIt was difficult to achieve anything in a hurry. In London, my daughter,\ngranddaughter and I visited the office of the Polish Consulate. Tourist\nbrochures were generously given to us, but none of the authoritative road\nmaps of Poland showed the villages between Strzelin and Ziebice. Did our\nvillage still exist? And by what name?\nAfter flying to Berlin, we set out in a hire car for Wroclaw on 13 September\n2003. Beside the Hitler-era Autobahn, there are still extensive forests,\nbetween flat farmlands. It was raining when we entered Poland.\n9" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
2. The Lost Homeland
", + "markdown": "2. The Lost Homeland", + "text": "2. The Lost Homeland" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6755, + "y": 0.0848 + }, + { + "x": 0.8463, + "y": 0.0848 + }, + { + "x": 0.8463, + "y": 0.1009 + }, + { + "x": 0.6755, + "y": 0.1009 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

This description told me that Steinkirche was somewhere in the vicinity
of Strehlen. Then, according to Elfriede's stories about walking her
animals, ducks, geese and a goat to the railway station to meet visitors,
a station once existed near the village. I wondered whether it had survived
the bombing. I have seen films of the utter devastation along the Oder
River in early May 1945, just before the War in Europe ended. Did the
railway still Steinkirche? My mother's father had been a railway line
pass
pointsman, a signal attendant. From a station close to home he would
have undertaken the long journeys his work demanded.

", + "markdown": "This description told me that Steinkirche was somewhere in the vicinity\nof Strehlen. Then, according to Elfriede's stories about walking her\nanimals, ducks, geese and a goat to the railway station to meet visitors,\na station once existed near the village. I wondered whether it had survived\nthe bombing. I have seen films of the utter devastation along the Oder\nRiver in early May 1945, just before the War in Europe ended. Did the\nrailway still Steinkirche? My mother's father had been a railway line\npass\npointsman, a signal attendant. From a station close to home he would\nhave undertaken the long journeys his work demanded.", + "text": "This description told me that Steinkirche was somewhere in the vicinity\nof Strehlen. Then, according to Elfriede's stories about walking her\nanimals, ducks, geese and a goat to the railway station to meet visitors,\na station once existed near the village. I wondered whether it had survived\nthe bombing. I have seen films of the utter devastation along the Oder\nRiver in early May 1945, just before the War in Europe ended. Did the\nrailway still Steinkirche? My mother's father had been a railway line\npass\npointsman, a signal attendant. From a station close to home he would\nhave undertaken the long journeys his work demanded." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1255, + "y": 0.1164 + }, + { + "x": 0.8483, + "y": 0.1164 + }, + { + "x": 0.8483, + "y": 0.2962 + }, + { + "x": 0.1255, + "y": 0.2962 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

I went back to the old German maps in the National Library and located
Steinkirche on one of several contiguous contour maps perhaps designed
for military purposes. They covered Lower Silesia in 1938 in-remarkable
detail, although such detail also helped obscure the printed names
of villages, which were lost in the depictions of miniature hills, rivers,
quarries, castles, lakes and even houses.

", + "markdown": "I went back to the old German maps in the National Library and located\nSteinkirche on one of several contiguous contour maps perhaps designed\nfor military purposes. They covered Lower Silesia in 1938 in-remarkable\ndetail, although such detail also helped obscure the printed names\nof villages, which were lost in the depictions of miniature hills, rivers,\nquarries, castles, lakes and even houses.", + "text": "I went back to the old German maps in the National Library and located\nSteinkirche on one of several contiguous contour maps perhaps designed\nfor military purposes. They covered Lower Silesia in 1938 in-remarkable\ndetail, although such detail also helped obscure the printed names\nof villages, which were lost in the depictions of miniature hills, rivers,\nquarries, castles, lakes and even houses." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1258, + "y": 0.3088 + }, + { + "x": 0.8479, + "y": 0.3088 + }, + { + "x": 0.8479, + "y": 0.4287 + }, + { + "x": 0.1258, + "y": 0.4287 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Eventually I did locate the village through this superb map. Steinkirche
was off the main road near the second railway station south of Strehlen,
probably on a hill, something my mother had never mentioned. If one
passed it, one could also locate it as station number two of the seven
between Strehlen and Milnsterberg, on the railway running south of
Breslau towards the Carpathian Mountains. Then I noted the Polish
names for the two townships south of Wroclaw (Breslau). In the German-
to-Polish Gazeteer they are given as Strzelin and Ziebice.

", + "markdown": "Eventually I did locate the village through this superb map. Steinkirche\nwas off the main road near the second railway station south of Strehlen,\nprobably on a hill, something my mother had never mentioned. If one\npassed it, one could also locate it as station number two of the seven\nbetween Strehlen and Milnsterberg, on the railway running south of\nBreslau towards the Carpathian Mountains. Then I noted the Polish\nnames for the two townships south of Wroclaw (Breslau). In the German-\nto-Polish Gazeteer they are given as Strzelin and Ziebice.", + "text": "Eventually I did locate the village through this superb map. Steinkirche\nwas off the main road near the second railway station south of Strehlen,\nprobably on a hill, something my mother had never mentioned. If one\npassed it, one could also locate it as station number two of the seven\nbetween Strehlen and Milnsterberg, on the railway running south of\nBreslau towards the Carpathian Mountains. Then I noted the Polish\nnames for the two townships south of Wroclaw (Breslau). In the German-\nto-Polish Gazeteer they are given as Strzelin and Ziebice." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1257, + "y": 0.4409 + }, + { + "x": 0.8483, + "y": 0.4409 + }, + { + "x": 0.8483, + "y": 0.6007 + }, + { + "x": 0.1257, + "y": 0.6007 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

My intention was to take a train or a car to the new Polish ex-Steinkirche,
visit it discreetly, and search the old cemetery for family connections.
I wanted to photograph my two-year-old granddaughter beside my own
grandfather Friedrich's grave. I wanted to look for other evidence of family
history, and just savour the atmosphere of the place. I also wanted to see
what had happened to Neumarkt Platz.

", + "markdown": "My intention was to take a train or a car to the new Polish ex-Steinkirche,\nvisit it discreetly, and search the old cemetery for family connections.\nI wanted to photograph my two-year-old granddaughter beside my own\ngrandfather Friedrich's grave. I wanted to look for other evidence of family\nhistory, and just savour the atmosphere of the place. I also wanted to see\nwhat had happened to Neumarkt Platz.", + "text": "My intention was to take a train or a car to the new Polish ex-Steinkirche,\nvisit it discreetly, and search the old cemetery for family connections.\nI wanted to photograph my two-year-old granddaughter beside my own\ngrandfather Friedrich's grave. I wanted to look for other evidence of family\nhistory, and just savour the atmosphere of the place. I also wanted to see\nwhat had happened to Neumarkt Platz." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1257, + "y": 0.6137 + }, + { + "x": 0.8473, + "y": 0.6137 + }, + { + "x": 0.8473, + "y": 0.7327 + }, + { + "x": 0.1257, + "y": 0.7327 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

It was difficult to achieve anything in a hurry. In London, my daughter,
granddaughter and I visited the office of the Polish Consulate. Tourist
brochures were generously given to us, but none of the authoritative road
maps of Poland showed the villages between Strzelin and Ziebice. Did our
village still exist? And by what name?

", + "markdown": "It was difficult to achieve anything in a hurry. In London, my daughter,\ngranddaughter and I visited the office of the Polish Consulate. Tourist\nbrochures were generously given to us, but none of the authoritative road\nmaps of Poland showed the villages between Strzelin and Ziebice. Did our\nvillage still exist? And by what name?", + "text": "It was difficult to achieve anything in a hurry. In London, my daughter,\ngranddaughter and I visited the office of the Polish Consulate. Tourist\nbrochures were generously given to us, but none of the authoritative road\nmaps of Poland showed the villages between Strzelin and Ziebice. Did our\nvillage still exist? And by what name?" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1259, + "y": 0.7445 + }, + { + "x": 0.8479, + "y": 0.7445 + }, + { + "x": 0.8479, + "y": 0.8447 + }, + { + "x": 0.1259, + "y": 0.8447 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

After flying to Berlin, we set out in a hire car for Wroclaw on 13 September
2003. Beside the Hitler-era Autobahn, there are still extensive forests,
between flat farmlands. It was raining when we entered Poland.

", + "markdown": "After flying to Berlin, we set out in a hire car for Wroclaw on 13 September\n2003. Beside the Hitler-era Autobahn, there are still extensive forests,\nbetween flat farmlands. It was raining when we entered Poland.", + "text": "After flying to Berlin, we set out in a hire car for Wroclaw on 13 September\n2003. Beside the Hitler-era Autobahn, there are still extensive forests,\nbetween flat farmlands. It was raining when we entered Poland." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1252, + "y": 0.8579 + }, + { + "x": 0.8469, + "y": 0.8579 + }, + { + "x": 0.8469, + "y": 0.9192 + }, + { + "x": 0.1252, + "y": 0.9192 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
9
", + "markdown": "9", + "text": "9" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8944, + "y": 0.9303 + }, + { + "x": 0.9108, + "y": 0.9303 + }, + { + "x": 0.9108, + "y": 0.9422 + }, + { + "x": 0.8944, + "y": 0.9422 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000087.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions
\n

members should specify this in their schedule of specific commitments.4 Reservation of the ability
to lease or own land to nationals is one such treatment; therefore, it should be listed in the
schedule as a limitation on national treatment.5 This applies to services that the GATS covers.6

\n

Some jurisdictions do not list foreign land ownership on their schedules, but restrictit for national
security or similar interests.7 Such jurisdictions include Australia and Finland (national interest),
Chile and Greece (border area), Russia (national security), and Spain (zones of interest to
national defense and the military). Several other jurisdictions that also restrict ownership for
national security purposes have entered restrictions on their GATS schedules. Such jurisdictions
include Argentina and Mexico (border area), Iran (sensitive areas), South Korea (military bases
and installation protection zones), Taiwan (lands within fortified and military areas and adjacent
to the national frontiers), and Turkey (designated military zones).

\n

There are other various restrictions on foreigners' land ownership. Figure 1 below shows in
simplified format the surveyed jurisdictions that impose particular categories of restrictions. On
page 4, a color-coded map sets forth which jurisdictions permit foreign acquisition, prohibit it, or
impose restrictions. A Comparative Summary Table beginning on page 5 presents the essential
findings of our study for each jurisdiction. Lastly, the textual surveys for each jurisdiction provide
further detail.

\n

4Id. art. XX.

\n

5% Julia Nielson & Daria Taglioni, A Quick Guide to the GATS and Mode 4, OECD, World Bank, IOM Seminar on
Trade and Migration (Nov. 12-14, 2003), at 11, https:/ / perma.cc/ B8XW-LNZ4.

\n

6 World Trade Organization, The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS): Objectives, Coverage and
Disciplines, Question 3, https:/ / perma.cc/ 4J7Y-WAG7. It states, \"[t]he GATS applies in principle to all service
sectors, with two exceptions.\"

\n

7 See GATS art. XIV General Exceptions.

\n
The Law Library of Congress
\n
2
", + "markdown": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions\n\nmembers should specify this in their schedule of specific commitments.4 Reservation of the ability\nto lease or own land to nationals is one such treatment; therefore, it should be listed in the\nschedule as a limitation on national treatment.5 This applies to services that the GATS covers.6\n\nSome jurisdictions do not list foreign land ownership on their schedules, but restrictit for national\nsecurity or similar interests.7 Such jurisdictions include Australia and Finland (national interest),\nChile and Greece (border area), Russia (national security), and Spain (zones of interest to\nnational defense and the military). Several other jurisdictions that also restrict ownership for\nnational security purposes have entered restrictions on their GATS schedules. Such jurisdictions\ninclude Argentina and Mexico (border area), Iran (sensitive areas), South Korea (military bases\nand installation protection zones), Taiwan (lands within fortified and military areas and adjacent\nto the national frontiers), and Turkey (designated military zones).\n\nThere are other various restrictions on foreigners' land ownership. Figure 1 below shows in\nsimplified format the surveyed jurisdictions that impose particular categories of restrictions. On\npage 4, a color-coded map sets forth which jurisdictions permit foreign acquisition, prohibit it, or\nimpose restrictions. A Comparative Summary Table beginning on page 5 presents the essential\nfindings of our study for each jurisdiction. Lastly, the textual surveys for each jurisdiction provide\nfurther detail.\n\n4Id. art. XX.\n\n5% Julia Nielson & Daria Taglioni, A Quick Guide to the GATS and Mode 4, OECD, World Bank, IOM Seminar on\nTrade and Migration (Nov. 12-14, 2003), at 11, https:/ / perma.cc/ B8XW-LNZ4.\n\n6 World Trade Organization, The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS): Objectives, Coverage and\nDisciplines, Question 3, https:/ / perma.cc/ 4J7Y-WAG7. It states, \"[t]he GATS applies in principle to all service\nsectors, with two exceptions.\"\n\n7 See GATS art. XIV General Exceptions.\n\nThe Law Library of Congress\n\n2", + "text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions\nmembers should specify this in their schedule of specific commitments.4 Reservation of the ability\nto lease or own land to nationals is one such treatment; therefore, it should be listed in the\nschedule as a limitation on national treatment.5 This applies to services that the GATS covers.6\nSome jurisdictions do not list foreign land ownership on their schedules, but restrictit for national\nsecurity or similar interests.7 Such jurisdictions include Australia and Finland (national interest),\nChile and Greece (border area), Russia (national security), and Spain (zones of interest to\nnational defense and the military). Several other jurisdictions that also restrict ownership for\nnational security purposes have entered restrictions on their GATS schedules. Such jurisdictions\ninclude Argentina and Mexico (border area), Iran (sensitive areas), South Korea (military bases\nand installation protection zones), Taiwan (lands within fortified and military areas and adjacent\nto the national frontiers), and Turkey (designated military zones).\nThere are other various restrictions on foreigners' land ownership. Figure 1 below shows in\nsimplified format the surveyed jurisdictions that impose particular categories of restrictions. On\npage 4, a color-coded map sets forth which jurisdictions permit foreign acquisition, prohibit it, or\nimpose restrictions. A Comparative Summary Table beginning on page 5 presents the essential\nfindings of our study for each jurisdiction. Lastly, the textual surveys for each jurisdiction provide\nfurther detail.\n4Id. art. XX.\n5% Julia Nielson & Daria Taglioni, A Quick Guide to the GATS and Mode 4, OECD, World Bank, IOM Seminar on\nTrade and Migration (Nov. 12-14, 2003), at 11, https:/ / perma.cc/ B8XW-LNZ4.\n6 World Trade Organization, The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS): Objectives, Coverage and\nDisciplines, Question 3, https:/ / perma.cc/ 4J7Y-WAG7. It states, \"[t]he GATS applies in principle to all service\nsectors, with two exceptions.\"\n7 See GATS art. XIV General Exceptions.\nThe Law Library of Congress\n2" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions
", + "markdown": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", + "text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2273, + "y": 0.0461 + }, + { + "x": 0.7742, + "y": 0.0461 + }, + { + "x": 0.7742, + "y": 0.0628 + }, + { + "x": 0.2273, + "y": 0.0628 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

members should specify this in their schedule of specific commitments.4 Reservation of the ability
to lease or own land to nationals is one such treatment; therefore, it should be listed in the
schedule as a limitation on national treatment.5 This applies to services that the GATS covers.6

", + "markdown": "members should specify this in their schedule of specific commitments.4 Reservation of the ability\nto lease or own land to nationals is one such treatment; therefore, it should be listed in the\nschedule as a limitation on national treatment.5 This applies to services that the GATS covers.6", + "text": "members should specify this in their schedule of specific commitments.4 Reservation of the ability\nto lease or own land to nationals is one such treatment; therefore, it should be listed in the\nschedule as a limitation on national treatment.5 This applies to services that the GATS covers.6" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1124, + "y": 0.0912 + }, + { + "x": 0.8885, + "y": 0.0912 + }, + { + "x": 0.8885, + "y": 0.1444 + }, + { + "x": 0.1124, + "y": 0.1444 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Some jurisdictions do not list foreign land ownership on their schedules, but restrictit for national
security or similar interests.7 Such jurisdictions include Australia and Finland (national interest),
Chile and Greece (border area), Russia (national security), and Spain (zones of interest to
national defense and the military). Several other jurisdictions that also restrict ownership for
national security purposes have entered restrictions on their GATS schedules. Such jurisdictions
include Argentina and Mexico (border area), Iran (sensitive areas), South Korea (military bases
and installation protection zones), Taiwan (lands within fortified and military areas and adjacent
to the national frontiers), and Turkey (designated military zones).

", + "markdown": "Some jurisdictions do not list foreign land ownership on their schedules, but restrictit for national\nsecurity or similar interests.7 Such jurisdictions include Australia and Finland (national interest),\nChile and Greece (border area), Russia (national security), and Spain (zones of interest to\nnational defense and the military). Several other jurisdictions that also restrict ownership for\nnational security purposes have entered restrictions on their GATS schedules. Such jurisdictions\ninclude Argentina and Mexico (border area), Iran (sensitive areas), South Korea (military bases\nand installation protection zones), Taiwan (lands within fortified and military areas and adjacent\nto the national frontiers), and Turkey (designated military zones).", + "text": "Some jurisdictions do not list foreign land ownership on their schedules, but restrictit for national\nsecurity or similar interests.7 Such jurisdictions include Australia and Finland (national interest),\nChile and Greece (border area), Russia (national security), and Spain (zones of interest to\nnational defense and the military). Several other jurisdictions that also restrict ownership for\nnational security purposes have entered restrictions on their GATS schedules. Such jurisdictions\ninclude Argentina and Mexico (border area), Iran (sensitive areas), South Korea (military bases\nand installation protection zones), Taiwan (lands within fortified and military areas and adjacent\nto the national frontiers), and Turkey (designated military zones)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1128, + "y": 0.16 + }, + { + "x": 0.8873, + "y": 0.16 + }, + { + "x": 0.8873, + "y": 0.299 + }, + { + "x": 0.1128, + "y": 0.299 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

There are other various restrictions on foreigners' land ownership. Figure 1 below shows in
simplified format the surveyed jurisdictions that impose particular categories of restrictions. On
page 4, a color-coded map sets forth which jurisdictions permit foreign acquisition, prohibit it, or
impose restrictions. A Comparative Summary Table beginning on page 5 presents the essential
findings of our study for each jurisdiction. Lastly, the textual surveys for each jurisdiction provide
further detail.

", + "markdown": "There are other various restrictions on foreigners' land ownership. Figure 1 below shows in\nsimplified format the surveyed jurisdictions that impose particular categories of restrictions. On\npage 4, a color-coded map sets forth which jurisdictions permit foreign acquisition, prohibit it, or\nimpose restrictions. A Comparative Summary Table beginning on page 5 presents the essential\nfindings of our study for each jurisdiction. Lastly, the textual surveys for each jurisdiction provide\nfurther detail.", + "text": "There are other various restrictions on foreigners' land ownership. Figure 1 below shows in\nsimplified format the surveyed jurisdictions that impose particular categories of restrictions. On\npage 4, a color-coded map sets forth which jurisdictions permit foreign acquisition, prohibit it, or\nimpose restrictions. A Comparative Summary Table beginning on page 5 presents the essential\nfindings of our study for each jurisdiction. Lastly, the textual surveys for each jurisdiction provide\nfurther detail." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1135, + "y": 0.315 + }, + { + "x": 0.8881, + "y": 0.315 + }, + { + "x": 0.8881, + "y": 0.4197 + }, + { + "x": 0.1135, + "y": 0.4197 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

4Id. art. XX.

", + "markdown": "4Id. art. XX.", + "text": "4Id. art. XX." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1146, + "y": 0.7741 + }, + { + "x": 0.2024, + "y": 0.7741 + }, + { + "x": 0.2024, + "y": 0.79 + }, + { + "x": 0.1146, + "y": 0.79 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

5% Julia Nielson & Daria Taglioni, A Quick Guide to the GATS and Mode 4, OECD, World Bank, IOM Seminar on
Trade and Migration (Nov. 12-14, 2003), at 11, https:/ / perma.cc/ B8XW-LNZ4.

", + "markdown": "5% Julia Nielson & Daria Taglioni, A Quick Guide to the GATS and Mode 4, OECD, World Bank, IOM Seminar on\nTrade and Migration (Nov. 12-14, 2003), at 11, https:/ / perma.cc/ B8XW-LNZ4.", + "text": "5% Julia Nielson & Daria Taglioni, A Quick Guide to the GATS and Mode 4, OECD, World Bank, IOM Seminar on\nTrade and Migration (Nov. 12-14, 2003), at 11, https:/ / perma.cc/ B8XW-LNZ4." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1129, + "y": 0.7966 + }, + { + "x": 0.867, + "y": 0.7966 + }, + { + "x": 0.867, + "y": 0.8279 + }, + { + "x": 0.1129, + "y": 0.8279 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

6 World Trade Organization, The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS): Objectives, Coverage and
Disciplines, Question 3, https:/ / perma.cc/ 4J7Y-WAG7. It states, \"[t]he GATS applies in principle to all service
sectors, with two exceptions.\"

", + "markdown": "6 World Trade Organization, The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS): Objectives, Coverage and\nDisciplines, Question 3, https:/ / perma.cc/ 4J7Y-WAG7. It states, \"[t]he GATS applies in principle to all service\nsectors, with two exceptions.\"", + "text": "6 World Trade Organization, The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS): Objectives, Coverage and\nDisciplines, Question 3, https:/ / perma.cc/ 4J7Y-WAG7. It states, \"[t]he GATS applies in principle to all service\nsectors, with two exceptions.\"" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1123, + "y": 0.8348 + }, + { + "x": 0.8663, + "y": 0.8348 + }, + { + "x": 0.8663, + "y": 0.8805 + }, + { + "x": 0.1123, + "y": 0.8805 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

7 See GATS art. XIV General Exceptions.

", + "markdown": "7 See GATS art. XIV General Exceptions.", + "text": "7 See GATS art. XIV General Exceptions." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1135, + "y": 0.887 + }, + { + "x": 0.3959, + "y": 0.887 + }, + { + "x": 0.3959, + "y": 0.9032 + }, + { + "x": 0.1135, + "y": 0.9032 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
The Law Library of Congress
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2
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1. Shipping as a vector for marine IAS
List of Philippine Ports is in Appendix 3

\n

Shipping remains as the only scientifically
documented pathway for marine
biological invasion in the Philippines with
the introduction and invasion of the
South American mussel Mytella strigata
(Vallejo et al. 2017). This invasive was first
recorded from the South Harbor of
Manila in 2014 and has been known to
have spread throughout Manila Bay, to
Lingayen Gulf, Aparri, Cagayan and
Batangas Port in the Philippines. It has
since then reported in Singapore, Taiwan,
Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, the Gulf of
Thailand, and Sri Lanka.

\n
\"\"
\n

Figure 2. Foulers from the South Harbor of Manila Bay.
Photo by SAILS-PORTEC Manila Bay

\n

Mytella was likely spread through hull fouling and ballast water release. In the Philippines its
spread to other ports was likely through small vessel hull fouling as the first adult samples were
recorded from the fishing boat FV Ocean in 2015 which was docked in Manila Bay. An intensive
monitoring of the South Harbor area in 2014 resulted in the detection of the first cohort of
recruits in Manila Bay. The likely first introduction by ballast water release or by biofouling was
in December 2013 and the first cohort of recruits was detected in July 2014.

\n

There are at least 15 marine non-indigenous species ship hull fouling recorded from Manila Bay's
South Harbor (Vallejo et al. 2019; Trinidad et al 2017.) Only Mytella is considered invasive enough
to have wide scale ecological and economic impacts. The most numerous species is the well-
studied Hydroides elegans, which is a known ship fouler with a present pantropical distribution.

\n
6
", + "markdown": "1. Shipping as a vector for marine IAS\nList of Philippine Ports is in Appendix 3\n\nShipping remains as the only scientifically\ndocumented pathway for marine\nbiological invasion in the Philippines with\nthe introduction and invasion of the\nSouth American mussel Mytella strigata\n(Vallejo et al. 2017). This invasive was first\nrecorded from the South Harbor of\nManila in 2014 and has been known to\nhave spread throughout Manila Bay, to\nLingayen Gulf, Aparri, Cagayan and\nBatangas Port in the Philippines. It has\nsince then reported in Singapore, Taiwan,\nHong Kong, India, Malaysia, the Gulf of\nThailand, and Sri Lanka.\n\n\n\nFigure 2. Foulers from the South Harbor of Manila Bay.\nPhoto by SAILS-PORTEC Manila Bay\n\nMytella was likely spread through hull fouling and ballast water release. In the Philippines its\nspread to other ports was likely through small vessel hull fouling as the first adult samples were\nrecorded from the fishing boat FV Ocean in 2015 which was docked in Manila Bay. An intensive\nmonitoring of the South Harbor area in 2014 resulted in the detection of the first cohort of\nrecruits in Manila Bay. The likely first introduction by ballast water release or by biofouling was\nin December 2013 and the first cohort of recruits was detected in July 2014.\n\nThere are at least 15 marine non-indigenous species ship hull fouling recorded from Manila Bay's\nSouth Harbor (Vallejo et al. 2019; Trinidad et al 2017.) Only Mytella is considered invasive enough\nto have wide scale ecological and economic impacts. The most numerous species is the well-\nstudied Hydroides elegans, which is a known ship fouler with a present pantropical distribution.\n\n6", + "text": "1. Shipping as a vector for marine IAS\nList of Philippine Ports is in Appendix 3\nShipping remains as the only scientifically\ndocumented pathway for marine\nbiological invasion in the Philippines with\nthe introduction and invasion of the\nSouth American mussel Mytella strigata\n(Vallejo et al. 2017). This invasive was first\nrecorded from the South Harbor of\nManila in 2014 and has been known to\nhave spread throughout Manila Bay, to\nLingayen Gulf, Aparri, Cagayan and\nBatangas Port in the Philippines. It has\nsince then reported in Singapore, Taiwan,\nHong Kong, India, Malaysia, the Gulf of\nThailand, and Sri Lanka.\n\nFigure 2. Foulers from the South Harbor of Manila Bay.\nPhoto by SAILS-PORTEC Manila Bay\nMytella was likely spread through hull fouling and ballast water release. In the Philippines its\nspread to other ports was likely through small vessel hull fouling as the first adult samples were\nrecorded from the fishing boat FV Ocean in 2015 which was docked in Manila Bay. An intensive\nmonitoring of the South Harbor area in 2014 resulted in the detection of the first cohort of\nrecruits in Manila Bay. The likely first introduction by ballast water release or by biofouling was\nin December 2013 and the first cohort of recruits was detected in July 2014.\nThere are at least 15 marine non-indigenous species ship hull fouling recorded from Manila Bay's\nSouth Harbor (Vallejo et al. 2019; Trinidad et al 2017.) Only Mytella is considered invasive enough\nto have wide scale ecological and economic impacts. The most numerous species is the well-\nstudied Hydroides elegans, which is a known ship fouler with a present pantropical distribution.\n6" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

1. Shipping as a vector for marine IAS
List of Philippine Ports is in Appendix 3

", + "markdown": "1. Shipping as a vector for marine IAS\nList of Philippine Ports is in Appendix 3", + "text": "1. Shipping as a vector for marine IAS\nList of Philippine Ports is in Appendix 3" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1165, + "y": 0.119 + }, + { + "x": 0.4694, + "y": 0.119 + }, + { + "x": 0.4694, + "y": 0.1659 + }, + { + "x": 0.1165, + "y": 0.1659 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Shipping remains as the only scientifically
documented pathway for marine
biological invasion in the Philippines with
the introduction and invasion of the
South American mussel Mytella strigata
(Vallejo et al. 2017). This invasive was first
recorded from the South Harbor of
Manila in 2014 and has been known to
have spread throughout Manila Bay, to
Lingayen Gulf, Aparri, Cagayan and
Batangas Port in the Philippines. It has
since then reported in Singapore, Taiwan,
Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, the Gulf of
Thailand, and Sri Lanka.

", + "markdown": "Shipping remains as the only scientifically\ndocumented pathway for marine\nbiological invasion in the Philippines with\nthe introduction and invasion of the\nSouth American mussel Mytella strigata\n(Vallejo et al. 2017). This invasive was first\nrecorded from the South Harbor of\nManila in 2014 and has been known to\nhave spread throughout Manila Bay, to\nLingayen Gulf, Aparri, Cagayan and\nBatangas Port in the Philippines. It has\nsince then reported in Singapore, Taiwan,\nHong Kong, India, Malaysia, the Gulf of\nThailand, and Sri Lanka.", + "text": "Shipping remains as the only scientifically\ndocumented pathway for marine\nbiological invasion in the Philippines with\nthe introduction and invasion of the\nSouth American mussel Mytella strigata\n(Vallejo et al. 2017). This invasive was first\nrecorded from the South Harbor of\nManila in 2014 and has been known to\nhave spread throughout Manila Bay, to\nLingayen Gulf, Aparri, Cagayan and\nBatangas Port in the Philippines. It has\nsince then reported in Singapore, Taiwan,\nHong Kong, India, Malaysia, the Gulf of\nThailand, and Sri Lanka." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1141, + "y": 0.1709 + }, + { + "x": 0.4531, + "y": 0.1709 + }, + { + "x": 0.4531, + "y": 0.5553 + }, + { + "x": 0.1141, + "y": 0.5553 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"\"
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Figure 2. Foulers from the South Harbor of Manila Bay.
Photo by SAILS-PORTEC Manila Bay

", + "markdown": "Figure 2. Foulers from the South Harbor of Manila Bay.\nPhoto by SAILS-PORTEC Manila Bay", + "text": "Figure 2. Foulers from the South Harbor of Manila Bay.\nPhoto by SAILS-PORTEC Manila Bay" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4524, + "y": 0.5132 + }, + { + "x": 0.8583, + "y": 0.5132 + }, + { + "x": 0.8583, + "y": 0.5453 + }, + { + "x": 0.4524, + "y": 0.5453 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Mytella was likely spread through hull fouling and ballast water release. In the Philippines its
spread to other ports was likely through small vessel hull fouling as the first adult samples were
recorded from the fishing boat FV Ocean in 2015 which was docked in Manila Bay. An intensive
monitoring of the South Harbor area in 2014 resulted in the detection of the first cohort of
recruits in Manila Bay. The likely first introduction by ballast water release or by biofouling was
in December 2013 and the first cohort of recruits was detected in July 2014.

", + "markdown": "Mytella was likely spread through hull fouling and ballast water release. In the Philippines its\nspread to other ports was likely through small vessel hull fouling as the first adult samples were\nrecorded from the fishing boat FV Ocean in 2015 which was docked in Manila Bay. An intensive\nmonitoring of the South Harbor area in 2014 resulted in the detection of the first cohort of\nrecruits in Manila Bay. The likely first introduction by ballast water release or by biofouling was\nin December 2013 and the first cohort of recruits was detected in July 2014.", + "text": "Mytella was likely spread through hull fouling and ballast water release. In the Philippines its\nspread to other ports was likely through small vessel hull fouling as the first adult samples were\nrecorded from the fishing boat FV Ocean in 2015 which was docked in Manila Bay. An intensive\nmonitoring of the South Harbor area in 2014 resulted in the detection of the first cohort of\nrecruits in Manila Bay. The likely first introduction by ballast water release or by biofouling was\nin December 2013 and the first cohort of recruits was detected in July 2014." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1122, + "y": 0.5906 + }, + { + "x": 0.8897, + "y": 0.5906 + }, + { + "x": 0.8897, + "y": 0.7515 + }, + { + "x": 0.1122, + "y": 0.7515 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

There are at least 15 marine non-indigenous species ship hull fouling recorded from Manila Bay's
South Harbor (Vallejo et al. 2019; Trinidad et al 2017.) Only Mytella is considered invasive enough
to have wide scale ecological and economic impacts. The most numerous species is the well-
studied Hydroides elegans, which is a known ship fouler with a present pantropical distribution.

", + "markdown": "There are at least 15 marine non-indigenous species ship hull fouling recorded from Manila Bay's\nSouth Harbor (Vallejo et al. 2019; Trinidad et al 2017.) Only Mytella is considered invasive enough\nto have wide scale ecological and economic impacts. The most numerous species is the well-\nstudied Hydroides elegans, which is a known ship fouler with a present pantropical distribution.", + "text": "There are at least 15 marine non-indigenous species ship hull fouling recorded from Manila Bay's\nSouth Harbor (Vallejo et al. 2019; Trinidad et al 2017.) Only Mytella is considered invasive enough\nto have wide scale ecological and economic impacts. The most numerous species is the well-\nstudied Hydroides elegans, which is a known ship fouler with a present pantropical distribution." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1114, + "y": 0.7851 + }, + { + "x": 0.8897, + "y": 0.7851 + }, + { + "x": 0.8897, + "y": 0.8893 + }, + { + "x": 0.1114, + "y": 0.8893 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
6
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At Home in Exile

\n

to speak, using half my allocated 20 minutes because he had a different
memory of our internment. As a young boy he had a wonderful time in
camp, getting up to mischief, playing games, feeling adventurous. Girls
are more vulnerable. Puberty can be a greater problem for them.

\n

Another interesting matter associated with this book is that the Iranian-
born anthropologist Dr Pedram Khosronejad contacted me in 2019 after
reading my book in the house of a friend. Pandanus Press having ceased
to exist, Pedram took considerable trouble to locate and invite me to join
parents had also been
a small group for a project he was devising. Their
interned from Persia during the period covered by my book. The group is
now aged between 64 and 85 years of age - the 'children ofinternees from
Persia'. The group works collectively and individually in association with
Dr Khosronejad's experiment of a reciprocal anthropology of the aged.
Outcomes of their work will include a publication as well as documentary
film. This book remains one of several unique contributions within the
development of the project.

\n

With the literary title used in its initial hard copy, not been
this book has
part of bibliographies on civilian or refugee internment in Australia,
although it is unusual as an account of a female's personal experiences.

\n

x

", + "markdown": "# At Home in Exile\n\nto speak, using half my allocated 20 minutes because he had a different\nmemory of our internment. As a young boy he had a wonderful time in\ncamp, getting up to mischief, playing games, feeling adventurous. Girls\nare more vulnerable. Puberty can be a greater problem for them.\n\nAnother interesting matter associated with this book is that the Iranian-\nborn anthropologist Dr Pedram Khosronejad contacted me in 2019 after\nreading my book in the house of a friend. Pandanus Press having ceased\nto exist, Pedram took considerable trouble to locate and invite me to join\nparents had also been\na small group for a project he was devising. Their\ninterned from Persia during the period covered by my book. The group is\nnow aged between 64 and 85 years of age - the 'children ofinternees from\nPersia'. The group works collectively and individually in association with\nDr Khosronejad's experiment of a reciprocal anthropology of the aged.\nOutcomes of their work will include a publication as well as documentary\nfilm. This book remains one of several unique contributions within the\ndevelopment of the project.\n\nWith the literary title used in its initial hard copy, not been\nthis book has\npart of bibliographies on civilian or refugee internment in Australia,\nalthough it is unusual as an account of a female's personal experiences.\n\nx", + "text": "At Home in Exile\nto speak, using half my allocated 20 minutes because he had a different\nmemory of our internment. As a young boy he had a wonderful time in\ncamp, getting up to mischief, playing games, feeling adventurous. Girls\nare more vulnerable. Puberty can be a greater problem for them.\nAnother interesting matter associated with this book is that the Iranian-\nborn anthropologist Dr Pedram Khosronejad contacted me in 2019 after\nreading my book in the house of a friend. Pandanus Press having ceased\nto exist, Pedram took considerable trouble to locate and invite me to join\nparents had also been\na small group for a project he was devising. Their\ninterned from Persia during the period covered by my book. The group is\nnow aged between 64 and 85 years of age - the 'children ofinternees from\nPersia'. The group works collectively and individually in association with\nDr Khosronejad's experiment of a reciprocal anthropology of the aged.\nOutcomes of their work will include a publication as well as documentary\nfilm. This book remains one of several unique contributions within the\ndevelopment of the project.\nWith the literary title used in its initial hard copy, not been\nthis book has\npart of bibliographies on civilian or refugee internment in Australia,\nalthough it is unusual as an account of a female's personal experiences.\nx" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

At Home in Exile

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to speak, using half my allocated 20 minutes because he had a different
memory of our internment. As a young boy he had a wonderful time in
camp, getting up to mischief, playing games, feeling adventurous. Girls
are more vulnerable. Puberty can be a greater problem for them.

", + "markdown": "to speak, using half my allocated 20 minutes because he had a different\nmemory of our internment. As a young boy he had a wonderful time in\ncamp, getting up to mischief, playing games, feeling adventurous. Girls\nare more vulnerable. Puberty can be a greater problem for them.", + "text": "to speak, using half my allocated 20 minutes because he had a different\nmemory of our internment. As a young boy he had a wonderful time in\ncamp, getting up to mischief, playing games, feeling adventurous. Girls\nare more vulnerable. Puberty can be a greater problem for them." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1515, + "y": 0.1173 + }, + { + "x": 0.8755, + "y": 0.1173 + }, + { + "x": 0.8755, + "y": 0.1973 + }, + { + "x": 0.1515, + "y": 0.1973 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Another interesting matter associated with this book is that the Iranian-
born anthropologist Dr Pedram Khosronejad contacted me in 2019 after
reading my book in the house of a friend. Pandanus Press having ceased
to exist, Pedram took considerable trouble to locate and invite me to join
parents had also been
a small group for a project he was devising. Their
interned from Persia during the period covered by my book. The group is
now aged between 64 and 85 years of age - the 'children ofinternees from
Persia'. The group works collectively and individually in association with
Dr Khosronejad's experiment of a reciprocal anthropology of the aged.
Outcomes of their work will include a publication as well as documentary
film. This book remains one of several unique contributions within the
development of the project.

", + "markdown": "Another interesting matter associated with this book is that the Iranian-\nborn anthropologist Dr Pedram Khosronejad contacted me in 2019 after\nreading my book in the house of a friend. Pandanus Press having ceased\nto exist, Pedram took considerable trouble to locate and invite me to join\nparents had also been\na small group for a project he was devising. Their\ninterned from Persia during the period covered by my book. The group is\nnow aged between 64 and 85 years of age - the 'children ofinternees from\nPersia'. The group works collectively and individually in association with\nDr Khosronejad's experiment of a reciprocal anthropology of the aged.\nOutcomes of their work will include a publication as well as documentary\nfilm. This book remains one of several unique contributions within the\ndevelopment of the project.", + "text": "Another interesting matter associated with this book is that the Iranian-\nborn anthropologist Dr Pedram Khosronejad contacted me in 2019 after\nreading my book in the house of a friend. Pandanus Press having ceased\nto exist, Pedram took considerable trouble to locate and invite me to join\nparents had also been\na small group for a project he was devising. Their\ninterned from Persia during the period covered by my book. The group is\nnow aged between 64 and 85 years of age - the 'children ofinternees from\nPersia'. The group works collectively and individually in association with\nDr Khosronejad's experiment of a reciprocal anthropology of the aged.\nOutcomes of their work will include a publication as well as documentary\nfilm. This book remains one of several unique contributions within the\ndevelopment of the project." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1528, + "y": 0.2108 + }, + { + "x": 0.8745, + "y": 0.2108 + }, + { + "x": 0.8745, + "y": 0.4504 + }, + { + "x": 0.1528, + "y": 0.4504 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

With the literary title used in its initial hard copy, not been
this book has
part of bibliographies on civilian or refugee internment in Australia,
although it is unusual as an account of a female's personal experiences.

", + "markdown": "With the literary title used in its initial hard copy, not been\nthis book has\npart of bibliographies on civilian or refugee internment in Australia,\nalthough it is unusual as an account of a female's personal experiences.", + "text": "With the literary title used in its initial hard copy, not been\nthis book has\npart of bibliographies on civilian or refugee internment in Australia,\nalthough it is unusual as an account of a female's personal experiences." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1533, + "y": 0.461 + }, + { + "x": 0.8735, + "y": 0.461 + }, + { + "x": 0.8735, + "y": 0.5219 + }, + { + "x": 0.1533, + "y": 0.5219 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

x

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96
\n
MACDONALD
\n
\"mBetogna
FIGURE 5.1 Mr. Bologna Jun-r as Kalim Azack in Aladdin, or
The Wonderful Lamp.
\n\n

theatrical prints, which are informed by intercul-
turation and illustrate the Orientalized look of the
tale's theatrical life: one of John (\"Jack\") Peter Bo-
logna as Kalim Azack, the vizier's son betrothed to
Badroulboudour, and one of the extraordinary
pantomime clown Joseph Grimaldi as Kazrac, the
magician's Chinese slave, who, disillusioned by the
magician's cruel plans concerning the lamp, be-
friends Aladdin (figs. 5.1 and 5.2). The creation of
this non-speaking role (Kazrac's tongue had been
removed by the \"Tartarian Hord\" from whom the
magician rescued him) added much to the play,
besides giving both the magician and Aladdin an
ally and a confidant. Interestingly, these two prints
likely represent a notable scene in the play, cer-
tainly a favorite with children playing with a toy
theater. The prints show Kalim Azack and Kazrac
fighting while Aladdin follows the princess to the
royal baths. The wealthy Kalim Azack is depicted
wearing an elaborate ensemble: long embroidered
tunic with fringe, short jacket with embroidery
and tassels, full trousers tucked into boots, a sash,

\n
\"Grimaldi\"
FIGURE 5.2 Mr. Grimaldi as Kazrac (the Chinese slave) in
Aladdin, or The Wonderful Lamp.
\n\n

necklace, earrings, and brooches. With his fanciful
hat and long moustache, he depicts a theatrical
version of \"a Tartar,\" or \"a Man from Crimea.\" An
illustration with the same title was included in an
1804 edition of The Costume ofTurkey that aptly as-
sociates Kalim Azack with the \"Tartarian Hord\"
responsible for Kazrac's disfigurement. 41 Kazrac's
\"Chinese\" costume resembles contemporary Qing
Dynasty (1636-1912) fashion with its changshan tu-
nic, long, loose trousers, and a cap with upturned
brim, topped with a knob. Despite his role as a
poor peasant, Kazrac's theatrical costume is em-
bellished with embroidery and a gold trim, and the
character wears white stockings. Additionally,
Grimaldi sports a braided pigtail and long mous-
tache and brandishes two curved swords. Taken
together, these two cultural images exemplify the
Orientalized look that contributed to the fantasy

\n

41 \"A Tartar. A Man from Crimea,\" in Octavien Dalvimart,
The Costume of Turkey, 1802 (London: Printed for Will-
iam Miller, 1804), n.p.

", + "markdown": "96\n\nMACDONALD\n\nmBetogna lex Kalin Maddin ertheWeaderful... lamp?\nIndo\n\nFIGURE 5.1 Mr. Bologna Jun-r as Kalim Azack in Aladdin, or\nThe Wonderful Lamp.\n\ntheatrical prints, which are informed by intercul-\nturation and illustrate the Orientalized look of the\ntale's theatrical life: one of John (\"Jack\") Peter Bo-\nlogna as Kalim Azack, the vizier's son betrothed to\nBadroulboudour, and one of the extraordinary\npantomime clown Joseph Grimaldi as Kazrac, the\nmagician's Chinese slave, who, disillusioned by the\nmagician's cruel plans concerning the lamp, be-\nfriends Aladdin (figs. 5.1 and 5.2). The creation of\nthis non-speaking role (Kazrac's tongue had been\nremoved by the \"Tartarian Hord\" from whom the\nmagician rescued him) added much to the play,\nbesides giving both the magician and Aladdin an\nally and a confidant. Interestingly, these two prints\nlikely represent a notable scene in the play, cer-\ntainly a favorite with children playing with a toy\ntheater. The prints show Kalim Azack and Kazrac\nfighting while Aladdin follows the princess to the\nroyal baths. The wealthy Kalim Azack is depicted\nwearing an elaborate ensemble: long embroidered\ntunic with fringe, short jacket with embroidery\nand tassels, full trousers tucked into boots, a sash,\n\nGrimaldi\n\nFIGURE 5.2 Mr. Grimaldi as Kazrac (the Chinese slave) in\nAladdin, or The Wonderful Lamp.\n\nnecklace, earrings, and brooches. With his fanciful\nhat and long moustache, he depicts a theatrical\nversion of \"a Tartar,\" or \"a Man from Crimea.\" An\nillustration with the same title was included in an\n1804 edition of The Costume ofTurkey that aptly as-\nsociates Kalim Azack with the \"Tartarian Hord\"\nresponsible for Kazrac's disfigurement. 41 Kazrac's\n\"Chinese\" costume resembles contemporary Qing\nDynasty (1636-1912) fashion with its changshan tu-\nnic, long, loose trousers, and a cap with upturned\nbrim, topped with a knob. Despite his role as a\npoor peasant, Kazrac's theatrical costume is em-\nbellished with embroidery and a gold trim, and the\ncharacter wears white stockings. Additionally,\nGrimaldi sports a braided pigtail and long mous-\ntache and brandishes two curved swords. Taken\ntogether, these two cultural images exemplify the\nOrientalized look that contributed to the fantasy\n\n41 \"A Tartar. A Man from Crimea,\" in Octavien Dalvimart,\nThe Costume of Turkey, 1802 (London: Printed for Will-\niam Miller, 1804), n.p.", + "text": "96\nMACDONALD\nmBetogna lex Kalin Maddin ertheWeaderful... lamp?\nIndo\nFIGURE 5.1 Mr. Bologna Jun-r as Kalim Azack in Aladdin, or\nThe Wonderful Lamp.\ntheatrical prints, which are informed by intercul-\nturation and illustrate the Orientalized look of the\ntale's theatrical life: one of John (\"Jack\") Peter Bo-\nlogna as Kalim Azack, the vizier's son betrothed to\nBadroulboudour, and one of the extraordinary\npantomime clown Joseph Grimaldi as Kazrac, the\nmagician's Chinese slave, who, disillusioned by the\nmagician's cruel plans concerning the lamp, be-\nfriends Aladdin (figs. 5.1 and 5.2). The creation of\nthis non-speaking role (Kazrac's tongue had been\nremoved by the \"Tartarian Hord\" from whom the\nmagician rescued him) added much to the play,\nbesides giving both the magician and Aladdin an\nally and a confidant. Interestingly, these two prints\nlikely represent a notable scene in the play, cer-\ntainly a favorite with children playing with a toy\ntheater. The prints show Kalim Azack and Kazrac\nfighting while Aladdin follows the princess to the\nroyal baths. The wealthy Kalim Azack is depicted\nwearing an elaborate ensemble: long embroidered\ntunic with fringe, short jacket with embroidery\nand tassels, full trousers tucked into boots, a sash,\nGrimaldi\nFIGURE 5.2 Mr. Grimaldi as Kazrac (the Chinese slave) in\nAladdin, or The Wonderful Lamp.\nnecklace, earrings, and brooches. With his fanciful\nhat and long moustache, he depicts a theatrical\nversion of \"a Tartar,\" or \"a Man from Crimea.\" An\nillustration with the same title was included in an\n1804 edition of The Costume ofTurkey that aptly as-\nsociates Kalim Azack with the \"Tartarian Hord\"\nresponsible for Kazrac's disfigurement. 41 Kazrac's\n\"Chinese\" costume resembles contemporary Qing\nDynasty (1636-1912) fashion with its changshan tu-\nnic, long, loose trousers, and a cap with upturned\nbrim, topped with a knob. Despite his role as a\npoor peasant, Kazrac's theatrical costume is em-\nbellished with embroidery and a gold trim, and the\ncharacter wears white stockings. Additionally,\nGrimaldi sports a braided pigtail and long mous-\ntache and brandishes two curved swords. Taken\ntogether, these two cultural images exemplify the\nOrientalized look that contributed to the fantasy\n41 \"A Tartar. A Man from Crimea,\" in Octavien Dalvimart,\nThe Costume of Turkey, 1802 (London: Printed for Will-\niam Miller, 1804), n.p." + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
96
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MACDONALD
", + "markdown": "MACDONALD", + "text": "MACDONALD" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7973, + "y": 0.0488 + }, + { + "x": 0.8991, + "y": 0.0488 + }, + { + "x": 0.8991, + "y": 0.0609 + }, + { + "x": 0.7973, + "y": 0.0609 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"mBetogna
", + "markdown": "mBetogna lex Kalin Maddin ertheWeaderful... lamp?\nIndo", + "text": "mBetogna lex Kalin Maddin ertheWeaderful... lamp?\nIndo" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1028, + "y": 0.0803 + }, + { + "x": 0.4861, + "y": 0.0803 + }, + { + "x": 0.4861, + "y": 0.4362 + }, + { + "x": 0.1028, + "y": 0.4362 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "FIGURE 5.1 Mr. Bologna Jun-r as Kalim Azack in Aladdin, or
The Wonderful Lamp.", + "markdown": "FIGURE 5.1 Mr. Bologna Jun-r as Kalim Azack in Aladdin, or\nThe Wonderful Lamp.", + "text": "FIGURE 5.1 Mr. Bologna Jun-r as Kalim Azack in Aladdin, or\nThe Wonderful Lamp." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1007, + "y": 0.4456 + }, + { + "x": 0.4885, + "y": 0.4456 + }, + { + "x": 0.4885, + "y": 0.475 + }, + { + "x": 0.1007, + "y": 0.475 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

theatrical prints, which are informed by intercul-
turation and illustrate the Orientalized look of the
tale's theatrical life: one of John (\"Jack\") Peter Bo-
logna as Kalim Azack, the vizier's son betrothed to
Badroulboudour, and one of the extraordinary
pantomime clown Joseph Grimaldi as Kazrac, the
magician's Chinese slave, who, disillusioned by the
magician's cruel plans concerning the lamp, be-
friends Aladdin (figs. 5.1 and 5.2). The creation of
this non-speaking role (Kazrac's tongue had been
removed by the \"Tartarian Hord\" from whom the
magician rescued him) added much to the play,
besides giving both the magician and Aladdin an
ally and a confidant. Interestingly, these two prints
likely represent a notable scene in the play, cer-
tainly a favorite with children playing with a toy
theater. The prints show Kalim Azack and Kazrac
fighting while Aladdin follows the princess to the
royal baths. The wealthy Kalim Azack is depicted
wearing an elaborate ensemble: long embroidered
tunic with fringe, short jacket with embroidery
and tassels, full trousers tucked into boots, a sash,

", + "markdown": "theatrical prints, which are informed by intercul-\nturation and illustrate the Orientalized look of the\ntale's theatrical life: one of John (\"Jack\") Peter Bo-\nlogna as Kalim Azack, the vizier's son betrothed to\nBadroulboudour, and one of the extraordinary\npantomime clown Joseph Grimaldi as Kazrac, the\nmagician's Chinese slave, who, disillusioned by the\nmagician's cruel plans concerning the lamp, be-\nfriends Aladdin (figs. 5.1 and 5.2). The creation of\nthis non-speaking role (Kazrac's tongue had been\nremoved by the \"Tartarian Hord\" from whom the\nmagician rescued him) added much to the play,\nbesides giving both the magician and Aladdin an\nally and a confidant. Interestingly, these two prints\nlikely represent a notable scene in the play, cer-\ntainly a favorite with children playing with a toy\ntheater. The prints show Kalim Azack and Kazrac\nfighting while Aladdin follows the princess to the\nroyal baths. The wealthy Kalim Azack is depicted\nwearing an elaborate ensemble: long embroidered\ntunic with fringe, short jacket with embroidery\nand tassels, full trousers tucked into boots, a sash,", + "text": "theatrical prints, which are informed by intercul-\nturation and illustrate the Orientalized look of the\ntale's theatrical life: one of John (\"Jack\") Peter Bo-\nlogna as Kalim Azack, the vizier's son betrothed to\nBadroulboudour, and one of the extraordinary\npantomime clown Joseph Grimaldi as Kazrac, the\nmagician's Chinese slave, who, disillusioned by the\nmagician's cruel plans concerning the lamp, be-\nfriends Aladdin (figs. 5.1 and 5.2). The creation of\nthis non-speaking role (Kazrac's tongue had been\nremoved by the \"Tartarian Hord\" from whom the\nmagician rescued him) added much to the play,\nbesides giving both the magician and Aladdin an\nally and a confidant. Interestingly, these two prints\nlikely represent a notable scene in the play, cer-\ntainly a favorite with children playing with a toy\ntheater. The prints show Kalim Azack and Kazrac\nfighting while Aladdin follows the princess to the\nroyal baths. The wealthy Kalim Azack is depicted\nwearing an elaborate ensemble: long embroidered\ntunic with fringe, short jacket with embroidery\nand tassels, full trousers tucked into boots, a sash," + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0998, + "y": 0.5016 + }, + { + "x": 0.4906, + "y": 0.5016 + }, + { + "x": 0.4906, + "y": 0.9028 + }, + { + "x": 0.0998, + "y": 0.9028 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Grimaldi\"
", + "markdown": "Grimaldi", + "text": "Grimaldi" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5125, + "y": 0.0844 + }, + { + "x": 0.8724, + "y": 0.0844 + }, + { + "x": 0.8724, + "y": 0.4374 + }, + { + "x": 0.5125, + "y": 0.4374 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "FIGURE 5.2 Mr. Grimaldi as Kazrac (the Chinese slave) in
Aladdin, or The Wonderful Lamp.", + "markdown": "FIGURE 5.2 Mr. Grimaldi as Kazrac (the Chinese slave) in\nAladdin, or The Wonderful Lamp.", + "text": "FIGURE 5.2 Mr. Grimaldi as Kazrac (the Chinese slave) in\nAladdin, or The Wonderful Lamp." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5102, + "y": 0.4465 + }, + { + "x": 0.8786, + "y": 0.4465 + }, + { + "x": 0.8786, + "y": 0.4756 + }, + { + "x": 0.5102, + "y": 0.4756 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

necklace, earrings, and brooches. With his fanciful
hat and long moustache, he depicts a theatrical
version of \"a Tartar,\" or \"a Man from Crimea.\" An
illustration with the same title was included in an
1804 edition of The Costume ofTurkey that aptly as-
sociates Kalim Azack with the \"Tartarian Hord\"
responsible for Kazrac's disfigurement. 41 Kazrac's
\"Chinese\" costume resembles contemporary Qing
Dynasty (1636-1912) fashion with its changshan tu-
nic, long, loose trousers, and a cap with upturned
brim, topped with a knob. Despite his role as a
poor peasant, Kazrac's theatrical costume is em-
bellished with embroidery and a gold trim, and the
character wears white stockings. Additionally,
Grimaldi sports a braided pigtail and long mous-
tache and brandishes two curved swords. Taken
together, these two cultural images exemplify the
Orientalized look that contributed to the fantasy

", + "markdown": "necklace, earrings, and brooches. With his fanciful\nhat and long moustache, he depicts a theatrical\nversion of \"a Tartar,\" or \"a Man from Crimea.\" An\nillustration with the same title was included in an\n1804 edition of The Costume ofTurkey that aptly as-\nsociates Kalim Azack with the \"Tartarian Hord\"\nresponsible for Kazrac's disfigurement. 41 Kazrac's\n\"Chinese\" costume resembles contemporary Qing\nDynasty (1636-1912) fashion with its changshan tu-\nnic, long, loose trousers, and a cap with upturned\nbrim, topped with a knob. Despite his role as a\npoor peasant, Kazrac's theatrical costume is em-\nbellished with embroidery and a gold trim, and the\ncharacter wears white stockings. Additionally,\nGrimaldi sports a braided pigtail and long mous-\ntache and brandishes two curved swords. Taken\ntogether, these two cultural images exemplify the\nOrientalized look that contributed to the fantasy", + "text": "necklace, earrings, and brooches. With his fanciful\nhat and long moustache, he depicts a theatrical\nversion of \"a Tartar,\" or \"a Man from Crimea.\" An\nillustration with the same title was included in an\n1804 edition of The Costume ofTurkey that aptly as-\nsociates Kalim Azack with the \"Tartarian Hord\"\nresponsible for Kazrac's disfigurement. 41 Kazrac's\n\"Chinese\" costume resembles contemporary Qing\nDynasty (1636-1912) fashion with its changshan tu-\nnic, long, loose trousers, and a cap with upturned\nbrim, topped with a knob. Despite his role as a\npoor peasant, Kazrac's theatrical costume is em-\nbellished with embroidery and a gold trim, and the\ncharacter wears white stockings. Additionally,\nGrimaldi sports a braided pigtail and long mous-\ntache and brandishes two curved swords. Taken\ntogether, these two cultural images exemplify the\nOrientalized look that contributed to the fantasy" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5084, + "y": 0.5015 + }, + { + "x": 0.9007, + "y": 0.5015 + }, + { + "x": 0.9007, + "y": 0.8299 + }, + { + "x": 0.5084, + "y": 0.8299 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

41 \"A Tartar. A Man from Crimea,\" in Octavien Dalvimart,
The Costume of Turkey, 1802 (London: Printed for Will-
iam Miller, 1804), n.p.

", + "markdown": "41 \"A Tartar. A Man from Crimea,\" in Octavien Dalvimart,\nThe Costume of Turkey, 1802 (London: Printed for Will-\niam Miller, 1804), n.p.", + "text": "41 \"A Tartar. A Man from Crimea,\" in Octavien Dalvimart,\nThe Costume of Turkey, 1802 (London: Printed for Will-\niam Miller, 1804), n.p." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5111, + "y": 0.8543 + }, + { + "x": 0.9002, + "y": 0.8543 + }, + { + "x": 0.9002, + "y": 0.9025 + }, + { + "x": 0.5111, + "y": 0.9025 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000010.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
CIRCULATING THINGS, CIRCULATING STEREOTYPES
\n
83
\n
\"The
FIGURE 4.10 James Gillray, High Change in Bond Street; ou la politesse du grande monde [graphic]. Etching on wove paper,
hand-colored.
PUBLISHED BY H. HUMPHREY, LONDON, 1796
\n\n

meant to bewilder the viewer. Satins, silks, ivory,
gigantic eggs, and \"artificial\" apples describe, in
fact, the things of the trade: expensive and rare
fabrics, on the one hand, strange collectibles and
exotica, on the other. Lavish dresses and embel-
lishments become insignia of wealth, power, and
nonconformity, of a way of life outside the eco-
nomic constraints of the Western civilization. In-
terestingly, such projections were internalized by
eighteenth-century British subjects in the fashion-
able \"Turquerie\" that allowed the wearers to dis-
play their wealth by wearing Oriental dress, tur-
bans, ostrichplumes,longcapes, veils,andflattering
shalvars (figs. 4·9 and 4.10). Anotherinfusion ofOri-
entalism in the West, the tradition ofpainting Euro-
pean figures in Middle Eastern dress, becomes a
form of cultural cross-dressing meant to suggest

\n

misuse of power or excessive wealth (fig. 4.11).
Such cultural imports are difficult to be under-
stood, to use Said's qualification, as expressions of
the Occident's cultural \"antipathy\"84 toward the
Orient; rather, they reflect the West's attraction to a
space that connotes difference understood as ex-
traordinariness rather than inferiority.

\n

Besides their connotations of magic, exoticism,
and wealth, the thingsintheArabianNights are also
rich bearers of culturalinformation:as Marina War-
ner correctly pointed out, \"stories are lodged in
goods\"85 and as such, they expand the reader's

\n

84 Said, Orientalism, 260.
85 Marina Warner, introduction to Stranger Magic:
Charmed States and the Arabian Nights (London: Chat-
to & Windus, 2011), 8.

", + "markdown": "CIRCULATING THINGS, CIRCULATING STEREOTYPES\n\n83\n\nThe ThreePigeous\n국내\nholy Neep Bord\nJ.G.d.d. inBond Street. ou la Polite/se du Grande Monde.\nHigh Change\n\nFIGURE 4.10 James Gillray, High Change in Bond Street; ou la politesse du grande monde [graphic]. Etching on wove paper,\nhand-colored.\nPUBLISHED BY H. HUMPHREY, LONDON, 1796\n\nmeant to bewilder the viewer. Satins, silks, ivory,\ngigantic eggs, and \"artificial\" apples describe, in\nfact, the things of the trade: expensive and rare\nfabrics, on the one hand, strange collectibles and\nexotica, on the other. Lavish dresses and embel-\nlishments become insignia of wealth, power, and\nnonconformity, of a way of life outside the eco-\nnomic constraints of the Western civilization. In-\nterestingly, such projections were internalized by\neighteenth-century British subjects in the fashion-\nable \"Turquerie\" that allowed the wearers to dis-\nplay their wealth by wearing Oriental dress, tur-\nbans, ostrichplumes,longcapes, veils,andflattering\nshalvars (figs. 4·9 and 4.10). Anotherinfusion ofOri-\nentalism in the West, the tradition ofpainting Euro-\npean figures in Middle Eastern dress, becomes a\nform of cultural cross-dressing meant to suggest\n\nmisuse of power or excessive wealth (fig. 4.11).\nSuch cultural imports are difficult to be under-\nstood, to use Said's qualification, as expressions of\nthe Occident's cultural \"antipathy\"84 toward the\nOrient; rather, they reflect the West's attraction to a\nspace that connotes difference understood as ex-\ntraordinariness rather than inferiority.\n\nBesides their connotations of magic, exoticism,\nand wealth, the thingsintheArabianNights are also\nrich bearers of culturalinformation:as Marina War-\nner correctly pointed out, \"stories are lodged in\ngoods\"85 and as such, they expand the reader's\n\n- 84 Said, Orientalism, 260.\n- 85 Marina Warner, introduction to Stranger Magic:\n- Charmed States and the Arabian Nights (London: Chat-\n- to & Windus, 2011), 8.", + "text": "CIRCULATING THINGS, CIRCULATING STEREOTYPES\n83\nThe ThreePigeous\n국내\nholy Neep Bord\nJ.G.d.d. inBond Street. ou la Polite/se du Grande Monde.\nHigh Change\nFIGURE 4.10 James Gillray, High Change in Bond Street; ou la politesse du grande monde [graphic]. Etching on wove paper,\nhand-colored.\nPUBLISHED BY H. HUMPHREY, LONDON, 1796\nmeant to bewilder the viewer. Satins, silks, ivory,\ngigantic eggs, and \"artificial\" apples describe, in\nfact, the things of the trade: expensive and rare\nfabrics, on the one hand, strange collectibles and\nexotica, on the other. Lavish dresses and embel-\nlishments become insignia of wealth, power, and\nnonconformity, of a way of life outside the eco-\nnomic constraints of the Western civilization. In-\nterestingly, such projections were internalized by\neighteenth-century British subjects in the fashion-\nable \"Turquerie\" that allowed the wearers to dis-\nplay their wealth by wearing Oriental dress, tur-\nbans, ostrichplumes,longcapes, veils,andflattering\nshalvars (figs. 4·9 and 4.10). Anotherinfusion ofOri-\nentalism in the West, the tradition ofpainting Euro-\npean figures in Middle Eastern dress, becomes a\nform of cultural cross-dressing meant to suggest\nmisuse of power or excessive wealth (fig. 4.11).\nSuch cultural imports are difficult to be under-\nstood, to use Said's qualification, as expressions of\nthe Occident's cultural \"antipathy\"84 toward the\nOrient; rather, they reflect the West's attraction to a\nspace that connotes difference understood as ex-\ntraordinariness rather than inferiority.\nBesides their connotations of magic, exoticism,\nand wealth, the thingsintheArabianNights are also\nrich bearers of culturalinformation:as Marina War-\nner correctly pointed out, \"stories are lodged in\ngoods\"85 and as such, they expand the reader's\n84 Said, Orientalism, 260.\n85 Marina Warner, introduction to Stranger Magic:\nCharmed States and the Arabian Nights (London: Chat-\nto & Windus, 2011), 8." + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
CIRCULATING THINGS, CIRCULATING STEREOTYPES
", + "markdown": "CIRCULATING THINGS, CIRCULATING STEREOTYPES", + "text": "CIRCULATING THINGS, CIRCULATING STEREOTYPES" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1006, + "y": 0.0486 + }, + { + "x": 0.4877, + "y": 0.0486 + }, + { + "x": 0.4877, + "y": 0.0614 + }, + { + "x": 0.1006, + "y": 0.0614 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
83
", + "markdown": "83", + "text": "83" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8771, + "y": 0.0487 + }, + { + "x": 0.8995, + "y": 0.0487 + }, + { + "x": 0.8995, + "y": 0.0606 + }, + { + "x": 0.8771, + "y": 0.0606 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"The
", + "markdown": "The ThreePigeous\n국내\nholy Neep Bord\nJ.G.d.d. inBond Street. ou la Polite/se du Grande Monde.\nHigh Change", + "text": "The ThreePigeous\n국내\nholy Neep Bord\nJ.G.d.d. inBond Street. ou la Polite/se du Grande Monde.\nHigh Change" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1112, + "y": 0.083 + }, + { + "x": 0.8883, + "y": 0.083 + }, + { + "x": 0.8883, + "y": 0.4876 + }, + { + "x": 0.1112, + "y": 0.4876 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

FIGURE 4.10 James Gillray, High Change in Bond Street; ou la politesse du grande monde [graphic]. Etching on wove paper,
hand-colored.
PUBLISHED BY H. HUMPHREY, LONDON, 1796

", + "markdown": "FIGURE 4.10 James Gillray, High Change in Bond Street; ou la politesse du grande monde [graphic]. Etching on wove paper,\nhand-colored.\nPUBLISHED BY H. HUMPHREY, LONDON, 1796", + "text": "FIGURE 4.10 James Gillray, High Change in Bond Street; ou la politesse du grande monde [graphic]. Etching on wove paper,\nhand-colored.\nPUBLISHED BY H. HUMPHREY, LONDON, 1796" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.113, + "y": 0.5047 + }, + { + "x": 0.8872, + "y": 0.5047 + }, + { + "x": 0.8872, + "y": 0.5481 + }, + { + "x": 0.113, + "y": 0.5481 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

meant to bewilder the viewer. Satins, silks, ivory,
gigantic eggs, and \"artificial\" apples describe, in
fact, the things of the trade: expensive and rare
fabrics, on the one hand, strange collectibles and
exotica, on the other. Lavish dresses and embel-
lishments become insignia of wealth, power, and
nonconformity, of a way of life outside the eco-
nomic constraints of the Western civilization. In-
terestingly, such projections were internalized by
eighteenth-century British subjects in the fashion-
able \"Turquerie\" that allowed the wearers to dis-
play their wealth by wearing Oriental dress, tur-
bans, ostrichplumes,longcapes, veils,andflattering
shalvars (figs. 4·9 and 4.10). Anotherinfusion ofOri-
entalism in the West, the tradition ofpainting Euro-
pean figures in Middle Eastern dress, becomes a
form of cultural cross-dressing meant to suggest

", + "markdown": "meant to bewilder the viewer. Satins, silks, ivory,\ngigantic eggs, and \"artificial\" apples describe, in\nfact, the things of the trade: expensive and rare\nfabrics, on the one hand, strange collectibles and\nexotica, on the other. Lavish dresses and embel-\nlishments become insignia of wealth, power, and\nnonconformity, of a way of life outside the eco-\nnomic constraints of the Western civilization. In-\nterestingly, such projections were internalized by\neighteenth-century British subjects in the fashion-\nable \"Turquerie\" that allowed the wearers to dis-\nplay their wealth by wearing Oriental dress, tur-\nbans, ostrichplumes,longcapes, veils,andflattering\nshalvars (figs. 4·9 and 4.10). Anotherinfusion ofOri-\nentalism in the West, the tradition ofpainting Euro-\npean figures in Middle Eastern dress, becomes a\nform of cultural cross-dressing meant to suggest", + "text": "meant to bewilder the viewer. Satins, silks, ivory,\ngigantic eggs, and \"artificial\" apples describe, in\nfact, the things of the trade: expensive and rare\nfabrics, on the one hand, strange collectibles and\nexotica, on the other. Lavish dresses and embel-\nlishments become insignia of wealth, power, and\nnonconformity, of a way of life outside the eco-\nnomic constraints of the Western civilization. In-\nterestingly, such projections were internalized by\neighteenth-century British subjects in the fashion-\nable \"Turquerie\" that allowed the wearers to dis-\nplay their wealth by wearing Oriental dress, tur-\nbans, ostrichplumes,longcapes, veils,andflattering\nshalvars (figs. 4·9 and 4.10). Anotherinfusion ofOri-\nentalism in the West, the tradition ofpainting Euro-\npean figures in Middle Eastern dress, becomes a\nform of cultural cross-dressing meant to suggest" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0999, + "y": 0.5935 + }, + { + "x": 0.4927, + "y": 0.5935 + }, + { + "x": 0.4927, + "y": 0.9031 + }, + { + "x": 0.0999, + "y": 0.9031 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

misuse of power or excessive wealth (fig. 4.11).
Such cultural imports are difficult to be under-
stood, to use Said's qualification, as expressions of
the Occident's cultural \"antipathy\"84 toward the
Orient; rather, they reflect the West's attraction to a
space that connotes difference understood as ex-
traordinariness rather than inferiority.

", + "markdown": "misuse of power or excessive wealth (fig. 4.11).\nSuch cultural imports are difficult to be under-\nstood, to use Said's qualification, as expressions of\nthe Occident's cultural \"antipathy\"84 toward the\nOrient; rather, they reflect the West's attraction to a\nspace that connotes difference understood as ex-\ntraordinariness rather than inferiority.", + "text": "misuse of power or excessive wealth (fig. 4.11).\nSuch cultural imports are difficult to be under-\nstood, to use Said's qualification, as expressions of\nthe Occident's cultural \"antipathy\"84 toward the\nOrient; rather, they reflect the West's attraction to a\nspace that connotes difference understood as ex-\ntraordinariness rather than inferiority." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5087, + "y": 0.5944 + }, + { + "x": 0.9002, + "y": 0.5944 + }, + { + "x": 0.9002, + "y": 0.7188 + }, + { + "x": 0.5087, + "y": 0.7188 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Besides their connotations of magic, exoticism,
and wealth, the thingsintheArabianNights are also
rich bearers of culturalinformation:as Marina War-
ner correctly pointed out, \"stories are lodged in
goods\"85 and as such, they expand the reader's

", + "markdown": "Besides their connotations of magic, exoticism,\nand wealth, the thingsintheArabianNights are also\nrich bearers of culturalinformation:as Marina War-\nner correctly pointed out, \"stories are lodged in\ngoods\"85 and as such, they expand the reader's", + "text": "Besides their connotations of magic, exoticism,\nand wealth, the thingsintheArabianNights are also\nrich bearers of culturalinformation:as Marina War-\nner correctly pointed out, \"stories are lodged in\ngoods\"85 and as such, they expand the reader's" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5094, + "y": 0.7205 + }, + { + "x": 0.9, + "y": 0.7205 + }, + { + "x": 0.9, + "y": 0.812 + }, + { + "x": 0.5094, + "y": 0.812 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

84 Said, Orientalism, 260.
85 Marina Warner, introduction to Stranger Magic:
Charmed States and the Arabian Nights (London: Chat-
to & Windus, 2011), 8.

", + "markdown": "- 84 Said, Orientalism, 260.\n- 85 Marina Warner, introduction to Stranger Magic:\n- Charmed States and the Arabian Nights (London: Chat-\n- to & Windus, 2011), 8.\n", + "text": "84 Said, Orientalism, 260.\n85 Marina Warner, introduction to Stranger Magic:\nCharmed States and the Arabian Nights (London: Chat-\nto & Windus, 2011), 8." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5124, + "y": 0.838 + }, + { + "x": 0.9012, + "y": 0.838 + }, + { + "x": 0.9012, + "y": 0.9025 + }, + { + "x": 0.5124, + "y": 0.9025 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000132.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Fish species on IUCN Red List

\n
Potosi PupfishCyprinodon alvarezi
La Palma PupfishCyprinodon longidorsalis
Butterfly SplitfinAmeca splendens
Golden SkiffiaSkiffia francesae
\n

Table 6.1: Four fish species on IUCN Red List \"Extinct in the Wild\" held in public aquariums.

\n

Public aquariums, because of their in-
house expertise, can act quickly to collect
and breed rare fish. Actions to prevent the
extinction of the Barrens Topminnow
include monitoring populations and
propagating and stocking juveniles into
existing or newly created spring habitats.
The Tennessee Aquarium assisted with
propagations and developed a program
called \"Keeper Kids,\" where students on
spring break help feed the Barrens
Topminnows in a behind-the-scenes
experience.

\n
\"\"
Figure 6.3: Photo of the critically endangered Butterfly Splitfin (Ameca
spendens).
\n\n

The breeding colonies of the Butterfly Splitfin (Figure 6.3) at the London Zoo and elsewhere serve as ark
populations essential to the survival of this species. Butterfly Splitfins are endemic to the Rio Ameca in
western Mexico and almost extinct in the wild. Actions such as nonnative fish removal, stream restoration, and
sanctuary designation may take decades before eventual introduction and survival in the wild. The Tennessee
Aquarium is part of a large partnership to guide hatchery augmentation and recovery of the rarest darter in
North America (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2019). The Conasauga Logperch (Percina jenkinsi), a federally
endangered darter (Percidae), is found only in a 30-mile (48 km) stretch of the Conasauga River in Georgia and
Tennessee (Moyer et al. 2015).

\n
\"THE
Figure 6.4: Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens).
\n\n

The Banggai Cardinalfish (Pterapogon
kauderni), a small, endangered tropical
cardinalfish in the family Apogonidae, is
now bred and displayed in numerous public
aquariums after overharvest in the wild
drove wild populations to near extinction.
Consequently, most Banggai Cardinalfish
sold to hobbyists in the United States and
European Union today are captive bred.

\n
132 I Public Aquariums and Their Role in Education, Science, and Conservation
", + "markdown": "Fish species on IUCN Red List\n\n| Potosi Pupfish | Cyprinodon alvarezi |\n| --- | --- |\n| La Palma Pupfish | Cyprinodon longidorsalis |\n| Butterfly Splitfin | Ameca splendens |\n| Golden Skiffia | Skiffia francesae |\n\n\nTable 6.1: Four fish species on IUCN Red List \"Extinct in the Wild\" held in public aquariums.\n\nPublic aquariums, because of their in-\nhouse expertise, can act quickly to collect\nand breed rare fish. Actions to prevent the\nextinction of the Barrens Topminnow\ninclude monitoring populations and\npropagating and stocking juveniles into\nexisting or newly created spring habitats.\nThe Tennessee Aquarium assisted with\npropagations and developed a program\ncalled \"Keeper Kids,\" where students on\nspring break help feed the Barrens\nTopminnows in a behind-the-scenes\nexperience.\n\n\n\nFigure 6.3: Photo of the critically endangered Butterfly Splitfin (Ameca\nspendens).\n\nThe breeding colonies of the Butterfly Splitfin (Figure 6.3) at the London Zoo and elsewhere serve as ark\npopulations essential to the survival of this species. Butterfly Splitfins are endemic to the Rio Ameca in\nwestern Mexico and almost extinct in the wild. Actions such as nonnative fish removal, stream restoration, and\nsanctuary designation may take decades before eventual introduction and survival in the wild. The Tennessee\nAquarium is part of a large partnership to guide hatchery augmentation and recovery of the rarest darter in\nNorth America (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2019). The Conasauga Logperch (Percina jenkinsi), a federally\nendangered darter (Percidae), is found only in a 30-mile (48 km) stretch of the Conasauga River in Georgia and\nTennessee (Moyer et al. 2015).\n\nTHE LAKE STURGEON.\nAcipenser rubicandus, I.e S. 061.)\n등의 Mirhigan byg, Milner\n\nFigure 6.4: Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens).\n\nThe Banggai Cardinalfish (Pterapogon\nkauderni), a small, endangered tropical\ncardinalfish in the family Apogonidae, is\nnow bred and displayed in numerous public\naquariums after overharvest in the wild\ndrove wild populations to near extinction.\nConsequently, most Banggai Cardinalfish\nsold to hobbyists in the United States and\nEuropean Union today are captive bred.\n\n132 I Public Aquariums and Their Role in Education, Science, and Conservation", + "text": "Fish species on IUCN Red List\nPotosi Pupfish Cyprinodon alvarezi\n La Palma Pupfish Cyprinodon longidorsalis\n Butterfly Splitfin Ameca splendens\n Golden Skiffia Skiffia francesae\nTable 6.1: Four fish species on IUCN Red List \"Extinct in the Wild\" held in public aquariums.\nPublic aquariums, because of their in-\nhouse expertise, can act quickly to collect\nand breed rare fish. Actions to prevent the\nextinction of the Barrens Topminnow\ninclude monitoring populations and\npropagating and stocking juveniles into\nexisting or newly created spring habitats.\nThe Tennessee Aquarium assisted with\npropagations and developed a program\ncalled \"Keeper Kids,\" where students on\nspring break help feed the Barrens\nTopminnows in a behind-the-scenes\nexperience.\n\nFigure 6.3: Photo of the critically endangered Butterfly Splitfin (Ameca\nspendens).\nThe breeding colonies of the Butterfly Splitfin (Figure 6.3) at the London Zoo and elsewhere serve as ark\npopulations essential to the survival of this species. Butterfly Splitfins are endemic to the Rio Ameca in\nwestern Mexico and almost extinct in the wild. Actions such as nonnative fish removal, stream restoration, and\nsanctuary designation may take decades before eventual introduction and survival in the wild. The Tennessee\nAquarium is part of a large partnership to guide hatchery augmentation and recovery of the rarest darter in\nNorth America (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2019). The Conasauga Logperch (Percina jenkinsi), a federally\nendangered darter (Percidae), is found only in a 30-mile (48 km) stretch of the Conasauga River in Georgia and\nTennessee (Moyer et al. 2015).\nTHE LAKE STURGEON.\nAcipenser rubicandus, I.e S. 061.)\n등의 Mirhigan byg, Milner\nFigure 6.4: Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens).\nThe Banggai Cardinalfish (Pterapogon\nkauderni), a small, endangered tropical\ncardinalfish in the family Apogonidae, is\nnow bred and displayed in numerous public\naquariums after overharvest in the wild\ndrove wild populations to near extinction.\nConsequently, most Banggai Cardinalfish\nsold to hobbyists in the United States and\nEuropean Union today are captive bred.\n132 I Public Aquariums and Their Role in Education, Science, and Conservation" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Fish species on IUCN Red List

", + "markdown": "Fish species on IUCN Red List", + "text": "Fish species on IUCN Red List" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1002, + "y": 0.0844 + }, + { + "x": 0.3074, + "y": 0.0844 + }, + { + "x": 0.3074, + "y": 0.0991 + }, + { + "x": 0.1002, + "y": 0.0991 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
Potosi PupfishCyprinodon alvarezi
La Palma PupfishCyprinodon longidorsalis
Butterfly SplitfinAmeca splendens
Golden SkiffiaSkiffia francesae
", + "markdown": "| Potosi Pupfish | Cyprinodon alvarezi |\n| --- | --- |\n| La Palma Pupfish | Cyprinodon longidorsalis |\n| Butterfly Splitfin | Ameca splendens |\n| Golden Skiffia | Skiffia francesae |\n", + "text": "Potosi Pupfish Cyprinodon alvarezi\n La Palma Pupfish Cyprinodon longidorsalis\n Butterfly Splitfin Ameca splendens\n Golden Skiffia Skiffia francesae" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0985, + "y": 0.1018 + }, + { + "x": 0.3966, + "y": 0.1018 + }, + { + "x": 0.3966, + "y": 0.194 + }, + { + "x": 0.0985, + "y": 0.194 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Table 6.1: Four fish species on IUCN Red List \"Extinct in the Wild\" held in public aquariums.

", + "markdown": "Table 6.1: Four fish species on IUCN Red List \"Extinct in the Wild\" held in public aquariums.", + "text": "Table 6.1: Four fish species on IUCN Red List \"Extinct in the Wild\" held in public aquariums." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0947, + "y": 0.2145 + }, + { + "x": 0.6363, + "y": 0.2145 + }, + { + "x": 0.6363, + "y": 0.23 + }, + { + "x": 0.0947, + "y": 0.23 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Public aquariums, because of their in-
house expertise, can act quickly to collect
and breed rare fish. Actions to prevent the
extinction of the Barrens Topminnow
include monitoring populations and
propagating and stocking juveniles into
existing or newly created spring habitats.
The Tennessee Aquarium assisted with
propagations and developed a program
called \"Keeper Kids,\" where students on
spring break help feed the Barrens
Topminnows in a behind-the-scenes
experience.

", + "markdown": "Public aquariums, because of their in-\nhouse expertise, can act quickly to collect\nand breed rare fish. Actions to prevent the\nextinction of the Barrens Topminnow\ninclude monitoring populations and\npropagating and stocking juveniles into\nexisting or newly created spring habitats.\nThe Tennessee Aquarium assisted with\npropagations and developed a program\ncalled \"Keeper Kids,\" where students on\nspring break help feed the Barrens\nTopminnows in a behind-the-scenes\nexperience.", + "text": "Public aquariums, because of their in-\nhouse expertise, can act quickly to collect\nand breed rare fish. Actions to prevent the\nextinction of the Barrens Topminnow\ninclude monitoring populations and\npropagating and stocking juveniles into\nexisting or newly created spring habitats.\nThe Tennessee Aquarium assisted with\npropagations and developed a program\ncalled \"Keeper Kids,\" where students on\nspring break help feed the Barrens\nTopminnows in a behind-the-scenes\nexperience." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0945, + "y": 0.2769 + }, + { + "x": 0.4086, + "y": 0.2769 + }, + { + "x": 0.4086, + "y": 0.5269 + }, + { + "x": 0.0945, + "y": 0.5269 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"\"
", + "markdown": "", + "text": "" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.421, + "y": 0.2671 + }, + { + "x": 0.9005, + "y": 0.2671 + }, + { + "x": 0.9005, + "y": 0.4877 + }, + { + "x": 0.421, + "y": 0.4877 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 6.3: Photo of the critically endangered Butterfly Splitfin (Ameca
spendens).

", + "markdown": "Figure 6.3: Photo of the critically endangered Butterfly Splitfin (Ameca\nspendens).", + "text": "Figure 6.3: Photo of the critically endangered Butterfly Splitfin (Ameca\nspendens)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4174, + "y": 0.4927 + }, + { + "x": 0.8626, + "y": 0.4927 + }, + { + "x": 0.8626, + "y": 0.5216 + }, + { + "x": 0.4174, + "y": 0.5216 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The breeding colonies of the Butterfly Splitfin (Figure 6.3) at the London Zoo and elsewhere serve as ark
populations essential to the survival of this species. Butterfly Splitfins are endemic to the Rio Ameca in
western Mexico and almost extinct in the wild. Actions such as nonnative fish removal, stream restoration, and
sanctuary designation may take decades before eventual introduction and survival in the wild. The Tennessee
Aquarium is part of a large partnership to guide hatchery augmentation and recovery of the rarest darter in
North America (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2019). The Conasauga Logperch (Percina jenkinsi), a federally
endangered darter (Percidae), is found only in a 30-mile (48 km) stretch of the Conasauga River in Georgia and
Tennessee (Moyer et al. 2015).

", + "markdown": "The breeding colonies of the Butterfly Splitfin (Figure 6.3) at the London Zoo and elsewhere serve as ark\npopulations essential to the survival of this species. Butterfly Splitfins are endemic to the Rio Ameca in\nwestern Mexico and almost extinct in the wild. Actions such as nonnative fish removal, stream restoration, and\nsanctuary designation may take decades before eventual introduction and survival in the wild. The Tennessee\nAquarium is part of a large partnership to guide hatchery augmentation and recovery of the rarest darter in\nNorth America (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2019). The Conasauga Logperch (Percina jenkinsi), a federally\nendangered darter (Percidae), is found only in a 30-mile (48 km) stretch of the Conasauga River in Georgia and\nTennessee (Moyer et al. 2015).", + "text": "The breeding colonies of the Butterfly Splitfin (Figure 6.3) at the London Zoo and elsewhere serve as ark\npopulations essential to the survival of this species. Butterfly Splitfins are endemic to the Rio Ameca in\nwestern Mexico and almost extinct in the wild. Actions such as nonnative fish removal, stream restoration, and\nsanctuary designation may take decades before eventual introduction and survival in the wild. The Tennessee\nAquarium is part of a large partnership to guide hatchery augmentation and recovery of the rarest darter in\nNorth America (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2019). The Conasauga Logperch (Percina jenkinsi), a federally\nendangered darter (Percidae), is found only in a 30-mile (48 km) stretch of the Conasauga River in Georgia and\nTennessee (Moyer et al. 2015)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0935, + "y": 0.5421 + }, + { + "x": 0.9071, + "y": 0.5421 + }, + { + "x": 0.9071, + "y": 0.6956 + }, + { + "x": 0.0935, + "y": 0.6956 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"THE
", + "markdown": "THE LAKE STURGEON.\nAcipenser rubicandus, I.e S. 061.)\n등의 Mirhigan byg, Milner", + "text": "THE LAKE STURGEON.\nAcipenser rubicandus, I.e S. 061.)\n등의 Mirhigan byg, Milner" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0981, + "y": 0.7008 + }, + { + "x": 0.5635, + "y": 0.7008 + }, + { + "x": 0.5635, + "y": 0.834 + }, + { + "x": 0.0981, + "y": 0.834 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "
Figure 6.4: Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens).", + "markdown": "Figure 6.4: Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens).", + "text": "Figure 6.4: Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0954, + "y": 0.84 + }, + { + "x": 0.4021, + "y": 0.84 + }, + { + "x": 0.4021, + "y": 0.8554 + }, + { + "x": 0.0954, + "y": 0.8554 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The Banggai Cardinalfish (Pterapogon
kauderni), a small, endangered tropical
cardinalfish in the family Apogonidae, is
now bred and displayed in numerous public
aquariums after overharvest in the wild
drove wild populations to near extinction.
Consequently, most Banggai Cardinalfish
sold to hobbyists in the United States and
European Union today are captive bred.

", + "markdown": "The Banggai Cardinalfish (Pterapogon\nkauderni), a small, endangered tropical\ncardinalfish in the family Apogonidae, is\nnow bred and displayed in numerous public\naquariums after overharvest in the wild\ndrove wild populations to near extinction.\nConsequently, most Banggai Cardinalfish\nsold to hobbyists in the United States and\nEuropean Union today are captive bred.", + "text": "The Banggai Cardinalfish (Pterapogon\nkauderni), a small, endangered tropical\ncardinalfish in the family Apogonidae, is\nnow bred and displayed in numerous public\naquariums after overharvest in the wild\ndrove wild populations to near extinction.\nConsequently, most Banggai Cardinalfish\nsold to hobbyists in the United States and\nEuropean Union today are captive bred." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5783, + "y": 0.7106 + }, + { + "x": 0.905, + "y": 0.7106 + }, + { + "x": 0.905, + "y": 0.8848 + }, + { + "x": 0.5783, + "y": 0.8848 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
132 I Public Aquariums and Their Role in Education, Science, and Conservation
", + "markdown": "132 I Public Aquariums and Their Role in Education, Science, and Conservation", + "text": "132 I Public Aquariums and Their Role in Education, Science, and Conservation" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0936, + "y": 0.9321 + }, + { + "x": 0.613, + "y": 0.9321 + }, + { + "x": 0.613, + "y": 0.9502 + }, + { + "x": 0.0936, + "y": 0.9502 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000108.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

CONTENTS

\n

About the Publisher vii
About This Project ix
Acknowledgments xi
LAB MANUAL
Experiment#1: Hydrostatic Pressure 3
Experiment #2: Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration 13
Experiment #3: EnergyLoss in Pipe Fittings 24
Experiment#4: Energy Loss in Pipes 33
Experiment #5: Impact of a Jet 43
Experiment #6: Orifice and Free Jet Flow 50
Experiment #7: Osborne Reynolds' Demonstration 59
Experiment #8: Free and Forced Vortices 66
Experiment#9: Flow Over Weirs 76
Experiment#10: Pumps 84
References 101
Links by Chapter 102
ImageCredits 104

", + "markdown": "CONTENTS\n\nAbout the Publisher vii\nAbout This Project ix\nAcknowledgments xi\nLAB MANUAL\nExperiment#1: Hydrostatic Pressure 3\nExperiment #2: Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration 13\nExperiment #3: EnergyLoss in Pipe Fittings 24\nExperiment#4: Energy Loss in Pipes 33\nExperiment #5: Impact of a Jet 43\nExperiment #6: Orifice and Free Jet Flow 50\nExperiment #7: Osborne Reynolds' Demonstration 59\nExperiment #8: Free and Forced Vortices 66\nExperiment#9: Flow Over Weirs 76\nExperiment#10: Pumps 84\nReferences 101\nLinks by Chapter 102\nImageCredits 104", + "text": "CONTENTS\nAbout the Publisher vii\nAbout This Project ix\nAcknowledgments xi\nLAB MANUAL\nExperiment#1: Hydrostatic Pressure 3\nExperiment #2: Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration 13\nExperiment #3: EnergyLoss in Pipe Fittings 24\nExperiment#4: Energy Loss in Pipes 33\nExperiment #5: Impact of a Jet 43\nExperiment #6: Orifice and Free Jet Flow 50\nExperiment #7: Osborne Reynolds' Demonstration 59\nExperiment #8: Free and Forced Vortices 66\nExperiment#9: Flow Over Weirs 76\nExperiment#10: Pumps 84\nReferences 101\nLinks by Chapter 102\nImageCredits 104" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

CONTENTS

", + "markdown": "CONTENTS", + "text": "CONTENTS" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1358, + "y": 0.1455 + }, + { + "x": 0.2555, + "y": 0.1455 + }, + { + "x": 0.2555, + "y": 0.1631 + }, + { + "x": 0.1358, + "y": 0.1631 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "index", + "content": { + "html": "

About the Publisher vii
About This Project ix
Acknowledgments xi
LAB MANUAL
Experiment#1: Hydrostatic Pressure 3
Experiment #2: Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration 13
Experiment #3: EnergyLoss in Pipe Fittings 24
Experiment#4: Energy Loss in Pipes 33
Experiment #5: Impact of a Jet 43
Experiment #6: Orifice and Free Jet Flow 50
Experiment #7: Osborne Reynolds' Demonstration 59
Experiment #8: Free and Forced Vortices 66
Experiment#9: Flow Over Weirs 76
Experiment#10: Pumps 84
References 101
Links by Chapter 102
ImageCredits 104

", + "markdown": "About the Publisher vii\nAbout This Project ix\nAcknowledgments xi\nLAB MANUAL\nExperiment#1: Hydrostatic Pressure 3\nExperiment #2: Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration 13\nExperiment #3: EnergyLoss in Pipe Fittings 24\nExperiment#4: Energy Loss in Pipes 33\nExperiment #5: Impact of a Jet 43\nExperiment #6: Orifice and Free Jet Flow 50\nExperiment #7: Osborne Reynolds' Demonstration 59\nExperiment #8: Free and Forced Vortices 66\nExperiment#9: Flow Over Weirs 76\nExperiment#10: Pumps 84\nReferences 101\nLinks by Chapter 102\nImageCredits 104", + "text": "About the Publisher vii\nAbout This Project ix\nAcknowledgments xi\nLAB MANUAL\nExperiment#1: Hydrostatic Pressure 3\nExperiment #2: Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration 13\nExperiment #3: EnergyLoss in Pipe Fittings 24\nExperiment#4: Energy Loss in Pipes 33\nExperiment #5: Impact of a Jet 43\nExperiment #6: Orifice and Free Jet Flow 50\nExperiment #7: Osborne Reynolds' Demonstration 59\nExperiment #8: Free and Forced Vortices 66\nExperiment#9: Flow Over Weirs 76\nExperiment#10: Pumps 84\nReferences 101\nLinks by Chapter 102\nImageCredits 104" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0844, + "y": 0.2606 + }, + { + "x": 0.9253, + "y": 0.2606 + }, + { + "x": 0.9253, + "y": 0.7689 + }, + { + "x": 0.0844, + "y": 0.7689 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000117.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

\n
BIO181
\n\n
224 ml0 ml4 ml
312 ml12 ml4 ml
44 ml12 ml12 ml
Saccharometer DI Water Glucose Solution Yeast Suspension
\n

Employing Steps in the Scientific Method:

\n

1. Record the Question that is being investigated in this experiment.

\n

2. Record a Hypothesis for the question stated above.

\n

3. Predict the results of the experiment based on your hypothesis (if/then).

\n

4. Perform the experiment below and collect your data.

\n

Procedure:

\n

1. Prepare yeast suspension: Add 7 grams yeast to 50 ml warm tap water. Stir to mix.
Alternatively, you can use the yeast suspension from Part 2. Optional: Add a few drops of
red food coloring to the yeast to increase contrast, allowing easier measuring of the
height of yeast in saccharometers.
2. Label 4 test tubes and 4 saccharometers # 1- 4. Use a transfer pipette to add the
appropriate amount of glucose and distilled water listed in Table 2 to the corresponding
labeled test tubes.
3. Use a transfer pipette to add the appropriate amount of yeast solution listed in Table 1 to
the corresponding labeled test tubes. It is important to work carefully and quickly after
adding the yeast solution to the glucose and water.

\n

4. Carefully pour the contents of the test tubes into the correspondingly labeled
saccharometer, ensuring that the solutions are well mixed.

\n

5. Carefully tilt the saccharometers to allow any air bubbles that are trapped in the arms of
the vertical tube to escape.

\n

6. Begin the timer for the experiment and measure the size of any bubbles (in mm) that are
trapped in the vertical arms of the saccharometers. Record this measurement as the 0 time
point.

\n

7. Position the saccharometers on the large plastic tray, positioning them around a plastic
weigh boat to catch any fermentation overflow that may occur.

\n
59
", + "markdown": "# MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE\n\nBIO181\n\nSaccharometer DI Water Glucose Solution Yeast Suspension\n\n| 2 | 24 ml | 0 ml | 4 ml |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 3 | 12 ml | 12 ml | 4 ml |\n| 4 | 4 ml | 12 ml | 12 ml |\n\n\nEmploying Steps in the Scientific Method:\n\n- 1. Record the Question that is being investigated in this experiment.\n\n\n- 2. Record a Hypothesis for the question stated above.\n\n\n- 3. Predict the results of the experiment based on your hypothesis (if/then).\n\n\n- 4. Perform the experiment below and collect your data.\n\n\nProcedure:\n\n- 1. Prepare yeast suspension: Add 7 grams yeast to 50 ml warm tap water. Stir to mix.\n- Alternatively, you can use the yeast suspension from Part 2. Optional: Add a few drops of\n- red food coloring to the yeast to increase contrast, allowing easier measuring of the\n- height of yeast in saccharometers.\n- 2. Label 4 test tubes and 4 saccharometers # 1- 4. Use a transfer pipette to add the\n- appropriate amount of glucose and distilled water listed in Table 2 to the corresponding\n- labeled test tubes.\n- 3. Use a transfer pipette to add the appropriate amount of yeast solution listed in Table 1 to\n- the corresponding labeled test tubes. It is important to work carefully and quickly after\n- adding the yeast solution to the glucose and water.\n\n\n- 4. Carefully pour the contents of the test tubes into the correspondingly labeled\n- saccharometer, ensuring that the solutions are well mixed.\n\n\n- 5. Carefully tilt the saccharometers to allow any air bubbles that are trapped in the arms of\n- the vertical tube to escape.\n\n\n- 6. Begin the timer for the experiment and measure the size of any bubbles (in mm) that are\n- trapped in the vertical arms of the saccharometers. Record this measurement as the 0 time\n- point.\n\n\n- 7. Position the saccharometers on the large plastic tray, positioning them around a plastic\n- weigh boat to catch any fermentation overflow that may occur.\n\n\n59", + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE\nBIO181\nSaccharometer DI Water Glucose Solution Yeast Suspension\n2 24 ml 0 ml 4 ml\n 3 12 ml 12 ml 4 ml\n 4 4 ml 12 ml 12 ml\nEmploying Steps in the Scientific Method:\n1. Record the Question that is being investigated in this experiment.\n2. Record a Hypothesis for the question stated above.\n3. Predict the results of the experiment based on your hypothesis (if/then).\n4. Perform the experiment below and collect your data.\nProcedure:\n1. Prepare yeast suspension: Add 7 grams yeast to 50 ml warm tap water. Stir to mix.\nAlternatively, you can use the yeast suspension from Part 2. Optional: Add a few drops of\nred food coloring to the yeast to increase contrast, allowing easier measuring of the\nheight of yeast in saccharometers.\n2. Label 4 test tubes and 4 saccharometers # 1- 4. Use a transfer pipette to add the\nappropriate amount of glucose and distilled water listed in Table 2 to the corresponding\nlabeled test tubes.\n3. Use a transfer pipette to add the appropriate amount of yeast solution listed in Table 1 to\nthe corresponding labeled test tubes. It is important to work carefully and quickly after\nadding the yeast solution to the glucose and water.\n4. Carefully pour the contents of the test tubes into the correspondingly labeled\nsaccharometer, ensuring that the solutions are well mixed.\n5. Carefully tilt the saccharometers to allow any air bubbles that are trapped in the arms of\nthe vertical tube to escape.\n6. Begin the timer for the experiment and measure the size of any bubbles (in mm) that are\ntrapped in the vertical arms of the saccharometers. Record this measurement as the 0 time\npoint.\n7. Position the saccharometers on the large plastic tray, positioning them around a plastic\nweigh boat to catch any fermentation overflow that may occur.\n59" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

", + "markdown": "# MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1268, + "y": 0.0482 + }, + { + "x": 0.4099, + "y": 0.0482 + }, + { + "x": 0.4099, + "y": 0.0686 + }, + { + "x": 0.1268, + "y": 0.0686 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
BIO181
", + "markdown": "BIO181", + "text": "BIO181" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8091, + "y": 0.0496 + }, + { + "x": 0.8849, + "y": 0.0496 + }, + { + "x": 0.8849, + "y": 0.0684 + }, + { + "x": 0.8091, + "y": 0.0684 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Saccharometer DI Water Glucose Solution Yeast Suspension

", + "markdown": "Saccharometer DI Water Glucose Solution Yeast Suspension", + "text": "Saccharometer DI Water Glucose Solution Yeast Suspension" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1179, + "y": 0.0944 + }, + { + "x": 0.6322, + "y": 0.0944 + }, + { + "x": 0.6322, + "y": 0.1124 + }, + { + "x": 0.1179, + "y": 0.1124 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
224 ml0 ml4 ml
312 ml12 ml4 ml
44 ml12 ml12 ml
", + "markdown": "| 2 | 24 ml | 0 ml | 4 ml |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 3 | 12 ml | 12 ml | 4 ml |\n| 4 | 4 ml | 12 ml | 12 ml |\n", + "text": "2 24 ml 0 ml 4 ml\n 3 12 ml 12 ml 4 ml\n 4 4 ml 12 ml 12 ml" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1141, + "y": 0.1159 + }, + { + "x": 0.5383, + "y": 0.1159 + }, + { + "x": 0.5383, + "y": 0.1767 + }, + { + "x": 0.1141, + "y": 0.1767 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Employing Steps in the Scientific Method:

", + "markdown": "Employing Steps in the Scientific Method:", + "text": "Employing Steps in the Scientific Method:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1146, + "y": 0.2309 + }, + { + "x": 0.4731, + "y": 0.2309 + }, + { + "x": 0.4731, + "y": 0.2509 + }, + { + "x": 0.1146, + "y": 0.2509 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

1. Record the Question that is being investigated in this experiment.

", + "markdown": "- 1. Record the Question that is being investigated in this experiment.\n", + "text": "1. Record the Question that is being investigated in this experiment." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1441, + "y": 0.2653 + }, + { + "x": 0.6967, + "y": 0.2653 + }, + { + "x": 0.6967, + "y": 0.2855 + }, + { + "x": 0.1441, + "y": 0.2855 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

2. Record a Hypothesis for the question stated above.

", + "markdown": "- 2. Record a Hypothesis for the question stated above.\n", + "text": "2. Record a Hypothesis for the question stated above." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1405, + "y": 0.3185 + }, + { + "x": 0.5826, + "y": 0.3185 + }, + { + "x": 0.5826, + "y": 0.338 + }, + { + "x": 0.1405, + "y": 0.338 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

3. Predict the results of the experiment based on your hypothesis (if/then).

", + "markdown": "- 3. Predict the results of the experiment based on your hypothesis (if/then).\n", + "text": "3. Predict the results of the experiment based on your hypothesis (if/then)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1412, + "y": 0.3707 + }, + { + "x": 0.7397, + "y": 0.3707 + }, + { + "x": 0.7397, + "y": 0.391 + }, + { + "x": 0.1412, + "y": 0.391 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

4. Perform the experiment below and collect your data.

", + "markdown": "- 4. Perform the experiment below and collect your data.\n", + "text": "4. Perform the experiment below and collect your data." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1407, + "y": 0.4232 + }, + { + "x": 0.593, + "y": 0.4232 + }, + { + "x": 0.593, + "y": 0.4426 + }, + { + "x": 0.1407, + "y": 0.4426 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Procedure:

", + "markdown": "Procedure:", + "text": "Procedure:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1137, + "y": 0.4585 + }, + { + "x": 0.2152, + "y": 0.4585 + }, + { + "x": 0.2152, + "y": 0.4772 + }, + { + "x": 0.1137, + "y": 0.4772 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

1. Prepare yeast suspension: Add 7 grams yeast to 50 ml warm tap water. Stir to mix.
Alternatively, you can use the yeast suspension from Part 2. Optional: Add a few drops of
red food coloring to the yeast to increase contrast, allowing easier measuring of the
height of yeast in saccharometers.
2. Label 4 test tubes and 4 saccharometers # 1- 4. Use a transfer pipette to add the
appropriate amount of glucose and distilled water listed in Table 2 to the corresponding
labeled test tubes.
3. Use a transfer pipette to add the appropriate amount of yeast solution listed in Table 1 to
the corresponding labeled test tubes. It is important to work carefully and quickly after
adding the yeast solution to the glucose and water.

", + "markdown": "- 1. Prepare yeast suspension: Add 7 grams yeast to 50 ml warm tap water. Stir to mix.\n- Alternatively, you can use the yeast suspension from Part 2. Optional: Add a few drops of\n- red food coloring to the yeast to increase contrast, allowing easier measuring of the\n- height of yeast in saccharometers.\n- 2. Label 4 test tubes and 4 saccharometers # 1- 4. Use a transfer pipette to add the\n- appropriate amount of glucose and distilled water listed in Table 2 to the corresponding\n- labeled test tubes.\n- 3. Use a transfer pipette to add the appropriate amount of yeast solution listed in Table 1 to\n- the corresponding labeled test tubes. It is important to work carefully and quickly after\n- adding the yeast solution to the glucose and water.\n", + "text": "1. Prepare yeast suspension: Add 7 grams yeast to 50 ml warm tap water. Stir to mix.\nAlternatively, you can use the yeast suspension from Part 2. Optional: Add a few drops of\nred food coloring to the yeast to increase contrast, allowing easier measuring of the\nheight of yeast in saccharometers.\n2. Label 4 test tubes and 4 saccharometers # 1- 4. Use a transfer pipette to add the\nappropriate amount of glucose and distilled water listed in Table 2 to the corresponding\nlabeled test tubes.\n3. Use a transfer pipette to add the appropriate amount of yeast solution listed in Table 1 to\nthe corresponding labeled test tubes. It is important to work carefully and quickly after\nadding the yeast solution to the glucose and water." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1417, + "y": 0.4931 + }, + { + "x": 0.8862, + "y": 0.4931 + }, + { + "x": 0.8862, + "y": 0.6705 + }, + { + "x": 0.1417, + "y": 0.6705 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

4. Carefully pour the contents of the test tubes into the correspondingly labeled
saccharometer, ensuring that the solutions are well mixed.

", + "markdown": "- 4. Carefully pour the contents of the test tubes into the correspondingly labeled\n- saccharometer, ensuring that the solutions are well mixed.\n", + "text": "4. Carefully pour the contents of the test tubes into the correspondingly labeled\nsaccharometer, ensuring that the solutions are well mixed." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1426, + "y": 0.6861 + }, + { + "x": 0.7808, + "y": 0.6861 + }, + { + "x": 0.7808, + "y": 0.7214 + }, + { + "x": 0.1426, + "y": 0.7214 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

5. Carefully tilt the saccharometers to allow any air bubbles that are trapped in the arms of
the vertical tube to escape.

", + "markdown": "- 5. Carefully tilt the saccharometers to allow any air bubbles that are trapped in the arms of\n- the vertical tube to escape.\n", + "text": "5. Carefully tilt the saccharometers to allow any air bubbles that are trapped in the arms of\nthe vertical tube to escape." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1421, + "y": 0.7378 + }, + { + "x": 0.8725, + "y": 0.7378 + }, + { + "x": 0.8725, + "y": 0.7737 + }, + { + "x": 0.1421, + "y": 0.7737 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

6. Begin the timer for the experiment and measure the size of any bubbles (in mm) that are
trapped in the vertical arms of the saccharometers. Record this measurement as the 0 time
point.

", + "markdown": "- 6. Begin the timer for the experiment and measure the size of any bubbles (in mm) that are\n- trapped in the vertical arms of the saccharometers. Record this measurement as the 0 time\n- point.\n", + "text": "6. Begin the timer for the experiment and measure the size of any bubbles (in mm) that are\ntrapped in the vertical arms of the saccharometers. Record this measurement as the 0 time\npoint." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.142, + "y": 0.7903 + }, + { + "x": 0.8854, + "y": 0.7903 + }, + { + "x": 0.8854, + "y": 0.8432 + }, + { + "x": 0.142, + "y": 0.8432 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

7. Position the saccharometers on the large plastic tray, positioning them around a plastic
weigh boat to catch any fermentation overflow that may occur.

", + "markdown": "- 7. Position the saccharometers on the large plastic tray, positioning them around a plastic\n- weigh boat to catch any fermentation overflow that may occur.\n", + "text": "7. Position the saccharometers on the large plastic tray, positioning them around a plastic\nweigh boat to catch any fermentation overflow that may occur." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1432, + "y": 0.8609 + }, + { + "x": 0.86, + "y": 0.8609 + }, + { + "x": 0.86, + "y": 0.8968 + }, + { + "x": 0.1432, + "y": 0.8968 + } + ], + "id": 14, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
59
", + "markdown": "59", + "text": "59" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4936, + "y": 0.9717 + }, + { + "x": 0.5144, + "y": 0.9717 + }, + { + "x": 0.5144, + "y": 0.9876 + }, + { + "x": 0.4936, + "y": 0.9876 + } + ], + "id": 15, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000041.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

tweets, videos) inciting violence towards
religious minorities, ethnic minorities, the
LGBTI community, and women and girls.
Forty-four per cent of respondents had
\"sometimes\" seen extremist social media
content inciting violence towards religious
minorities, with 31% seeing this content
\"very often\".

\n

Both men and women acknowledged that
they had \"sometimes\" seen this content on
social media (62% and 41%, respectively).
Indonesia was the country from which most
respondents had viewed this content \"very
often\" (50%). When collapsing the \"always\"
and \"very often\" categories, 41% of Instagram
users had often seen intolerant content,
followed by 36% of WhatsApp users and
34% of Facebook users. Among the Twitter
users in the sample, 48% had seen intolerant
content towards religious minorities.

\n

When asked about how often social media
content was inciting violence towards
ethnic minorities, 46% of respondents had
\"sometimes\" seen this type of extremist
social media content inciting violence
towards ethnic minorities whereas only
27% have seen this content rarely or
never. Women have seen such content
more frequently than men (90%), and
Indonesia was the country from which most

\n

respondents had seen this content \"very
often\" (58%). Users of Facebook, WhatsApp
and Instagram acknowledged that they had
seen this content \"very often\" (26%, 31% and
35% respectively).

\n

Thirty-nine per cent of respondents
acknowledged that they had \"sometimes\"'
seen social media content inciting violence
towards the LGBTI community. Women saw
this type of content more frequently than
men (84%), and Indonesia was the country
from which more respondents saw this
content with a higher frequency (53% saw
such content \"always\" and \"very often\").
Participantsin thesurvey observed intolerant
content directed towards the LGBTI
community. For example, one participant
from the Philippines observed that,

\n

' '

\n

There were instances when women
were humiliated in public and on
social media after they were labelled
as part of the LGBTQ+ community. The
comments on posts regarding them
were mostly commending their public
humiliation (cutting their hair) instead
of condemning the act\".

\n

\"

\n

Figure 3: Frequency of viewing extremist social media inciting violence toward women and girls

\n
\"53,9%\nMale\nFemale\n35,7%\n30,4%
\n
Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN
\n

29

", + "markdown": "tweets, videos) inciting violence towards\nreligious minorities, ethnic minorities, the\nLGBTI community, and women and girls.\nForty-four per cent of respondents had\n\"sometimes\" seen extremist social media\ncontent inciting violence towards religious\nminorities, with 31% seeing this content\n\"very often\".\n\nBoth men and women acknowledged that\nthey had \"sometimes\" seen this content on\nsocial media (62% and 41%, respectively).\nIndonesia was the country from which most\nrespondents had viewed this content \"very\noften\" (50%). When collapsing the \"always\"\nand \"very often\" categories, 41% of Instagram\nusers had often seen intolerant content,\nfollowed by 36% of WhatsApp users and\n34% of Facebook users. Among the Twitter\nusers in the sample, 48% had seen intolerant\ncontent towards religious minorities.\n\nWhen asked about how often social media\ncontent was inciting violence towards\nethnic minorities, 46% of respondents had\n\"sometimes\" seen this type of extremist\nsocial media content inciting violence\ntowards ethnic minorities whereas only\n27% have seen this content rarely or\nnever. Women have seen such content\nmore frequently than men (90%), and\nIndonesia was the country from which most\n\nrespondents had seen this content \"very\noften\" (58%). Users of Facebook, WhatsApp\nand Instagram acknowledged that they had\nseen this content \"very often\" (26%, 31% and\n35% respectively).\n\nThirty-nine per cent of respondents\nacknowledged that they had \"sometimes\"'\nseen social media content inciting violence\ntowards the LGBTI community. Women saw\nthis type of content more frequently than\nmen (84%), and Indonesia was the country\nfrom which more respondents saw this\ncontent with a higher frequency (53% saw\nsuch content \"always\" and \"very often\").\nParticipantsin thesurvey observed intolerant\ncontent directed towards the LGBTI\ncommunity. For example, one participant\nfrom the Philippines observed that,\n\n# ' '\n\nThere were instances when women\nwere humiliated in public and on\nsocial media after they were labelled\nas part of the LGBTQ+ community. The\ncomments on posts regarding them\nwere mostly commending their public\nhumiliation (cutting their hair) instead\nof condemning the act\".\n\n# \"\n\nFigure 3: Frequency of viewing extremist social media inciting violence toward women and girls\n\n53,9%\nMale\nFemale\n35,7%\n30,4% 30,8%\n28,6%\n7,7% 7,7%\n5,4%\n· OFTEN SOMETIMES RARELY NEVER\n\nGender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN\n\n29", + "text": "tweets, videos) inciting violence towards\nreligious minorities, ethnic minorities, the\nLGBTI community, and women and girls.\nForty-four per cent of respondents had\n\"sometimes\" seen extremist social media\ncontent inciting violence towards religious\nminorities, with 31% seeing this content\n\"very often\".\nBoth men and women acknowledged that\nthey had \"sometimes\" seen this content on\nsocial media (62% and 41%, respectively).\nIndonesia was the country from which most\nrespondents had viewed this content \"very\noften\" (50%). When collapsing the \"always\"\nand \"very often\" categories, 41% of Instagram\nusers had often seen intolerant content,\nfollowed by 36% of WhatsApp users and\n34% of Facebook users. Among the Twitter\nusers in the sample, 48% had seen intolerant\ncontent towards religious minorities.\nWhen asked about how often social media\ncontent was inciting violence towards\nethnic minorities, 46% of respondents had\n\"sometimes\" seen this type of extremist\nsocial media content inciting violence\ntowards ethnic minorities whereas only\n27% have seen this content rarely or\nnever. Women have seen such content\nmore frequently than men (90%), and\nIndonesia was the country from which most\nrespondents had seen this content \"very\noften\" (58%). Users of Facebook, WhatsApp\nand Instagram acknowledged that they had\nseen this content \"very often\" (26%, 31% and\n35% respectively).\nThirty-nine per cent of respondents\nacknowledged that they had \"sometimes\"'\nseen social media content inciting violence\ntowards the LGBTI community. Women saw\nthis type of content more frequently than\nmen (84%), and Indonesia was the country\nfrom which more respondents saw this\ncontent with a higher frequency (53% saw\nsuch content \"always\" and \"very often\").\nParticipantsin thesurvey observed intolerant\ncontent directed towards the LGBTI\ncommunity. For example, one participant\nfrom the Philippines observed that,\n' '\nThere were instances when women\nwere humiliated in public and on\nsocial media after they were labelled\nas part of the LGBTQ+ community. The\ncomments on posts regarding them\nwere mostly commending their public\nhumiliation (cutting their hair) instead\nof condemning the act\".\n\"\nFigure 3: Frequency of viewing extremist social media inciting violence toward women and girls\n53,9%\nMale\nFemale\n35,7%\n30,4% 30,8%\n28,6%\n7,7% 7,7%\n5,4%\n· OFTEN SOMETIMES RARELY NEVER\nGender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN\n29" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

tweets, videos) inciting violence towards
religious minorities, ethnic minorities, the
LGBTI community, and women and girls.
Forty-four per cent of respondents had
\"sometimes\" seen extremist social media
content inciting violence towards religious
minorities, with 31% seeing this content
\"very often\".

", + "markdown": "tweets, videos) inciting violence towards\nreligious minorities, ethnic minorities, the\nLGBTI community, and women and girls.\nForty-four per cent of respondents had\n\"sometimes\" seen extremist social media\ncontent inciting violence towards religious\nminorities, with 31% seeing this content\n\"very often\".", + "text": "tweets, videos) inciting violence towards\nreligious minorities, ethnic minorities, the\nLGBTI community, and women and girls.\nForty-four per cent of respondents had\n\"sometimes\" seen extremist social media\ncontent inciting violence towards religious\nminorities, with 31% seeing this content\n\"very often\"." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1056, + "y": 0.0839 + }, + { + "x": 0.4841, + "y": 0.0839 + }, + { + "x": 0.4841, + "y": 0.2249 + }, + { + "x": 0.1056, + "y": 0.2249 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Both men and women acknowledged that
they had \"sometimes\" seen this content on
social media (62% and 41%, respectively).
Indonesia was the country from which most
respondents had viewed this content \"very
often\" (50%). When collapsing the \"always\"
and \"very often\" categories, 41% of Instagram
users had often seen intolerant content,
followed by 36% of WhatsApp users and
34% of Facebook users. Among the Twitter
users in the sample, 48% had seen intolerant
content towards religious minorities.

", + "markdown": "Both men and women acknowledged that\nthey had \"sometimes\" seen this content on\nsocial media (62% and 41%, respectively).\nIndonesia was the country from which most\nrespondents had viewed this content \"very\noften\" (50%). When collapsing the \"always\"\nand \"very often\" categories, 41% of Instagram\nusers had often seen intolerant content,\nfollowed by 36% of WhatsApp users and\n34% of Facebook users. Among the Twitter\nusers in the sample, 48% had seen intolerant\ncontent towards religious minorities.", + "text": "Both men and women acknowledged that\nthey had \"sometimes\" seen this content on\nsocial media (62% and 41%, respectively).\nIndonesia was the country from which most\nrespondents had viewed this content \"very\noften\" (50%). When collapsing the \"always\"\nand \"very often\" categories, 41% of Instagram\nusers had often seen intolerant content,\nfollowed by 36% of WhatsApp users and\n34% of Facebook users. Among the Twitter\nusers in the sample, 48% had seen intolerant\ncontent towards religious minorities." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1059, + "y": 0.2498 + }, + { + "x": 0.4842, + "y": 0.2498 + }, + { + "x": 0.4842, + "y": 0.4617 + }, + { + "x": 0.1059, + "y": 0.4617 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

When asked about how often social media
content was inciting violence towards
ethnic minorities, 46% of respondents had
\"sometimes\" seen this type of extremist
social media content inciting violence
towards ethnic minorities whereas only
27% have seen this content rarely or
never. Women have seen such content
more frequently than men (90%), and
Indonesia was the country from which most

", + "markdown": "When asked about how often social media\ncontent was inciting violence towards\nethnic minorities, 46% of respondents had\n\"sometimes\" seen this type of extremist\nsocial media content inciting violence\ntowards ethnic minorities whereas only\n27% have seen this content rarely or\nnever. Women have seen such content\nmore frequently than men (90%), and\nIndonesia was the country from which most", + "text": "When asked about how often social media\ncontent was inciting violence towards\nethnic minorities, 46% of respondents had\n\"sometimes\" seen this type of extremist\nsocial media content inciting violence\ntowards ethnic minorities whereas only\n27% have seen this content rarely or\nnever. Women have seen such content\nmore frequently than men (90%), and\nIndonesia was the country from which most" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1054, + "y": 0.4868 + }, + { + "x": 0.485, + "y": 0.4868 + }, + { + "x": 0.485, + "y": 0.6644 + }, + { + "x": 0.1054, + "y": 0.6644 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

respondents had seen this content \"very
often\" (58%). Users of Facebook, WhatsApp
and Instagram acknowledged that they had
seen this content \"very often\" (26%, 31% and
35% respectively).

", + "markdown": "respondents had seen this content \"very\noften\" (58%). Users of Facebook, WhatsApp\nand Instagram acknowledged that they had\nseen this content \"very often\" (26%, 31% and\n35% respectively).", + "text": "respondents had seen this content \"very\noften\" (58%). Users of Facebook, WhatsApp\nand Instagram acknowledged that they had\nseen this content \"very often\" (26%, 31% and\n35% respectively)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.521, + "y": 0.0855 + }, + { + "x": 0.9007, + "y": 0.0855 + }, + { + "x": 0.9007, + "y": 0.1726 + }, + { + "x": 0.521, + "y": 0.1726 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Thirty-nine per cent of respondents
acknowledged that they had \"sometimes\"'
seen social media content inciting violence
towards the LGBTI community. Women saw
this type of content more frequently than
men (84%), and Indonesia was the country
from which more respondents saw this
content with a higher frequency (53% saw
such content \"always\" and \"very often\").
Participantsin thesurvey observed intolerant
content directed towards the LGBTI
community. For example, one participant
from the Philippines observed that,

", + "markdown": "Thirty-nine per cent of respondents\nacknowledged that they had \"sometimes\"'\nseen social media content inciting violence\ntowards the LGBTI community. Women saw\nthis type of content more frequently than\nmen (84%), and Indonesia was the country\nfrom which more respondents saw this\ncontent with a higher frequency (53% saw\nsuch content \"always\" and \"very often\").\nParticipantsin thesurvey observed intolerant\ncontent directed towards the LGBTI\ncommunity. For example, one participant\nfrom the Philippines observed that,", + "text": "Thirty-nine per cent of respondents\nacknowledged that they had \"sometimes\"'\nseen social media content inciting violence\ntowards the LGBTI community. Women saw\nthis type of content more frequently than\nmen (84%), and Indonesia was the country\nfrom which more respondents saw this\ncontent with a higher frequency (53% saw\nsuch content \"always\" and \"very often\").\nParticipantsin thesurvey observed intolerant\ncontent directed towards the LGBTI\ncommunity. For example, one participant\nfrom the Philippines observed that," + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5215, + "y": 0.1981 + }, + { + "x": 0.9004, + "y": 0.1981 + }, + { + "x": 0.9004, + "y": 0.4285 + }, + { + "x": 0.5215, + "y": 0.4285 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

' '

", + "markdown": "# ' '", + "text": "' '" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7005, + "y": 0.4541 + }, + { + "x": 0.7355, + "y": 0.4541 + }, + { + "x": 0.7355, + "y": 0.4754 + }, + { + "x": 0.7005, + "y": 0.4754 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

There were instances when women
were humiliated in public and on
social media after they were labelled
as part of the LGBTQ+ community. The
comments on posts regarding them
were mostly commending their public
humiliation (cutting their hair) instead
of condemning the act\".

", + "markdown": "There were instances when women\nwere humiliated in public and on\nsocial media after they were labelled\nas part of the LGBTQ+ community. The\ncomments on posts regarding them\nwere mostly commending their public\nhumiliation (cutting their hair) instead\nof condemning the act\".", + "text": "There were instances when women\nwere humiliated in public and on\nsocial media after they were labelled\nas part of the LGBTQ+ community. The\ncomments on posts regarding them\nwere mostly commending their public\nhumiliation (cutting their hair) instead\nof condemning the act\"." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.548, + "y": 0.4875 + }, + { + "x": 0.8899, + "y": 0.4875 + }, + { + "x": 0.8899, + "y": 0.6433 + }, + { + "x": 0.548, + "y": 0.6433 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

\"

", + "markdown": "# \"", + "text": "\"" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6994, + "y": 0.652 + }, + { + "x": 0.7341, + "y": 0.652 + }, + { + "x": 0.7341, + "y": 0.6743 + }, + { + "x": 0.6994, + "y": 0.6743 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 3: Frequency of viewing extremist social media inciting violence toward women and girls

", + "markdown": "Figure 3: Frequency of viewing extremist social media inciting violence toward women and girls", + "text": "Figure 3: Frequency of viewing extremist social media inciting violence toward women and girls" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0734, + "y": 0.6989 + }, + { + "x": 0.9252, + "y": 0.6989 + }, + { + "x": 0.9252, + "y": 0.7155 + }, + { + "x": 0.0734, + "y": 0.7155 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"53,9%\nMale\nFemale\n35,7%\n30,4%
", + "markdown": "53,9%\nMale\nFemale\n35,7%\n30,4% 30,8%\n28,6%\n7,7% 7,7%\n5,4%\n· OFTEN SOMETIMES RARELY NEVER", + "text": "53,9%\nMale\nFemale\n35,7%\n30,4% 30,8%\n28,6%\n7,7% 7,7%\n5,4%\n· OFTEN SOMETIMES RARELY NEVER" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1125, + "y": 0.719 + }, + { + "x": 0.8984, + "y": 0.719 + }, + { + "x": 0.8984, + "y": 0.9493 + }, + { + "x": 0.1125, + "y": 0.9493 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN
", + "markdown": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN", + "text": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0235, + "y": 0.974 + }, + { + "x": 0.7207, + "y": 0.974 + }, + { + "x": 0.7207, + "y": 0.9874 + }, + { + "x": 0.0235, + "y": 0.9874 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

29

", + "markdown": "29", + "text": "29" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.925, + "y": 0.9749 + }, + { + "x": 0.9457, + "y": 0.9749 + }, + { + "x": 0.9457, + "y": 0.9852 + }, + { + "x": 0.925, + "y": 0.9852 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000033.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
Prologue
\n
xvii
\n

Functional Abstraction

\n

But this corrected use of Leibniz notation is ugly. We had to
introduce extraneous symbols (q and g) in order to indicate the ar-
gument position specifying the partial derivative. Nothing would
change here if we replaced q and q by a and 6.3 We can sim-
plify the notation by admitting that the partial derivatives of the
Lagrangian are themselves new functions, and by specifying the
particular partial derivative by the position of the argument that
is varied

\n

$$\\frac{d}{d t}((\\partial_{2}L)(t,w(t),\\frac{d}{d t}w(t)))-(\\partial_{1}L)(t,w(t),\\frac{d}{d t}w(t))=0,$$

\n

where diL is the function which is the partial derivative of the
function L with respect to the ith argument. 4

\n

Two different notions of derivative appear in this expression.
The functions O2L and 01L, constructed from the Lagrangian
L, have the same arguments as L. The derivative d/dt is an
expression derivative. It applies to an expression that involves
the variable t and it gives the rate of change of the value of the
expression as the value of the variable t is varied.

\n

These are both useful interpretations of the idea of a derivative.
But functions give us more power. There are many equivalent
ways to write expressions that compute the same value. For
example 1/(1/r1 + 1/r2) = (r1r2)/(r1 + r2). These expressions
compute the same function of the two variables T1 and r2. The
first expression fails if T1 = 0 but the second one gives the right
value of the function. If we abstract the function, say as II(r1, r2),
we can ignore the details of how it is computed. The ideas become
clearer because they do not depend on the detailed shape of the
expressions.

\n

3That the symbols q and q can be replaced by other arbitrarily chosen non-
conflicting symbols without changing the meaning of the expression tells us
that the partial derivative symbol is a logical quantifier, like forall and exists
A and 3).

\n

4The argument positions of the Lagrangian are indicated by indices starting
with zero for the time argument.

", + "markdown": "Prologue\n\nxvii\n\n# Functional Abstraction\n\nBut this corrected use of Leibniz notation is ugly. We had to\nintroduce extraneous symbols (q and g) in order to indicate the ar-\ngument position specifying the partial derivative. Nothing would\nchange here if we replaced q and q by a and 6.3 We can sim-\nplify the notation by admitting that the partial derivatives of the\nLagrangian are themselves new functions, and by specifying the\nparticular partial derivative by the position of the argument that\nis varied\n\n$$\\frac{d}{d t}((\\partial_{2}L)(t,w(t),\\frac{d}{d t}w(t)))-(\\partial_{1}L)(t,w(t),\\frac{d}{d t}w(t))=0,$$\n\nwhere diL is the function which is the partial derivative of the\nfunction L with respect to the ith argument. 4\n\nTwo different notions of derivative appear in this expression.\nThe functions O2L and 01L, constructed from the Lagrangian\nL, have the same arguments as L. The derivative d/dt is an\nexpression derivative. It applies to an expression that involves\nthe variable t and it gives the rate of change of the value of the\nexpression as the value of the variable t is varied.\n\nThese are both useful interpretations of the idea of a derivative.\nBut functions give us more power. There are many equivalent\nways to write expressions that compute the same value. For\nexample 1/(1/r1 + 1/r2) = (r1r2)/(r1 + r2). These expressions\ncompute the same function of the two variables T1 and r2. The\nfirst expression fails if T1 = 0 but the second one gives the right\nvalue of the function. If we abstract the function, say as II(r1, r2),\nwe can ignore the details of how it is computed. The ideas become\nclearer because they do not depend on the detailed shape of the\nexpressions.\n\n3That the symbols q and q can be replaced by other arbitrarily chosen non-\nconflicting symbols without changing the meaning of the expression tells us\nthat the partial derivative symbol is a logical quantifier, like forall and exists\nA and 3).\n\n4The argument positions of the Lagrangian are indicated by indices starting\nwith zero for the time argument.", + "text": "Prologue\nxvii\nFunctional Abstraction\nBut this corrected use of Leibniz notation is ugly. We had to\nintroduce extraneous symbols (q and g) in order to indicate the ar-\ngument position specifying the partial derivative. Nothing would\nchange here if we replaced q and q by a and 6.3 We can sim-\nplify the notation by admitting that the partial derivatives of the\nLagrangian are themselves new functions, and by specifying the\nparticular partial derivative by the position of the argument that\nis varied\nd d d \n((d2L)(t, w(t), w (t))) - (d1L)(t, w(t), w (t)) = 0, \ndt \ndt dt\nwhere diL is the function which is the partial derivative of the\nfunction L with respect to the ith argument. 4\nTwo different notions of derivative appear in this expression.\nThe functions O2L and 01L, constructed from the Lagrangian\nL, have the same arguments as L. The derivative d/dt is an\nexpression derivative. It applies to an expression that involves\nthe variable t and it gives the rate of change of the value of the\nexpression as the value of the variable t is varied.\nThese are both useful interpretations of the idea of a derivative.\nBut functions give us more power. There are many equivalent\nways to write expressions that compute the same value. For\nexample 1/(1/r1 + 1/r2) = (r1r2)/(r1 + r2). These expressions\ncompute the same function of the two variables T1 and r2. The\nfirst expression fails if T1 = 0 but the second one gives the right\nvalue of the function. If we abstract the function, say as II(r1, r2),\nwe can ignore the details of how it is computed. The ideas become\nclearer because they do not depend on the detailed shape of the\nexpressions.\n3That the symbols q and q can be replaced by other arbitrarily chosen non-\nconflicting symbols without changing the meaning of the expression tells us\nthat the partial derivative symbol is a logical quantifier, like forall and exists\nA and 3).\n4The argument positions of the Lagrangian are indicated by indices starting\nwith zero for the time argument." + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Prologue
", + "markdown": "Prologue", + "text": "Prologue" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2324, + "y": 0.1029 + }, + { + "x": 0.2998, + "y": 0.1029 + }, + { + "x": 0.2998, + "y": 0.1181 + }, + { + "x": 0.2324, + "y": 0.1181 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
xvii
", + "markdown": "xvii", + "text": "xvii" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.716, + "y": 0.1053 + }, + { + "x": 0.7471, + "y": 0.1053 + }, + { + "x": 0.7471, + "y": 0.1178 + }, + { + "x": 0.716, + "y": 0.1178 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Functional Abstraction

", + "markdown": "# Functional Abstraction", + "text": "Functional Abstraction" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2323, + "y": 0.1319 + }, + { + "x": 0.46, + "y": 0.1319 + }, + { + "x": 0.46, + "y": 0.1491 + }, + { + "x": 0.2323, + "y": 0.1491 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

But this corrected use of Leibniz notation is ugly. We had to
introduce extraneous symbols (q and g) in order to indicate the ar-
gument position specifying the partial derivative. Nothing would
change here if we replaced q and q by a and 6.3 We can sim-
plify the notation by admitting that the partial derivatives of the
Lagrangian are themselves new functions, and by specifying the
particular partial derivative by the position of the argument that
is varied

", + "markdown": "But this corrected use of Leibniz notation is ugly. We had to\nintroduce extraneous symbols (q and g) in order to indicate the ar-\ngument position specifying the partial derivative. Nothing would\nchange here if we replaced q and q by a and 6.3 We can sim-\nplify the notation by admitting that the partial derivatives of the\nLagrangian are themselves new functions, and by specifying the\nparticular partial derivative by the position of the argument that\nis varied", + "text": "But this corrected use of Leibniz notation is ugly. We had to\nintroduce extraneous symbols (q and g) in order to indicate the ar-\ngument position specifying the partial derivative. Nothing would\nchange here if we replaced q and q by a and 6.3 We can sim-\nplify the notation by admitting that the partial derivatives of the\nLagrangian are themselves new functions, and by specifying the\nparticular partial derivative by the position of the argument that\nis varied" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2312, + "y": 0.1622 + }, + { + "x": 0.7465, + "y": 0.1622 + }, + { + "x": 0.7465, + "y": 0.2922 + }, + { + "x": 0.2312, + "y": 0.2922 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$\\frac{d}{d t}((\\partial_{2}L)(t,w(t),\\frac{d}{d t}w(t)))-(\\partial_{1}L)(t,w(t),\\frac{d}{d t}w(t))=0,$$

", + "markdown": "$$\\frac{d}{d t}((\\partial_{2}L)(t,w(t),\\frac{d}{d t}w(t)))-(\\partial_{1}L)(t,w(t),\\frac{d}{d t}w(t))=0,$$", + "text": "d d d \n((d2L)(t, w(t), w (t))) - (d1L)(t, w(t), w (t)) = 0, \ndt \ndt dt" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2331, + "y": 0.3 + }, + { + "x": 0.663, + "y": 0.3 + }, + { + "x": 0.663, + "y": 0.3346 + }, + { + "x": 0.2331, + "y": 0.3346 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

where diL is the function which is the partial derivative of the
function L with respect to the ith argument. 4

", + "markdown": "where diL is the function which is the partial derivative of the\nfunction L with respect to the ith argument. 4", + "text": "where diL is the function which is the partial derivative of the\nfunction L with respect to the ith argument. 4" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2315, + "y": 0.3427 + }, + { + "x": 0.7474, + "y": 0.3427 + }, + { + "x": 0.7474, + "y": 0.3758 + }, + { + "x": 0.2315, + "y": 0.3758 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Two different notions of derivative appear in this expression.
The functions O2L and 01L, constructed from the Lagrangian
L, have the same arguments as L. The derivative d/dt is an
expression derivative. It applies to an expression that involves
the variable t and it gives the rate of change of the value of the
expression as the value of the variable t is varied.

", + "markdown": "Two different notions of derivative appear in this expression.\nThe functions O2L and 01L, constructed from the Lagrangian\nL, have the same arguments as L. The derivative d/dt is an\nexpression derivative. It applies to an expression that involves\nthe variable t and it gives the rate of change of the value of the\nexpression as the value of the variable t is varied.", + "text": "Two different notions of derivative appear in this expression.\nThe functions O2L and 01L, constructed from the Lagrangian\nL, have the same arguments as L. The derivative d/dt is an\nexpression derivative. It applies to an expression that involves\nthe variable t and it gives the rate of change of the value of the\nexpression as the value of the variable t is varied." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2311, + "y": 0.3763 + }, + { + "x": 0.7469, + "y": 0.3763 + }, + { + "x": 0.7469, + "y": 0.4734 + }, + { + "x": 0.2311, + "y": 0.4734 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

These are both useful interpretations of the idea of a derivative.
But functions give us more power. There are many equivalent
ways to write expressions that compute the same value. For
example 1/(1/r1 + 1/r2) = (r1r2)/(r1 + r2). These expressions
compute the same function of the two variables T1 and r2. The
first expression fails if T1 = 0 but the second one gives the right
value of the function. If we abstract the function, say as II(r1, r2),
we can ignore the details of how it is computed. The ideas become
clearer because they do not depend on the detailed shape of the
expressions.

", + "markdown": "These are both useful interpretations of the idea of a derivative.\nBut functions give us more power. There are many equivalent\nways to write expressions that compute the same value. For\nexample 1/(1/r1 + 1/r2) = (r1r2)/(r1 + r2). These expressions\ncompute the same function of the two variables T1 and r2. The\nfirst expression fails if T1 = 0 but the second one gives the right\nvalue of the function. If we abstract the function, say as II(r1, r2),\nwe can ignore the details of how it is computed. The ideas become\nclearer because they do not depend on the detailed shape of the\nexpressions.", + "text": "These are both useful interpretations of the idea of a derivative.\nBut functions give us more power. There are many equivalent\nways to write expressions that compute the same value. For\nexample 1/(1/r1 + 1/r2) = (r1r2)/(r1 + r2). These expressions\ncompute the same function of the two variables T1 and r2. The\nfirst expression fails if T1 = 0 but the second one gives the right\nvalue of the function. If we abstract the function, say as II(r1, r2),\nwe can ignore the details of how it is computed. The ideas become\nclearer because they do not depend on the detailed shape of the\nexpressions." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2315, + "y": 0.4745 + }, + { + "x": 0.7458, + "y": 0.4745 + }, + { + "x": 0.7458, + "y": 0.6372 + }, + { + "x": 0.2315, + "y": 0.6372 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

3That the symbols q and q can be replaced by other arbitrarily chosen non-
conflicting symbols without changing the meaning of the expression tells us
that the partial derivative symbol is a logical quantifier, like forall and exists
A and 3).

", + "markdown": "3That the symbols q and q can be replaced by other arbitrarily chosen non-\nconflicting symbols without changing the meaning of the expression tells us\nthat the partial derivative symbol is a logical quantifier, like forall and exists\nA and 3).", + "text": "3That the symbols q and q can be replaced by other arbitrarily chosen non-\nconflicting symbols without changing the meaning of the expression tells us\nthat the partial derivative symbol is a logical quantifier, like forall and exists\nA and 3)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2312, + "y": 0.658 + }, + { + "x": 0.7477, + "y": 0.658 + }, + { + "x": 0.7477, + "y": 0.711 + }, + { + "x": 0.2312, + "y": 0.711 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

4The argument positions of the Lagrangian are indicated by indices starting
with zero for the time argument.

", + "markdown": "4The argument positions of the Lagrangian are indicated by indices starting\nwith zero for the time argument.", + "text": "4The argument positions of the Lagrangian are indicated by indices starting\nwith zero for the time argument." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2317, + "y": 0.7176 + }, + { + "x": 0.7466, + "y": 0.7176 + }, + { + "x": 0.7466, + "y": 0.7439 + }, + { + "x": 0.2317, + "y": 0.7439 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000158.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

to expand this section to include notes, tips and feedback from
TWP instructors. If you use these materials, please let me know
how it went, what worked for you, and any suggested changes or
additions. I'd love to hear from you at chwixson (at) plymouth (dot)
edu or fill out as much of [this form] as you'd like.

\n

Introduction

\n

Throughout the chapters, I tried to generate Reflection &
Discussion Questions that could be used either as in class (whole
group or think /pair/share) discussion prompts or as written
reflections assigned out of class. If your students generate any
written answers to any of the Reflection & Discussion Questions in
this chapter, I would be very interested to see them.

\n

Our Mental Shortcuts

\n

If you'd like to reinforce Kahneman's ideas about System 1 and
System 2 thinking the video below (12 minutes) is very good, (thanks
to Mike Davidson for this suggestion.)

\n

//www.youttube.com/em/em/bed/UBVV@pchidM

\n

Reflection & Discussion Question 1: Taking Stock of What You
Already Know

\n
98 I Instructor Resources
", + "markdown": "to expand this section to include notes, tips and feedback from\nTWP instructors. If you use these materials, please let me know\nhow it went, what worked for you, and any suggested changes or\nadditions. I'd love to hear from you at chwixson (at) plymouth (dot)\nedu or fill out as much of [this form] as you'd like.\n\n# Introduction\n\nThroughout the chapters, I tried to generate Reflection &\nDiscussion Questions that could be used either as in class (whole\ngroup or think /pair/share) discussion prompts or as written\nreflections assigned out of class. If your students generate any\nwritten answers to any of the Reflection & Discussion Questions in\nthis chapter, I would be very interested to see them.\n\n# Our Mental Shortcuts\n\nIf you'd like to reinforce Kahneman's ideas about System 1 and\nSystem 2 thinking the video below (12 minutes) is very good, (thanks\nto Mike Davidson for this suggestion.)\n\n# //www.youttube.com/em/em/bed/UBVV@pchidM\n\nReflection & Discussion Question 1: Taking Stock of What You\nAlready Know\n\n98 I Instructor Resources", + "text": "to expand this section to include notes, tips and feedback from\nTWP instructors. If you use these materials, please let me know\nhow it went, what worked for you, and any suggested changes or\nadditions. I'd love to hear from you at chwixson (at) plymouth (dot)\nedu or fill out as much of [this form] as you'd like.\nIntroduction\nThroughout the chapters, I tried to generate Reflection &\nDiscussion Questions that could be used either as in class (whole\ngroup or think /pair/share) discussion prompts or as written\nreflections assigned out of class. If your students generate any\nwritten answers to any of the Reflection & Discussion Questions in\nthis chapter, I would be very interested to see them.\nOur Mental Shortcuts\nIf you'd like to reinforce Kahneman's ideas about System 1 and\nSystem 2 thinking the video below (12 minutes) is very good, (thanks\nto Mike Davidson for this suggestion.)\n//www.youttube.com/em/em/bed/UBVV@pchidM\nReflection & Discussion Question 1: Taking Stock of What You\nAlready Know\n98 I Instructor Resources" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

to expand this section to include notes, tips and feedback from
TWP instructors. If you use these materials, please let me know
how it went, what worked for you, and any suggested changes or
additions. I'd love to hear from you at chwixson (at) plymouth (dot)
edu or fill out as much of [this form] as you'd like.

", + "markdown": "to expand this section to include notes, tips and feedback from\nTWP instructors. If you use these materials, please let me know\nhow it went, what worked for you, and any suggested changes or\nadditions. I'd love to hear from you at chwixson (at) plymouth (dot)\nedu or fill out as much of [this form] as you'd like.", + "text": "to expand this section to include notes, tips and feedback from\nTWP instructors. If you use these materials, please let me know\nhow it went, what worked for you, and any suggested changes or\nadditions. I'd love to hear from you at chwixson (at) plymouth (dot)\nedu or fill out as much of [this form] as you'd like." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1378, + "y": 0.0946 + }, + { + "x": 0.8646, + "y": 0.0946 + }, + { + "x": 0.8646, + "y": 0.2073 + }, + { + "x": 0.1378, + "y": 0.2073 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Introduction

", + "markdown": "# Introduction", + "text": "Introduction" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1387, + "y": 0.2674 + }, + { + "x": 0.3571, + "y": 0.2674 + }, + { + "x": 0.3571, + "y": 0.2933 + }, + { + "x": 0.1387, + "y": 0.2933 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Throughout the chapters, I tried to generate Reflection &
Discussion Questions that could be used either as in class (whole
group or think /pair/share) discussion prompts or as written
reflections assigned out of class. If your students generate any
written answers to any of the Reflection & Discussion Questions in
this chapter, I would be very interested to see them.

", + "markdown": "Throughout the chapters, I tried to generate Reflection &\nDiscussion Questions that could be used either as in class (whole\ngroup or think /pair/share) discussion prompts or as written\nreflections assigned out of class. If your students generate any\nwritten answers to any of the Reflection & Discussion Questions in\nthis chapter, I would be very interested to see them.", + "text": "Throughout the chapters, I tried to generate Reflection &\nDiscussion Questions that could be used either as in class (whole\ngroup or think /pair/share) discussion prompts or as written\nreflections assigned out of class. If your students generate any\nwritten answers to any of the Reflection & Discussion Questions in\nthis chapter, I would be very interested to see them." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1379, + "y": 0.3349 + }, + { + "x": 0.8636, + "y": 0.3349 + }, + { + "x": 0.8636, + "y": 0.4706 + }, + { + "x": 0.1379, + "y": 0.4706 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Our Mental Shortcuts

", + "markdown": "# Our Mental Shortcuts", + "text": "Our Mental Shortcuts" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1389, + "y": 0.5298 + }, + { + "x": 0.5074, + "y": 0.5298 + }, + { + "x": 0.5074, + "y": 0.5576 + }, + { + "x": 0.1389, + "y": 0.5576 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

If you'd like to reinforce Kahneman's ideas about System 1 and
System 2 thinking the video below (12 minutes) is very good, (thanks
to Mike Davidson for this suggestion.)

", + "markdown": "If you'd like to reinforce Kahneman's ideas about System 1 and\nSystem 2 thinking the video below (12 minutes) is very good, (thanks\nto Mike Davidson for this suggestion.)", + "text": "If you'd like to reinforce Kahneman's ideas about System 1 and\nSystem 2 thinking the video below (12 minutes) is very good, (thanks\nto Mike Davidson for this suggestion.)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1375, + "y": 0.5986 + }, + { + "x": 0.8643, + "y": 0.5986 + }, + { + "x": 0.8643, + "y": 0.672 + }, + { + "x": 0.1375, + "y": 0.672 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

//www.youttube.com/em/em/bed/UBVV@pchidM

", + "markdown": "# //www.youttube.com/em/em/bed/UBVV@pchidM", + "text": "//www.youttube.com/em/em/bed/UBVV@pchidM" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1574, + "y": 0.668 + }, + { + "x": 0.6532, + "y": 0.668 + }, + { + "x": 0.6532, + "y": 0.6886 + }, + { + "x": 0.1574, + "y": 0.6886 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Reflection & Discussion Question 1: Taking Stock of What You
Already Know

", + "markdown": "Reflection & Discussion Question 1: Taking Stock of What You\nAlready Know", + "text": "Reflection & Discussion Question 1: Taking Stock of What You\nAlready Know" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1736, + "y": 0.7638 + }, + { + "x": 0.7531, + "y": 0.7638 + }, + { + "x": 0.7531, + "y": 0.8045 + }, + { + "x": 0.1736, + "y": 0.8045 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
98 I Instructor Resources
", + "markdown": "98 I Instructor Resources", + "text": "98 I Instructor Resources" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1377, + "y": 0.9219 + }, + { + "x": 0.3957, + "y": 0.9219 + }, + { + "x": 0.3957, + "y": 0.9406 + }, + { + "x": 0.1377, + "y": 0.9406 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000026.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

At Home in Exile

\n

Else had told us how phosphorenscence burning on human skin could not
be put out, and how a seventeen-year-old soldier, weak from starvation,
had been fed at a stranger mother's breast in the bunker before he returned
to fight Russian soldiers in the final Breslau street battles. She had told us
how a fat man had wedged himself into the shelter's entrance, and had
been mown down by the hysterical mob. She had told us how she herself
had carried her sick mother across a burning rooftop.

\n

Beneath the reconstructed Novi Targ square, John identified shelters in
two places, downstairs bolted against public entry. Plain and ugly high-
rise public housing of cheap materials now stood around the bare square,
where once interesting seventeenth-century merchant houses had stood
amid a lively marketplace. People had lived in apartments even before
the Communist-style transformations. Before their destruction, the old
buildings of Breslau were of stately proportions, made of good material
by experienced artisans who valued their talents and who took pride in
a town with depth to its history.

\n

Novi Targ now looks much sadder and more neglected than my glossy
photos show. Breslau's lively markets that were once a feature of the city,
as shown in my photographs of 1905, were relocated by the council in the
second half of the twentieth century to a large new market hall. This was
allegedly because of the congestion caused in the city's central squares by
traders with their cars, animals and stalls.

\n

I was nevertheless deeply moved. This ugly restoration was on ground
where my grandmother and her children had walked so many times.
Grandmother Emma and beloved aunt Else had lived there for fifteen
my
years before 1945. My mother had corresponded with them from far away.

\n

Had we stayed longer, we would have enjoyed other moments of pleasure
in a city that remains drab, and in which not even the theatre has been
restored. The original buildings, and what they stood for, were German.
The culture ofSilesia before 1945 has not yet been generally acknowledged.
It is also of Polish history. I am sure this will change.
part

\n
12
", + "markdown": "# At Home in Exile\n\nElse had told us how phosphorenscence burning on human skin could not\nbe put out, and how a seventeen-year-old soldier, weak from starvation,\nhad been fed at a stranger mother's breast in the bunker before he returned\nto fight Russian soldiers in the final Breslau street battles. She had told us\nhow a fat man had wedged himself into the shelter's entrance, and had\nbeen mown down by the hysterical mob. She had told us how she herself\nhad carried her sick mother across a burning rooftop.\n\nBeneath the reconstructed Novi Targ square, John identified shelters in\ntwo places, downstairs bolted against public entry. Plain and ugly high-\nrise public housing of cheap materials now stood around the bare square,\nwhere once interesting seventeenth-century merchant houses had stood\namid a lively marketplace. People had lived in apartments even before\nthe Communist-style transformations. Before their destruction, the old\nbuildings of Breslau were of stately proportions, made of good material\nby experienced artisans who valued their talents and who took pride in\na town with depth to its history.\n\nNovi Targ now looks much sadder and more neglected than my glossy\nphotos show. Breslau's lively markets that were once a feature of the city,\nas shown in my photographs of 1905, were relocated by the council in the\nsecond half of the twentieth century to a large new market hall. This was\nallegedly because of the congestion caused in the city's central squares by\ntraders with their cars, animals and stalls.\n\nI was nevertheless deeply moved. This ugly restoration was on ground\nwhere my grandmother and her children had walked so many times.\nGrandmother Emma and beloved aunt Else had lived there for fifteen\nmy\nyears before 1945. My mother had corresponded with them from far away.\n\nHad we stayed longer, we would have enjoyed other moments of pleasure\nin a city that remains drab, and in which not even the theatre has been\nrestored. The original buildings, and what they stood for, were German.\nThe culture ofSilesia before 1945 has not yet been generally acknowledged.\nIt is also of Polish history. I am sure this will change.\npart\n\n12", + "text": "At Home in Exile\nElse had told us how phosphorenscence burning on human skin could not\nbe put out, and how a seventeen-year-old soldier, weak from starvation,\nhad been fed at a stranger mother's breast in the bunker before he returned\nto fight Russian soldiers in the final Breslau street battles. She had told us\nhow a fat man had wedged himself into the shelter's entrance, and had\nbeen mown down by the hysterical mob. She had told us how she herself\nhad carried her sick mother across a burning rooftop.\nBeneath the reconstructed Novi Targ square, John identified shelters in\ntwo places, downstairs bolted against public entry. Plain and ugly high-\nrise public housing of cheap materials now stood around the bare square,\nwhere once interesting seventeenth-century merchant houses had stood\namid a lively marketplace. People had lived in apartments even before\nthe Communist-style transformations. Before their destruction, the old\nbuildings of Breslau were of stately proportions, made of good material\nby experienced artisans who valued their talents and who took pride in\na town with depth to its history.\nNovi Targ now looks much sadder and more neglected than my glossy\nphotos show. Breslau's lively markets that were once a feature of the city,\nas shown in my photographs of 1905, were relocated by the council in the\nsecond half of the twentieth century to a large new market hall. This was\nallegedly because of the congestion caused in the city's central squares by\ntraders with their cars, animals and stalls.\nI was nevertheless deeply moved. This ugly restoration was on ground\nwhere my grandmother and her children had walked so many times.\nGrandmother Emma and beloved aunt Else had lived there for fifteen\nmy\nyears before 1945. My mother had corresponded with them from far away.\nHad we stayed longer, we would have enjoyed other moments of pleasure\nin a city that remains drab, and in which not even the theatre has been\nrestored. The original buildings, and what they stood for, were German.\nThe culture ofSilesia before 1945 has not yet been generally acknowledged.\nIt is also of Polish history. I am sure this will change.\npart\n12" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

At Home in Exile

", + "markdown": "# At Home in Exile", + "text": "At Home in Exile" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1523, + "y": 0.0856 + }, + { + "x": 0.2866, + "y": 0.0856 + }, + { + "x": 0.2866, + "y": 0.0997 + }, + { + "x": 0.1523, + "y": 0.0997 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Else had told us how phosphorenscence burning on human skin could not
be put out, and how a seventeen-year-old soldier, weak from starvation,
had been fed at a stranger mother's breast in the bunker before he returned
to fight Russian soldiers in the final Breslau street battles. She had told us
how a fat man had wedged himself into the shelter's entrance, and had
been mown down by the hysterical mob. She had told us how she herself
had carried her sick mother across a burning rooftop.

", + "markdown": "Else had told us how phosphorenscence burning on human skin could not\nbe put out, and how a seventeen-year-old soldier, weak from starvation,\nhad been fed at a stranger mother's breast in the bunker before he returned\nto fight Russian soldiers in the final Breslau street battles. She had told us\nhow a fat man had wedged himself into the shelter's entrance, and had\nbeen mown down by the hysterical mob. She had told us how she herself\nhad carried her sick mother across a burning rooftop.", + "text": "Else had told us how phosphorenscence burning on human skin could not\nbe put out, and how a seventeen-year-old soldier, weak from starvation,\nhad been fed at a stranger mother's breast in the bunker before he returned\nto fight Russian soldiers in the final Breslau street battles. She had told us\nhow a fat man had wedged himself into the shelter's entrance, and had\nbeen mown down by the hysterical mob. She had told us how she herself\nhad carried her sick mother across a burning rooftop." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1522, + "y": 0.1171 + }, + { + "x": 0.8745, + "y": 0.1171 + }, + { + "x": 0.8745, + "y": 0.2571 + }, + { + "x": 0.1522, + "y": 0.2571 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Beneath the reconstructed Novi Targ square, John identified shelters in
two places, downstairs bolted against public entry. Plain and ugly high-
rise public housing of cheap materials now stood around the bare square,
where once interesting seventeenth-century merchant houses had stood
amid a lively marketplace. People had lived in apartments even before
the Communist-style transformations. Before their destruction, the old
buildings of Breslau were of stately proportions, made of good material
by experienced artisans who valued their talents and who took pride in
a town with depth to its history.

", + "markdown": "Beneath the reconstructed Novi Targ square, John identified shelters in\ntwo places, downstairs bolted against public entry. Plain and ugly high-\nrise public housing of cheap materials now stood around the bare square,\nwhere once interesting seventeenth-century merchant houses had stood\namid a lively marketplace. People had lived in apartments even before\nthe Communist-style transformations. Before their destruction, the old\nbuildings of Breslau were of stately proportions, made of good material\nby experienced artisans who valued their talents and who took pride in\na town with depth to its history.", + "text": "Beneath the reconstructed Novi Targ square, John identified shelters in\ntwo places, downstairs bolted against public entry. Plain and ugly high-\nrise public housing of cheap materials now stood around the bare square,\nwhere once interesting seventeenth-century merchant houses had stood\namid a lively marketplace. People had lived in apartments even before\nthe Communist-style transformations. Before their destruction, the old\nbuildings of Breslau were of stately proportions, made of good material\nby experienced artisans who valued their talents and who took pride in\na town with depth to its history." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1522, + "y": 0.269 + }, + { + "x": 0.8744, + "y": 0.269 + }, + { + "x": 0.8744, + "y": 0.4486 + }, + { + "x": 0.1522, + "y": 0.4486 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Novi Targ now looks much sadder and more neglected than my glossy
photos show. Breslau's lively markets that were once a feature of the city,
as shown in my photographs of 1905, were relocated by the council in the
second half of the twentieth century to a large new market hall. This was
allegedly because of the congestion caused in the city's central squares by
traders with their cars, animals and stalls.

", + "markdown": "Novi Targ now looks much sadder and more neglected than my glossy\nphotos show. Breslau's lively markets that were once a feature of the city,\nas shown in my photographs of 1905, were relocated by the council in the\nsecond half of the twentieth century to a large new market hall. This was\nallegedly because of the congestion caused in the city's central squares by\ntraders with their cars, animals and stalls.", + "text": "Novi Targ now looks much sadder and more neglected than my glossy\nphotos show. Breslau's lively markets that were once a feature of the city,\nas shown in my photographs of 1905, were relocated by the council in the\nsecond half of the twentieth century to a large new market hall. This was\nallegedly because of the congestion caused in the city's central squares by\ntraders with their cars, animals and stalls." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.152, + "y": 0.461 + }, + { + "x": 0.8747, + "y": 0.461 + }, + { + "x": 0.8747, + "y": 0.5806 + }, + { + "x": 0.152, + "y": 0.5806 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

I was nevertheless deeply moved. This ugly restoration was on ground
where my grandmother and her children had walked so many times.
Grandmother Emma and beloved aunt Else had lived there for fifteen
my
years before 1945. My mother had corresponded with them from far away.

", + "markdown": "I was nevertheless deeply moved. This ugly restoration was on ground\nwhere my grandmother and her children had walked so many times.\nGrandmother Emma and beloved aunt Else had lived there for fifteen\nmy\nyears before 1945. My mother had corresponded with them from far away.", + "text": "I was nevertheless deeply moved. This ugly restoration was on ground\nwhere my grandmother and her children had walked so many times.\nGrandmother Emma and beloved aunt Else had lived there for fifteen\nmy\nyears before 1945. My mother had corresponded with them from far away." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1521, + "y": 0.593 + }, + { + "x": 0.8744, + "y": 0.593 + }, + { + "x": 0.8744, + "y": 0.6748 + }, + { + "x": 0.1521, + "y": 0.6748 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Had we stayed longer, we would have enjoyed other moments of pleasure
in a city that remains drab, and in which not even the theatre has been
restored. The original buildings, and what they stood for, were German.
The culture ofSilesia before 1945 has not yet been generally acknowledged.
It is also of Polish history. I am sure this will change.
part

", + "markdown": "Had we stayed longer, we would have enjoyed other moments of pleasure\nin a city that remains drab, and in which not even the theatre has been\nrestored. The original buildings, and what they stood for, were German.\nThe culture ofSilesia before 1945 has not yet been generally acknowledged.\nIt is also of Polish history. I am sure this will change.\npart", + "text": "Had we stayed longer, we would have enjoyed other moments of pleasure\nin a city that remains drab, and in which not even the theatre has been\nrestored. The original buildings, and what they stood for, were German.\nThe culture ofSilesia before 1945 has not yet been generally acknowledged.\nIt is also of Polish history. I am sure this will change.\npart" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1522, + "y": 0.6855 + }, + { + "x": 0.8734, + "y": 0.6855 + }, + { + "x": 0.8734, + "y": 0.7868 + }, + { + "x": 0.1522, + "y": 0.7868 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
12
", + "markdown": "12", + "text": "12" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0896, + "y": 0.9299 + }, + { + "x": 0.114, + "y": 0.9299 + }, + { + "x": 0.114, + "y": 0.9424 + }, + { + "x": 0.0896, + "y": 0.9424 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000098.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

one of the two players is allowed to communicate with the other player (i.e., there is \"one-way
communication \") the players coordinate their choices 96% of the time! However, with
simultaneous two-way communication between the two players, they coordinate only 42% of
the time! Explain what happened.

\n

10. We demonstrated how to solve for the Penalty Kick game's mixed-strategy equilibrium.
Suppose you were new to the game of soccer (or football) and assigned to play the goalie
position. After watching the following YouTube video, what strategy might make the most
sense for you to adopt on penalty kicks: https:// www.youtube.com/ watch?v=3yWZZR9ZodI.

\n\n
\"Ave\nNTS\nChevron\n900\n600N
11. The map below identifies (with red markers) the locations of gas stations in Salt Lake City,
Utah (Utah's capital city). Do these gas station locations depict a pure strategy equilibrium for
the Hotelling Game? Explain.
\n

Source: Google Maps

\n

12. In this chapter, we learned that when an individual acquires private information about
something, this added information does not necessarily make the individual better off. In
particular, when an individual (say, Player 1) acquires private information about something of
common interest to both himself and another individual (say, Player 2), and Player 2 knows
Player 1 has acquired this private information, Player 1 could actually be made worse off as a
result of Player 2 changing her strategy in response to the fact that she knows Player 1 now
has additional information. Whew! Can you think of a real-life example where the acquisition

\n
BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 175
", + "markdown": "one of the two players is allowed to communicate with the other player (i.e., there is \"one-way\ncommunication \") the players coordinate their choices 96% of the time! However, with\nsimultaneous two-way communication between the two players, they coordinate only 42% of\nthe time! Explain what happened.\n\n- 10. We demonstrated how to solve for the Penalty Kick game's mixed-strategy equilibrium.\n- Suppose you were new to the game of soccer (or football) and assigned to play the goalie\n- position. After watching the following YouTube video, what strategy might make the most\n- sense for you to adopt on penalty kicks: https:// www.youtube.com/ watch?v=3yWZZR9ZodI.\n\n\n11. The map below identifies (with red markers) the locations of gas stations in Salt Lake City,\nUtah (Utah's capital city). Do these gas station locations depict a pure strategy equilibrium for\nthe Hotelling Game? Explain.\n\nAve\nNTS\nChevron\n900\n600N M THE AVENUES\nUtah State\nAIRPARK Capitol Building\n300 N N\n400 9 Maverik\nM 3rd Ave\n2nd Ave 약 Viginia\n말 SUNBURST\nClark Planetarium S Temple Sinclair 및\n및\nSStateSt 인 Sinclair 1300E\nirove Blvd S\nMaverik Main CENTRAL CITY 500 S\nW 600 S 92\n300\n800 S Chevron Salt Lake City 3000\nW 900 S 900 S\nTracy Aviary &\nBotanical Gardens\nDOLL\n1300 S 1300 S\nMaverik 9 PS Shell\n1700 S\nGO\n89 PS 3 1300\nSmith's Fuel Center\nChevron 및 C\nS\n2100S\n\nSource: Google Maps\n\n12. In this chapter, we learned that when an individual acquires private information about\nsomething, this added information does not necessarily make the individual better off. In\nparticular, when an individual (say, Player 1) acquires private information about something of\ncommon interest to both himself and another individual (say, Player 2), and Player 2 knows\nPlayer 1 has acquired this private information, Player 1 could actually be made worse off as a\nresult of Player 2 changing her strategy in response to the fact that she knows Player 1 now\nhas additional information. Whew! Can you think of a real-life example where the acquisition\n\nBEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 175", + "text": "one of the two players is allowed to communicate with the other player (i.e., there is \"one-way\ncommunication \") the players coordinate their choices 96% of the time! However, with\nsimultaneous two-way communication between the two players, they coordinate only 42% of\nthe time! Explain what happened.\n10. We demonstrated how to solve for the Penalty Kick game's mixed-strategy equilibrium.\nSuppose you were new to the game of soccer (or football) and assigned to play the goalie\nposition. After watching the following YouTube video, what strategy might make the most\nsense for you to adopt on penalty kicks: https:// www.youtube.com/ watch?v=3yWZZR9ZodI.\n11. The map below identifies (with red markers) the locations of gas stations in Salt Lake City,\nUtah (Utah's capital city). Do these gas station locations depict a pure strategy equilibrium for\nthe Hotelling Game? Explain.\nAve\nNTS\nChevron\n900\n600N M THE AVENUES\nUtah State\nAIRPARK Capitol Building\n300 N N\n400 9 Maverik\nM 3rd Ave\n2nd Ave 약 Viginia\n말 SUNBURST\nClark Planetarium S Temple Sinclair 및\n및\nSStateSt 인 Sinclair 1300E\nirove Blvd S\nMaverik Main CENTRAL CITY 500 S\nW 600 S 92\n300\n800 S Chevron Salt Lake City 3000\nW 900 S 900 S\nTracy Aviary &\nBotanical Gardens\nDOLL\n1300 S 1300 S\nMaverik 9 PS Shell\n1700 S\nGO\n89 PS 3 1300\nSmith's Fuel Center\nChevron 및 C\nS\n2100S\nSource: Google Maps\n12. In this chapter, we learned that when an individual acquires private information about\nsomething, this added information does not necessarily make the individual better off. In\nparticular, when an individual (say, Player 1) acquires private information about something of\ncommon interest to both himself and another individual (say, Player 2), and Player 2 knows\nPlayer 1 has acquired this private information, Player 1 could actually be made worse off as a\nresult of Player 2 changing her strategy in response to the fact that she knows Player 1 now\nhas additional information. Whew! Can you think of a real-life example where the acquisition\nBEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 175" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

one of the two players is allowed to communicate with the other player (i.e., there is \"one-way
communication \") the players coordinate their choices 96% of the time! However, with
simultaneous two-way communication between the two players, they coordinate only 42% of
the time! Explain what happened.

", + "markdown": "one of the two players is allowed to communicate with the other player (i.e., there is \"one-way\ncommunication \") the players coordinate their choices 96% of the time! However, with\nsimultaneous two-way communication between the two players, they coordinate only 42% of\nthe time! Explain what happened.", + "text": "one of the two players is allowed to communicate with the other player (i.e., there is \"one-way\ncommunication \") the players coordinate their choices 96% of the time! However, with\nsimultaneous two-way communication between the two players, they coordinate only 42% of\nthe time! Explain what happened." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1421, + "y": 0.07 + }, + { + "x": 0.9052, + "y": 0.07 + }, + { + "x": 0.9052, + "y": 0.1487 + }, + { + "x": 0.1421, + "y": 0.1487 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

10. We demonstrated how to solve for the Penalty Kick game's mixed-strategy equilibrium.
Suppose you were new to the game of soccer (or football) and assigned to play the goalie
position. After watching the following YouTube video, what strategy might make the most
sense for you to adopt on penalty kicks: https:// www.youtube.com/ watch?v=3yWZZR9ZodI.

", + "markdown": "- 10. We demonstrated how to solve for the Penalty Kick game's mixed-strategy equilibrium.\n- Suppose you were new to the game of soccer (or football) and assigned to play the goalie\n- position. After watching the following YouTube video, what strategy might make the most\n- sense for you to adopt on penalty kicks: https:// www.youtube.com/ watch?v=3yWZZR9ZodI.\n", + "text": "10. We demonstrated how to solve for the Penalty Kick game's mixed-strategy equilibrium.\nSuppose you were new to the game of soccer (or football) and assigned to play the goalie\nposition. After watching the following YouTube video, what strategy might make the most\nsense for you to adopt on penalty kicks: https:// www.youtube.com/ watch?v=3yWZZR9ZodI." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1077, + "y": 0.1696 + }, + { + "x": 0.9051, + "y": 0.1696 + }, + { + "x": 0.9051, + "y": 0.2493 + }, + { + "x": 0.1077, + "y": 0.2493 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

11. The map below identifies (with red markers) the locations of gas stations in Salt Lake City,
Utah (Utah's capital city). Do these gas station locations depict a pure strategy equilibrium for
the Hotelling Game? Explain.

", + "markdown": "11. The map below identifies (with red markers) the locations of gas stations in Salt Lake City,\nUtah (Utah's capital city). Do these gas station locations depict a pure strategy equilibrium for\nthe Hotelling Game? Explain.", + "text": "11. The map below identifies (with red markers) the locations of gas stations in Salt Lake City,\nUtah (Utah's capital city). Do these gas station locations depict a pure strategy equilibrium for\nthe Hotelling Game? Explain." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1065, + "y": 0.2693 + }, + { + "x": 0.9041, + "y": 0.2693 + }, + { + "x": 0.9041, + "y": 0.3285 + }, + { + "x": 0.1065, + "y": 0.3285 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Ave\nNTS\nChevron\n900\n600N
", + "markdown": "Ave\nNTS\nChevron\n900\n600N M THE AVENUES\nUtah State\nAIRPARK Capitol Building\n300 N N\n400 9 Maverik\nM 3rd Ave\n2nd Ave 약 Viginia\n말 SUNBURST\nClark Planetarium S Temple Sinclair 및\n및\nSStateSt 인 Sinclair 1300E\nirove Blvd S\nMaverik Main CENTRAL CITY 500 S\nW 600 S 92\n300\n800 S Chevron Salt Lake City 3000\nW 900 S 900 S\nTracy Aviary &\nBotanical Gardens\nDOLL\n1300 S 1300 S\nMaverik 9 PS Shell\n1700 S\nGO\n89 PS 3 1300\nSmith's Fuel Center\nChevron 및 C\nS\n2100S", + "text": "Ave\nNTS\nChevron\n900\n600N M THE AVENUES\nUtah State\nAIRPARK Capitol Building\n300 N N\n400 9 Maverik\nM 3rd Ave\n2nd Ave 약 Viginia\n말 SUNBURST\nClark Planetarium S Temple Sinclair 및\n및\nSStateSt 인 Sinclair 1300E\nirove Blvd S\nMaverik Main CENTRAL CITY 500 S\nW 600 S 92\n300\n800 S Chevron Salt Lake City 3000\nW 900 S 900 S\nTracy Aviary &\nBotanical Gardens\nDOLL\n1300 S 1300 S\nMaverik 9 PS Shell\n1700 S\nGO\n89 PS 3 1300\nSmith's Fuel Center\nChevron 및 C\nS\n2100S" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.167, + "y": 0.3458 + }, + { + "x": 0.5848, + "y": 0.3458 + }, + { + "x": 0.5848, + "y": 0.7284 + }, + { + "x": 0.167, + "y": 0.7284 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Source: Google Maps

", + "markdown": "Source: Google Maps", + "text": "Source: Google Maps" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2974, + "y": 0.7334 + }, + { + "x": 0.4582, + "y": 0.7334 + }, + { + "x": 0.4582, + "y": 0.7494 + }, + { + "x": 0.2974, + "y": 0.7494 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

12. In this chapter, we learned that when an individual acquires private information about
something, this added information does not necessarily make the individual better off. In
particular, when an individual (say, Player 1) acquires private information about something of
common interest to both himself and another individual (say, Player 2), and Player 2 knows
Player 1 has acquired this private information, Player 1 could actually be made worse off as a
result of Player 2 changing her strategy in response to the fact that she knows Player 1 now
has additional information. Whew! Can you think of a real-life example where the acquisition

", + "markdown": "12. In this chapter, we learned that when an individual acquires private information about\nsomething, this added information does not necessarily make the individual better off. In\nparticular, when an individual (say, Player 1) acquires private information about something of\ncommon interest to both himself and another individual (say, Player 2), and Player 2 knows\nPlayer 1 has acquired this private information, Player 1 could actually be made worse off as a\nresult of Player 2 changing her strategy in response to the fact that she knows Player 1 now\nhas additional information. Whew! Can you think of a real-life example where the acquisition", + "text": "12. In this chapter, we learned that when an individual acquires private information about\nsomething, this added information does not necessarily make the individual better off. In\nparticular, when an individual (say, Player 1) acquires private information about something of\ncommon interest to both himself and another individual (say, Player 2), and Player 2 knows\nPlayer 1 has acquired this private information, Player 1 could actually be made worse off as a\nresult of Player 2 changing her strategy in response to the fact that she knows Player 1 now\nhas additional information. Whew! Can you think of a real-life example where the acquisition" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1069, + "y": 0.7817 + }, + { + "x": 0.9097, + "y": 0.7817 + }, + { + "x": 0.9097, + "y": 0.9189 + }, + { + "x": 0.1069, + "y": 0.9189 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 175
", + "markdown": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 175", + "text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 175" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6373, + "y": 0.949 + }, + { + "x": 0.9093, + "y": 0.949 + }, + { + "x": 0.9093, + "y": 0.9626 + }, + { + "x": 0.6373, + "y": 0.9626 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000148.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

*

\n
Circle
\n
Co-funded by
the European Union
\n

As seen in this chart of responses, we were very satisfied to reach diversity in age groups, with
all groups being represented by over 10%. The main group reached was of ages 36-45, and the
least represented was the youngest age group of 18-25.

\n

Education Level
122 responses

\n
\"Primary\nLower
\n

Regarding the education level of responders, we were satisfied to receive a very high level of
responses with Bachelor's or higher degrees, with the significant share of others coming from

\n

Upper Secondary-educated participants. There was also a small representation of non-formal
training, as well as >1% representation for other options.

\n

Profession
122 responses

\n
\"Social
\n

For responders' profession, the most common answers representing 19.7% equally, were Youth
Workers and Project Managers, although practising Social Entrepreneurs were also well
represented, along with an 8% response rate from self-declared circular economy experts.

\n

This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author
and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

\n
Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126
", + "markdown": "# *\n\nCircle\n\nCo-funded by\nthe European Union\n\nAs seen in this chart of responses, we were very satisfied to reach diversity in age groups, with\nall groups being represented by over 10%. The main group reached was of ages 36-45, and the\nleast represented was the youngest age group of 18-25.\n\nEducation Level\n122 responses\n\nPrimary\nLower Secondary\nUpper Secondary\n76.2%\nNon-formal Training\nBachelor's Degree or Higher\nMaster degree\nBac+5\n18%\nPh. D.\n\nRegarding the education level of responders, we were satisfied to receive a very high level of\nresponses with Bachelor's or higher degrees, with the significant share of others coming from\n\nUpper Secondary-educated participants. There was also a small representation of non-formal\ntraining, as well as >1% representation for other options.\n\nProfession\n122 responses\n\nSocial Entrepreneur\n19.7% Youth Worker\nEducator/Trainer\nUniversity Professor\nExpert in Circular Economy\nYouth Leader\n12.3%\n18.9% Project Manager\nStudent\n19.7%\n1/3\n\nFor responders' profession, the most common answers representing 19.7% equally, were Youth\nWorkers and Project Managers, although practising Social Entrepreneurs were also well\nrepresented, along with an 8% response rate from self-declared circular economy experts.\n\nThis project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.\n\nProject No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", + "text": "*\nCircle\nCo-funded by\nthe European Union\nAs seen in this chart of responses, we were very satisfied to reach diversity in age groups, with\nall groups being represented by over 10%. The main group reached was of ages 36-45, and the\nleast represented was the youngest age group of 18-25.\nEducation Level\n122 responses\nPrimary\nLower Secondary\nUpper Secondary\n76.2%\nNon-formal Training\nBachelor's Degree or Higher\nMaster degree\nBac+5\n18%\nPh. D.\nRegarding the education level of responders, we were satisfied to receive a very high level of\nresponses with Bachelor's or higher degrees, with the significant share of others coming from\nUpper Secondary-educated participants. There was also a small representation of non-formal\ntraining, as well as >1% representation for other options.\nProfession\n122 responses\nSocial Entrepreneur\n19.7% Youth Worker\nEducator/Trainer\nUniversity Professor\nExpert in Circular Economy\nYouth Leader\n12.3%\n18.9% Project Manager\nStudent\n19.7%\n1/3\nFor responders' profession, the most common answers representing 19.7% equally, were Youth\nWorkers and Project Managers, although practising Social Entrepreneurs were also well\nrepresented, along with an 8% response rate from self-declared circular economy experts.\nThis project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.\nProject No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

*

", + "markdown": "# *", + "text": "*" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0455, + "y": 0.0359 + }, + { + "x": 0.0927, + "y": 0.0359 + }, + { + "x": 0.0927, + "y": 0.0555 + }, + { + "x": 0.0455, + "y": 0.0555 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Circle
", + "markdown": "Circle", + "text": "Circle" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0813, + "y": 0.061 + }, + { + "x": 0.1312, + "y": 0.061 + }, + { + "x": 0.1312, + "y": 0.0728 + }, + { + "x": 0.0813, + "y": 0.0728 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Co-funded by
the European Union
", + "markdown": "Co-funded by\nthe European Union", + "text": "Co-funded by\nthe European Union" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7597, + "y": 0.0291 + }, + { + "x": 0.9162, + "y": 0.0291 + }, + { + "x": 0.9162, + "y": 0.0575 + }, + { + "x": 0.7597, + "y": 0.0575 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

As seen in this chart of responses, we were very satisfied to reach diversity in age groups, with
all groups being represented by over 10%. The main group reached was of ages 36-45, and the
least represented was the youngest age group of 18-25.

", + "markdown": "As seen in this chart of responses, we were very satisfied to reach diversity in age groups, with\nall groups being represented by over 10%. The main group reached was of ages 36-45, and the\nleast represented was the youngest age group of 18-25.", + "text": "As seen in this chart of responses, we were very satisfied to reach diversity in age groups, with\nall groups being represented by over 10%. The main group reached was of ages 36-45, and the\nleast represented was the youngest age group of 18-25." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1397, + "y": 0.1016 + }, + { + "x": 0.8673, + "y": 0.1016 + }, + { + "x": 0.8673, + "y": 0.1529 + }, + { + "x": 0.1397, + "y": 0.1529 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Education Level
122 responses

", + "markdown": "Education Level\n122 responses", + "text": "Education Level\n122 responses" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1623, + "y": 0.2054 + }, + { + "x": 0.2808, + "y": 0.2054 + }, + { + "x": 0.2808, + "y": 0.2348 + }, + { + "x": 0.1623, + "y": 0.2348 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Primary\nLower
", + "markdown": "Primary\nLower Secondary\nUpper Secondary\n76.2%\nNon-formal Training\nBachelor's Degree or Higher\nMaster degree\nBac+5\n18%\nPh. D.", + "text": "Primary\nLower Secondary\nUpper Secondary\n76.2%\nNon-formal Training\nBachelor's Degree or Higher\nMaster degree\nBac+5\n18%\nPh. D." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2882, + "y": 0.2486 + }, + { + "x": 0.7846, + "y": 0.2486 + }, + { + "x": 0.7846, + "y": 0.3857 + }, + { + "x": 0.2882, + "y": 0.3857 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Regarding the education level of responders, we were satisfied to receive a very high level of
responses with Bachelor's or higher degrees, with the significant share of others coming from

", + "markdown": "Regarding the education level of responders, we were satisfied to receive a very high level of\nresponses with Bachelor's or higher degrees, with the significant share of others coming from", + "text": "Regarding the education level of responders, we were satisfied to receive a very high level of\nresponses with Bachelor's or higher degrees, with the significant share of others coming from" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1393, + "y": 0.4163 + }, + { + "x": 0.8489, + "y": 0.4163 + }, + { + "x": 0.8489, + "y": 0.4517 + }, + { + "x": 0.1393, + "y": 0.4517 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Upper Secondary-educated participants. There was also a small representation of non-formal
training, as well as >1% representation for other options.

", + "markdown": "Upper Secondary-educated participants. There was also a small representation of non-formal\ntraining, as well as >1% representation for other options.", + "text": "Upper Secondary-educated participants. There was also a small representation of non-formal\ntraining, as well as >1% representation for other options." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1385, + "y": 0.5673 + }, + { + "x": 0.8444, + "y": 0.5673 + }, + { + "x": 0.8444, + "y": 0.6006 + }, + { + "x": 0.1385, + "y": 0.6006 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Profession
122 responses

", + "markdown": "Profession\n122 responses", + "text": "Profession\n122 responses" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1629, + "y": 0.6274 + }, + { + "x": 0.2483, + "y": 0.6274 + }, + { + "x": 0.2483, + "y": 0.6562 + }, + { + "x": 0.1629, + "y": 0.6562 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Social
", + "markdown": "Social Entrepreneur\n19.7% Youth Worker\nEducator/Trainer\nUniversity Professor\nExpert in Circular Economy\nYouth Leader\n12.3%\n18.9% Project Manager\nStudent\n19.7%\n1/3", + "text": "Social Entrepreneur\n19.7% Youth Worker\nEducator/Trainer\nUniversity Professor\nExpert in Circular Economy\nYouth Leader\n12.3%\n18.9% Project Manager\nStudent\n19.7%\n1/3" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2897, + "y": 0.6723 + }, + { + "x": 0.7725, + "y": 0.6723 + }, + { + "x": 0.7725, + "y": 0.8082 + }, + { + "x": 0.2897, + "y": 0.8082 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

For responders' profession, the most common answers representing 19.7% equally, were Youth
Workers and Project Managers, although practising Social Entrepreneurs were also well
represented, along with an 8% response rate from self-declared circular economy experts.

", + "markdown": "For responders' profession, the most common answers representing 19.7% equally, were Youth\nWorkers and Project Managers, although practising Social Entrepreneurs were also well\nrepresented, along with an 8% response rate from self-declared circular economy experts.", + "text": "For responders' profession, the most common answers representing 19.7% equally, were Youth\nWorkers and Project Managers, although practising Social Entrepreneurs were also well\nrepresented, along with an 8% response rate from self-declared circular economy experts." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1389, + "y": 0.8293 + }, + { + "x": 0.8655, + "y": 0.8293 + }, + { + "x": 0.8655, + "y": 0.8798 + }, + { + "x": 0.1389, + "y": 0.8798 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author
and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

", + "markdown": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", + "text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1476, + "y": 0.9027 + }, + { + "x": 0.8638, + "y": 0.9027 + }, + { + "x": 0.8638, + "y": 0.9286 + }, + { + "x": 0.1476, + "y": 0.9286 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126
", + "markdown": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", + "text": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3655, + "y": 0.9381 + }, + { + "x": 0.6481, + "y": 0.9381 + }, + { + "x": 0.6481, + "y": 0.9495 + }, + { + "x": 0.3655, + "y": 0.9495 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000064.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

estuarine influenced areas. Batangas, Cebu and Iloilo are located very near to protected areas
and tourism areas. Batangas is within the center of the center of global marine biodiversity while
Cebu is in the Mactan key biodiversity area. Manila has the highest number of foreign shipcalls
while Cebu has the highest domestic shipcalls and second to Manila in international shipcalls.

\n

PORT

\n

SHIPCALLS

\n
ForeignDomestic
MANILA24546,125
CEBU113879,500
BATANGAS95813,196
SUBIC313136
CAGAYAN DE ORO1373,159
DAVAO75017,807
ILOILO21224,381
GENERAL SANTOS112704
ZAMBOANGA4041,27
LUCENA744,428
\n

Table 1. Top 10 ports in the Philippines in shipcalls (2020 data from PPA, CPA and SBMA)

\n

The port of Manila has been documented to have a significant number of possible IAS. The on-
going SAILS-PORTEC research program has detected IAS in Davao, Cebu and Matnog ports. These
ports are adjacent to specific oil tanker pathways/routes. In Luzon where the refineries and oil
storage facilities are located such as Batangas, are at higher risk. These loading ports are at high
risk for IAS/MNIS and these are located near to international ports.

\n

The shipcall statistics in Table 1 represent the year 2020, when the COVID 19 pandemic caused a
global and domestic maritime transport slowdown. The average reduction in shipcalls is around
40%. Nonetheless, Manila and Cebu are likely the main ports that need to be closely monitored
for potential IAS bioinvasion. In 2018, before the COVID-19 pandemic, Manila was experiencing
port congestion with a report that ships may stay at berth for five days (Wallis, 2019). This will
increase the risks for biofouling. Based on the 2021 statistics from the PPA, the average berthing
time has been reduced to 1 day. This is a result of less shipping traffic due to the pandemic.

\n
10
", + "markdown": "estuarine influenced areas. Batangas, Cebu and Iloilo are located very near to protected areas\nand tourism areas. Batangas is within the center of the center of global marine biodiversity while\nCebu is in the Mactan key biodiversity area. Manila has the highest number of foreign shipcalls\nwhile Cebu has the highest domestic shipcalls and second to Manila in international shipcalls.\n\nPORT\n\nSHIPCALLS\n\n| | Foreign | Domestic |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| MANILA | 2454 | 6,125 |\n| CEBU | 1138 | 79,500 |\n| BATANGAS | 958 | 13,196 |\n| SUBIC | 313 | 136 |\n| CAGAYAN DE ORO | 137 | 3,159 |\n| DAVAO | 750 | 17,807 |\n| ILOILO | 212 | 24,381 |\n| GENERAL SANTOS | 112 | 704 |\n| ZAMBOANGA | 40 | 41,27 |\n| LUCENA | 74 | 4,428 |\n\n\nTable 1. Top 10 ports in the Philippines in shipcalls (2020 data from PPA, CPA and SBMA)\n\nThe port of Manila has been documented to have a significant number of possible IAS. The on-\ngoing SAILS-PORTEC research program has detected IAS in Davao, Cebu and Matnog ports. These\nports are adjacent to specific oil tanker pathways/routes. In Luzon where the refineries and oil\nstorage facilities are located such as Batangas, are at higher risk. These loading ports are at high\nrisk for IAS/MNIS and these are located near to international ports.\n\nThe shipcall statistics in Table 1 represent the year 2020, when the COVID 19 pandemic caused a\nglobal and domestic maritime transport slowdown. The average reduction in shipcalls is around\n40%. Nonetheless, Manila and Cebu are likely the main ports that need to be closely monitored\nfor potential IAS bioinvasion. In 2018, before the COVID-19 pandemic, Manila was experiencing\nport congestion with a report that ships may stay at berth for five days (Wallis, 2019). This will\nincrease the risks for biofouling. Based on the 2021 statistics from the PPA, the average berthing\ntime has been reduced to 1 day. This is a result of less shipping traffic due to the pandemic.\n\n10", + "text": "estuarine influenced areas. Batangas, Cebu and Iloilo are located very near to protected areas\nand tourism areas. Batangas is within the center of the center of global marine biodiversity while\nCebu is in the Mactan key biodiversity area. Manila has the highest number of foreign shipcalls\nwhile Cebu has the highest domestic shipcalls and second to Manila in international shipcalls.\nPORT\nSHIPCALLS\nForeign Domestic\n MANILA 2454 6,125\n CEBU 1138 79,500\n BATANGAS 958 13,196\n SUBIC 313 136\n CAGAYAN DE ORO 137 3,159\n DAVAO 750 17,807\n ILOILO 212 24,381\n GENERAL SANTOS 112 704\n ZAMBOANGA 40 41,27\n LUCENA 74 4,428\nTable 1. Top 10 ports in the Philippines in shipcalls (2020 data from PPA, CPA and SBMA)\nThe port of Manila has been documented to have a significant number of possible IAS. The on-\ngoing SAILS-PORTEC research program has detected IAS in Davao, Cebu and Matnog ports. These\nports are adjacent to specific oil tanker pathways/routes. In Luzon where the refineries and oil\nstorage facilities are located such as Batangas, are at higher risk. These loading ports are at high\nrisk for IAS/MNIS and these are located near to international ports.\nThe shipcall statistics in Table 1 represent the year 2020, when the COVID 19 pandemic caused a\nglobal and domestic maritime transport slowdown. The average reduction in shipcalls is around\n40%. Nonetheless, Manila and Cebu are likely the main ports that need to be closely monitored\nfor potential IAS bioinvasion. In 2018, before the COVID-19 pandemic, Manila was experiencing\nport congestion with a report that ships may stay at berth for five days (Wallis, 2019). This will\nincrease the risks for biofouling. Based on the 2021 statistics from the PPA, the average berthing\ntime has been reduced to 1 day. This is a result of less shipping traffic due to the pandemic.\n10" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

estuarine influenced areas. Batangas, Cebu and Iloilo are located very near to protected areas
and tourism areas. Batangas is within the center of the center of global marine biodiversity while
Cebu is in the Mactan key biodiversity area. Manila has the highest number of foreign shipcalls
while Cebu has the highest domestic shipcalls and second to Manila in international shipcalls.

", + "markdown": "estuarine influenced areas. Batangas, Cebu and Iloilo are located very near to protected areas\nand tourism areas. Batangas is within the center of the center of global marine biodiversity while\nCebu is in the Mactan key biodiversity area. Manila has the highest number of foreign shipcalls\nwhile Cebu has the highest domestic shipcalls and second to Manila in international shipcalls.", + "text": "estuarine influenced areas. Batangas, Cebu and Iloilo are located very near to protected areas\nand tourism areas. Batangas is within the center of the center of global marine biodiversity while\nCebu is in the Mactan key biodiversity area. Manila has the highest number of foreign shipcalls\nwhile Cebu has the highest domestic shipcalls and second to Manila in international shipcalls." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1128, + "y": 0.092 + }, + { + "x": 0.8892, + "y": 0.092 + }, + { + "x": 0.8892, + "y": 0.1954 + }, + { + "x": 0.1128, + "y": 0.1954 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

PORT

", + "markdown": "PORT", + "text": "PORT" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1243, + "y": 0.2308 + }, + { + "x": 0.171, + "y": 0.2308 + }, + { + "x": 0.171, + "y": 0.2458 + }, + { + "x": 0.1243, + "y": 0.2458 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

SHIPCALLS

", + "markdown": "SHIPCALLS", + "text": "SHIPCALLS" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3482, + "y": 0.2314 + }, + { + "x": 0.4331, + "y": 0.2314 + }, + { + "x": 0.4331, + "y": 0.2451 + }, + { + "x": 0.3482, + "y": 0.2451 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
ForeignDomestic
MANILA24546,125
CEBU113879,500
BATANGAS95813,196
SUBIC313136
CAGAYAN DE ORO1373,159
DAVAO75017,807
ILOILO21224,381
GENERAL SANTOS112704
ZAMBOANGA4041,27
LUCENA744,428
", + "markdown": "| | Foreign | Domestic |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| MANILA | 2454 | 6,125 |\n| CEBU | 1138 | 79,500 |\n| BATANGAS | 958 | 13,196 |\n| SUBIC | 313 | 136 |\n| CAGAYAN DE ORO | 137 | 3,159 |\n| DAVAO | 750 | 17,807 |\n| ILOILO | 212 | 24,381 |\n| GENERAL SANTOS | 112 | 704 |\n| ZAMBOANGA | 40 | 41,27 |\n| LUCENA | 74 | 4,428 |\n", + "text": "Foreign Domestic\n MANILA 2454 6,125\n CEBU 1138 79,500\n BATANGAS 958 13,196\n SUBIC 313 136\n CAGAYAN DE ORO 137 3,159\n DAVAO 750 17,807\n ILOILO 212 24,381\n GENERAL SANTOS 112 704\n ZAMBOANGA 40 41,27\n LUCENA 74 4,428" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1196, + "y": 0.2455 + }, + { + "x": 0.4967, + "y": 0.2455 + }, + { + "x": 0.4967, + "y": 0.4604 + }, + { + "x": 0.1196, + "y": 0.4604 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Table 1. Top 10 ports in the Philippines in shipcalls (2020 data from PPA, CPA and SBMA)

", + "markdown": "Table 1. Top 10 ports in the Philippines in shipcalls (2020 data from PPA, CPA and SBMA)", + "text": "Table 1. Top 10 ports in the Philippines in shipcalls (2020 data from PPA, CPA and SBMA)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1136, + "y": 0.4876 + }, + { + "x": 0.8244, + "y": 0.4876 + }, + { + "x": 0.8244, + "y": 0.5071 + }, + { + "x": 0.1136, + "y": 0.5071 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The port of Manila has been documented to have a significant number of possible IAS. The on-
going SAILS-PORTEC research program has detected IAS in Davao, Cebu and Matnog ports. These
ports are adjacent to specific oil tanker pathways/routes. In Luzon where the refineries and oil
storage facilities are located such as Batangas, are at higher risk. These loading ports are at high
risk for IAS/MNIS and these are located near to international ports.

", + "markdown": "The port of Manila has been documented to have a significant number of possible IAS. The on-\ngoing SAILS-PORTEC research program has detected IAS in Davao, Cebu and Matnog ports. These\nports are adjacent to specific oil tanker pathways/routes. In Luzon where the refineries and oil\nstorage facilities are located such as Batangas, are at higher risk. These loading ports are at high\nrisk for IAS/MNIS and these are located near to international ports.", + "text": "The port of Manila has been documented to have a significant number of possible IAS. The on-\ngoing SAILS-PORTEC research program has detected IAS in Davao, Cebu and Matnog ports. These\nports are adjacent to specific oil tanker pathways/routes. In Luzon where the refineries and oil\nstorage facilities are located such as Batangas, are at higher risk. These loading ports are at high\nrisk for IAS/MNIS and these are located near to international ports." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1119, + "y": 0.5414 + }, + { + "x": 0.8889, + "y": 0.5414 + }, + { + "x": 0.8889, + "y": 0.6741 + }, + { + "x": 0.1119, + "y": 0.6741 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The shipcall statistics in Table 1 represent the year 2020, when the COVID 19 pandemic caused a
global and domestic maritime transport slowdown. The average reduction in shipcalls is around
40%. Nonetheless, Manila and Cebu are likely the main ports that need to be closely monitored
for potential IAS bioinvasion. In 2018, before the COVID-19 pandemic, Manila was experiencing
port congestion with a report that ships may stay at berth for five days (Wallis, 2019). This will
increase the risks for biofouling. Based on the 2021 statistics from the PPA, the average berthing
time has been reduced to 1 day. This is a result of less shipping traffic due to the pandemic.

", + "markdown": "The shipcall statistics in Table 1 represent the year 2020, when the COVID 19 pandemic caused a\nglobal and domestic maritime transport slowdown. The average reduction in shipcalls is around\n40%. Nonetheless, Manila and Cebu are likely the main ports that need to be closely monitored\nfor potential IAS bioinvasion. In 2018, before the COVID-19 pandemic, Manila was experiencing\nport congestion with a report that ships may stay at berth for five days (Wallis, 2019). This will\nincrease the risks for biofouling. Based on the 2021 statistics from the PPA, the average berthing\ntime has been reduced to 1 day. This is a result of less shipping traffic due to the pandemic.", + "text": "The shipcall statistics in Table 1 represent the year 2020, when the COVID 19 pandemic caused a\nglobal and domestic maritime transport slowdown. The average reduction in shipcalls is around\n40%. Nonetheless, Manila and Cebu are likely the main ports that need to be closely monitored\nfor potential IAS bioinvasion. In 2018, before the COVID-19 pandemic, Manila was experiencing\nport congestion with a report that ships may stay at berth for five days (Wallis, 2019). This will\nincrease the risks for biofouling. Based on the 2021 statistics from the PPA, the average berthing\ntime has been reduced to 1 day. This is a result of less shipping traffic due to the pandemic." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1124, + "y": 0.7084 + }, + { + "x": 0.8883, + "y": 0.7084 + }, + { + "x": 0.8883, + "y": 0.8961 + }, + { + "x": 0.1124, + "y": 0.8961 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
10
", + "markdown": "10", + "text": "10" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8604, + "y": 0.9202 + }, + { + "x": 0.8858, + "y": 0.9202 + }, + { + "x": 0.8858, + "y": 0.9363 + }, + { + "x": 0.8604, + "y": 0.9363 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000130.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
Time tObserved returns on the firm's portfolio over time rtPObserved returns on a potential new investment for the firm's rt
201210%7%
20136%8%
20147%5%
20153%2%
20165%3%
Table 15.6. Observations of Returns on the Firm's Portfolio of Investments rtP and on a Potential
New Investment (a Challenger).
\n

Another way to represent the two rates of return measures and their relationship to each other is to
represent them in a two dimensional scatter graph.

\n

We may visually observe how the two sets of rates of return move together by drawing a line through
the points on the graph in such a way as to minimize the squared distance from the point to the line.
Our scatter graph is identified as Figure 15.3.

\n

Figure 15.3. Scatter Graph of Returns on the Firm's Portfolio of Investments and Returns on the
Potential New Investment

\n
\"10%\nguatod
\n

Observed returns on firm's portfolio of investments

\n

The relationship between the returns on the new investment and the firm's portfolio can be
expressed as:

\n

(15.42) rt = a + Brit + Et

\n
Ch. 15. Homogeneous Risk Measures I 349
", + "markdown": "Table 15.6. Observations of Returns on the Firm's Portfolio of Investments rtP and on a Potential\nNew Investment (a Challenger).\n\n| Time t | Observed returns on the firm's portfolio over time rtP | Observed returns on a potential new investment for the firm's rt |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 2012 | 10% | 7% |\n| 2013 | 6% | 8% |\n| 2014 | 7% | 5% |\n| 2015 | 3% | 2% |\n| 2016 | 5% | 3% |\n\n\nAnother way to represent the two rates of return measures and their relationship to each other is to\nrepresent them in a two dimensional scatter graph.\n\nWe may visually observe how the two sets of rates of return move together by drawing a line through\nthe points on the graph in such a way as to minimize the squared distance from the point to the line.\nOur scatter graph is identified as Figure 15.3.\n\nFigure 15.3. Scatter Graph of Returns on the Firm's Portfolio of Investments and Returns on the\nPotential New Investment\n\n10%\nguatod 8%\nTHE INFURSOADI 6%\nsumpar\n4%\nMOU 세계\n질문\nObserved\n0%\n0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%\n\nObserved returns on firm's portfolio of investments\n\nThe relationship between the returns on the new investment and the firm's portfolio can be\nexpressed as:\n\n(15.42) rt = a + Brit + Et\n\nCh. 15. Homogeneous Risk Measures I 349", + "text": "Table 15.6. Observations of Returns on the Firm's Portfolio of Investments rtP and on a Potential\nNew Investment (a Challenger).\nTime t Observed returns on the firm's portfolio over time rtP Observed returns on a potential new investment for the firm's rt\n 2012 10% 7%\n 2013 6% 8%\n 2014 7% 5%\n 2015 3% 2%\n 2016 5% 3%\nAnother way to represent the two rates of return measures and their relationship to each other is to\nrepresent them in a two dimensional scatter graph.\nWe may visually observe how the two sets of rates of return move together by drawing a line through\nthe points on the graph in such a way as to minimize the squared distance from the point to the line.\nOur scatter graph is identified as Figure 15.3.\nFigure 15.3. Scatter Graph of Returns on the Firm's Portfolio of Investments and Returns on the\nPotential New Investment\n10%\nguatod 8%\nTHE INFURSOADI 6%\nsumpar\n4%\nMOU 세계\n질문\nObserved\n0%\n0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%\nObserved returns on firm's portfolio of investments\nThe relationship between the returns on the new investment and the firm's portfolio can be\nexpressed as:\n(15.42) rt = a + Brit + Et\nCh. 15. Homogeneous Risk Measures I 349" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Table 15.6. Observations of Returns on the Firm's Portfolio of Investments rtP and on a Potential
New Investment (a Challenger).

", + "markdown": "Table 15.6. Observations of Returns on the Firm's Portfolio of Investments rtP and on a Potential\nNew Investment (a Challenger).", + "text": "Table 15.6. Observations of Returns on the Firm's Portfolio of Investments rtP and on a Potential\nNew Investment (a Challenger)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0971, + "y": 0.0695 + }, + { + "x": 0.9042, + "y": 0.0695 + }, + { + "x": 0.9042, + "y": 0.1071 + }, + { + "x": 0.0971, + "y": 0.1071 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
Time tObserved returns on the firm's portfolio over time rtPObserved returns on a potential new investment for the firm's rt
201210%7%
20136%8%
20147%5%
20153%2%
20165%3%
", + "markdown": "| Time t | Observed returns on the firm's portfolio over time rtP | Observed returns on a potential new investment for the firm's rt |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 2012 | 10% | 7% |\n| 2013 | 6% | 8% |\n| 2014 | 7% | 5% |\n| 2015 | 3% | 2% |\n| 2016 | 5% | 3% |\n", + "text": "Time t Observed returns on the firm's portfolio over time rtP Observed returns on a potential new investment for the firm's rt\n 2012 10% 7%\n 2013 6% 8%\n 2014 7% 5%\n 2015 3% 2%\n 2016 5% 3%" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0866, + "y": 0.1671 + }, + { + "x": 0.8301, + "y": 0.1671 + }, + { + "x": 0.8301, + "y": 0.3127 + }, + { + "x": 0.0866, + "y": 0.3127 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Another way to represent the two rates of return measures and their relationship to each other is to
represent them in a two dimensional scatter graph.

", + "markdown": "Another way to represent the two rates of return measures and their relationship to each other is to\nrepresent them in a two dimensional scatter graph.", + "text": "Another way to represent the two rates of return measures and their relationship to each other is to\nrepresent them in a two dimensional scatter graph." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0844, + "y": 0.3335 + }, + { + "x": 0.9157, + "y": 0.3335 + }, + { + "x": 0.9157, + "y": 0.3705 + }, + { + "x": 0.0844, + "y": 0.3705 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

We may visually observe how the two sets of rates of return move together by drawing a line through
the points on the graph in such a way as to minimize the squared distance from the point to the line.
Our scatter graph is identified as Figure 15.3.

", + "markdown": "We may visually observe how the two sets of rates of return move together by drawing a line through\nthe points on the graph in such a way as to minimize the squared distance from the point to the line.\nOur scatter graph is identified as Figure 15.3.", + "text": "We may visually observe how the two sets of rates of return move together by drawing a line through\nthe points on the graph in such a way as to minimize the squared distance from the point to the line.\nOur scatter graph is identified as Figure 15.3." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0848, + "y": 0.385 + }, + { + "x": 0.917, + "y": 0.385 + }, + { + "x": 0.917, + "y": 0.4423 + }, + { + "x": 0.0848, + "y": 0.4423 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 15.3. Scatter Graph of Returns on the Firm's Portfolio of Investments and Returns on the
Potential New Investment

", + "markdown": "Figure 15.3. Scatter Graph of Returns on the Firm's Portfolio of Investments and Returns on the\nPotential New Investment", + "text": "Figure 15.3. Scatter Graph of Returns on the Firm's Portfolio of Investments and Returns on the\nPotential New Investment" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0842, + "y": 0.5014 + }, + { + "x": 0.9163, + "y": 0.5014 + }, + { + "x": 0.9163, + "y": 0.5388 + }, + { + "x": 0.0842, + "y": 0.5388 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"10%\nguatod
", + "markdown": "10%\nguatod 8%\nTHE INFURSOADI 6%\nsumpar\n4%\nMOU 세계\n질문\nObserved\n0%\n0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%", + "text": "10%\nguatod 8%\nTHE INFURSOADI 6%\nsumpar\n4%\nMOU 세계\n질문\nObserved\n0%\n0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0866, + "y": 0.6036 + }, + { + "x": 0.7124, + "y": 0.6036 + }, + { + "x": 0.7124, + "y": 0.7983 + }, + { + "x": 0.0866, + "y": 0.7983 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Observed returns on firm's portfolio of investments

", + "markdown": "Observed returns on firm's portfolio of investments", + "text": "Observed returns on firm's portfolio of investments" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2398, + "y": 0.7941 + }, + { + "x": 0.647, + "y": 0.7941 + }, + { + "x": 0.647, + "y": 0.8128 + }, + { + "x": 0.2398, + "y": 0.8128 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The relationship between the returns on the new investment and the firm's portfolio can be
expressed as:

", + "markdown": "The relationship between the returns on the new investment and the firm's portfolio can be\nexpressed as:", + "text": "The relationship between the returns on the new investment and the firm's portfolio can be\nexpressed as:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0833, + "y": 0.831 + }, + { + "x": 0.9172, + "y": 0.831 + }, + { + "x": 0.9172, + "y": 0.87 + }, + { + "x": 0.0833, + "y": 0.87 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

(15.42) rt = a + Brit + Et

", + "markdown": "(15.42) rt = a + Brit + Et", + "text": "(15.42) rt = a + Brit + Et" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.085, + "y": 0.8812 + }, + { + "x": 0.3162, + "y": 0.8812 + }, + { + "x": 0.3162, + "y": 0.9088 + }, + { + "x": 0.085, + "y": 0.9088 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
Ch. 15. Homogeneous Risk Measures I 349
", + "markdown": "Ch. 15. Homogeneous Risk Measures I 349", + "text": "Ch. 15. Homogeneous Risk Measures I 349" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.63, + "y": 0.9489 + }, + { + "x": 0.9148, + "y": 0.9489 + }, + { + "x": 0.9148, + "y": 0.9634 + }, + { + "x": 0.63, + "y": 0.9634 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000199.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Overview of OCR Pack

\n

Base Model Performance Evaluation of Upstage OCR Pack

\n

Upstage universal OCR model E2E performance
evaluation1

\n

Upstage universal OCR model performance details: Document
criteria

\n
\"100\n95\n95.5\n90
\n

Scene (Photographed document image)

\n
\"73,2\nOCR-Recall3
\n

Document (Scanned document image)

\n

A

\n

B

\n

1 Performance based on universal model, additional performance improvement is possible by implementing specialized

\n

models according to business requirements

\n

2 A: Universal model of global leading AI company / B: Universal model of leading AI company in Korea, 2022. 5 Test criteria

\n

3 Recall: Percentage of what the OCR model predicted to be True from those that were actually True
4 Precision: Percentage of what the OCR model classifies as True, which is actually True
5 F1: Harmonic mean value of Recall and Precision
6. Parsing-F1: Comparison of parsing model F1 of both companies for business registration document
form. Company A is excluded from comparison due to the absence of the document parsing model.

\n

upstage

", + "markdown": "# Overview of OCR Pack\n\n# Base Model Performance Evaluation of Upstage OCR Pack\n\n# Upstage universal OCR model E2E performance\nevaluation1\n\n# Upstage universal OCR model performance details: Document\ncriteria\n\n100\n95\n95.5\n90 92.4\n85\n82.07\n80.41\n80\n75.66\n75\n70.23\n70\n65\nCompany Company iipstage Company Company upstage ,\nA2 B2 A2 B2\n\n# Scene (Photographed document image)\n\n73,2\nOCR-Recall3 94.2\n94.1\n5\n89.0\nOCR-Precision4 90.6\n4 96.8\n9\n80.4\nOCR-F15 1 92.\n95.5\nCompany\nCompany\nParsing-F1 68.0\n82.65 ipstage\n65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100\n\n# Document (Scanned document image)\n\nA\n\nB\n\n1 Performance based on universal model, additional performance improvement is possible by implementing specialized\n\n# models according to business requirements\n\n2 A: Universal model of global leading AI company / B: Universal model of leading AI company in Korea, 2022. 5 Test criteria\n\n3 Recall: Percentage of what the OCR model predicted to be True from those that were actually True\n4 Precision: Percentage of what the OCR model classifies as True, which is actually True\n5 F1: Harmonic mean value of Recall and Precision\n6. Parsing-F1: Comparison of parsing model F1 of both companies for business registration document\nform. Company A is excluded from comparison due to the absence of the document parsing model.\n\nupstage", + "text": "Overview of OCR Pack\nBase Model Performance Evaluation of Upstage OCR Pack\nUpstage universal OCR model E2E performance\nevaluation1\nUpstage universal OCR model performance details: Document\ncriteria\n100\n95\n95.5\n90 92.4\n85\n82.07\n80.41\n80\n75.66\n75\n70.23\n70\n65\nCompany Company iipstage Company Company upstage ,\nA2 B2 A2 B2\nScene (Photographed document image)\n73,2\nOCR-Recall3 94.2\n94.1\n5\n89.0\nOCR-Precision4 90.6\n4 96.8\n9\n80.4\nOCR-F15 1 92.\n95.5\nCompany\nCompany\nParsing-F1 68.0\n82.65 ipstage\n65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100\nDocument (Scanned document image)\nA\nB\n1 Performance based on universal model, additional performance improvement is possible by implementing specialized\nmodels according to business requirements\n2 A: Universal model of global leading AI company / B: Universal model of leading AI company in Korea, 2022. 5 Test criteria\n3 Recall: Percentage of what the OCR model predicted to be True from those that were actually True\n4 Precision: Percentage of what the OCR model classifies as True, which is actually True\n5 F1: Harmonic mean value of Recall and Precision\n6. Parsing-F1: Comparison of parsing model F1 of both companies for business registration document\nform. Company A is excluded from comparison due to the absence of the document parsing model.\nupstage" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Overview of OCR Pack

", + "markdown": "# Overview of OCR Pack", + "text": "Overview of OCR Pack" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0459, + "y": 0.0651 + }, + { + "x": 0.2152, + "y": 0.0651 + }, + { + "x": 0.2152, + "y": 0.0986 + }, + { + "x": 0.0459, + "y": 0.0986 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Base Model Performance Evaluation of Upstage OCR Pack

", + "markdown": "# Base Model Performance Evaluation of Upstage OCR Pack", + "text": "Base Model Performance Evaluation of Upstage OCR Pack" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0443, + "y": 0.1185 + }, + { + "x": 0.7174, + "y": 0.1185 + }, + { + "x": 0.7174, + "y": 0.1685 + }, + { + "x": 0.0443, + "y": 0.1685 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Upstage universal OCR model E2E performance
evaluation1

", + "markdown": "# Upstage universal OCR model E2E performance\nevaluation1", + "text": "Upstage universal OCR model E2E performance\nevaluation1" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0484, + "y": 0.294 + }, + { + "x": 0.3995, + "y": 0.294 + }, + { + "x": 0.3995, + "y": 0.3836 + }, + { + "x": 0.0484, + "y": 0.3836 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Upstage universal OCR model performance details: Document
criteria

", + "markdown": "# Upstage universal OCR model performance details: Document\ncriteria", + "text": "Upstage universal OCR model performance details: Document\ncriteria" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4995, + "y": 0.2936 + }, + { + "x": 0.9523, + "y": 0.2936 + }, + { + "x": 0.9523, + "y": 0.382 + }, + { + "x": 0.4995, + "y": 0.382 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"100\n95\n95.5\n90
", + "markdown": "100\n95\n95.5\n90 92.4\n85\n82.07\n80.41\n80\n75.66\n75\n70.23\n70\n65\nCompany Company iipstage Company Company upstage ,\nA2 B2 A2 B2", + "text": "100\n95\n95.5\n90 92.4\n85\n82.07\n80.41\n80\n75.66\n75\n70.23\n70\n65\nCompany Company iipstage Company Company upstage ,\nA2 B2 A2 B2" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0661, + "y": 0.4194 + }, + { + "x": 0.412, + "y": 0.4194 + }, + { + "x": 0.412, + "y": 0.8118 + }, + { + "x": 0.0661, + "y": 0.8118 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Scene (Photographed document image)

", + "markdown": "# Scene (Photographed document image)", + "text": "Scene (Photographed document image)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.084, + "y": 0.8026 + }, + { + "x": 0.2459, + "y": 0.8026 + }, + { + "x": 0.2459, + "y": 0.823 + }, + { + "x": 0.084, + "y": 0.823 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"73,2\nOCR-Recall3
", + "markdown": "73,2\nOCR-Recall3 94.2\n94.1\n5\n89.0\nOCR-Precision4 90.6\n4 96.8\n9\n80.4\nOCR-F15 1 92.\n95.5\nCompany\nCompany\nParsing-F1 68.0\n82.65 ipstage\n65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100", + "text": "73,2\nOCR-Recall3 94.2\n94.1\n5\n89.0\nOCR-Precision4 90.6\n4 96.8\n9\n80.4\nOCR-F15 1 92.\n95.5\nCompany\nCompany\nParsing-F1 68.0\n82.65 ipstage\n65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5162, + "y": 0.4 + }, + { + "x": 0.9317, + "y": 0.4 + }, + { + "x": 0.9317, + "y": 0.8176 + }, + { + "x": 0.5162, + "y": 0.8176 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Document (Scanned document image)

", + "markdown": "# Document (Scanned document image)", + "text": "Document (Scanned document image)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2559, + "y": 0.804 + }, + { + "x": 0.411, + "y": 0.804 + }, + { + "x": 0.411, + "y": 0.8222 + }, + { + "x": 0.2559, + "y": 0.8222 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

A

", + "markdown": "A", + "text": "A" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.9475, + "y": 0.6975 + }, + { + "x": 0.9545, + "y": 0.6975 + }, + { + "x": 0.9545, + "y": 0.7114 + }, + { + "x": 0.9475, + "y": 0.7114 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

B

", + "markdown": "B", + "text": "B" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.9475, + "y": 0.7219 + }, + { + "x": 0.9537, + "y": 0.7219 + }, + { + "x": 0.9537, + "y": 0.7356 + }, + { + "x": 0.9475, + "y": 0.7356 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

1 Performance based on universal model, additional performance improvement is possible by implementing specialized

", + "markdown": "1 Performance based on universal model, additional performance improvement is possible by implementing specialized", + "text": "1 Performance based on universal model, additional performance improvement is possible by implementing specialized" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0714, + "y": 0.9133 + }, + { + "x": 0.4682, + "y": 0.9133 + }, + { + "x": 0.4682, + "y": 0.9324 + }, + { + "x": 0.0714, + "y": 0.9324 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

models according to business requirements

", + "markdown": "# models according to business requirements", + "text": "models according to business requirements" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0714, + "y": 0.9359 + }, + { + "x": 0.2197, + "y": 0.9359 + }, + { + "x": 0.2197, + "y": 0.9551 + }, + { + "x": 0.0714, + "y": 0.9551 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

2 A: Universal model of global leading AI company / B: Universal model of leading AI company in Korea, 2022. 5 Test criteria

", + "markdown": "2 A: Universal model of global leading AI company / B: Universal model of leading AI company in Korea, 2022. 5 Test criteria", + "text": "2 A: Universal model of global leading AI company / B: Universal model of leading AI company in Korea, 2022. 5 Test criteria" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0713, + "y": 0.957 + }, + { + "x": 0.4845, + "y": 0.957 + }, + { + "x": 0.4845, + "y": 0.9766 + }, + { + "x": 0.0713, + "y": 0.9766 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

3 Recall: Percentage of what the OCR model predicted to be True from those that were actually True
4 Precision: Percentage of what the OCR model classifies as True, which is actually True
5 F1: Harmonic mean value of Recall and Precision
6. Parsing-F1: Comparison of parsing model F1 of both companies for business registration document
form. Company A is excluded from comparison due to the absence of the document parsing model.

", + "markdown": "3 Recall: Percentage of what the OCR model predicted to be True from those that were actually True\n4 Precision: Percentage of what the OCR model classifies as True, which is actually True\n5 F1: Harmonic mean value of Recall and Precision\n6. Parsing-F1: Comparison of parsing model F1 of both companies for business registration document\nform. Company A is excluded from comparison due to the absence of the document parsing model.", + "text": "3 Recall: Percentage of what the OCR model predicted to be True from those that were actually True\n4 Precision: Percentage of what the OCR model classifies as True, which is actually True\n5 F1: Harmonic mean value of Recall and Precision\n6. Parsing-F1: Comparison of parsing model F1 of both companies for business registration document\nform. Company A is excluded from comparison due to the absence of the document parsing model." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5514, + "y": 0.8856 + }, + { + "x": 0.8927, + "y": 0.8856 + }, + { + "x": 0.8927, + "y": 1.044 + }, + { + "x": 0.5514, + "y": 1.044 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

upstage

", + "markdown": "upstage", + "text": "upstage" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.9231, + "y": 0.9471 + }, + { + "x": 0.9713, + "y": 0.9471 + }, + { + "x": 0.9713, + "y": 0.971 + }, + { + "x": 0.9231, + "y": 0.971 + } + ], + "id": 14, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000076.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
\"140000\n120000\n100000\n80000\n60000\n40000\n20000\n0\n01/2019\n03/2019\n05/2019
Figure 1.6. Alien temporary work permits, Thailand
\n\n

Figure 1.7. Non-citizen population in Malaysia (in thousands)

\n
\"3,288
Source: Department of Employment, Thailand (2022)
\n

Source: Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2022). Figure for 2021 is an estimate.

\n\n
\"1,450
Figure 1.8. Singapore foreign workforce stock (in thousands)
\n

Source: Compilation by Manpower Research & Statistics Department (Ministry of Manpower,
Singapore, 2022).

\n

ASEAN Migration Outlook

\n
19
", + "markdown": "Figure 1.6. Alien temporary work permits, Thailand\n\n140000\n120000\n100000\n80000\n60000\n40000\n20000\n0\n01/2019\n03/2019\n05/2019 07/2019\n09/2019 11/2019\n01/2020\n03/2020 05/2020 07/2020 09/2020 11/2020\n01/2022\n03/2021 09/2021 11/2021\n01/2021\n07/2021\n05/2021\n\nSource: Department of Employment, Thailand (2022)\n\nFigure 1.7. Non-citizen population in Malaysia (in thousands)\n\n3,288 3,323\n3,500 3,230\n3,140\n2,907\n3,000\n2,693\n2,500\n2,000\n1,500\n1,000\n500\n0\n2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021\n\nSource: Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2022). Figure for 2021 is an estimate.\n\nFigure 1.8. Singapore foreign workforce stock (in thousands)\n\n1,450 1,427\n1,393\n1,386\n1,400\n1,368\n1,350\n1,300\n1,250 1,232\n1,200\n1,200\n1,150\n1,100\n1,050\n2016 (Dec) 2017 (Dec) 2018 (Dec) 2019 (Dec) 2020 (Dec) 2021 (Dec)\n\nSource: Compilation by Manpower Research & Statistics Department (Ministry of Manpower,\nSingapore, 2022).\n\nASEAN Migration Outlook\n\n19", + "text": "Figure 1.6. Alien temporary work permits, Thailand\n140000\n120000\n100000\n80000\n60000\n40000\n20000\n0\n01/2019\n03/2019\n05/2019 07/2019\n09/2019 11/2019\n01/2020\n03/2020 05/2020 07/2020 09/2020 11/2020\n01/2022\n03/2021 09/2021 11/2021\n01/2021\n07/2021\n05/2021\nSource: Department of Employment, Thailand (2022)\nFigure 1.7. Non-citizen population in Malaysia (in thousands)\n3,288 3,323\n3,500 3,230\n3,140\n2,907\n3,000\n2,693\n2,500\n2,000\n1,500\n1,000\n500\n0\n2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021\nSource: Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2022). Figure for 2021 is an estimate.\nFigure 1.8. Singapore foreign workforce stock (in thousands)\n1,450 1,427\n1,393\n1,386\n1,400\n1,368\n1,350\n1,300\n1,250 1,232\n1,200\n1,200\n1,150\n1,100\n1,050\n2016 (Dec) 2017 (Dec) 2018 (Dec) 2019 (Dec) 2020 (Dec) 2021 (Dec)\nSource: Compilation by Manpower Research & Statistics Department (Ministry of Manpower,\nSingapore, 2022).\nASEAN Migration Outlook\n19" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "Figure 1.6. Alien temporary work permits, Thailand", + "markdown": "Figure 1.6. Alien temporary work permits, Thailand", + "text": "Figure 1.6. Alien temporary work permits, Thailand" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1867, + "y": 0.0815 + }, + { + "x": 0.6612, + "y": 0.0815 + }, + { + "x": 0.6612, + "y": 0.1005 + }, + { + "x": 0.1867, + "y": 0.1005 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"140000\n120000\n100000\n80000\n60000\n40000\n20000\n0\n01/2019\n03/2019\n05/2019
", + "markdown": "140000\n120000\n100000\n80000\n60000\n40000\n20000\n0\n01/2019\n03/2019\n05/2019 07/2019\n09/2019 11/2019\n01/2020\n03/2020 05/2020 07/2020 09/2020 11/2020\n01/2022\n03/2021 09/2021 11/2021\n01/2021\n07/2021\n05/2021", + "text": "140000\n120000\n100000\n80000\n60000\n40000\n20000\n0\n01/2019\n03/2019\n05/2019 07/2019\n09/2019 11/2019\n01/2020\n03/2020 05/2020 07/2020 09/2020 11/2020\n01/2022\n03/2021 09/2021 11/2021\n01/2021\n07/2021\n05/2021" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1841, + "y": 0.1048 + }, + { + "x": 0.7919, + "y": 0.1048 + }, + { + "x": 0.7919, + "y": 0.3122 + }, + { + "x": 0.1841, + "y": 0.3122 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Source: Department of Employment, Thailand (2022)

", + "markdown": "Source: Department of Employment, Thailand (2022)", + "text": "Source: Department of Employment, Thailand (2022)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1864, + "y": 0.316 + }, + { + "x": 0.5904, + "y": 0.316 + }, + { + "x": 0.5904, + "y": 0.3305 + }, + { + "x": 0.1864, + "y": 0.3305 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 1.7. Non-citizen population in Malaysia (in thousands)

", + "markdown": "Figure 1.7. Non-citizen population in Malaysia (in thousands)", + "text": "Figure 1.7. Non-citizen population in Malaysia (in thousands)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1872, + "y": 0.3444 + }, + { + "x": 0.751, + "y": 0.3444 + }, + { + "x": 0.751, + "y": 0.3623 + }, + { + "x": 0.1872, + "y": 0.3623 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"3,288
", + "markdown": "3,288 3,323\n3,500 3,230\n3,140\n2,907\n3,000\n2,693\n2,500\n2,000\n1,500\n1,000\n500\n0\n2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021", + "text": "3,288 3,323\n3,500 3,230\n3,140\n2,907\n3,000\n2,693\n2,500\n2,000\n1,500\n1,000\n500\n0\n2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1828, + "y": 0.3685 + }, + { + "x": 0.7953, + "y": 0.3685 + }, + { + "x": 0.7953, + "y": 0.5983 + }, + { + "x": 0.1828, + "y": 0.5983 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Source: Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2022). Figure for 2021 is an estimate.

", + "markdown": "Source: Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2022). Figure for 2021 is an estimate.", + "text": "Source: Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2022). Figure for 2021 is an estimate." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1863, + "y": 0.6008 + }, + { + "x": 0.807, + "y": 0.6008 + }, + { + "x": 0.807, + "y": 0.6173 + }, + { + "x": 0.1863, + "y": 0.6173 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 1.8. Singapore foreign workforce stock (in thousands)

", + "markdown": "Figure 1.8. Singapore foreign workforce stock (in thousands)", + "text": "Figure 1.8. Singapore foreign workforce stock (in thousands)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1872, + "y": 0.6291 + }, + { + "x": 0.7484, + "y": 0.6291 + }, + { + "x": 0.7484, + "y": 0.6478 + }, + { + "x": 0.1872, + "y": 0.6478 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"1,450
", + "markdown": "1,450 1,427\n1,393\n1,386\n1,400\n1,368\n1,350\n1,300\n1,250 1,232\n1,200\n1,200\n1,150\n1,100\n1,050\n2016 (Dec) 2017 (Dec) 2018 (Dec) 2019 (Dec) 2020 (Dec) 2021 (Dec)", + "text": "1,450 1,427\n1,393\n1,386\n1,400\n1,368\n1,350\n1,300\n1,250 1,232\n1,200\n1,200\n1,150\n1,100\n1,050\n2016 (Dec) 2017 (Dec) 2018 (Dec) 2019 (Dec) 2020 (Dec) 2021 (Dec)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1801, + "y": 0.6497 + }, + { + "x": 0.7961, + "y": 0.6497 + }, + { + "x": 0.7961, + "y": 0.8835 + }, + { + "x": 0.1801, + "y": 0.8835 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Source: Compilation by Manpower Research & Statistics Department (Ministry of Manpower,
Singapore, 2022).

", + "markdown": "Source: Compilation by Manpower Research & Statistics Department (Ministry of Manpower,\nSingapore, 2022).", + "text": "Source: Compilation by Manpower Research & Statistics Department (Ministry of Manpower,\nSingapore, 2022)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1863, + "y": 0.8874 + }, + { + "x": 0.8846, + "y": 0.8874 + }, + { + "x": 0.8846, + "y": 0.9177 + }, + { + "x": 0.1863, + "y": 0.9177 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

ASEAN Migration Outlook

", + "markdown": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", + "text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1387, + "y": 0.9506 + }, + { + "x": 0.4272, + "y": 0.9506 + }, + { + "x": 0.4272, + "y": 0.9682 + }, + { + "x": 0.1387, + "y": 0.9682 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
19
", + "markdown": "19", + "text": "19" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.9273, + "y": 0.9506 + }, + { + "x": 0.9546, + "y": 0.9506 + }, + { + "x": 0.9546, + "y": 0.9668 + }, + { + "x": 0.9273, + "y": 0.9668 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000065.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
\"▶
\n

Figure 6. Mytella strigata biofouling green mussel farms in Bacoor City, Cavite, Manila Bay Photo from
http/Mumanituonp1020,00Whwesting-vobe.kro.kr)

\n

5. Natural dispersal

\n

Dispersal by purely natural means is not included as a pathway of biological invasions (Gaston
1996). Examples include range expansion by flight or any other medium of natural locomotion or
transport. However if human created or crafted material is involved in rafting dispersal of IAS,
then this may be considered as a case of biological invasion. The 2011 Great East Japan
earthquake generated a large tsunami that caused an unprecedented biological transoceanic
rafting event from the northwestern Pacific coastline of Japan towards North America on the
eastern Pacific(Carlton et al. 2017). Millions of human made objects from small plastics to large
docks and whole ships were cast adrift in the Pacific (Murray et al. 2018). This provided a
substrate for biofoulers. Large debris could carry up to 20 to 30 mega-species of biofoulers
(Carlton et al. 2017). These biofouled debris can constitute an IAS risk (Therriault 2017).

\n

While a tsunami is a relatively rare event, a more common one is fouler dispersal by rafting on
coastal currents of floating plastic debris, wood and, bamboo. Marine litter often originate from

\n
14
", + "markdown": "▶ 전화 tki\n\nFigure 6. Mytella strigata biofouling green mussel farms in Bacoor City, Cavite, Manila Bay Photo from\nhttp/Mumanituonp1020,00Whwesting-vobe.kro.kr)\n\n5. Natural dispersal\n\nDispersal by purely natural means is not included as a pathway of biological invasions (Gaston\n1996). Examples include range expansion by flight or any other medium of natural locomotion or\ntransport. However if human created or crafted material is involved in rafting dispersal of IAS,\nthen this may be considered as a case of biological invasion. The 2011 Great East Japan\nearthquake generated a large tsunami that caused an unprecedented biological transoceanic\nrafting event from the northwestern Pacific coastline of Japan towards North America on the\neastern Pacific(Carlton et al. 2017). Millions of human made objects from small plastics to large\ndocks and whole ships were cast adrift in the Pacific (Murray et al. 2018). This provided a\nsubstrate for biofoulers. Large debris could carry up to 20 to 30 mega-species of biofoulers\n(Carlton et al. 2017). These biofouled debris can constitute an IAS risk (Therriault 2017).\n\nWhile a tsunami is a relatively rare event, a more common one is fouler dispersal by rafting on\ncoastal currents of floating plastic debris, wood and, bamboo. Marine litter often originate from\n\n14", + "text": "▶ 전화 tki\nFigure 6. Mytella strigata biofouling green mussel farms in Bacoor City, Cavite, Manila Bay Photo from\nhttp/Mumanituonp1020,00Whwesting-vobe.kro.kr)\n5. Natural dispersal\nDispersal by purely natural means is not included as a pathway of biological invasions (Gaston\n1996). Examples include range expansion by flight or any other medium of natural locomotion or\ntransport. However if human created or crafted material is involved in rafting dispersal of IAS,\nthen this may be considered as a case of biological invasion. The 2011 Great East Japan\nearthquake generated a large tsunami that caused an unprecedented biological transoceanic\nrafting event from the northwestern Pacific coastline of Japan towards North America on the\neastern Pacific(Carlton et al. 2017). Millions of human made objects from small plastics to large\ndocks and whole ships were cast adrift in the Pacific (Murray et al. 2018). This provided a\nsubstrate for biofoulers. Large debris could carry up to 20 to 30 mega-species of biofoulers\n(Carlton et al. 2017). These biofouled debris can constitute an IAS risk (Therriault 2017).\nWhile a tsunami is a relatively rare event, a more common one is fouler dispersal by rafting on\ncoastal currents of floating plastic debris, wood and, bamboo. Marine litter often originate from\n14" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"▶
", + "markdown": "▶ 전화 tki", + "text": "▶ 전화 tki" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1162, + "y": 0.0883 + }, + { + "x": 0.8845, + "y": 0.0883 + }, + { + "x": 0.8845, + "y": 0.4255 + }, + { + "x": 0.1162, + "y": 0.4255 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 6. Mytella strigata biofouling green mussel farms in Bacoor City, Cavite, Manila Bay Photo from
http/Mumanituonp1020,00Whwesting-vobe.kro.kr)

", + "markdown": "Figure 6. Mytella strigata biofouling green mussel farms in Bacoor City, Cavite, Manila Bay Photo from\nhttp/Mumanituonp1020,00Whwesting-vobe.kro.kr)", + "text": "Figure 6. Mytella strigata biofouling green mussel farms in Bacoor City, Cavite, Manila Bay Photo from\nhttp/Mumanituonp1020,00Whwesting-vobe.kro.kr)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1148, + "y": 0.4252 + }, + { + "x": 0.8684, + "y": 0.4252 + }, + { + "x": 0.8684, + "y": 0.4584 + }, + { + "x": 0.1148, + "y": 0.4584 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

5. Natural dispersal

", + "markdown": "5. Natural dispersal", + "text": "5. Natural dispersal" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1419, + "y": 0.499 + }, + { + "x": 0.3186, + "y": 0.499 + }, + { + "x": 0.3186, + "y": 0.5166 + }, + { + "x": 0.1419, + "y": 0.5166 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Dispersal by purely natural means is not included as a pathway of biological invasions (Gaston
1996). Examples include range expansion by flight or any other medium of natural locomotion or
transport. However if human created or crafted material is involved in rafting dispersal of IAS,
then this may be considered as a case of biological invasion. The 2011 Great East Japan
earthquake generated a large tsunami that caused an unprecedented biological transoceanic
rafting event from the northwestern Pacific coastline of Japan towards North America on the
eastern Pacific(Carlton et al. 2017). Millions of human made objects from small plastics to large
docks and whole ships were cast adrift in the Pacific (Murray et al. 2018). This provided a
substrate for biofoulers. Large debris could carry up to 20 to 30 mega-species of biofoulers
(Carlton et al. 2017). These biofouled debris can constitute an IAS risk (Therriault 2017).

", + "markdown": "Dispersal by purely natural means is not included as a pathway of biological invasions (Gaston\n1996). Examples include range expansion by flight or any other medium of natural locomotion or\ntransport. However if human created or crafted material is involved in rafting dispersal of IAS,\nthen this may be considered as a case of biological invasion. The 2011 Great East Japan\nearthquake generated a large tsunami that caused an unprecedented biological transoceanic\nrafting event from the northwestern Pacific coastline of Japan towards North America on the\neastern Pacific(Carlton et al. 2017). Millions of human made objects from small plastics to large\ndocks and whole ships were cast adrift in the Pacific (Murray et al. 2018). This provided a\nsubstrate for biofoulers. Large debris could carry up to 20 to 30 mega-species of biofoulers\n(Carlton et al. 2017). These biofouled debris can constitute an IAS risk (Therriault 2017).", + "text": "Dispersal by purely natural means is not included as a pathway of biological invasions (Gaston\n1996). Examples include range expansion by flight or any other medium of natural locomotion or\ntransport. However if human created or crafted material is involved in rafting dispersal of IAS,\nthen this may be considered as a case of biological invasion. The 2011 Great East Japan\nearthquake generated a large tsunami that caused an unprecedented biological transoceanic\nrafting event from the northwestern Pacific coastline of Japan towards North America on the\neastern Pacific(Carlton et al. 2017). Millions of human made objects from small plastics to large\ndocks and whole ships were cast adrift in the Pacific (Murray et al. 2018). This provided a\nsubstrate for biofoulers. Large debris could carry up to 20 to 30 mega-species of biofoulers\n(Carlton et al. 2017). These biofouled debris can constitute an IAS risk (Therriault 2017)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1123, + "y": 0.5526 + }, + { + "x": 0.8889, + "y": 0.5526 + }, + { + "x": 0.8889, + "y": 0.8241 + }, + { + "x": 0.1123, + "y": 0.8241 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

While a tsunami is a relatively rare event, a more common one is fouler dispersal by rafting on
coastal currents of floating plastic debris, wood and, bamboo. Marine litter often originate from

", + "markdown": "While a tsunami is a relatively rare event, a more common one is fouler dispersal by rafting on\ncoastal currents of floating plastic debris, wood and, bamboo. Marine litter often originate from", + "text": "While a tsunami is a relatively rare event, a more common one is fouler dispersal by rafting on\ncoastal currents of floating plastic debris, wood and, bamboo. Marine litter often originate from" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1131, + "y": 0.8585 + }, + { + "x": 0.8884, + "y": 0.8585 + }, + { + "x": 0.8884, + "y": 0.9081 + }, + { + "x": 0.1131, + "y": 0.9081 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
14
", + "markdown": "14", + "text": "14" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8606, + "y": 0.9203 + }, + { + "x": 0.8853, + "y": 0.9203 + }, + { + "x": 0.8853, + "y": 0.9361 + }, + { + "x": 0.8606, + "y": 0.9361 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000136.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Getting
\n

Figure 10.2: Positive attributes reported by recreational anglers in the United States. Long description.

\n

Over time, an angler's motivation may change from a catch orientation to emphasize noncatch motivations,
such as being outdoors or passing on their passion for fishing (McKenna 2013). The progression often follows
these stages:

\n

· Stage 1: I just want to catch a fish!
· Stage 2: I want to catch a lot of fish!
· Stage 3: I want to catch big fish.
· Stage 4: I'm just happy to be out fishing.
· Stage 5: I want to pass on my knowledge and passion for fishing.

\n

Studies of angler characteristics confirm that there is no such thing as an \"average\" angler. Rather, anglers are
a heterogeneous and changing group. Therefore, we can segment anglers in distinct categories for analysis
(Bryan 1977; Kyle et al. 2007; Beardmore et al. 2013; TenHarmsel et al. 2019). For example, Magee (2018)
categorized recreational anglers into five distinct fisher classes with differing motivations (Table 10.1).

\n
216 I Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet
", + "markdown": "Getting away from the usual demands 34%\nBeing close to nature 33%\nEnjoying the sounds and smells of nature 32%\nCatching fish 31%\nSpending time with family or friends 29%\nThe scenic beauty 16%\nExperiencing solitude 14%\nExperiencing excitement/adventure 14%\nReliving my childhood memories of going fishing 12%\nCatching my own food 12%\n0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%\n\nFigure 10.2: Positive attributes reported by recreational anglers in the United States. Long description.\n\nOver time, an angler's motivation may change from a catch orientation to emphasize noncatch motivations,\nsuch as being outdoors or passing on their passion for fishing (McKenna 2013). The progression often follows\nthese stages:\n\n- · Stage 1: I just want to catch a fish!\n- · Stage 2: I want to catch a lot of fish!\n- · Stage 3: I want to catch big fish.\n- · Stage 4: I'm just happy to be out fishing.\n- · Stage 5: I want to pass on my knowledge and passion for fishing.\n\n\nStudies of angler characteristics confirm that there is no such thing as an \"average\" angler. Rather, anglers are\na heterogeneous and changing group. Therefore, we can segment anglers in distinct categories for analysis\n(Bryan 1977; Kyle et al. 2007; Beardmore et al. 2013; TenHarmsel et al. 2019). For example, Magee (2018)\ncategorized recreational anglers into five distinct fisher classes with differing motivations (Table 10.1).\n\n216 I Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet", + "text": "Getting away from the usual demands 34%\nBeing close to nature 33%\nEnjoying the sounds and smells of nature 32%\nCatching fish 31%\nSpending time with family or friends 29%\nThe scenic beauty 16%\nExperiencing solitude 14%\nExperiencing excitement/adventure 14%\nReliving my childhood memories of going fishing 12%\nCatching my own food 12%\n0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%\nFigure 10.2: Positive attributes reported by recreational anglers in the United States. Long description.\nOver time, an angler's motivation may change from a catch orientation to emphasize noncatch motivations,\nsuch as being outdoors or passing on their passion for fishing (McKenna 2013). The progression often follows\nthese stages:\n· Stage 1: I just want to catch a fish!\n· Stage 2: I want to catch a lot of fish!\n· Stage 3: I want to catch big fish.\n· Stage 4: I'm just happy to be out fishing.\n· Stage 5: I want to pass on my knowledge and passion for fishing.\nStudies of angler characteristics confirm that there is no such thing as an \"average\" angler. Rather, anglers are\na heterogeneous and changing group. Therefore, we can segment anglers in distinct categories for analysis\n(Bryan 1977; Kyle et al. 2007; Beardmore et al. 2013; TenHarmsel et al. 2019). For example, Magee (2018)\ncategorized recreational anglers into five distinct fisher classes with differing motivations (Table 10.1).\n216 I Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Getting
", + "markdown": "Getting away from the usual demands 34%\nBeing close to nature 33%\nEnjoying the sounds and smells of nature 32%\nCatching fish 31%\nSpending time with family or friends 29%\nThe scenic beauty 16%\nExperiencing solitude 14%\nExperiencing excitement/adventure 14%\nReliving my childhood memories of going fishing 12%\nCatching my own food 12%\n0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%", + "text": "Getting away from the usual demands 34%\nBeing close to nature 33%\nEnjoying the sounds and smells of nature 32%\nCatching fish 31%\nSpending time with family or friends 29%\nThe scenic beauty 16%\nExperiencing solitude 14%\nExperiencing excitement/adventure 14%\nReliving my childhood memories of going fishing 12%\nCatching my own food 12%\n0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1072, + "y": 0.0842 + }, + { + "x": 0.8816, + "y": 0.0842 + }, + { + "x": 0.8816, + "y": 0.4004 + }, + { + "x": 0.1072, + "y": 0.4004 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 10.2: Positive attributes reported by recreational anglers in the United States. Long description.

", + "markdown": "Figure 10.2: Positive attributes reported by recreational anglers in the United States. Long description.", + "text": "Figure 10.2: Positive attributes reported by recreational anglers in the United States. Long description." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0939, + "y": 0.4062 + }, + { + "x": 0.7406, + "y": 0.4062 + }, + { + "x": 0.7406, + "y": 0.4228 + }, + { + "x": 0.0939, + "y": 0.4228 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Over time, an angler's motivation may change from a catch orientation to emphasize noncatch motivations,
such as being outdoors or passing on their passion for fishing (McKenna 2013). The progression often follows
these stages:

", + "markdown": "Over time, an angler's motivation may change from a catch orientation to emphasize noncatch motivations,\nsuch as being outdoors or passing on their passion for fishing (McKenna 2013). The progression often follows\nthese stages:", + "text": "Over time, an angler's motivation may change from a catch orientation to emphasize noncatch motivations,\nsuch as being outdoors or passing on their passion for fishing (McKenna 2013). The progression often follows\nthese stages:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0936, + "y": 0.4818 + }, + { + "x": 0.9053, + "y": 0.4818 + }, + { + "x": 0.9053, + "y": 0.5393 + }, + { + "x": 0.0936, + "y": 0.5393 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Stage 1: I just want to catch a fish!
· Stage 2: I want to catch a lot of fish!
· Stage 3: I want to catch big fish.
· Stage 4: I'm just happy to be out fishing.
· Stage 5: I want to pass on my knowledge and passion for fishing.

", + "markdown": "- · Stage 1: I just want to catch a fish!\n- · Stage 2: I want to catch a lot of fish!\n- · Stage 3: I want to catch big fish.\n- · Stage 4: I'm just happy to be out fishing.\n- · Stage 5: I want to pass on my knowledge and passion for fishing.\n", + "text": "· Stage 1: I just want to catch a fish!\n· Stage 2: I want to catch a lot of fish!\n· Stage 3: I want to catch big fish.\n· Stage 4: I'm just happy to be out fishing.\n· Stage 5: I want to pass on my knowledge and passion for fishing." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1037, + "y": 0.5587 + }, + { + "x": 0.6, + "y": 0.5587 + }, + { + "x": 0.6, + "y": 0.6555 + }, + { + "x": 0.1037, + "y": 0.6555 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Studies of angler characteristics confirm that there is no such thing as an \"average\" angler. Rather, anglers are
a heterogeneous and changing group. Therefore, we can segment anglers in distinct categories for analysis
(Bryan 1977; Kyle et al. 2007; Beardmore et al. 2013; TenHarmsel et al. 2019). For example, Magee (2018)
categorized recreational anglers into five distinct fisher classes with differing motivations (Table 10.1).

", + "markdown": "Studies of angler characteristics confirm that there is no such thing as an \"average\" angler. Rather, anglers are\na heterogeneous and changing group. Therefore, we can segment anglers in distinct categories for analysis\n(Bryan 1977; Kyle et al. 2007; Beardmore et al. 2013; TenHarmsel et al. 2019). For example, Magee (2018)\ncategorized recreational anglers into five distinct fisher classes with differing motivations (Table 10.1).", + "text": "Studies of angler characteristics confirm that there is no such thing as an \"average\" angler. Rather, anglers are\na heterogeneous and changing group. Therefore, we can segment anglers in distinct categories for analysis\n(Bryan 1977; Kyle et al. 2007; Beardmore et al. 2013; TenHarmsel et al. 2019). For example, Magee (2018)\ncategorized recreational anglers into five distinct fisher classes with differing motivations (Table 10.1)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0938, + "y": 0.6736 + }, + { + "x": 0.9066, + "y": 0.6736 + }, + { + "x": 0.9066, + "y": 0.7508 + }, + { + "x": 0.0938, + "y": 0.7508 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
216 I Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet
", + "markdown": "216 I Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet", + "text": "216 I Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0944, + "y": 0.9334 + }, + { + "x": 0.3944, + "y": 0.9334 + }, + { + "x": 0.3944, + "y": 0.9491 + }, + { + "x": 0.0944, + "y": 0.9491 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000121.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

\n

BIO181

\n

16. Place the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge and spin for3 minutes.

\n

17. Carefully pour off the supernatant from both tubes. Do not disturb the nucleic acid pellets. Invert the
tubes and tap them gently on the surface of a clean paper towel to drain them thoroughly.

\n

18. Briefly spin the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge to bring any remaining ethanol to
the bottom of the tube. Then use the micropipette to remove any remaining ethanol. Use a fresh tip for each
tube. Be careful not to disturb the nucleic acid pellet.

\n

19. Allow the tubes to dry by leaving the tube caps open for 3-5 minutes. Inspect each tube carefully to
ensure that the tube interior is completely dry.

\n

*** Congratulations, you have just completed the miniprep plasmid DNA extraction!!!***

\n

Restriction Enzyme Digest Prep (switch to the 1- 20-�L micropipette):

\n

20. Use a micropipette to add 10 uL of tris-EDTA solution (TE) to each tube. Use a new tip for each tube.
Dissolve the pellets by pipetting in and out. Rinse the sides of the tube several times, concentrating on
the area where the nucleic acid pellet or particles were observed. Check that no particles remain in the
pipet tip or on the side of the tube. Use the entire contents of each tube in the restriction digest that
follows.

\n\n
ReagentsSupplies and Equipment
At each student station: Resuspended DNA or ethanol precipitates from Part 1* To be shared by all groups: \"Evidence A\" DNA* \"Evidence B\" DNA* Restriction Buffer-RNase A* BamHI-HindIII restriction enzyme mixture* Sterile distilled or deionized waterMicrocentrifuge tube rack 3 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes Micropipet, 1- 20 uL Micropipet tips Beaker or similar container for waste Beaker or similar container filled with ice Permanent marker Water bath at 37°C
II. Set Up the Restriction Digests of the \"Suspect\" and \"Evidence\" DNA
\n

*Store on ice

\n

NOTE: Your instructor will assign you to use either \"Evidence A\" DNA or \"Evidence B\" DNA

\n

1. Label the three 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes in which you will perform the restriction digests: \"S1\" for
Suspect 1, \"S2\" for Suspect 2, and either \"EA\" for Evidence A or \"EB\" for Evidence B. All three samples will be
digested by the restriction enzymes BamHI and HindIII.

\n

2. Use the table below (next page) as a checklist while adding reagents to each reaction. Read down each
column, adding the same reagent to all appropriate tubes. To avoid cross contamination, use a fresh pipet tip
each time you add a reagent to a tube.

\n
132
", + "markdown": "# MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE\n\nBIO181\n\n16. Place the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge and spin for3 minutes.\n\n17. Carefully pour off the supernatant from both tubes. Do not disturb the nucleic acid pellets. Invert the\ntubes and tap them gently on the surface of a clean paper towel to drain them thoroughly.\n\n18. Briefly spin the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge to bring any remaining ethanol to\nthe bottom of the tube. Then use the micropipette to remove any remaining ethanol. Use a fresh tip for each\ntube. Be careful not to disturb the nucleic acid pellet.\n\n19. Allow the tubes to dry by leaving the tube caps open for 3-5 minutes. Inspect each tube carefully to\nensure that the tube interior is completely dry.\n\n*** Congratulations, you have just completed the miniprep plasmid DNA extraction!!!***\n\nRestriction Enzyme Digest Prep (switch to the 1- 20-�L micropipette):\n\n20. Use a micropipette to add 10 uL of tris-EDTA solution (TE) to each tube. Use a new tip for each tube.\nDissolve the pellets by pipetting in and out. Rinse the sides of the tube several times, concentrating on\nthe area where the nucleic acid pellet or particles were observed. Check that no particles remain in the\npipet tip or on the side of the tube. Use the entire contents of each tube in the restriction digest that\nfollows.\n\nII. Set Up the Restriction Digests of the \"Suspect\" and \"Evidence\" DNA\n\n| Reagents | Supplies and Equipment |\n| --- | --- |\n| At each student station: Resuspended DNA or ethanol precipitates from Part 1* To be shared by all groups: \"Evidence A\" DNA* \"Evidence B\" DNA* Restriction Buffer-RNase A* BamHI-HindIII restriction enzyme mixture* Sterile distilled or deionized water | Microcentrifuge tube rack 3 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes Micropipet, 1- 20 uL Micropipet tips Beaker or similar container for waste Beaker or similar container filled with ice Permanent marker Water bath at 37°C |\n\n\n*Store on ice\n\nNOTE: Your instructor will assign you to use either \"Evidence A\" DNA or \"Evidence B\" DNA\n\n1. Label the three 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes in which you will perform the restriction digests: \"S1\" for\nSuspect 1, \"S2\" for Suspect 2, and either \"EA\" for Evidence A or \"EB\" for Evidence B. All three samples will be\ndigested by the restriction enzymes BamHI and HindIII.\n\n2. Use the table below (next page) as a checklist while adding reagents to each reaction. Read down each\ncolumn, adding the same reagent to all appropriate tubes. To avoid cross contamination, use a fresh pipet tip\neach time you add a reagent to a tube.\n\n132", + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE\nBIO181\n16. Place the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge and spin for3 minutes.\n17. Carefully pour off the supernatant from both tubes. Do not disturb the nucleic acid pellets. Invert the\ntubes and tap them gently on the surface of a clean paper towel to drain them thoroughly.\n18. Briefly spin the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge to bring any remaining ethanol to\nthe bottom of the tube. Then use the micropipette to remove any remaining ethanol. Use a fresh tip for each\ntube. Be careful not to disturb the nucleic acid pellet.\n19. Allow the tubes to dry by leaving the tube caps open for 3-5 minutes. Inspect each tube carefully to\nensure that the tube interior is completely dry.\n*** Congratulations, you have just completed the miniprep plasmid DNA extraction!!!***\nRestriction Enzyme Digest Prep (switch to the 1- 20-�L micropipette):\n20. Use a micropipette to add 10 uL of tris-EDTA solution (TE) to each tube. Use a new tip for each tube.\nDissolve the pellets by pipetting in and out. Rinse the sides of the tube several times, concentrating on\nthe area where the nucleic acid pellet or particles were observed. Check that no particles remain in the\npipet tip or on the side of the tube. Use the entire contents of each tube in the restriction digest that\nfollows.\nII. Set Up the Restriction Digests of the \"Suspect\" and \"Evidence\" DNA\nReagents Supplies and Equipment\n At each student station: Resuspended DNA or ethanol precipitates from Part 1* To be shared by all groups: \"Evidence A\" DNA* \"Evidence B\" DNA* Restriction Buffer-RNase A* BamHI-HindIII restriction enzyme mixture* Sterile distilled or deionized water Microcentrifuge tube rack 3 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes Micropipet, 1- 20 uL Micropipet tips Beaker or similar container for waste Beaker or similar container filled with ice Permanent marker Water bath at 37°C\n*Store on ice\nNOTE: Your instructor will assign you to use either \"Evidence A\" DNA or \"Evidence B\" DNA\n1. Label the three 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes in which you will perform the restriction digests: \"S1\" for\nSuspect 1, \"S2\" for Suspect 2, and either \"EA\" for Evidence A or \"EB\" for Evidence B. All three samples will be\ndigested by the restriction enzymes BamHI and HindIII.\n2. Use the table below (next page) as a checklist while adding reagents to each reaction. Read down each\ncolumn, adding the same reagent to all appropriate tubes. To avoid cross contamination, use a fresh pipet tip\neach time you add a reagent to a tube.\n132" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

", + "markdown": "# MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1127, + "y": 0.0461 + }, + { + "x": 0.3967, + "y": 0.0461 + }, + { + "x": 0.3967, + "y": 0.0673 + }, + { + "x": 0.1127, + "y": 0.0673 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

BIO181

", + "markdown": "BIO181", + "text": "BIO181" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7944, + "y": 0.0476 + }, + { + "x": 0.8706, + "y": 0.0476 + }, + { + "x": 0.8706, + "y": 0.0673 + }, + { + "x": 0.7944, + "y": 0.0673 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

16. Place the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge and spin for3 minutes.

", + "markdown": "16. Place the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge and spin for3 minutes.", + "text": "16. Place the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge and spin for3 minutes." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1168, + "y": 0.0909 + }, + { + "x": 0.7651, + "y": 0.0909 + }, + { + "x": 0.7651, + "y": 0.1075 + }, + { + "x": 0.1168, + "y": 0.1075 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

17. Carefully pour off the supernatant from both tubes. Do not disturb the nucleic acid pellets. Invert the
tubes and tap them gently on the surface of a clean paper towel to drain them thoroughly.

", + "markdown": "17. Carefully pour off the supernatant from both tubes. Do not disturb the nucleic acid pellets. Invert the\ntubes and tap them gently on the surface of a clean paper towel to drain them thoroughly.", + "text": "17. Carefully pour off the supernatant from both tubes. Do not disturb the nucleic acid pellets. Invert the\ntubes and tap them gently on the surface of a clean paper towel to drain them thoroughly." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1148, + "y": 0.1245 + }, + { + "x": 0.8445, + "y": 0.1245 + }, + { + "x": 0.8445, + "y": 0.1561 + }, + { + "x": 0.1148, + "y": 0.1561 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

18. Briefly spin the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge to bring any remaining ethanol to
the bottom of the tube. Then use the micropipette to remove any remaining ethanol. Use a fresh tip for each
tube. Be careful not to disturb the nucleic acid pellet.

", + "markdown": "18. Briefly spin the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge to bring any remaining ethanol to\nthe bottom of the tube. Then use the micropipette to remove any remaining ethanol. Use a fresh tip for each\ntube. Be careful not to disturb the nucleic acid pellet.", + "text": "18. Briefly spin the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge to bring any remaining ethanol to\nthe bottom of the tube. Then use the micropipette to remove any remaining ethanol. Use a fresh tip for each\ntube. Be careful not to disturb the nucleic acid pellet." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1152, + "y": 0.172 + }, + { + "x": 0.8837, + "y": 0.172 + }, + { + "x": 0.8837, + "y": 0.2176 + }, + { + "x": 0.1152, + "y": 0.2176 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

19. Allow the tubes to dry by leaving the tube caps open for 3-5 minutes. Inspect each tube carefully to
ensure that the tube interior is completely dry.

", + "markdown": "19. Allow the tubes to dry by leaving the tube caps open for 3-5 minutes. Inspect each tube carefully to\nensure that the tube interior is completely dry.", + "text": "19. Allow the tubes to dry by leaving the tube caps open for 3-5 minutes. Inspect each tube carefully to\nensure that the tube interior is completely dry." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1154, + "y": 0.2341 + }, + { + "x": 0.8348, + "y": 0.2341 + }, + { + "x": 0.8348, + "y": 0.2647 + }, + { + "x": 0.1154, + "y": 0.2647 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

*** Congratulations, you have just completed the miniprep plasmid DNA extraction!!!***

", + "markdown": "*** Congratulations, you have just completed the miniprep plasmid DNA extraction!!!***", + "text": "*** Congratulations, you have just completed the miniprep plasmid DNA extraction!!!***" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1941, + "y": 0.2821 + }, + { + "x": 0.8051, + "y": 0.2821 + }, + { + "x": 0.8051, + "y": 0.2982 + }, + { + "x": 0.1941, + "y": 0.2982 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Restriction Enzyme Digest Prep (switch to the 1- 20-�L micropipette):

", + "markdown": "Restriction Enzyme Digest Prep (switch to the 1- 20-�L micropipette):", + "text": "Restriction Enzyme Digest Prep (switch to the 1- 20-�L micropipette):" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1156, + "y": 0.3141 + }, + { + "x": 0.6347, + "y": 0.3141 + }, + { + "x": 0.6347, + "y": 0.3309 + }, + { + "x": 0.1156, + "y": 0.3309 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

20. Use a micropipette to add 10 uL of tris-EDTA solution (TE) to each tube. Use a new tip for each tube.
Dissolve the pellets by pipetting in and out. Rinse the sides of the tube several times, concentrating on
the area where the nucleic acid pellet or particles were observed. Check that no particles remain in the
pipet tip or on the side of the tube. Use the entire contents of each tube in the restriction digest that
follows.

", + "markdown": "20. Use a micropipette to add 10 uL of tris-EDTA solution (TE) to each tube. Use a new tip for each tube.\nDissolve the pellets by pipetting in and out. Rinse the sides of the tube several times, concentrating on\nthe area where the nucleic acid pellet or particles were observed. Check that no particles remain in the\npipet tip or on the side of the tube. Use the entire contents of each tube in the restriction digest that\nfollows.", + "text": "20. Use a micropipette to add 10 uL of tris-EDTA solution (TE) to each tube. Use a new tip for each tube.\nDissolve the pellets by pipetting in and out. Rinse the sides of the tube several times, concentrating on\nthe area where the nucleic acid pellet or particles were observed. Check that no particles remain in the\npipet tip or on the side of the tube. Use the entire contents of each tube in the restriction digest that\nfollows." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1484, + "y": 0.3457 + }, + { + "x": 0.8783, + "y": 0.3457 + }, + { + "x": 0.8783, + "y": 0.4212 + }, + { + "x": 0.1484, + "y": 0.4212 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

II. Set Up the Restriction Digests of the \"Suspect\" and \"Evidence\" DNA

", + "markdown": "II. Set Up the Restriction Digests of the \"Suspect\" and \"Evidence\" DNA", + "text": "II. Set Up the Restriction Digests of the \"Suspect\" and \"Evidence\" DNA" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1154, + "y": 0.4391 + }, + { + "x": 0.737, + "y": 0.4391 + }, + { + "x": 0.737, + "y": 0.457 + }, + { + "x": 0.1154, + "y": 0.457 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
ReagentsSupplies and Equipment
At each student station: Resuspended DNA or ethanol precipitates from Part 1* To be shared by all groups: \"Evidence A\" DNA* \"Evidence B\" DNA* Restriction Buffer-RNase A* BamHI-HindIII restriction enzyme mixture* Sterile distilled or deionized waterMicrocentrifuge tube rack 3 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes Micropipet, 1- 20 uL Micropipet tips Beaker or similar container for waste Beaker or similar container filled with ice Permanent marker Water bath at 37°C
", + "markdown": "| Reagents | Supplies and Equipment |\n| --- | --- |\n| At each student station: Resuspended DNA or ethanol precipitates from Part 1* To be shared by all groups: \"Evidence A\" DNA* \"Evidence B\" DNA* Restriction Buffer-RNase A* BamHI-HindIII restriction enzyme mixture* Sterile distilled or deionized water | Microcentrifuge tube rack 3 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes Micropipet, 1- 20 uL Micropipet tips Beaker or similar container for waste Beaker or similar container filled with ice Permanent marker Water bath at 37°C |\n", + "text": "Reagents Supplies and Equipment\n At each student station: Resuspended DNA or ethanol precipitates from Part 1* To be shared by all groups: \"Evidence A\" DNA* \"Evidence B\" DNA* Restriction Buffer-RNase A* BamHI-HindIII restriction enzyme mixture* Sterile distilled or deionized water Microcentrifuge tube rack 3 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes Micropipet, 1- 20 uL Micropipet tips Beaker or similar container for waste Beaker or similar container filled with ice Permanent marker Water bath at 37°C" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1142, + "y": 0.4717 + }, + { + "x": 0.8836, + "y": 0.4717 + }, + { + "x": 0.8836, + "y": 0.6192 + }, + { + "x": 0.1142, + "y": 0.6192 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

*Store on ice

", + "markdown": "*Store on ice", + "text": "*Store on ice" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1151, + "y": 0.6351 + }, + { + "x": 0.2004, + "y": 0.6351 + }, + { + "x": 0.2004, + "y": 0.6491 + }, + { + "x": 0.1151, + "y": 0.6491 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

NOTE: Your instructor will assign you to use either \"Evidence A\" DNA or \"Evidence B\" DNA

", + "markdown": "NOTE: Your instructor will assign you to use either \"Evidence A\" DNA or \"Evidence B\" DNA", + "text": "NOTE: Your instructor will assign you to use either \"Evidence A\" DNA or \"Evidence B\" DNA" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1154, + "y": 0.6651 + }, + { + "x": 0.7333, + "y": 0.6651 + }, + { + "x": 0.7333, + "y": 0.6821 + }, + { + "x": 0.1154, + "y": 0.6821 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

1. Label the three 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes in which you will perform the restriction digests: \"S1\" for
Suspect 1, \"S2\" for Suspect 2, and either \"EA\" for Evidence A or \"EB\" for Evidence B. All three samples will be
digested by the restriction enzymes BamHI and HindIII.

", + "markdown": "1. Label the three 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes in which you will perform the restriction digests: \"S1\" for\nSuspect 1, \"S2\" for Suspect 2, and either \"EA\" for Evidence A or \"EB\" for Evidence B. All three samples will be\ndigested by the restriction enzymes BamHI and HindIII.", + "text": "1. Label the three 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes in which you will perform the restriction digests: \"S1\" for\nSuspect 1, \"S2\" for Suspect 2, and either \"EA\" for Evidence A or \"EB\" for Evidence B. All three samples will be\ndigested by the restriction enzymes BamHI and HindIII." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1141, + "y": 0.729 + }, + { + "x": 0.8758, + "y": 0.729 + }, + { + "x": 0.8758, + "y": 0.7751 + }, + { + "x": 0.1141, + "y": 0.7751 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

2. Use the table below (next page) as a checklist while adding reagents to each reaction. Read down each
column, adding the same reagent to all appropriate tubes. To avoid cross contamination, use a fresh pipet tip
each time you add a reagent to a tube.

", + "markdown": "2. Use the table below (next page) as a checklist while adding reagents to each reaction. Read down each\ncolumn, adding the same reagent to all appropriate tubes. To avoid cross contamination, use a fresh pipet tip\neach time you add a reagent to a tube.", + "text": "2. Use the table below (next page) as a checklist while adding reagents to each reaction. Read down each\ncolumn, adding the same reagent to all appropriate tubes. To avoid cross contamination, use a fresh pipet tip\neach time you add a reagent to a tube." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1145, + "y": 0.7914 + }, + { + "x": 0.8764, + "y": 0.7914 + }, + { + "x": 0.8764, + "y": 0.8381 + }, + { + "x": 0.1145, + "y": 0.8381 + } + ], + "id": 14, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
132
", + "markdown": "132", + "text": "132" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4831, + "y": 0.9229 + }, + { + "x": 0.519, + "y": 0.9229 + }, + { + "x": 0.519, + "y": 0.9392 + }, + { + "x": 0.4831, + "y": 0.9392 + } + ], + "id": 15, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000112.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

· Adjust the point gauge to read 10 mm greater than the datum.
· Record the reading as h.
· Turn on the pump, and slightly adjust the flow until the water level coincides with the point
gauge. Check that the level has stabilized before taking readings.
· Measure the flow rate using the volumetric tank.
· Observe the shape of the nappe and take pictures of it.

\n

Note: The surface of the water will fall as it approaches the weir. This is particularly noticeable at high
flow rates by high heads. To obtain an accurate measurement of the undisturbed water level above the
crest of the weir, it is necessary to place the measuring gauge at a distance of at least three times the
head above the weir.

\n

· Increase the flow by opening the bench regulating valve to set the heads above the datum level
in 10 mm increments until the regulating valve is fully open. Take care not to allow spillage to
occur over the plate top that is adjacent to the notch. At each condition, measure the flow rate
and observe the shape of the nappe.

\n

Note: To obtain a sufficiently accurate result, collect around 25 liters of water each time, or collect the
water for at least 120 seconds.

\n

· Close the regulating valve, stop the pump, and then replace the weir with the V-notch.

\n

· Repeat the experiment with the V-notch weir plate, but with 5 mm increments in water
surface elevation.

\n

· Collect seven head and discharge readings for each weir.

\n
\"\"
Figure 9.3: Position of the notch and Vernier height gauge to set the datum.
\n\n
80 APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS LAB MANUAL
", + "markdown": "- · Adjust the point gauge to read 10 mm greater than the datum.\n- · Record the reading as h.\n- · Turn on the pump, and slightly adjust the flow until the water level coincides with the point\n- gauge. Check that the level has stabilized before taking readings.\n- · Measure the flow rate using the volumetric tank.\n- · Observe the shape of the nappe and take pictures of it.\n\n\nNote: The surface of the water will fall as it approaches the weir. This is particularly noticeable at high\nflow rates by high heads. To obtain an accurate measurement of the undisturbed water level above the\ncrest of the weir, it is necessary to place the measuring gauge at a distance of at least three times the\nhead above the weir.\n\n· Increase the flow by opening the bench regulating valve to set the heads above the datum level\nin 10 mm increments until the regulating valve is fully open. Take care not to allow spillage to\noccur over the plate top that is adjacent to the notch. At each condition, measure the flow rate\nand observe the shape of the nappe.\n\nNote: To obtain a sufficiently accurate result, collect around 25 liters of water each time, or collect the\nwater for at least 120 seconds.\n\n- · Close the regulating valve, stop the pump, and then replace the weir with the V-notch.\n\n\n- · Repeat the experiment with the V-notch weir plate, but with 5 mm increments in water\n- surface elevation.\n\n\n- · Collect seven head and discharge readings for each weir.\n\n\n\n\nFigure 9.3: Position of the notch and Vernier height gauge to set the datum.\n\n80 APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS LAB MANUAL", + "text": "· Adjust the point gauge to read 10 mm greater than the datum.\n· Record the reading as h.\n· Turn on the pump, and slightly adjust the flow until the water level coincides with the point\ngauge. Check that the level has stabilized before taking readings.\n· Measure the flow rate using the volumetric tank.\n· Observe the shape of the nappe and take pictures of it.\nNote: The surface of the water will fall as it approaches the weir. This is particularly noticeable at high\nflow rates by high heads. To obtain an accurate measurement of the undisturbed water level above the\ncrest of the weir, it is necessary to place the measuring gauge at a distance of at least three times the\nhead above the weir.\n· Increase the flow by opening the bench regulating valve to set the heads above the datum level\nin 10 mm increments until the regulating valve is fully open. Take care not to allow spillage to\noccur over the plate top that is adjacent to the notch. At each condition, measure the flow rate\nand observe the shape of the nappe.\nNote: To obtain a sufficiently accurate result, collect around 25 liters of water each time, or collect the\nwater for at least 120 seconds.\n· Close the regulating valve, stop the pump, and then replace the weir with the V-notch.\n· Repeat the experiment with the V-notch weir plate, but with 5 mm increments in water\nsurface elevation.\n· Collect seven head and discharge readings for each weir.\n\nFigure 9.3: Position of the notch and Vernier height gauge to set the datum.\n80 APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS LAB MANUAL" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Adjust the point gauge to read 10 mm greater than the datum.
· Record the reading as h.
· Turn on the pump, and slightly adjust the flow until the water level coincides with the point
gauge. Check that the level has stabilized before taking readings.
· Measure the flow rate using the volumetric tank.
· Observe the shape of the nappe and take pictures of it.

", + "markdown": "- · Adjust the point gauge to read 10 mm greater than the datum.\n- · Record the reading as h.\n- · Turn on the pump, and slightly adjust the flow until the water level coincides with the point\n- gauge. Check that the level has stabilized before taking readings.\n- · Measure the flow rate using the volumetric tank.\n- · Observe the shape of the nappe and take pictures of it.\n", + "text": "· Adjust the point gauge to read 10 mm greater than the datum.\n· Record the reading as h.\n· Turn on the pump, and slightly adjust the flow until the water level coincides with the point\ngauge. Check that the level has stabilized before taking readings.\n· Measure the flow rate using the volumetric tank.\n· Observe the shape of the nappe and take pictures of it." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1197, + "y": 0.069 + }, + { + "x": 0.8945, + "y": 0.069 + }, + { + "x": 0.8945, + "y": 0.2188 + }, + { + "x": 0.1197, + "y": 0.2188 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Note: The surface of the water will fall as it approaches the weir. This is particularly noticeable at high
flow rates by high heads. To obtain an accurate measurement of the undisturbed water level above the
crest of the weir, it is necessary to place the measuring gauge at a distance of at least three times the
head above the weir.

", + "markdown": "Note: The surface of the water will fall as it approaches the weir. This is particularly noticeable at high\nflow rates by high heads. To obtain an accurate measurement of the undisturbed water level above the\ncrest of the weir, it is necessary to place the measuring gauge at a distance of at least three times the\nhead above the weir.", + "text": "Note: The surface of the water will fall as it approaches the weir. This is particularly noticeable at high\nflow rates by high heads. To obtain an accurate measurement of the undisturbed water level above the\ncrest of the weir, it is necessary to place the measuring gauge at a distance of at least three times the\nhead above the weir." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0878, + "y": 0.2291 + }, + { + "x": 0.912, + "y": 0.2291 + }, + { + "x": 0.912, + "y": 0.3057 + }, + { + "x": 0.0878, + "y": 0.3057 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

· Increase the flow by opening the bench regulating valve to set the heads above the datum level
in 10 mm increments until the regulating valve is fully open. Take care not to allow spillage to
occur over the plate top that is adjacent to the notch. At each condition, measure the flow rate
and observe the shape of the nappe.

", + "markdown": "· Increase the flow by opening the bench regulating valve to set the heads above the datum level\nin 10 mm increments until the regulating valve is fully open. Take care not to allow spillage to\noccur over the plate top that is adjacent to the notch. At each condition, measure the flow rate\nand observe the shape of the nappe.", + "text": "· Increase the flow by opening the bench regulating valve to set the heads above the datum level\nin 10 mm increments until the regulating valve is fully open. Take care not to allow spillage to\noccur over the plate top that is adjacent to the notch. At each condition, measure the flow rate\nand observe the shape of the nappe." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.118, + "y": 0.3205 + }, + { + "x": 0.9075, + "y": 0.3205 + }, + { + "x": 0.9075, + "y": 0.3987 + }, + { + "x": 0.118, + "y": 0.3987 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Note: To obtain a sufficiently accurate result, collect around 25 liters of water each time, or collect the
water for at least 120 seconds.

", + "markdown": "Note: To obtain a sufficiently accurate result, collect around 25 liters of water each time, or collect the\nwater for at least 120 seconds.", + "text": "Note: To obtain a sufficiently accurate result, collect around 25 liters of water each time, or collect the\nwater for at least 120 seconds." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0889, + "y": 0.4123 + }, + { + "x": 0.9114, + "y": 0.4123 + }, + { + "x": 0.9114, + "y": 0.4501 + }, + { + "x": 0.0889, + "y": 0.4501 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Close the regulating valve, stop the pump, and then replace the weir with the V-notch.

", + "markdown": "- · Close the regulating valve, stop the pump, and then replace the weir with the V-notch.\n", + "text": "· Close the regulating valve, stop the pump, and then replace the weir with the V-notch." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1227, + "y": 0.4653 + }, + { + "x": 0.8432, + "y": 0.4653 + }, + { + "x": 0.8432, + "y": 0.4837 + }, + { + "x": 0.1227, + "y": 0.4837 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Repeat the experiment with the V-notch weir plate, but with 5 mm increments in water
surface elevation.

", + "markdown": "- · Repeat the experiment with the V-notch weir plate, but with 5 mm increments in water\n- surface elevation.\n", + "text": "· Repeat the experiment with the V-notch weir plate, but with 5 mm increments in water\nsurface elevation." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1241, + "y": 0.4929 + }, + { + "x": 0.8533, + "y": 0.4929 + }, + { + "x": 0.8533, + "y": 0.5283 + }, + { + "x": 0.1241, + "y": 0.5283 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Collect seven head and discharge readings for each weir.

", + "markdown": "- · Collect seven head and discharge readings for each weir.\n", + "text": "· Collect seven head and discharge readings for each weir." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1234, + "y": 0.5381 + }, + { + "x": 0.6028, + "y": 0.5381 + }, + { + "x": 0.6028, + "y": 0.5563 + }, + { + "x": 0.1234, + "y": 0.5563 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"\"
", + "markdown": "", + "text": "" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3658, + "y": 0.572 + }, + { + "x": 0.6343, + "y": 0.572 + }, + { + "x": 0.6343, + "y": 0.8456 + }, + { + "x": 0.3658, + "y": 0.8456 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "Figure 9.3: Position of the notch and Vernier height gauge to set the datum.", + "markdown": "Figure 9.3: Position of the notch and Vernier height gauge to set the datum.", + "text": "Figure 9.3: Position of the notch and Vernier height gauge to set the datum." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1823, + "y": 0.8572 + }, + { + "x": 0.6231, + "y": 0.8572 + }, + { + "x": 0.6231, + "y": 0.873 + }, + { + "x": 0.1823, + "y": 0.873 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
80 APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS LAB MANUAL
", + "markdown": "80 APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS LAB MANUAL", + "text": "80 APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS LAB MANUAL" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0889, + "y": 0.9401 + }, + { + "x": 0.3729, + "y": 0.9401 + }, + { + "x": 0.3729, + "y": 0.9532 + }, + { + "x": 0.0889, + "y": 0.9532 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000037.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

3. Impact on Business Operations

\n

This section investigates the impact of public health
measures on business operations. MSMEs were
asked about their expectations for recovery and the
main effects of COVID-19 on their businesses.

\n

3.1. Status of Business Operations

\n

As shown in Figure 3.1.1, the number of MSMEs
\"working as usual\" gradually increased over the

\n

course of the research period. The impacts of the
lockdown from March 30 to May 4, 2020, were starkly
felt, with only 30% of the MSMEs \" working as usual,\"
while over half (58%) were temporarily completely
closed.

\n\n
\"2
Figure 3. 1. 1: Status of operations during each survey phase (%)
\n

In the agriculture sector, a large majority of MSMEs
(93% in July 2020, 98% in October 2020, and 99%
in January 2021) were operating normally, though

\n

during the first lockdown period, just over three
quarters (77%) were working as usual. In contrast,
63% of firms from the tourism sector and 62%
from the handicraft/textile sector were working as
usual as of July 2020, rising to 80% of tourism and
82% of handicraft/textile firms as of January 2021.
During the lockdown period, tourism and handicraft/
textile MSMEs were the hardest hit with just 12%
and 15% respectively working as usual. As shown
in Table 3.1.1., a majority of tourism and handicraft/
textile MSMEs were temporarily closed during the

\n

lockdown period. In the handicraft/textile sector, 30%
of MSMEs were temporarily closed as of July 2020,
reducing to 12% in January 2021. Similarly, in tourism,
27% of businesses were temporarily closed as of July
2020 and that reduced to 18% in January 2021. Figure
3. 1.1 and Table 3. 1.1 do not reflect those MSMEs who
were permanently closed; this was four in July 2020,
22 in October 2020, and 24 in January 2021. Of these
50 businesses who permanently closed during the
research period, 30 were in the tourism sector, 18 in
handicraft/textile, and two in agriculture.

\n
7
", + "markdown": "# 3. Impact on Business Operations\n\nThis section investigates the impact of public health\nmeasures on business operations. MSMEs were\nasked about their expectations for recovery and the\nmain effects of COVID-19 on their businesses.\n\n3.1. Status of Business Operations\n\nAs shown in Figure 3.1.1, the number of MSMEs\n\"working as usual\" gradually increased over the\n\ncourse of the research period. The impacts of the\nlockdown from March 30 to May 4, 2020, were starkly\nfelt, with only 30% of the MSMEs \" working as usual,\"\nwhile over half (58%) were temporarily completely\nclosed.\n\nFigure 3. 1. 1: Status of operations during each survey phase (%)\n\n2 2 1\n100\n6\n5\n/ 13\n13\n21\n80\n60 58\n85\n40 83\n71\n20\n30\n0\nLockdown Period July 2020 October 2020 January 2021\nBusiness premises closed to customers, but some business operations continue\n■ Business premises still open, but reduced operations\n■ Temporarily closed\nWorking as usual\n\nIn the agriculture sector, a large majority of MSMEs\n(93% in July 2020, 98% in October 2020, and 99%\nin January 2021) were operating normally, though\n\nduring the first lockdown period, just over three\nquarters (77%) were working as usual. In contrast,\n63% of firms from the tourism sector and 62%\nfrom the handicraft/textile sector were working as\nusual as of July 2020, rising to 80% of tourism and\n82% of handicraft/textile firms as of January 2021.\nDuring the lockdown period, tourism and handicraft/\ntextile MSMEs were the hardest hit with just 12%\nand 15% respectively working as usual. As shown\nin Table 3.1.1., a majority of tourism and handicraft/\ntextile MSMEs were temporarily closed during the\n\nlockdown period. In the handicraft/textile sector, 30%\nof MSMEs were temporarily closed as of July 2020,\nreducing to 12% in January 2021. Similarly, in tourism,\n27% of businesses were temporarily closed as of July\n2020 and that reduced to 18% in January 2021. Figure\n3. 1.1 and Table 3. 1.1 do not reflect those MSMEs who\nwere permanently closed; this was four in July 2020,\n22 in October 2020, and 24 in January 2021. Of these\n50 businesses who permanently closed during the\nresearch period, 30 were in the tourism sector, 18 in\nhandicraft/textile, and two in agriculture.\n\n7", + "text": "3. Impact on Business Operations\nThis section investigates the impact of public health\nmeasures on business operations. MSMEs were\nasked about their expectations for recovery and the\nmain effects of COVID-19 on their businesses.\n3.1. Status of Business Operations\nAs shown in Figure 3.1.1, the number of MSMEs\n\"working as usual\" gradually increased over the\ncourse of the research period. The impacts of the\nlockdown from March 30 to May 4, 2020, were starkly\nfelt, with only 30% of the MSMEs \" working as usual,\"\nwhile over half (58%) were temporarily completely\nclosed.\nFigure 3. 1. 1: Status of operations during each survey phase (%)\n2 2 1\n100\n6\n5\n/ 13\n13\n21\n80\n60 58\n85\n40 83\n71\n20\n30\n0\nLockdown Period July 2020 October 2020 January 2021\nBusiness premises closed to customers, but some business operations continue\n■ Business premises still open, but reduced operations\n■ Temporarily closed\nWorking as usual\nIn the agriculture sector, a large majority of MSMEs\n(93% in July 2020, 98% in October 2020, and 99%\nin January 2021) were operating normally, though\nduring the first lockdown period, just over three\nquarters (77%) were working as usual. In contrast,\n63% of firms from the tourism sector and 62%\nfrom the handicraft/textile sector were working as\nusual as of July 2020, rising to 80% of tourism and\n82% of handicraft/textile firms as of January 2021.\nDuring the lockdown period, tourism and handicraft/\ntextile MSMEs were the hardest hit with just 12%\nand 15% respectively working as usual. As shown\nin Table 3.1.1., a majority of tourism and handicraft/\ntextile MSMEs were temporarily closed during the\nlockdown period. In the handicraft/textile sector, 30%\nof MSMEs were temporarily closed as of July 2020,\nreducing to 12% in January 2021. Similarly, in tourism,\n27% of businesses were temporarily closed as of July\n2020 and that reduced to 18% in January 2021. Figure\n3. 1.1 and Table 3. 1.1 do not reflect those MSMEs who\nwere permanently closed; this was four in July 2020,\n22 in October 2020, and 24 in January 2021. Of these\n50 businesses who permanently closed during the\nresearch period, 30 were in the tourism sector, 18 in\nhandicraft/textile, and two in agriculture.\n7" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

3. Impact on Business Operations

", + "markdown": "# 3. Impact on Business Operations", + "text": "3. Impact on Business Operations" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1542, + "y": 0.0867 + }, + { + "x": 0.8523, + "y": 0.0867 + }, + { + "x": 0.8523, + "y": 0.1231 + }, + { + "x": 0.1542, + "y": 0.1231 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

This section investigates the impact of public health
measures on business operations. MSMEs were
asked about their expectations for recovery and the
main effects of COVID-19 on their businesses.

", + "markdown": "This section investigates the impact of public health\nmeasures on business operations. MSMEs were\nasked about their expectations for recovery and the\nmain effects of COVID-19 on their businesses.", + "text": "This section investigates the impact of public health\nmeasures on business operations. MSMEs were\nasked about their expectations for recovery and the\nmain effects of COVID-19 on their businesses." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1557, + "y": 0.1454 + }, + { + "x": 0.5411, + "y": 0.1454 + }, + { + "x": 0.5411, + "y": 0.203 + }, + { + "x": 0.1557, + "y": 0.203 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

3.1. Status of Business Operations

", + "markdown": "3.1. Status of Business Operations", + "text": "3.1. Status of Business Operations" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.155, + "y": 0.2165 + }, + { + "x": 0.4204, + "y": 0.2165 + }, + { + "x": 0.4204, + "y": 0.2314 + }, + { + "x": 0.155, + "y": 0.2314 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

As shown in Figure 3.1.1, the number of MSMEs
\"working as usual\" gradually increased over the

", + "markdown": "As shown in Figure 3.1.1, the number of MSMEs\n\"working as usual\" gradually increased over the", + "text": "As shown in Figure 3.1.1, the number of MSMEs\n\"working as usual\" gradually increased over the" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.156, + "y": 0.2457 + }, + { + "x": 0.5407, + "y": 0.2457 + }, + { + "x": 0.5407, + "y": 0.2735 + }, + { + "x": 0.156, + "y": 0.2735 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

course of the research period. The impacts of the
lockdown from March 30 to May 4, 2020, were starkly
felt, with only 30% of the MSMEs \" working as usual,\"
while over half (58%) were temporarily completely
closed.

", + "markdown": "course of the research period. The impacts of the\nlockdown from March 30 to May 4, 2020, were starkly\nfelt, with only 30% of the MSMEs \" working as usual,\"\nwhile over half (58%) were temporarily completely\nclosed.", + "text": "course of the research period. The impacts of the\nlockdown from March 30 to May 4, 2020, were starkly\nfelt, with only 30% of the MSMEs \" working as usual,\"\nwhile over half (58%) were temporarily completely\nclosed." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5504, + "y": 0.1465 + }, + { + "x": 0.935, + "y": 0.1465 + }, + { + "x": 0.935, + "y": 0.2162 + }, + { + "x": 0.5504, + "y": 0.2162 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "Figure 3. 1. 1: Status of operations during each survey phase (%)", + "markdown": "Figure 3. 1. 1: Status of operations during each survey phase (%)", + "text": "Figure 3. 1. 1: Status of operations during each survey phase (%)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1536, + "y": 0.2882 + }, + { + "x": 0.6371, + "y": 0.2882 + }, + { + "x": 0.6371, + "y": 0.3025 + }, + { + "x": 0.1536, + "y": 0.3025 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"2
", + "markdown": "2 2 1\n100\n6\n5\n/ 13\n13\n21\n80\n60 58\n85\n40 83\n71\n20\n30\n0\nLockdown Period July 2020 October 2020 January 2021\nBusiness premises closed to customers, but some business operations continue\n■ Business premises still open, but reduced operations\n■ Temporarily closed\nWorking as usual", + "text": "2 2 1\n100\n6\n5\n/ 13\n13\n21\n80\n60 58\n85\n40 83\n71\n20\n30\n0\nLockdown Period July 2020 October 2020 January 2021\nBusiness premises closed to customers, but some business operations continue\n■ Business premises still open, but reduced operations\n■ Temporarily closed\nWorking as usual" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2283, + "y": 0.3124 + }, + { + "x": 0.8609, + "y": 0.3124 + }, + { + "x": 0.8609, + "y": 0.6403 + }, + { + "x": 0.2283, + "y": 0.6403 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

In the agriculture sector, a large majority of MSMEs
(93% in July 2020, 98% in October 2020, and 99%
in January 2021) were operating normally, though

", + "markdown": "In the agriculture sector, a large majority of MSMEs\n(93% in July 2020, 98% in October 2020, and 99%\nin January 2021) were operating normally, though", + "text": "In the agriculture sector, a large majority of MSMEs\n(93% in July 2020, 98% in October 2020, and 99%\nin January 2021) were operating normally, though" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5505, + "y": 0.232 + }, + { + "x": 0.9337, + "y": 0.232 + }, + { + "x": 0.9337, + "y": 0.2753 + }, + { + "x": 0.5505, + "y": 0.2753 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

during the first lockdown period, just over three
quarters (77%) were working as usual. In contrast,
63% of firms from the tourism sector and 62%
from the handicraft/textile sector were working as
usual as of July 2020, rising to 80% of tourism and
82% of handicraft/textile firms as of January 2021.
During the lockdown period, tourism and handicraft/
textile MSMEs were the hardest hit with just 12%
and 15% respectively working as usual. As shown
in Table 3.1.1., a majority of tourism and handicraft/
textile MSMEs were temporarily closed during the

", + "markdown": "during the first lockdown period, just over three\nquarters (77%) were working as usual. In contrast,\n63% of firms from the tourism sector and 62%\nfrom the handicraft/textile sector were working as\nusual as of July 2020, rising to 80% of tourism and\n82% of handicraft/textile firms as of January 2021.\nDuring the lockdown period, tourism and handicraft/\ntextile MSMEs were the hardest hit with just 12%\nand 15% respectively working as usual. As shown\nin Table 3.1.1., a majority of tourism and handicraft/\ntextile MSMEs were temporarily closed during the", + "text": "during the first lockdown period, just over three\nquarters (77%) were working as usual. In contrast,\n63% of firms from the tourism sector and 62%\nfrom the handicraft/textile sector were working as\nusual as of July 2020, rising to 80% of tourism and\n82% of handicraft/textile firms as of January 2021.\nDuring the lockdown period, tourism and handicraft/\ntextile MSMEs were the hardest hit with just 12%\nand 15% respectively working as usual. As shown\nin Table 3.1.1., a majority of tourism and handicraft/\ntextile MSMEs were temporarily closed during the" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1557, + "y": 0.6592 + }, + { + "x": 0.5428, + "y": 0.6592 + }, + { + "x": 0.5428, + "y": 0.8162 + }, + { + "x": 0.1557, + "y": 0.8162 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

lockdown period. In the handicraft/textile sector, 30%
of MSMEs were temporarily closed as of July 2020,
reducing to 12% in January 2021. Similarly, in tourism,
27% of businesses were temporarily closed as of July
2020 and that reduced to 18% in January 2021. Figure
3. 1.1 and Table 3. 1.1 do not reflect those MSMEs who
were permanently closed; this was four in July 2020,
22 in October 2020, and 24 in January 2021. Of these
50 businesses who permanently closed during the
research period, 30 were in the tourism sector, 18 in
handicraft/textile, and two in agriculture.

", + "markdown": "lockdown period. In the handicraft/textile sector, 30%\nof MSMEs were temporarily closed as of July 2020,\nreducing to 12% in January 2021. Similarly, in tourism,\n27% of businesses were temporarily closed as of July\n2020 and that reduced to 18% in January 2021. Figure\n3. 1.1 and Table 3. 1.1 do not reflect those MSMEs who\nwere permanently closed; this was four in July 2020,\n22 in October 2020, and 24 in January 2021. Of these\n50 businesses who permanently closed during the\nresearch period, 30 were in the tourism sector, 18 in\nhandicraft/textile, and two in agriculture.", + "text": "lockdown period. In the handicraft/textile sector, 30%\nof MSMEs were temporarily closed as of July 2020,\nreducing to 12% in January 2021. Similarly, in tourism,\n27% of businesses were temporarily closed as of July\n2020 and that reduced to 18% in January 2021. Figure\n3. 1.1 and Table 3. 1.1 do not reflect those MSMEs who\nwere permanently closed; this was four in July 2020,\n22 in October 2020, and 24 in January 2021. Of these\n50 businesses who permanently closed during the\nresearch period, 30 were in the tourism sector, 18 in\nhandicraft/textile, and two in agriculture." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.549, + "y": 0.6595 + }, + { + "x": 0.9346, + "y": 0.6595 + }, + { + "x": 0.9346, + "y": 0.8147 + }, + { + "x": 0.549, + "y": 0.8147 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
7
", + "markdown": "7", + "text": "7" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0613, + "y": 0.9383 + }, + { + "x": 0.0758, + "y": 0.9383 + }, + { + "x": 0.0758, + "y": 0.9497 + }, + { + "x": 0.0613, + "y": 0.9497 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000177.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

0

\n

Figure 7.3. You can read more about KSU's
marketing approach in Marking Open and
Affordable Courses (Hare, Kirschner, and Reed
2020).

\n

For an even simpler graphic, we can look to Kansas State University. KSU's Open/Alternative
Textbook Initiative developed their OER icon, a book with an \"0\" on the cover, to be recognizable
even at a small scale. This was done because it would be used as a marking denoting the use of
open materials in their course schedule. This graphic is clear, easy to read, and emblematic of the
initiative itself, by representing open textbooks with a book icon.

\n

Aligning with Your Identity

\n

Like KSU did with their OER icon, your branding should be reflective of your initiative's work
in some way. Think about your audience and what you want them to feel when they see your
program's marketing on campus. Does your program have a unique name or tagline that
influences the way you present it (e.g., playful, bold, colorful, or innovative)?

\n
\"penEd\nCVCC\n々\nInnovation
\n

Figure 7.4. You can read more
about CVCC's marketing
approach in Marking Open and
Affordable Courses (Hare,
Kirschner, and Reed 2020).

\n

A great example of a program whose name and messaging align
clearly with their work is Central Virginia Community College
(CVCC). CVCC uses the tagline \"OpenEd CVCC: Innovation and
Affordability\" as their program's name and their icon features this
theme of innovation through graphics of light bulbs, gears, and
representations of various disciplines.

\n

CVCC's logo is more complex than the ones we shared in our
\"simple\" section. However, this isn't a problem in their case. Keep
in mind that the simplicity of any graphic will depend on where
and how it's used. CVCC's logo might have more going on than
KSU's icon, but it is meant to be used at a larger scale, SO it can
accommodate this complexity. If your logo will be used in print
materials or as a smaller icon, that's when you'll want to focus on
simpler designs. For graphics that will be displayed more
prominently, though, a larger graphic works fine.

\n
90 I PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
", + "markdown": "# 0\n\nFigure 7.3. You can read more about KSU's\nmarketing approach in Marking Open and\nAffordable Courses (Hare, Kirschner, and Reed\n2020).\n\nFor an even simpler graphic, we can look to Kansas State University. KSU's Open/Alternative\nTextbook Initiative developed their OER icon, a book with an \"0\" on the cover, to be recognizable\neven at a small scale. This was done because it would be used as a marking denoting the use of\nopen materials in their course schedule. This graphic is clear, easy to read, and emblematic of the\ninitiative itself, by representing open textbooks with a book icon.\n\n# Aligning with Your Identity\n\nLike KSU did with their OER icon, your branding should be reflective of your initiative's work\nin some way. Think about your audience and what you want them to feel when they see your\nprogram's marketing on campus. Does your program have a unique name or tagline that\ninfluences the way you present it (e.g., playful, bold, colorful, or innovative)?\n\npenEd\nCVCC\n々\nInnovation & Affordability\n\nFigure 7.4. You can read more\nabout CVCC's marketing\napproach in Marking Open and\nAffordable Courses (Hare,\nKirschner, and Reed 2020).\n\nA great example of a program whose name and messaging align\nclearly with their work is Central Virginia Community College\n(CVCC). CVCC uses the tagline \"OpenEd CVCC: Innovation and\nAffordability\" as their program's name and their icon features this\ntheme of innovation through graphics of light bulbs, gears, and\nrepresentations of various disciplines.\n\nCVCC's logo is more complex than the ones we shared in our\n\"simple\" section. However, this isn't a problem in their case. Keep\nin mind that the simplicity of any graphic will depend on where\nand how it's used. CVCC's logo might have more going on than\nKSU's icon, but it is meant to be used at a larger scale, SO it can\naccommodate this complexity. If your logo will be used in print\nmaterials or as a smaller icon, that's when you'll want to focus on\nsimpler designs. For graphics that will be displayed more\nprominently, though, a larger graphic works fine.\n\n90 I PROGRAM MANAGEMENT", + "text": "0\nFigure 7.3. You can read more about KSU's\nmarketing approach in Marking Open and\nAffordable Courses (Hare, Kirschner, and Reed\n2020).\nFor an even simpler graphic, we can look to Kansas State University. KSU's Open/Alternative\nTextbook Initiative developed their OER icon, a book with an \"0\" on the cover, to be recognizable\neven at a small scale. This was done because it would be used as a marking denoting the use of\nopen materials in their course schedule. This graphic is clear, easy to read, and emblematic of the\ninitiative itself, by representing open textbooks with a book icon.\nAligning with Your Identity\nLike KSU did with their OER icon, your branding should be reflective of your initiative's work\nin some way. Think about your audience and what you want them to feel when they see your\nprogram's marketing on campus. Does your program have a unique name or tagline that\ninfluences the way you present it (e.g., playful, bold, colorful, or innovative)?\npenEd\nCVCC\n々\nInnovation & Affordability\nFigure 7.4. You can read more\nabout CVCC's marketing\napproach in Marking Open and\nAffordable Courses (Hare,\nKirschner, and Reed 2020).\nA great example of a program whose name and messaging align\nclearly with their work is Central Virginia Community College\n(CVCC). CVCC uses the tagline \"OpenEd CVCC: Innovation and\nAffordability\" as their program's name and their icon features this\ntheme of innovation through graphics of light bulbs, gears, and\nrepresentations of various disciplines.\nCVCC's logo is more complex than the ones we shared in our\n\"simple\" section. However, this isn't a problem in their case. Keep\nin mind that the simplicity of any graphic will depend on where\nand how it's used. CVCC's logo might have more going on than\nKSU's icon, but it is meant to be used at a larger scale, SO it can\naccommodate this complexity. If your logo will be used in print\nmaterials or as a smaller icon, that's when you'll want to focus on\nsimpler designs. For graphics that will be displayed more\nprominently, though, a larger graphic works fine.\n90 I PROGRAM MANAGEMENT" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

0

", + "markdown": "# 0", + "text": "0" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4105, + "y": 0.0752 + }, + { + "x": 0.5837, + "y": 0.0752 + }, + { + "x": 0.5837, + "y": 0.2 + }, + { + "x": 0.4105, + "y": 0.2 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 7.3. You can read more about KSU's
marketing approach in Marking Open and
Affordable Courses (Hare, Kirschner, and Reed
2020).

", + "markdown": "Figure 7.3. You can read more about KSU's\nmarketing approach in Marking Open and\nAffordable Courses (Hare, Kirschner, and Reed\n2020).", + "text": "Figure 7.3. You can read more about KSU's\nmarketing approach in Marking Open and\nAffordable Courses (Hare, Kirschner, and Reed\n2020)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3198, + "y": 0.2154 + }, + { + "x": 0.653, + "y": 0.2154 + }, + { + "x": 0.653, + "y": 0.2734 + }, + { + "x": 0.3198, + "y": 0.2734 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

For an even simpler graphic, we can look to Kansas State University. KSU's Open/Alternative
Textbook Initiative developed their OER icon, a book with an \"0\" on the cover, to be recognizable
even at a small scale. This was done because it would be used as a marking denoting the use of
open materials in their course schedule. This graphic is clear, easy to read, and emblematic of the
initiative itself, by representing open textbooks with a book icon.

", + "markdown": "For an even simpler graphic, we can look to Kansas State University. KSU's Open/Alternative\nTextbook Initiative developed their OER icon, a book with an \"0\" on the cover, to be recognizable\neven at a small scale. This was done because it would be used as a marking denoting the use of\nopen materials in their course schedule. This graphic is clear, easy to read, and emblematic of the\ninitiative itself, by representing open textbooks with a book icon.", + "text": "For an even simpler graphic, we can look to Kansas State University. KSU's Open/Alternative\nTextbook Initiative developed their OER icon, a book with an \"0\" on the cover, to be recognizable\neven at a small scale. This was done because it would be used as a marking denoting the use of\nopen materials in their course schedule. This graphic is clear, easy to read, and emblematic of the\ninitiative itself, by representing open textbooks with a book icon." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1111, + "y": 0.2952 + }, + { + "x": 0.8894, + "y": 0.2952 + }, + { + "x": 0.8894, + "y": 0.3932 + }, + { + "x": 0.1111, + "y": 0.3932 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Aligning with Your Identity

", + "markdown": "# Aligning with Your Identity", + "text": "Aligning with Your Identity" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1118, + "y": 0.4166 + }, + { + "x": 0.3999, + "y": 0.4166 + }, + { + "x": 0.3999, + "y": 0.4389 + }, + { + "x": 0.1118, + "y": 0.4389 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Like KSU did with their OER icon, your branding should be reflective of your initiative's work
in some way. Think about your audience and what you want them to feel when they see your
program's marketing on campus. Does your program have a unique name or tagline that
influences the way you present it (e.g., playful, bold, colorful, or innovative)?

", + "markdown": "Like KSU did with their OER icon, your branding should be reflective of your initiative's work\nin some way. Think about your audience and what you want them to feel when they see your\nprogram's marketing on campus. Does your program have a unique name or tagline that\ninfluences the way you present it (e.g., playful, bold, colorful, or innovative)?", + "text": "Like KSU did with their OER icon, your branding should be reflective of your initiative's work\nin some way. Think about your audience and what you want them to feel when they see your\nprogram's marketing on campus. Does your program have a unique name or tagline that\ninfluences the way you present it (e.g., playful, bold, colorful, or innovative)?" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1107, + "y": 0.4548 + }, + { + "x": 0.891, + "y": 0.4548 + }, + { + "x": 0.891, + "y": 0.5333 + }, + { + "x": 0.1107, + "y": 0.5333 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"penEd\nCVCC\n々\nInnovation
", + "markdown": "penEd\nCVCC\n々\nInnovation & Affordability", + "text": "penEd\nCVCC\n々\nInnovation & Affordability" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1122, + "y": 0.5408 + }, + { + "x": 0.3539, + "y": 0.5408 + }, + { + "x": 0.3539, + "y": 0.7905 + }, + { + "x": 0.1122, + "y": 0.7905 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 7.4. You can read more
about CVCC's marketing
approach in Marking Open and
Affordable Courses (Hare,
Kirschner, and Reed 2020).

", + "markdown": "Figure 7.4. You can read more\nabout CVCC's marketing\napproach in Marking Open and\nAffordable Courses (Hare,\nKirschner, and Reed 2020).", + "text": "Figure 7.4. You can read more\nabout CVCC's marketing\napproach in Marking Open and\nAffordable Courses (Hare,\nKirschner, and Reed 2020)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.113, + "y": 0.7977 + }, + { + "x": 0.3391, + "y": 0.7977 + }, + { + "x": 0.3391, + "y": 0.8702 + }, + { + "x": 0.113, + "y": 0.8702 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

A great example of a program whose name and messaging align
clearly with their work is Central Virginia Community College
(CVCC). CVCC uses the tagline \"OpenEd CVCC: Innovation and
Affordability\" as their program's name and their icon features this
theme of innovation through graphics of light bulbs, gears, and
representations of various disciplines.

", + "markdown": "A great example of a program whose name and messaging align\nclearly with their work is Central Virginia Community College\n(CVCC). CVCC uses the tagline \"OpenEd CVCC: Innovation and\nAffordability\" as their program's name and their icon features this\ntheme of innovation through graphics of light bulbs, gears, and\nrepresentations of various disciplines.", + "text": "A great example of a program whose name and messaging align\nclearly with their work is Central Virginia Community College\n(CVCC). CVCC uses the tagline \"OpenEd CVCC: Innovation and\nAffordability\" as their program's name and their icon features this\ntheme of innovation through graphics of light bulbs, gears, and\nrepresentations of various disciplines." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3659, + "y": 0.5488 + }, + { + "x": 0.8892, + "y": 0.5488 + }, + { + "x": 0.8892, + "y": 0.6648 + }, + { + "x": 0.3659, + "y": 0.6648 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

CVCC's logo is more complex than the ones we shared in our
\"simple\" section. However, this isn't a problem in their case. Keep
in mind that the simplicity of any graphic will depend on where
and how it's used. CVCC's logo might have more going on than
KSU's icon, but it is meant to be used at a larger scale, SO it can
accommodate this complexity. If your logo will be used in print
materials or as a smaller icon, that's when you'll want to focus on
simpler designs. For graphics that will be displayed more
prominently, though, a larger graphic works fine.

", + "markdown": "CVCC's logo is more complex than the ones we shared in our\n\"simple\" section. However, this isn't a problem in their case. Keep\nin mind that the simplicity of any graphic will depend on where\nand how it's used. CVCC's logo might have more going on than\nKSU's icon, but it is meant to be used at a larger scale, SO it can\naccommodate this complexity. If your logo will be used in print\nmaterials or as a smaller icon, that's when you'll want to focus on\nsimpler designs. For graphics that will be displayed more\nprominently, though, a larger graphic works fine.", + "text": "CVCC's logo is more complex than the ones we shared in our\n\"simple\" section. However, this isn't a problem in their case. Keep\nin mind that the simplicity of any graphic will depend on where\nand how it's used. CVCC's logo might have more going on than\nKSU's icon, but it is meant to be used at a larger scale, SO it can\naccommodate this complexity. If your logo will be used in print\nmaterials or as a smaller icon, that's when you'll want to focus on\nsimpler designs. For graphics that will be displayed more\nprominently, though, a larger graphic works fine." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3664, + "y": 0.6816 + }, + { + "x": 0.8894, + "y": 0.6816 + }, + { + "x": 0.8894, + "y": 0.8588 + }, + { + "x": 0.3664, + "y": 0.8588 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
90 I PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
", + "markdown": "90 I PROGRAM MANAGEMENT", + "text": "90 I PROGRAM MANAGEMENT" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1123, + "y": 0.9383 + }, + { + "x": 0.3375, + "y": 0.9383 + }, + { + "x": 0.3375, + "y": 0.9542 + }, + { + "x": 0.1123, + "y": 0.9542 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000162.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

1. Edward Bernays
2. Wikipedia. Public Relations
3. Pinterest. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
4. Bernays, Edward. Crystalizing Public Opinion.
5. Encyclopedia of Propaganda

\n

Possible directions for the discussion:

\n

· What the sources suggest about the level of
research. Do sources like Wikipedia and Pinterest
indicate a deep engagement with the topic? What
about the Encyclopedia of Propaganda? Call back to
the chapter, Identifying a Topic, encyclopedias are
good preliminary sources, but if research stops with
an overview source, how valuable is it?
· Ways in which the citations are ambiguous. Is
enough information provided that readers can find
the original information? Is number 1 about that
person or written by that person? Is number 4 a book
or an article? It has implications for how we would
look for it. For number 5, there is more than one
book with the title Encyclopedia of Propaganda, and
also it's unlikely they meant to refer to the whole
encyclopedia.
· The difference between discovering a source on a
social media platform and citing the content. Is
enough information given to find the Pinterest
source? Revisit the creator concept from the chapter,
Types of Sources. Social media companies distribute
but do not create content, SO they are not the ones
that should be cited. Opportunity to talk about
specific sources students have found on social media

\n
114 I Instructor Resources
", + "markdown": "- 1. Edward Bernays\n- 2. Wikipedia. Public Relations\n- 3. Pinterest. Retrieved June 10, 2021.\n- 4. Bernays, Edward. Crystalizing Public Opinion.\n- 5. Encyclopedia of Propaganda\n\n\n# Possible directions for the discussion:\n\n- · What the sources suggest about the level of\n- research. Do sources like Wikipedia and Pinterest\n- indicate a deep engagement with the topic? What\n- about the Encyclopedia of Propaganda? Call back to\n- the chapter, Identifying a Topic, encyclopedias are\n- good preliminary sources, but if research stops with\n- an overview source, how valuable is it?\n- · Ways in which the citations are ambiguous. Is\n- enough information provided that readers can find\n- the original information? Is number 1 about that\n- person or written by that person? Is number 4 a book\n- or an article? It has implications for how we would\n- look for it. For number 5, there is more than one\n- book with the title Encyclopedia of Propaganda, and\n- also it's unlikely they meant to refer to the whole\n- encyclopedia.\n- · The difference between discovering a source on a\n- social media platform and citing the content. Is\n- enough information given to find the Pinterest\n- source? Revisit the creator concept from the chapter,\n- Types of Sources. Social media companies distribute\n- but do not create content, SO they are not the ones\n- that should be cited. Opportunity to talk about\n- specific sources students have found on social media\n\n\n114 I Instructor Resources", + "text": "1. Edward Bernays\n2. Wikipedia. Public Relations\n3. Pinterest. Retrieved June 10, 2021.\n4. Bernays, Edward. Crystalizing Public Opinion.\n5. Encyclopedia of Propaganda\nPossible directions for the discussion:\n· What the sources suggest about the level of\nresearch. Do sources like Wikipedia and Pinterest\nindicate a deep engagement with the topic? What\nabout the Encyclopedia of Propaganda? Call back to\nthe chapter, Identifying a Topic, encyclopedias are\ngood preliminary sources, but if research stops with\nan overview source, how valuable is it?\n· Ways in which the citations are ambiguous. Is\nenough information provided that readers can find\nthe original information? Is number 1 about that\nperson or written by that person? Is number 4 a book\nor an article? It has implications for how we would\nlook for it. For number 5, there is more than one\nbook with the title Encyclopedia of Propaganda, and\nalso it's unlikely they meant to refer to the whole\nencyclopedia.\n· The difference between discovering a source on a\nsocial media platform and citing the content. Is\nenough information given to find the Pinterest\nsource? Revisit the creator concept from the chapter,\nTypes of Sources. Social media companies distribute\nbut do not create content, SO they are not the ones\nthat should be cited. Opportunity to talk about\nspecific sources students have found on social media\n114 I Instructor Resources" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

1. Edward Bernays
2. Wikipedia. Public Relations
3. Pinterest. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
4. Bernays, Edward. Crystalizing Public Opinion.
5. Encyclopedia of Propaganda

", + "markdown": "- 1. Edward Bernays\n- 2. Wikipedia. Public Relations\n- 3. Pinterest. Retrieved June 10, 2021.\n- 4. Bernays, Edward. Crystalizing Public Opinion.\n- 5. Encyclopedia of Propaganda\n", + "text": "1. Edward Bernays\n2. Wikipedia. Public Relations\n3. Pinterest. Retrieved June 10, 2021.\n4. Bernays, Edward. Crystalizing Public Opinion.\n5. Encyclopedia of Propaganda" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2047, + "y": 0.1344 + }, + { + "x": 0.7565, + "y": 0.1344 + }, + { + "x": 0.7565, + "y": 0.2497 + }, + { + "x": 0.2047, + "y": 0.2497 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Possible directions for the discussion:

", + "markdown": "# Possible directions for the discussion:", + "text": "Possible directions for the discussion:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2029, + "y": 0.2616 + }, + { + "x": 0.6084, + "y": 0.2616 + }, + { + "x": 0.6084, + "y": 0.2804 + }, + { + "x": 0.2029, + "y": 0.2804 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· What the sources suggest about the level of
research. Do sources like Wikipedia and Pinterest
indicate a deep engagement with the topic? What
about the Encyclopedia of Propaganda? Call back to
the chapter, Identifying a Topic, encyclopedias are
good preliminary sources, but if research stops with
an overview source, how valuable is it?
· Ways in which the citations are ambiguous. Is
enough information provided that readers can find
the original information? Is number 1 about that
person or written by that person? Is number 4 a book
or an article? It has implications for how we would
look for it. For number 5, there is more than one
book with the title Encyclopedia of Propaganda, and
also it's unlikely they meant to refer to the whole
encyclopedia.
· The difference between discovering a source on a
social media platform and citing the content. Is
enough information given to find the Pinterest
source? Revisit the creator concept from the chapter,
Types of Sources. Social media companies distribute
but do not create content, SO they are not the ones
that should be cited. Opportunity to talk about
specific sources students have found on social media

", + "markdown": "- · What the sources suggest about the level of\n- research. Do sources like Wikipedia and Pinterest\n- indicate a deep engagement with the topic? What\n- about the Encyclopedia of Propaganda? Call back to\n- the chapter, Identifying a Topic, encyclopedias are\n- good preliminary sources, but if research stops with\n- an overview source, how valuable is it?\n- · Ways in which the citations are ambiguous. Is\n- enough information provided that readers can find\n- the original information? Is number 1 about that\n- person or written by that person? Is number 4 a book\n- or an article? It has implications for how we would\n- look for it. For number 5, there is more than one\n- book with the title Encyclopedia of Propaganda, and\n- also it's unlikely they meant to refer to the whole\n- encyclopedia.\n- · The difference between discovering a source on a\n- social media platform and citing the content. Is\n- enough information given to find the Pinterest\n- source? Revisit the creator concept from the chapter,\n- Types of Sources. Social media companies distribute\n- but do not create content, SO they are not the ones\n- that should be cited. Opportunity to talk about\n- specific sources students have found on social media\n", + "text": "· What the sources suggest about the level of\nresearch. Do sources like Wikipedia and Pinterest\nindicate a deep engagement with the topic? What\nabout the Encyclopedia of Propaganda? Call back to\nthe chapter, Identifying a Topic, encyclopedias are\ngood preliminary sources, but if research stops with\nan overview source, how valuable is it?\n· Ways in which the citations are ambiguous. Is\nenough information provided that readers can find\nthe original information? Is number 1 about that\nperson or written by that person? Is number 4 a book\nor an article? It has implications for how we would\nlook for it. For number 5, there is more than one\nbook with the title Encyclopedia of Propaganda, and\nalso it's unlikely they meant to refer to the whole\nencyclopedia.\n· The difference between discovering a source on a\nsocial media platform and citing the content. Is\nenough information given to find the Pinterest\nsource? Revisit the creator concept from the chapter,\nTypes of Sources. Social media companies distribute\nbut do not create content, SO they are not the ones\nthat should be cited. Opportunity to talk about\nspecific sources students have found on social media" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2017, + "y": 0.2827 + }, + { + "x": 0.8251, + "y": 0.2827 + }, + { + "x": 0.8251, + "y": 0.8538 + }, + { + "x": 0.2017, + "y": 0.8538 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
114 I Instructor Resources
", + "markdown": "114 I Instructor Resources", + "text": "114 I Instructor Resources" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1377, + "y": 0.9221 + }, + { + "x": 0.3987, + "y": 0.9221 + }, + { + "x": 0.3987, + "y": 0.9407 + }, + { + "x": 0.1377, + "y": 0.9407 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000169.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

· Lime is recommended if pH < 5.8

\n

Target pH of 5.5 =

\n

[6, 405 - (1, 590 x buffer pH) + (98 x buffer pH x buffer pH)] x depth

\n

· Depth is in inches
· Used if cash flow is limited or in lime availability problem areas in Central and Western Kansas
· Lime is recommended if pH < 5.5

\n

This buffer contains chromium (Cr), a toxic heavy metal. Therefore, your lab instructor will perform the SMP buffer
analysis. As a class, determine which soil-water mixtures from Activity 1 need lime (pH ≤ 6.4). To those solutions, add
10 ml of the SMP buffer solution, and stir with a glass rod. Allow the mixtures to stand for 30 minutes, which should be
enough time for the acid cations to be displaced from the CEC and forced into solution. Read the pH on meter.

\n

Assuming the desired pH is 6.0 (i.e. use the middle equation), calculate the lime requirement, show your work
below, and record your results in Table 14.1.

\n

Activity 5: Evaluating Liming Materials

\n

The type of liming material and the size or fineness of the material determine how efficiently liming materials raise soil
pH. This experiment was actually initiated earlier in the semester to allow time for the liming agents to react. Amending
the soil with several different liming agents allows us assess the effects of particle size and liming material based on the
relative changes in soil. The treatments included the following:

\n

· Reagent grade CaCO3
· Reagent grade CaO
· Reagent grade CaSO4
· Coarse dolomitic limestone (35 mesh)
· Fine dolomitic limestone (120 mesh)
· Control (no amendments)

\n

When this experiment was initiated, each lab section was divided into six groups, with each group responsible for one
of the six treatments. Your laboratory instructor assigned a treatment to your group, and you completed the following
steps:

\n

1. Label four plastic bags
2. Weigh 20 g of air-dry soil into each plastic bag.
3. Weigh 0.1 gram of designated liming material onto weighing paper.
4. Add the liming material to the soil and mix thoroughly to distribute evenly in the soil.
5. Add a few mL of water to each bag and mix.
6. Close the bags to start incubation.

\n

Now that the liming agents have had time to react, you will collect the results.

\n
130 / Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH
", + "markdown": "· Lime is recommended if pH < 5.8\n\n# Target pH of 5.5 =\n\n[6, 405 - (1, 590 x buffer pH) + (98 x buffer pH x buffer pH)] x depth\n\n- · Depth is in inches\n- · Used if cash flow is limited or in lime availability problem areas in Central and Western Kansas\n- · Lime is recommended if pH < 5.5\n\n\nThis buffer contains chromium (Cr), a toxic heavy metal. Therefore, your lab instructor will perform the SMP buffer\nanalysis. As a class, determine which soil-water mixtures from Activity 1 need lime (pH ≤ 6.4). To those solutions, add\n10 ml of the SMP buffer solution, and stir with a glass rod. Allow the mixtures to stand for 30 minutes, which should be\nenough time for the acid cations to be displaced from the CEC and forced into solution. Read the pH on meter.\n\nAssuming the desired pH is 6.0 (i.e. use the middle equation), calculate the lime requirement, show your work\nbelow, and record your results in Table 14.1.\n\n# Activity 5: Evaluating Liming Materials\n\nThe type of liming material and the size or fineness of the material determine how efficiently liming materials raise soil\npH. This experiment was actually initiated earlier in the semester to allow time for the liming agents to react. Amending\nthe soil with several different liming agents allows us assess the effects of particle size and liming material based on the\nrelative changes in soil. The treatments included the following:\n\n- · Reagent grade CaCO3\n- · Reagent grade CaO\n- · Reagent grade CaSO4\n- · Coarse dolomitic limestone (35 mesh)\n- · Fine dolomitic limestone (120 mesh)\n- · Control (no amendments)\n\n\nWhen this experiment was initiated, each lab section was divided into six groups, with each group responsible for one\nof the six treatments. Your laboratory instructor assigned a treatment to your group, and you completed the following\nsteps:\n\n- 1. Label four plastic bags\n- 2. Weigh 20 g of air-dry soil into each plastic bag.\n- 3. Weigh 0.1 gram of designated liming material onto weighing paper.\n- 4. Add the liming material to the soil and mix thoroughly to distribute evenly in the soil.\n- 5. Add a few mL of water to each bag and mix.\n- 6. Close the bags to start incubation.\n\n\nNow that the liming agents have had time to react, you will collect the results.\n\n130 / Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH", + "text": "· Lime is recommended if pH < 5.8\nTarget pH of 5.5 =\n[6, 405 - (1, 590 x buffer pH) + (98 x buffer pH x buffer pH)] x depth\n· Depth is in inches\n· Used if cash flow is limited or in lime availability problem areas in Central and Western Kansas\n· Lime is recommended if pH < 5.5\nThis buffer contains chromium (Cr), a toxic heavy metal. Therefore, your lab instructor will perform the SMP buffer\nanalysis. As a class, determine which soil-water mixtures from Activity 1 need lime (pH ≤ 6.4). To those solutions, add\n10 ml of the SMP buffer solution, and stir with a glass rod. Allow the mixtures to stand for 30 minutes, which should be\nenough time for the acid cations to be displaced from the CEC and forced into solution. Read the pH on meter.\nAssuming the desired pH is 6.0 (i.e. use the middle equation), calculate the lime requirement, show your work\nbelow, and record your results in Table 14.1.\nActivity 5: Evaluating Liming Materials\nThe type of liming material and the size or fineness of the material determine how efficiently liming materials raise soil\npH. This experiment was actually initiated earlier in the semester to allow time for the liming agents to react. Amending\nthe soil with several different liming agents allows us assess the effects of particle size and liming material based on the\nrelative changes in soil. The treatments included the following:\n· Reagent grade CaCO3\n· Reagent grade CaO\n· Reagent grade CaSO4\n· Coarse dolomitic limestone (35 mesh)\n· Fine dolomitic limestone (120 mesh)\n· Control (no amendments)\nWhen this experiment was initiated, each lab section was divided into six groups, with each group responsible for one\nof the six treatments. Your laboratory instructor assigned a treatment to your group, and you completed the following\nsteps:\n1. Label four plastic bags\n2. Weigh 20 g of air-dry soil into each plastic bag.\n3. Weigh 0.1 gram of designated liming material onto weighing paper.\n4. Add the liming material to the soil and mix thoroughly to distribute evenly in the soil.\n5. Add a few mL of water to each bag and mix.\n6. Close the bags to start incubation.\nNow that the liming agents have had time to react, you will collect the results.\n130 / Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

· Lime is recommended if pH < 5.8

", + "markdown": "· Lime is recommended if pH < 5.8", + "text": "· Lime is recommended if pH < 5.8" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0974, + "y": 0.0732 + }, + { + "x": 0.3507, + "y": 0.0732 + }, + { + "x": 0.3507, + "y": 0.0897 + }, + { + "x": 0.0974, + "y": 0.0897 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Target pH of 5.5 =

", + "markdown": "# Target pH of 5.5 =", + "text": "Target pH of 5.5 =" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0899, + "y": 0.1054 + }, + { + "x": 0.28, + "y": 0.1054 + }, + { + "x": 0.28, + "y": 0.1253 + }, + { + "x": 0.0899, + "y": 0.1253 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

[6, 405 - (1, 590 x buffer pH) + (98 x buffer pH x buffer pH)] x depth

", + "markdown": "[6, 405 - (1, 590 x buffer pH) + (98 x buffer pH x buffer pH)] x depth", + "text": "[6, 405 - (1, 590 x buffer pH) + (98 x buffer pH x buffer pH)] x depth" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0902, + "y": 0.1353 + }, + { + "x": 0.79, + "y": 0.1353 + }, + { + "x": 0.79, + "y": 0.1586 + }, + { + "x": 0.0902, + "y": 0.1586 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Depth is in inches
· Used if cash flow is limited or in lime availability problem areas in Central and Western Kansas
· Lime is recommended if pH < 5.5

", + "markdown": "- · Depth is in inches\n- · Used if cash flow is limited or in lime availability problem areas in Central and Western Kansas\n- · Lime is recommended if pH < 5.5\n", + "text": "· Depth is in inches\n· Used if cash flow is limited or in lime availability problem areas in Central and Western Kansas\n· Lime is recommended if pH < 5.5" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.099, + "y": 0.1739 + }, + { + "x": 0.7694, + "y": 0.1739 + }, + { + "x": 0.7694, + "y": 0.2274 + }, + { + "x": 0.099, + "y": 0.2274 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

This buffer contains chromium (Cr), a toxic heavy metal. Therefore, your lab instructor will perform the SMP buffer
analysis. As a class, determine which soil-water mixtures from Activity 1 need lime (pH ≤ 6.4). To those solutions, add
10 ml of the SMP buffer solution, and stir with a glass rod. Allow the mixtures to stand for 30 minutes, which should be
enough time for the acid cations to be displaced from the CEC and forced into solution. Read the pH on meter.

", + "markdown": "This buffer contains chromium (Cr), a toxic heavy metal. Therefore, your lab instructor will perform the SMP buffer\nanalysis. As a class, determine which soil-water mixtures from Activity 1 need lime (pH ≤ 6.4). To those solutions, add\n10 ml of the SMP buffer solution, and stir with a glass rod. Allow the mixtures to stand for 30 minutes, which should be\nenough time for the acid cations to be displaced from the CEC and forced into solution. Read the pH on meter.", + "text": "This buffer contains chromium (Cr), a toxic heavy metal. Therefore, your lab instructor will perform the SMP buffer\nanalysis. As a class, determine which soil-water mixtures from Activity 1 need lime (pH ≤ 6.4). To those solutions, add\n10 ml of the SMP buffer solution, and stir with a glass rod. Allow the mixtures to stand for 30 minutes, which should be\nenough time for the acid cations to be displaced from the CEC and forced into solution. Read the pH on meter." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0873, + "y": 0.2443 + }, + { + "x": 0.9131, + "y": 0.2443 + }, + { + "x": 0.9131, + "y": 0.3146 + }, + { + "x": 0.0873, + "y": 0.3146 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Assuming the desired pH is 6.0 (i.e. use the middle equation), calculate the lime requirement, show your work
below, and record your results in Table 14.1.

", + "markdown": "Assuming the desired pH is 6.0 (i.e. use the middle equation), calculate the lime requirement, show your work\nbelow, and record your results in Table 14.1.", + "text": "Assuming the desired pH is 6.0 (i.e. use the middle equation), calculate the lime requirement, show your work\nbelow, and record your results in Table 14.1." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1121, + "y": 0.3271 + }, + { + "x": 0.9091, + "y": 0.3271 + }, + { + "x": 0.9091, + "y": 0.361 + }, + { + "x": 0.1121, + "y": 0.361 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Activity 5: Evaluating Liming Materials

", + "markdown": "# Activity 5: Evaluating Liming Materials", + "text": "Activity 5: Evaluating Liming Materials" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0891, + "y": 0.4303 + }, + { + "x": 0.4598, + "y": 0.4303 + }, + { + "x": 0.4598, + "y": 0.4529 + }, + { + "x": 0.0891, + "y": 0.4529 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The type of liming material and the size or fineness of the material determine how efficiently liming materials raise soil
pH. This experiment was actually initiated earlier in the semester to allow time for the liming agents to react. Amending
the soil with several different liming agents allows us assess the effects of particle size and liming material based on the
relative changes in soil. The treatments included the following:

", + "markdown": "The type of liming material and the size or fineness of the material determine how efficiently liming materials raise soil\npH. This experiment was actually initiated earlier in the semester to allow time for the liming agents to react. Amending\nthe soil with several different liming agents allows us assess the effects of particle size and liming material based on the\nrelative changes in soil. The treatments included the following:", + "text": "The type of liming material and the size or fineness of the material determine how efficiently liming materials raise soil\npH. This experiment was actually initiated earlier in the semester to allow time for the liming agents to react. Amending\nthe soil with several different liming agents allows us assess the effects of particle size and liming material based on the\nrelative changes in soil. The treatments included the following:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0871, + "y": 0.4779 + }, + { + "x": 0.9128, + "y": 0.4779 + }, + { + "x": 0.9128, + "y": 0.5478 + }, + { + "x": 0.0871, + "y": 0.5478 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Reagent grade CaCO3
· Reagent grade CaO
· Reagent grade CaSO4
· Coarse dolomitic limestone (35 mesh)
· Fine dolomitic limestone (120 mesh)
· Control (no amendments)

", + "markdown": "- · Reagent grade CaCO3\n- · Reagent grade CaO\n- · Reagent grade CaSO4\n- · Coarse dolomitic limestone (35 mesh)\n- · Fine dolomitic limestone (120 mesh)\n- · Control (no amendments)\n", + "text": "· Reagent grade CaCO3\n· Reagent grade CaO\n· Reagent grade CaSO4\n· Coarse dolomitic limestone (35 mesh)\n· Fine dolomitic limestone (120 mesh)\n· Control (no amendments)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0979, + "y": 0.5653 + }, + { + "x": 0.3828, + "y": 0.5653 + }, + { + "x": 0.3828, + "y": 0.67 + }, + { + "x": 0.0979, + "y": 0.67 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

When this experiment was initiated, each lab section was divided into six groups, with each group responsible for one
of the six treatments. Your laboratory instructor assigned a treatment to your group, and you completed the following
steps:

", + "markdown": "When this experiment was initiated, each lab section was divided into six groups, with each group responsible for one\nof the six treatments. Your laboratory instructor assigned a treatment to your group, and you completed the following\nsteps:", + "text": "When this experiment was initiated, each lab section was divided into six groups, with each group responsible for one\nof the six treatments. Your laboratory instructor assigned a treatment to your group, and you completed the following\nsteps:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.088, + "y": 0.6876 + }, + { + "x": 0.912, + "y": 0.6876 + }, + { + "x": 0.912, + "y": 0.7389 + }, + { + "x": 0.088, + "y": 0.7389 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

1. Label four plastic bags
2. Weigh 20 g of air-dry soil into each plastic bag.
3. Weigh 0.1 gram of designated liming material onto weighing paper.
4. Add the liming material to the soil and mix thoroughly to distribute evenly in the soil.
5. Add a few mL of water to each bag and mix.
6. Close the bags to start incubation.

", + "markdown": "- 1. Label four plastic bags\n- 2. Weigh 20 g of air-dry soil into each plastic bag.\n- 3. Weigh 0.1 gram of designated liming material onto weighing paper.\n- 4. Add the liming material to the soil and mix thoroughly to distribute evenly in the soil.\n- 5. Add a few mL of water to each bag and mix.\n- 6. Close the bags to start incubation.\n", + "text": "1. Label four plastic bags\n2. Weigh 20 g of air-dry soil into each plastic bag.\n3. Weigh 0.1 gram of designated liming material onto weighing paper.\n4. Add the liming material to the soil and mix thoroughly to distribute evenly in the soil.\n5. Add a few mL of water to each bag and mix.\n6. Close the bags to start incubation." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0914, + "y": 0.7559 + }, + { + "x": 0.7095, + "y": 0.7559 + }, + { + "x": 0.7095, + "y": 0.8624 + }, + { + "x": 0.0914, + "y": 0.8624 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Now that the liming agents have had time to react, you will collect the results.

", + "markdown": "Now that the liming agents have had time to react, you will collect the results.", + "text": "Now that the liming agents have had time to react, you will collect the results." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0901, + "y": 0.8797 + }, + { + "x": 0.6263, + "y": 0.8797 + }, + { + "x": 0.6263, + "y": 0.8961 + }, + { + "x": 0.0901, + "y": 0.8961 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
130 / Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH
", + "markdown": "130 / Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH", + "text": "130 / Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0886, + "y": 0.939 + }, + { + "x": 0.3353, + "y": 0.939 + }, + { + "x": 0.3353, + "y": 0.9542 + }, + { + "x": 0.0886, + "y": 0.9542 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000089.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions
\n
JurisdictionGATS XVII Reservation (1994)Foreign Ownership PermittedRestrictions on Foreign OwnershipForeign Ownership Reporting Requirements
by persons of same nationality must not exceed 40% of the quarter.
CanadaYYProhibition on ownership of residential property with exceptions; some provinces also restrict ownership, including of agricultural land.
ChileNYProhibition on acquisition of public lands within 10 kilometers from the border and favorable military report required for acquisition of land 5 kilometers from the coast; nationals of bordering countries and legal persons with their principal place of business in one of those countries cannot obtain rights to real estate located totally or partially in the border area.
ChinaN (2001)NNo individuals, domestic or foreign, can privately own land. The state grants land use rights to land users for a certain number of years. Foreigners can obtain such land use rights, own residential houses and apartments, or incorporate foreign-invested enterprises to invest in real estate.
EgyptYYProhibition on ownership of agriculture lands, land in Sinai Peninsula; otherwise, permitted to own up to two properties, up to 4,000 square meters, for residential purposes; no disposition for 5 years; approval required to acquire land in tourist areas; joint ownership with an Egyptian who has majority
\n
The Law Library of Congress
", + "markdown": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions\n\n| Jurisdiction | GATS XVII Reservation (1994) | Foreign Ownership Permitted | Restrictions on Foreign Ownership | Foreign Ownership Reporting Requirements |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | | | by persons of same nationality must not exceed 40% of the quarter. | |\n| Canada | Y | Y | Prohibition on ownership of residential property with exceptions; some provinces also restrict ownership, including of agricultural land. | |\n| Chile | N | Y | Prohibition on acquisition of public lands within 10 kilometers from the border and favorable military report required for acquisition of land 5 kilometers from the coast; nationals of bordering countries and legal persons with their principal place of business in one of those countries cannot obtain rights to real estate located totally or partially in the border area. | |\n| China | N (2001) | N | No individuals, domestic or foreign, can privately own land. The state grants land use rights to land users for a certain number of years. Foreigners can obtain such land use rights, own residential houses and apartments, or incorporate foreign-invested enterprises to invest in real estate. | |\n| Egypt | Y | Y | Prohibition on ownership of agriculture lands, land in Sinai Peninsula; otherwise, permitted to own up to two properties, up to 4,000 square meters, for residential purposes; no disposition for 5 years; approval required to acquire land in tourist areas; joint ownership with an Egyptian who has majority | |\n\n\nThe Law Library of Congress", + "text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions\nJurisdiction GATS XVII Reservation (1994) Foreign Ownership Permitted Restrictions on Foreign Ownership Foreign Ownership Reporting Requirements\n by persons of same nationality must not exceed 40% of the quarter. \n Canada Y Y Prohibition on ownership of residential property with exceptions; some provinces also restrict ownership, including of agricultural land. \n Chile N Y Prohibition on acquisition of public lands within 10 kilometers from the border and favorable military report required for acquisition of land 5 kilometers from the coast; nationals of bordering countries and legal persons with their principal place of business in one of those countries cannot obtain rights to real estate located totally or partially in the border area. \n China N (2001) N No individuals, domestic or foreign, can privately own land. The state grants land use rights to land users for a certain number of years. Foreigners can obtain such land use rights, own residential houses and apartments, or incorporate foreign-invested enterprises to invest in real estate. \n Egypt Y Y Prohibition on ownership of agriculture lands, land in Sinai Peninsula; otherwise, permitted to own up to two properties, up to 4,000 square meters, for residential purposes; no disposition for 5 years; approval required to acquire land in tourist areas; joint ownership with an Egyptian who has majority\nThe Law Library of Congress" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions
", + "markdown": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", + "text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2271, + "y": 0.0462 + }, + { + "x": 0.7742, + "y": 0.0462 + }, + { + "x": 0.7742, + "y": 0.0632 + }, + { + "x": 0.2271, + "y": 0.0632 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
JurisdictionGATS XVII Reservation (1994)Foreign Ownership PermittedRestrictions on Foreign OwnershipForeign Ownership Reporting Requirements
by persons of same nationality must not exceed 40% of the quarter.
CanadaYYProhibition on ownership of residential property with exceptions; some provinces also restrict ownership, including of agricultural land.
ChileNYProhibition on acquisition of public lands within 10 kilometers from the border and favorable military report required for acquisition of land 5 kilometers from the coast; nationals of bordering countries and legal persons with their principal place of business in one of those countries cannot obtain rights to real estate located totally or partially in the border area.
ChinaN (2001)NNo individuals, domestic or foreign, can privately own land. The state grants land use rights to land users for a certain number of years. Foreigners can obtain such land use rights, own residential houses and apartments, or incorporate foreign-invested enterprises to invest in real estate.
EgyptYYProhibition on ownership of agriculture lands, land in Sinai Peninsula; otherwise, permitted to own up to two properties, up to 4,000 square meters, for residential purposes; no disposition for 5 years; approval required to acquire land in tourist areas; joint ownership with an Egyptian who has majority
", + "markdown": "| Jurisdiction | GATS XVII Reservation (1994) | Foreign Ownership Permitted | Restrictions on Foreign Ownership | Foreign Ownership Reporting Requirements |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | | | by persons of same nationality must not exceed 40% of the quarter. | |\n| Canada | Y | Y | Prohibition on ownership of residential property with exceptions; some provinces also restrict ownership, including of agricultural land. | |\n| Chile | N | Y | Prohibition on acquisition of public lands within 10 kilometers from the border and favorable military report required for acquisition of land 5 kilometers from the coast; nationals of bordering countries and legal persons with their principal place of business in one of those countries cannot obtain rights to real estate located totally or partially in the border area. | |\n| China | N (2001) | N | No individuals, domestic or foreign, can privately own land. The state grants land use rights to land users for a certain number of years. Foreigners can obtain such land use rights, own residential houses and apartments, or incorporate foreign-invested enterprises to invest in real estate. | |\n| Egypt | Y | Y | Prohibition on ownership of agriculture lands, land in Sinai Peninsula; otherwise, permitted to own up to two properties, up to 4,000 square meters, for residential purposes; no disposition for 5 years; approval required to acquire land in tourist areas; joint ownership with an Egyptian who has majority | |\n", + "text": "Jurisdiction GATS XVII Reservation (1994) Foreign Ownership Permitted Restrictions on Foreign Ownership Foreign Ownership Reporting Requirements\n by persons of same nationality must not exceed 40% of the quarter. \n Canada Y Y Prohibition on ownership of residential property with exceptions; some provinces also restrict ownership, including of agricultural land. \n Chile N Y Prohibition on acquisition of public lands within 10 kilometers from the border and favorable military report required for acquisition of land 5 kilometers from the coast; nationals of bordering countries and legal persons with their principal place of business in one of those countries cannot obtain rights to real estate located totally or partially in the border area. \n China N (2001) N No individuals, domestic or foreign, can privately own land. The state grants land use rights to land users for a certain number of years. Foreigners can obtain such land use rights, own residential houses and apartments, or incorporate foreign-invested enterprises to invest in real estate. \n Egypt Y Y Prohibition on ownership of agriculture lands, land in Sinai Peninsula; otherwise, permitted to own up to two properties, up to 4,000 square meters, for residential purposes; no disposition for 5 years; approval required to acquire land in tourist areas; joint ownership with an Egyptian who has majority" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1158, + "y": 0.0879 + }, + { + "x": 0.8824, + "y": 0.0879 + }, + { + "x": 0.8824, + "y": 0.9056 + }, + { + "x": 0.1158, + "y": 0.9056 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
The Law Library of Congress
", + "markdown": "The Law Library of Congress", + "text": "The Law Library of Congress" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1141, + "y": 0.9385 + }, + { + "x": 0.3426, + "y": 0.9385 + }, + { + "x": 0.3426, + "y": 0.9557 + }, + { + "x": 0.1141, + "y": 0.9557 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000135.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Fly fishers targeting trout had an important influence in developing and sustaining conservation programs,
although they were sometimes criticized for exclusive or single-interest advocacy. Here I review the history
of trout fishing and fly-fishing with special focus on the Rocky Mountain West, where fly fishers first exerted
their influence on conservation ethics and sportfishing policy. Although many individuals and organizations
played roles, I concentrate on only two: Fly Fishers International (FFI) and Trout Unlimited (TU). These two
organizations had similar interests in conservation, but important differences prevented them from working
together on a unified goal of conservation. The legacy of fly-fishing demonstrates the importance of passion,
persistence, and partnerships in fish conservation.

\n

Trout and salmon are the only sport fish native to the Western states, and fly-fishing here became more than
a leisure activity. Norman Maclean's novel, A River Runs through It (1976), begins, \"In our family there was no
1
clear line between religion and fly fishing.\" Later Maclean writes that \"Something within fishermen tries to
make fishing into a world perfect and apart.\" The iconography of Western fly-fishing that Maclean and others
wrote about was created by anglers, fisheries managers, tourists, guides, businesses, and region promoters. The
history of Rocky Mountain fly-fishing parallels the history of the expansion of our Western frontier as well as
fisheries management (Brown 2015). Although Henry David Thoreau (1862) maintained that \"In wildness is the
preservation of the world,\" humans are part of the trout fishing system and helped create, destroy, maintain,
and restore the trout fishing we have today.

\n

The first trout fishers were Native Americans. Native Americans used a variety of fishing methods, including
weirs, spears, nets, traps, baskets, hook-and-line methods, and baits. They also caught fish by hand via tickling.
Tickling for trout involves rubbing the underbelly of a trout with fingers to get the trout to go into a trance, after
which they can then easily be thrown onto the bank (Martindale 1901). Native Americans were more patient
than others. This method is different from noodling for catfish, where the noodler uses fingers as bait and grabs
the catfish by its mouth. Native Americans also caught fish by fly-fishing with deer-hair flies, according to the
writings of early American naturalist William Bartram (1739-1823) (Monahan, no date).

\n

The story of Rocky Mountain trout fishing begins with displacement of Native Americans from their historical
fishing and hunting grounds. Uninhabited wilderness had to be created through the dispossession of Native
people before it could be preserved (Spence 1999). Explorers, trappers, pioneers, soldiers, and homesteaders
brought fishing gear to frontier outposts. The Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806) included a designated
angler named Silas Goodrich. The expedition first described several new species of fish, including the
Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout and Westslope Cutthroat Trout, caught by Goodrich. Later military expeditions
spent time trout fishing in addition to fighting Native Americans. Custer's Last Stand at Little Bighorn might
have been avoided if he'd joined a column of reinforcements under General George Crook. Crook's soldiers
were comfortably camped close by on Goose Creek near the Tongue River-fishing, not fighting (Monnett 1993;
Owens 2002a; Lessner 2010).

\n

1. Although Maclean and other writers use the term fishermen, women are active anglers and contribute
significantly to the sport.

\n
Fly-Fishing's Legacy for Conservation I 191
", + "markdown": "Fly fishers targeting trout had an important influence in developing and sustaining conservation programs,\nalthough they were sometimes criticized for exclusive or single-interest advocacy. Here I review the history\nof trout fishing and fly-fishing with special focus on the Rocky Mountain West, where fly fishers first exerted\ntheir influence on conservation ethics and sportfishing policy. Although many individuals and organizations\nplayed roles, I concentrate on only two: Fly Fishers International (FFI) and Trout Unlimited (TU). These two\norganizations had similar interests in conservation, but important differences prevented them from working\ntogether on a unified goal of conservation. The legacy of fly-fishing demonstrates the importance of passion,\npersistence, and partnerships in fish conservation.\n\nTrout and salmon are the only sport fish native to the Western states, and fly-fishing here became more than\na leisure activity. Norman Maclean's novel, A River Runs through It (1976), begins, \"In our family there was no\n1\nclear line between religion and fly fishing.\" Later Maclean writes that \"Something within fishermen tries to\nmake fishing into a world perfect and apart.\" The iconography of Western fly-fishing that Maclean and others\nwrote about was created by anglers, fisheries managers, tourists, guides, businesses, and region promoters. The\nhistory of Rocky Mountain fly-fishing parallels the history of the expansion of our Western frontier as well as\nfisheries management (Brown 2015). Although Henry David Thoreau (1862) maintained that \"In wildness is the\npreservation of the world,\" humans are part of the trout fishing system and helped create, destroy, maintain,\nand restore the trout fishing we have today.\n\nThe first trout fishers were Native Americans. Native Americans used a variety of fishing methods, including\nweirs, spears, nets, traps, baskets, hook-and-line methods, and baits. They also caught fish by hand via tickling.\nTickling for trout involves rubbing the underbelly of a trout with fingers to get the trout to go into a trance, after\nwhich they can then easily be thrown onto the bank (Martindale 1901). Native Americans were more patient\nthan others. This method is different from noodling for catfish, where the noodler uses fingers as bait and grabs\nthe catfish by its mouth. Native Americans also caught fish by fly-fishing with deer-hair flies, according to the\nwritings of early American naturalist William Bartram (1739-1823) (Monahan, no date).\n\nThe story of Rocky Mountain trout fishing begins with displacement of Native Americans from their historical\nfishing and hunting grounds. Uninhabited wilderness had to be created through the dispossession of Native\npeople before it could be preserved (Spence 1999). Explorers, trappers, pioneers, soldiers, and homesteaders\nbrought fishing gear to frontier outposts. The Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806) included a designated\nangler named Silas Goodrich. The expedition first described several new species of fish, including the\nYellowstone Cutthroat Trout and Westslope Cutthroat Trout, caught by Goodrich. Later military expeditions\nspent time trout fishing in addition to fighting Native Americans. Custer's Last Stand at Little Bighorn might\nhave been avoided if he'd joined a column of reinforcements under General George Crook. Crook's soldiers\nwere comfortably camped close by on Goose Creek near the Tongue River-fishing, not fighting (Monnett 1993;\nOwens 2002a; Lessner 2010).\n\n1. Although Maclean and other writers use the term fishermen, women are active anglers and contribute\nsignificantly to the sport.\n\nFly-Fishing's Legacy for Conservation I 191", + "text": "Fly fishers targeting trout had an important influence in developing and sustaining conservation programs,\nalthough they were sometimes criticized for exclusive or single-interest advocacy. Here I review the history\nof trout fishing and fly-fishing with special focus on the Rocky Mountain West, where fly fishers first exerted\ntheir influence on conservation ethics and sportfishing policy. Although many individuals and organizations\nplayed roles, I concentrate on only two: Fly Fishers International (FFI) and Trout Unlimited (TU). These two\norganizations had similar interests in conservation, but important differences prevented them from working\ntogether on a unified goal of conservation. The legacy of fly-fishing demonstrates the importance of passion,\npersistence, and partnerships in fish conservation.\nTrout and salmon are the only sport fish native to the Western states, and fly-fishing here became more than\na leisure activity. Norman Maclean's novel, A River Runs through It (1976), begins, \"In our family there was no\n1\nclear line between religion and fly fishing.\" Later Maclean writes that \"Something within fishermen tries to\nmake fishing into a world perfect and apart.\" The iconography of Western fly-fishing that Maclean and others\nwrote about was created by anglers, fisheries managers, tourists, guides, businesses, and region promoters. The\nhistory of Rocky Mountain fly-fishing parallels the history of the expansion of our Western frontier as well as\nfisheries management (Brown 2015). Although Henry David Thoreau (1862) maintained that \"In wildness is the\npreservation of the world,\" humans are part of the trout fishing system and helped create, destroy, maintain,\nand restore the trout fishing we have today.\nThe first trout fishers were Native Americans. Native Americans used a variety of fishing methods, including\nweirs, spears, nets, traps, baskets, hook-and-line methods, and baits. They also caught fish by hand via tickling.\nTickling for trout involves rubbing the underbelly of a trout with fingers to get the trout to go into a trance, after\nwhich they can then easily be thrown onto the bank (Martindale 1901). Native Americans were more patient\nthan others. This method is different from noodling for catfish, where the noodler uses fingers as bait and grabs\nthe catfish by its mouth. Native Americans also caught fish by fly-fishing with deer-hair flies, according to the\nwritings of early American naturalist William Bartram (1739-1823) (Monahan, no date).\nThe story of Rocky Mountain trout fishing begins with displacement of Native Americans from their historical\nfishing and hunting grounds. Uninhabited wilderness had to be created through the dispossession of Native\npeople before it could be preserved (Spence 1999). Explorers, trappers, pioneers, soldiers, and homesteaders\nbrought fishing gear to frontier outposts. The Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806) included a designated\nangler named Silas Goodrich. The expedition first described several new species of fish, including the\nYellowstone Cutthroat Trout and Westslope Cutthroat Trout, caught by Goodrich. Later military expeditions\nspent time trout fishing in addition to fighting Native Americans. Custer's Last Stand at Little Bighorn might\nhave been avoided if he'd joined a column of reinforcements under General George Crook. Crook's soldiers\nwere comfortably camped close by on Goose Creek near the Tongue River-fishing, not fighting (Monnett 1993;\nOwens 2002a; Lessner 2010).\n1. Although Maclean and other writers use the term fishermen, women are active anglers and contribute\nsignificantly to the sport.\nFly-Fishing's Legacy for Conservation I 191" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Fly fishers targeting trout had an important influence in developing and sustaining conservation programs,
although they were sometimes criticized for exclusive or single-interest advocacy. Here I review the history
of trout fishing and fly-fishing with special focus on the Rocky Mountain West, where fly fishers first exerted
their influence on conservation ethics and sportfishing policy. Although many individuals and organizations
played roles, I concentrate on only two: Fly Fishers International (FFI) and Trout Unlimited (TU). These two
organizations had similar interests in conservation, but important differences prevented them from working
together on a unified goal of conservation. The legacy of fly-fishing demonstrates the importance of passion,
persistence, and partnerships in fish conservation.

", + "markdown": "Fly fishers targeting trout had an important influence in developing and sustaining conservation programs,\nalthough they were sometimes criticized for exclusive or single-interest advocacy. Here I review the history\nof trout fishing and fly-fishing with special focus on the Rocky Mountain West, where fly fishers first exerted\ntheir influence on conservation ethics and sportfishing policy. Although many individuals and organizations\nplayed roles, I concentrate on only two: Fly Fishers International (FFI) and Trout Unlimited (TU). These two\norganizations had similar interests in conservation, but important differences prevented them from working\ntogether on a unified goal of conservation. The legacy of fly-fishing demonstrates the importance of passion,\npersistence, and partnerships in fish conservation.", + "text": "Fly fishers targeting trout had an important influence in developing and sustaining conservation programs,\nalthough they were sometimes criticized for exclusive or single-interest advocacy. Here I review the history\nof trout fishing and fly-fishing with special focus on the Rocky Mountain West, where fly fishers first exerted\ntheir influence on conservation ethics and sportfishing policy. Although many individuals and organizations\nplayed roles, I concentrate on only two: Fly Fishers International (FFI) and Trout Unlimited (TU). These two\norganizations had similar interests in conservation, but important differences prevented them from working\ntogether on a unified goal of conservation. The legacy of fly-fishing demonstrates the importance of passion,\npersistence, and partnerships in fish conservation." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0934, + "y": 0.0809 + }, + { + "x": 0.907, + "y": 0.0809 + }, + { + "x": 0.907, + "y": 0.234 + }, + { + "x": 0.0934, + "y": 0.234 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Trout and salmon are the only sport fish native to the Western states, and fly-fishing here became more than
a leisure activity. Norman Maclean's novel, A River Runs through It (1976), begins, \"In our family there was no
1
clear line between religion and fly fishing.\" Later Maclean writes that \"Something within fishermen tries to
make fishing into a world perfect and apart.\" The iconography of Western fly-fishing that Maclean and others
wrote about was created by anglers, fisheries managers, tourists, guides, businesses, and region promoters. The
history of Rocky Mountain fly-fishing parallels the history of the expansion of our Western frontier as well as
fisheries management (Brown 2015). Although Henry David Thoreau (1862) maintained that \"In wildness is the
preservation of the world,\" humans are part of the trout fishing system and helped create, destroy, maintain,
and restore the trout fishing we have today.

", + "markdown": "Trout and salmon are the only sport fish native to the Western states, and fly-fishing here became more than\na leisure activity. Norman Maclean's novel, A River Runs through It (1976), begins, \"In our family there was no\n1\nclear line between religion and fly fishing.\" Later Maclean writes that \"Something within fishermen tries to\nmake fishing into a world perfect and apart.\" The iconography of Western fly-fishing that Maclean and others\nwrote about was created by anglers, fisheries managers, tourists, guides, businesses, and region promoters. The\nhistory of Rocky Mountain fly-fishing parallels the history of the expansion of our Western frontier as well as\nfisheries management (Brown 2015). Although Henry David Thoreau (1862) maintained that \"In wildness is the\npreservation of the world,\" humans are part of the trout fishing system and helped create, destroy, maintain,\nand restore the trout fishing we have today.", + "text": "Trout and salmon are the only sport fish native to the Western states, and fly-fishing here became more than\na leisure activity. Norman Maclean's novel, A River Runs through It (1976), begins, \"In our family there was no\n1\nclear line between religion and fly fishing.\" Later Maclean writes that \"Something within fishermen tries to\nmake fishing into a world perfect and apart.\" The iconography of Western fly-fishing that Maclean and others\nwrote about was created by anglers, fisheries managers, tourists, guides, businesses, and region promoters. The\nhistory of Rocky Mountain fly-fishing parallels the history of the expansion of our Western frontier as well as\nfisheries management (Brown 2015). Although Henry David Thoreau (1862) maintained that \"In wildness is the\npreservation of the world,\" humans are part of the trout fishing system and helped create, destroy, maintain,\nand restore the trout fishing we have today." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0946, + "y": 0.249 + }, + { + "x": 0.906, + "y": 0.249 + }, + { + "x": 0.906, + "y": 0.4223 + }, + { + "x": 0.0946, + "y": 0.4223 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The first trout fishers were Native Americans. Native Americans used a variety of fishing methods, including
weirs, spears, nets, traps, baskets, hook-and-line methods, and baits. They also caught fish by hand via tickling.
Tickling for trout involves rubbing the underbelly of a trout with fingers to get the trout to go into a trance, after
which they can then easily be thrown onto the bank (Martindale 1901). Native Americans were more patient
than others. This method is different from noodling for catfish, where the noodler uses fingers as bait and grabs
the catfish by its mouth. Native Americans also caught fish by fly-fishing with deer-hair flies, according to the
writings of early American naturalist William Bartram (1739-1823) (Monahan, no date).

", + "markdown": "The first trout fishers were Native Americans. Native Americans used a variety of fishing methods, including\nweirs, spears, nets, traps, baskets, hook-and-line methods, and baits. They also caught fish by hand via tickling.\nTickling for trout involves rubbing the underbelly of a trout with fingers to get the trout to go into a trance, after\nwhich they can then easily be thrown onto the bank (Martindale 1901). Native Americans were more patient\nthan others. This method is different from noodling for catfish, where the noodler uses fingers as bait and grabs\nthe catfish by its mouth. Native Americans also caught fish by fly-fishing with deer-hair flies, according to the\nwritings of early American naturalist William Bartram (1739-1823) (Monahan, no date).", + "text": "The first trout fishers were Native Americans. Native Americans used a variety of fishing methods, including\nweirs, spears, nets, traps, baskets, hook-and-line methods, and baits. They also caught fish by hand via tickling.\nTickling for trout involves rubbing the underbelly of a trout with fingers to get the trout to go into a trance, after\nwhich they can then easily be thrown onto the bank (Martindale 1901). Native Americans were more patient\nthan others. This method is different from noodling for catfish, where the noodler uses fingers as bait and grabs\nthe catfish by its mouth. Native Americans also caught fish by fly-fishing with deer-hair flies, according to the\nwritings of early American naturalist William Bartram (1739-1823) (Monahan, no date)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0937, + "y": 0.4366 + }, + { + "x": 0.907, + "y": 0.4366 + }, + { + "x": 0.907, + "y": 0.5708 + }, + { + "x": 0.0937, + "y": 0.5708 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The story of Rocky Mountain trout fishing begins with displacement of Native Americans from their historical
fishing and hunting grounds. Uninhabited wilderness had to be created through the dispossession of Native
people before it could be preserved (Spence 1999). Explorers, trappers, pioneers, soldiers, and homesteaders
brought fishing gear to frontier outposts. The Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806) included a designated
angler named Silas Goodrich. The expedition first described several new species of fish, including the
Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout and Westslope Cutthroat Trout, caught by Goodrich. Later military expeditions
spent time trout fishing in addition to fighting Native Americans. Custer's Last Stand at Little Bighorn might
have been avoided if he'd joined a column of reinforcements under General George Crook. Crook's soldiers
were comfortably camped close by on Goose Creek near the Tongue River-fishing, not fighting (Monnett 1993;
Owens 2002a; Lessner 2010).

", + "markdown": "The story of Rocky Mountain trout fishing begins with displacement of Native Americans from their historical\nfishing and hunting grounds. Uninhabited wilderness had to be created through the dispossession of Native\npeople before it could be preserved (Spence 1999). Explorers, trappers, pioneers, soldiers, and homesteaders\nbrought fishing gear to frontier outposts. The Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806) included a designated\nangler named Silas Goodrich. The expedition first described several new species of fish, including the\nYellowstone Cutthroat Trout and Westslope Cutthroat Trout, caught by Goodrich. Later military expeditions\nspent time trout fishing in addition to fighting Native Americans. Custer's Last Stand at Little Bighorn might\nhave been avoided if he'd joined a column of reinforcements under General George Crook. Crook's soldiers\nwere comfortably camped close by on Goose Creek near the Tongue River-fishing, not fighting (Monnett 1993;\nOwens 2002a; Lessner 2010).", + "text": "The story of Rocky Mountain trout fishing begins with displacement of Native Americans from their historical\nfishing and hunting grounds. Uninhabited wilderness had to be created through the dispossession of Native\npeople before it could be preserved (Spence 1999). Explorers, trappers, pioneers, soldiers, and homesteaders\nbrought fishing gear to frontier outposts. The Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806) included a designated\nangler named Silas Goodrich. The expedition first described several new species of fish, including the\nYellowstone Cutthroat Trout and Westslope Cutthroat Trout, caught by Goodrich. Later military expeditions\nspent time trout fishing in addition to fighting Native Americans. Custer's Last Stand at Little Bighorn might\nhave been avoided if he'd joined a column of reinforcements under General George Crook. Crook's soldiers\nwere comfortably camped close by on Goose Creek near the Tongue River-fishing, not fighting (Monnett 1993;\nOwens 2002a; Lessner 2010)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0947, + "y": 0.5843 + }, + { + "x": 0.9054, + "y": 0.5843 + }, + { + "x": 0.9054, + "y": 0.7781 + }, + { + "x": 0.0947, + "y": 0.7781 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

1. Although Maclean and other writers use the term fishermen, women are active anglers and contribute
significantly to the sport.

", + "markdown": "1. Although Maclean and other writers use the term fishermen, women are active anglers and contribute\nsignificantly to the sport.", + "text": "1. Although Maclean and other writers use the term fishermen, women are active anglers and contribute\nsignificantly to the sport." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0791, + "y": 0.8843 + }, + { + "x": 0.8446, + "y": 0.8843 + }, + { + "x": 0.8446, + "y": 0.9218 + }, + { + "x": 0.0791, + "y": 0.9218 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
Fly-Fishing's Legacy for Conservation I 191
", + "markdown": "Fly-Fishing's Legacy for Conservation I 191", + "text": "Fly-Fishing's Legacy for Conservation I 191" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6205, + "y": 0.9327 + }, + { + "x": 0.9041, + "y": 0.9327 + }, + { + "x": 0.9041, + "y": 0.9498 + }, + { + "x": 0.6205, + "y": 0.9498 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000006.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
19
\n

Chuj Country

\n
\"\"
\n

FIGURE 1.15. On the trail in the Yolcultac (yolk'ultak,
\"center of the brushland \") forest, municipio ofNenton.
May 1965, at the end of the dry season. Photo by the author.

", + "markdown": "19\n\n# Chuj Country\n\n\n\nFIGURE 1.15. On the trail in the Yolcultac (yolk'ultak,\n\"center of the brushland \") forest, municipio ofNenton.\nMay 1965, at the end of the dry season. Photo by the author.", + "text": "19\nChuj Country\n\nFIGURE 1.15. On the trail in the Yolcultac (yolk'ultak,\n\"center of the brushland \") forest, municipio ofNenton.\nMay 1965, at the end of the dry season. Photo by the author." + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
19
", + "markdown": "19", + "text": "19" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8267, + "y": 0.0656 + }, + { + "x": 0.8495, + "y": 0.0656 + }, + { + "x": 0.8495, + "y": 0.0785 + }, + { + "x": 0.8267, + "y": 0.0785 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Chuj Country

", + "markdown": "# Chuj Country", + "text": "Chuj Country" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4244, + "y": 0.0608 + }, + { + "x": 0.5475, + "y": 0.0608 + }, + { + "x": 0.5475, + "y": 0.0806 + }, + { + "x": 0.4244, + "y": 0.0806 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"\"
", + "markdown": "", + "text": "" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1347, + "y": 0.1067 + }, + { + "x": 0.8336, + "y": 0.1067 + }, + { + "x": 0.8336, + "y": 0.8331 + }, + { + "x": 0.1347, + "y": 0.8331 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

FIGURE 1.15. On the trail in the Yolcultac (yolk'ultak,
\"center of the brushland \") forest, municipio ofNenton.
May 1965, at the end of the dry season. Photo by the author.

", + "markdown": "FIGURE 1.15. On the trail in the Yolcultac (yolk'ultak,\n\"center of the brushland \") forest, municipio ofNenton.\nMay 1965, at the end of the dry season. Photo by the author.", + "text": "FIGURE 1.15. On the trail in the Yolcultac (yolk'ultak,\n\"center of the brushland \") forest, municipio ofNenton.\nMay 1965, at the end of the dry season. Photo by the author." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2348, + "y": 0.8408 + }, + { + "x": 0.7382, + "y": 0.8408 + }, + { + "x": 0.7382, + "y": 0.8939 + }, + { + "x": 0.2348, + "y": 0.8939 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000095.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
\"]\nW\n0.8\n◇
\n

(Niederleand Vesterlund2007)

\n

In other words, while women shy away from competition, men are drawn to it.

\n

Turning to Task 4, recall that although this choice is very similar to that of Task 3, Task 4's choice
eliminates the prospect of having to subsequently participate in a competition. Thus, only in Task 3
could a gender gap in preference for competition have played a role in the choice of compensation
scheme. As the figure below shows, there is no statistically significant gender gap in the choice of
compensation scheme in Task 4 based upon perceived ranking in Task 1. A higher percentage of
women than men who guessed their Task 1 ranking to be low (i.e., at level \"3\") chose the tournament
scheme in Task 4, while the percentages were reversed for those participants who guessed their Task 1
rankings to be high (at levels \"1\" and \"2\"). But because the two lines in the figure remain close together,
these differences are not statistically significant (i.e., we should treat the groups' respective choices as
being no different from one another).

\n
\"1\nW\n0.8\n-
(Niederle and Vesterlund 2007)
\n\n

This result from Task 4 cements the authors' finding that women shy away from actual competition
slated to occur at a future point in time, not implicit competition based upon their interpretations of
10
how their past performance compares with others.

\n

10. In a related study of the performances of men and women in professional judo fights for bronze medals (of all things!),
Cohen-Zada et al. (2017) find that men's performances are significantly affected by what the authors' call \"psychological
momentum\", while women's is not. Psychological momentum is defined as the tendency of an outcome (such as a win in an
initial judo match) to be followed by a similar outcome (a win in a subsequent match) that is not caused by any strategic
incentives of the players. The authors point out that this result is consistent with evidence in the biological literature that

\n
BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 111
", + "markdown": "]\nW\n0.8\n◇ - M\n0.6\n0.4\n0.2\n0\n4 3 2 1\n4=Worst quartile 1=Best\n\n# (Niederleand Vesterlund2007)\n\nIn other words, while women shy away from competition, men are drawn to it.\n\nTurning to Task 4, recall that although this choice is very similar to that of Task 3, Task 4's choice\neliminates the prospect of having to subsequently participate in a competition. Thus, only in Task 3\ncould a gender gap in preference for competition have played a role in the choice of compensation\nscheme. As the figure below shows, there is no statistically significant gender gap in the choice of\ncompensation scheme in Task 4 based upon perceived ranking in Task 1. A higher percentage of\nwomen than men who guessed their Task 1 ranking to be low (i.e., at level \"3\") chose the tournament\nscheme in Task 4, while the percentages were reversed for those participants who guessed their Task 1\nrankings to be high (at levels \"1\" and \"2\"). But because the two lines in the figure remain close together,\nthese differences are not statistically significant (i.e., we should treat the groups' respective choices as\nbeing no different from one another).\n\n1\nW\n0.8\n- M\n0.6 11\n0.4\n0.2\n0\n4 3 2 1\n4 = Worst rank 1 = Best rank\n\n(Niederle and Vesterlund 2007)\n\nThis result from Task 4 cements the authors' finding that women shy away from actual competition\nslated to occur at a future point in time, not implicit competition based upon their interpretations of\n10\nhow their past performance compares with others.\n\n10. In a related study of the performances of men and women in professional judo fights for bronze medals (of all things!),\nCohen-Zada et al. (2017) find that men's performances are significantly affected by what the authors' call \"psychological\nmomentum\", while women's is not. Psychological momentum is defined as the tendency of an outcome (such as a win in an\ninitial judo match) to be followed by a similar outcome (a win in a subsequent match) that is not caused by any strategic\nincentives of the players. The authors point out that this result is consistent with evidence in the biological literature that\n\nBEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 111", + "text": "]\nW\n0.8\n◇ - M\n0.6\n0.4\n0.2\n0\n4 3 2 1\n4=Worst quartile 1=Best\n(Niederleand Vesterlund2007)\nIn other words, while women shy away from competition, men are drawn to it.\nTurning to Task 4, recall that although this choice is very similar to that of Task 3, Task 4's choice\neliminates the prospect of having to subsequently participate in a competition. Thus, only in Task 3\ncould a gender gap in preference for competition have played a role in the choice of compensation\nscheme. As the figure below shows, there is no statistically significant gender gap in the choice of\ncompensation scheme in Task 4 based upon perceived ranking in Task 1. A higher percentage of\nwomen than men who guessed their Task 1 ranking to be low (i.e., at level \"3\") chose the tournament\nscheme in Task 4, while the percentages were reversed for those participants who guessed their Task 1\nrankings to be high (at levels \"1\" and \"2\"). But because the two lines in the figure remain close together,\nthese differences are not statistically significant (i.e., we should treat the groups' respective choices as\nbeing no different from one another).\n1\nW\n0.8\n- M\n0.6 11\n0.4\n0.2\n0\n4 3 2 1\n4 = Worst rank 1 = Best rank\n(Niederle and Vesterlund 2007)\nThis result from Task 4 cements the authors' finding that women shy away from actual competition\nslated to occur at a future point in time, not implicit competition based upon their interpretations of\n10\nhow their past performance compares with others.\n10. In a related study of the performances of men and women in professional judo fights for bronze medals (of all things!),\nCohen-Zada et al. (2017) find that men's performances are significantly affected by what the authors' call \"psychological\nmomentum\", while women's is not. Psychological momentum is defined as the tendency of an outcome (such as a win in an\ninitial judo match) to be followed by a similar outcome (a win in a subsequent match) that is not caused by any strategic\nincentives of the players. The authors point out that this result is consistent with evidence in the biological literature that\nBEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 111" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"]\nW\n0.8\n◇
", + "markdown": "]\nW\n0.8\n◇ - M\n0.6\n0.4\n0.2\n0\n4 3 2 1\n4=Worst quartile 1=Best", + "text": "]\nW\n0.8\n◇ - M\n0.6\n0.4\n0.2\n0\n4 3 2 1\n4=Worst quartile 1=Best" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3271, + "y": 0.0784 + }, + { + "x": 0.6758, + "y": 0.0784 + }, + { + "x": 0.6758, + "y": 0.2705 + }, + { + "x": 0.3271, + "y": 0.2705 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

(Niederleand Vesterlund2007)

", + "markdown": "# (Niederleand Vesterlund2007)", + "text": "(Niederleand Vesterlund2007)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3137, + "y": 0.2885 + }, + { + "x": 0.5057, + "y": 0.2885 + }, + { + "x": 0.5057, + "y": 0.3035 + }, + { + "x": 0.3137, + "y": 0.3035 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

In other words, while women shy away from competition, men are drawn to it.

", + "markdown": "In other words, while women shy away from competition, men are drawn to it.", + "text": "In other words, while women shy away from competition, men are drawn to it." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0875, + "y": 0.3147 + }, + { + "x": 0.7318, + "y": 0.3147 + }, + { + "x": 0.7318, + "y": 0.3333 + }, + { + "x": 0.0875, + "y": 0.3333 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Turning to Task 4, recall that although this choice is very similar to that of Task 3, Task 4's choice
eliminates the prospect of having to subsequently participate in a competition. Thus, only in Task 3
could a gender gap in preference for competition have played a role in the choice of compensation
scheme. As the figure below shows, there is no statistically significant gender gap in the choice of
compensation scheme in Task 4 based upon perceived ranking in Task 1. A higher percentage of
women than men who guessed their Task 1 ranking to be low (i.e., at level \"3\") chose the tournament
scheme in Task 4, while the percentages were reversed for those participants who guessed their Task 1
rankings to be high (at levels \"1\" and \"2\"). But because the two lines in the figure remain close together,
these differences are not statistically significant (i.e., we should treat the groups' respective choices as
being no different from one another).

", + "markdown": "Turning to Task 4, recall that although this choice is very similar to that of Task 3, Task 4's choice\neliminates the prospect of having to subsequently participate in a competition. Thus, only in Task 3\ncould a gender gap in preference for competition have played a role in the choice of compensation\nscheme. As the figure below shows, there is no statistically significant gender gap in the choice of\ncompensation scheme in Task 4 based upon perceived ranking in Task 1. A higher percentage of\nwomen than men who guessed their Task 1 ranking to be low (i.e., at level \"3\") chose the tournament\nscheme in Task 4, while the percentages were reversed for those participants who guessed their Task 1\nrankings to be high (at levels \"1\" and \"2\"). But because the two lines in the figure remain close together,\nthese differences are not statistically significant (i.e., we should treat the groups' respective choices as\nbeing no different from one another).", + "text": "Turning to Task 4, recall that although this choice is very similar to that of Task 3, Task 4's choice\neliminates the prospect of having to subsequently participate in a competition. Thus, only in Task 3\ncould a gender gap in preference for competition have played a role in the choice of compensation\nscheme. As the figure below shows, there is no statistically significant gender gap in the choice of\ncompensation scheme in Task 4 based upon perceived ranking in Task 1. A higher percentage of\nwomen than men who guessed their Task 1 ranking to be low (i.e., at level \"3\") chose the tournament\nscheme in Task 4, while the percentages were reversed for those participants who guessed their Task 1\nrankings to be high (at levels \"1\" and \"2\"). But because the two lines in the figure remain close together,\nthese differences are not statistically significant (i.e., we should treat the groups' respective choices as\nbeing no different from one another)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0874, + "y": 0.3283 + }, + { + "x": 0.9119, + "y": 0.3283 + }, + { + "x": 0.9119, + "y": 0.5277 + }, + { + "x": 0.0874, + "y": 0.5277 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"1\nW\n0.8\n-
", + "markdown": "1\nW\n0.8\n- M\n0.6 11\n0.4\n0.2\n0\n4 3 2 1\n4 = Worst rank 1 = Best rank", + "text": "1\nW\n0.8\n- M\n0.6 11\n0.4\n0.2\n0\n4 3 2 1\n4 = Worst rank 1 = Best rank" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.324, + "y": 0.5466 + }, + { + "x": 0.6583, + "y": 0.5466 + }, + { + "x": 0.6583, + "y": 0.744 + }, + { + "x": 0.324, + "y": 0.744 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

(Niederle and Vesterlund 2007)

", + "markdown": "(Niederle and Vesterlund 2007)", + "text": "(Niederle and Vesterlund 2007)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3165, + "y": 0.7531 + }, + { + "x": 0.5073, + "y": 0.7531 + }, + { + "x": 0.5073, + "y": 0.7688 + }, + { + "x": 0.3165, + "y": 0.7688 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

This result from Task 4 cements the authors' finding that women shy away from actual competition
slated to occur at a future point in time, not implicit competition based upon their interpretations of
10
how their past performance compares with others.

", + "markdown": "This result from Task 4 cements the authors' finding that women shy away from actual competition\nslated to occur at a future point in time, not implicit competition based upon their interpretations of\n10\nhow their past performance compares with others.", + "text": "This result from Task 4 cements the authors' finding that women shy away from actual competition\nslated to occur at a future point in time, not implicit competition based upon their interpretations of\n10\nhow their past performance compares with others." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0875, + "y": 0.7797 + }, + { + "x": 0.9138, + "y": 0.7797 + }, + { + "x": 0.9138, + "y": 0.8384 + }, + { + "x": 0.0875, + "y": 0.8384 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

10. In a related study of the performances of men and women in professional judo fights for bronze medals (of all things!),
Cohen-Zada et al. (2017) find that men's performances are significantly affected by what the authors' call \"psychological
momentum\", while women's is not. Psychological momentum is defined as the tendency of an outcome (such as a win in an
initial judo match) to be followed by a similar outcome (a win in a subsequent match) that is not caused by any strategic
incentives of the players. The authors point out that this result is consistent with evidence in the biological literature that

", + "markdown": "10. In a related study of the performances of men and women in professional judo fights for bronze medals (of all things!),\nCohen-Zada et al. (2017) find that men's performances are significantly affected by what the authors' call \"psychological\nmomentum\", while women's is not. Psychological momentum is defined as the tendency of an outcome (such as a win in an\ninitial judo match) to be followed by a similar outcome (a win in a subsequent match) that is not caused by any strategic\nincentives of the players. The authors point out that this result is consistent with evidence in the biological literature that", + "text": "10. In a related study of the performances of men and women in professional judo fights for bronze medals (of all things!),\nCohen-Zada et al. (2017) find that men's performances are significantly affected by what the authors' call \"psychological\nmomentum\", while women's is not. Psychological momentum is defined as the tendency of an outcome (such as a win in an\ninitial judo match) to be followed by a similar outcome (a win in a subsequent match) that is not caused by any strategic\nincentives of the players. The authors point out that this result is consistent with evidence in the biological literature that" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0675, + "y": 0.8652 + }, + { + "x": 0.9073, + "y": 0.8652 + }, + { + "x": 0.9073, + "y": 0.9516 + }, + { + "x": 0.0675, + "y": 0.9516 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 111
", + "markdown": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 111", + "text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 111" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6377, + "y": 0.9492 + }, + { + "x": 0.9096, + "y": 0.9492 + }, + { + "x": 0.9096, + "y": 0.9623 + }, + { + "x": 0.6377, + "y": 0.9623 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000016.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Table of contents

\n

Introduction 7
I. Changing Practices, Shifting Sites 7
2. Core and Periphery of Play 12
Part 1: New Children, Different Toys 21
3· The Child as Consumer 26
4. Domesticating Play 30
5· The Child in the City 35
6. Toys as Containers, Mediators and Promoters 39
Part II: From Solitary to Networked Geographies of Play 45
7· LEGO Toys: from Wooden Blocks to Plastic Bricks 50
8. Brand Extension & Product Differentiation 58
9. Bringing the Fans into the Company 62
10. Many-to-Many Geographies of Play 66
Part III: Commercial Geographies of Play 71
II. Toy Towns and Simulated Cities 73
I2. A 21st-century Dollhouse: The Sims 83
13. Unwanted Play Practices in The Sims Online 94
14. Commodified Geographies of Play 103
Part IV: Serious Geographies of Play 107
15. Participation Tools 111
16. Participation Processes 119
17. Purposeful Play 122
18. Serious Geographies of Play 124
Conclusion 127
19. Changing Geographies of Play 127
20. Making Do 132
Notes 137
Bibliography 139
Index 153

\n
5
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Table of contents

", + "markdown": "# Table of contents", + "text": "Table of contents" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3399, + "y": 0.1416 + }, + { + "x": 0.6595, + "y": 0.1416 + }, + { + "x": 0.6595, + "y": 0.172 + }, + { + "x": 0.3399, + "y": 0.172 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "index", + "content": { + "html": "

Introduction 7
I. Changing Practices, Shifting Sites 7
2. Core and Periphery of Play 12
Part 1: New Children, Different Toys 21
3· The Child as Consumer 26
4. Domesticating Play 30
5· The Child in the City 35
6. Toys as Containers, Mediators and Promoters 39
Part II: From Solitary to Networked Geographies of Play 45
7· LEGO Toys: from Wooden Blocks to Plastic Bricks 50
8. Brand Extension & Product Differentiation 58
9. Bringing the Fans into the Company 62
10. Many-to-Many Geographies of Play 66
Part III: Commercial Geographies of Play 71
II. Toy Towns and Simulated Cities 73
I2. A 21st-century Dollhouse: The Sims 83
13. Unwanted Play Practices in The Sims Online 94
14. Commodified Geographies of Play 103
Part IV: Serious Geographies of Play 107
15. Participation Tools 111
16. Participation Processes 119
17. Purposeful Play 122
18. Serious Geographies of Play 124
Conclusion 127
19. Changing Geographies of Play 127
20. Making Do 132
Notes 137
Bibliography 139
Index 153

", + "markdown": "Introduction 7\nI. Changing Practices, Shifting Sites 7\n2. Core and Periphery of Play 12\nPart 1: New Children, Different Toys 21\n3· The Child as Consumer 26\n4. Domesticating Play 30\n5· The Child in the City 35\n6. Toys as Containers, Mediators and Promoters 39\nPart II: From Solitary to Networked Geographies of Play 45\n7· LEGO Toys: from Wooden Blocks to Plastic Bricks 50\n8. Brand Extension & Product Differentiation 58\n9. Bringing the Fans into the Company 62\n10. Many-to-Many Geographies of Play 66\nPart III: Commercial Geographies of Play 71\nII. Toy Towns and Simulated Cities 73\nI2. A 21st-century Dollhouse: The Sims 83\n13. Unwanted Play Practices in The Sims Online 94\n14. Commodified Geographies of Play 103\nPart IV: Serious Geographies of Play 107\n15. Participation Tools 111\n16. Participation Processes 119\n17. Purposeful Play 122\n18. Serious Geographies of Play 124\nConclusion 127\n19. Changing Geographies of Play 127\n20. Making Do 132\nNotes 137\nBibliography 139\nIndex 153", + "text": "Introduction 7\nI. Changing Practices, Shifting Sites 7\n2. Core and Periphery of Play 12\nPart 1: New Children, Different Toys 21\n3· The Child as Consumer 26\n4. Domesticating Play 30\n5· The Child in the City 35\n6. Toys as Containers, Mediators and Promoters 39\nPart II: From Solitary to Networked Geographies of Play 45\n7· LEGO Toys: from Wooden Blocks to Plastic Bricks 50\n8. Brand Extension & Product Differentiation 58\n9. Bringing the Fans into the Company 62\n10. Many-to-Many Geographies of Play 66\nPart III: Commercial Geographies of Play 71\nII. Toy Towns and Simulated Cities 73\nI2. A 21st-century Dollhouse: The Sims 83\n13. Unwanted Play Practices in The Sims Online 94\n14. Commodified Geographies of Play 103\nPart IV: Serious Geographies of Play 107\n15. Participation Tools 111\n16. Participation Processes 119\n17. Purposeful Play 122\n18. Serious Geographies of Play 124\nConclusion 127\n19. Changing Geographies of Play 127\n20. Making Do 132\nNotes 137\nBibliography 139\nIndex 153" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1119, + "y": 0.2069 + }, + { + "x": 0.8814, + "y": 0.2069 + }, + { + "x": 0.8814, + "y": 0.8768 + }, + { + "x": 0.1119, + "y": 0.8768 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
5
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\"Nature\nPlayer
\n

Now, how do we solve for the game's analytical equilibrium? 12
Here, Player 2 applies backward induction to find what's known as a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium
(PBE). As we already know, if Player 2 is the weak type and Player 1 has chosen to invade, then Player
2 should concede. If he is the strong type, then Player 2 should fight. We also know that Player 1
recognizes that she gets a payoff of $0 if she concedes in the first round, regardless of Player 2's type.
If she instead chooses to invade in the first round, then Player 1's expected payoff from invading is
p - 0.2(1 - p) = 1.2p - 0.2. This is merely the weighted average of Player 1's expected payoff
when Player 2 is weak and her expected payoff when Player 2is strong. Thus, invade is a better strategy
than concede for Player 1 when 1.2p - 0.2 > 0 p > 1/6. In other words, if the probability that
Player 1 assigns to Player 2 being weak is greater than one-sixth, Player 1 should choose to invade in the
first round. Otherwise, Player 1 should concede and be done with it.
What's the when and classmates this version of the

\n

outcome you your play more complicated
Escalation Game?

\n

BURNING BRIDGES GAME

\n

This game shares starkly similar features with the Escalation Game, but there is no uncertainty
(thus, the analytical equilibrium is an SPE rather than a PBE). The SPE has much to say about the
relationship between two tenacious competitors. Spaniel (2011) portrays the game as follows:

\n

12. This equilibrium is known as a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium (PBE) rather than an SPE because of the uncertainty that at
least one of the players is forced to contend with. Similar to Nash, Thomas Bayes is considered a towering figure. He was
an 18th-century English statistician, philosopher, and Presbyterian minister who is known for formulating a specific case
of the theorem that bears his name: Bayes Theorem. Bayes never published his theory himself-his notes were edited and
published posthumously.
132 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN

", + "markdown": "Nature\nPlayer 2 Player 2\nStrong\nweak\n(1\np\np )\n1 1\nConcede\nConcede\nInvade\nInvade\n2 0, 1 2 0, 1\nConcede\nFight\n1, 0 -0.2, 0.8\n\nNow, how do we solve for the game's analytical equilibrium? 12\nHere, Player 2 applies backward induction to find what's known as a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium\n(PBE). As we already know, if Player 2 is the weak type and Player 1 has chosen to invade, then Player\n2 should concede. If he is the strong type, then Player 2 should fight. We also know that Player 1\nrecognizes that she gets a payoff of $0 if she concedes in the first round, regardless of Player 2's type.\nIf she instead chooses to invade in the first round, then Player 1's expected payoff from invading is\np - 0.2(1 - p) = 1.2p - 0.2. This is merely the weighted average of Player 1's expected payoff\nwhen Player 2 is weak and her expected payoff when Player 2is strong. Thus, invade is a better strategy\nthan concede for Player 1 when 1.2p - 0.2 > 0 p > 1/6. In other words, if the probability that\nPlayer 1 assigns to Player 2 being weak is greater than one-sixth, Player 1 should choose to invade in the\nfirst round. Otherwise, Player 1 should concede and be done with it.\nWhat's the when and classmates this version of the\n\noutcome you your play more complicated\nEscalation Game?\n\nBURNING BRIDGES GAME\n\nThis game shares starkly similar features with the Escalation Game, but there is no uncertainty\n(thus, the analytical equilibrium is an SPE rather than a PBE). The SPE has much to say about the\nrelationship between two tenacious competitors. Spaniel (2011) portrays the game as follows:\n\n12. This equilibrium is known as a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium (PBE) rather than an SPE because of the uncertainty that at\nleast one of the players is forced to contend with. Similar to Nash, Thomas Bayes is considered a towering figure. He was\nan 18th-century English statistician, philosopher, and Presbyterian minister who is known for formulating a specific case\nof the theorem that bears his name: Bayes Theorem. Bayes never published his theory himself-his notes were edited and\npublished posthumously.\n132 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", + "text": "Nature\nPlayer 2 Player 2\nStrong\nweak\n(1\np\np )\n1 1\nConcede\nConcede\nInvade\nInvade\n2 0, 1 2 0, 1\nConcede\nFight\n1, 0 -0.2, 0.8\nNow, how do we solve for the game's analytical equilibrium? 12\nHere, Player 2 applies backward induction to find what's known as a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium\n(PBE). As we already know, if Player 2 is the weak type and Player 1 has chosen to invade, then Player\n2 should concede. If he is the strong type, then Player 2 should fight. We also know that Player 1\nrecognizes that she gets a payoff of $0 if she concedes in the first round, regardless of Player 2's type.\nIf she instead chooses to invade in the first round, then Player 1's expected payoff from invading is\np - 0.2(1 - p) = 1.2p - 0.2. This is merely the weighted average of Player 1's expected payoff\nwhen Player 2 is weak and her expected payoff when Player 2is strong. Thus, invade is a better strategy\nthan concede for Player 1 when 1.2p - 0.2 > 0 p > 1/6. In other words, if the probability that\nPlayer 1 assigns to Player 2 being weak is greater than one-sixth, Player 1 should choose to invade in the\nfirst round. Otherwise, Player 1 should concede and be done with it.\nWhat's the when and classmates this version of the\noutcome you your play more complicated\nEscalation Game?\nBURNING BRIDGES GAME\nThis game shares starkly similar features with the Escalation Game, but there is no uncertainty\n(thus, the analytical equilibrium is an SPE rather than a PBE). The SPE has much to say about the\nrelationship between two tenacious competitors. Spaniel (2011) portrays the game as follows:\n12. This equilibrium is known as a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium (PBE) rather than an SPE because of the uncertainty that at\nleast one of the players is forced to contend with. Similar to Nash, Thomas Bayes is considered a towering figure. He was\nan 18th-century English statistician, philosopher, and Presbyterian minister who is known for formulating a specific case\nof the theorem that bears his name: Bayes Theorem. Bayes never published his theory himself-his notes were edited and\npublished posthumously.\n132 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Nature\nPlayer
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Now, how do we solve for the game's analytical equilibrium? 12
Here, Player 2 applies backward induction to find what's known as a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium
(PBE). As we already know, if Player 2 is the weak type and Player 1 has chosen to invade, then Player
2 should concede. If he is the strong type, then Player 2 should fight. We also know that Player 1
recognizes that she gets a payoff of $0 if she concedes in the first round, regardless of Player 2's type.
If she instead chooses to invade in the first round, then Player 1's expected payoff from invading is
p - 0.2(1 - p) = 1.2p - 0.2. This is merely the weighted average of Player 1's expected payoff
when Player 2 is weak and her expected payoff when Player 2is strong. Thus, invade is a better strategy
than concede for Player 1 when 1.2p - 0.2 > 0 p > 1/6. In other words, if the probability that
Player 1 assigns to Player 2 being weak is greater than one-sixth, Player 1 should choose to invade in the
first round. Otherwise, Player 1 should concede and be done with it.
What's the when and classmates this version of the

", + "markdown": "Now, how do we solve for the game's analytical equilibrium? 12\nHere, Player 2 applies backward induction to find what's known as a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium\n(PBE). As we already know, if Player 2 is the weak type and Player 1 has chosen to invade, then Player\n2 should concede. If he is the strong type, then Player 2 should fight. We also know that Player 1\nrecognizes that she gets a payoff of $0 if she concedes in the first round, regardless of Player 2's type.\nIf she instead chooses to invade in the first round, then Player 1's expected payoff from invading is\np - 0.2(1 - p) = 1.2p - 0.2. This is merely the weighted average of Player 1's expected payoff\nwhen Player 2 is weak and her expected payoff when Player 2is strong. Thus, invade is a better strategy\nthan concede for Player 1 when 1.2p - 0.2 > 0 p > 1/6. In other words, if the probability that\nPlayer 1 assigns to Player 2 being weak is greater than one-sixth, Player 1 should choose to invade in the\nfirst round. Otherwise, Player 1 should concede and be done with it.\nWhat's the when and classmates this version of the", + "text": "Now, how do we solve for the game's analytical equilibrium? 12\nHere, Player 2 applies backward induction to find what's known as a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium\n(PBE). As we already know, if Player 2 is the weak type and Player 1 has chosen to invade, then Player\n2 should concede. If he is the strong type, then Player 2 should fight. We also know that Player 1\nrecognizes that she gets a payoff of $0 if she concedes in the first round, regardless of Player 2's type.\nIf she instead chooses to invade in the first round, then Player 1's expected payoff from invading is\np - 0.2(1 - p) = 1.2p - 0.2. This is merely the weighted average of Player 1's expected payoff\nwhen Player 2 is weak and her expected payoff when Player 2is strong. Thus, invade is a better strategy\nthan concede for Player 1 when 1.2p - 0.2 > 0 p > 1/6. In other words, if the probability that\nPlayer 1 assigns to Player 2 being weak is greater than one-sixth, Player 1 should choose to invade in the\nfirst round. Otherwise, Player 1 should concede and be done with it.\nWhat's the when and classmates this version of the" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1086, + "y": 0.4523 + }, + { + "x": 0.9113, + "y": 0.4523 + }, + { + "x": 0.9113, + "y": 0.6737 + }, + { + "x": 0.1086, + "y": 0.6737 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

outcome you your play more complicated
Escalation Game?

", + "markdown": "outcome you your play more complicated\nEscalation Game?", + "text": "outcome you your play more complicated\nEscalation Game?" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0887, + "y": 0.6653 + }, + { + "x": 0.9129, + "y": 0.6653 + }, + { + "x": 0.9129, + "y": 0.7021 + }, + { + "x": 0.0887, + "y": 0.7021 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

BURNING BRIDGES GAME

", + "markdown": "BURNING BRIDGES GAME", + "text": "BURNING BRIDGES GAME" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0893, + "y": 0.719 + }, + { + "x": 0.3418, + "y": 0.719 + }, + { + "x": 0.3418, + "y": 0.7366 + }, + { + "x": 0.0893, + "y": 0.7366 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

This game shares starkly similar features with the Escalation Game, but there is no uncertainty
(thus, the analytical equilibrium is an SPE rather than a PBE). The SPE has much to say about the
relationship between two tenacious competitors. Spaniel (2011) portrays the game as follows:

", + "markdown": "This game shares starkly similar features with the Escalation Game, but there is no uncertainty\n(thus, the analytical equilibrium is an SPE rather than a PBE). The SPE has much to say about the\nrelationship between two tenacious competitors. Spaniel (2011) portrays the game as follows:", + "text": "This game shares starkly similar features with the Escalation Game, but there is no uncertainty\n(thus, the analytical equilibrium is an SPE rather than a PBE). The SPE has much to say about the\nrelationship between two tenacious competitors. Spaniel (2011) portrays the game as follows:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0878, + "y": 0.7497 + }, + { + "x": 0.9113, + "y": 0.7497 + }, + { + "x": 0.9113, + "y": 0.8087 + }, + { + "x": 0.0878, + "y": 0.8087 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

12. This equilibrium is known as a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium (PBE) rather than an SPE because of the uncertainty that at
least one of the players is forced to contend with. Similar to Nash, Thomas Bayes is considered a towering figure. He was
an 18th-century English statistician, philosopher, and Presbyterian minister who is known for formulating a specific case
of the theorem that bears his name: Bayes Theorem. Bayes never published his theory himself-his notes were edited and
published posthumously.
132 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN

", + "markdown": "12. This equilibrium is known as a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium (PBE) rather than an SPE because of the uncertainty that at\nleast one of the players is forced to contend with. Similar to Nash, Thomas Bayes is considered a towering figure. He was\nan 18th-century English statistician, philosopher, and Presbyterian minister who is known for formulating a specific case\nof the theorem that bears his name: Bayes Theorem. Bayes never published his theory himself-his notes were edited and\npublished posthumously.\n132 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", + "text": "12. This equilibrium is known as a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium (PBE) rather than an SPE because of the uncertainty that at\nleast one of the players is forced to contend with. Similar to Nash, Thomas Bayes is considered a towering figure. He was\nan 18th-century English statistician, philosopher, and Presbyterian minister who is known for formulating a specific case\nof the theorem that bears his name: Bayes Theorem. Bayes never published his theory himself-his notes were edited and\npublished posthumously.\n132 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0673, + "y": 0.8666 + }, + { + "x": 0.8956, + "y": 0.8666 + }, + { + "x": 0.8956, + "y": 0.9567 + }, + { + "x": 0.0673, + "y": 0.9567 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000003.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
INTERP RETING SIM ULTANEITY JUDG EMENTS
\n
321
\n

model (discussed for a binary fit in Section 6.2). Because there are three pos-
sible choices, the appropriate data model (applied at each SOA) is no longer
the binomial distribution, but rather the multinomial distribution, which can
provide an exact likelihood of obtaining any particular combination of prob-
abilities that divide N choices into three bins when the actual probabilities of
selecting each bin are known (or rather, for fitting purposes, predicted). 22

\n

11 Dual-Presentation SJ Data

\n

Several authors have investigated the use of a dual-presentation SJ task in
which two bimodal stimuli are presented (one after another) and compared,
for example by reporting which one was (most) synchronous (Allan & Kristof-
ferson, 1974; Powers, Hillock, & Wallace, 2009; Roseboom, Nishida, Fujisaki, &
Arnold, 2011). This is a form of what would, in classical signal detection theory,
be described as a two-alternative forced choice (specifically the two-interval
forced choice variant). However, that designation is ambiguous (about wheth-
er there are two presentations or two response categories) and has been ap-
plied to cases where either or both of the possible qualifying conditions are
met, which is probably why the dual-presentation SJ task has ended up being
given a variety of names (e.g., temporal 2AFC; forced-choice successiveness
discrimination; 2IFC SJ, where the classic SJ is referred to as 2AFC SJ in the
same paper). I will label it the 2xSJ.

\n

The simplest form of the 2xSJ would have a synchronous standard on every
trial along with a non-synchronous test pair. Based on the kind of observer
models discussed in this chapter, the resulting psychometric function (plotting
the probability of judging the standard more synchronous than the test against
the test's SOA) is U-shaped and centred over the PSS. This approach represents
a reasonable way to derive estimates of inverse precision (i.e., O�t) but a fairly
poor way to estimate the PSS, because having a synchronous standard on every
trial provides feedback about objective synchrony. A simple solution is to also
include a range of standards as well as a range of tests, in a roving standard
design.

\n

The observer model can be fitted to data even when both standard and test
are non-zero, as described in detail by Yarrow et al. (2016; see also Garcia-Perez
& Peli, 2014). To present all of the data, it is necessary to plot a function for
each standard SOA (using several standard plots, or a single 3D plot), which is
somewhat cumbersome, but not a major obstacle to using the task. A simple

\n

22 .

", + "markdown": "INTERP RETING SIM ULTANEITY JUDG EMENTS\n\n321\n\nmodel (discussed for a binary fit in Section 6.2). Because there are three pos-\nsible choices, the appropriate data model (applied at each SOA) is no longer\nthe binomial distribution, but rather the multinomial distribution, which can\nprovide an exact likelihood of obtaining any particular combination of prob-\nabilities that divide N choices into three bins when the actual probabilities of\nselecting each bin are known (or rather, for fitting purposes, predicted). 22\n\n11 Dual-Presentation SJ Data\n\nSeveral authors have investigated the use of a dual-presentation SJ task in\nwhich two bimodal stimuli are presented (one after another) and compared,\nfor example by reporting which one was (most) synchronous (Allan & Kristof-\nferson, 1974; Powers, Hillock, & Wallace, 2009; Roseboom, Nishida, Fujisaki, &\nArnold, 2011). This is a form of what would, in classical signal detection theory,\nbe described as a two-alternative forced choice (specifically the two-interval\nforced choice variant). However, that designation is ambiguous (about wheth-\ner there are two presentations or two response categories) and has been ap-\nplied to cases where either or both of the possible qualifying conditions are\nmet, which is probably why the dual-presentation SJ task has ended up being\ngiven a variety of names (e.g., temporal 2AFC; forced-choice successiveness\ndiscrimination; 2IFC SJ, where the classic SJ is referred to as 2AFC SJ in the\nsame paper). I will label it the 2xSJ.\n\nThe simplest form of the 2xSJ would have a synchronous standard on every\ntrial along with a non-synchronous test pair. Based on the kind of observer\nmodels discussed in this chapter, the resulting psychometric function (plotting\nthe probability of judging the standard more synchronous than the test against\nthe test's SOA) is U-shaped and centred over the PSS. This approach represents\na reasonable way to derive estimates of inverse precision (i.e., O�t) but a fairly\npoor way to estimate the PSS, because having a synchronous standard on every\ntrial provides feedback about objective synchrony. A simple solution is to also\ninclude a range of standards as well as a range of tests, in a roving standard\ndesign.\n\nThe observer model can be fitted to data even when both standard and test\nare non-zero, as described in detail by Yarrow et al. (2016; see also Garcia-Perez\n& Peli, 2014). To present all of the data, it is necessary to plot a function for\neach standard SOA (using several standard plots, or a single 3D plot), which is\nsomewhat cumbersome, but not a major obstacle to using the task. A simple\n\n22 .", + "text": "INTERP RETING SIM ULTANEITY JUDG EMENTS\n321\nmodel (discussed for a binary fit in Section 6.2). Because there are three pos-\nsible choices, the appropriate data model (applied at each SOA) is no longer\nthe binomial distribution, but rather the multinomial distribution, which can\nprovide an exact likelihood of obtaining any particular combination of prob-\nabilities that divide N choices into three bins when the actual probabilities of\nselecting each bin are known (or rather, for fitting purposes, predicted). 22\n11 Dual-Presentation SJ Data\nSeveral authors have investigated the use of a dual-presentation SJ task in\nwhich two bimodal stimuli are presented (one after another) and compared,\nfor example by reporting which one was (most) synchronous (Allan & Kristof-\nferson, 1974; Powers, Hillock, & Wallace, 2009; Roseboom, Nishida, Fujisaki, &\nArnold, 2011). This is a form of what would, in classical signal detection theory,\nbe described as a two-alternative forced choice (specifically the two-interval\nforced choice variant). However, that designation is ambiguous (about wheth-\ner there are two presentations or two response categories) and has been ap-\nplied to cases where either or both of the possible qualifying conditions are\nmet, which is probably why the dual-presentation SJ task has ended up being\ngiven a variety of names (e.g., temporal 2AFC; forced-choice successiveness\ndiscrimination; 2IFC SJ, where the classic SJ is referred to as 2AFC SJ in the\nsame paper). I will label it the 2xSJ.\nThe simplest form of the 2xSJ would have a synchronous standard on every\ntrial along with a non-synchronous test pair. Based on the kind of observer\nmodels discussed in this chapter, the resulting psychometric function (plotting\nthe probability of judging the standard more synchronous than the test against\nthe test's SOA) is U-shaped and centred over the PSS. This approach represents\na reasonable way to derive estimates of inverse precision (i.e., O�t) but a fairly\npoor way to estimate the PSS, because having a synchronous standard on every\ntrial provides feedback about objective synchrony. A simple solution is to also\ninclude a range of standards as well as a range of tests, in a roving standard\ndesign.\nThe observer model can be fitted to data even when both standard and test\nare non-zero, as described in detail by Yarrow et al. (2016; see also Garcia-Perez\n& Peli, 2014). To present all of the data, it is necessary to plot a function for\neach standard SOA (using several standard plots, or a single 3D plot), which is\nsomewhat cumbersome, but not a major obstacle to using the task. A simple\n22 ." + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
INTERP RETING SIM ULTANEITY JUDG EMENTS
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model (discussed for a binary fit in Section 6.2). Because there are three pos-
sible choices, the appropriate data model (applied at each SOA) is no longer
the binomial distribution, but rather the multinomial distribution, which can
provide an exact likelihood of obtaining any particular combination of prob-
abilities that divide N choices into three bins when the actual probabilities of
selecting each bin are known (or rather, for fitting purposes, predicted). 22

", + "markdown": "model (discussed for a binary fit in Section 6.2). Because there are three pos-\nsible choices, the appropriate data model (applied at each SOA) is no longer\nthe binomial distribution, but rather the multinomial distribution, which can\nprovide an exact likelihood of obtaining any particular combination of prob-\nabilities that divide N choices into three bins when the actual probabilities of\nselecting each bin are known (or rather, for fitting purposes, predicted). 22", + "text": "model (discussed for a binary fit in Section 6.2). Because there are three pos-\nsible choices, the appropriate data model (applied at each SOA) is no longer\nthe binomial distribution, but rather the multinomial distribution, which can\nprovide an exact likelihood of obtaining any particular combination of prob-\nabilities that divide N choices into three bins when the actual probabilities of\nselecting each bin are known (or rather, for fitting purposes, predicted). 22" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.111, + "y": 0.0906 + }, + { + "x": 0.8634, + "y": 0.0906 + }, + { + "x": 0.8634, + "y": 0.212 + }, + { + "x": 0.111, + "y": 0.212 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

11 Dual-Presentation SJ Data

", + "markdown": "11 Dual-Presentation SJ Data", + "text": "11 Dual-Presentation SJ Data" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1108, + "y": 0.2524 + }, + { + "x": 0.4562, + "y": 0.2524 + }, + { + "x": 0.4562, + "y": 0.2713 + }, + { + "x": 0.1108, + "y": 0.2713 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Several authors have investigated the use of a dual-presentation SJ task in
which two bimodal stimuli are presented (one after another) and compared,
for example by reporting which one was (most) synchronous (Allan & Kristof-
ferson, 1974; Powers, Hillock, & Wallace, 2009; Roseboom, Nishida, Fujisaki, &
Arnold, 2011). This is a form of what would, in classical signal detection theory,
be described as a two-alternative forced choice (specifically the two-interval
forced choice variant). However, that designation is ambiguous (about wheth-
er there are two presentations or two response categories) and has been ap-
plied to cases where either or both of the possible qualifying conditions are
met, which is probably why the dual-presentation SJ task has ended up being
given a variety of names (e.g., temporal 2AFC; forced-choice successiveness
discrimination; 2IFC SJ, where the classic SJ is referred to as 2AFC SJ in the
same paper). I will label it the 2xSJ.

", + "markdown": "Several authors have investigated the use of a dual-presentation SJ task in\nwhich two bimodal stimuli are presented (one after another) and compared,\nfor example by reporting which one was (most) synchronous (Allan & Kristof-\nferson, 1974; Powers, Hillock, & Wallace, 2009; Roseboom, Nishida, Fujisaki, &\nArnold, 2011). This is a form of what would, in classical signal detection theory,\nbe described as a two-alternative forced choice (specifically the two-interval\nforced choice variant). However, that designation is ambiguous (about wheth-\ner there are two presentations or two response categories) and has been ap-\nplied to cases where either or both of the possible qualifying conditions are\nmet, which is probably why the dual-presentation SJ task has ended up being\ngiven a variety of names (e.g., temporal 2AFC; forced-choice successiveness\ndiscrimination; 2IFC SJ, where the classic SJ is referred to as 2AFC SJ in the\nsame paper). I will label it the 2xSJ.", + "text": "Several authors have investigated the use of a dual-presentation SJ task in\nwhich two bimodal stimuli are presented (one after another) and compared,\nfor example by reporting which one was (most) synchronous (Allan & Kristof-\nferson, 1974; Powers, Hillock, & Wallace, 2009; Roseboom, Nishida, Fujisaki, &\nArnold, 2011). This is a form of what would, in classical signal detection theory,\nbe described as a two-alternative forced choice (specifically the two-interval\nforced choice variant). However, that designation is ambiguous (about wheth-\ner there are two presentations or two response categories) and has been ap-\nplied to cases where either or both of the possible qualifying conditions are\nmet, which is probably why the dual-presentation SJ task has ended up being\ngiven a variety of names (e.g., temporal 2AFC; forced-choice successiveness\ndiscrimination; 2IFC SJ, where the classic SJ is referred to as 2AFC SJ in the\nsame paper). I will label it the 2xSJ." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1128, + "y": 0.2926 + }, + { + "x": 0.8621, + "y": 0.2926 + }, + { + "x": 0.8621, + "y": 0.5535 + }, + { + "x": 0.1128, + "y": 0.5535 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The simplest form of the 2xSJ would have a synchronous standard on every
trial along with a non-synchronous test pair. Based on the kind of observer
models discussed in this chapter, the resulting psychometric function (plotting
the probability of judging the standard more synchronous than the test against
the test's SOA) is U-shaped and centred over the PSS. This approach represents
a reasonable way to derive estimates of inverse precision (i.e., O�t) but a fairly
poor way to estimate the PSS, because having a synchronous standard on every
trial provides feedback about objective synchrony. A simple solution is to also
include a range of standards as well as a range of tests, in a roving standard
design.

", + "markdown": "The simplest form of the 2xSJ would have a synchronous standard on every\ntrial along with a non-synchronous test pair. Based on the kind of observer\nmodels discussed in this chapter, the resulting psychometric function (plotting\nthe probability of judging the standard more synchronous than the test against\nthe test's SOA) is U-shaped and centred over the PSS. This approach represents\na reasonable way to derive estimates of inverse precision (i.e., O�t) but a fairly\npoor way to estimate the PSS, because having a synchronous standard on every\ntrial provides feedback about objective synchrony. A simple solution is to also\ninclude a range of standards as well as a range of tests, in a roving standard\ndesign.", + "text": "The simplest form of the 2xSJ would have a synchronous standard on every\ntrial along with a non-synchronous test pair. Based on the kind of observer\nmodels discussed in this chapter, the resulting psychometric function (plotting\nthe probability of judging the standard more synchronous than the test against\nthe test's SOA) is U-shaped and centred over the PSS. This approach represents\na reasonable way to derive estimates of inverse precision (i.e., O�t) but a fairly\npoor way to estimate the PSS, because having a synchronous standard on every\ntrial provides feedback about objective synchrony. A simple solution is to also\ninclude a range of standards as well as a range of tests, in a roving standard\ndesign." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1109, + "y": 0.5553 + }, + { + "x": 0.8619, + "y": 0.5553 + }, + { + "x": 0.8619, + "y": 0.7543 + }, + { + "x": 0.1109, + "y": 0.7543 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The observer model can be fitted to data even when both standard and test
are non-zero, as described in detail by Yarrow et al. (2016; see also Garcia-Perez
& Peli, 2014). To present all of the data, it is necessary to plot a function for
each standard SOA (using several standard plots, or a single 3D plot), which is
somewhat cumbersome, but not a major obstacle to using the task. A simple

", + "markdown": "The observer model can be fitted to data even when both standard and test\nare non-zero, as described in detail by Yarrow et al. (2016; see also Garcia-Perez\n& Peli, 2014). To present all of the data, it is necessary to plot a function for\neach standard SOA (using several standard plots, or a single 3D plot), which is\nsomewhat cumbersome, but not a major obstacle to using the task. A simple", + "text": "The observer model can be fitted to data even when both standard and test\nare non-zero, as described in detail by Yarrow et al. (2016; see also Garcia-Perez\n& Peli, 2014). To present all of the data, it is necessary to plot a function for\neach standard SOA (using several standard plots, or a single 3D plot), which is\nsomewhat cumbersome, but not a major obstacle to using the task. A simple" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1111, + "y": 0.7575 + }, + { + "x": 0.8638, + "y": 0.7575 + }, + { + "x": 0.8638, + "y": 0.8587 + }, + { + "x": 0.1111, + "y": 0.8587 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

22 .

", + "markdown": "22 .", + "text": "22 ." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1116, + "y": 0.8814 + }, + { + "x": 0.3905, + "y": 0.8814 + }, + { + "x": 0.3905, + "y": 0.8976 + }, + { + "x": 0.1116, + "y": 0.8976 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000193.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Scaling laws for neural language models. arXiv
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Dahyun Kim, Yungi Kim, Wonho Song, Hyeonwoo
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Jihoo Kim, Wonho Song, Dahyun Kim, Yunsu Kim,
Yungi Kim, and Chanjun Park. 2024b. Evalverse:
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Aran Komatsuzaki, Joan Puigcerver, James Lee-Thorp,
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Hyunbyung Park, Sukyung Lee, Gyoungjin Gim, Yungi
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5719-5728. PMLR.

\n

Weijia Shi, Anirudh Ajith, Mengzhou Xia, Yangsibo
Huang, Daogao Liu, Terra Blevins, Danqi Chen,
and Luke Zettlemoyer. 2023. Detecting pretraining
data from large language models. arXiv preprint
arXiv:2310.16789.

\n

Ken Shoemake. 1985. Animating rotation with quater-
nion curves. In Proceedings of the 12th annual con-
ference on Computer graphics and interactive tech-
niques, pages 245-254.

\n

Mingxing Tan and Quoc Le. 2019. Efficientnet: Re-
thinking model scaling for convolutional neural net-
works. In International conference on machine learn-
ing, pages 6105-6114. PMLR.

\n

Hugo Touvron, Louis Martin, Kevin Stone, Peter Al-
bert, Amjad Almahairi, Yasmine Babaei, Nikolay
Bashlykov, Soumya Batra, Prajjwal Bhargava, Shruti
Bhosale, et al. 2023. Llama 2: Open founda-
tion and fine-tuned chat models. arXiv preprint
arXiv:2307.09288.

\n

Lewis Tunstall, Edward Beeching, Nathan Lambert,
Nazneen Rajani, Kashif Rasul, Younes Belkada,
Shengyi Huang, Leandro von Werra, Clementine
Fourrier, Nathan Habib, et al. 2023. Zephyr: Di-
rect distillation of lm alignment. arXiv preprint
arXiv:2310.16944.

", + "markdown": "Scaling laws for neural language models. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:2001.08361.\n\nDahyun Kim, Yungi Kim, Wonho Song, Hyeonwoo\nKim, Yunsu Kim, Sanghoon Kim, and Chanjun Park.\n2024a. sdpo: Don 't use your data all at once.\n\nJihoo Kim, Wonho Song, Dahyun Kim, Yunsu Kim,\nYungi Kim, and Chanjun Park. 2024b. Evalverse:\nUnified and accessible library for large language\nmodel evaluation.\n\nAran Komatsuzaki, Joan Puigcerver, James Lee-Thorp,\nCarlos Riquelme Ruiz, Basil Mustafa, Joshua Ainslie,\nYi Tay, Mostafa Dehghani, and Neil Houlsby.\n2022. Sparse upcycling: Training mixture-of-\nexperts from dense checkpoints. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2212.05055.\n\nWing Lian. 2023. https : / /huggingface co/\nwinglian/ omega-3b.\n\nShayne Longpre, Le Hou, Tu Vu, Albert Webson,\nHyung Won Chung, Yi Tay, Denny Zhou, Quoc V\nLe, Barret Zoph, Jason Wei, et al. 2023. The flan\ncollection: Designing data and methods for effective\ninstruction tuning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.13688.\n\n# OpenAI. 2023. Gpt-4 technical report.\n\nYu Pan, Ye Yuan, Yichun Yin, Zenglin Xu, Lifeng\nShang, Xin Jiang, and Qun Liu. 2023. Reusing pre-\ntrained models by multi-linear operators for efficient\ntraining. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.10699.\n\nHyunbyung Park, Sukyung Lee, Gyoungjin Gim, Yungi\nKim, Dahyun Kim, and Chanjun Park. 2024. Data-\nverse: Open-source etl (extract, transform, load)\npipeline for large language models.\n\nRafael Rafailov, Archit Sharma, Eric Mitchell, Stefano\nErmon, Christopher D Manning, and Chelsea Finn.\n2023. Direct preference optimization: Your language\nmodel is secretly a reward model. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2305.18290.\n\nOscar Sainz, Jon Ander Campos, Iker Garcia-Ferrero,\nJulen Etxaniz, Oier Lopez de Lacalle, and Eneko\nAgirre. 2023. Nlp evaluation in trouble: On the\nneed to measure llm data contamination for each\nbenchmark. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.18018.\n\nKeisuke Sakaguchi, Ronan Le Bras, Chandra Bhagavat-\nula, and Yejin Choi. 2021. Winogrande: An adver-\nsarial winograd schema challenge at scale. Commu-\nnications of the ACM, 64(9):99-106.\n\nMalik Sallam, Nesreen Salim, Muna Barakat, and Alaa\nAl-Tammemi. 2023. Chatgpt applications in medical,\ndental, pharmacy, and public health education: A\ndescriptive study highlighting the advantages and\nlimitations. Narra J, 3(1):e103-e103.\n\nNoam Shazeer, Azalia Mirhoseini, Krzysztof Maziarz,\nAndy Davis, Quoc Le, Geoffrey Hinton, and Jeff\nDean. 2017. Outrageously large neural networks:\nThe sparsely-gated mixture-of-experts layer. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:1701.06538.\n\nTianxiao Shen, Myle Ott, Michael Auli, and\nMarc' Aurelio Ranzato. 2019. Mixture models for\ndiverse machine translation: Tricks of the trade. In\nInternational conference on machine learning, pages\n5719-5728. PMLR.\n\nWeijia Shi, Anirudh Ajith, Mengzhou Xia, Yangsibo\nHuang, Daogao Liu, Terra Blevins, Danqi Chen,\nand Luke Zettlemoyer. 2023. Detecting pretraining\ndata from large language models. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2310.16789.\n\nKen Shoemake. 1985. Animating rotation with quater-\nnion curves. In Proceedings of the 12th annual con-\nference on Computer graphics and interactive tech-\nniques, pages 245-254.\n\nMingxing Tan and Quoc Le. 2019. Efficientnet: Re-\nthinking model scaling for convolutional neural net-\nworks. In International conference on machine learn-\ning, pages 6105-6114. PMLR.\n\nHugo Touvron, Louis Martin, Kevin Stone, Peter Al-\nbert, Amjad Almahairi, Yasmine Babaei, Nikolay\nBashlykov, Soumya Batra, Prajjwal Bhargava, Shruti\nBhosale, et al. 2023. Llama 2: Open founda-\ntion and fine-tuned chat models. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2307.09288.\n\nLewis Tunstall, Edward Beeching, Nathan Lambert,\nNazneen Rajani, Kashif Rasul, Younes Belkada,\nShengyi Huang, Leandro von Werra, Clementine\nFourrier, Nathan Habib, et al. 2023. Zephyr: Di-\nrect distillation of lm alignment. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2310.16944.", + "text": "Scaling laws for neural language models. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:2001.08361.\nDahyun Kim, Yungi Kim, Wonho Song, Hyeonwoo\nKim, Yunsu Kim, Sanghoon Kim, and Chanjun Park.\n2024a. sdpo: Don 't use your data all at once.\nJihoo Kim, Wonho Song, Dahyun Kim, Yunsu Kim,\nYungi Kim, and Chanjun Park. 2024b. Evalverse:\nUnified and accessible library for large language\nmodel evaluation.\nAran Komatsuzaki, Joan Puigcerver, James Lee-Thorp,\nCarlos Riquelme Ruiz, Basil Mustafa, Joshua Ainslie,\nYi Tay, Mostafa Dehghani, and Neil Houlsby.\n2022. Sparse upcycling: Training mixture-of-\nexperts from dense checkpoints. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2212.05055.\nWing Lian. 2023. https : / /huggingface co/\nwinglian/ omega-3b.\nShayne Longpre, Le Hou, Tu Vu, Albert Webson,\nHyung Won Chung, Yi Tay, Denny Zhou, Quoc V\nLe, Barret Zoph, Jason Wei, et al. 2023. The flan\ncollection: Designing data and methods for effective\ninstruction tuning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.13688.\nOpenAI. 2023. Gpt-4 technical report.\nYu Pan, Ye Yuan, Yichun Yin, Zenglin Xu, Lifeng\nShang, Xin Jiang, and Qun Liu. 2023. Reusing pre-\ntrained models by multi-linear operators for efficient\ntraining. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.10699.\nHyunbyung Park, Sukyung Lee, Gyoungjin Gim, Yungi\nKim, Dahyun Kim, and Chanjun Park. 2024. Data-\nverse: Open-source etl (extract, transform, load)\npipeline for large language models.\nRafael Rafailov, Archit Sharma, Eric Mitchell, Stefano\nErmon, Christopher D Manning, and Chelsea Finn.\n2023. Direct preference optimization: Your language\nmodel is secretly a reward model. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2305.18290.\nOscar Sainz, Jon Ander Campos, Iker Garcia-Ferrero,\nJulen Etxaniz, Oier Lopez de Lacalle, and Eneko\nAgirre. 2023. Nlp evaluation in trouble: On the\nneed to measure llm data contamination for each\nbenchmark. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.18018.\nKeisuke Sakaguchi, Ronan Le Bras, Chandra Bhagavat-\nula, and Yejin Choi. 2021. Winogrande: An adver-\nsarial winograd schema challenge at scale. Commu-\nnications of the ACM, 64(9):99-106.\nMalik Sallam, Nesreen Salim, Muna Barakat, and Alaa\nAl-Tammemi. 2023. Chatgpt applications in medical,\ndental, pharmacy, and public health education: A\ndescriptive study highlighting the advantages and\nlimitations. Narra J, 3(1):e103-e103.\nNoam Shazeer, Azalia Mirhoseini, Krzysztof Maziarz,\nAndy Davis, Quoc Le, Geoffrey Hinton, and Jeff\nDean. 2017. Outrageously large neural networks:\nThe sparsely-gated mixture-of-experts layer. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:1701.06538.\nTianxiao Shen, Myle Ott, Michael Auli, and\nMarc' Aurelio Ranzato. 2019. Mixture models for\ndiverse machine translation: Tricks of the trade. In\nInternational conference on machine learning, pages\n5719-5728. PMLR.\nWeijia Shi, Anirudh Ajith, Mengzhou Xia, Yangsibo\nHuang, Daogao Liu, Terra Blevins, Danqi Chen,\nand Luke Zettlemoyer. 2023. Detecting pretraining\ndata from large language models. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2310.16789.\nKen Shoemake. 1985. Animating rotation with quater-\nnion curves. In Proceedings of the 12th annual con-\nference on Computer graphics and interactive tech-\nniques, pages 245-254.\nMingxing Tan and Quoc Le. 2019. Efficientnet: Re-\nthinking model scaling for convolutional neural net-\nworks. In International conference on machine learn-\ning, pages 6105-6114. PMLR.\nHugo Touvron, Louis Martin, Kevin Stone, Peter Al-\nbert, Amjad Almahairi, Yasmine Babaei, Nikolay\nBashlykov, Soumya Batra, Prajjwal Bhargava, Shruti\nBhosale, et al. 2023. Llama 2: Open founda-\ntion and fine-tuned chat models. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2307.09288.\nLewis Tunstall, Edward Beeching, Nathan Lambert,\nNazneen Rajani, Kashif Rasul, Younes Belkada,\nShengyi Huang, Leandro von Werra, Clementine\nFourrier, Nathan Habib, et al. 2023. Zephyr: Di-\nrect distillation of lm alignment. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2310.16944." + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Scaling laws for neural language models. arXiv
preprint arXiv:2001.08361.

", + "markdown": "Scaling laws for neural language models. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:2001.08361.", + "text": "Scaling laws for neural language models. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:2001.08361." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1324, + "y": 0.0858 + }, + { + "x": 0.4883, + "y": 0.0858 + }, + { + "x": 0.4883, + "y": 0.1136 + }, + { + "x": 0.1324, + "y": 0.1136 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Dahyun Kim, Yungi Kim, Wonho Song, Hyeonwoo
Kim, Yunsu Kim, Sanghoon Kim, and Chanjun Park.
2024a. sdpo: Don 't use your data all at once.

", + "markdown": "Dahyun Kim, Yungi Kim, Wonho Song, Hyeonwoo\nKim, Yunsu Kim, Sanghoon Kim, and Chanjun Park.\n2024a. sdpo: Don 't use your data all at once.", + "text": "Dahyun Kim, Yungi Kim, Wonho Song, Hyeonwoo\nKim, Yunsu Kim, Sanghoon Kim, and Chanjun Park.\n2024a. sdpo: Don 't use your data all at once." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.116, + "y": 0.1234 + }, + { + "x": 0.4891, + "y": 0.1234 + }, + { + "x": 0.4891, + "y": 0.1628 + }, + { + "x": 0.116, + "y": 0.1628 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Jihoo Kim, Wonho Song, Dahyun Kim, Yunsu Kim,
Yungi Kim, and Chanjun Park. 2024b. Evalverse:
Unified and accessible library for large language
model evaluation.

", + "markdown": "Jihoo Kim, Wonho Song, Dahyun Kim, Yunsu Kim,\nYungi Kim, and Chanjun Park. 2024b. Evalverse:\nUnified and accessible library for large language\nmodel evaluation.", + "text": "Jihoo Kim, Wonho Song, Dahyun Kim, Yunsu Kim,\nYungi Kim, and Chanjun Park. 2024b. Evalverse:\nUnified and accessible library for large language\nmodel evaluation." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1172, + "y": 0.1715 + }, + { + "x": 0.4888, + "y": 0.1715 + }, + { + "x": 0.4888, + "y": 0.2241 + }, + { + "x": 0.1172, + "y": 0.2241 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Aran Komatsuzaki, Joan Puigcerver, James Lee-Thorp,
Carlos Riquelme Ruiz, Basil Mustafa, Joshua Ainslie,
Yi Tay, Mostafa Dehghani, and Neil Houlsby.
2022. Sparse upcycling: Training mixture-of-
experts from dense checkpoints. arXiv preprint
arXiv:2212.05055.

", + "markdown": "Aran Komatsuzaki, Joan Puigcerver, James Lee-Thorp,\nCarlos Riquelme Ruiz, Basil Mustafa, Joshua Ainslie,\nYi Tay, Mostafa Dehghani, and Neil Houlsby.\n2022. Sparse upcycling: Training mixture-of-\nexperts from dense checkpoints. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2212.05055.", + "text": "Aran Komatsuzaki, Joan Puigcerver, James Lee-Thorp,\nCarlos Riquelme Ruiz, Basil Mustafa, Joshua Ainslie,\nYi Tay, Mostafa Dehghani, and Neil Houlsby.\n2022. Sparse upcycling: Training mixture-of-\nexperts from dense checkpoints. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2212.05055." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1159, + "y": 0.2331 + }, + { + "x": 0.4898, + "y": 0.2331 + }, + { + "x": 0.4898, + "y": 0.3121 + }, + { + "x": 0.1159, + "y": 0.3121 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Wing Lian. 2023. https : / /huggingface co/
winglian/ omega-3b.

", + "markdown": "Wing Lian. 2023. https : / /huggingface co/\nwinglian/ omega-3b.", + "text": "Wing Lian. 2023. https : / /huggingface co/\nwinglian/ omega-3b." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1164, + "y": 0.3215 + }, + { + "x": 0.4878, + "y": 0.3215 + }, + { + "x": 0.4878, + "y": 0.3484 + }, + { + "x": 0.1164, + "y": 0.3484 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Shayne Longpre, Le Hou, Tu Vu, Albert Webson,
Hyung Won Chung, Yi Tay, Denny Zhou, Quoc V
Le, Barret Zoph, Jason Wei, et al. 2023. The flan
collection: Designing data and methods for effective
instruction tuning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.13688.

", + "markdown": "Shayne Longpre, Le Hou, Tu Vu, Albert Webson,\nHyung Won Chung, Yi Tay, Denny Zhou, Quoc V\nLe, Barret Zoph, Jason Wei, et al. 2023. The flan\ncollection: Designing data and methods for effective\ninstruction tuning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.13688.", + "text": "Shayne Longpre, Le Hou, Tu Vu, Albert Webson,\nHyung Won Chung, Yi Tay, Denny Zhou, Quoc V\nLe, Barret Zoph, Jason Wei, et al. 2023. The flan\ncollection: Designing data and methods for effective\ninstruction tuning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.13688." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.119, + "y": 0.4331 + }, + { + "x": 0.4899, + "y": 0.4331 + }, + { + "x": 0.4899, + "y": 0.4988 + }, + { + "x": 0.119, + "y": 0.4988 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

OpenAI. 2023. Gpt-4 technical report.

", + "markdown": "# OpenAI. 2023. Gpt-4 technical report.", + "text": "OpenAI. 2023. Gpt-4 technical report." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1158, + "y": 0.5825 + }, + { + "x": 0.3782, + "y": 0.5825 + }, + { + "x": 0.3782, + "y": 0.5972 + }, + { + "x": 0.1158, + "y": 0.5972 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Yu Pan, Ye Yuan, Yichun Yin, Zenglin Xu, Lifeng
Shang, Xin Jiang, and Qun Liu. 2023. Reusing pre-
trained models by multi-linear operators for efficient
training. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.10699.

", + "markdown": "Yu Pan, Ye Yuan, Yichun Yin, Zenglin Xu, Lifeng\nShang, Xin Jiang, and Qun Liu. 2023. Reusing pre-\ntrained models by multi-linear operators for efficient\ntraining. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.10699.", + "text": "Yu Pan, Ye Yuan, Yichun Yin, Zenglin Xu, Lifeng\nShang, Xin Jiang, and Qun Liu. 2023. Reusing pre-\ntrained models by multi-linear operators for efficient\ntraining. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.10699." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1165, + "y": 0.6053 + }, + { + "x": 0.4887, + "y": 0.6053 + }, + { + "x": 0.4887, + "y": 0.6593 + }, + { + "x": 0.1165, + "y": 0.6593 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Hyunbyung Park, Sukyung Lee, Gyoungjin Gim, Yungi
Kim, Dahyun Kim, and Chanjun Park. 2024. Data-
verse: Open-source etl (extract, transform, load)
pipeline for large language models.

", + "markdown": "Hyunbyung Park, Sukyung Lee, Gyoungjin Gim, Yungi\nKim, Dahyun Kim, and Chanjun Park. 2024. Data-\nverse: Open-source etl (extract, transform, load)\npipeline for large language models.", + "text": "Hyunbyung Park, Sukyung Lee, Gyoungjin Gim, Yungi\nKim, Dahyun Kim, and Chanjun Park. 2024. Data-\nverse: Open-source etl (extract, transform, load)\npipeline for large language models." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1156, + "y": 0.6675 + }, + { + "x": 0.4884, + "y": 0.6675 + }, + { + "x": 0.4884, + "y": 0.7216 + }, + { + "x": 0.1156, + "y": 0.7216 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Rafael Rafailov, Archit Sharma, Eric Mitchell, Stefano
Ermon, Christopher D Manning, and Chelsea Finn.
2023. Direct preference optimization: Your language
model is secretly a reward model. arXiv preprint
arXiv:2305.18290.

", + "markdown": "Rafael Rafailov, Archit Sharma, Eric Mitchell, Stefano\nErmon, Christopher D Manning, and Chelsea Finn.\n2023. Direct preference optimization: Your language\nmodel is secretly a reward model. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2305.18290.", + "text": "Rafael Rafailov, Archit Sharma, Eric Mitchell, Stefano\nErmon, Christopher D Manning, and Chelsea Finn.\n2023. Direct preference optimization: Your language\nmodel is secretly a reward model. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2305.18290." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5096, + "y": 0.0867 + }, + { + "x": 0.886, + "y": 0.0867 + }, + { + "x": 0.886, + "y": 0.1528 + }, + { + "x": 0.5096, + "y": 0.1528 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Oscar Sainz, Jon Ander Campos, Iker Garcia-Ferrero,
Julen Etxaniz, Oier Lopez de Lacalle, and Eneko
Agirre. 2023. Nlp evaluation in trouble: On the
need to measure llm data contamination for each
benchmark. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.18018.

", + "markdown": "Oscar Sainz, Jon Ander Campos, Iker Garcia-Ferrero,\nJulen Etxaniz, Oier Lopez de Lacalle, and Eneko\nAgirre. 2023. Nlp evaluation in trouble: On the\nneed to measure llm data contamination for each\nbenchmark. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.18018.", + "text": "Oscar Sainz, Jon Ander Campos, Iker Garcia-Ferrero,\nJulen Etxaniz, Oier Lopez de Lacalle, and Eneko\nAgirre. 2023. Nlp evaluation in trouble: On the\nneed to measure llm data contamination for each\nbenchmark. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.18018." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5135, + "y": 0.1647 + }, + { + "x": 0.883, + "y": 0.1647 + }, + { + "x": 0.883, + "y": 0.2312 + }, + { + "x": 0.5135, + "y": 0.2312 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Keisuke Sakaguchi, Ronan Le Bras, Chandra Bhagavat-
ula, and Yejin Choi. 2021. Winogrande: An adver-
sarial winograd schema challenge at scale. Commu-
nications of the ACM, 64(9):99-106.

", + "markdown": "Keisuke Sakaguchi, Ronan Le Bras, Chandra Bhagavat-\nula, and Yejin Choi. 2021. Winogrande: An adver-\nsarial winograd schema challenge at scale. Commu-\nnications of the ACM, 64(9):99-106.", + "text": "Keisuke Sakaguchi, Ronan Le Bras, Chandra Bhagavat-\nula, and Yejin Choi. 2021. Winogrande: An adver-\nsarial winograd schema challenge at scale. Commu-\nnications of the ACM, 64(9):99-106." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.512, + "y": 0.2425 + }, + { + "x": 0.8853, + "y": 0.2425 + }, + { + "x": 0.8853, + "y": 0.2957 + }, + { + "x": 0.512, + "y": 0.2957 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Malik Sallam, Nesreen Salim, Muna Barakat, and Alaa
Al-Tammemi. 2023. Chatgpt applications in medical,
dental, pharmacy, and public health education: A
descriptive study highlighting the advantages and
limitations. Narra J, 3(1):e103-e103.

", + "markdown": "Malik Sallam, Nesreen Salim, Muna Barakat, and Alaa\nAl-Tammemi. 2023. Chatgpt applications in medical,\ndental, pharmacy, and public health education: A\ndescriptive study highlighting the advantages and\nlimitations. Narra J, 3(1):e103-e103.", + "text": "Malik Sallam, Nesreen Salim, Muna Barakat, and Alaa\nAl-Tammemi. 2023. Chatgpt applications in medical,\ndental, pharmacy, and public health education: A\ndescriptive study highlighting the advantages and\nlimitations. Narra J, 3(1):e103-e103." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5127, + "y": 0.3079 + }, + { + "x": 0.8844, + "y": 0.3079 + }, + { + "x": 0.8844, + "y": 0.3735 + }, + { + "x": 0.5127, + "y": 0.3735 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Noam Shazeer, Azalia Mirhoseini, Krzysztof Maziarz,
Andy Davis, Quoc Le, Geoffrey Hinton, and Jeff
Dean. 2017. Outrageously large neural networks:
The sparsely-gated mixture-of-experts layer. arXiv
preprint arXiv:1701.06538.

", + "markdown": "Noam Shazeer, Azalia Mirhoseini, Krzysztof Maziarz,\nAndy Davis, Quoc Le, Geoffrey Hinton, and Jeff\nDean. 2017. Outrageously large neural networks:\nThe sparsely-gated mixture-of-experts layer. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:1701.06538.", + "text": "Noam Shazeer, Azalia Mirhoseini, Krzysztof Maziarz,\nAndy Davis, Quoc Le, Geoffrey Hinton, and Jeff\nDean. 2017. Outrageously large neural networks:\nThe sparsely-gated mixture-of-experts layer. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:1701.06538." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5125, + "y": 0.3855 + }, + { + "x": 0.8852, + "y": 0.3855 + }, + { + "x": 0.8852, + "y": 0.4515 + }, + { + "x": 0.5125, + "y": 0.4515 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Tianxiao Shen, Myle Ott, Michael Auli, and
Marc' Aurelio Ranzato. 2019. Mixture models for
diverse machine translation: Tricks of the trade. In
International conference on machine learning, pages
5719-5728. PMLR.

", + "markdown": "Tianxiao Shen, Myle Ott, Michael Auli, and\nMarc' Aurelio Ranzato. 2019. Mixture models for\ndiverse machine translation: Tricks of the trade. In\nInternational conference on machine learning, pages\n5719-5728. PMLR.", + "text": "Tianxiao Shen, Myle Ott, Michael Auli, and\nMarc' Aurelio Ranzato. 2019. Mixture models for\ndiverse machine translation: Tricks of the trade. In\nInternational conference on machine learning, pages\n5719-5728. PMLR." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5126, + "y": 0.4632 + }, + { + "x": 0.884, + "y": 0.4632 + }, + { + "x": 0.884, + "y": 0.529 + }, + { + "x": 0.5126, + "y": 0.529 + } + ], + "id": 14, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Weijia Shi, Anirudh Ajith, Mengzhou Xia, Yangsibo
Huang, Daogao Liu, Terra Blevins, Danqi Chen,
and Luke Zettlemoyer. 2023. Detecting pretraining
data from large language models. arXiv preprint
arXiv:2310.16789.

", + "markdown": "Weijia Shi, Anirudh Ajith, Mengzhou Xia, Yangsibo\nHuang, Daogao Liu, Terra Blevins, Danqi Chen,\nand Luke Zettlemoyer. 2023. Detecting pretraining\ndata from large language models. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2310.16789.", + "text": "Weijia Shi, Anirudh Ajith, Mengzhou Xia, Yangsibo\nHuang, Daogao Liu, Terra Blevins, Danqi Chen,\nand Luke Zettlemoyer. 2023. Detecting pretraining\ndata from large language models. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2310.16789." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5118, + "y": 0.5414 + }, + { + "x": 0.8849, + "y": 0.5414 + }, + { + "x": 0.8849, + "y": 0.6066 + }, + { + "x": 0.5118, + "y": 0.6066 + } + ], + "id": 15, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Ken Shoemake. 1985. Animating rotation with quater-
nion curves. In Proceedings of the 12th annual con-
ference on Computer graphics and interactive tech-
niques, pages 245-254.

", + "markdown": "Ken Shoemake. 1985. Animating rotation with quater-\nnion curves. In Proceedings of the 12th annual con-\nference on Computer graphics and interactive tech-\nniques, pages 245-254.", + "text": "Ken Shoemake. 1985. Animating rotation with quater-\nnion curves. In Proceedings of the 12th annual con-\nference on Computer graphics and interactive tech-\nniques, pages 245-254." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5118, + "y": 0.6192 + }, + { + "x": 0.8841, + "y": 0.6192 + }, + { + "x": 0.8841, + "y": 0.673 + }, + { + "x": 0.5118, + "y": 0.673 + } + ], + "id": 16, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Mingxing Tan and Quoc Le. 2019. Efficientnet: Re-
thinking model scaling for convolutional neural net-
works. In International conference on machine learn-
ing, pages 6105-6114. PMLR.

", + "markdown": "Mingxing Tan and Quoc Le. 2019. Efficientnet: Re-\nthinking model scaling for convolutional neural net-\nworks. In International conference on machine learn-\ning, pages 6105-6114. PMLR.", + "text": "Mingxing Tan and Quoc Le. 2019. Efficientnet: Re-\nthinking model scaling for convolutional neural net-\nworks. In International conference on machine learn-\ning, pages 6105-6114. PMLR." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5134, + "y": 0.6842 + }, + { + "x": 0.885, + "y": 0.6842 + }, + { + "x": 0.885, + "y": 0.7377 + }, + { + "x": 0.5134, + "y": 0.7377 + } + ], + "id": 17, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Hugo Touvron, Louis Martin, Kevin Stone, Peter Al-
bert, Amjad Almahairi, Yasmine Babaei, Nikolay
Bashlykov, Soumya Batra, Prajjwal Bhargava, Shruti
Bhosale, et al. 2023. Llama 2: Open founda-
tion and fine-tuned chat models. arXiv preprint
arXiv:2307.09288.

", + "markdown": "Hugo Touvron, Louis Martin, Kevin Stone, Peter Al-\nbert, Amjad Almahairi, Yasmine Babaei, Nikolay\nBashlykov, Soumya Batra, Prajjwal Bhargava, Shruti\nBhosale, et al. 2023. Llama 2: Open founda-\ntion and fine-tuned chat models. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2307.09288.", + "text": "Hugo Touvron, Louis Martin, Kevin Stone, Peter Al-\nbert, Amjad Almahairi, Yasmine Babaei, Nikolay\nBashlykov, Soumya Batra, Prajjwal Bhargava, Shruti\nBhosale, et al. 2023. Llama 2: Open founda-\ntion and fine-tuned chat models. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2307.09288." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5142, + "y": 0.7491 + }, + { + "x": 0.8853, + "y": 0.7491 + }, + { + "x": 0.8853, + "y": 0.8277 + }, + { + "x": 0.5142, + "y": 0.8277 + } + ], + "id": 18, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Lewis Tunstall, Edward Beeching, Nathan Lambert,
Nazneen Rajani, Kashif Rasul, Younes Belkada,
Shengyi Huang, Leandro von Werra, Clementine
Fourrier, Nathan Habib, et al. 2023. Zephyr: Di-
rect distillation of lm alignment. arXiv preprint
arXiv:2310.16944.

", + "markdown": "Lewis Tunstall, Edward Beeching, Nathan Lambert,\nNazneen Rajani, Kashif Rasul, Younes Belkada,\nShengyi Huang, Leandro von Werra, Clementine\nFourrier, Nathan Habib, et al. 2023. Zephyr: Di-\nrect distillation of lm alignment. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2310.16944.", + "text": "Lewis Tunstall, Edward Beeching, Nathan Lambert,\nNazneen Rajani, Kashif Rasul, Younes Belkada,\nShengyi Huang, Leandro von Werra, Clementine\nFourrier, Nathan Habib, et al. 2023. Zephyr: Di-\nrect distillation of lm alignment. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2310.16944." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5116, + "y": 0.8398 + }, + { + "x": 0.8857, + "y": 0.8398 + }, + { + "x": 0.8857, + "y": 0.9187 + }, + { + "x": 0.5116, + "y": 0.9187 + } + ], + "id": 19, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000052.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 15
\n

the way for women to enter the House of Representatives. In 2019,
20 women from party lists have contributed to the increase in female
legislators. However, the Party-List Law's implementation has been
controversial owing to the entry of political dynasties and traditional
politicians. The ideal that it serve as the gateway to political power of
disadvantaged groups has been lost due to vague provisions in the
law and subsequent Supreme Court decisions. The party list system
has also been \"co-opted by the traditional political system or have
become the training ground for future influence-peddling traditional
politicians\" (Tigno 2019). In other words, it has deviated from the idea
of proportional representation practiced in other countries. Dynastic
families took advantage of the system's flaws and used them to field
relatives, including some women, to expand their political power.
However, recent interviews with legislators from progressive party
lists demonstrate a better understanding of women's issues than some
representatives elected from single-member districts (Encinas-Franco
2022, 157).

\n\n
REGIONS2007-20102010-20132016-2019
National Capital Region985
Cordillera Autonomous Region121
I - Ilocos Region154
II - Cagayan Valley135
III - Central Luzon8911
IVA - CALABARZON4211
IVB - MIMAROPA111
V - Bicol Region204
VI - Western Visayas233
VII - Central Visayas223
VIII - Eastern Visayas323
Table 2. Women-Members of the House of Representatives
per Region, 2007-2019
", + "markdown": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 15\n\nthe way for women to enter the House of Representatives. In 2019,\n20 women from party lists have contributed to the increase in female\nlegislators. However, the Party-List Law's implementation has been\ncontroversial owing to the entry of political dynasties and traditional\npoliticians. The ideal that it serve as the gateway to political power of\ndisadvantaged groups has been lost due to vague provisions in the\nlaw and subsequent Supreme Court decisions. The party list system\nhas also been \"co-opted by the traditional political system or have\nbecome the training ground for future influence-peddling traditional\npoliticians\" (Tigno 2019). In other words, it has deviated from the idea\nof proportional representation practiced in other countries. Dynastic\nfamilies took advantage of the system's flaws and used them to field\nrelatives, including some women, to expand their political power.\nHowever, recent interviews with legislators from progressive party\nlists demonstrate a better understanding of women's issues than some\nrepresentatives elected from single-member districts (Encinas-Franco\n2022, 157).\n\nTable 2. Women-Members of the House of Representatives\nper Region, 2007-2019\n\n| REGIONS | 2007-2010 | 2010-2013 | 2016-2019 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| National Capital Region | 9 | 8 | 5 |\n| Cordillera Autonomous Region | 1 | 2 | 1 |\n| I - Ilocos Region | 1 | 5 | 4 |\n| II - Cagayan Valley | 1 | 3 | 5 |\n| III - Central Luzon | 8 | 9 | 11 |\n| IVA - CALABARZON | 4 | 2 | 11 |\n| IVB - MIMAROPA | 1 | 1 | 1 |\n| V - Bicol Region | 2 | 0 | 4 |\n| VI - Western Visayas | 2 | 3 | 3 |\n| VII - Central Visayas | 2 | 2 | 3 |\n| VIII - Eastern Visayas | 3 | 2 | 3 |", + "text": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 15\nthe way for women to enter the House of Representatives. In 2019,\n20 women from party lists have contributed to the increase in female\nlegislators. However, the Party-List Law's implementation has been\ncontroversial owing to the entry of political dynasties and traditional\npoliticians. The ideal that it serve as the gateway to political power of\ndisadvantaged groups has been lost due to vague provisions in the\nlaw and subsequent Supreme Court decisions. The party list system\nhas also been \"co-opted by the traditional political system or have\nbecome the training ground for future influence-peddling traditional\npoliticians\" (Tigno 2019). In other words, it has deviated from the idea\nof proportional representation practiced in other countries. Dynastic\nfamilies took advantage of the system's flaws and used them to field\nrelatives, including some women, to expand their political power.\nHowever, recent interviews with legislators from progressive party\nlists demonstrate a better understanding of women's issues than some\nrepresentatives elected from single-member districts (Encinas-Franco\n2022, 157).\nTable 2. Women-Members of the House of Representatives\nper Region, 2007-2019\nREGIONS 2007-2010 2010-2013 2016-2019\n National Capital Region 9 8 5\n Cordillera Autonomous Region 1 2 1\n I - Ilocos Region 1 5 4\n II - Cagayan Valley 1 3 5\n III - Central Luzon 8 9 11\n IVA - CALABARZON 4 2 11\n IVB - MIMAROPA 1 1 1\n V - Bicol Region 2 0 4\n VI - Western Visayas 2 3 3\n VII - Central Visayas 2 2 3\n VIII - Eastern Visayas 3 2 3" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 15
", + "markdown": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 15", + "text": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 15" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2374, + "y": 0.0554 + }, + { + "x": 0.9045, + "y": 0.0554 + }, + { + "x": 0.9045, + "y": 0.0735 + }, + { + "x": 0.2374, + "y": 0.0735 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

the way for women to enter the House of Representatives. In 2019,
20 women from party lists have contributed to the increase in female
legislators. However, the Party-List Law's implementation has been
controversial owing to the entry of political dynasties and traditional
politicians. The ideal that it serve as the gateway to political power of
disadvantaged groups has been lost due to vague provisions in the
law and subsequent Supreme Court decisions. The party list system
has also been \"co-opted by the traditional political system or have
become the training ground for future influence-peddling traditional
politicians\" (Tigno 2019). In other words, it has deviated from the idea
of proportional representation practiced in other countries. Dynastic
families took advantage of the system's flaws and used them to field
relatives, including some women, to expand their political power.
However, recent interviews with legislators from progressive party
lists demonstrate a better understanding of women's issues than some
representatives elected from single-member districts (Encinas-Franco
2022, 157).

", + "markdown": "the way for women to enter the House of Representatives. In 2019,\n20 women from party lists have contributed to the increase in female\nlegislators. However, the Party-List Law's implementation has been\ncontroversial owing to the entry of political dynasties and traditional\npoliticians. The ideal that it serve as the gateway to political power of\ndisadvantaged groups has been lost due to vague provisions in the\nlaw and subsequent Supreme Court decisions. The party list system\nhas also been \"co-opted by the traditional political system or have\nbecome the training ground for future influence-peddling traditional\npoliticians\" (Tigno 2019). In other words, it has deviated from the idea\nof proportional representation practiced in other countries. Dynastic\nfamilies took advantage of the system's flaws and used them to field\nrelatives, including some women, to expand their political power.\nHowever, recent interviews with legislators from progressive party\nlists demonstrate a better understanding of women's issues than some\nrepresentatives elected from single-member districts (Encinas-Franco\n2022, 157).", + "text": "the way for women to enter the House of Representatives. In 2019,\n20 women from party lists have contributed to the increase in female\nlegislators. However, the Party-List Law's implementation has been\ncontroversial owing to the entry of political dynasties and traditional\npoliticians. The ideal that it serve as the gateway to political power of\ndisadvantaged groups has been lost due to vague provisions in the\nlaw and subsequent Supreme Court decisions. The party list system\nhas also been \"co-opted by the traditional political system or have\nbecome the training ground for future influence-peddling traditional\npoliticians\" (Tigno 2019). In other words, it has deviated from the idea\nof proportional representation practiced in other countries. Dynastic\nfamilies took advantage of the system's flaws and used them to field\nrelatives, including some women, to expand their political power.\nHowever, recent interviews with legislators from progressive party\nlists demonstrate a better understanding of women's issues than some\nrepresentatives elected from single-member districts (Encinas-Franco\n2022, 157)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1412, + "y": 0.1078 + }, + { + "x": 0.9016, + "y": 0.1078 + }, + { + "x": 0.9016, + "y": 0.4742 + }, + { + "x": 0.1412, + "y": 0.4742 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "Table 2. Women-Members of the House of Representatives
per Region, 2007-2019", + "markdown": "Table 2. Women-Members of the House of Representatives\nper Region, 2007-2019", + "text": "Table 2. Women-Members of the House of Representatives\nper Region, 2007-2019" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2323, + "y": 0.5057 + }, + { + "x": 0.8079, + "y": 0.5057 + }, + { + "x": 0.8079, + "y": 0.5427 + }, + { + "x": 0.2323, + "y": 0.5427 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
REGIONS2007-20102010-20132016-2019
National Capital Region985
Cordillera Autonomous Region121
I - Ilocos Region154
II - Cagayan Valley135
III - Central Luzon8911
IVA - CALABARZON4211
IVB - MIMAROPA111
V - Bicol Region204
VI - Western Visayas233
VII - Central Visayas223
VIII - Eastern Visayas323
", + "markdown": "| REGIONS | 2007-2010 | 2010-2013 | 2016-2019 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| National Capital Region | 9 | 8 | 5 |\n| Cordillera Autonomous Region | 1 | 2 | 1 |\n| I - Ilocos Region | 1 | 5 | 4 |\n| II - Cagayan Valley | 1 | 3 | 5 |\n| III - Central Luzon | 8 | 9 | 11 |\n| IVA - CALABARZON | 4 | 2 | 11 |\n| IVB - MIMAROPA | 1 | 1 | 1 |\n| V - Bicol Region | 2 | 0 | 4 |\n| VI - Western Visayas | 2 | 3 | 3 |\n| VII - Central Visayas | 2 | 2 | 3 |\n| VIII - Eastern Visayas | 3 | 2 | 3 |\n", + "text": "REGIONS 2007-2010 2010-2013 2016-2019\n National Capital Region 9 8 5\n Cordillera Autonomous Region 1 2 1\n I - Ilocos Region 1 5 4\n II - Cagayan Valley 1 3 5\n III - Central Luzon 8 9 11\n IVA - CALABARZON 4 2 11\n IVB - MIMAROPA 1 1 1\n V - Bicol Region 2 0 4\n VI - Western Visayas 2 3 3\n VII - Central Visayas 2 2 3\n VIII - Eastern Visayas 3 2 3" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1443, + "y": 0.5616 + }, + { + "x": 0.8974, + "y": 0.5616 + }, + { + "x": 0.8974, + "y": 0.9236 + }, + { + "x": 0.1443, + "y": 0.9236 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000118.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

\n
BIO181
\n

Cellular Replication

\n
\"\"
\n
\"Milotic
\n

Cellular Cycle
and Replication

\n

Growth and the Creation of Life

\n

One of the characteristics of living things is the ability
to replicate and passon genetic information to the next
generation. Cell division in individual bacteria and
archaea usually occurs by binary fission. Mitochondria
and chloroplasts also replicate by binary fission, which
is evidence of the evolutionary relationship between
these organelles and prokaryotes.
Cell division in eukaryotes is more complex. It requires
the cell to manage acomplicated process of duplicating
the nucleus, other organelles, and multiple linear
chromosomes. It is controlled in the cell cycle, which is
divided into three parts: interphase, mitosis, and
cytokinesis. We spilt those further for ease of study.
Let's start with interphase, which is broken into three
stages. In the first growth phase (G1), the cell grows and
prepares to duplicate its DNA. In the synthesis phase
(S), the chromosomes are replicated. In the second
growth phase (G2), the cell prepares to divide.

\n
\"\"
\n

A step by step
guide to growing a

\n

human!

\n
\"\"
\n

Mitosis and
Meiosis

\n

Similiar processes
with VERY different
results!

\n
66
", + "markdown": "# MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE\n\nBIO181\n\n# Cellular Replication\n\n\n\nMilotic phas\noseudway\nAetaphase\neseudory\nProphase\nGrowth\nGrowth and\nand\nnonmal\npreparation metabolic\nfor mitosis roles\nDNA\nreplication\n\nCellular Cycle\nand Replication\n\n# Growth and the Creation of Life\n\nOne of the characteristics of living things is the ability\nto replicate and passon genetic information to the next\ngeneration. Cell division in individual bacteria and\narchaea usually occurs by binary fission. Mitochondria\nand chloroplasts also replicate by binary fission, which\nis evidence of the evolutionary relationship between\nthese organelles and prokaryotes.\nCell division in eukaryotes is more complex. It requires\nthe cell to manage acomplicated process of duplicating\nthe nucleus, other organelles, and multiple linear\nchromosomes. It is controlled in the cell cycle, which is\ndivided into three parts: interphase, mitosis, and\ncytokinesis. We spilt those further for ease of study.\nLet's start with interphase, which is broken into three\nstages. In the first growth phase (G1), the cell grows and\nprepares to duplicate its DNA. In the synthesis phase\n(S), the chromosomes are replicated. In the second\ngrowth phase (G2), the cell prepares to divide.\n\n\n\nA step by step\nguide to growing a\n\nhuman!\n\n\n\nMitosis and\nMeiosis\n\nSimiliar processes\nwith VERY different\nresults!\n\n66", + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE\nBIO181\nCellular Replication\n\nMilotic phas\noseudway\nAetaphase\neseudory\nProphase\nGrowth\nGrowth and\nand\nnonmal\npreparation metabolic\nfor mitosis roles\nDNA\nreplication\nCellular Cycle\nand Replication\nGrowth and the Creation of Life\nOne of the characteristics of living things is the ability\nto replicate and passon genetic information to the next\ngeneration. Cell division in individual bacteria and\narchaea usually occurs by binary fission. Mitochondria\nand chloroplasts also replicate by binary fission, which\nis evidence of the evolutionary relationship between\nthese organelles and prokaryotes.\nCell division in eukaryotes is more complex. It requires\nthe cell to manage acomplicated process of duplicating\nthe nucleus, other organelles, and multiple linear\nchromosomes. It is controlled in the cell cycle, which is\ndivided into three parts: interphase, mitosis, and\ncytokinesis. We spilt those further for ease of study.\nLet's start with interphase, which is broken into three\nstages. In the first growth phase (G1), the cell grows and\nprepares to duplicate its DNA. In the synthesis phase\n(S), the chromosomes are replicated. In the second\ngrowth phase (G2), the cell prepares to divide.\n\nA step by step\nguide to growing a\nhuman!\n\nMitosis and\nMeiosis\nSimiliar processes\nwith VERY different\nresults!\n66" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

", + "markdown": "# MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1265, + "y": 0.0472 + }, + { + "x": 0.4109, + "y": 0.0472 + }, + { + "x": 0.4109, + "y": 0.0695 + }, + { + "x": 0.1265, + "y": 0.0695 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
BIO181
", + "markdown": "BIO181", + "text": "BIO181" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8093, + "y": 0.0498 + }, + { + "x": 0.885, + "y": 0.0498 + }, + { + "x": 0.885, + "y": 0.069 + }, + { + "x": 0.8093, + "y": 0.069 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Cellular Replication

", + "markdown": "# Cellular Replication", + "text": "Cellular Replication" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3938, + "y": 0.093 + }, + { + "x": 0.6041, + "y": 0.093 + }, + { + "x": 0.6041, + "y": 0.116 + }, + { + "x": 0.3938, + "y": 0.116 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"\"
", + "markdown": "", + "text": "" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0685, + "y": 0.1346 + }, + { + "x": 0.7186, + "y": 0.1346 + }, + { + "x": 0.7186, + "y": 0.4376 + }, + { + "x": 0.0685, + "y": 0.4376 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Milotic
", + "markdown": "Milotic phas\noseudway\nAetaphase\neseudory\nProphase\nGrowth\nGrowth and\nand\nnonmal\npreparation metabolic\nfor mitosis roles\nDNA\nreplication", + "text": "Milotic phas\noseudway\nAetaphase\neseudory\nProphase\nGrowth\nGrowth and\nand\nnonmal\npreparation metabolic\nfor mitosis roles\nDNA\nreplication" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7484, + "y": 0.131 + }, + { + "x": 0.9174, + "y": 0.131 + }, + { + "x": 0.9174, + "y": 0.2483 + }, + { + "x": 0.7484, + "y": 0.2483 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Cellular Cycle
and Replication

", + "markdown": "Cellular Cycle\nand Replication", + "text": "Cellular Cycle\nand Replication" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7525, + "y": 0.3068 + }, + { + "x": 0.9029, + "y": 0.3068 + }, + { + "x": 0.9029, + "y": 0.3406 + }, + { + "x": 0.7525, + "y": 0.3406 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Growth and the Creation of Life

", + "markdown": "# Growth and the Creation of Life", + "text": "Growth and the Creation of Life" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1149, + "y": 0.4623 + }, + { + "x": 0.4996, + "y": 0.4623 + }, + { + "x": 0.4996, + "y": 0.4846 + }, + { + "x": 0.1149, + "y": 0.4846 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

One of the characteristics of living things is the ability
to replicate and passon genetic information to the next
generation. Cell division in individual bacteria and
archaea usually occurs by binary fission. Mitochondria
and chloroplasts also replicate by binary fission, which
is evidence of the evolutionary relationship between
these organelles and prokaryotes.
Cell division in eukaryotes is more complex. It requires
the cell to manage acomplicated process of duplicating
the nucleus, other organelles, and multiple linear
chromosomes. It is controlled in the cell cycle, which is
divided into three parts: interphase, mitosis, and
cytokinesis. We spilt those further for ease of study.
Let's start with interphase, which is broken into three
stages. In the first growth phase (G1), the cell grows and
prepares to duplicate its DNA. In the synthesis phase
(S), the chromosomes are replicated. In the second
growth phase (G2), the cell prepares to divide.

", + "markdown": "One of the characteristics of living things is the ability\nto replicate and passon genetic information to the next\ngeneration. Cell division in individual bacteria and\narchaea usually occurs by binary fission. Mitochondria\nand chloroplasts also replicate by binary fission, which\nis evidence of the evolutionary relationship between\nthese organelles and prokaryotes.\nCell division in eukaryotes is more complex. It requires\nthe cell to manage acomplicated process of duplicating\nthe nucleus, other organelles, and multiple linear\nchromosomes. It is controlled in the cell cycle, which is\ndivided into three parts: interphase, mitosis, and\ncytokinesis. We spilt those further for ease of study.\nLet's start with interphase, which is broken into three\nstages. In the first growth phase (G1), the cell grows and\nprepares to duplicate its DNA. In the synthesis phase\n(S), the chromosomes are replicated. In the second\ngrowth phase (G2), the cell prepares to divide.", + "text": "One of the characteristics of living things is the ability\nto replicate and passon genetic information to the next\ngeneration. Cell division in individual bacteria and\narchaea usually occurs by binary fission. Mitochondria\nand chloroplasts also replicate by binary fission, which\nis evidence of the evolutionary relationship between\nthese organelles and prokaryotes.\nCell division in eukaryotes is more complex. It requires\nthe cell to manage acomplicated process of duplicating\nthe nucleus, other organelles, and multiple linear\nchromosomes. It is controlled in the cell cycle, which is\ndivided into three parts: interphase, mitosis, and\ncytokinesis. We spilt those further for ease of study.\nLet's start with interphase, which is broken into three\nstages. In the first growth phase (G1), the cell grows and\nprepares to duplicate its DNA. In the synthesis phase\n(S), the chromosomes are replicated. In the second\ngrowth phase (G2), the cell prepares to divide." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1264, + "y": 0.4975 + }, + { + "x": 0.6521, + "y": 0.4975 + }, + { + "x": 0.6521, + "y": 0.9056 + }, + { + "x": 0.1264, + "y": 0.9056 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"\"
", + "markdown": "", + "text": "" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7673, + "y": 0.373 + }, + { + "x": 0.9074, + "y": 0.373 + }, + { + "x": 0.9074, + "y": 0.4823 + }, + { + "x": 0.7673, + "y": 0.4823 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

A step by step
guide to growing a

", + "markdown": "A step by step\nguide to growing a", + "text": "A step by step\nguide to growing a" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7519, + "y": 0.5164 + }, + { + "x": 0.914, + "y": 0.5164 + }, + { + "x": 0.914, + "y": 0.568 + }, + { + "x": 0.7519, + "y": 0.568 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

human!

", + "markdown": "human!", + "text": "human!" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7533, + "y": 0.5783 + }, + { + "x": 0.823, + "y": 0.5783 + }, + { + "x": 0.823, + "y": 0.592 + }, + { + "x": 0.7533, + "y": 0.592 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"\"
", + "markdown": "", + "text": "" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7596, + "y": 0.6127 + }, + { + "x": 0.9035, + "y": 0.6127 + }, + { + "x": 0.9035, + "y": 0.7201 + }, + { + "x": 0.7596, + "y": 0.7201 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Mitosis and
Meiosis

", + "markdown": "Mitosis and\nMeiosis", + "text": "Mitosis and\nMeiosis" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7522, + "y": 0.7278 + }, + { + "x": 0.8701, + "y": 0.7278 + }, + { + "x": 0.8701, + "y": 0.7599 + }, + { + "x": 0.7522, + "y": 0.7599 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Similiar processes
with VERY different
results!

", + "markdown": "Similiar processes\nwith VERY different\nresults!", + "text": "Similiar processes\nwith VERY different\nresults!" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7523, + "y": 0.7707 + }, + { + "x": 0.9117, + "y": 0.7707 + }, + { + "x": 0.9117, + "y": 0.8257 + }, + { + "x": 0.7523, + "y": 0.8257 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
66
", + "markdown": "66", + "text": "66" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.494, + "y": 0.9716 + }, + { + "x": 0.5145, + "y": 0.9716 + }, + { + "x": 0.5145, + "y": 0.9876 + }, + { + "x": 0.494, + "y": 0.9876 + } + ], + "id": 14, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000101.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

[markets] build loyalty and-more important-make people want to extend themselves to the
degree that corporations need today: to be flexible, concerned, and willing to pitch in. That's
what a social relationship delivers.\" (page 90)

\n

Hence, in the less-predictable world of Homo sapiens, businesses must decide the extent to which
they participate with their employees and customers in monetary and/ or social markets.

\n

As a follow-on to Heyman and Ariely's (2004) experiments exploring the payment-effort trade-off,
Vohs et al. (2006) sought to understand the behavioral psychology underscoring the trade-off. In its
most general terms, the authors' hypothesis is that money makes Homo sapiens feel self-sufficient and
behave accordingly. When reminded of money, people desire to be free from dependency upon others
and prefer that others not depend upon them. Vohs et al. designed several experiments to test this
hypothesis from a variety of angles.

\n

In one experiment, the authors found that participants (a sample of University of Minnesota
students) who were reminded about money-both Monopoly money and real money-in the context
of a series of word descrambling tasks worked longer at the tasks than participants in a non-money-
25
primed control group before requesting help from the experimenter. In subsequent experiments
with different groups of students, Vohs et al. found that (1) participants in a high-money treatment
worked significantly longer than participants in a low-money treatment before asking for help from
another available participant, (2) participants in a money-primed treatment volunteered to help code
fewer data sheets than did participants in the non-money-primed control condition, (3) participants
in a high-money treatment volunteered to gather fewer pencils that had spilled onto the floor than
did participants in a low-money treatment, and (4) participants in a money-primed treatment donated
significantly less money to a university student fund than participants in the non-money primed
control. Three final experiments tested the effects of money on social intimacy, desire to engage in
leisure activities alone, and preference to work alone. As expected, participants who were primed with
money ahead of time were subsequently less socially intimate and exhibited a stronger preference for
engaging in leisure activities and working alone.

\n

So yes, Vohs et al.'s experiments suggest that money makes Homo sapiens feel self-sufficient and
behave accordingly.

\n

PRICE AND THE PLACEBO EFFECT

\n

Is it possible that the magnitudes of placebo effects experienced by Homo sapiens (e.g., through medical
therapies or medications) are somehow influenced by the prices we pay for them? To investigate
this possibility, Waber et al. (2008) studied the effect of price on a group of Homo sapiens' analgesic
responses to placebo pills. Over 80 healthy volunteers in Boston, MA were recruited via an online
advertisement to participate in a field experiment where each participant was informed by a brochure
about a purported new opioid analgesic recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The
opioid was described as similar to codeine but with a faster onset time. In reality, and not disclosed
to the participants, the pill was a placebo. After randomization, half of the participants were informed
that the drug had a regular price of $2.50 per pill (\"regular price\"), and half of the participants that

\n

25. The descrambling task consisted of 30 sets of five jumbled words. Participants created sensible phrases using four of the
five words. In the control and play-money treatment, the phrases primed neutral concepts (e.g., \"cold it desk outside is\"
became \"it is cold outside\"). In the real-money treatment, 15 of the phrases primed the concept of money (e.g., \"high a salary
desk paying\" became \"a high-paying salary\"), whereas the remaining 15 were neutral phrases. Participants in the play-
money treatment were primed with money by a stack of Monopoly money in their visual periphery while completing the
neutral descrambling task.

\n
220 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN
", + "markdown": "[markets] build loyalty and-more important-make people want to extend themselves to the\ndegree that corporations need today: to be flexible, concerned, and willing to pitch in. That's\nwhat a social relationship delivers.\" (page 90)\n\nHence, in the less-predictable world of Homo sapiens, businesses must decide the extent to which\nthey participate with their employees and customers in monetary and/ or social markets.\n\nAs a follow-on to Heyman and Ariely's (2004) experiments exploring the payment-effort trade-off,\nVohs et al. (2006) sought to understand the behavioral psychology underscoring the trade-off. In its\nmost general terms, the authors' hypothesis is that money makes Homo sapiens feel self-sufficient and\nbehave accordingly. When reminded of money, people desire to be free from dependency upon others\nand prefer that others not depend upon them. Vohs et al. designed several experiments to test this\nhypothesis from a variety of angles.\n\nIn one experiment, the authors found that participants (a sample of University of Minnesota\nstudents) who were reminded about money-both Monopoly money and real money-in the context\nof a series of word descrambling tasks worked longer at the tasks than participants in a non-money-\n25\nprimed control group before requesting help from the experimenter. In subsequent experiments\nwith different groups of students, Vohs et al. found that (1) participants in a high-money treatment\nworked significantly longer than participants in a low-money treatment before asking for help from\nanother available participant, (2) participants in a money-primed treatment volunteered to help code\nfewer data sheets than did participants in the non-money-primed control condition, (3) participants\nin a high-money treatment volunteered to gather fewer pencils that had spilled onto the floor than\ndid participants in a low-money treatment, and (4) participants in a money-primed treatment donated\nsignificantly less money to a university student fund than participants in the non-money primed\ncontrol. Three final experiments tested the effects of money on social intimacy, desire to engage in\nleisure activities alone, and preference to work alone. As expected, participants who were primed with\nmoney ahead of time were subsequently less socially intimate and exhibited a stronger preference for\nengaging in leisure activities and working alone.\n\nSo yes, Vohs et al.'s experiments suggest that money makes Homo sapiens feel self-sufficient and\nbehave accordingly.\n\n# PRICE AND THE PLACEBO EFFECT\n\nIs it possible that the magnitudes of placebo effects experienced by Homo sapiens (e.g., through medical\ntherapies or medications) are somehow influenced by the prices we pay for them? To investigate\nthis possibility, Waber et al. (2008) studied the effect of price on a group of Homo sapiens' analgesic\nresponses to placebo pills. Over 80 healthy volunteers in Boston, MA were recruited via an online\nadvertisement to participate in a field experiment where each participant was informed by a brochure\nabout a purported new opioid analgesic recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The\nopioid was described as similar to codeine but with a faster onset time. In reality, and not disclosed\nto the participants, the pill was a placebo. After randomization, half of the participants were informed\nthat the drug had a regular price of $2.50 per pill (\"regular price\"), and half of the participants that\n\n25. The descrambling task consisted of 30 sets of five jumbled words. Participants created sensible phrases using four of the\nfive words. In the control and play-money treatment, the phrases primed neutral concepts (e.g., \"cold it desk outside is\"\nbecame \"it is cold outside\"). In the real-money treatment, 15 of the phrases primed the concept of money (e.g., \"high a salary\ndesk paying\" became \"a high-paying salary\"), whereas the remaining 15 were neutral phrases. Participants in the play-\nmoney treatment were primed with money by a stack of Monopoly money in their visual periphery while completing the\nneutral descrambling task.\n\n220 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", + "text": "[markets] build loyalty and-more important-make people want to extend themselves to the\ndegree that corporations need today: to be flexible, concerned, and willing to pitch in. That's\nwhat a social relationship delivers.\" (page 90)\nHence, in the less-predictable world of Homo sapiens, businesses must decide the extent to which\nthey participate with their employees and customers in monetary and/ or social markets.\nAs a follow-on to Heyman and Ariely's (2004) experiments exploring the payment-effort trade-off,\nVohs et al. (2006) sought to understand the behavioral psychology underscoring the trade-off. In its\nmost general terms, the authors' hypothesis is that money makes Homo sapiens feel self-sufficient and\nbehave accordingly. When reminded of money, people desire to be free from dependency upon others\nand prefer that others not depend upon them. Vohs et al. designed several experiments to test this\nhypothesis from a variety of angles.\nIn one experiment, the authors found that participants (a sample of University of Minnesota\nstudents) who were reminded about money-both Monopoly money and real money-in the context\nof a series of word descrambling tasks worked longer at the tasks than participants in a non-money-\n25\nprimed control group before requesting help from the experimenter. In subsequent experiments\nwith different groups of students, Vohs et al. found that (1) participants in a high-money treatment\nworked significantly longer than participants in a low-money treatment before asking for help from\nanother available participant, (2) participants in a money-primed treatment volunteered to help code\nfewer data sheets than did participants in the non-money-primed control condition, (3) participants\nin a high-money treatment volunteered to gather fewer pencils that had spilled onto the floor than\ndid participants in a low-money treatment, and (4) participants in a money-primed treatment donated\nsignificantly less money to a university student fund than participants in the non-money primed\ncontrol. Three final experiments tested the effects of money on social intimacy, desire to engage in\nleisure activities alone, and preference to work alone. As expected, participants who were primed with\nmoney ahead of time were subsequently less socially intimate and exhibited a stronger preference for\nengaging in leisure activities and working alone.\nSo yes, Vohs et al.'s experiments suggest that money makes Homo sapiens feel self-sufficient and\nbehave accordingly.\nPRICE AND THE PLACEBO EFFECT\nIs it possible that the magnitudes of placebo effects experienced by Homo sapiens (e.g., through medical\ntherapies or medications) are somehow influenced by the prices we pay for them? To investigate\nthis possibility, Waber et al. (2008) studied the effect of price on a group of Homo sapiens' analgesic\nresponses to placebo pills. Over 80 healthy volunteers in Boston, MA were recruited via an online\nadvertisement to participate in a field experiment where each participant was informed by a brochure\nabout a purported new opioid analgesic recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The\nopioid was described as similar to codeine but with a faster onset time. In reality, and not disclosed\nto the participants, the pill was a placebo. After randomization, half of the participants were informed\nthat the drug had a regular price of $2.50 per pill (\"regular price\"), and half of the participants that\n25. The descrambling task consisted of 30 sets of five jumbled words. Participants created sensible phrases using four of the\nfive words. In the control and play-money treatment, the phrases primed neutral concepts (e.g., \"cold it desk outside is\"\nbecame \"it is cold outside\"). In the real-money treatment, 15 of the phrases primed the concept of money (e.g., \"high a salary\ndesk paying\" became \"a high-paying salary\"), whereas the remaining 15 were neutral phrases. Participants in the play-\nmoney treatment were primed with money by a stack of Monopoly money in their visual periphery while completing the\nneutral descrambling task.\n220 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

[markets] build loyalty and-more important-make people want to extend themselves to the
degree that corporations need today: to be flexible, concerned, and willing to pitch in. That's
what a social relationship delivers.\" (page 90)

", + "markdown": "[markets] build loyalty and-more important-make people want to extend themselves to the\ndegree that corporations need today: to be flexible, concerned, and willing to pitch in. That's\nwhat a social relationship delivers.\" (page 90)", + "text": "[markets] build loyalty and-more important-make people want to extend themselves to the\ndegree that corporations need today: to be flexible, concerned, and willing to pitch in. That's\nwhat a social relationship delivers.\" (page 90)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1358, + "y": 0.0695 + }, + { + "x": 0.912, + "y": 0.0695 + }, + { + "x": 0.912, + "y": 0.127 + }, + { + "x": 0.1358, + "y": 0.127 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Hence, in the less-predictable world of Homo sapiens, businesses must decide the extent to which
they participate with their employees and customers in monetary and/ or social markets.

", + "markdown": "Hence, in the less-predictable world of Homo sapiens, businesses must decide the extent to which\nthey participate with their employees and customers in monetary and/ or social markets.", + "text": "Hence, in the less-predictable world of Homo sapiens, businesses must decide the extent to which\nthey participate with their employees and customers in monetary and/ or social markets." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0904, + "y": 0.13 + }, + { + "x": 0.9115, + "y": 0.13 + }, + { + "x": 0.9115, + "y": 0.1665 + }, + { + "x": 0.0904, + "y": 0.1665 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

As a follow-on to Heyman and Ariely's (2004) experiments exploring the payment-effort trade-off,
Vohs et al. (2006) sought to understand the behavioral psychology underscoring the trade-off. In its
most general terms, the authors' hypothesis is that money makes Homo sapiens feel self-sufficient and
behave accordingly. When reminded of money, people desire to be free from dependency upon others
and prefer that others not depend upon them. Vohs et al. designed several experiments to test this
hypothesis from a variety of angles.

", + "markdown": "As a follow-on to Heyman and Ariely's (2004) experiments exploring the payment-effort trade-off,\nVohs et al. (2006) sought to understand the behavioral psychology underscoring the trade-off. In its\nmost general terms, the authors' hypothesis is that money makes Homo sapiens feel self-sufficient and\nbehave accordingly. When reminded of money, people desire to be free from dependency upon others\nand prefer that others not depend upon them. Vohs et al. designed several experiments to test this\nhypothesis from a variety of angles.", + "text": "As a follow-on to Heyman and Ariely's (2004) experiments exploring the payment-effort trade-off,\nVohs et al. (2006) sought to understand the behavioral psychology underscoring the trade-off. In its\nmost general terms, the authors' hypothesis is that money makes Homo sapiens feel self-sufficient and\nbehave accordingly. When reminded of money, people desire to be free from dependency upon others\nand prefer that others not depend upon them. Vohs et al. designed several experiments to test this\nhypothesis from a variety of angles." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0877, + "y": 0.169 + }, + { + "x": 0.9116, + "y": 0.169 + }, + { + "x": 0.9116, + "y": 0.2824 + }, + { + "x": 0.0877, + "y": 0.2824 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

In one experiment, the authors found that participants (a sample of University of Minnesota
students) who were reminded about money-both Monopoly money and real money-in the context
of a series of word descrambling tasks worked longer at the tasks than participants in a non-money-
25
primed control group before requesting help from the experimenter. In subsequent experiments
with different groups of students, Vohs et al. found that (1) participants in a high-money treatment
worked significantly longer than participants in a low-money treatment before asking for help from
another available participant, (2) participants in a money-primed treatment volunteered to help code
fewer data sheets than did participants in the non-money-primed control condition, (3) participants
in a high-money treatment volunteered to gather fewer pencils that had spilled onto the floor than
did participants in a low-money treatment, and (4) participants in a money-primed treatment donated
significantly less money to a university student fund than participants in the non-money primed
control. Three final experiments tested the effects of money on social intimacy, desire to engage in
leisure activities alone, and preference to work alone. As expected, participants who were primed with
money ahead of time were subsequently less socially intimate and exhibited a stronger preference for
engaging in leisure activities and working alone.

", + "markdown": "In one experiment, the authors found that participants (a sample of University of Minnesota\nstudents) who were reminded about money-both Monopoly money and real money-in the context\nof a series of word descrambling tasks worked longer at the tasks than participants in a non-money-\n25\nprimed control group before requesting help from the experimenter. In subsequent experiments\nwith different groups of students, Vohs et al. found that (1) participants in a high-money treatment\nworked significantly longer than participants in a low-money treatment before asking for help from\nanother available participant, (2) participants in a money-primed treatment volunteered to help code\nfewer data sheets than did participants in the non-money-primed control condition, (3) participants\nin a high-money treatment volunteered to gather fewer pencils that had spilled onto the floor than\ndid participants in a low-money treatment, and (4) participants in a money-primed treatment donated\nsignificantly less money to a university student fund than participants in the non-money primed\ncontrol. Three final experiments tested the effects of money on social intimacy, desire to engage in\nleisure activities alone, and preference to work alone. As expected, participants who were primed with\nmoney ahead of time were subsequently less socially intimate and exhibited a stronger preference for\nengaging in leisure activities and working alone.", + "text": "In one experiment, the authors found that participants (a sample of University of Minnesota\nstudents) who were reminded about money-both Monopoly money and real money-in the context\nof a series of word descrambling tasks worked longer at the tasks than participants in a non-money-\n25\nprimed control group before requesting help from the experimenter. In subsequent experiments\nwith different groups of students, Vohs et al. found that (1) participants in a high-money treatment\nworked significantly longer than participants in a low-money treatment before asking for help from\nanother available participant, (2) participants in a money-primed treatment volunteered to help code\nfewer data sheets than did participants in the non-money-primed control condition, (3) participants\nin a high-money treatment volunteered to gather fewer pencils that had spilled onto the floor than\ndid participants in a low-money treatment, and (4) participants in a money-primed treatment donated\nsignificantly less money to a university student fund than participants in the non-money primed\ncontrol. Three final experiments tested the effects of money on social intimacy, desire to engage in\nleisure activities alone, and preference to work alone. As expected, participants who were primed with\nmoney ahead of time were subsequently less socially intimate and exhibited a stronger preference for\nengaging in leisure activities and working alone." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0879, + "y": 0.2845 + }, + { + "x": 0.912, + "y": 0.2845 + }, + { + "x": 0.912, + "y": 0.5762 + }, + { + "x": 0.0879, + "y": 0.5762 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

So yes, Vohs et al.'s experiments suggest that money makes Homo sapiens feel self-sufficient and
behave accordingly.

", + "markdown": "So yes, Vohs et al.'s experiments suggest that money makes Homo sapiens feel self-sufficient and\nbehave accordingly.", + "text": "So yes, Vohs et al.'s experiments suggest that money makes Homo sapiens feel self-sufficient and\nbehave accordingly." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0892, + "y": 0.5763 + }, + { + "x": 0.9112, + "y": 0.5763 + }, + { + "x": 0.9112, + "y": 0.6149 + }, + { + "x": 0.0892, + "y": 0.6149 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

PRICE AND THE PLACEBO EFFECT

", + "markdown": "# PRICE AND THE PLACEBO EFFECT", + "text": "PRICE AND THE PLACEBO EFFECT" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0895, + "y": 0.6315 + }, + { + "x": 0.4241, + "y": 0.6315 + }, + { + "x": 0.4241, + "y": 0.6483 + }, + { + "x": 0.0895, + "y": 0.6483 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Is it possible that the magnitudes of placebo effects experienced by Homo sapiens (e.g., through medical
therapies or medications) are somehow influenced by the prices we pay for them? To investigate
this possibility, Waber et al. (2008) studied the effect of price on a group of Homo sapiens' analgesic
responses to placebo pills. Over 80 healthy volunteers in Boston, MA were recruited via an online
advertisement to participate in a field experiment where each participant was informed by a brochure
about a purported new opioid analgesic recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The
opioid was described as similar to codeine but with a faster onset time. In reality, and not disclosed
to the participants, the pill was a placebo. After randomization, half of the participants were informed
that the drug had a regular price of $2.50 per pill (\"regular price\"), and half of the participants that

", + "markdown": "Is it possible that the magnitudes of placebo effects experienced by Homo sapiens (e.g., through medical\ntherapies or medications) are somehow influenced by the prices we pay for them? To investigate\nthis possibility, Waber et al. (2008) studied the effect of price on a group of Homo sapiens' analgesic\nresponses to placebo pills. Over 80 healthy volunteers in Boston, MA were recruited via an online\nadvertisement to participate in a field experiment where each participant was informed by a brochure\nabout a purported new opioid analgesic recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The\nopioid was described as similar to codeine but with a faster onset time. In reality, and not disclosed\nto the participants, the pill was a placebo. After randomization, half of the participants were informed\nthat the drug had a regular price of $2.50 per pill (\"regular price\"), and half of the participants that", + "text": "Is it possible that the magnitudes of placebo effects experienced by Homo sapiens (e.g., through medical\ntherapies or medications) are somehow influenced by the prices we pay for them? To investigate\nthis possibility, Waber et al. (2008) studied the effect of price on a group of Homo sapiens' analgesic\nresponses to placebo pills. Over 80 healthy volunteers in Boston, MA were recruited via an online\nadvertisement to participate in a field experiment where each participant was informed by a brochure\nabout a purported new opioid analgesic recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The\nopioid was described as similar to codeine but with a faster onset time. In reality, and not disclosed\nto the participants, the pill was a placebo. After randomization, half of the participants were informed\nthat the drug had a regular price of $2.50 per pill (\"regular price\"), and half of the participants that" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.087, + "y": 0.6624 + }, + { + "x": 0.913, + "y": 0.6624 + }, + { + "x": 0.913, + "y": 0.8383 + }, + { + "x": 0.087, + "y": 0.8383 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

25. The descrambling task consisted of 30 sets of five jumbled words. Participants created sensible phrases using four of the
five words. In the control and play-money treatment, the phrases primed neutral concepts (e.g., \"cold it desk outside is\"
became \"it is cold outside\"). In the real-money treatment, 15 of the phrases primed the concept of money (e.g., \"high a salary
desk paying\" became \"a high-paying salary\"), whereas the remaining 15 were neutral phrases. Participants in the play-
money treatment were primed with money by a stack of Monopoly money in their visual periphery while completing the
neutral descrambling task.

", + "markdown": "25. The descrambling task consisted of 30 sets of five jumbled words. Participants created sensible phrases using four of the\nfive words. In the control and play-money treatment, the phrases primed neutral concepts (e.g., \"cold it desk outside is\"\nbecame \"it is cold outside\"). In the real-money treatment, 15 of the phrases primed the concept of money (e.g., \"high a salary\ndesk paying\" became \"a high-paying salary\"), whereas the remaining 15 were neutral phrases. Participants in the play-\nmoney treatment were primed with money by a stack of Monopoly money in their visual periphery while completing the\nneutral descrambling task.", + "text": "25. The descrambling task consisted of 30 sets of five jumbled words. Participants created sensible phrases using four of the\nfive words. In the control and play-money treatment, the phrases primed neutral concepts (e.g., \"cold it desk outside is\"\nbecame \"it is cold outside\"). In the real-money treatment, 15 of the phrases primed the concept of money (e.g., \"high a salary\ndesk paying\" became \"a high-paying salary\"), whereas the remaining 15 were neutral phrases. Participants in the play-\nmoney treatment were primed with money by a stack of Monopoly money in their visual periphery while completing the\nneutral descrambling task." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0636, + "y": 0.8497 + }, + { + "x": 0.91, + "y": 0.8497 + }, + { + "x": 0.91, + "y": 0.9501 + }, + { + "x": 0.0636, + "y": 0.9501 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
220 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN
", + "markdown": "220 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", + "text": "220 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0884, + "y": 0.9491 + }, + { + "x": 0.2433, + "y": 0.9491 + }, + { + "x": 0.2433, + "y": 0.9625 + }, + { + "x": 0.0884, + "y": 0.9625 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000171.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Contents

\n

Acknowledgment of Country v
Accessibility Information vi
Acknowledgments vii
About the Authors viii
Introduction 1
Part I. Chapter One - Exploring Your Data
Section 1.1: Data and Types of Statistical Variables 3
Section 1.2: Descriptive Statistics 5
Section 1.3: Missing Data 6
Section 1.4: Checking Values 7
Section 1.5: Normality 8
Section 1.6: Outliers 9
Section 1.7: Chapter One Self-Test 10
Part II. Chapter Two - Test Statistics,p Values, Confidence Intervals and Effect Sizes
Section 2.1: p Values 12
Section 2.2: Significance 13
Section 2.3: Confidence Intervals 14
Section 2.4: Effect Sizes 16
Section 2.5: Statistical Power 17
Section 2.6: Chapter Two Self-Test 18
Part III. Chapter Three - Comparing Two Group Means
Section 3.1: Looking at Group Differences 20
Section 3.2: Between Versus Within Groups Analysis 21
Section 3.3: Independent T-test Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 22
Section 3.4: Paired T-test Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 25
Section 3.5: Chapter Three Self-Test 27
Part IV. Chapter Four - Comparing Associations Between Two Variables
Section 4.1: Examining Relationships 29
Section 4.2: Correlation Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 31
Section 4.3: Chapter Four Self-Test 33

", + "markdown": "# Contents\n\nAcknowledgment of Country v\nAccessibility Information vi\nAcknowledgments vii\nAbout the Authors viii\nIntroduction 1\nPart I. Chapter One - Exploring Your Data\nSection 1.1: Data and Types of Statistical Variables 3\nSection 1.2: Descriptive Statistics 5\nSection 1.3: Missing Data 6\nSection 1.4: Checking Values 7\nSection 1.5: Normality 8\nSection 1.6: Outliers 9\nSection 1.7: Chapter One Self-Test 10\nPart II. Chapter Two - Test Statistics,p Values, Confidence Intervals and Effect Sizes\nSection 2.1: p Values 12\nSection 2.2: Significance 13\nSection 2.3: Confidence Intervals 14\nSection 2.4: Effect Sizes 16\nSection 2.5: Statistical Power 17\nSection 2.6: Chapter Two Self-Test 18\nPart III. Chapter Three - Comparing Two Group Means\nSection 3.1: Looking at Group Differences 20\nSection 3.2: Between Versus Within Groups Analysis 21\nSection 3.3: Independent T-test Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 22\nSection 3.4: Paired T-test Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 25\nSection 3.5: Chapter Three Self-Test 27\nPart IV. Chapter Four - Comparing Associations Between Two Variables\nSection 4.1: Examining Relationships 29\nSection 4.2: Correlation Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 31\nSection 4.3: Chapter Four Self-Test 33", + "text": "Contents\nAcknowledgment of Country v\nAccessibility Information vi\nAcknowledgments vii\nAbout the Authors viii\nIntroduction 1\nPart I. Chapter One - Exploring Your Data\nSection 1.1: Data and Types of Statistical Variables 3\nSection 1.2: Descriptive Statistics 5\nSection 1.3: Missing Data 6\nSection 1.4: Checking Values 7\nSection 1.5: Normality 8\nSection 1.6: Outliers 9\nSection 1.7: Chapter One Self-Test 10\nPart II. Chapter Two - Test Statistics,p Values, Confidence Intervals and Effect Sizes\nSection 2.1: p Values 12\nSection 2.2: Significance 13\nSection 2.3: Confidence Intervals 14\nSection 2.4: Effect Sizes 16\nSection 2.5: Statistical Power 17\nSection 2.6: Chapter Two Self-Test 18\nPart III. Chapter Three - Comparing Two Group Means\nSection 3.1: Looking at Group Differences 20\nSection 3.2: Between Versus Within Groups Analysis 21\nSection 3.3: Independent T-test Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 22\nSection 3.4: Paired T-test Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 25\nSection 3.5: Chapter Three Self-Test 27\nPart IV. Chapter Four - Comparing Associations Between Two Variables\nSection 4.1: Examining Relationships 29\nSection 4.2: Correlation Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 31\nSection 4.3: Chapter Four Self-Test 33" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Contents

", + "markdown": "# Contents", + "text": "Contents" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.092, + "y": 0.0726 + }, + { + "x": 0.2441, + "y": 0.0726 + }, + { + "x": 0.2441, + "y": 0.0975 + }, + { + "x": 0.092, + "y": 0.0975 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "index", + "content": { + "html": "

Acknowledgment of Country v
Accessibility Information vi
Acknowledgments vii
About the Authors viii
Introduction 1
Part I. Chapter One - Exploring Your Data
Section 1.1: Data and Types of Statistical Variables 3
Section 1.2: Descriptive Statistics 5
Section 1.3: Missing Data 6
Section 1.4: Checking Values 7
Section 1.5: Normality 8
Section 1.6: Outliers 9
Section 1.7: Chapter One Self-Test 10
Part II. Chapter Two - Test Statistics,p Values, Confidence Intervals and Effect Sizes
Section 2.1: p Values 12
Section 2.2: Significance 13
Section 2.3: Confidence Intervals 14
Section 2.4: Effect Sizes 16
Section 2.5: Statistical Power 17
Section 2.6: Chapter Two Self-Test 18
Part III. Chapter Three - Comparing Two Group Means
Section 3.1: Looking at Group Differences 20
Section 3.2: Between Versus Within Groups Analysis 21
Section 3.3: Independent T-test Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 22
Section 3.4: Paired T-test Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 25
Section 3.5: Chapter Three Self-Test 27
Part IV. Chapter Four - Comparing Associations Between Two Variables
Section 4.1: Examining Relationships 29
Section 4.2: Correlation Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 31
Section 4.3: Chapter Four Self-Test 33

", + "markdown": "Acknowledgment of Country v\nAccessibility Information vi\nAcknowledgments vii\nAbout the Authors viii\nIntroduction 1\nPart I. Chapter One - Exploring Your Data\nSection 1.1: Data and Types of Statistical Variables 3\nSection 1.2: Descriptive Statistics 5\nSection 1.3: Missing Data 6\nSection 1.4: Checking Values 7\nSection 1.5: Normality 8\nSection 1.6: Outliers 9\nSection 1.7: Chapter One Self-Test 10\nPart II. Chapter Two - Test Statistics,p Values, Confidence Intervals and Effect Sizes\nSection 2.1: p Values 12\nSection 2.2: Significance 13\nSection 2.3: Confidence Intervals 14\nSection 2.4: Effect Sizes 16\nSection 2.5: Statistical Power 17\nSection 2.6: Chapter Two Self-Test 18\nPart III. Chapter Three - Comparing Two Group Means\nSection 3.1: Looking at Group Differences 20\nSection 3.2: Between Versus Within Groups Analysis 21\nSection 3.3: Independent T-test Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 22\nSection 3.4: Paired T-test Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 25\nSection 3.5: Chapter Three Self-Test 27\nPart IV. Chapter Four - Comparing Associations Between Two Variables\nSection 4.1: Examining Relationships 29\nSection 4.2: Correlation Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 31\nSection 4.3: Chapter Four Self-Test 33", + "text": "Acknowledgment of Country v\nAccessibility Information vi\nAcknowledgments vii\nAbout the Authors viii\nIntroduction 1\nPart I. Chapter One - Exploring Your Data\nSection 1.1: Data and Types of Statistical Variables 3\nSection 1.2: Descriptive Statistics 5\nSection 1.3: Missing Data 6\nSection 1.4: Checking Values 7\nSection 1.5: Normality 8\nSection 1.6: Outliers 9\nSection 1.7: Chapter One Self-Test 10\nPart II. Chapter Two - Test Statistics,p Values, Confidence Intervals and Effect Sizes\nSection 2.1: p Values 12\nSection 2.2: Significance 13\nSection 2.3: Confidence Intervals 14\nSection 2.4: Effect Sizes 16\nSection 2.5: Statistical Power 17\nSection 2.6: Chapter Two Self-Test 18\nPart III. Chapter Three - Comparing Two Group Means\nSection 3.1: Looking at Group Differences 20\nSection 3.2: Between Versus Within Groups Analysis 21\nSection 3.3: Independent T-test Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 22\nSection 3.4: Paired T-test Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 25\nSection 3.5: Chapter Three Self-Test 27\nPart IV. Chapter Four - Comparing Associations Between Two Variables\nSection 4.1: Examining Relationships 29\nSection 4.2: Correlation Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 31\nSection 4.3: Chapter Four Self-Test 33" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1294, + "y": 0.1628 + }, + { + "x": 0.9179, + "y": 0.1628 + }, + { + "x": 0.9179, + "y": 0.9127 + }, + { + "x": 0.1294, + "y": 0.9127 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000167.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

The acidic cations adsorbed on the negative exchange sites are called the reserve (also residual or potential) and salt-
replaceable (also exchangeable) acidity. The reserve and salt-replaceable acidity controls the level of soluble or active
acidity in the soil solution. Only the active acidity is measured in a routine pH determination. The reserve and salt-
replaceable acidity is always many times higher than the active acidity.

\n

A soil is acid when hydrogen ions predominate in the soil. The degree of acidity is expressed in terms of pH, which is
defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity. Therefore, the pH of a 0.01-molar hydrogen ion solution
is

\n

$$\\mathrm{\\pH}=-\\log\\,(\\mathrm{\\frac{10^{-2}\\ m o l\\ H^{+}}{L}})=2$$

\n

At pH 7, the concentration of H+ ions and OH- ions are equal, and the soil or solution is neutral. At pH values less than 7,
the soil is acid; at values more than 7, the soil is alkaline. Most soils vary in pH from about 4 to 10. Soils in areas with high
rainfall are generally acid with a pH less than 7. Soils developed in high-lime deposits often will be alkaline. Soils high in
calcium seldom have pH values higher than 7.5, but the presence of large amounts of calcium carbonate may cause the
pH to be as high as 8.5. Where the pH is higher than 8.5, an excess of sodium is highly probable.

\n

The most desirable soil pH for most crops in Kansas is 6.8. However, crops like blueberries need a lower pH, and other
crops, like alfalfa, need a higher pH. At soil pH less than 5.8, several problems may occur:

\n

· Al and Mn toxicity
· Inhibited growth of N-fixing bacteria
· Possible deficiencies in Mg and/ or Ca.
· P deficiency (P reacts with Fe and Al)
· At more than pH 7.5, other problems may occur:
· Deficiency of Fe, Mn, Cu, or Zn
· P deficiency (P reacts with Ca)

\n

Buffering Capacity

\n

Buffering capacity is a measure of the soil's ability to resist a change in pH, directly related to the magnitude of the
exchange capacity. Small fluctuations in acid or base content can occur without a noticeable pH change as cations are
adsorbed or released from the exchange complex. Soils with the largest cation exchange capacity have the greatest
buffering of a pH change. In other words, two soils may have the same pH (active acidity in soil solution), but the one
with the largest cation exchange capacity will have the most acidity stored in reserve and therefore the highest buffering
capacity or ability to resist a change in pH. For this reason, it takes less lime to increase the pH of a sandy soil (low CEC)
by a given amount than it takes to increase the pH of a clay soil (higher CEC) the same amount.

\n

Sources of Soil Acidity

\n

Controlling soil pH is vital to optimal use and productivity of soils. Adding lime is the most effective and practical way
to raise the pH of acid soils. Elemental sulfur, iron sulfate, or aluminum sulfate can be used to reduce soil pH. Because
acidity is a concern in Kansas, we will focus on raising soil pH. Understanding the following equations should help you
understand the sources of soil acidity and soil reactions to lime.

\n
124 I Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH
", + "markdown": "The acidic cations adsorbed on the negative exchange sites are called the reserve (also residual or potential) and salt-\nreplaceable (also exchangeable) acidity. The reserve and salt-replaceable acidity controls the level of soluble or active\nacidity in the soil solution. Only the active acidity is measured in a routine pH determination. The reserve and salt-\nreplaceable acidity is always many times higher than the active acidity.\n\nA soil is acid when hydrogen ions predominate in the soil. The degree of acidity is expressed in terms of pH, which is\ndefined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity. Therefore, the pH of a 0.01-molar hydrogen ion solution\nis\n\n$$\\mathrm{\\pH}=-\\log\\,(\\mathrm{\\frac{10^{-2}\\ m o l\\ H^{+}}{L}})=2$$\n\nAt pH 7, the concentration of H+ ions and OH- ions are equal, and the soil or solution is neutral. At pH values less than 7,\nthe soil is acid; at values more than 7, the soil is alkaline. Most soils vary in pH from about 4 to 10. Soils in areas with high\nrainfall are generally acid with a pH less than 7. Soils developed in high-lime deposits often will be alkaline. Soils high in\ncalcium seldom have pH values higher than 7.5, but the presence of large amounts of calcium carbonate may cause the\npH to be as high as 8.5. Where the pH is higher than 8.5, an excess of sodium is highly probable.\n\nThe most desirable soil pH for most crops in Kansas is 6.8. However, crops like blueberries need a lower pH, and other\ncrops, like alfalfa, need a higher pH. At soil pH less than 5.8, several problems may occur:\n\n- · Al and Mn toxicity\n- · Inhibited growth of N-fixing bacteria\n- · Possible deficiencies in Mg and/ or Ca.\n- · P deficiency (P reacts with Fe and Al)\n- · At more than pH 7.5, other problems may occur:\n- · Deficiency of Fe, Mn, Cu, or Zn\n- · P deficiency (P reacts with Ca)\n\n\n# Buffering Capacity\n\nBuffering capacity is a measure of the soil's ability to resist a change in pH, directly related to the magnitude of the\nexchange capacity. Small fluctuations in acid or base content can occur without a noticeable pH change as cations are\nadsorbed or released from the exchange complex. Soils with the largest cation exchange capacity have the greatest\nbuffering of a pH change. In other words, two soils may have the same pH (active acidity in soil solution), but the one\nwith the largest cation exchange capacity will have the most acidity stored in reserve and therefore the highest buffering\ncapacity or ability to resist a change in pH. For this reason, it takes less lime to increase the pH of a sandy soil (low CEC)\nby a given amount than it takes to increase the pH of a clay soil (higher CEC) the same amount.\n\n# Sources of Soil Acidity\n\nControlling soil pH is vital to optimal use and productivity of soils. Adding lime is the most effective and practical way\nto raise the pH of acid soils. Elemental sulfur, iron sulfate, or aluminum sulfate can be used to reduce soil pH. Because\nacidity is a concern in Kansas, we will focus on raising soil pH. Understanding the following equations should help you\nunderstand the sources of soil acidity and soil reactions to lime.\n\n124 I Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH", + "text": "The acidic cations adsorbed on the negative exchange sites are called the reserve (also residual or potential) and salt-\nreplaceable (also exchangeable) acidity. The reserve and salt-replaceable acidity controls the level of soluble or active\nacidity in the soil solution. Only the active acidity is measured in a routine pH determination. The reserve and salt-\nreplaceable acidity is always many times higher than the active acidity.\nA soil is acid when hydrogen ions predominate in the soil. The degree of acidity is expressed in terms of pH, which is\ndefined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity. Therefore, the pH of a 0.01-molar hydrogen ion solution\nis\n10-2 H+ \nmol \npH = -log ( ) = 2 \nL\nAt pH 7, the concentration of H+ ions and OH- ions are equal, and the soil or solution is neutral. At pH values less than 7,\nthe soil is acid; at values more than 7, the soil is alkaline. Most soils vary in pH from about 4 to 10. Soils in areas with high\nrainfall are generally acid with a pH less than 7. Soils developed in high-lime deposits often will be alkaline. Soils high in\ncalcium seldom have pH values higher than 7.5, but the presence of large amounts of calcium carbonate may cause the\npH to be as high as 8.5. Where the pH is higher than 8.5, an excess of sodium is highly probable.\nThe most desirable soil pH for most crops in Kansas is 6.8. However, crops like blueberries need a lower pH, and other\ncrops, like alfalfa, need a higher pH. At soil pH less than 5.8, several problems may occur:\n· Al and Mn toxicity\n· Inhibited growth of N-fixing bacteria\n· Possible deficiencies in Mg and/ or Ca.\n· P deficiency (P reacts with Fe and Al)\n· At more than pH 7.5, other problems may occur:\n· Deficiency of Fe, Mn, Cu, or Zn\n· P deficiency (P reacts with Ca)\nBuffering Capacity\nBuffering capacity is a measure of the soil's ability to resist a change in pH, directly related to the magnitude of the\nexchange capacity. Small fluctuations in acid or base content can occur without a noticeable pH change as cations are\nadsorbed or released from the exchange complex. Soils with the largest cation exchange capacity have the greatest\nbuffering of a pH change. In other words, two soils may have the same pH (active acidity in soil solution), but the one\nwith the largest cation exchange capacity will have the most acidity stored in reserve and therefore the highest buffering\ncapacity or ability to resist a change in pH. For this reason, it takes less lime to increase the pH of a sandy soil (low CEC)\nby a given amount than it takes to increase the pH of a clay soil (higher CEC) the same amount.\nSources of Soil Acidity\nControlling soil pH is vital to optimal use and productivity of soils. Adding lime is the most effective and practical way\nto raise the pH of acid soils. Elemental sulfur, iron sulfate, or aluminum sulfate can be used to reduce soil pH. Because\nacidity is a concern in Kansas, we will focus on raising soil pH. Understanding the following equations should help you\nunderstand the sources of soil acidity and soil reactions to lime.\n124 I Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The acidic cations adsorbed on the negative exchange sites are called the reserve (also residual or potential) and salt-
replaceable (also exchangeable) acidity. The reserve and salt-replaceable acidity controls the level of soluble or active
acidity in the soil solution. Only the active acidity is measured in a routine pH determination. The reserve and salt-
replaceable acidity is always many times higher than the active acidity.

", + "markdown": "The acidic cations adsorbed on the negative exchange sites are called the reserve (also residual or potential) and salt-\nreplaceable (also exchangeable) acidity. The reserve and salt-replaceable acidity controls the level of soluble or active\nacidity in the soil solution. Only the active acidity is measured in a routine pH determination. The reserve and salt-\nreplaceable acidity is always many times higher than the active acidity.", + "text": "The acidic cations adsorbed on the negative exchange sites are called the reserve (also residual or potential) and salt-\nreplaceable (also exchangeable) acidity. The reserve and salt-replaceable acidity controls the level of soluble or active\nacidity in the soil solution. Only the active acidity is measured in a routine pH determination. The reserve and salt-\nreplaceable acidity is always many times higher than the active acidity." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0872, + "y": 0.0733 + }, + { + "x": 0.9123, + "y": 0.0733 + }, + { + "x": 0.9123, + "y": 0.1436 + }, + { + "x": 0.0872, + "y": 0.1436 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

A soil is acid when hydrogen ions predominate in the soil. The degree of acidity is expressed in terms of pH, which is
defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity. Therefore, the pH of a 0.01-molar hydrogen ion solution
is

", + "markdown": "A soil is acid when hydrogen ions predominate in the soil. The degree of acidity is expressed in terms of pH, which is\ndefined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity. Therefore, the pH of a 0.01-molar hydrogen ion solution\nis", + "text": "A soil is acid when hydrogen ions predominate in the soil. The degree of acidity is expressed in terms of pH, which is\ndefined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity. Therefore, the pH of a 0.01-molar hydrogen ion solution\nis" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0878, + "y": 0.1552 + }, + { + "x": 0.9105, + "y": 0.1552 + }, + { + "x": 0.9105, + "y": 0.2053 + }, + { + "x": 0.0878, + "y": 0.2053 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$\\mathrm{\\pH}=-\\log\\,(\\mathrm{\\frac{10^{-2}\\ m o l\\ H^{+}}{L}})=2$$

", + "markdown": "$$\\mathrm{\\pH}=-\\log\\,(\\mathrm{\\frac{10^{-2}\\ m o l\\ H^{+}}{L}})=2$$", + "text": "10-2 H+ \nmol \npH = -log ( ) = 2 \nL" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3403, + "y": 0.2166 + }, + { + "x": 0.6618, + "y": 0.2166 + }, + { + "x": 0.6618, + "y": 0.2645 + }, + { + "x": 0.3403, + "y": 0.2645 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

At pH 7, the concentration of H+ ions and OH- ions are equal, and the soil or solution is neutral. At pH values less than 7,
the soil is acid; at values more than 7, the soil is alkaline. Most soils vary in pH from about 4 to 10. Soils in areas with high
rainfall are generally acid with a pH less than 7. Soils developed in high-lime deposits often will be alkaline. Soils high in
calcium seldom have pH values higher than 7.5, but the presence of large amounts of calcium carbonate may cause the
pH to be as high as 8.5. Where the pH is higher than 8.5, an excess of sodium is highly probable.

", + "markdown": "At pH 7, the concentration of H+ ions and OH- ions are equal, and the soil or solution is neutral. At pH values less than 7,\nthe soil is acid; at values more than 7, the soil is alkaline. Most soils vary in pH from about 4 to 10. Soils in areas with high\nrainfall are generally acid with a pH less than 7. Soils developed in high-lime deposits often will be alkaline. Soils high in\ncalcium seldom have pH values higher than 7.5, but the presence of large amounts of calcium carbonate may cause the\npH to be as high as 8.5. Where the pH is higher than 8.5, an excess of sodium is highly probable.", + "text": "At pH 7, the concentration of H+ ions and OH- ions are equal, and the soil or solution is neutral. At pH values less than 7,\nthe soil is acid; at values more than 7, the soil is alkaline. Most soils vary in pH from about 4 to 10. Soils in areas with high\nrainfall are generally acid with a pH less than 7. Soils developed in high-lime deposits often will be alkaline. Soils high in\ncalcium seldom have pH values higher than 7.5, but the presence of large amounts of calcium carbonate may cause the\npH to be as high as 8.5. Where the pH is higher than 8.5, an excess of sodium is highly probable." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0875, + "y": 0.2743 + }, + { + "x": 0.913, + "y": 0.2743 + }, + { + "x": 0.913, + "y": 0.3613 + }, + { + "x": 0.0875, + "y": 0.3613 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The most desirable soil pH for most crops in Kansas is 6.8. However, crops like blueberries need a lower pH, and other
crops, like alfalfa, need a higher pH. At soil pH less than 5.8, several problems may occur:

", + "markdown": "The most desirable soil pH for most crops in Kansas is 6.8. However, crops like blueberries need a lower pH, and other\ncrops, like alfalfa, need a higher pH. At soil pH less than 5.8, several problems may occur:", + "text": "The most desirable soil pH for most crops in Kansas is 6.8. However, crops like blueberries need a lower pH, and other\ncrops, like alfalfa, need a higher pH. At soil pH less than 5.8, several problems may occur:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0886, + "y": 0.3738 + }, + { + "x": 0.9086, + "y": 0.3738 + }, + { + "x": 0.9086, + "y": 0.4078 + }, + { + "x": 0.0886, + "y": 0.4078 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Al and Mn toxicity
· Inhibited growth of N-fixing bacteria
· Possible deficiencies in Mg and/ or Ca.
· P deficiency (P reacts with Fe and Al)
· At more than pH 7.5, other problems may occur:
· Deficiency of Fe, Mn, Cu, or Zn
· P deficiency (P reacts with Ca)

", + "markdown": "- · Al and Mn toxicity\n- · Inhibited growth of N-fixing bacteria\n- · Possible deficiencies in Mg and/ or Ca.\n- · P deficiency (P reacts with Fe and Al)\n- · At more than pH 7.5, other problems may occur:\n- · Deficiency of Fe, Mn, Cu, or Zn\n- · P deficiency (P reacts with Ca)\n", + "text": "· Al and Mn toxicity\n· Inhibited growth of N-fixing bacteria\n· Possible deficiencies in Mg and/ or Ca.\n· P deficiency (P reacts with Fe and Al)\n· At more than pH 7.5, other problems may occur:\n· Deficiency of Fe, Mn, Cu, or Zn\n· P deficiency (P reacts with Ca)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0989, + "y": 0.4252 + }, + { + "x": 0.4554, + "y": 0.4252 + }, + { + "x": 0.4554, + "y": 0.5482 + }, + { + "x": 0.0989, + "y": 0.5482 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Buffering Capacity

", + "markdown": "# Buffering Capacity", + "text": "Buffering Capacity" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.089, + "y": 0.5872 + }, + { + "x": 0.2695, + "y": 0.5872 + }, + { + "x": 0.2695, + "y": 0.6115 + }, + { + "x": 0.089, + "y": 0.6115 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Buffering capacity is a measure of the soil's ability to resist a change in pH, directly related to the magnitude of the
exchange capacity. Small fluctuations in acid or base content can occur without a noticeable pH change as cations are
adsorbed or released from the exchange complex. Soils with the largest cation exchange capacity have the greatest
buffering of a pH change. In other words, two soils may have the same pH (active acidity in soil solution), but the one
with the largest cation exchange capacity will have the most acidity stored in reserve and therefore the highest buffering
capacity or ability to resist a change in pH. For this reason, it takes less lime to increase the pH of a sandy soil (low CEC)
by a given amount than it takes to increase the pH of a clay soil (higher CEC) the same amount.

", + "markdown": "Buffering capacity is a measure of the soil's ability to resist a change in pH, directly related to the magnitude of the\nexchange capacity. Small fluctuations in acid or base content can occur without a noticeable pH change as cations are\nadsorbed or released from the exchange complex. Soils with the largest cation exchange capacity have the greatest\nbuffering of a pH change. In other words, two soils may have the same pH (active acidity in soil solution), but the one\nwith the largest cation exchange capacity will have the most acidity stored in reserve and therefore the highest buffering\ncapacity or ability to resist a change in pH. For this reason, it takes less lime to increase the pH of a sandy soil (low CEC)\nby a given amount than it takes to increase the pH of a clay soil (higher CEC) the same amount.", + "text": "Buffering capacity is a measure of the soil's ability to resist a change in pH, directly related to the magnitude of the\nexchange capacity. Small fluctuations in acid or base content can occur without a noticeable pH change as cations are\nadsorbed or released from the exchange complex. Soils with the largest cation exchange capacity have the greatest\nbuffering of a pH change. In other words, two soils may have the same pH (active acidity in soil solution), but the one\nwith the largest cation exchange capacity will have the most acidity stored in reserve and therefore the highest buffering\ncapacity or ability to resist a change in pH. For this reason, it takes less lime to increase the pH of a sandy soil (low CEC)\nby a given amount than it takes to increase the pH of a clay soil (higher CEC) the same amount." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0874, + "y": 0.6358 + }, + { + "x": 0.9137, + "y": 0.6358 + }, + { + "x": 0.9137, + "y": 0.7591 + }, + { + "x": 0.0874, + "y": 0.7591 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Sources of Soil Acidity

", + "markdown": "# Sources of Soil Acidity", + "text": "Sources of Soil Acidity" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0892, + "y": 0.7984 + }, + { + "x": 0.3049, + "y": 0.7984 + }, + { + "x": 0.3049, + "y": 0.8198 + }, + { + "x": 0.0892, + "y": 0.8198 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Controlling soil pH is vital to optimal use and productivity of soils. Adding lime is the most effective and practical way
to raise the pH of acid soils. Elemental sulfur, iron sulfate, or aluminum sulfate can be used to reduce soil pH. Because
acidity is a concern in Kansas, we will focus on raising soil pH. Understanding the following equations should help you
understand the sources of soil acidity and soil reactions to lime.

", + "markdown": "Controlling soil pH is vital to optimal use and productivity of soils. Adding lime is the most effective and practical way\nto raise the pH of acid soils. Elemental sulfur, iron sulfate, or aluminum sulfate can be used to reduce soil pH. Because\nacidity is a concern in Kansas, we will focus on raising soil pH. Understanding the following equations should help you\nunderstand the sources of soil acidity and soil reactions to lime.", + "text": "Controlling soil pH is vital to optimal use and productivity of soils. Adding lime is the most effective and practical way\nto raise the pH of acid soils. Elemental sulfur, iron sulfate, or aluminum sulfate can be used to reduce soil pH. Because\nacidity is a concern in Kansas, we will focus on raising soil pH. Understanding the following equations should help you\nunderstand the sources of soil acidity and soil reactions to lime." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0879, + "y": 0.8464 + }, + { + "x": 0.9124, + "y": 0.8464 + }, + { + "x": 0.9124, + "y": 0.916 + }, + { + "x": 0.0879, + "y": 0.916 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
124 I Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH
", + "markdown": "124 I Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH", + "text": "124 I Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0891, + "y": 0.9392 + }, + { + "x": 0.3332, + "y": 0.9392 + }, + { + "x": 0.3332, + "y": 0.9542 + }, + { + "x": 0.0891, + "y": 0.9542 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000185.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

SOLAR 10.7B: Scaling Large Language Models with Simple yet Effective
Depth Up-Scaling

\n

Dahyun Kim* , Chanjun Park*†, Sanghoon Kim*†, Wonsung Lee*†, Wonho Song*
Yunsu Kim* , Hyeonwoo Kim* , Yungi Kim, Hyeonju Lee, Jihoo Kim
Changbae Ahn, Seonghoon Yang, Sukyung Lee, Hyunbyung Park, Gyoungjin Gim
Mikyoung Cha, Hwalsuk Lee† , Sunghun Kim T

\n

Upstage AI, South Korea

\n

{ kdahyun, chan jun · park, limerobot, wonsung · lee, hwalsuk lee, hunkim } @upstage . ai

\n

Abstract

\n

We introduce SOLAR 10.7B, a large language
model (LLM) with 10.7 billion parameters,
demonstrating superior performance in various
natural language processing (NLP) tasks. In-
spired by recent efforts to efficiently up-scale
LLMs, we present a method for scaling LLMs
called depth up-scaling (DUS), which encom-
passes depthwise scaling and continued pre-
training. In contrast to other LLM up-scaling
methods that use mixture-of-experts, DUS does
not require complex changes to train and infer-
ence efficiently. We show experimentally that
DUS is simple yet effective in scaling up high-
performance LLMs from small ones. Building
on the DUS model, we additionally present SO-
LAR 10.7B-Instruct, a variant fine-tuned for
instruction-following capabilities, surpassing
Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct. SOLAR 10.7B is pub-
licly available under the Apache 2.0 license,
promoting broad access and application in the
LLM field 1.

\n

1 Introduction

\n
2024
Apr
4
[cs.CL]
arxiv:23121312315
\n

The field of natural language processing (NLP)
has been significantly transformed by the introduc-
tion of large language models (LLMs), which have
enhanced our understanding and interaction with
human language (Zhao et al., 2023). These ad-
vancements bring challenges such as the increased
need to train ever larger models (Rae et al., 2021;
Wang et al., 2023; Pan et al., 2023; Lian, 2023;
Yao et al., 2023; Gesmundo and Maile, 2023) OW-
ing to the performance scaling law (Kaplan et al.,
2020; Hernandez et al., 2021; Anil et al., 2023;
Kaddour et al., 2023). To efficiently tackle the
above, recent works in scaling language models
such as a mixture of experts (MoE) (Shazeer et al.,
2017; Komatsuzaki et al., 2022) have been pro-
posed. While those approaches are able to effi-

\n

Equal Contribution t Corresponding Author
1 https : / /huggingface.co/upstage/
SOLAR-10 7B-v1 · 0

\n

·

\n

ciently and effectively scale-up LLMs, they often
require non-trivial changes to the training and infer-
ence framework (Gale et al., 2023), which hinders
widespread applicability. Effectively and efficiently
scaling up LLMs whilst also retaining the simplic-
ity for ease of use is an important problem (Alberts
et al., 2023; Fraiwan and Khasawneh, 2023; Sallam
et al., 2023; Bahrini et al., 2023).

\n

Inspired by Komatsuzaki et al. (2022), we
present depth up-scaling (DUS), an effective and
efficient method to up-scale LLMs whilst also re-
maining straightforward to use. DUS consists of
scaling the number of layers in the base model and
continually pretraining the scaled model. Unlike
(Komatsuzaki et al., 2022), DUS does not scale
the model using MoE and rather use a depthwise
scaling method analogous to Tan and Le (2019)
which is adapted for the LLM architecture. Thus,
there are no additional modules or dynamism as
with MoE, making DUS immediately compatible
with easy-to-use LLM frameworks such as Hug-
gingFace (Wolf et al., 2019) with no changes to
the training or inference framework for maximal
efficiency. Furthermore, DUS is applicable to all
transformer architectures, opening up new gate-
ways to effectively and efficiently scale-up LLMs
in a simple manner. Using DUS, we release SO-
LAR 10.7B, an LLM with 10.7 billion parameters,
that outperforms existing models like Llama 2 (Tou-
vron et al., 2023) and Mistral 7B (Jiang et al., 2023)
in various benchmarks.

\n

We have also developed SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct,
a variant fine-tuned for tasks requiring strict adher-
ence to complex instructions. It significantly out-
performs the Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct model across
various evaluation metrics, evidencing an advanced
proficiency that exceeds the capabilities of even
larger models in terms of benchmark performance.

\n

By releasing SOLAR 10.7B under the Apache
2.0 license, we aim to promote collaboration and in-
novation in NLP. This open-source approach allows

", + "markdown": "# SOLAR 10.7B: Scaling Large Language Models with Simple yet Effective\nDepth Up-Scaling\n\nDahyun Kim* , Chanjun Park*†, Sanghoon Kim*†, Wonsung Lee*†, Wonho Song*\nYunsu Kim* , Hyeonwoo Kim* , Yungi Kim, Hyeonju Lee, Jihoo Kim\nChangbae Ahn, Seonghoon Yang, Sukyung Lee, Hyunbyung Park, Gyoungjin Gim\nMikyoung Cha, Hwalsuk Lee† , Sunghun Kim T\n\nUpstage AI, South Korea\n\n{ kdahyun, chan jun · park, limerobot, wonsung · lee, hwalsuk lee, hunkim } @upstage . ai\n\nAbstract\n\nWe introduce SOLAR 10.7B, a large language\nmodel (LLM) with 10.7 billion parameters,\ndemonstrating superior performance in various\nnatural language processing (NLP) tasks. In-\nspired by recent efforts to efficiently up-scale\nLLMs, we present a method for scaling LLMs\ncalled depth up-scaling (DUS), which encom-\npasses depthwise scaling and continued pre-\ntraining. In contrast to other LLM up-scaling\nmethods that use mixture-of-experts, DUS does\nnot require complex changes to train and infer-\nence efficiently. We show experimentally that\nDUS is simple yet effective in scaling up high-\nperformance LLMs from small ones. Building\non the DUS model, we additionally present SO-\nLAR 10.7B-Instruct, a variant fine-tuned for\ninstruction-following capabilities, surpassing\nMixtral-8x7B-Instruct. SOLAR 10.7B is pub-\nlicly available under the Apache 2.0 license,\npromoting broad access and application in the\nLLM field 1.\n\n# 1 Introduction\n\n2024\nApr\n4\n[cs.CL]\narxiv:23121312315\n\nThe field of natural language processing (NLP)\nhas been significantly transformed by the introduc-\ntion of large language models (LLMs), which have\nenhanced our understanding and interaction with\nhuman language (Zhao et al., 2023). These ad-\nvancements bring challenges such as the increased\nneed to train ever larger models (Rae et al., 2021;\nWang et al., 2023; Pan et al., 2023; Lian, 2023;\nYao et al., 2023; Gesmundo and Maile, 2023) OW-\ning to the performance scaling law (Kaplan et al.,\n2020; Hernandez et al., 2021; Anil et al., 2023;\nKaddour et al., 2023). To efficiently tackle the\nabove, recent works in scaling language models\nsuch as a mixture of experts (MoE) (Shazeer et al.,\n2017; Komatsuzaki et al., 2022) have been pro-\nposed. While those approaches are able to effi-\n\nEqual Contribution t Corresponding Author\n1 https : / /huggingface.co/upstage/\nSOLAR-10 7B-v1 · 0\n\n·\n\nciently and effectively scale-up LLMs, they often\nrequire non-trivial changes to the training and infer-\nence framework (Gale et al., 2023), which hinders\nwidespread applicability. Effectively and efficiently\nscaling up LLMs whilst also retaining the simplic-\nity for ease of use is an important problem (Alberts\net al., 2023; Fraiwan and Khasawneh, 2023; Sallam\net al., 2023; Bahrini et al., 2023).\n\nInspired by Komatsuzaki et al. (2022), we\npresent depth up-scaling (DUS), an effective and\nefficient method to up-scale LLMs whilst also re-\nmaining straightforward to use. DUS consists of\nscaling the number of layers in the base model and\ncontinually pretraining the scaled model. Unlike\n(Komatsuzaki et al., 2022), DUS does not scale\nthe model using MoE and rather use a depthwise\nscaling method analogous to Tan and Le (2019)\nwhich is adapted for the LLM architecture. Thus,\nthere are no additional modules or dynamism as\nwith MoE, making DUS immediately compatible\nwith easy-to-use LLM frameworks such as Hug-\ngingFace (Wolf et al., 2019) with no changes to\nthe training or inference framework for maximal\nefficiency. Furthermore, DUS is applicable to all\ntransformer architectures, opening up new gate-\nways to effectively and efficiently scale-up LLMs\nin a simple manner. Using DUS, we release SO-\nLAR 10.7B, an LLM with 10.7 billion parameters,\nthat outperforms existing models like Llama 2 (Tou-\nvron et al., 2023) and Mistral 7B (Jiang et al., 2023)\nin various benchmarks.\n\nWe have also developed SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct,\na variant fine-tuned for tasks requiring strict adher-\nence to complex instructions. It significantly out-\nperforms the Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct model across\nvarious evaluation metrics, evidencing an advanced\nproficiency that exceeds the capabilities of even\nlarger models in terms of benchmark performance.\n\nBy releasing SOLAR 10.7B under the Apache\n2.0 license, we aim to promote collaboration and in-\nnovation in NLP. This open-source approach allows", + "text": "SOLAR 10.7B: Scaling Large Language Models with Simple yet Effective\nDepth Up-Scaling\nDahyun Kim* , Chanjun Park*†, Sanghoon Kim*†, Wonsung Lee*†, Wonho Song*\nYunsu Kim* , Hyeonwoo Kim* , Yungi Kim, Hyeonju Lee, Jihoo Kim\nChangbae Ahn, Seonghoon Yang, Sukyung Lee, Hyunbyung Park, Gyoungjin Gim\nMikyoung Cha, Hwalsuk Lee† , Sunghun Kim T\nUpstage AI, South Korea\n{ kdahyun, chan jun · park, limerobot, wonsung · lee, hwalsuk lee, hunkim } @upstage . ai\nAbstract\nWe introduce SOLAR 10.7B, a large language\nmodel (LLM) with 10.7 billion parameters,\ndemonstrating superior performance in various\nnatural language processing (NLP) tasks. In-\nspired by recent efforts to efficiently up-scale\nLLMs, we present a method for scaling LLMs\ncalled depth up-scaling (DUS), which encom-\npasses depthwise scaling and continued pre-\ntraining. In contrast to other LLM up-scaling\nmethods that use mixture-of-experts, DUS does\nnot require complex changes to train and infer-\nence efficiently. We show experimentally that\nDUS is simple yet effective in scaling up high-\nperformance LLMs from small ones. Building\non the DUS model, we additionally present SO-\nLAR 10.7B-Instruct, a variant fine-tuned for\ninstruction-following capabilities, surpassing\nMixtral-8x7B-Instruct. SOLAR 10.7B is pub-\nlicly available under the Apache 2.0 license,\npromoting broad access and application in the\nLLM field 1.\n1 Introduction\n2024\nApr\n4\n[cs.CL]\narxiv:23121312315\nThe field of natural language processing (NLP)\nhas been significantly transformed by the introduc-\ntion of large language models (LLMs), which have\nenhanced our understanding and interaction with\nhuman language (Zhao et al., 2023). These ad-\nvancements bring challenges such as the increased\nneed to train ever larger models (Rae et al., 2021;\nWang et al., 2023; Pan et al., 2023; Lian, 2023;\nYao et al., 2023; Gesmundo and Maile, 2023) OW-\ning to the performance scaling law (Kaplan et al.,\n2020; Hernandez et al., 2021; Anil et al., 2023;\nKaddour et al., 2023). To efficiently tackle the\nabove, recent works in scaling language models\nsuch as a mixture of experts (MoE) (Shazeer et al.,\n2017; Komatsuzaki et al., 2022) have been pro-\nposed. While those approaches are able to effi-\nEqual Contribution t Corresponding Author\n1 https : / /huggingface.co/upstage/\nSOLAR-10 7B-v1 · 0\n·\nciently and effectively scale-up LLMs, they often\nrequire non-trivial changes to the training and infer-\nence framework (Gale et al., 2023), which hinders\nwidespread applicability. Effectively and efficiently\nscaling up LLMs whilst also retaining the simplic-\nity for ease of use is an important problem (Alberts\net al., 2023; Fraiwan and Khasawneh, 2023; Sallam\net al., 2023; Bahrini et al., 2023).\nInspired by Komatsuzaki et al. (2022), we\npresent depth up-scaling (DUS), an effective and\nefficient method to up-scale LLMs whilst also re-\nmaining straightforward to use. DUS consists of\nscaling the number of layers in the base model and\ncontinually pretraining the scaled model. Unlike\n(Komatsuzaki et al., 2022), DUS does not scale\nthe model using MoE and rather use a depthwise\nscaling method analogous to Tan and Le (2019)\nwhich is adapted for the LLM architecture. Thus,\nthere are no additional modules or dynamism as\nwith MoE, making DUS immediately compatible\nwith easy-to-use LLM frameworks such as Hug-\ngingFace (Wolf et al., 2019) with no changes to\nthe training or inference framework for maximal\nefficiency. Furthermore, DUS is applicable to all\ntransformer architectures, opening up new gate-\nways to effectively and efficiently scale-up LLMs\nin a simple manner. Using DUS, we release SO-\nLAR 10.7B, an LLM with 10.7 billion parameters,\nthat outperforms existing models like Llama 2 (Tou-\nvron et al., 2023) and Mistral 7B (Jiang et al., 2023)\nin various benchmarks.\nWe have also developed SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct,\na variant fine-tuned for tasks requiring strict adher-\nence to complex instructions. It significantly out-\nperforms the Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct model across\nvarious evaluation metrics, evidencing an advanced\nproficiency that exceeds the capabilities of even\nlarger models in terms of benchmark performance.\nBy releasing SOLAR 10.7B under the Apache\n2.0 license, we aim to promote collaboration and in-\nnovation in NLP. This open-source approach allows" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

SOLAR 10.7B: Scaling Large Language Models with Simple yet Effective
Depth Up-Scaling

", + "markdown": "# SOLAR 10.7B: Scaling Large Language Models with Simple yet Effective\nDepth Up-Scaling", + "text": "SOLAR 10.7B: Scaling Large Language Models with Simple yet Effective\nDepth Up-Scaling" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1194, + "y": 0.0808 + }, + { + "x": 0.8793, + "y": 0.0808 + }, + { + "x": 0.8793, + "y": 0.1197 + }, + { + "x": 0.1194, + "y": 0.1197 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Dahyun Kim* , Chanjun Park*†, Sanghoon Kim*†, Wonsung Lee*†, Wonho Song*
Yunsu Kim* , Hyeonwoo Kim* , Yungi Kim, Hyeonju Lee, Jihoo Kim
Changbae Ahn, Seonghoon Yang, Sukyung Lee, Hyunbyung Park, Gyoungjin Gim
Mikyoung Cha, Hwalsuk Lee† , Sunghun Kim T

", + "markdown": "Dahyun Kim* , Chanjun Park*†, Sanghoon Kim*†, Wonsung Lee*†, Wonho Song*\nYunsu Kim* , Hyeonwoo Kim* , Yungi Kim, Hyeonju Lee, Jihoo Kim\nChangbae Ahn, Seonghoon Yang, Sukyung Lee, Hyunbyung Park, Gyoungjin Gim\nMikyoung Cha, Hwalsuk Lee† , Sunghun Kim T", + "text": "Dahyun Kim* , Chanjun Park*†, Sanghoon Kim*†, Wonsung Lee*†, Wonho Song*\nYunsu Kim* , Hyeonwoo Kim* , Yungi Kim, Hyeonju Lee, Jihoo Kim\nChangbae Ahn, Seonghoon Yang, Sukyung Lee, Hyunbyung Park, Gyoungjin Gim\nMikyoung Cha, Hwalsuk Lee† , Sunghun Kim T" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1443, + "y": 0.1266 + }, + { + "x": 0.8596, + "y": 0.1266 + }, + { + "x": 0.8596, + "y": 0.1941 + }, + { + "x": 0.1443, + "y": 0.1941 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Upstage AI, South Korea

", + "markdown": "Upstage AI, South Korea", + "text": "Upstage AI, South Korea" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3992, + "y": 0.2097 + }, + { + "x": 0.6068, + "y": 0.2097 + }, + { + "x": 0.6068, + "y": 0.2257 + }, + { + "x": 0.3992, + "y": 0.2257 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

{ kdahyun, chan jun · park, limerobot, wonsung · lee, hwalsuk lee, hunkim } @upstage . ai

", + "markdown": "{ kdahyun, chan jun · park, limerobot, wonsung · lee, hwalsuk lee, hunkim } @upstage . ai", + "text": "{ kdahyun, chan jun · park, limerobot, wonsung · lee, hwalsuk lee, hunkim } @upstage . ai" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1445, + "y": 0.2299 + }, + { + "x": 0.8623, + "y": 0.2299 + }, + { + "x": 0.8623, + "y": 0.2429 + }, + { + "x": 0.1445, + "y": 0.2429 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Abstract

", + "markdown": "Abstract", + "text": "Abstract" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2618, + "y": 0.2535 + }, + { + "x": 0.343, + "y": 0.2535 + }, + { + "x": 0.343, + "y": 0.2692 + }, + { + "x": 0.2618, + "y": 0.2692 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

We introduce SOLAR 10.7B, a large language
model (LLM) with 10.7 billion parameters,
demonstrating superior performance in various
natural language processing (NLP) tasks. In-
spired by recent efforts to efficiently up-scale
LLMs, we present a method for scaling LLMs
called depth up-scaling (DUS), which encom-
passes depthwise scaling and continued pre-
training. In contrast to other LLM up-scaling
methods that use mixture-of-experts, DUS does
not require complex changes to train and infer-
ence efficiently. We show experimentally that
DUS is simple yet effective in scaling up high-
performance LLMs from small ones. Building
on the DUS model, we additionally present SO-
LAR 10.7B-Instruct, a variant fine-tuned for
instruction-following capabilities, surpassing
Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct. SOLAR 10.7B is pub-
licly available under the Apache 2.0 license,
promoting broad access and application in the
LLM field 1.

", + "markdown": "We introduce SOLAR 10.7B, a large language\nmodel (LLM) with 10.7 billion parameters,\ndemonstrating superior performance in various\nnatural language processing (NLP) tasks. In-\nspired by recent efforts to efficiently up-scale\nLLMs, we present a method for scaling LLMs\ncalled depth up-scaling (DUS), which encom-\npasses depthwise scaling and continued pre-\ntraining. In contrast to other LLM up-scaling\nmethods that use mixture-of-experts, DUS does\nnot require complex changes to train and infer-\nence efficiently. We show experimentally that\nDUS is simple yet effective in scaling up high-\nperformance LLMs from small ones. Building\non the DUS model, we additionally present SO-\nLAR 10.7B-Instruct, a variant fine-tuned for\ninstruction-following capabilities, surpassing\nMixtral-8x7B-Instruct. SOLAR 10.7B is pub-\nlicly available under the Apache 2.0 license,\npromoting broad access and application in the\nLLM field 1.", + "text": "We introduce SOLAR 10.7B, a large language\nmodel (LLM) with 10.7 billion parameters,\ndemonstrating superior performance in various\nnatural language processing (NLP) tasks. In-\nspired by recent efforts to efficiently up-scale\nLLMs, we present a method for scaling LLMs\ncalled depth up-scaling (DUS), which encom-\npasses depthwise scaling and continued pre-\ntraining. In contrast to other LLM up-scaling\nmethods that use mixture-of-experts, DUS does\nnot require complex changes to train and infer-\nence efficiently. We show experimentally that\nDUS is simple yet effective in scaling up high-\nperformance LLMs from small ones. Building\non the DUS model, we additionally present SO-\nLAR 10.7B-Instruct, a variant fine-tuned for\ninstruction-following capabilities, surpassing\nMixtral-8x7B-Instruct. SOLAR 10.7B is pub-\nlicly available under the Apache 2.0 license,\npromoting broad access and application in the\nLLM field 1." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1451, + "y": 0.2796 + }, + { + "x": 0.4623, + "y": 0.2796 + }, + { + "x": 0.4623, + "y": 0.5772 + }, + { + "x": 0.1451, + "y": 0.5772 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

1 Introduction

", + "markdown": "# 1 Introduction", + "text": "1 Introduction" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1151, + "y": 0.5906 + }, + { + "x": 0.2608, + "y": 0.5906 + }, + { + "x": 0.2608, + "y": 0.6062 + }, + { + "x": 0.1151, + "y": 0.6062 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
2024
Apr
4
[cs.CL]
arxiv:23121312315
", + "markdown": "2024\nApr\n4\n[cs.CL]\narxiv:23121312315", + "text": "2024\nApr\n4\n[cs.CL]\narxiv:23121312315" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0248, + "y": 0.3166 + }, + { + "x": 0.0636, + "y": 0.3166 + }, + { + "x": 0.0636, + "y": 0.721 + }, + { + "x": 0.0248, + "y": 0.721 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The field of natural language processing (NLP)
has been significantly transformed by the introduc-
tion of large language models (LLMs), which have
enhanced our understanding and interaction with
human language (Zhao et al., 2023). These ad-
vancements bring challenges such as the increased
need to train ever larger models (Rae et al., 2021;
Wang et al., 2023; Pan et al., 2023; Lian, 2023;
Yao et al., 2023; Gesmundo and Maile, 2023) OW-
ing to the performance scaling law (Kaplan et al.,
2020; Hernandez et al., 2021; Anil et al., 2023;
Kaddour et al., 2023). To efficiently tackle the
above, recent works in scaling language models
such as a mixture of experts (MoE) (Shazeer et al.,
2017; Komatsuzaki et al., 2022) have been pro-
posed. While those approaches are able to effi-

", + "markdown": "The field of natural language processing (NLP)\nhas been significantly transformed by the introduc-\ntion of large language models (LLMs), which have\nenhanced our understanding and interaction with\nhuman language (Zhao et al., 2023). These ad-\nvancements bring challenges such as the increased\nneed to train ever larger models (Rae et al., 2021;\nWang et al., 2023; Pan et al., 2023; Lian, 2023;\nYao et al., 2023; Gesmundo and Maile, 2023) OW-\ning to the performance scaling law (Kaplan et al.,\n2020; Hernandez et al., 2021; Anil et al., 2023;\nKaddour et al., 2023). To efficiently tackle the\nabove, recent works in scaling language models\nsuch as a mixture of experts (MoE) (Shazeer et al.,\n2017; Komatsuzaki et al., 2022) have been pro-\nposed. While those approaches are able to effi-", + "text": "The field of natural language processing (NLP)\nhas been significantly transformed by the introduc-\ntion of large language models (LLMs), which have\nenhanced our understanding and interaction with\nhuman language (Zhao et al., 2023). These ad-\nvancements bring challenges such as the increased\nneed to train ever larger models (Rae et al., 2021;\nWang et al., 2023; Pan et al., 2023; Lian, 2023;\nYao et al., 2023; Gesmundo and Maile, 2023) OW-\ning to the performance scaling law (Kaplan et al.,\n2020; Hernandez et al., 2021; Anil et al., 2023;\nKaddour et al., 2023). To efficiently tackle the\nabove, recent works in scaling language models\nsuch as a mixture of experts (MoE) (Shazeer et al.,\n2017; Komatsuzaki et al., 2022) have been pro-\nposed. While those approaches are able to effi-" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1157, + "y": 0.615 + }, + { + "x": 0.4899, + "y": 0.615 + }, + { + "x": 0.4899, + "y": 0.8743 + }, + { + "x": 0.1157, + "y": 0.8743 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

Equal Contribution t Corresponding Author
1 https : / /huggingface.co/upstage/
SOLAR-10 7B-v1 · 0

", + "markdown": "Equal Contribution t Corresponding Author\n1 https : / /huggingface.co/upstage/\nSOLAR-10 7B-v1 · 0", + "text": "Equal Contribution t Corresponding Author\n1 https : / /huggingface.co/upstage/\nSOLAR-10 7B-v1 · 0" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1316, + "y": 0.882 + }, + { + "x": 0.4275, + "y": 0.882 + }, + { + "x": 0.4275, + "y": 0.9135 + }, + { + "x": 0.1316, + "y": 0.9135 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

·

", + "markdown": "·", + "text": "·" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1935, + "y": 0.9125 + }, + { + "x": 0.1992, + "y": 0.9125 + }, + { + "x": 0.1992, + "y": 0.9168 + }, + { + "x": 0.1935, + "y": 0.9168 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

ciently and effectively scale-up LLMs, they often
require non-trivial changes to the training and infer-
ence framework (Gale et al., 2023), which hinders
widespread applicability. Effectively and efficiently
scaling up LLMs whilst also retaining the simplic-
ity for ease of use is an important problem (Alberts
et al., 2023; Fraiwan and Khasawneh, 2023; Sallam
et al., 2023; Bahrini et al., 2023).

", + "markdown": "ciently and effectively scale-up LLMs, they often\nrequire non-trivial changes to the training and infer-\nence framework (Gale et al., 2023), which hinders\nwidespread applicability. Effectively and efficiently\nscaling up LLMs whilst also retaining the simplic-\nity for ease of use is an important problem (Alberts\net al., 2023; Fraiwan and Khasawneh, 2023; Sallam\net al., 2023; Bahrini et al., 2023).", + "text": "ciently and effectively scale-up LLMs, they often\nrequire non-trivial changes to the training and infer-\nence framework (Gale et al., 2023), which hinders\nwidespread applicability. Effectively and efficiently\nscaling up LLMs whilst also retaining the simplic-\nity for ease of use is an important problem (Alberts\net al., 2023; Fraiwan and Khasawneh, 2023; Sallam\net al., 2023; Bahrini et al., 2023)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5109, + "y": 0.2542 + }, + { + "x": 0.8844, + "y": 0.2542 + }, + { + "x": 0.8844, + "y": 0.3811 + }, + { + "x": 0.5109, + "y": 0.3811 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Inspired by Komatsuzaki et al. (2022), we
present depth up-scaling (DUS), an effective and
efficient method to up-scale LLMs whilst also re-
maining straightforward to use. DUS consists of
scaling the number of layers in the base model and
continually pretraining the scaled model. Unlike
(Komatsuzaki et al., 2022), DUS does not scale
the model using MoE and rather use a depthwise
scaling method analogous to Tan and Le (2019)
which is adapted for the LLM architecture. Thus,
there are no additional modules or dynamism as
with MoE, making DUS immediately compatible
with easy-to-use LLM frameworks such as Hug-
gingFace (Wolf et al., 2019) with no changes to
the training or inference framework for maximal
efficiency. Furthermore, DUS is applicable to all
transformer architectures, opening up new gate-
ways to effectively and efficiently scale-up LLMs
in a simple manner. Using DUS, we release SO-
LAR 10.7B, an LLM with 10.7 billion parameters,
that outperforms existing models like Llama 2 (Tou-
vron et al., 2023) and Mistral 7B (Jiang et al., 2023)
in various benchmarks.

", + "markdown": "Inspired by Komatsuzaki et al. (2022), we\npresent depth up-scaling (DUS), an effective and\nefficient method to up-scale LLMs whilst also re-\nmaining straightforward to use. DUS consists of\nscaling the number of layers in the base model and\ncontinually pretraining the scaled model. Unlike\n(Komatsuzaki et al., 2022), DUS does not scale\nthe model using MoE and rather use a depthwise\nscaling method analogous to Tan and Le (2019)\nwhich is adapted for the LLM architecture. Thus,\nthere are no additional modules or dynamism as\nwith MoE, making DUS immediately compatible\nwith easy-to-use LLM frameworks such as Hug-\ngingFace (Wolf et al., 2019) with no changes to\nthe training or inference framework for maximal\nefficiency. Furthermore, DUS is applicable to all\ntransformer architectures, opening up new gate-\nways to effectively and efficiently scale-up LLMs\nin a simple manner. Using DUS, we release SO-\nLAR 10.7B, an LLM with 10.7 billion parameters,\nthat outperforms existing models like Llama 2 (Tou-\nvron et al., 2023) and Mistral 7B (Jiang et al., 2023)\nin various benchmarks.", + "text": "Inspired by Komatsuzaki et al. (2022), we\npresent depth up-scaling (DUS), an effective and\nefficient method to up-scale LLMs whilst also re-\nmaining straightforward to use. DUS consists of\nscaling the number of layers in the base model and\ncontinually pretraining the scaled model. Unlike\n(Komatsuzaki et al., 2022), DUS does not scale\nthe model using MoE and rather use a depthwise\nscaling method analogous to Tan and Le (2019)\nwhich is adapted for the LLM architecture. Thus,\nthere are no additional modules or dynamism as\nwith MoE, making DUS immediately compatible\nwith easy-to-use LLM frameworks such as Hug-\ngingFace (Wolf et al., 2019) with no changes to\nthe training or inference framework for maximal\nefficiency. Furthermore, DUS is applicable to all\ntransformer architectures, opening up new gate-\nways to effectively and efficiently scale-up LLMs\nin a simple manner. Using DUS, we release SO-\nLAR 10.7B, an LLM with 10.7 billion parameters,\nthat outperforms existing models like Llama 2 (Tou-\nvron et al., 2023) and Mistral 7B (Jiang et al., 2023)\nin various benchmarks." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5112, + "y": 0.3842 + }, + { + "x": 0.885, + "y": 0.3842 + }, + { + "x": 0.885, + "y": 0.7538 + }, + { + "x": 0.5112, + "y": 0.7538 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

We have also developed SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct,
a variant fine-tuned for tasks requiring strict adher-
ence to complex instructions. It significantly out-
performs the Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct model across
various evaluation metrics, evidencing an advanced
proficiency that exceeds the capabilities of even
larger models in terms of benchmark performance.

", + "markdown": "We have also developed SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct,\na variant fine-tuned for tasks requiring strict adher-\nence to complex instructions. It significantly out-\nperforms the Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct model across\nvarious evaluation metrics, evidencing an advanced\nproficiency that exceeds the capabilities of even\nlarger models in terms of benchmark performance.", + "text": "We have also developed SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct,\na variant fine-tuned for tasks requiring strict adher-\nence to complex instructions. It significantly out-\nperforms the Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct model across\nvarious evaluation metrics, evidencing an advanced\nproficiency that exceeds the capabilities of even\nlarger models in terms of benchmark performance." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5113, + "y": 0.7575 + }, + { + "x": 0.8866, + "y": 0.7575 + }, + { + "x": 0.8866, + "y": 0.8687 + }, + { + "x": 0.5113, + "y": 0.8687 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

By releasing SOLAR 10.7B under the Apache
2.0 license, we aim to promote collaboration and in-
novation in NLP. This open-source approach allows

", + "markdown": "By releasing SOLAR 10.7B under the Apache\n2.0 license, we aim to promote collaboration and in-\nnovation in NLP. This open-source approach allows", + "text": "By releasing SOLAR 10.7B under the Apache\n2.0 license, we aim to promote collaboration and in-\nnovation in NLP. This open-source approach allows" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5091, + "y": 0.8724 + }, + { + "x": 0.8852, + "y": 0.8724 + }, + { + "x": 0.8852, + "y": 0.921 + }, + { + "x": 0.5091, + "y": 0.921 + } + ], + "id": 14, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000090.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions
\n
JurisdictionGATS XVII Reservation (1994)Foreign Ownership PermittedRestrictions on Foreign OwnershipForeign Ownership Reporting Requirements
right required to acquire desert lands. No restrictions on lands in Investment Zones, Technological Zones, or Free Zones.
FinlandNYPrior approval for a foreigner's purchase of certain businesses may be required when it includes land purchase and the purchase of business or land interferes with vital interests for Finland; prior approval from the Government of Aland is required for acquisitions within the autonomous region of Aland.
FranceNYNone.
GermanyNYNone.
GreeceNYPrior approval required for purchase by non-European Union and non-European Free Trade Association natural and legal persons of real estate located in border areas.
IndiaNYProhibition on acquisition of land by citizens of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, China, Iran, Nepal, and Bhutan, except for one residential property for self-occupation and one property for carrying out self- employment for long-term visa holders residing in India who are citizens of Afghanistan, Bangladesh or Pakistan and belong to minority religions in those countries, subject to conditions; nonresident foreign nationals not of Indian origin, except for inheritance from a resident; and of agricultural land by diplomatic personnel,
\n
The Law Library of Congress
\n
7
", + "markdown": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions\n\n| Jurisdiction | GATS XVII Reservation (1994) | Foreign Ownership Permitted | Restrictions on Foreign Ownership | Foreign Ownership Reporting Requirements |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | | | right required to acquire desert lands. No restrictions on lands in Investment Zones, Technological Zones, or Free Zones. | |\n| Finland | N | Y | Prior approval for a foreigner's purchase of certain businesses may be required when it includes land purchase and the purchase of business or land interferes with vital interests for Finland; prior approval from the Government of Aland is required for acquisitions within the autonomous region of Aland. | |\n| France | N | Y | None. | |\n| Germany | N | Y | None. | |\n| Greece | N | Y | Prior approval required for purchase by non-European Union and non-European Free Trade Association natural and legal persons of real estate located in border areas. | |\n| India | N | Y | Prohibition on acquisition of land by citizens of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, China, Iran, Nepal, and Bhutan, except for one residential property for self-occupation and one property for carrying out self- employment for long-term visa holders residing in India who are citizens of Afghanistan, Bangladesh or Pakistan and belong to minority religions in those countries, subject to conditions; nonresident foreign nationals not of Indian origin, except for inheritance from a resident; and of agricultural land by diplomatic personnel, | |\n\n\nThe Law Library of Congress\n\n7", + "text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions\nJurisdiction GATS XVII Reservation (1994) Foreign Ownership Permitted Restrictions on Foreign Ownership Foreign Ownership Reporting Requirements\n right required to acquire desert lands. No restrictions on lands in Investment Zones, Technological Zones, or Free Zones. \n Finland N Y Prior approval for a foreigner's purchase of certain businesses may be required when it includes land purchase and the purchase of business or land interferes with vital interests for Finland; prior approval from the Government of Aland is required for acquisitions within the autonomous region of Aland. \n France N Y None. \n Germany N Y None. \n Greece N Y Prior approval required for purchase by non-European Union and non-European Free Trade Association natural and legal persons of real estate located in border areas. \n India N Y Prohibition on acquisition of land by citizens of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, China, Iran, Nepal, and Bhutan, except for one residential property for self-occupation and one property for carrying out self- employment for long-term visa holders residing in India who are citizens of Afghanistan, Bangladesh or Pakistan and belong to minority religions in those countries, subject to conditions; nonresident foreign nationals not of Indian origin, except for inheritance from a resident; and of agricultural land by diplomatic personnel,\nThe Law Library of Congress\n7" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions
", + "markdown": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", + "text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2271, + "y": 0.0462 + }, + { + "x": 0.7741, + "y": 0.0462 + }, + { + "x": 0.7741, + "y": 0.0632 + }, + { + "x": 0.2271, + "y": 0.0632 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
JurisdictionGATS XVII Reservation (1994)Foreign Ownership PermittedRestrictions on Foreign OwnershipForeign Ownership Reporting Requirements
right required to acquire desert lands. No restrictions on lands in Investment Zones, Technological Zones, or Free Zones.
FinlandNYPrior approval for a foreigner's purchase of certain businesses may be required when it includes land purchase and the purchase of business or land interferes with vital interests for Finland; prior approval from the Government of Aland is required for acquisitions within the autonomous region of Aland.
FranceNYNone.
GermanyNYNone.
GreeceNYPrior approval required for purchase by non-European Union and non-European Free Trade Association natural and legal persons of real estate located in border areas.
IndiaNYProhibition on acquisition of land by citizens of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, China, Iran, Nepal, and Bhutan, except for one residential property for self-occupation and one property for carrying out self- employment for long-term visa holders residing in India who are citizens of Afghanistan, Bangladesh or Pakistan and belong to minority religions in those countries, subject to conditions; nonresident foreign nationals not of Indian origin, except for inheritance from a resident; and of agricultural land by diplomatic personnel,
", + "markdown": "| Jurisdiction | GATS XVII Reservation (1994) | Foreign Ownership Permitted | Restrictions on Foreign Ownership | Foreign Ownership Reporting Requirements |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | | | right required to acquire desert lands. No restrictions on lands in Investment Zones, Technological Zones, or Free Zones. | |\n| Finland | N | Y | Prior approval for a foreigner's purchase of certain businesses may be required when it includes land purchase and the purchase of business or land interferes with vital interests for Finland; prior approval from the Government of Aland is required for acquisitions within the autonomous region of Aland. | |\n| France | N | Y | None. | |\n| Germany | N | Y | None. | |\n| Greece | N | Y | Prior approval required for purchase by non-European Union and non-European Free Trade Association natural and legal persons of real estate located in border areas. | |\n| India | N | Y | Prohibition on acquisition of land by citizens of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, China, Iran, Nepal, and Bhutan, except for one residential property for self-occupation and one property for carrying out self- employment for long-term visa holders residing in India who are citizens of Afghanistan, Bangladesh or Pakistan and belong to minority religions in those countries, subject to conditions; nonresident foreign nationals not of Indian origin, except for inheritance from a resident; and of agricultural land by diplomatic personnel, | |\n", + "text": "Jurisdiction GATS XVII Reservation (1994) Foreign Ownership Permitted Restrictions on Foreign Ownership Foreign Ownership Reporting Requirements\n right required to acquire desert lands. No restrictions on lands in Investment Zones, Technological Zones, or Free Zones. \n Finland N Y Prior approval for a foreigner's purchase of certain businesses may be required when it includes land purchase and the purchase of business or land interferes with vital interests for Finland; prior approval from the Government of Aland is required for acquisitions within the autonomous region of Aland. \n France N Y None. \n Germany N Y None. \n Greece N Y Prior approval required for purchase by non-European Union and non-European Free Trade Association natural and legal persons of real estate located in border areas. \n India N Y Prohibition on acquisition of land by citizens of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, China, Iran, Nepal, and Bhutan, except for one residential property for self-occupation and one property for carrying out self- employment for long-term visa holders residing in India who are citizens of Afghanistan, Bangladesh or Pakistan and belong to minority religions in those countries, subject to conditions; nonresident foreign nationals not of Indian origin, except for inheritance from a resident; and of agricultural land by diplomatic personnel," + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1164, + "y": 0.0881 + }, + { + "x": 0.8823, + "y": 0.0881 + }, + { + "x": 0.8823, + "y": 0.9057 + }, + { + "x": 0.1164, + "y": 0.9057 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
The Law Library of Congress
", + "markdown": "The Law Library of Congress", + "text": "The Law Library of Congress" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1141, + "y": 0.9385 + }, + { + "x": 0.3426, + "y": 0.9385 + }, + { + "x": 0.3426, + "y": 0.9557 + }, + { + "x": 0.1141, + "y": 0.9557 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
7
", + "markdown": "7", + "text": "7" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8612, + "y": 0.939 + }, + { + "x": 0.8777, + "y": 0.939 + }, + { + "x": 0.8777, + "y": 0.9536 + }, + { + "x": 0.8612, + "y": 0.9536 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000141.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

10 THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT

\n

● OPYRIG ��

\n

COPYRIGHT PROTECTS CREATIVE WORK -
YOURS, MINE, EVERYONE'S!

\n

We're all both consumers and creators of creative
work. As consumers, we watch movies, listen to
music, read books, and more! As creators, we
take photos, write songs, make videos, etc.

\n

Copyright protects creative work, so people can't
generally copy or share or perform other
people's work without permission.

\n

Copyright comes from the Constitution. Its purpose is
to promote more creativity. The idea is that letting
each of us decide what happens to our own creations
will encourage us to keep creating.

\n

All creative work is protected by copyright as soon as
it's written down or recorded or saved�and not just
work by professional artists or big studios. Copyright
protects all of us�our photos on Instagram and
everything we write or create.

\n

If you copy or share other people's creative
works without permission, that's called copyright
infringement. Examples:

\n

· Downloading music, movies, ebooks, or games
from illegal sources that operate without artists'
permission.
· Uploading your collection of music, movies,
ebooks, or games for your friends to copy.

\n

Copyright infringement is illegal and carries
serious penalties.

\n

BUT COPYRIGHT DOESN'T
COVER EVERYTHING

\n

Copyright gives a lot of protection, but it also has
limitations. Not everything gets copyright protection.
Facts and ideas are not protected by copyright, neither
are US Government documents, like NASA photos and
reports by federal agencies.

\n

Another limitation of copyright is \"fair use,\" which
allows us to copy and re-use copyrighted work
without the artist's permission in certain, limited
ways that are still fair to the creator.

\n

When you re-use portions of someone else's work
for a school project-like using images or songs for
a presentation in class-that's a fair use situation.
You don't need the author's permission.

\n

Copyright protection doesn't last forever.
Eventually it expires, and the creative work falls
into the \"public domain.\" Works in the public
domain are free to re-use and share however
you want.

\n

Some creators are happy to share their
creative work. They use a licensing system
for sharing called Creative Commons. You
can find millions of CC work that are free to
share or re-use.

\n
Copyrightand Creativity.org
", + "markdown": "# 10 THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT\n\n# ● OPYRIG ��\n\nCOPYRIGHT PROTECTS CREATIVE WORK -\nYOURS, MINE, EVERYONE'S!\n\nWe're all both consumers and creators of creative\nwork. As consumers, we watch movies, listen to\nmusic, read books, and more! As creators, we\ntake photos, write songs, make videos, etc.\n\nCopyright protects creative work, so people can't\ngenerally copy or share or perform other\npeople's work without permission.\n\nCopyright comes from the Constitution. Its purpose is\nto promote more creativity. The idea is that letting\neach of us decide what happens to our own creations\nwill encourage us to keep creating.\n\nAll creative work is protected by copyright as soon as\nit's written down or recorded or saved�and not just\nwork by professional artists or big studios. Copyright\nprotects all of us�our photos on Instagram and\neverything we write or create.\n\nIf you copy or share other people's creative\nworks without permission, that's called copyright\ninfringement. Examples:\n\n· Downloading music, movies, ebooks, or games\nfrom illegal sources that operate without artists'\npermission.\n· Uploading your collection of music, movies,\nebooks, or games for your friends to copy.\n\nCopyright infringement is illegal and carries\nserious penalties.\n\nBUT COPYRIGHT DOESN'T\nCOVER EVERYTHING\n\nCopyright gives a lot of protection, but it also has\nlimitations. Not everything gets copyright protection.\nFacts and ideas are not protected by copyright, neither\nare US Government documents, like NASA photos and\nreports by federal agencies.\n\nAnother limitation of copyright is \"fair use,\" which\nallows us to copy and re-use copyrighted work\nwithout the artist's permission in certain, limited\nways that are still fair to the creator.\n\nWhen you re-use portions of someone else's work\nfor a school project-like using images or songs for\na presentation in class-that's a fair use situation.\nYou don't need the author's permission.\n\nCopyright protection doesn't last forever.\nEventually it expires, and the creative work falls\ninto the \"public domain.\" Works in the public\ndomain are free to re-use and share however\nyou want.\n\nSome creators are happy to share their\ncreative work. They use a licensing system\nfor sharing called Creative Commons. You\ncan find millions of CC work that are free to\nshare or re-use.\n\nCopyrightand Creativity.org", + "text": "10 THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT\n● OPYRIG ��\nCOPYRIGHT PROTECTS CREATIVE WORK -\nYOURS, MINE, EVERYONE'S!\nWe're all both consumers and creators of creative\nwork. As consumers, we watch movies, listen to\nmusic, read books, and more! As creators, we\ntake photos, write songs, make videos, etc.\nCopyright protects creative work, so people can't\ngenerally copy or share or perform other\npeople's work without permission.\nCopyright comes from the Constitution. Its purpose is\nto promote more creativity. The idea is that letting\neach of us decide what happens to our own creations\nwill encourage us to keep creating.\nAll creative work is protected by copyright as soon as\nit's written down or recorded or saved�and not just\nwork by professional artists or big studios. Copyright\nprotects all of us�our photos on Instagram and\neverything we write or create.\nIf you copy or share other people's creative\nworks without permission, that's called copyright\ninfringement. Examples:\n· Downloading music, movies, ebooks, or games\nfrom illegal sources that operate without artists'\npermission.\n· Uploading your collection of music, movies,\nebooks, or games for your friends to copy.\nCopyright infringement is illegal and carries\nserious penalties.\nBUT COPYRIGHT DOESN'T\nCOVER EVERYTHING\nCopyright gives a lot of protection, but it also has\nlimitations. Not everything gets copyright protection.\nFacts and ideas are not protected by copyright, neither\nare US Government documents, like NASA photos and\nreports by federal agencies.\nAnother limitation of copyright is \"fair use,\" which\nallows us to copy and re-use copyrighted work\nwithout the artist's permission in certain, limited\nways that are still fair to the creator.\nWhen you re-use portions of someone else's work\nfor a school project-like using images or songs for\na presentation in class-that's a fair use situation.\nYou don't need the author's permission.\nCopyright protection doesn't last forever.\nEventually it expires, and the creative work falls\ninto the \"public domain.\" Works in the public\ndomain are free to re-use and share however\nyou want.\nSome creators are happy to share their\ncreative work. They use a licensing system\nfor sharing called Creative Commons. You\ncan find millions of CC work that are free to\nshare or re-use.\nCopyrightand Creativity.org" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

10 THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT

", + "markdown": "# 10 THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT", + "text": "10 THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0554, + "y": 0.029 + }, + { + "x": 0.9383, + "y": 0.029 + }, + { + "x": 0.9383, + "y": 0.0628 + }, + { + "x": 0.0554, + "y": 0.0628 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

● OPYRIG ��

", + "markdown": "# ● OPYRIG ��", + "text": "● OPYRIG ��" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0636, + "y": 0.0861 + }, + { + "x": 0.9345, + "y": 0.0861 + }, + { + "x": 0.9345, + "y": 0.1613 + }, + { + "x": 0.0636, + "y": 0.1613 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

COPYRIGHT PROTECTS CREATIVE WORK -
YOURS, MINE, EVERYONE'S!

", + "markdown": "COPYRIGHT PROTECTS CREATIVE WORK -\nYOURS, MINE, EVERYONE'S!", + "text": "COPYRIGHT PROTECTS CREATIVE WORK -\nYOURS, MINE, EVERYONE'S!" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1071, + "y": 0.271 + }, + { + "x": 0.4539, + "y": 0.271 + }, + { + "x": 0.4539, + "y": 0.2992 + }, + { + "x": 0.1071, + "y": 0.2992 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

We're all both consumers and creators of creative
work. As consumers, we watch movies, listen to
music, read books, and more! As creators, we
take photos, write songs, make videos, etc.

", + "markdown": "We're all both consumers and creators of creative\nwork. As consumers, we watch movies, listen to\nmusic, read books, and more! As creators, we\ntake photos, write songs, make videos, etc.", + "text": "We're all both consumers and creators of creative\nwork. As consumers, we watch movies, listen to\nmusic, read books, and more! As creators, we\ntake photos, write songs, make videos, etc." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1546, + "y": 0.3687 + }, + { + "x": 0.4288, + "y": 0.3687 + }, + { + "x": 0.4288, + "y": 0.4087 + }, + { + "x": 0.1546, + "y": 0.4087 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Copyright protects creative work, so people can't
generally copy or share or perform other
people's work without permission.

", + "markdown": "Copyright protects creative work, so people can't\ngenerally copy or share or perform other\npeople's work without permission.", + "text": "Copyright protects creative work, so people can't\ngenerally copy or share or perform other\npeople's work without permission." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1495, + "y": 0.4878 + }, + { + "x": 0.4286, + "y": 0.4878 + }, + { + "x": 0.4286, + "y": 0.5185 + }, + { + "x": 0.1495, + "y": 0.5185 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Copyright comes from the Constitution. Its purpose is
to promote more creativity. The idea is that letting
each of us decide what happens to our own creations
will encourage us to keep creating.

", + "markdown": "Copyright comes from the Constitution. Its purpose is\nto promote more creativity. The idea is that letting\neach of us decide what happens to our own creations\nwill encourage us to keep creating.", + "text": "Copyright comes from the Constitution. Its purpose is\nto promote more creativity. The idea is that letting\neach of us decide what happens to our own creations\nwill encourage us to keep creating." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1499, + "y": 0.5964 + }, + { + "x": 0.4535, + "y": 0.5964 + }, + { + "x": 0.4535, + "y": 0.6362 + }, + { + "x": 0.1499, + "y": 0.6362 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

All creative work is protected by copyright as soon as
it's written down or recorded or saved�and not just
work by professional artists or big studios. Copyright
protects all of us�our photos on Instagram and
everything we write or create.

", + "markdown": "All creative work is protected by copyright as soon as\nit's written down or recorded or saved�and not just\nwork by professional artists or big studios. Copyright\nprotects all of us�our photos on Instagram and\neverything we write or create.", + "text": "All creative work is protected by copyright as soon as\nit's written down or recorded or saved�and not just\nwork by professional artists or big studios. Copyright\nprotects all of us�our photos on Instagram and\neverything we write or create." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1492, + "y": 0.7137 + }, + { + "x": 0.4526, + "y": 0.7137 + }, + { + "x": 0.4526, + "y": 0.7636 + }, + { + "x": 0.1492, + "y": 0.7636 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

If you copy or share other people's creative
works without permission, that's called copyright
infringement. Examples:

", + "markdown": "If you copy or share other people's creative\nworks without permission, that's called copyright\ninfringement. Examples:", + "text": "If you copy or share other people's creative\nworks without permission, that's called copyright\ninfringement. Examples:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1482, + "y": 0.8252 + }, + { + "x": 0.4203, + "y": 0.8252 + }, + { + "x": 0.4203, + "y": 0.8547 + }, + { + "x": 0.1482, + "y": 0.8547 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

· Downloading music, movies, ebooks, or games
from illegal sources that operate without artists'
permission.
· Uploading your collection of music, movies,
ebooks, or games for your friends to copy.

", + "markdown": "· Downloading music, movies, ebooks, or games\nfrom illegal sources that operate without artists'\npermission.\n· Uploading your collection of music, movies,\nebooks, or games for your friends to copy.", + "text": "· Downloading music, movies, ebooks, or games\nfrom illegal sources that operate without artists'\npermission.\n· Uploading your collection of music, movies,\nebooks, or games for your friends to copy." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.167, + "y": 0.8601 + }, + { + "x": 0.4447, + "y": 0.8601 + }, + { + "x": 0.4447, + "y": 0.9072 + }, + { + "x": 0.167, + "y": 0.9072 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Copyright infringement is illegal and carries
serious penalties.

", + "markdown": "Copyright infringement is illegal and carries\nserious penalties.", + "text": "Copyright infringement is illegal and carries\nserious penalties." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.151, + "y": 0.913 + }, + { + "x": 0.398, + "y": 0.913 + }, + { + "x": 0.398, + "y": 0.9322 + }, + { + "x": 0.151, + "y": 0.9322 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

BUT COPYRIGHT DOESN'T
COVER EVERYTHING

", + "markdown": "BUT COPYRIGHT DOESN'T\nCOVER EVERYTHING", + "text": "BUT COPYRIGHT DOESN'T\nCOVER EVERYTHING" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6204, + "y": 0.2712 + }, + { + "x": 0.8393, + "y": 0.2712 + }, + { + "x": 0.8393, + "y": 0.299 + }, + { + "x": 0.6204, + "y": 0.299 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Copyright gives a lot of protection, but it also has
limitations. Not everything gets copyright protection.
Facts and ideas are not protected by copyright, neither
are US Government documents, like NASA photos and
reports by federal agencies.

", + "markdown": "Copyright gives a lot of protection, but it also has\nlimitations. Not everything gets copyright protection.\nFacts and ideas are not protected by copyright, neither\nare US Government documents, like NASA photos and\nreports by federal agencies.", + "text": "Copyright gives a lot of protection, but it also has\nlimitations. Not everything gets copyright protection.\nFacts and ideas are not protected by copyright, neither\nare US Government documents, like NASA photos and\nreports by federal agencies." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6108, + "y": 0.3661 + }, + { + "x": 0.9209, + "y": 0.3661 + }, + { + "x": 0.9209, + "y": 0.4176 + }, + { + "x": 0.6108, + "y": 0.4176 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Another limitation of copyright is \"fair use,\" which
allows us to copy and re-use copyrighted work
without the artist's permission in certain, limited
ways that are still fair to the creator.

", + "markdown": "Another limitation of copyright is \"fair use,\" which\nallows us to copy and re-use copyrighted work\nwithout the artist's permission in certain, limited\nways that are still fair to the creator.", + "text": "Another limitation of copyright is \"fair use,\" which\nallows us to copy and re-use copyrighted work\nwithout the artist's permission in certain, limited\nways that are still fair to the creator." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6091, + "y": 0.4838 + }, + { + "x": 0.89, + "y": 0.4838 + }, + { + "x": 0.89, + "y": 0.5245 + }, + { + "x": 0.6091, + "y": 0.5245 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

When you re-use portions of someone else's work
for a school project-like using images or songs for
a presentation in class-that's a fair use situation.
You don't need the author's permission.

", + "markdown": "When you re-use portions of someone else's work\nfor a school project-like using images or songs for\na presentation in class-that's a fair use situation.\nYou don't need the author's permission.", + "text": "When you re-use portions of someone else's work\nfor a school project-like using images or songs for\na presentation in class-that's a fair use situation.\nYou don't need the author's permission." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6108, + "y": 0.5949 + }, + { + "x": 0.8996, + "y": 0.5949 + }, + { + "x": 0.8996, + "y": 0.6353 + }, + { + "x": 0.6108, + "y": 0.6353 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Copyright protection doesn't last forever.
Eventually it expires, and the creative work falls
into the \"public domain.\" Works in the public
domain are free to re-use and share however
you want.

", + "markdown": "Copyright protection doesn't last forever.\nEventually it expires, and the creative work falls\ninto the \"public domain.\" Works in the public\ndomain are free to re-use and share however\nyou want.", + "text": "Copyright protection doesn't last forever.\nEventually it expires, and the creative work falls\ninto the \"public domain.\" Works in the public\ndomain are free to re-use and share however\nyou want." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6105, + "y": 0.7131 + }, + { + "x": 0.8807, + "y": 0.7131 + }, + { + "x": 0.8807, + "y": 0.7629 + }, + { + "x": 0.6105, + "y": 0.7629 + } + ], + "id": 14, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Some creators are happy to share their
creative work. They use a licensing system
for sharing called Creative Commons. You
can find millions of CC work that are free to
share or re-use.

", + "markdown": "Some creators are happy to share their\ncreative work. They use a licensing system\nfor sharing called Creative Commons. You\ncan find millions of CC work that are free to\nshare or re-use.", + "text": "Some creators are happy to share their\ncreative work. They use a licensing system\nfor sharing called Creative Commons. You\ncan find millions of CC work that are free to\nshare or re-use." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6108, + "y": 0.8445 + }, + { + "x": 0.8582, + "y": 0.8445 + }, + { + "x": 0.8582, + "y": 0.8949 + }, + { + "x": 0.6108, + "y": 0.8949 + } + ], + "id": 15, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
Copyrightand Creativity.org
", + "markdown": "Copyrightand Creativity.org", + "text": "Copyrightand Creativity.org" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3423, + "y": 0.9542 + }, + { + "x": 0.6552, + "y": 0.9542 + }, + { + "x": 0.6552, + "y": 0.9722 + }, + { + "x": 0.3423, + "y": 0.9722 + } + ], + "id": 16, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000046.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
Political Parties, Candidates Registration and Election Campaign
\n\n
No.Political partyProvisional registration result on 7 MarchOfficial registration result on 29 AprilDifference in the number of candidates
Number of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidatesNumber of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidates
1Cambodian People's Party1,65228,0081,65228,0080
2Candlelight Party1,64923,6791,62323,939+260
3Funcinpec Party7159,4076809,952+545
4Khmer National United Party6508,3405968,815+475
5Cambodian National Love Party3884,6343155,050+416
6Cambodian National's Party3103,9802453,956-24
7Cambodian Youth Party1161,8241141,8240
8Khmer Will Party671,000581,050+50
9Cambodian Reform Party5882359978+155
10Kampucheaniyum Party3964238658+16
Table: Provisional Results of Registration of Candidates on 8 March 202221 and Official Results
of Registration of Candidates on 29 April 202222
\n

21 https://www.nec.gov.kr/khnmer/content/5393

\n

22 https://www.nec.gov.kh/khnmer/content/5525

\n
23
", + "markdown": "Political Parties, Candidates Registration and Election Campaign\n\nTable: Provisional Results of Registration of Candidates on 8 March 202221 and Official Results\nof Registration of Candidates on 29 April 202222\n\n| No. | Political party | Provisional registration result on 7 March | Provisional registration result on 7 March | Official registration result on 29 April | Official registration result on 29 April | Difference in the number of candidates |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| No. | Political party | Number of commune/ sangkat | Number of candidates | Number of commune/ sangkat | Number of candidates | Difference in the number of candidates |\n| 1 | Cambodian People's Party | 1,652 | 28,008 | 1,652 | 28,008 | 0 |\n| 2 | Candlelight Party | 1,649 | 23,679 | 1,623 | 23,939 | +260 |\n| 3 | Funcinpec Party | 715 | 9,407 | 680 | 9,952 | +545 |\n| 4 | Khmer National United Party | 650 | 8,340 | 596 | 8,815 | +475 |\n| 5 | Cambodian National Love Party | 388 | 4,634 | 315 | 5,050 | +416 |\n| 6 | Cambodian National's Party | 310 | 3,980 | 245 | 3,956 | -24 |\n| 7 | Cambodian Youth Party | 116 | 1,824 | 114 | 1,824 | 0 |\n| 8 | Khmer Will Party | 67 | 1,000 | 58 | 1,050 | +50 |\n| 9 | Cambodian Reform Party | 58 | 823 | 59 | 978 | +155 |\n| 10 | Kampucheaniyum Party | 39 | 642 | 38 | 658 | +16 |\n\n\n- 21 https://www.nec.gov.kr/khnmer/content/5393\n\n\n- 22 https://www.nec.gov.kh/khnmer/content/5525\n\n\n23", + "text": "Political Parties, Candidates Registration and Election Campaign\nTable: Provisional Results of Registration of Candidates on 8 March 202221 and Official Results\nof Registration of Candidates on 29 April 202222\nNo. Political party Provisional registration result on 7 March Official registration result on 29 April Difference in the number of candidates\n Number of commune/ sangkat Number of candidates Number of commune/ sangkat Number of candidates\n 1 Cambodian People's Party 1,652 28,008 1,652 28,008 0\n 2 Candlelight Party 1,649 23,679 1,623 23,939 +260\n 3 Funcinpec Party 715 9,407 680 9,952 +545\n 4 Khmer National United Party 650 8,340 596 8,815 +475\n 5 Cambodian National Love Party 388 4,634 315 5,050 +416\n 6 Cambodian National's Party 310 3,980 245 3,956 -24\n 7 Cambodian Youth Party 116 1,824 114 1,824 0\n 8 Khmer Will Party 67 1,000 58 1,050 +50\n 9 Cambodian Reform Party 58 823 59 978 +155\n 10 Kampucheaniyum Party 39 642 38 658 +16\n21 https://www.nec.gov.kr/khnmer/content/5393\n22 https://www.nec.gov.kh/khnmer/content/5525\n23" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Political Parties, Candidates Registration and Election Campaign
", + "markdown": "Political Parties, Candidates Registration and Election Campaign", + "text": "Political Parties, Candidates Registration and Election Campaign" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.532, + "y": 0.0811 + }, + { + "x": 0.9236, + "y": 0.0811 + }, + { + "x": 0.9236, + "y": 0.1072 + }, + { + "x": 0.532, + "y": 0.1072 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "Table: Provisional Results of Registration of Candidates on 8 March 202221 and Official Results
of Registration of Candidates on 29 April 202222", + "markdown": "Table: Provisional Results of Registration of Candidates on 8 March 202221 and Official Results\nof Registration of Candidates on 29 April 202222", + "text": "Table: Provisional Results of Registration of Candidates on 8 March 202221 and Official Results\nof Registration of Candidates on 29 April 202222" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0883, + "y": 0.1311 + }, + { + "x": 0.9236, + "y": 0.1311 + }, + { + "x": 0.9236, + "y": 0.1959 + }, + { + "x": 0.0883, + "y": 0.1959 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
No.Political partyProvisional registration result on 7 MarchOfficial registration result on 29 AprilDifference in the number of candidates
Number of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidatesNumber of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidates
1Cambodian People's Party1,65228,0081,65228,0080
2Candlelight Party1,64923,6791,62323,939+260
3Funcinpec Party7159,4076809,952+545
4Khmer National United Party6508,3405968,815+475
5Cambodian National Love Party3884,6343155,050+416
6Cambodian National's Party3103,9802453,956-24
7Cambodian Youth Party1161,8241141,8240
8Khmer Will Party671,000581,050+50
9Cambodian Reform Party5882359978+155
10Kampucheaniyum Party3964238658+16
", + "markdown": "| No. | Political party | Provisional registration result on 7 March | Provisional registration result on 7 March | Official registration result on 29 April | Official registration result on 29 April | Difference in the number of candidates |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| No. | Political party | Number of commune/ sangkat | Number of candidates | Number of commune/ sangkat | Number of candidates | Difference in the number of candidates |\n| 1 | Cambodian People's Party | 1,652 | 28,008 | 1,652 | 28,008 | 0 |\n| 2 | Candlelight Party | 1,649 | 23,679 | 1,623 | 23,939 | +260 |\n| 3 | Funcinpec Party | 715 | 9,407 | 680 | 9,952 | +545 |\n| 4 | Khmer National United Party | 650 | 8,340 | 596 | 8,815 | +475 |\n| 5 | Cambodian National Love Party | 388 | 4,634 | 315 | 5,050 | +416 |\n| 6 | Cambodian National's Party | 310 | 3,980 | 245 | 3,956 | -24 |\n| 7 | Cambodian Youth Party | 116 | 1,824 | 114 | 1,824 | 0 |\n| 8 | Khmer Will Party | 67 | 1,000 | 58 | 1,050 | +50 |\n| 9 | Cambodian Reform Party | 58 | 823 | 59 | 978 | +155 |\n| 10 | Kampucheaniyum Party | 39 | 642 | 38 | 658 | +16 |\n", + "text": "No. Political party Provisional registration result on 7 March Official registration result on 29 April Difference in the number of candidates\n Number of commune/ sangkat Number of candidates Number of commune/ sangkat Number of candidates\n 1 Cambodian People's Party 1,652 28,008 1,652 28,008 0\n 2 Candlelight Party 1,649 23,679 1,623 23,939 +260\n 3 Funcinpec Party 715 9,407 680 9,952 +545\n 4 Khmer National United Party 650 8,340 596 8,815 +475\n 5 Cambodian National Love Party 388 4,634 315 5,050 +416\n 6 Cambodian National's Party 310 3,980 245 3,956 -24\n 7 Cambodian Youth Party 116 1,824 114 1,824 0\n 8 Khmer Will Party 67 1,000 58 1,050 +50\n 9 Cambodian Reform Party 58 823 59 978 +155\n 10 Kampucheaniyum Party 39 642 38 658 +16" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.091, + "y": 0.2145 + }, + { + "x": 0.9211, + "y": 0.2145 + }, + { + "x": 0.9211, + "y": 0.7474 + }, + { + "x": 0.091, + "y": 0.7474 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

21 https://www.nec.gov.kr/khnmer/content/5393

", + "markdown": "- 21 https://www.nec.gov.kr/khnmer/content/5393\n", + "text": "21 https://www.nec.gov.kr/khnmer/content/5393" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0877, + "y": 0.8219 + }, + { + "x": 0.3147, + "y": 0.8219 + }, + { + "x": 0.3147, + "y": 0.8423 + }, + { + "x": 0.0877, + "y": 0.8423 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

22 https://www.nec.gov.kh/khnmer/content/5525

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CHAPTER 7.

\n

TEXAS

\n

MICHELLE REED

\n

COURSE MARKING DRIVERS

\n

I've worked at the University of Texas at Arlington (UTA) for the last three years as Open Education
Librarian and was recently promoted to the leadership team as Director of Open Educational
Resources following a half-million-dollar investment in OER from university administration. It was
in my first year as Open Education Librarian that the Texas Legislature passed Senate Bill 810
(SB810), which requires institutions of higher education across the state to provide searchable
information to students about OER-only courses. A strong definition of OER was provided:

\n

\"teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under an
intellectual property license that allows for free use, reuse, modification, and sharing with others, including
full courses, course materials, modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests, software, and any other tools,
materials, or techniques used to support access to knowledge.\"

\n

However, Texas was not given a very long implementation window. The bill passed in June 2017,
effective immediately, with a compliance deadline of Spring 2018. We in higher education know a
change of this scope, and impacting as many stakeholders as course marking does, takes longer. A
recent survey commissioned by the Digital Higher Education Consortium of Texas (DigiTex) and
administered in May 2019 shows only 59 respondents of the 158 two-and four-year institutions that
received the statewide survey have a course marking solution in place. The findings were presented
in Open Educational Resources (OER) in Texas Higher Education, 2019.

\n

1.Jimes, C., Karaglani, A., Petrides, L., Rios,J., Sebesta,J., & Torre, K. (2019). Open Educational Resources (OER) in Texas Higher Education,
2019. Austin, TX: Digital Higher Education Consortium of Texas and Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board; Half Moon Bay,
CA: Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education.

\n
PRICE TRANSPARENCY 17
", + "markdown": "CHAPTER 7.\n\n# TEXAS\n\nMICHELLE REED\n\n# COURSE MARKING DRIVERS\n\nI've worked at the University of Texas at Arlington (UTA) for the last three years as Open Education\nLibrarian and was recently promoted to the leadership team as Director of Open Educational\nResources following a half-million-dollar investment in OER from university administration. It was\nin my first year as Open Education Librarian that the Texas Legislature passed Senate Bill 810\n(SB810), which requires institutions of higher education across the state to provide searchable\ninformation to students about OER-only courses. A strong definition of OER was provided:\n\n\"teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under an\nintellectual property license that allows for free use, reuse, modification, and sharing with others, including\nfull courses, course materials, modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests, software, and any other tools,\nmaterials, or techniques used to support access to knowledge.\"\n\nHowever, Texas was not given a very long implementation window. The bill passed in June 2017,\neffective immediately, with a compliance deadline of Spring 2018. We in higher education know a\nchange of this scope, and impacting as many stakeholders as course marking does, takes longer. A\nrecent survey commissioned by the Digital Higher Education Consortium of Texas (DigiTex) and\nadministered in May 2019 shows only 59 respondents of the 158 two-and four-year institutions that\nreceived the statewide survey have a course marking solution in place. The findings were presented\nin Open Educational Resources (OER) in Texas Higher Education, 2019.\n\n1.Jimes, C., Karaglani, A., Petrides, L., Rios,J., Sebesta,J., & Torre, K. (2019). Open Educational Resources (OER) in Texas Higher Education,\n2019. Austin, TX: Digital Higher Education Consortium of Texas and Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board; Half Moon Bay,\nCA: Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education.\n\nPRICE TRANSPARENCY 17", + "text": "CHAPTER 7.\nTEXAS\nMICHELLE REED\nCOURSE MARKING DRIVERS\nI've worked at the University of Texas at Arlington (UTA) for the last three years as Open Education\nLibrarian and was recently promoted to the leadership team as Director of Open Educational\nResources following a half-million-dollar investment in OER from university administration. It was\nin my first year as Open Education Librarian that the Texas Legislature passed Senate Bill 810\n(SB810), which requires institutions of higher education across the state to provide searchable\ninformation to students about OER-only courses. A strong definition of OER was provided:\n\"teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under an\nintellectual property license that allows for free use, reuse, modification, and sharing with others, including\nfull courses, course materials, modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests, software, and any other tools,\nmaterials, or techniques used to support access to knowledge.\"\nHowever, Texas was not given a very long implementation window. The bill passed in June 2017,\neffective immediately, with a compliance deadline of Spring 2018. We in higher education know a\nchange of this scope, and impacting as many stakeholders as course marking does, takes longer. A\nrecent survey commissioned by the Digital Higher Education Consortium of Texas (DigiTex) and\nadministered in May 2019 shows only 59 respondents of the 158 two-and four-year institutions that\nreceived the statewide survey have a course marking solution in place. The findings were presented\nin Open Educational Resources (OER) in Texas Higher Education, 2019.\n1.Jimes, C., Karaglani, A., Petrides, L., Rios,J., Sebesta,J., & Torre, K. (2019). Open Educational Resources (OER) in Texas Higher Education,\n2019. Austin, TX: Digital Higher Education Consortium of Texas and Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board; Half Moon Bay,\nCA: Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education.\nPRICE TRANSPARENCY 17" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

CHAPTER 7.

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TEXAS

", + "markdown": "# TEXAS", + "text": "TEXAS" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0896, + "y": 0.184 + }, + { + "x": 0.1623, + "y": 0.184 + }, + { + "x": 0.1623, + "y": 0.2014 + }, + { + "x": 0.0896, + "y": 0.2014 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

MICHELLE REED

", + "markdown": "MICHELLE REED", + "text": "MICHELLE REED" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0878, + "y": 0.3015 + }, + { + "x": 0.2227, + "y": 0.3015 + }, + { + "x": 0.2227, + "y": 0.317 + }, + { + "x": 0.0878, + "y": 0.317 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

COURSE MARKING DRIVERS

", + "markdown": "# COURSE MARKING DRIVERS", + "text": "COURSE MARKING DRIVERS" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0887, + "y": 0.3737 + }, + { + "x": 0.3664, + "y": 0.3737 + }, + { + "x": 0.3664, + "y": 0.3908 + }, + { + "x": 0.0887, + "y": 0.3908 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

I've worked at the University of Texas at Arlington (UTA) for the last three years as Open Education
Librarian and was recently promoted to the leadership team as Director of Open Educational
Resources following a half-million-dollar investment in OER from university administration. It was
in my first year as Open Education Librarian that the Texas Legislature passed Senate Bill 810
(SB810), which requires institutions of higher education across the state to provide searchable
information to students about OER-only courses. A strong definition of OER was provided:

", + "markdown": "I've worked at the University of Texas at Arlington (UTA) for the last three years as Open Education\nLibrarian and was recently promoted to the leadership team as Director of Open Educational\nResources following a half-million-dollar investment in OER from university administration. It was\nin my first year as Open Education Librarian that the Texas Legislature passed Senate Bill 810\n(SB810), which requires institutions of higher education across the state to provide searchable\ninformation to students about OER-only courses. A strong definition of OER was provided:", + "text": "I've worked at the University of Texas at Arlington (UTA) for the last three years as Open Education\nLibrarian and was recently promoted to the leadership team as Director of Open Educational\nResources following a half-million-dollar investment in OER from university administration. It was\nin my first year as Open Education Librarian that the Texas Legislature passed Senate Bill 810\n(SB810), which requires institutions of higher education across the state to provide searchable\ninformation to students about OER-only courses. A strong definition of OER was provided:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.088, + "y": 0.4044 + }, + { + "x": 0.9129, + "y": 0.4044 + }, + { + "x": 0.9129, + "y": 0.52 + }, + { + "x": 0.088, + "y": 0.52 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

\"teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under an
intellectual property license that allows for free use, reuse, modification, and sharing with others, including
full courses, course materials, modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests, software, and any other tools,
materials, or techniques used to support access to knowledge.\"

", + "markdown": "\"teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under an\nintellectual property license that allows for free use, reuse, modification, and sharing with others, including\nfull courses, course materials, modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests, software, and any other tools,\nmaterials, or techniques used to support access to knowledge.\"", + "text": "\"teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under an\nintellectual property license that allows for free use, reuse, modification, and sharing with others, including\nfull courses, course materials, modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests, software, and any other tools,\nmaterials, or techniques used to support access to knowledge.\"" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1027, + "y": 0.5322 + }, + { + "x": 0.8964, + "y": 0.5322 + }, + { + "x": 0.8964, + "y": 0.5996 + }, + { + "x": 0.1027, + "y": 0.5996 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

However, Texas was not given a very long implementation window. The bill passed in June 2017,
effective immediately, with a compliance deadline of Spring 2018. We in higher education know a
change of this scope, and impacting as many stakeholders as course marking does, takes longer. A
recent survey commissioned by the Digital Higher Education Consortium of Texas (DigiTex) and
administered in May 2019 shows only 59 respondents of the 158 two-and four-year institutions that
received the statewide survey have a course marking solution in place. The findings were presented
in Open Educational Resources (OER) in Texas Higher Education, 2019.

", + "markdown": "However, Texas was not given a very long implementation window. The bill passed in June 2017,\neffective immediately, with a compliance deadline of Spring 2018. We in higher education know a\nchange of this scope, and impacting as many stakeholders as course marking does, takes longer. A\nrecent survey commissioned by the Digital Higher Education Consortium of Texas (DigiTex) and\nadministered in May 2019 shows only 59 respondents of the 158 two-and four-year institutions that\nreceived the statewide survey have a course marking solution in place. The findings were presented\nin Open Educational Resources (OER) in Texas Higher Education, 2019.", + "text": "However, Texas was not given a very long implementation window. The bill passed in June 2017,\neffective immediately, with a compliance deadline of Spring 2018. We in higher education know a\nchange of this scope, and impacting as many stakeholders as course marking does, takes longer. A\nrecent survey commissioned by the Digital Higher Education Consortium of Texas (DigiTex) and\nadministered in May 2019 shows only 59 respondents of the 158 two-and four-year institutions that\nreceived the statewide survey have a course marking solution in place. The findings were presented\nin Open Educational Resources (OER) in Texas Higher Education, 2019." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0873, + "y": 0.6132 + }, + { + "x": 0.9134, + "y": 0.6132 + }, + { + "x": 0.9134, + "y": 0.7486 + }, + { + "x": 0.0873, + "y": 0.7486 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

1.Jimes, C., Karaglani, A., Petrides, L., Rios,J., Sebesta,J., & Torre, K. (2019). Open Educational Resources (OER) in Texas Higher Education,
2019. Austin, TX: Digital Higher Education Consortium of Texas and Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board; Half Moon Bay,
CA: Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education.

", + "markdown": "1.Jimes, C., Karaglani, A., Petrides, L., Rios,J., Sebesta,J., & Torre, K. (2019). Open Educational Resources (OER) in Texas Higher Education,\n2019. Austin, TX: Digital Higher Education Consortium of Texas and Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board; Half Moon Bay,\nCA: Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education.", + "text": "1.Jimes, C., Karaglani, A., Petrides, L., Rios,J., Sebesta,J., & Torre, K. (2019). Open Educational Resources (OER) in Texas Higher Education,\n2019. Austin, TX: Digital Higher Education Consortium of Texas and Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board; Half Moon Bay,\nCA: Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0783, + "y": 0.8998 + }, + { + "x": 0.9068, + "y": 0.8998 + }, + { + "x": 0.9068, + "y": 0.946 + }, + { + "x": 0.0783, + "y": 0.946 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
PRICE TRANSPARENCY 17
", + "markdown": "PRICE TRANSPARENCY 17", + "text": "PRICE TRANSPARENCY 17" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7451, + "y": 0.949 + }, + { + "x": 0.9098, + "y": 0.949 + }, + { + "x": 0.9098, + "y": 0.9627 + }, + { + "x": 0.7451, + "y": 0.9627 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000124.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Figure\nA
\n

2.9.

\n

chart

\n

displaying

\n

categories

\n

television

\n

in

\n

in

\n

much

\n

information

\n

it

\n

to

\n

False Causation

\n

Correlation does not imply causation.

\n

If you've ever taken a statistics or data analysis course, you
have almost certainly come across this common phrase. It
means that, just because two trends seem to fluctuate
alongside each other, it doesn't prove that one causes the other
or that they are related in a meaningful way.

\n

23
Review Figure 2.10 below, which shows a line graph of the

\n

2. Statistics Canada. Table 37-10-0079-01 Registered apprenticeship
training, registrations by major trade groups and sex. Data is
reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of
Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/
10.25318/3710007901-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence:
https://www.statcan.go.ca/en/iefence/ice/ice
3. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate

\n
46 I Misleading Data Visualizations
", + "markdown": "Figure\nA pie\nOntario Television Viewing in 2004\n3% 12\n5%\n22% of\nviewing\n29% Ontario\n3%\n3% 2004\nprovides\ntoo\n14% visual\nmaking\nhard\nNews and publie effairs Decumentary\nAcedemic Instruction Secial end/or 180 jonal Instruction read.\nRelig Sper to\nVeriety 동안광장 Music davce\nCoreedy Dr\nVideocassette recorder (VCR) Other television programews\n\n2.9.\n\nchart\n\ndisplaying\n\ncategories\n\ntelevision\n\nin\n\nin\n\nmuch\n\ninformation\n\nit\n\nto\n\n# False Causation\n\n# Correlation does not imply causation.\n\nIf you've ever taken a statistics or data analysis course, you\nhave almost certainly come across this common phrase. It\nmeans that, just because two trends seem to fluctuate\nalongside each other, it doesn't prove that one causes the other\nor that they are related in a meaningful way.\n\n23\nReview Figure 2.10 below, which shows a line graph of the\n\n- 2. Statistics Canada. Table 37-10-0079-01 Registered apprenticeship\n- training, registrations by major trade groups and sex. Data is\n- reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of\n- Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/\n- 10.25318/3710007901-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence:\n- https://www.statcan.go.ca/en/iefence/ice/ice\n- 3. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate\n\n\n46 I Misleading Data Visualizations", + "text": "Figure\nA pie\nOntario Television Viewing in 2004\n3% 12\n5%\n22% of\nviewing\n29% Ontario\n3%\n3% 2004\nprovides\ntoo\n14% visual\nmaking\nhard\nNews and publie effairs Decumentary\nAcedemic Instruction Secial end/or 180 jonal Instruction read.\nRelig Sper to\nVeriety 동안광장 Music davce\nCoreedy Dr\nVideocassette recorder (VCR) Other television programews\n2.9.\nchart\ndisplaying\ncategories\ntelevision\nin\nin\nmuch\ninformation\nit\nto\nFalse Causation\nCorrelation does not imply causation.\nIf you've ever taken a statistics or data analysis course, you\nhave almost certainly come across this common phrase. It\nmeans that, just because two trends seem to fluctuate\nalongside each other, it doesn't prove that one causes the other\nor that they are related in a meaningful way.\n23\nReview Figure 2.10 below, which shows a line graph of the\n2. Statistics Canada. Table 37-10-0079-01 Registered apprenticeship\ntraining, registrations by major trade groups and sex. Data is\nreproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of\nStatistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/\n10.25318/3710007901-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence:\nhttps://www.statcan.go.ca/en/iefence/ice/ice\n3. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate\n46 I Misleading Data Visualizations" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Figure\nA
", + "markdown": "Figure\nA pie\nOntario Television Viewing in 2004\n3% 12\n5%\n22% of\nviewing\n29% Ontario\n3%\n3% 2004\nprovides\ntoo\n14% visual\nmaking\nhard\nNews and publie effairs Decumentary\nAcedemic Instruction Secial end/or 180 jonal Instruction read.\nRelig Sper to\nVeriety 동안광장 Music davce\nCoreedy Dr\nVideocassette recorder (VCR) Other television programews", + "text": "Figure\nA pie\nOntario Television Viewing in 2004\n3% 12\n5%\n22% of\nviewing\n29% Ontario\n3%\n3% 2004\nprovides\ntoo\n14% visual\nmaking\nhard\nNews and publie effairs Decumentary\nAcedemic Instruction Secial end/or 180 jonal Instruction read.\nRelig Sper to\nVeriety 동안광장 Music davce\nCoreedy Dr\nVideocassette recorder (VCR) Other television programews" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1455, + "y": 0.095 + }, + { + "x": 0.7855, + "y": 0.095 + }, + { + "x": 0.7855, + "y": 0.4036 + }, + { + "x": 0.1455, + "y": 0.4036 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

2.9.

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chart

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displaying

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categories

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television

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in

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in

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much

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information

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it

", + "markdown": "it", + "text": "it" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8261, + "y": 0.2979 + }, + { + "x": 0.8464, + "y": 0.2979 + }, + { + "x": 0.8464, + "y": 0.3114 + }, + { + "x": 0.8261, + "y": 0.3114 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

to

", + "markdown": "to", + "text": "to" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7858, + "y": 0.3146 + }, + { + "x": 0.8113, + "y": 0.3146 + }, + { + "x": 0.8113, + "y": 0.3268 + }, + { + "x": 0.7858, + "y": 0.3268 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

False Causation

", + "markdown": "# False Causation", + "text": "False Causation" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1397, + "y": 0.4903 + }, + { + "x": 0.4416, + "y": 0.4903 + }, + { + "x": 0.4416, + "y": 0.5167 + }, + { + "x": 0.1397, + "y": 0.5167 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Correlation does not imply causation.

", + "markdown": "# Correlation does not imply causation.", + "text": "Correlation does not imply causation." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.138, + "y": 0.555 + }, + { + "x": 0.5716, + "y": 0.555 + }, + { + "x": 0.5716, + "y": 0.5739 + }, + { + "x": 0.138, + "y": 0.5739 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

If you've ever taken a statistics or data analysis course, you
have almost certainly come across this common phrase. It
means that, just because two trends seem to fluctuate
alongside each other, it doesn't prove that one causes the other
or that they are related in a meaningful way.

", + "markdown": "If you've ever taken a statistics or data analysis course, you\nhave almost certainly come across this common phrase. It\nmeans that, just because two trends seem to fluctuate\nalongside each other, it doesn't prove that one causes the other\nor that they are related in a meaningful way.", + "text": "If you've ever taken a statistics or data analysis course, you\nhave almost certainly come across this common phrase. It\nmeans that, just because two trends seem to fluctuate\nalongside each other, it doesn't prove that one causes the other\nor that they are related in a meaningful way." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.137, + "y": 0.5781 + }, + { + "x": 0.8623, + "y": 0.5781 + }, + { + "x": 0.8623, + "y": 0.6876 + }, + { + "x": 0.137, + "y": 0.6876 + } + ], + "id": 14, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

23
Review Figure 2.10 below, which shows a line graph of the

", + "markdown": "23\nReview Figure 2.10 below, which shows a line graph of the", + "text": "23\nReview Figure 2.10 below, which shows a line graph of the" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1596, + "y": 0.6908 + }, + { + "x": 0.863, + "y": 0.6908 + }, + { + "x": 0.863, + "y": 0.712 + }, + { + "x": 0.1596, + "y": 0.712 + } + ], + "id": 15, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

2. Statistics Canada. Table 37-10-0079-01 Registered apprenticeship
training, registrations by major trade groups and sex. Data is
reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of
Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/
10.25318/3710007901-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence:
https://www.statcan.go.ca/en/iefence/ice/ice
3. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate

", + "markdown": "- 2. Statistics Canada. Table 37-10-0079-01 Registered apprenticeship\n- training, registrations by major trade groups and sex. Data is\n- reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of\n- Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/\n- 10.25318/3710007901-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence:\n- https://www.statcan.go.ca/en/iefence/ice/ice\n- 3. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate\n", + "text": "2. Statistics Canada. Table 37-10-0079-01 Registered apprenticeship\ntraining, registrations by major trade groups and sex. Data is\nreproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of\nStatistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/\n10.25318/3710007901-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence:\nhttps://www.statcan.go.ca/en/iefence/ice/ice\n3. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1141, + "y": 0.7657 + }, + { + "x": 0.8477, + "y": 0.7657 + }, + { + "x": 0.8477, + "y": 0.9069 + }, + { + "x": 0.1141, + "y": 0.9069 + } + ], + "id": 16, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
46 I Misleading Data Visualizations
", + "markdown": "46 I Misleading Data Visualizations", + "text": "46 I Misleading Data Visualizations" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1388, + "y": 0.9326 + }, + { + "x": 0.5084, + "y": 0.9326 + }, + { + "x": 0.5084, + "y": 0.9497 + }, + { + "x": 0.1388, + "y": 0.9497 + } + ], + "id": 17, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000175.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

radiation at other wavelengths, as shown in (Figure 1). Just as you
can catch more rain with a garbage can than with a coffee cup, large
telescopes gather much more light than your eye can. Second, there
is an instrument attached to the telescope that sorts the incoming
radiation by wavelength. Sometimes the sorting is fairly crude. For
example, we might simply want to separate blue light from red
light so that we can determine the temperature of a star. But at
other times, we want to see individual spectral lines to determine
what an object is made of, or to measure its speed (as explained
in the Radiation and Spectra chapter). Third, we need some type
of detector, a device that senses the radiation in the wavelength
regions we have chosen and permanently records the observations.

\n

Orion Region at Different Wavelengths.

\n
\"\"
\n

(a)

\n

(b)

\n

(c)

\n

Figure 1. The same part of the sky looks different when observed
with instruments that are sensitive to different bands of the
spectrum. (a) Visible light: this shows part of the Orion region as
the human eye sees it, with dotted lines added to show the figure
of the mythical hunter, Orion. (b) X-rays: here, the view emphasizes

\n

the point-like X-ray sources nearby. The colors are artificial,
changing from yellow to white to blue with increasing energy of

\n

the X-rays. The bright, hot stars in Orion are still seen in this
image, but so are many other objects located at very different

\n

276 I Chapter 6 Astronomical Instruments Section 6.1: Telescopes

", + "markdown": "radiation at other wavelengths, as shown in (Figure 1). Just as you\ncan catch more rain with a garbage can than with a coffee cup, large\ntelescopes gather much more light than your eye can. Second, there\nis an instrument attached to the telescope that sorts the incoming\nradiation by wavelength. Sometimes the sorting is fairly crude. For\nexample, we might simply want to separate blue light from red\nlight so that we can determine the temperature of a star. But at\nother times, we want to see individual spectral lines to determine\nwhat an object is made of, or to measure its speed (as explained\nin the Radiation and Spectra chapter). Third, we need some type\nof detector, a device that senses the radiation in the wavelength\nregions we have chosen and permanently records the observations.\n\n# Orion Region at Different Wavelengths.\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n(b)\n\n(c)\n\nFigure 1. The same part of the sky looks different when observed\nwith instruments that are sensitive to different bands of the\nspectrum. (a) Visible light: this shows part of the Orion region as\nthe human eye sees it, with dotted lines added to show the figure\nof the mythical hunter, Orion. (b) X-rays: here, the view emphasizes\n\nthe point-like X-ray sources nearby. The colors are artificial,\nchanging from yellow to white to blue with increasing energy of\n\nthe X-rays. The bright, hot stars in Orion are still seen in this\nimage, but so are many other objects located at very different\n\n# 276 I Chapter 6 Astronomical Instruments Section 6.1: Telescopes", + "text": "radiation at other wavelengths, as shown in (Figure 1). Just as you\ncan catch more rain with a garbage can than with a coffee cup, large\ntelescopes gather much more light than your eye can. Second, there\nis an instrument attached to the telescope that sorts the incoming\nradiation by wavelength. Sometimes the sorting is fairly crude. For\nexample, we might simply want to separate blue light from red\nlight so that we can determine the temperature of a star. But at\nother times, we want to see individual spectral lines to determine\nwhat an object is made of, or to measure its speed (as explained\nin the Radiation and Spectra chapter). Third, we need some type\nof detector, a device that senses the radiation in the wavelength\nregions we have chosen and permanently records the observations.\nOrion Region at Different Wavelengths.\n\n(a)\n(b)\n(c)\nFigure 1. The same part of the sky looks different when observed\nwith instruments that are sensitive to different bands of the\nspectrum. (a) Visible light: this shows part of the Orion region as\nthe human eye sees it, with dotted lines added to show the figure\nof the mythical hunter, Orion. (b) X-rays: here, the view emphasizes\nthe point-like X-ray sources nearby. The colors are artificial,\nchanging from yellow to white to blue with increasing energy of\nthe X-rays. The bright, hot stars in Orion are still seen in this\nimage, but so are many other objects located at very different\n276 I Chapter 6 Astronomical Instruments Section 6.1: Telescopes" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

radiation at other wavelengths, as shown in (Figure 1). Just as you
can catch more rain with a garbage can than with a coffee cup, large
telescopes gather much more light than your eye can. Second, there
is an instrument attached to the telescope that sorts the incoming
radiation by wavelength. Sometimes the sorting is fairly crude. For
example, we might simply want to separate blue light from red
light so that we can determine the temperature of a star. But at
other times, we want to see individual spectral lines to determine
what an object is made of, or to measure its speed (as explained
in the Radiation and Spectra chapter). Third, we need some type
of detector, a device that senses the radiation in the wavelength
regions we have chosen and permanently records the observations.

", + "markdown": "radiation at other wavelengths, as shown in (Figure 1). Just as you\ncan catch more rain with a garbage can than with a coffee cup, large\ntelescopes gather much more light than your eye can. Second, there\nis an instrument attached to the telescope that sorts the incoming\nradiation by wavelength. Sometimes the sorting is fairly crude. For\nexample, we might simply want to separate blue light from red\nlight so that we can determine the temperature of a star. But at\nother times, we want to see individual spectral lines to determine\nwhat an object is made of, or to measure its speed (as explained\nin the Radiation and Spectra chapter). Third, we need some type\nof detector, a device that senses the radiation in the wavelength\nregions we have chosen and permanently records the observations.", + "text": "radiation at other wavelengths, as shown in (Figure 1). Just as you\ncan catch more rain with a garbage can than with a coffee cup, large\ntelescopes gather much more light than your eye can. Second, there\nis an instrument attached to the telescope that sorts the incoming\nradiation by wavelength. Sometimes the sorting is fairly crude. For\nexample, we might simply want to separate blue light from red\nlight so that we can determine the temperature of a star. But at\nother times, we want to see individual spectral lines to determine\nwhat an object is made of, or to measure its speed (as explained\nin the Radiation and Spectra chapter). Third, we need some type\nof detector, a device that senses the radiation in the wavelength\nregions we have chosen and permanently records the observations." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1377, + "y": 0.0945 + }, + { + "x": 0.8615, + "y": 0.0945 + }, + { + "x": 0.8615, + "y": 0.3674 + }, + { + "x": 0.1377, + "y": 0.3674 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Orion Region at Different Wavelengths.

", + "markdown": "# Orion Region at Different Wavelengths.", + "text": "Orion Region at Different Wavelengths." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2121, + "y": 0.4199 + }, + { + "x": 0.7871, + "y": 0.4199 + }, + { + "x": 0.7871, + "y": 0.4486 + }, + { + "x": 0.2121, + "y": 0.4486 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"\"
", + "markdown": "", + "text": "" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1392, + "y": 0.4785 + }, + { + "x": 0.8622, + "y": 0.4785 + }, + { + "x": 0.8622, + "y": 0.6667 + }, + { + "x": 0.1392, + "y": 0.6667 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

(a)

", + "markdown": "(a)", + "text": "(a)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2416, + "y": 0.6628 + }, + { + "x": 0.2646, + "y": 0.6628 + }, + { + "x": 0.2646, + "y": 0.6756 + }, + { + "x": 0.2416, + "y": 0.6756 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

(b)

", + "markdown": "(b)", + "text": "(b)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4882, + "y": 0.663 + }, + { + "x": 0.5112, + "y": 0.663 + }, + { + "x": 0.5112, + "y": 0.6752 + }, + { + "x": 0.4882, + "y": 0.6752 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

(c)

", + "markdown": "(c)", + "text": "(c)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7362, + "y": 0.663 + }, + { + "x": 0.7583, + "y": 0.663 + }, + { + "x": 0.7583, + "y": 0.6757 + }, + { + "x": 0.7362, + "y": 0.6757 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 1. The same part of the sky looks different when observed
with instruments that are sensitive to different bands of the
spectrum. (a) Visible light: this shows part of the Orion region as
the human eye sees it, with dotted lines added to show the figure
of the mythical hunter, Orion. (b) X-rays: here, the view emphasizes

", + "markdown": "Figure 1. The same part of the sky looks different when observed\nwith instruments that are sensitive to different bands of the\nspectrum. (a) Visible light: this shows part of the Orion region as\nthe human eye sees it, with dotted lines added to show the figure\nof the mythical hunter, Orion. (b) X-rays: here, the view emphasizes", + "text": "Figure 1. The same part of the sky looks different when observed\nwith instruments that are sensitive to different bands of the\nspectrum. (a) Visible light: this shows part of the Orion region as\nthe human eye sees it, with dotted lines added to show the figure\nof the mythical hunter, Orion. (b) X-rays: here, the view emphasizes" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1479, + "y": 0.6861 + }, + { + "x": 0.8586, + "y": 0.6861 + }, + { + "x": 0.8586, + "y": 0.7931 + }, + { + "x": 0.1479, + "y": 0.7931 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

the point-like X-ray sources nearby. The colors are artificial,
changing from yellow to white to blue with increasing energy of

", + "markdown": "the point-like X-ray sources nearby. The colors are artificial,\nchanging from yellow to white to blue with increasing energy of", + "text": "the point-like X-ray sources nearby. The colors are artificial,\nchanging from yellow to white to blue with increasing energy of" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1576, + "y": 0.7985 + }, + { + "x": 0.8491, + "y": 0.7985 + }, + { + "x": 0.8491, + "y": 0.8402 + }, + { + "x": 0.1576, + "y": 0.8402 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

the X-rays. The bright, hot stars in Orion are still seen in this
image, but so are many other objects located at very different

", + "markdown": "the X-rays. The bright, hot stars in Orion are still seen in this\nimage, but so are many other objects located at very different", + "text": "the X-rays. The bright, hot stars in Orion are still seen in this\nimage, but so are many other objects located at very different" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1646, + "y": 0.8359 + }, + { + "x": 0.8394, + "y": 0.8359 + }, + { + "x": 0.8394, + "y": 0.8866 + }, + { + "x": 0.1646, + "y": 0.8866 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

276 I Chapter 6 Astronomical Instruments Section 6.1: Telescopes

", + "markdown": "# 276 I Chapter 6 Astronomical Instruments Section 6.1: Telescopes", + "text": "276 I Chapter 6 Astronomical Instruments Section 6.1: Telescopes" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1379, + "y": 0.9221 + }, + { + "x": 0.7699, + "y": 0.9221 + }, + { + "x": 0.7699, + "y": 0.9404 + }, + { + "x": 0.1379, + "y": 0.9404 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000050.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 11
\n

· Republic Act No. 9501: Magna Carta for Micro, Small, and
Medium Enterprises (May 23, 2008)

\n

· Republic Act No. 9262: Anti-Violence Against Women and
their Children Act of 2004 (March 8, 2004)

\n

· Republic Act No. 9208 (May 26, 2003), as amended by
Republic Act No. 10364 (February 6, 2013): Anti-Trafficking in
Persons Act of 2003

\n

· Republic Act No. 9178: Barangay Micro Business Enterprises
Act of 2002 (November 13, 2002)

\n

· Republic Act No. 8972: Solo Parent's Welfare Act (November
7, 2000)

\n

· Republic Act No. 8505: Rape Victim Assistance and Protection
Act (February 13, 1998)

\n

· Republic Act No. 8504: Philippine AIDS Prevention and
Control Act of 1998 (February 13, 1998)

\n

· Republic Act No. 8353: Anti-Rape Law of 1997 (September 30,
1997)

\n

· Republic Act No. 7877: Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995
(February 14, 1995)

\n

During the first Aquino administration (1986-1992), three women
sectoral representatives were appointed in Congress. Yet feminist
activists such as Teresita Quintos-Deles and Jurgette Honculada's
appointments were blocked by the House Committee on Appointments
(Abao and Yang 2001, 19).

\n

While reliable electoral data during the Marcos regime is
unavailable, it is safe to argue that the repressive regime hampered
the participation of women in formal politics given the widespread
militarization and electoral fraud characterizing the dictatorship. And
even with the legal framework guaranteed by the transition, women
found it difficult to enter formal politics, despite women's consistently
high voter turnout during elections (Table 1).

", + "markdown": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 11\n\n- · Republic Act No. 9501: Magna Carta for Micro, Small, and\n- Medium Enterprises (May 23, 2008)\n\n\n- · Republic Act No. 9262: Anti-Violence Against Women and\n- their Children Act of 2004 (March 8, 2004)\n\n\n- · Republic Act No. 9208 (May 26, 2003), as amended by\n- Republic Act No. 10364 (February 6, 2013): Anti-Trafficking in\n- Persons Act of 2003\n\n\n- · Republic Act No. 9178: Barangay Micro Business Enterprises\n- Act of 2002 (November 13, 2002)\n\n\n- · Republic Act No. 8972: Solo Parent's Welfare Act (November\n- 7, 2000)\n\n\n- · Republic Act No. 8505: Rape Victim Assistance and Protection\n- Act (February 13, 1998)\n\n\n- · Republic Act No. 8504: Philippine AIDS Prevention and\n- Control Act of 1998 (February 13, 1998)\n\n\n- · Republic Act No. 8353: Anti-Rape Law of 1997 (September 30,\n- 1997)\n\n\n- · Republic Act No. 7877: Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995\n- (February 14, 1995)\n\n\nDuring the first Aquino administration (1986-1992), three women\nsectoral representatives were appointed in Congress. Yet feminist\nactivists such as Teresita Quintos-Deles and Jurgette Honculada's\nappointments were blocked by the House Committee on Appointments\n(Abao and Yang 2001, 19).\n\nWhile reliable electoral data during the Marcos regime is\nunavailable, it is safe to argue that the repressive regime hampered\nthe participation of women in formal politics given the widespread\nmilitarization and electoral fraud characterizing the dictatorship. And\neven with the legal framework guaranteed by the transition, women\nfound it difficult to enter formal politics, despite women's consistently\nhigh voter turnout during elections (Table 1).", + "text": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 11\n· Republic Act No. 9501: Magna Carta for Micro, Small, and\nMedium Enterprises (May 23, 2008)\n· Republic Act No. 9262: Anti-Violence Against Women and\ntheir Children Act of 2004 (March 8, 2004)\n· Republic Act No. 9208 (May 26, 2003), as amended by\nRepublic Act No. 10364 (February 6, 2013): Anti-Trafficking in\nPersons Act of 2003\n· Republic Act No. 9178: Barangay Micro Business Enterprises\nAct of 2002 (November 13, 2002)\n· Republic Act No. 8972: Solo Parent's Welfare Act (November\n7, 2000)\n· Republic Act No. 8505: Rape Victim Assistance and Protection\nAct (February 13, 1998)\n· Republic Act No. 8504: Philippine AIDS Prevention and\nControl Act of 1998 (February 13, 1998)\n· Republic Act No. 8353: Anti-Rape Law of 1997 (September 30,\n1997)\n· Republic Act No. 7877: Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995\n(February 14, 1995)\nDuring the first Aquino administration (1986-1992), three women\nsectoral representatives were appointed in Congress. Yet feminist\nactivists such as Teresita Quintos-Deles and Jurgette Honculada's\nappointments were blocked by the House Committee on Appointments\n(Abao and Yang 2001, 19).\nWhile reliable electoral data during the Marcos regime is\nunavailable, it is safe to argue that the repressive regime hampered\nthe participation of women in formal politics given the widespread\nmilitarization and electoral fraud characterizing the dictatorship. And\neven with the legal framework guaranteed by the transition, women\nfound it difficult to enter formal politics, despite women's consistently\nhigh voter turnout during elections (Table 1)." + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 11
", + "markdown": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 11", + "text": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 11" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2367, + "y": 0.0555 + }, + { + "x": 0.9056, + "y": 0.0555 + }, + { + "x": 0.9056, + "y": 0.0738 + }, + { + "x": 0.2367, + "y": 0.0738 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Republic Act No. 9501: Magna Carta for Micro, Small, and
Medium Enterprises (May 23, 2008)

", + "markdown": "- · Republic Act No. 9501: Magna Carta for Micro, Small, and\n- Medium Enterprises (May 23, 2008)\n", + "text": "· Republic Act No. 9501: Magna Carta for Micro, Small, and\nMedium Enterprises (May 23, 2008)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1904, + "y": 0.1083 + }, + { + "x": 0.9012, + "y": 0.1083 + }, + { + "x": 0.9012, + "y": 0.1498 + }, + { + "x": 0.1904, + "y": 0.1498 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Republic Act No. 9262: Anti-Violence Against Women and
their Children Act of 2004 (March 8, 2004)

", + "markdown": "- · Republic Act No. 9262: Anti-Violence Against Women and\n- their Children Act of 2004 (March 8, 2004)\n", + "text": "· Republic Act No. 9262: Anti-Violence Against Women and\ntheir Children Act of 2004 (March 8, 2004)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1929, + "y": 0.1652 + }, + { + "x": 0.8988, + "y": 0.1652 + }, + { + "x": 0.8988, + "y": 0.2069 + }, + { + "x": 0.1929, + "y": 0.2069 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Republic Act No. 9208 (May 26, 2003), as amended by
Republic Act No. 10364 (February 6, 2013): Anti-Trafficking in
Persons Act of 2003

", + "markdown": "- · Republic Act No. 9208 (May 26, 2003), as amended by\n- Republic Act No. 10364 (February 6, 2013): Anti-Trafficking in\n- Persons Act of 2003\n", + "text": "· Republic Act No. 9208 (May 26, 2003), as amended by\nRepublic Act No. 10364 (February 6, 2013): Anti-Trafficking in\nPersons Act of 2003" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1937, + "y": 0.2233 + }, + { + "x": 0.901, + "y": 0.2233 + }, + { + "x": 0.901, + "y": 0.284 + }, + { + "x": 0.1937, + "y": 0.284 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Republic Act No. 9178: Barangay Micro Business Enterprises
Act of 2002 (November 13, 2002)

", + "markdown": "- · Republic Act No. 9178: Barangay Micro Business Enterprises\n- Act of 2002 (November 13, 2002)\n", + "text": "· Republic Act No. 9178: Barangay Micro Business Enterprises\nAct of 2002 (November 13, 2002)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1928, + "y": 0.3011 + }, + { + "x": 0.8993, + "y": 0.3011 + }, + { + "x": 0.8993, + "y": 0.3424 + }, + { + "x": 0.1928, + "y": 0.3424 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Republic Act No. 8972: Solo Parent's Welfare Act (November
7, 2000)

", + "markdown": "- · Republic Act No. 8972: Solo Parent's Welfare Act (November\n- 7, 2000)\n", + "text": "· Republic Act No. 8972: Solo Parent's Welfare Act (November\n7, 2000)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1933, + "y": 0.3578 + }, + { + "x": 0.9001, + "y": 0.3578 + }, + { + "x": 0.9001, + "y": 0.3994 + }, + { + "x": 0.1933, + "y": 0.3994 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Republic Act No. 8505: Rape Victim Assistance and Protection
Act (February 13, 1998)

", + "markdown": "- · Republic Act No. 8505: Rape Victim Assistance and Protection\n- Act (February 13, 1998)\n", + "text": "· Republic Act No. 8505: Rape Victim Assistance and Protection\nAct (February 13, 1998)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1925, + "y": 0.4155 + }, + { + "x": 0.8985, + "y": 0.4155 + }, + { + "x": 0.8985, + "y": 0.4568 + }, + { + "x": 0.1925, + "y": 0.4568 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Republic Act No. 8504: Philippine AIDS Prevention and
Control Act of 1998 (February 13, 1998)

", + "markdown": "- · Republic Act No. 8504: Philippine AIDS Prevention and\n- Control Act of 1998 (February 13, 1998)\n", + "text": "· Republic Act No. 8504: Philippine AIDS Prevention and\nControl Act of 1998 (February 13, 1998)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1941, + "y": 0.4724 + }, + { + "x": 0.8996, + "y": 0.4724 + }, + { + "x": 0.8996, + "y": 0.5139 + }, + { + "x": 0.1941, + "y": 0.5139 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Republic Act No. 8353: Anti-Rape Law of 1997 (September 30,
1997)

", + "markdown": "- · Republic Act No. 8353: Anti-Rape Law of 1997 (September 30,\n- 1997)\n", + "text": "· Republic Act No. 8353: Anti-Rape Law of 1997 (September 30,\n1997)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1957, + "y": 0.5295 + }, + { + "x": 0.8976, + "y": 0.5295 + }, + { + "x": 0.8976, + "y": 0.5695 + }, + { + "x": 0.1957, + "y": 0.5695 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Republic Act No. 7877: Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995
(February 14, 1995)

", + "markdown": "- · Republic Act No. 7877: Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995\n- (February 14, 1995)\n", + "text": "· Republic Act No. 7877: Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995\n(February 14, 1995)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1924, + "y": 0.5863 + }, + { + "x": 0.8981, + "y": 0.5863 + }, + { + "x": 0.8981, + "y": 0.6279 + }, + { + "x": 0.1924, + "y": 0.6279 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

During the first Aquino administration (1986-1992), three women
sectoral representatives were appointed in Congress. Yet feminist
activists such as Teresita Quintos-Deles and Jurgette Honculada's
appointments were blocked by the House Committee on Appointments
(Abao and Yang 2001, 19).

", + "markdown": "During the first Aquino administration (1986-1992), three women\nsectoral representatives were appointed in Congress. Yet feminist\nactivists such as Teresita Quintos-Deles and Jurgette Honculada's\nappointments were blocked by the House Committee on Appointments\n(Abao and Yang 2001, 19).", + "text": "During the first Aquino administration (1986-1992), three women\nsectoral representatives were appointed in Congress. Yet feminist\nactivists such as Teresita Quintos-Deles and Jurgette Honculada's\nappointments were blocked by the House Committee on Appointments\n(Abao and Yang 2001, 19)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1416, + "y": 0.6432 + }, + { + "x": 0.9007, + "y": 0.6432 + }, + { + "x": 0.9007, + "y": 0.7503 + }, + { + "x": 0.1416, + "y": 0.7503 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

While reliable electoral data during the Marcos regime is
unavailable, it is safe to argue that the repressive regime hampered
the participation of women in formal politics given the widespread
militarization and electoral fraud characterizing the dictatorship. And
even with the legal framework guaranteed by the transition, women
found it difficult to enter formal politics, despite women's consistently
high voter turnout during elections (Table 1).

", + "markdown": "While reliable electoral data during the Marcos regime is\nunavailable, it is safe to argue that the repressive regime hampered\nthe participation of women in formal politics given the widespread\nmilitarization and electoral fraud characterizing the dictatorship. And\neven with the legal framework guaranteed by the transition, women\nfound it difficult to enter formal politics, despite women's consistently\nhigh voter turnout during elections (Table 1).", + "text": "While reliable electoral data during the Marcos regime is\nunavailable, it is safe to argue that the repressive regime hampered\nthe participation of women in formal politics given the widespread\nmilitarization and electoral fraud characterizing the dictatorship. And\neven with the legal framework guaranteed by the transition, women\nfound it difficult to enter formal politics, despite women's consistently\nhigh voter turnout during elections (Table 1)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1407, + "y": 0.7645 + }, + { + "x": 0.9011, + "y": 0.7645 + }, + { + "x": 0.9011, + "y": 0.917 + }, + { + "x": 0.1407, + "y": 0.917 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000028.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
Probability, Combinatorics and Control
\n

between this and the fact that the development of the underlying wave function for
the whole universe is unique.

\n

Summarizing:

\n

Definition 1. A universe U is a chain of states (one state Ut for each moment of
time t), with the property that the transition between adjacent states is always
possible.

\n

Definition 2. A multiverse M is the set of all possible universes U in the sense of
Definition 1 together with a probability measure on this set.

\n

It may of course be said that quantum mechanics should allow for transitions
between all kinds of states, although the probability for most such transitions may be
extremely small. In this extremely simplified treatment, I will assume that for a given
state at a given moment of time t, the dynamical laws will only permit transitions to a
very limited number of states at the previous and next moments, which will make the
probabilistic part of the investigation particularly simple. However, modifications are
called for near the endpoints (the Big Bang and the Big Crunch); see Section 5.

\n

As it stands, the model presented so far is too simple to generate any results. In
fact, there are no observable differences at all between the states, which mean that
there are no measurable variables which could be related to the (so far non-
specified) dynamics.

\n

There are of course many different variables which we can choose to enrich this
structure, and which ones to choose must depend on what properties we want to
explain. For explaining the second law of thermodynamics, the obvious choice is the
entropy.

\n

4. Entropy

\n

According to Boltzmann, the total entropy of a certain macro-state at a certain
time is given by

\n

$$S=k_{B}\\ln\\Omega,$$

\n
(2)\n

or inversely

\n

$$\\Omega=W^{S},\\quad\\mathrm{with}\\quad W=e^{1/k_{B}},$$

\n
(3)\n

where 요 denotes the number of corresponding micro-states and kB is
Boltzmann's constant.

\n

This formula was from the beginning derived for simple cases, like an ideal gas.
Nevertheless, it does represent a kind of universal truth in statistical mechanics: the
number of possible micro-states corresponding to a given macro-state grows expo-
nentially with the entropy. Although there are many complications when one tries
to consider the entropy of the universe as a whole, I will still take it as the starting
point for the discussion that the entropy (at a given time t) is an exponential
function of the total entropy as in (3). A more difficult question is if and how the
constant W may vary with time, but for the purpose of the present paper, I will
simply let it be constant.

\n

One may of course argue that this can only be true when the universe is still
quite ordered and the entropy is very far from reaching its maximum. But this is
certainly what the situation is like in our universe today, and according to the
computations in [10, 11], it would take an almost incredibly long time to reach such
a state of maximal entropy. Thus, it will in the following be taken for granted that
this time is much longer than the life-span of our universe.

\n
312
", + "markdown": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control\n\nbetween this and the fact that the development of the underlying wave function for\nthe whole universe is unique.\n\nSummarizing:\n\nDefinition 1. A universe U is a chain of states (one state Ut for each moment of\ntime t), with the property that the transition between adjacent states is always\npossible.\n\nDefinition 2. A multiverse M is the set of all possible universes U in the sense of\nDefinition 1 together with a probability measure on this set.\n\nIt may of course be said that quantum mechanics should allow for transitions\nbetween all kinds of states, although the probability for most such transitions may be\nextremely small. In this extremely simplified treatment, I will assume that for a given\nstate at a given moment of time t, the dynamical laws will only permit transitions to a\nvery limited number of states at the previous and next moments, which will make the\nprobabilistic part of the investigation particularly simple. However, modifications are\ncalled for near the endpoints (the Big Bang and the Big Crunch); see Section 5.\n\nAs it stands, the model presented so far is too simple to generate any results. In\nfact, there are no observable differences at all between the states, which mean that\nthere are no measurable variables which could be related to the (so far non-\nspecified) dynamics.\n\nThere are of course many different variables which we can choose to enrich this\nstructure, and which ones to choose must depend on what properties we want to\nexplain. For explaining the second law of thermodynamics, the obvious choice is the\nentropy.\n\n# 4. Entropy\n\nAccording to Boltzmann, the total entropy of a certain macro-state at a certain\ntime is given by\n\n$$S=k_{B}\\ln\\Omega,$$\n\n(2)\n\n# or inversely\n\n$$\\Omega=W^{S},\\quad\\mathrm{with}\\quad W=e^{1/k_{B}},$$\n\n(3)\n\nwhere 요 denotes the number of corresponding micro-states and kB is\nBoltzmann's constant.\n\nThis formula was from the beginning derived for simple cases, like an ideal gas.\nNevertheless, it does represent a kind of universal truth in statistical mechanics: the\nnumber of possible micro-states corresponding to a given macro-state grows expo-\nnentially with the entropy. Although there are many complications when one tries\nto consider the entropy of the universe as a whole, I will still take it as the starting\npoint for the discussion that the entropy (at a given time t) is an exponential\nfunction of the total entropy as in (3). A more difficult question is if and how the\nconstant W may vary with time, but for the purpose of the present paper, I will\nsimply let it be constant.\n\nOne may of course argue that this can only be true when the universe is still\nquite ordered and the entropy is very far from reaching its maximum. But this is\ncertainly what the situation is like in our universe today, and according to the\ncomputations in [10, 11], it would take an almost incredibly long time to reach such\na state of maximal entropy. Thus, it will in the following be taken for granted that\nthis time is much longer than the life-span of our universe.\n\n312", + "text": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control\nbetween this and the fact that the development of the underlying wave function for\nthe whole universe is unique.\nSummarizing:\nDefinition 1. A universe U is a chain of states (one state Ut for each moment of\ntime t), with the property that the transition between adjacent states is always\npossible.\nDefinition 2. A multiverse M is the set of all possible universes U in the sense of\nDefinition 1 together with a probability measure on this set.\nIt may of course be said that quantum mechanics should allow for transitions\nbetween all kinds of states, although the probability for most such transitions may be\nextremely small. In this extremely simplified treatment, I will assume that for a given\nstate at a given moment of time t, the dynamical laws will only permit transitions to a\nvery limited number of states at the previous and next moments, which will make the\nprobabilistic part of the investigation particularly simple. However, modifications are\ncalled for near the endpoints (the Big Bang and the Big Crunch); see Section 5.\nAs it stands, the model presented so far is too simple to generate any results. In\nfact, there are no observable differences at all between the states, which mean that\nthere are no measurable variables which could be related to the (so far non-\nspecified) dynamics.\nThere are of course many different variables which we can choose to enrich this\nstructure, and which ones to choose must depend on what properties we want to\nexplain. For explaining the second law of thermodynamics, the obvious choice is the\nentropy.\n4. Entropy\nAccording to Boltzmann, the total entropy of a certain macro-state at a certain\ntime is given by\nS = kB ln 요,\n(2)\nor inversely\n� = ws, with W = e1/kB\n(3)\nwhere 요 denotes the number of corresponding micro-states and kB is\nBoltzmann's constant.\nThis formula was from the beginning derived for simple cases, like an ideal gas.\nNevertheless, it does represent a kind of universal truth in statistical mechanics: the\nnumber of possible micro-states corresponding to a given macro-state grows expo-\nnentially with the entropy. Although there are many complications when one tries\nto consider the entropy of the universe as a whole, I will still take it as the starting\npoint for the discussion that the entropy (at a given time t) is an exponential\nfunction of the total entropy as in (3). A more difficult question is if and how the\nconstant W may vary with time, but for the purpose of the present paper, I will\nsimply let it be constant.\nOne may of course argue that this can only be true when the universe is still\nquite ordered and the entropy is very far from reaching its maximum. But this is\ncertainly what the situation is like in our universe today, and according to the\ncomputations in [10, 11], it would take an almost incredibly long time to reach such\na state of maximal entropy. Thus, it will in the following be taken for granted that\nthis time is much longer than the life-span of our universe.\n312" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Probability, Combinatorics and Control
", + "markdown": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control", + "text": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1426, + "y": 0.0257 + }, + { + "x": 0.4389, + "y": 0.0257 + }, + { + "x": 0.4389, + "y": 0.0414 + }, + { + "x": 0.1426, + "y": 0.0414 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

between this and the fact that the development of the underlying wave function for
the whole universe is unique.

", + "markdown": "between this and the fact that the development of the underlying wave function for\nthe whole universe is unique.", + "text": "between this and the fact that the development of the underlying wave function for\nthe whole universe is unique." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1426, + "y": 0.0727 + }, + { + "x": 0.8538, + "y": 0.0727 + }, + { + "x": 0.8538, + "y": 0.1047 + }, + { + "x": 0.1426, + "y": 0.1047 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Summarizing:

", + "markdown": "Summarizing:", + "text": "Summarizing:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1711, + "y": 0.1058 + }, + { + "x": 0.2945, + "y": 0.1058 + }, + { + "x": 0.2945, + "y": 0.1212 + }, + { + "x": 0.1711, + "y": 0.1212 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Definition 1. A universe U is a chain of states (one state Ut for each moment of
time t), with the property that the transition between adjacent states is always
possible.

", + "markdown": "Definition 1. A universe U is a chain of states (one state Ut for each moment of\ntime t), with the property that the transition between adjacent states is always\npossible.", + "text": "Definition 1. A universe U is a chain of states (one state Ut for each moment of\ntime t), with the property that the transition between adjacent states is always\npossible." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1437, + "y": 0.1188 + }, + { + "x": 0.843, + "y": 0.1188 + }, + { + "x": 0.843, + "y": 0.1688 + }, + { + "x": 0.1437, + "y": 0.1688 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Definition 2. A multiverse M is the set of all possible universes U in the sense of
Definition 1 together with a probability measure on this set.

", + "markdown": "Definition 2. A multiverse M is the set of all possible universes U in the sense of\nDefinition 1 together with a probability measure on this set.", + "text": "Definition 2. A multiverse M is the set of all possible universes U in the sense of\nDefinition 1 together with a probability measure on this set." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1446, + "y": 0.1701 + }, + { + "x": 0.8506, + "y": 0.1701 + }, + { + "x": 0.8506, + "y": 0.2026 + }, + { + "x": 0.1446, + "y": 0.2026 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

It may of course be said that quantum mechanics should allow for transitions
between all kinds of states, although the probability for most such transitions may be
extremely small. In this extremely simplified treatment, I will assume that for a given
state at a given moment of time t, the dynamical laws will only permit transitions to a
very limited number of states at the previous and next moments, which will make the
probabilistic part of the investigation particularly simple. However, modifications are
called for near the endpoints (the Big Bang and the Big Crunch); see Section 5.

", + "markdown": "It may of course be said that quantum mechanics should allow for transitions\nbetween all kinds of states, although the probability for most such transitions may be\nextremely small. In this extremely simplified treatment, I will assume that for a given\nstate at a given moment of time t, the dynamical laws will only permit transitions to a\nvery limited number of states at the previous and next moments, which will make the\nprobabilistic part of the investigation particularly simple. However, modifications are\ncalled for near the endpoints (the Big Bang and the Big Crunch); see Section 5.", + "text": "It may of course be said that quantum mechanics should allow for transitions\nbetween all kinds of states, although the probability for most such transitions may be\nextremely small. In this extremely simplified treatment, I will assume that for a given\nstate at a given moment of time t, the dynamical laws will only permit transitions to a\nvery limited number of states at the previous and next moments, which will make the\nprobabilistic part of the investigation particularly simple. However, modifications are\ncalled for near the endpoints (the Big Bang and the Big Crunch); see Section 5." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1436, + "y": 0.2059 + }, + { + "x": 0.8453, + "y": 0.2059 + }, + { + "x": 0.8453, + "y": 0.3162 + }, + { + "x": 0.1436, + "y": 0.3162 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

As it stands, the model presented so far is too simple to generate any results. In
fact, there are no observable differences at all between the states, which mean that
there are no measurable variables which could be related to the (so far non-
specified) dynamics.

", + "markdown": "As it stands, the model presented so far is too simple to generate any results. In\nfact, there are no observable differences at all between the states, which mean that\nthere are no measurable variables which could be related to the (so far non-\nspecified) dynamics.", + "text": "As it stands, the model presented so far is too simple to generate any results. In\nfact, there are no observable differences at all between the states, which mean that\nthere are no measurable variables which could be related to the (so far non-\nspecified) dynamics." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1431, + "y": 0.316 + }, + { + "x": 0.8474, + "y": 0.316 + }, + { + "x": 0.8474, + "y": 0.3802 + }, + { + "x": 0.1431, + "y": 0.3802 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

There are of course many different variables which we can choose to enrich this
structure, and which ones to choose must depend on what properties we want to
explain. For explaining the second law of thermodynamics, the obvious choice is the
entropy.

", + "markdown": "There are of course many different variables which we can choose to enrich this\nstructure, and which ones to choose must depend on what properties we want to\nexplain. For explaining the second law of thermodynamics, the obvious choice is the\nentropy.", + "text": "There are of course many different variables which we can choose to enrich this\nstructure, and which ones to choose must depend on what properties we want to\nexplain. For explaining the second law of thermodynamics, the obvious choice is the\nentropy." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1434, + "y": 0.3814 + }, + { + "x": 0.8533, + "y": 0.3814 + }, + { + "x": 0.8533, + "y": 0.4474 + }, + { + "x": 0.1434, + "y": 0.4474 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

4. Entropy

", + "markdown": "# 4. Entropy", + "text": "4. Entropy" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1446, + "y": 0.4819 + }, + { + "x": 0.2547, + "y": 0.4819 + }, + { + "x": 0.2547, + "y": 0.502 + }, + { + "x": 0.1446, + "y": 0.502 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

According to Boltzmann, the total entropy of a certain macro-state at a certain
time is given by

", + "markdown": "According to Boltzmann, the total entropy of a certain macro-state at a certain\ntime is given by", + "text": "According to Boltzmann, the total entropy of a certain macro-state at a certain\ntime is given by" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1442, + "y": 0.5148 + }, + { + "x": 0.8394, + "y": 0.5148 + }, + { + "x": 0.8394, + "y": 0.5492 + }, + { + "x": 0.1442, + "y": 0.5492 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$S=k_{B}\\ln\\Omega,$$

", + "markdown": "$$S=k_{B}\\ln\\Omega,$$", + "text": "S = kB ln 요," + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4429, + "y": 0.56 + }, + { + "x": 0.5491, + "y": 0.56 + }, + { + "x": 0.5491, + "y": 0.579 + }, + { + "x": 0.4429, + "y": 0.579 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "
(2)", + "markdown": "(2)", + "text": "(2)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8025, + "y": 0.5612 + }, + { + "x": 0.8324, + "y": 0.5612 + }, + { + "x": 0.8324, + "y": 0.5786 + }, + { + "x": 0.8025, + "y": 0.5786 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

or inversely

", + "markdown": "# or inversely", + "text": "or inversely" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1712, + "y": 0.5948 + }, + { + "x": 0.2776, + "y": 0.5948 + }, + { + "x": 0.2776, + "y": 0.609 + }, + { + "x": 0.1712, + "y": 0.609 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$\\Omega=W^{S},\\quad\\mathrm{with}\\quad W=e^{1/k_{B}},$$

", + "markdown": "$$\\Omega=W^{S},\\quad\\mathrm{with}\\quad W=e^{1/k_{B}},$$", + "text": "� = ws, with W = e1/kB" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3679, + "y": 0.6228 + }, + { + "x": 0.6237, + "y": 0.6228 + }, + { + "x": 0.6237, + "y": 0.6436 + }, + { + "x": 0.3679, + "y": 0.6436 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "
(3)", + "markdown": "(3)", + "text": "(3)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8027, + "y": 0.6257 + }, + { + "x": 0.8318, + "y": 0.6257 + }, + { + "x": 0.8318, + "y": 0.6426 + }, + { + "x": 0.8027, + "y": 0.6426 + } + ], + "id": 14, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

where 요 denotes the number of corresponding micro-states and kB is
Boltzmann's constant.

", + "markdown": "where 요 denotes the number of corresponding micro-states and kB is\nBoltzmann's constant.", + "text": "where 요 denotes the number of corresponding micro-states and kB is\nBoltzmann's constant." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.146, + "y": 0.6566 + }, + { + "x": 0.7615, + "y": 0.6566 + }, + { + "x": 0.7615, + "y": 0.6881 + }, + { + "x": 0.146, + "y": 0.6881 + } + ], + "id": 15, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

This formula was from the beginning derived for simple cases, like an ideal gas.
Nevertheless, it does represent a kind of universal truth in statistical mechanics: the
number of possible micro-states corresponding to a given macro-state grows expo-
nentially with the entropy. Although there are many complications when one tries
to consider the entropy of the universe as a whole, I will still take it as the starting
point for the discussion that the entropy (at a given time t) is an exponential
function of the total entropy as in (3). A more difficult question is if and how the
constant W may vary with time, but for the purpose of the present paper, I will
simply let it be constant.

", + "markdown": "This formula was from the beginning derived for simple cases, like an ideal gas.\nNevertheless, it does represent a kind of universal truth in statistical mechanics: the\nnumber of possible micro-states corresponding to a given macro-state grows expo-\nnentially with the entropy. Although there are many complications when one tries\nto consider the entropy of the universe as a whole, I will still take it as the starting\npoint for the discussion that the entropy (at a given time t) is an exponential\nfunction of the total entropy as in (3). A more difficult question is if and how the\nconstant W may vary with time, but for the purpose of the present paper, I will\nsimply let it be constant.", + "text": "This formula was from the beginning derived for simple cases, like an ideal gas.\nNevertheless, it does represent a kind of universal truth in statistical mechanics: the\nnumber of possible micro-states corresponding to a given macro-state grows expo-\nnentially with the entropy. Although there are many complications when one tries\nto consider the entropy of the universe as a whole, I will still take it as the starting\npoint for the discussion that the entropy (at a given time t) is an exponential\nfunction of the total entropy as in (3). A more difficult question is if and how the\nconstant W may vary with time, but for the purpose of the present paper, I will\nsimply let it be constant." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1432, + "y": 0.6901 + }, + { + "x": 0.8509, + "y": 0.6901 + }, + { + "x": 0.8509, + "y": 0.8335 + }, + { + "x": 0.1432, + "y": 0.8335 + } + ], + "id": 16, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

One may of course argue that this can only be true when the universe is still
quite ordered and the entropy is very far from reaching its maximum. But this is
certainly what the situation is like in our universe today, and according to the
computations in [10, 11], it would take an almost incredibly long time to reach such
a state of maximal entropy. Thus, it will in the following be taken for granted that
this time is much longer than the life-span of our universe.

", + "markdown": "One may of course argue that this can only be true when the universe is still\nquite ordered and the entropy is very far from reaching its maximum. But this is\ncertainly what the situation is like in our universe today, and according to the\ncomputations in [10, 11], it would take an almost incredibly long time to reach such\na state of maximal entropy. Thus, it will in the following be taken for granted that\nthis time is much longer than the life-span of our universe.", + "text": "One may of course argue that this can only be true when the universe is still\nquite ordered and the entropy is very far from reaching its maximum. But this is\ncertainly what the situation is like in our universe today, and according to the\ncomputations in [10, 11], it would take an almost incredibly long time to reach such\na state of maximal entropy. Thus, it will in the following be taken for granted that\nthis time is much longer than the life-span of our universe." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1434, + "y": 0.8357 + }, + { + "x": 0.8529, + "y": 0.8357 + }, + { + "x": 0.8529, + "y": 0.9341 + }, + { + "x": 0.1434, + "y": 0.9341 + } + ], + "id": 17, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
312
", + "markdown": "312", + "text": "312" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1443, + "y": 0.9576 + }, + { + "x": 0.1734, + "y": 0.9576 + }, + { + "x": 0.1734, + "y": 0.97 + }, + { + "x": 0.1443, + "y": 0.97 + } + ], + "id": 18, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000077.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

decline in 2020 in absolute numbers and as a percentage of 2019 deployment
(Figure 1.9b).9

\n\n
\"374\n400\n331
Figure 1.9b. Deployment of Overseas Foreign Workers by sex, new hires only
(in thousands)
\n

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority (2022)

\n

1.5. Migrant Workers More at Risk of COVID-19 Infection

\n

COVID-19 infection among migrants appears to be higher than among
non-migrant groups (Hintermeier et al., 2020). Migrant workers are
disproportionately exposed to COVID-19 because of the nature of their
work and their living conditions. Many migrant workers performed essential
services, including jobs in healthcare, selected manufacturing, transportation,
logistics, construction, and maintenance, which continued during periods of
movement restrictions (OECD, ADBI and ILO, 2021). Many migrant workers
also have less access to personal protective equipment and testing and
treatment facilities (OECD, ADBI and ILO, 2021). The lack of access was
especially true for undocumented migrants.

\n

Additionally, migrant workers employed in plantations far away from urban
centres had limited access to information and testing. High rates of infection
were also linked to overcrowded housing conditions, including shared facilities
and sleeping areas, which increase the risk of transmission (ASEAN MP, 2021).
Many workers in processing or assembly plants worked in conditions where
physical distancing was rarely observed.

\n

In Malaysia, out of 2,188 positive cases recorded nationwide on 25 November
2020, 1,511 were foreign workers employed by Top Glove Corporation Bhd.,
one of the world's largest personal protective equipment (PPE) manufacturers
(The Straits Times, 2020; Ngui, 2020). Many other migrant workers were
employed as delivery agents, public transport drivers, or restaurant waiters,
and are in constant contact with the general public. Infection risk is also higher

\n

9 Keeping in mind that for 2020 the figures are only up to October of the year.

\n
ASEAN Migration Outlook
\n
21
", + "markdown": "decline in 2020 in absolute numbers and as a percentage of 2019 deployment\n(Figure 1.9b).9\n\nFigure 1.9b. Deployment of Overseas Foreign Workers by sex, new hires only\n(in thousands)\n\n374\n400\n331 335\n350 319\n300\n250\n187\n200\n128\n150\n102 102\n100\n55\n50 22\n0\nMale Female\n2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 (to September)\n\n# Source: Philippine Statistics Authority (2022)\n\n1.5. Migrant Workers More at Risk of COVID-19 Infection\n\nCOVID-19 infection among migrants appears to be higher than among\nnon-migrant groups (Hintermeier et al., 2020). Migrant workers are\ndisproportionately exposed to COVID-19 because of the nature of their\nwork and their living conditions. Many migrant workers performed essential\nservices, including jobs in healthcare, selected manufacturing, transportation,\nlogistics, construction, and maintenance, which continued during periods of\nmovement restrictions (OECD, ADBI and ILO, 2021). Many migrant workers\nalso have less access to personal protective equipment and testing and\ntreatment facilities (OECD, ADBI and ILO, 2021). The lack of access was\nespecially true for undocumented migrants.\n\nAdditionally, migrant workers employed in plantations far away from urban\ncentres had limited access to information and testing. High rates of infection\nwere also linked to overcrowded housing conditions, including shared facilities\nand sleeping areas, which increase the risk of transmission (ASEAN MP, 2021).\nMany workers in processing or assembly plants worked in conditions where\nphysical distancing was rarely observed.\n\nIn Malaysia, out of 2,188 positive cases recorded nationwide on 25 November\n2020, 1,511 were foreign workers employed by Top Glove Corporation Bhd.,\none of the world's largest personal protective equipment (PPE) manufacturers\n(The Straits Times, 2020; Ngui, 2020). Many other migrant workers were\nemployed as delivery agents, public transport drivers, or restaurant waiters,\nand are in constant contact with the general public. Infection risk is also higher\n\n9 Keeping in mind that for 2020 the figures are only up to October of the year.\n\nASEAN Migration Outlook\n\n21", + "text": "decline in 2020 in absolute numbers and as a percentage of 2019 deployment\n(Figure 1.9b).9\nFigure 1.9b. Deployment of Overseas Foreign Workers by sex, new hires only\n(in thousands)\n374\n400\n331 335\n350 319\n300\n250\n187\n200\n128\n150\n102 102\n100\n55\n50 22\n0\nMale Female\n2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 (to September)\nSource: Philippine Statistics Authority (2022)\n1.5. Migrant Workers More at Risk of COVID-19 Infection\nCOVID-19 infection among migrants appears to be higher than among\nnon-migrant groups (Hintermeier et al., 2020). Migrant workers are\ndisproportionately exposed to COVID-19 because of the nature of their\nwork and their living conditions. Many migrant workers performed essential\nservices, including jobs in healthcare, selected manufacturing, transportation,\nlogistics, construction, and maintenance, which continued during periods of\nmovement restrictions (OECD, ADBI and ILO, 2021). Many migrant workers\nalso have less access to personal protective equipment and testing and\ntreatment facilities (OECD, ADBI and ILO, 2021). The lack of access was\nespecially true for undocumented migrants.\nAdditionally, migrant workers employed in plantations far away from urban\ncentres had limited access to information and testing. High rates of infection\nwere also linked to overcrowded housing conditions, including shared facilities\nand sleeping areas, which increase the risk of transmission (ASEAN MP, 2021).\nMany workers in processing or assembly plants worked in conditions where\nphysical distancing was rarely observed.\nIn Malaysia, out of 2,188 positive cases recorded nationwide on 25 November\n2020, 1,511 were foreign workers employed by Top Glove Corporation Bhd.,\none of the world's largest personal protective equipment (PPE) manufacturers\n(The Straits Times, 2020; Ngui, 2020). Many other migrant workers were\nemployed as delivery agents, public transport drivers, or restaurant waiters,\nand are in constant contact with the general public. Infection risk is also higher\n9 Keeping in mind that for 2020 the figures are only up to October of the year.\nASEAN Migration Outlook\n21" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

decline in 2020 in absolute numbers and as a percentage of 2019 deployment
(Figure 1.9b).9

", + "markdown": "decline in 2020 in absolute numbers and as a percentage of 2019 deployment\n(Figure 1.9b).9", + "text": "decline in 2020 in absolute numbers and as a percentage of 2019 deployment\n(Figure 1.9b).9" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1861, + "y": 0.0819 + }, + { + "x": 0.8845, + "y": 0.0819 + }, + { + "x": 0.8845, + "y": 0.1169 + }, + { + "x": 0.1861, + "y": 0.1169 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 1.9b. Deployment of Overseas Foreign Workers by sex, new hires only
(in thousands)

", + "markdown": "Figure 1.9b. Deployment of Overseas Foreign Workers by sex, new hires only\n(in thousands)", + "text": "Figure 1.9b. Deployment of Overseas Foreign Workers by sex, new hires only\n(in thousands)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1858, + "y": 0.1294 + }, + { + "x": 0.885, + "y": 0.1294 + }, + { + "x": 0.885, + "y": 0.1651 + }, + { + "x": 0.1858, + "y": 0.1651 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"374\n400\n331
", + "markdown": "374\n400\n331 335\n350 319\n300\n250\n187\n200\n128\n150\n102 102\n100\n55\n50 22\n0\nMale Female\n2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 (to September)", + "text": "374\n400\n331 335\n350 319\n300\n250\n187\n200\n128\n150\n102 102\n100\n55\n50 22\n0\nMale Female\n2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 (to September)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1832, + "y": 0.1668 + }, + { + "x": 0.8874, + "y": 0.1668 + }, + { + "x": 0.8874, + "y": 0.411 + }, + { + "x": 0.1832, + "y": 0.411 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority (2022)

", + "markdown": "# Source: Philippine Statistics Authority (2022)", + "text": "Source: Philippine Statistics Authority (2022)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1864, + "y": 0.4192 + }, + { + "x": 0.531, + "y": 0.4192 + }, + { + "x": 0.531, + "y": 0.4348 + }, + { + "x": 0.1864, + "y": 0.4348 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

1.5. Migrant Workers More at Risk of COVID-19 Infection

", + "markdown": "1.5. Migrant Workers More at Risk of COVID-19 Infection", + "text": "1.5. Migrant Workers More at Risk of COVID-19 Infection" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1392, + "y": 0.4542 + }, + { + "x": 0.6958, + "y": 0.4542 + }, + { + "x": 0.6958, + "y": 0.4719 + }, + { + "x": 0.1392, + "y": 0.4719 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

COVID-19 infection among migrants appears to be higher than among
non-migrant groups (Hintermeier et al., 2020). Migrant workers are
disproportionately exposed to COVID-19 because of the nature of their
work and their living conditions. Many migrant workers performed essential
services, including jobs in healthcare, selected manufacturing, transportation,
logistics, construction, and maintenance, which continued during periods of
movement restrictions (OECD, ADBI and ILO, 2021). Many migrant workers
also have less access to personal protective equipment and testing and
treatment facilities (OECD, ADBI and ILO, 2021). The lack of access was
especially true for undocumented migrants.

", + "markdown": "COVID-19 infection among migrants appears to be higher than among\nnon-migrant groups (Hintermeier et al., 2020). Migrant workers are\ndisproportionately exposed to COVID-19 because of the nature of their\nwork and their living conditions. Many migrant workers performed essential\nservices, including jobs in healthcare, selected manufacturing, transportation,\nlogistics, construction, and maintenance, which continued during periods of\nmovement restrictions (OECD, ADBI and ILO, 2021). Many migrant workers\nalso have less access to personal protective equipment and testing and\ntreatment facilities (OECD, ADBI and ILO, 2021). The lack of access was\nespecially true for undocumented migrants.", + "text": "COVID-19 infection among migrants appears to be higher than among\nnon-migrant groups (Hintermeier et al., 2020). Migrant workers are\ndisproportionately exposed to COVID-19 because of the nature of their\nwork and their living conditions. Many migrant workers performed essential\nservices, including jobs in healthcare, selected manufacturing, transportation,\nlogistics, construction, and maintenance, which continued during periods of\nmovement restrictions (OECD, ADBI and ILO, 2021). Many migrant workers\nalso have less access to personal protective equipment and testing and\ntreatment facilities (OECD, ADBI and ILO, 2021). The lack of access was\nespecially true for undocumented migrants." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1863, + "y": 0.4846 + }, + { + "x": 0.8858, + "y": 0.4846 + }, + { + "x": 0.8858, + "y": 0.6573 + }, + { + "x": 0.1863, + "y": 0.6573 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Additionally, migrant workers employed in plantations far away from urban
centres had limited access to information and testing. High rates of infection
were also linked to overcrowded housing conditions, including shared facilities
and sleeping areas, which increase the risk of transmission (ASEAN MP, 2021).
Many workers in processing or assembly plants worked in conditions where
physical distancing was rarely observed.

", + "markdown": "Additionally, migrant workers employed in plantations far away from urban\ncentres had limited access to information and testing. High rates of infection\nwere also linked to overcrowded housing conditions, including shared facilities\nand sleeping areas, which increase the risk of transmission (ASEAN MP, 2021).\nMany workers in processing or assembly plants worked in conditions where\nphysical distancing was rarely observed.", + "text": "Additionally, migrant workers employed in plantations far away from urban\ncentres had limited access to information and testing. High rates of infection\nwere also linked to overcrowded housing conditions, including shared facilities\nand sleeping areas, which increase the risk of transmission (ASEAN MP, 2021).\nMany workers in processing or assembly plants worked in conditions where\nphysical distancing was rarely observed." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1859, + "y": 0.6702 + }, + { + "x": 0.8852, + "y": 0.6702 + }, + { + "x": 0.8852, + "y": 0.7733 + }, + { + "x": 0.1859, + "y": 0.7733 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

In Malaysia, out of 2,188 positive cases recorded nationwide on 25 November
2020, 1,511 were foreign workers employed by Top Glove Corporation Bhd.,
one of the world's largest personal protective equipment (PPE) manufacturers
(The Straits Times, 2020; Ngui, 2020). Many other migrant workers were
employed as delivery agents, public transport drivers, or restaurant waiters,
and are in constant contact with the general public. Infection risk is also higher

", + "markdown": "In Malaysia, out of 2,188 positive cases recorded nationwide on 25 November\n2020, 1,511 were foreign workers employed by Top Glove Corporation Bhd.,\none of the world's largest personal protective equipment (PPE) manufacturers\n(The Straits Times, 2020; Ngui, 2020). Many other migrant workers were\nemployed as delivery agents, public transport drivers, or restaurant waiters,\nand are in constant contact with the general public. Infection risk is also higher", + "text": "In Malaysia, out of 2,188 positive cases recorded nationwide on 25 November\n2020, 1,511 were foreign workers employed by Top Glove Corporation Bhd.,\none of the world's largest personal protective equipment (PPE) manufacturers\n(The Straits Times, 2020; Ngui, 2020). Many other migrant workers were\nemployed as delivery agents, public transport drivers, or restaurant waiters,\nand are in constant contact with the general public. Infection risk is also higher" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1859, + "y": 0.7853 + }, + { + "x": 0.885, + "y": 0.7853 + }, + { + "x": 0.885, + "y": 0.8889 + }, + { + "x": 0.1859, + "y": 0.8889 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

9 Keeping in mind that for 2020 the figures are only up to October of the year.

", + "markdown": "9 Keeping in mind that for 2020 the figures are only up to October of the year.", + "text": "9 Keeping in mind that for 2020 the figures are only up to October of the year." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1392, + "y": 0.904 + }, + { + "x": 0.684, + "y": 0.904 + }, + { + "x": 0.684, + "y": 0.9208 + }, + { + "x": 0.1392, + "y": 0.9208 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
ASEAN Migration Outlook
", + "markdown": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", + "text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1382, + "y": 0.95 + }, + { + "x": 0.4278, + "y": 0.95 + }, + { + "x": 0.4278, + "y": 0.9684 + }, + { + "x": 0.1382, + "y": 0.9684 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
21
", + "markdown": "21", + "text": "21" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.9255, + "y": 0.9504 + }, + { + "x": 0.9533, + "y": 0.9504 + }, + { + "x": 0.9533, + "y": 0.9671 + }, + { + "x": 0.9255, + "y": 0.9671 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000011.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
84
\n
BAIRD
\n
\"SIR
FIGURE 4.11 A. Birrell, Sir Robert Shirley [graphic]. Engraving
on wove paper.
PUBLISHED BY EDWARD HARDIN G, LONDON, 1799
\n\n

knowledge about remote civilizations. There is an
obvious culturalcoincidence, forinstance, between
carpet-making and storytelling among nomadic
peoples, which these stories convey through their
intricate plot development. They also tell fascinat-
ing stories about the the traffic in diamonds, gold,
and spices between the Indies, China, Arabia, and
Western Europe thatstill waitto beunveiled. Rather
than looking at the things of the Nights as colorful
details in Sheherazade's tales or protagonists in the
fantasticstories they make forthemselves, we could
explore, instead, their role as as bearers of cultural
knowledge unintentionally embedded in the fabric
of the text. In such a reading, \"historically and theo-
retically overdetermined material charactersitics
of objects are sought out beyond the immediate
context in which they appear\"86 in order to

\n

86 Elaine Freedgood, \"Introduction: Reading Things,\" in
The Idea in Things: Fugitive Meaning in the Victorian
Novel (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006),
5-6.

\n

defetishize them and expose the power structures
in which they are involved.

\n

Thus, as Makdisi and Nussbaum sum up in their
introduction to The Arabian Nights in Historical
Context: Between East and West, \"the Nights offered
a particularly powerful vision of an Asiatic culture
seemingly saturated with references to sensuality,
extravagance, indulgence, violence, supernatural-
ism, and eroticism ... [and] added a supernatural
dimension to the Enlightenment; the tales offered
an avenue into modernity through its magical op-
posite, an alternative to European identity, and an
antidote to neoclassicism.\"87 However, reading
such imports as an expression of European pow-
ers' disavowal of the East in order to \"justify their
conquest and rule over other peoples, particularly
in Asia,\"88 is an oversimplification of a rather com-
plicated process of cultural exchange. None of
these descriptions of Arabia were caused by colo-
nial \"distortions,\" as Said feared, but by false attri-
butions: \"Arabian\" was a misnomer that rarely de-
scribed Arabia itself. While fictional narratives like
Arabian Nights' Entertainments represented Ara-
bia as a land of magic and exorbitant riches, they
were too far-fetched to be part of a Westerner's
belief system during the Age of Reason; rather,
they were popularized because their wild fiction-
ality turned them into bestsellers at the time. Such
stories competed with descriptions of the Arabi-
an Peninsula by travelers and traders who had vis-
ited the area and had unmediated contact with the
local culture. However, while the Orientalist litera-
ture described Arabia in terms that emphasized
its exoticism, magic, superstitions, extravagance,
wealth, eroticism, excess, and myriads of other pe-
culiarities that contrasted it with the European
normativity, travel narratives created an \"Arabian\"
identity that was generally congruent with the
reality of the place.

\n

87 Makdisi and Nussbaum, introduction to The Arabian
Nights in Historical Context, 5·
88 Ibid.

", + "markdown": "84\n\nBAIRD\n\nSIR Ron. SHIRLEY\n\nFIGURE 4.11 A. Birrell, Sir Robert Shirley [graphic]. Engraving\non wove paper.\nPUBLISHED BY EDWARD HARDIN G, LONDON, 1799\n\nknowledge about remote civilizations. There is an\nobvious culturalcoincidence, forinstance, between\ncarpet-making and storytelling among nomadic\npeoples, which these stories convey through their\nintricate plot development. They also tell fascinat-\ning stories about the the traffic in diamonds, gold,\nand spices between the Indies, China, Arabia, and\nWestern Europe thatstill waitto beunveiled. Rather\nthan looking at the things of the Nights as colorful\ndetails in Sheherazade's tales or protagonists in the\nfantasticstories they make forthemselves, we could\nexplore, instead, their role as as bearers of cultural\nknowledge unintentionally embedded in the fabric\nof the text. In such a reading, \"historically and theo-\nretically overdetermined material charactersitics\nof objects are sought out beyond the immediate\ncontext in which they appear\"86 in order to\n\n86 Elaine Freedgood, \"Introduction: Reading Things,\" in\nThe Idea in Things: Fugitive Meaning in the Victorian\nNovel (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006),\n5-6.\n\ndefetishize them and expose the power structures\nin which they are involved.\n\nThus, as Makdisi and Nussbaum sum up in their\nintroduction to The Arabian Nights in Historical\nContext: Between East and West, \"the Nights offered\na particularly powerful vision of an Asiatic culture\nseemingly saturated with references to sensuality,\nextravagance, indulgence, violence, supernatural-\nism, and eroticism ... [and] added a supernatural\ndimension to the Enlightenment; the tales offered\nan avenue into modernity through its magical op-\nposite, an alternative to European identity, and an\nantidote to neoclassicism.\"87 However, reading\nsuch imports as an expression of European pow-\ners' disavowal of the East in order to \"justify their\nconquest and rule over other peoples, particularly\nin Asia,\"88 is an oversimplification of a rather com-\nplicated process of cultural exchange. None of\nthese descriptions of Arabia were caused by colo-\nnial \"distortions,\" as Said feared, but by false attri-\nbutions: \"Arabian\" was a misnomer that rarely de-\nscribed Arabia itself. While fictional narratives like\nArabian Nights' Entertainments represented Ara-\nbia as a land of magic and exorbitant riches, they\nwere too far-fetched to be part of a Westerner's\nbelief system during the Age of Reason; rather,\nthey were popularized because their wild fiction-\nality turned them into bestsellers at the time. Such\nstories competed with descriptions of the Arabi-\nan Peninsula by travelers and traders who had vis-\nited the area and had unmediated contact with the\nlocal culture. However, while the Orientalist litera-\nture described Arabia in terms that emphasized\nits exoticism, magic, superstitions, extravagance,\nwealth, eroticism, excess, and myriads of other pe-\nculiarities that contrasted it with the European\nnormativity, travel narratives created an \"Arabian\"\nidentity that was generally congruent with the\nreality of the place.\n\n87 Makdisi and Nussbaum, introduction to The Arabian\nNights in Historical Context, 5·\n88 Ibid.", + "text": "84\nBAIRD\nSIR Ron. SHIRLEY\nFIGURE 4.11 A. Birrell, Sir Robert Shirley [graphic]. Engraving\non wove paper.\nPUBLISHED BY EDWARD HARDIN G, LONDON, 1799\nknowledge about remote civilizations. There is an\nobvious culturalcoincidence, forinstance, between\ncarpet-making and storytelling among nomadic\npeoples, which these stories convey through their\nintricate plot development. They also tell fascinat-\ning stories about the the traffic in diamonds, gold,\nand spices between the Indies, China, Arabia, and\nWestern Europe thatstill waitto beunveiled. Rather\nthan looking at the things of the Nights as colorful\ndetails in Sheherazade's tales or protagonists in the\nfantasticstories they make forthemselves, we could\nexplore, instead, their role as as bearers of cultural\nknowledge unintentionally embedded in the fabric\nof the text. In such a reading, \"historically and theo-\nretically overdetermined material charactersitics\nof objects are sought out beyond the immediate\ncontext in which they appear\"86 in order to\n86 Elaine Freedgood, \"Introduction: Reading Things,\" in\nThe Idea in Things: Fugitive Meaning in the Victorian\nNovel (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006),\n5-6.\ndefetishize them and expose the power structures\nin which they are involved.\nThus, as Makdisi and Nussbaum sum up in their\nintroduction to The Arabian Nights in Historical\nContext: Between East and West, \"the Nights offered\na particularly powerful vision of an Asiatic culture\nseemingly saturated with references to sensuality,\nextravagance, indulgence, violence, supernatural-\nism, and eroticism ... [and] added a supernatural\ndimension to the Enlightenment; the tales offered\nan avenue into modernity through its magical op-\nposite, an alternative to European identity, and an\nantidote to neoclassicism.\"87 However, reading\nsuch imports as an expression of European pow-\ners' disavowal of the East in order to \"justify their\nconquest and rule over other peoples, particularly\nin Asia,\"88 is an oversimplification of a rather com-\nplicated process of cultural exchange. None of\nthese descriptions of Arabia were caused by colo-\nnial \"distortions,\" as Said feared, but by false attri-\nbutions: \"Arabian\" was a misnomer that rarely de-\nscribed Arabia itself. While fictional narratives like\nArabian Nights' Entertainments represented Ara-\nbia as a land of magic and exorbitant riches, they\nwere too far-fetched to be part of a Westerner's\nbelief system during the Age of Reason; rather,\nthey were popularized because their wild fiction-\nality turned them into bestsellers at the time. Such\nstories competed with descriptions of the Arabi-\nan Peninsula by travelers and traders who had vis-\nited the area and had unmediated contact with the\nlocal culture. However, while the Orientalist litera-\nture described Arabia in terms that emphasized\nits exoticism, magic, superstitions, extravagance,\nwealth, eroticism, excess, and myriads of other pe-\nculiarities that contrasted it with the European\nnormativity, travel narratives created an \"Arabian\"\nidentity that was generally congruent with the\nreality of the place.\n87 Makdisi and Nussbaum, introduction to The Arabian\nNights in Historical Context, 5·\n88 Ibid." + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
84
", + "markdown": "84", + "text": "84" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1016, + "y": 0.0488 + }, + { + "x": 0.1228, + "y": 0.0488 + }, + { + "x": 0.1228, + "y": 0.0601 + }, + { + "x": 0.1016, + "y": 0.0601 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
BAIRD
", + "markdown": "BAIRD", + "text": "BAIRD" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8475, + "y": 0.0486 + }, + { + "x": 0.899, + "y": 0.0486 + }, + { + "x": 0.899, + "y": 0.0612 + }, + { + "x": 0.8475, + "y": 0.0612 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"SIR
", + "markdown": "SIR Ron. SHIRLEY", + "text": "SIR Ron. SHIRLEY" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1124, + "y": 0.0813 + }, + { + "x": 0.4813, + "y": 0.0813 + }, + { + "x": 0.4813, + "y": 0.4454 + }, + { + "x": 0.1124, + "y": 0.4454 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

FIGURE 4.11 A. Birrell, Sir Robert Shirley [graphic]. Engraving
on wove paper.
PUBLISHED BY EDWARD HARDIN G, LONDON, 1799

", + "markdown": "FIGURE 4.11 A. Birrell, Sir Robert Shirley [graphic]. Engraving\non wove paper.\nPUBLISHED BY EDWARD HARDIN G, LONDON, 1799", + "text": "FIGURE 4.11 A. Birrell, Sir Robert Shirley [graphic]. Engraving\non wove paper.\nPUBLISHED BY EDWARD HARDIN G, LONDON, 1799" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1002, + "y": 0.4614 + }, + { + "x": 0.4887, + "y": 0.4614 + }, + { + "x": 0.4887, + "y": 0.5058 + }, + { + "x": 0.1002, + "y": 0.5058 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

knowledge about remote civilizations. There is an
obvious culturalcoincidence, forinstance, between
carpet-making and storytelling among nomadic
peoples, which these stories convey through their
intricate plot development. They also tell fascinat-
ing stories about the the traffic in diamonds, gold,
and spices between the Indies, China, Arabia, and
Western Europe thatstill waitto beunveiled. Rather
than looking at the things of the Nights as colorful
details in Sheherazade's tales or protagonists in the
fantasticstories they make forthemselves, we could
explore, instead, their role as as bearers of cultural
knowledge unintentionally embedded in the fabric
of the text. In such a reading, \"historically and theo-
retically overdetermined material charactersitics
of objects are sought out beyond the immediate
context in which they appear\"86 in order to

", + "markdown": "knowledge about remote civilizations. There is an\nobvious culturalcoincidence, forinstance, between\ncarpet-making and storytelling among nomadic\npeoples, which these stories convey through their\nintricate plot development. They also tell fascinat-\ning stories about the the traffic in diamonds, gold,\nand spices between the Indies, China, Arabia, and\nWestern Europe thatstill waitto beunveiled. Rather\nthan looking at the things of the Nights as colorful\ndetails in Sheherazade's tales or protagonists in the\nfantasticstories they make forthemselves, we could\nexplore, instead, their role as as bearers of cultural\nknowledge unintentionally embedded in the fabric\nof the text. In such a reading, \"historically and theo-\nretically overdetermined material charactersitics\nof objects are sought out beyond the immediate\ncontext in which they appear\"86 in order to", + "text": "knowledge about remote civilizations. There is an\nobvious culturalcoincidence, forinstance, between\ncarpet-making and storytelling among nomadic\npeoples, which these stories convey through their\nintricate plot development. They also tell fascinat-\ning stories about the the traffic in diamonds, gold,\nand spices between the Indies, China, Arabia, and\nWestern Europe thatstill waitto beunveiled. Rather\nthan looking at the things of the Nights as colorful\ndetails in Sheherazade's tales or protagonists in the\nfantasticstories they make forthemselves, we could\nexplore, instead, their role as as bearers of cultural\nknowledge unintentionally embedded in the fabric\nof the text. In such a reading, \"historically and theo-\nretically overdetermined material charactersitics\nof objects are sought out beyond the immediate\ncontext in which they appear\"86 in order to" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0998, + "y": 0.5212 + }, + { + "x": 0.4916, + "y": 0.5212 + }, + { + "x": 0.4916, + "y": 0.8319 + }, + { + "x": 0.0998, + "y": 0.8319 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

86 Elaine Freedgood, \"Introduction: Reading Things,\" in
The Idea in Things: Fugitive Meaning in the Victorian
Novel (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006),
5-6.

", + "markdown": "86 Elaine Freedgood, \"Introduction: Reading Things,\" in\nThe Idea in Things: Fugitive Meaning in the Victorian\nNovel (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006),\n5-6.", + "text": "86 Elaine Freedgood, \"Introduction: Reading Things,\" in\nThe Idea in Things: Fugitive Meaning in the Victorian\nNovel (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006),\n5-6." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1059, + "y": 0.8563 + }, + { + "x": 0.489, + "y": 0.8563 + }, + { + "x": 0.489, + "y": 0.9195 + }, + { + "x": 0.1059, + "y": 0.9195 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

defetishize them and expose the power structures
in which they are involved.

", + "markdown": "defetishize them and expose the power structures\nin which they are involved.", + "text": "defetishize them and expose the power structures\nin which they are involved." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5102, + "y": 0.0822 + }, + { + "x": 0.8992, + "y": 0.0822 + }, + { + "x": 0.8992, + "y": 0.116 + }, + { + "x": 0.5102, + "y": 0.116 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Thus, as Makdisi and Nussbaum sum up in their
introduction to The Arabian Nights in Historical
Context: Between East and West, \"the Nights offered
a particularly powerful vision of an Asiatic culture
seemingly saturated with references to sensuality,
extravagance, indulgence, violence, supernatural-
ism, and eroticism ... [and] added a supernatural
dimension to the Enlightenment; the tales offered
an avenue into modernity through its magical op-
posite, an alternative to European identity, and an
antidote to neoclassicism.\"87 However, reading
such imports as an expression of European pow-
ers' disavowal of the East in order to \"justify their
conquest and rule over other peoples, particularly
in Asia,\"88 is an oversimplification of a rather com-
plicated process of cultural exchange. None of
these descriptions of Arabia were caused by colo-
nial \"distortions,\" as Said feared, but by false attri-
butions: \"Arabian\" was a misnomer that rarely de-
scribed Arabia itself. While fictional narratives like
Arabian Nights' Entertainments represented Ara-
bia as a land of magic and exorbitant riches, they
were too far-fetched to be part of a Westerner's
belief system during the Age of Reason; rather,
they were popularized because their wild fiction-
ality turned them into bestsellers at the time. Such
stories competed with descriptions of the Arabi-
an Peninsula by travelers and traders who had vis-
ited the area and had unmediated contact with the
local culture. However, while the Orientalist litera-
ture described Arabia in terms that emphasized
its exoticism, magic, superstitions, extravagance,
wealth, eroticism, excess, and myriads of other pe-
culiarities that contrasted it with the European
normativity, travel narratives created an \"Arabian\"
identity that was generally congruent with the
reality of the place.

", + "markdown": "Thus, as Makdisi and Nussbaum sum up in their\nintroduction to The Arabian Nights in Historical\nContext: Between East and West, \"the Nights offered\na particularly powerful vision of an Asiatic culture\nseemingly saturated with references to sensuality,\nextravagance, indulgence, violence, supernatural-\nism, and eroticism ... [and] added a supernatural\ndimension to the Enlightenment; the tales offered\nan avenue into modernity through its magical op-\nposite, an alternative to European identity, and an\nantidote to neoclassicism.\"87 However, reading\nsuch imports as an expression of European pow-\ners' disavowal of the East in order to \"justify their\nconquest and rule over other peoples, particularly\nin Asia,\"88 is an oversimplification of a rather com-\nplicated process of cultural exchange. None of\nthese descriptions of Arabia were caused by colo-\nnial \"distortions,\" as Said feared, but by false attri-\nbutions: \"Arabian\" was a misnomer that rarely de-\nscribed Arabia itself. While fictional narratives like\nArabian Nights' Entertainments represented Ara-\nbia as a land of magic and exorbitant riches, they\nwere too far-fetched to be part of a Westerner's\nbelief system during the Age of Reason; rather,\nthey were popularized because their wild fiction-\nality turned them into bestsellers at the time. Such\nstories competed with descriptions of the Arabi-\nan Peninsula by travelers and traders who had vis-\nited the area and had unmediated contact with the\nlocal culture. However, while the Orientalist litera-\nture described Arabia in terms that emphasized\nits exoticism, magic, superstitions, extravagance,\nwealth, eroticism, excess, and myriads of other pe-\nculiarities that contrasted it with the European\nnormativity, travel narratives created an \"Arabian\"\nidentity that was generally congruent with the\nreality of the place.", + "text": "Thus, as Makdisi and Nussbaum sum up in their\nintroduction to The Arabian Nights in Historical\nContext: Between East and West, \"the Nights offered\na particularly powerful vision of an Asiatic culture\nseemingly saturated with references to sensuality,\nextravagance, indulgence, violence, supernatural-\nism, and eroticism ... [and] added a supernatural\ndimension to the Enlightenment; the tales offered\nan avenue into modernity through its magical op-\nposite, an alternative to European identity, and an\nantidote to neoclassicism.\"87 However, reading\nsuch imports as an expression of European pow-\ners' disavowal of the East in order to \"justify their\nconquest and rule over other peoples, particularly\nin Asia,\"88 is an oversimplification of a rather com-\nplicated process of cultural exchange. None of\nthese descriptions of Arabia were caused by colo-\nnial \"distortions,\" as Said feared, but by false attri-\nbutions: \"Arabian\" was a misnomer that rarely de-\nscribed Arabia itself. While fictional narratives like\nArabian Nights' Entertainments represented Ara-\nbia as a land of magic and exorbitant riches, they\nwere too far-fetched to be part of a Westerner's\nbelief system during the Age of Reason; rather,\nthey were popularized because their wild fiction-\nality turned them into bestsellers at the time. Such\nstories competed with descriptions of the Arabi-\nan Peninsula by travelers and traders who had vis-\nited the area and had unmediated contact with the\nlocal culture. However, while the Orientalist litera-\nture described Arabia in terms that emphasized\nits exoticism, magic, superstitions, extravagance,\nwealth, eroticism, excess, and myriads of other pe-\nculiarities that contrasted it with the European\nnormativity, travel narratives created an \"Arabian\"\nidentity that was generally congruent with the\nreality of the place." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5087, + "y": 0.1161 + }, + { + "x": 0.9018, + "y": 0.1161 + }, + { + "x": 0.9018, + "y": 0.7926 + }, + { + "x": 0.5087, + "y": 0.7926 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

87 Makdisi and Nussbaum, introduction to The Arabian
Nights in Historical Context, 5·
88 Ibid.

", + "markdown": "87 Makdisi and Nussbaum, introduction to The Arabian\nNights in Historical Context, 5·\n88 Ibid.", + "text": "87 Makdisi and Nussbaum, introduction to The Arabian\nNights in Historical Context, 5·\n88 Ibid." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5125, + "y": 0.872 + }, + { + "x": 0.9004, + "y": 0.872 + }, + { + "x": 0.9004, + "y": 0.9187 + }, + { + "x": 0.5125, + "y": 0.9187 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000160.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Other advice that might smooth the way for this exercise
is to remind students right before they start that we aren't
interested in what these organizations' websites say about
themselves, but what they can learn about them from the
rest of the internet. Encourage use of Wikipedia for this
type of source research. Encourage them to slow down and
to practice \"click restraint\" once they have Googled one of
these orgs. What can they learn from looking at just the
search results page, without clicking through to anything?
What is the overall impression from a variety of results?

\n

· Center for Consumer Freedom: Many of the Google
search results (with or without including the search
term funding) indicate this is astroturing. A look at
the Wikipedia page tells us that this org was started
by a pretty well known PR guy and the sidebar lists
their focus as \"represents the interests of restaurant
and food companies\" and their method as \"lobbying.\"
· National Consumers League: Students may note
that it has been around since 1899, has no critical
results on the first page of Google results, and even
has an entry in the Encyclopedia Britannica.
· One Fair Wage: a legitimately grass-roots effort to
raise the minimum wage for restaurant workers.
· Save Our Tips: This is one case where adding the
word funding to the search helps a bit. If we do that
we find sources indicating that this group is funded in
part by the National Restaurant Association and a
conservative strategy and consulting group. Not
what you would expect for a grassroots effort lead by
waitstaff.

\n
104 I Instructor Resources
", + "markdown": "Other advice that might smooth the way for this exercise\nis to remind students right before they start that we aren't\ninterested in what these organizations' websites say about\nthemselves, but what they can learn about them from the\nrest of the internet. Encourage use of Wikipedia for this\ntype of source research. Encourage them to slow down and\nto practice \"click restraint\" once they have Googled one of\nthese orgs. What can they learn from looking at just the\nsearch results page, without clicking through to anything?\nWhat is the overall impression from a variety of results?\n\n- · Center for Consumer Freedom: Many of the Google\n- search results (with or without including the search\n- term funding) indicate this is astroturing. A look at\n- the Wikipedia page tells us that this org was started\n- by a pretty well known PR guy and the sidebar lists\n- their focus as \"represents the interests of restaurant\n- and food companies\" and their method as \"lobbying.\"\n- · National Consumers League: Students may note\n- that it has been around since 1899, has no critical\n- results on the first page of Google results, and even\n- has an entry in the Encyclopedia Britannica.\n- · One Fair Wage: a legitimately grass-roots effort to\n- raise the minimum wage for restaurant workers.\n- · Save Our Tips: This is one case where adding the\n- word funding to the search helps a bit. If we do that\n- we find sources indicating that this group is funded in\n- part by the National Restaurant Association and a\n- conservative strategy and consulting group. Not\n- what you would expect for a grassroots effort lead by\n- waitstaff.\n\n\n104 I Instructor Resources", + "text": "Other advice that might smooth the way for this exercise\nis to remind students right before they start that we aren't\ninterested in what these organizations' websites say about\nthemselves, but what they can learn about them from the\nrest of the internet. Encourage use of Wikipedia for this\ntype of source research. Encourage them to slow down and\nto practice \"click restraint\" once they have Googled one of\nthese orgs. What can they learn from looking at just the\nsearch results page, without clicking through to anything?\nWhat is the overall impression from a variety of results?\n· Center for Consumer Freedom: Many of the Google\nsearch results (with or without including the search\nterm funding) indicate this is astroturing. A look at\nthe Wikipedia page tells us that this org was started\nby a pretty well known PR guy and the sidebar lists\ntheir focus as \"represents the interests of restaurant\nand food companies\" and their method as \"lobbying.\"\n· National Consumers League: Students may note\nthat it has been around since 1899, has no critical\nresults on the first page of Google results, and even\nhas an entry in the Encyclopedia Britannica.\n· One Fair Wage: a legitimately grass-roots effort to\nraise the minimum wage for restaurant workers.\n· Save Our Tips: This is one case where adding the\nword funding to the search helps a bit. If we do that\nwe find sources indicating that this group is funded in\npart by the National Restaurant Association and a\nconservative strategy and consulting group. Not\nwhat you would expect for a grassroots effort lead by\nwaitstaff.\n104 I Instructor Resources" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Other advice that might smooth the way for this exercise
is to remind students right before they start that we aren't
interested in what these organizations' websites say about
themselves, but what they can learn about them from the
rest of the internet. Encourage use of Wikipedia for this
type of source research. Encourage them to slow down and
to practice \"click restraint\" once they have Googled one of
these orgs. What can they learn from looking at just the
search results page, without clicking through to anything?
What is the overall impression from a variety of results?

", + "markdown": "Other advice that might smooth the way for this exercise\nis to remind students right before they start that we aren't\ninterested in what these organizations' websites say about\nthemselves, but what they can learn about them from the\nrest of the internet. Encourage use of Wikipedia for this\ntype of source research. Encourage them to slow down and\nto practice \"click restraint\" once they have Googled one of\nthese orgs. What can they learn from looking at just the\nsearch results page, without clicking through to anything?\nWhat is the overall impression from a variety of results?", + "text": "Other advice that might smooth the way for this exercise\nis to remind students right before they start that we aren't\ninterested in what these organizations' websites say about\nthemselves, but what they can learn about them from the\nrest of the internet. Encourage use of Wikipedia for this\ntype of source research. Encourage them to slow down and\nto practice \"click restraint\" once they have Googled one of\nthese orgs. What can they learn from looking at just the\nsearch results page, without clicking through to anything?\nWhat is the overall impression from a variety of results?" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1771, + "y": 0.1206 + }, + { + "x": 0.8188, + "y": 0.1206 + }, + { + "x": 0.8188, + "y": 0.347 + }, + { + "x": 0.1771, + "y": 0.347 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Center for Consumer Freedom: Many of the Google
search results (with or without including the search
term funding) indicate this is astroturing. A look at
the Wikipedia page tells us that this org was started
by a pretty well known PR guy and the sidebar lists
their focus as \"represents the interests of restaurant
and food companies\" and their method as \"lobbying.\"
· National Consumers League: Students may note
that it has been around since 1899, has no critical
results on the first page of Google results, and even
has an entry in the Encyclopedia Britannica.
· One Fair Wage: a legitimately grass-roots effort to
raise the minimum wage for restaurant workers.
· Save Our Tips: This is one case where adding the
word funding to the search helps a bit. If we do that
we find sources indicating that this group is funded in
part by the National Restaurant Association and a
conservative strategy and consulting group. Not
what you would expect for a grassroots effort lead by
waitstaff.

", + "markdown": "- · Center for Consumer Freedom: Many of the Google\n- search results (with or without including the search\n- term funding) indicate this is astroturing. A look at\n- the Wikipedia page tells us that this org was started\n- by a pretty well known PR guy and the sidebar lists\n- their focus as \"represents the interests of restaurant\n- and food companies\" and their method as \"lobbying.\"\n- · National Consumers League: Students may note\n- that it has been around since 1899, has no critical\n- results on the first page of Google results, and even\n- has an entry in the Encyclopedia Britannica.\n- · One Fair Wage: a legitimately grass-roots effort to\n- raise the minimum wage for restaurant workers.\n- · Save Our Tips: This is one case where adding the\n- word funding to the search helps a bit. If we do that\n- we find sources indicating that this group is funded in\n- part by the National Restaurant Association and a\n- conservative strategy and consulting group. Not\n- what you would expect for a grassroots effort lead by\n- waitstaff.\n", + "text": "· Center for Consumer Freedom: Many of the Google\nsearch results (with or without including the search\nterm funding) indicate this is astroturing. A look at\nthe Wikipedia page tells us that this org was started\nby a pretty well known PR guy and the sidebar lists\ntheir focus as \"represents the interests of restaurant\nand food companies\" and their method as \"lobbying.\"\n· National Consumers League: Students may note\nthat it has been around since 1899, has no critical\nresults on the first page of Google results, and even\nhas an entry in the Encyclopedia Britannica.\n· One Fair Wage: a legitimately grass-roots effort to\nraise the minimum wage for restaurant workers.\n· Save Our Tips: This is one case where adding the\nword funding to the search helps a bit. If we do that\nwe find sources indicating that this group is funded in\npart by the National Restaurant Association and a\nconservative strategy and consulting group. Not\nwhat you would expect for a grassroots effort lead by\nwaitstaff." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2064, + "y": 0.3643 + }, + { + "x": 0.8215, + "y": 0.3643 + }, + { + "x": 0.8215, + "y": 0.8217 + }, + { + "x": 0.2064, + "y": 0.8217 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
104 I Instructor Resources
", + "markdown": "104 I Instructor Resources", + "text": "104 I Instructor Resources" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1377, + "y": 0.9221 + }, + { + "x": 0.403, + "y": 0.9221 + }, + { + "x": 0.403, + "y": 0.9401 + }, + { + "x": 0.1377, + "y": 0.9401 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000126.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Area
\n

Figure 4.3-
Ontario
area (in
square feet)
used to
harvest
mushroom
S over the
years.

\n

Closure

\n

Closure refers to our mind completing missing portions of a
design. There must be enough parts available for the image
to be \"filled in\"; if the image is too abstract, there are minimal
4
reference points for the mind to complete it. See Figure 4.4
for an example of how our mind automatically imagine a line
connecting the 2 broken ones.

\n

4. Statistics Canada. Table 18-10-0002-01 Monthly average retail prices for
food and other selected products. Data is reproduced and distributed
on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved
February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://dolorg/10.25318/1810000201-eng/
Statistics Canada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/
reference/licence

\n
Gestalt's Principles I 89
", + "markdown": "Area Harvested for Mushrooms in Ontario\n35,000,000\n(SquareFeet)\n33,250,000\nHervisted 31,500,000\nenny\nTotal\n29,750,000\n28,000,000\n2016 2017 2018 2019\nYear\n\nFigure 4.3-\nOntario\narea (in\nsquare feet)\nused to\nharvest\nmushroom\nS over the\nyears.\n\nClosure\n\nClosure refers to our mind completing missing portions of a\ndesign. There must be enough parts available for the image\nto be \"filled in\"; if the image is too abstract, there are minimal\n4\nreference points for the mind to complete it. See Figure 4.4\nfor an example of how our mind automatically imagine a line\nconnecting the 2 broken ones.\n\n4. Statistics Canada. Table 18-10-0002-01 Monthly average retail prices for\nfood and other selected products. Data is reproduced and distributed\non an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved\nFebruary 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://dolorg/10.25318/1810000201-eng/\nStatistics Canada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/\nreference/licence\n\nGestalt's Principles I 89", + "text": "Area Harvested for Mushrooms in Ontario\n35,000,000\n(SquareFeet)\n33,250,000\nHervisted 31,500,000\nenny\nTotal\n29,750,000\n28,000,000\n2016 2017 2018 2019\nYear\nFigure 4.3-\nOntario\narea (in\nsquare feet)\nused to\nharvest\nmushroom\nS over the\nyears.\nClosure\nClosure refers to our mind completing missing portions of a\ndesign. There must be enough parts available for the image\nto be \"filled in\"; if the image is too abstract, there are minimal\n4\nreference points for the mind to complete it. See Figure 4.4\nfor an example of how our mind automatically imagine a line\nconnecting the 2 broken ones.\n4. Statistics Canada. Table 18-10-0002-01 Monthly average retail prices for\nfood and other selected products. Data is reproduced and distributed\non an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved\nFebruary 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://dolorg/10.25318/1810000201-eng/\nStatistics Canada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/\nreference/licence\nGestalt's Principles I 89" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Area
", + "markdown": "Area Harvested for Mushrooms in Ontario\n35,000,000\n(SquareFeet)\n33,250,000\nHervisted 31,500,000\nenny\nTotal\n29,750,000\n28,000,000\n2016 2017 2018 2019\nYear", + "text": "Area Harvested for Mushrooms in Ontario\n35,000,000\n(SquareFeet)\n33,250,000\nHervisted 31,500,000\nenny\nTotal\n29,750,000\n28,000,000\n2016 2017 2018 2019\nYear" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1551, + "y": 0.0954 + }, + { + "x": 0.6978, + "y": 0.0954 + }, + { + "x": 0.6978, + "y": 0.3639 + }, + { + "x": 0.1551, + "y": 0.3639 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 4.3-
Ontario
area (in
square feet)
used to
harvest
mushroom
S over the
years.

", + "markdown": "Figure 4.3-\nOntario\narea (in\nsquare feet)\nused to\nharvest\nmushroom\nS over the\nyears.", + "text": "Figure 4.3-\nOntario\narea (in\nsquare feet)\nused to\nharvest\nmushroom\nS over the\nyears." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7303, + "y": 0.0931 + }, + { + "x": 0.8613, + "y": 0.0931 + }, + { + "x": 0.8613, + "y": 0.2342 + }, + { + "x": 0.7303, + "y": 0.2342 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Closure

", + "markdown": "Closure", + "text": "Closure" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1399, + "y": 0.4476 + }, + { + "x": 0.2887, + "y": 0.4476 + }, + { + "x": 0.2887, + "y": 0.4731 + }, + { + "x": 0.1399, + "y": 0.4731 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Closure refers to our mind completing missing portions of a
design. There must be enough parts available for the image
to be \"filled in\"; if the image is too abstract, there are minimal
4
reference points for the mind to complete it. See Figure 4.4
for an example of how our mind automatically imagine a line
connecting the 2 broken ones.

", + "markdown": "Closure refers to our mind completing missing portions of a\ndesign. There must be enough parts available for the image\nto be \"filled in\"; if the image is too abstract, there are minimal\n4\nreference points for the mind to complete it. See Figure 4.4\nfor an example of how our mind automatically imagine a line\nconnecting the 2 broken ones.", + "text": "Closure refers to our mind completing missing portions of a\ndesign. There must be enough parts available for the image\nto be \"filled in\"; if the image is too abstract, there are minimal\n4\nreference points for the mind to complete it. See Figure 4.4\nfor an example of how our mind automatically imagine a line\nconnecting the 2 broken ones." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1379, + "y": 0.5114 + }, + { + "x": 0.8635, + "y": 0.5114 + }, + { + "x": 0.8635, + "y": 0.6454 + }, + { + "x": 0.1379, + "y": 0.6454 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

4. Statistics Canada. Table 18-10-0002-01 Monthly average retail prices for
food and other selected products. Data is reproduced and distributed
on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved
February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://dolorg/10.25318/1810000201-eng/
Statistics Canada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/
reference/licence

", + "markdown": "4. Statistics Canada. Table 18-10-0002-01 Monthly average retail prices for\nfood and other selected products. Data is reproduced and distributed\non an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved\nFebruary 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://dolorg/10.25318/1810000201-eng/\nStatistics Canada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/\nreference/licence", + "text": "4. Statistics Canada. Table 18-10-0002-01 Monthly average retail prices for\nfood and other selected products. Data is reproduced and distributed\non an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved\nFebruary 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://dolorg/10.25318/1810000201-eng/\nStatistics Canada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/\nreference/licence" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1141, + "y": 0.7872 + }, + { + "x": 0.8549, + "y": 0.7872 + }, + { + "x": 0.8549, + "y": 0.9065 + }, + { + "x": 0.1141, + "y": 0.9065 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
Gestalt's Principles I 89
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iii. Looking at cost items, the cost of raw woods procurement will be highest
share at 42%, followed by labour cost at 35%, electricity cost of the
fabrication department at 10% (refer to figure 5-2). For this analysis, $35 per
tonne is assumed for raw wood costs and this assumption will be crucial to
maintain the economics of this business model.
iv. This business model will be operating cost-oriented not capital cost-oriented
(refer to figure 5.1); thus, management of raw wood cost, labour cost, and
electricity cost is essential. Few variations of capital cost will not affect this
business seriously.
V. Assumed selling price of wood pellet is $100 per tonne and appropriate.

\n\n
\"Cutting
Figure 5.1. Operating Cost Structure by the Three Departments of A Company
\n

Source: Author.

\n\n
\"Raw
Figure 5.2. Operating Cost Structure by the Cost Items of a Company
\n

Source: Author.

\n
50
", + "markdown": "- iii. Looking at cost items, the cost of raw woods procurement will be highest\n- share at 42%, followed by labour cost at 35%, electricity cost of the\n- fabrication department at 10% (refer to figure 5-2). For this analysis, $35 per\n- tonne is assumed for raw wood costs and this assumption will be crucial to\n- maintain the economics of this business model.\n- iv. This business model will be operating cost-oriented not capital cost-oriented\n- (refer to figure 5.1); thus, management of raw wood cost, labour cost, and\n- electricity cost is essential. Few variations of capital cost will not affect this\n- business seriously.\n- V. Assumed selling price of wood pellet is $100 per tonne and appropriate.\n\n\nFigure 5.1. Operating Cost Structure by the Three Departments of A Company\n\nCutting raw woods Fabrication Transportation\n\nSource: Author.\n\nFigure 5.2. Operating Cost Structure by the Cost Items of a Company\n\nRaw woods ■ Electricity ■ Diesel oil Labour ■ Depreciation ■ Interest payment\n\nSource: Author.\n\n50", + "text": "iii. Looking at cost items, the cost of raw woods procurement will be highest\nshare at 42%, followed by labour cost at 35%, electricity cost of the\nfabrication department at 10% (refer to figure 5-2). For this analysis, $35 per\ntonne is assumed for raw wood costs and this assumption will be crucial to\nmaintain the economics of this business model.\niv. This business model will be operating cost-oriented not capital cost-oriented\n(refer to figure 5.1); thus, management of raw wood cost, labour cost, and\nelectricity cost is essential. Few variations of capital cost will not affect this\nbusiness seriously.\nV. Assumed selling price of wood pellet is $100 per tonne and appropriate.\nFigure 5.1. Operating Cost Structure by the Three Departments of A Company\nCutting raw woods Fabrication Transportation\nSource: Author.\nFigure 5.2. Operating Cost Structure by the Cost Items of a Company\nRaw woods ■ Electricity ■ Diesel oil Labour ■ Depreciation ■ Interest payment\nSource: Author.\n50" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

iii. Looking at cost items, the cost of raw woods procurement will be highest
share at 42%, followed by labour cost at 35%, electricity cost of the
fabrication department at 10% (refer to figure 5-2). For this analysis, $35 per
tonne is assumed for raw wood costs and this assumption will be crucial to
maintain the economics of this business model.
iv. This business model will be operating cost-oriented not capital cost-oriented
(refer to figure 5.1); thus, management of raw wood cost, labour cost, and
electricity cost is essential. Few variations of capital cost will not affect this
business seriously.
V. Assumed selling price of wood pellet is $100 per tonne and appropriate.

", + "markdown": "- iii. Looking at cost items, the cost of raw woods procurement will be highest\n- share at 42%, followed by labour cost at 35%, electricity cost of the\n- fabrication department at 10% (refer to figure 5-2). For this analysis, $35 per\n- tonne is assumed for raw wood costs and this assumption will be crucial to\n- maintain the economics of this business model.\n- iv. This business model will be operating cost-oriented not capital cost-oriented\n- (refer to figure 5.1); thus, management of raw wood cost, labour cost, and\n- electricity cost is essential. Few variations of capital cost will not affect this\n- business seriously.\n- V. Assumed selling price of wood pellet is $100 per tonne and appropriate.\n", + "text": "iii. Looking at cost items, the cost of raw woods procurement will be highest\nshare at 42%, followed by labour cost at 35%, electricity cost of the\nfabrication department at 10% (refer to figure 5-2). For this analysis, $35 per\ntonne is assumed for raw wood costs and this assumption will be crucial to\nmaintain the economics of this business model.\niv. This business model will be operating cost-oriented not capital cost-oriented\n(refer to figure 5.1); thus, management of raw wood cost, labour cost, and\nelectricity cost is essential. Few variations of capital cost will not affect this\nbusiness seriously.\nV. Assumed selling price of wood pellet is $100 per tonne and appropriate." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2094, + "y": 0.1015 + }, + { + "x": 0.8146, + "y": 0.1015 + }, + { + "x": 0.8146, + "y": 0.2844 + }, + { + "x": 0.2094, + "y": 0.2844 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "Figure 5.1. Operating Cost Structure by the Three Departments of A Company", + "markdown": "Figure 5.1. Operating Cost Structure by the Three Departments of A Company", + "text": "Figure 5.1. Operating Cost Structure by the Three Departments of A Company" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.176, + "y": 0.3179 + }, + { + "x": 0.7757, + "y": 0.3179 + }, + { + "x": 0.7757, + "y": 0.3345 + }, + { + "x": 0.176, + "y": 0.3345 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Cutting
", + "markdown": "Cutting raw woods Fabrication Transportation", + "text": "Cutting raw woods Fabrication Transportation" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2398, + "y": 0.3438 + }, + { + "x": 0.7688, + "y": 0.3438 + }, + { + "x": 0.7688, + "y": 0.5649 + }, + { + "x": 0.2398, + "y": 0.5649 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Source: Author.

", + "markdown": "Source: Author.", + "text": "Source: Author." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1395, + "y": 0.5761 + }, + { + "x": 0.239, + "y": 0.5761 + }, + { + "x": 0.239, + "y": 0.588 + }, + { + "x": 0.1395, + "y": 0.588 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "Figure 5.2. Operating Cost Structure by the Cost Items of a Company", + "markdown": "Figure 5.2. Operating Cost Structure by the Cost Items of a Company", + "text": "Figure 5.2. Operating Cost Structure by the Cost Items of a Company" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.211, + "y": 0.6129 + }, + { + "x": 0.7407, + "y": 0.6129 + }, + { + "x": 0.7407, + "y": 0.6291 + }, + { + "x": 0.211, + "y": 0.6291 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Raw
", + "markdown": "Raw woods ■ Electricity ■ Diesel oil Labour ■ Depreciation ■ Interest payment", + "text": "Raw woods ■ Electricity ■ Diesel oil Labour ■ Depreciation ■ Interest payment" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2451, + "y": 0.6378 + }, + { + "x": 0.7667, + "y": 0.6378 + }, + { + "x": 0.7667, + "y": 0.8625 + }, + { + "x": 0.2451, + "y": 0.8625 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Source: Author.

", + "markdown": "Source: Author.", + "text": "Source: Author." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1393, + "y": 0.8709 + }, + { + "x": 0.2401, + "y": 0.8709 + }, + { + "x": 0.2401, + "y": 0.8837 + }, + { + "x": 0.1393, + "y": 0.8837 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
50
", + "markdown": "50", + "text": "50" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4643, + "y": 0.9432 + }, + { + "x": 0.488, + "y": 0.9432 + }, + { + "x": 0.488, + "y": 0.9565 + }, + { + "x": 0.4643, + "y": 0.9565 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000172.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

References 101

\n

Part V. Chapter Five - Comparing Associations Between Multiple Variables
Section 5.1: The Linear Model 35
Section 5.2: Simple Regression Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 36
Section 5.3: Multiple Regression Explanation, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 39
Section 5.4: Hierarchical Regression Explanation, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 43
Section 5.5: Chapter Five Self-Test 47
Part VI. Chapter Six - Comparing Three or More Group Means
Section 6.1: Between Versus Within Group Analyses 49
Section 6.2: One-Way ANOVA Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 51
Section 6.3 Repeated Measures ANOVA Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 54
Section 6.4: Chapter Six Self-Test 62
Part VII. Chapter Seven - Moderation and Mediation Analyses
Section 7.1: Mediation and Moderation Models 64
Section 7.2: Mediation Assumptions, The PROCESS Macro, Interpretation, and Write Up 66
Section 7.3: Moderation Models, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 69
Section 7.4: Chapter Seven Self-Test 73
Part VIII. Chapter Eight - Factor Analysis and Scale Reliability
Section 8.1: Factor Analysis Definitions 75
Section 8.2: EFA versus CFA 76
Section 8.3: EFA Steps with Factor Extraction 78
Section 8.4: EFA Determining the Number of Factors 80
Section 8.5: EFA Interpretation 84
Section 8.6: EFA Write Up 86
Section 8.7: Scale Reliability 87
Section 8.8: Chapter Eight Self-Test 89
Part IX. Chapter Nine - Nonparametric Statistics
Section 9.1: Nonparametric Definitions 91
Section 9.2: Choosing Appropriate Tests 93
Section 9.3: Comparing Two Independent Conditions: The Mann- Whitney U Test 94
Section 9.4: Comparing Two Dependent Conditions or Paired Samples - Wilcoxon Sign-Rank Test 96
Section 9.5: Differences Between Several Independent Groups: The Kruskal-Wallis Test 98
Section 9.6: Chapter Nine Self-Test 100

", + "markdown": "References 101\n\nPart V. Chapter Five - Comparing Associations Between Multiple Variables\nSection 5.1: The Linear Model 35\nSection 5.2: Simple Regression Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 36\nSection 5.3: Multiple Regression Explanation, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 39\nSection 5.4: Hierarchical Regression Explanation, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 43\nSection 5.5: Chapter Five Self-Test 47\nPart VI. Chapter Six - Comparing Three or More Group Means\nSection 6.1: Between Versus Within Group Analyses 49\nSection 6.2: One-Way ANOVA Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 51\nSection 6.3 Repeated Measures ANOVA Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 54\nSection 6.4: Chapter Six Self-Test 62\nPart VII. Chapter Seven - Moderation and Mediation Analyses\nSection 7.1: Mediation and Moderation Models 64\nSection 7.2: Mediation Assumptions, The PROCESS Macro, Interpretation, and Write Up 66\nSection 7.3: Moderation Models, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 69\nSection 7.4: Chapter Seven Self-Test 73\nPart VIII. Chapter Eight - Factor Analysis and Scale Reliability\nSection 8.1: Factor Analysis Definitions 75\nSection 8.2: EFA versus CFA 76\nSection 8.3: EFA Steps with Factor Extraction 78\nSection 8.4: EFA Determining the Number of Factors 80\nSection 8.5: EFA Interpretation 84\nSection 8.6: EFA Write Up 86\nSection 8.7: Scale Reliability 87\nSection 8.8: Chapter Eight Self-Test 89\nPart IX. Chapter Nine - Nonparametric Statistics\nSection 9.1: Nonparametric Definitions 91\nSection 9.2: Choosing Appropriate Tests 93\nSection 9.3: Comparing Two Independent Conditions: The Mann- Whitney U Test 94\nSection 9.4: Comparing Two Dependent Conditions or Paired Samples - Wilcoxon Sign-Rank Test 96\nSection 9.5: Differences Between Several Independent Groups: The Kruskal-Wallis Test 98\nSection 9.6: Chapter Nine Self-Test 100", + "text": "References 101\nPart V. Chapter Five - Comparing Associations Between Multiple Variables\nSection 5.1: The Linear Model 35\nSection 5.2: Simple Regression Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 36\nSection 5.3: Multiple Regression Explanation, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 39\nSection 5.4: Hierarchical Regression Explanation, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 43\nSection 5.5: Chapter Five Self-Test 47\nPart VI. Chapter Six - Comparing Three or More Group Means\nSection 6.1: Between Versus Within Group Analyses 49\nSection 6.2: One-Way ANOVA Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 51\nSection 6.3 Repeated Measures ANOVA Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 54\nSection 6.4: Chapter Six Self-Test 62\nPart VII. Chapter Seven - Moderation and Mediation Analyses\nSection 7.1: Mediation and Moderation Models 64\nSection 7.2: Mediation Assumptions, The PROCESS Macro, Interpretation, and Write Up 66\nSection 7.3: Moderation Models, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 69\nSection 7.4: Chapter Seven Self-Test 73\nPart VIII. Chapter Eight - Factor Analysis and Scale Reliability\nSection 8.1: Factor Analysis Definitions 75\nSection 8.2: EFA versus CFA 76\nSection 8.3: EFA Steps with Factor Extraction 78\nSection 8.4: EFA Determining the Number of Factors 80\nSection 8.5: EFA Interpretation 84\nSection 8.6: EFA Write Up 86\nSection 8.7: Scale Reliability 87\nSection 8.8: Chapter Eight Self-Test 89\nPart IX. Chapter Nine - Nonparametric Statistics\nSection 9.1: Nonparametric Definitions 91\nSection 9.2: Choosing Appropriate Tests 93\nSection 9.3: Comparing Two Independent Conditions: The Mann- Whitney U Test 94\nSection 9.4: Comparing Two Dependent Conditions or Paired Samples - Wilcoxon Sign-Rank Test 96\nSection 9.5: Differences Between Several Independent Groups: The Kruskal-Wallis Test 98\nSection 9.6: Chapter Nine Self-Test 100" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

References 101

", + "markdown": "References 101", + "text": "References 101" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1369, + "y": 0.8575 + }, + { + "x": 0.916, + "y": 0.8575 + }, + { + "x": 0.916, + "y": 0.8732 + }, + { + "x": 0.1369, + "y": 0.8732 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "index", + "content": { + "html": "

Part V. Chapter Five - Comparing Associations Between Multiple Variables
Section 5.1: The Linear Model 35
Section 5.2: Simple Regression Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 36
Section 5.3: Multiple Regression Explanation, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 39
Section 5.4: Hierarchical Regression Explanation, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 43
Section 5.5: Chapter Five Self-Test 47
Part VI. Chapter Six - Comparing Three or More Group Means
Section 6.1: Between Versus Within Group Analyses 49
Section 6.2: One-Way ANOVA Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 51
Section 6.3 Repeated Measures ANOVA Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 54
Section 6.4: Chapter Six Self-Test 62
Part VII. Chapter Seven - Moderation and Mediation Analyses
Section 7.1: Mediation and Moderation Models 64
Section 7.2: Mediation Assumptions, The PROCESS Macro, Interpretation, and Write Up 66
Section 7.3: Moderation Models, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 69
Section 7.4: Chapter Seven Self-Test 73
Part VIII. Chapter Eight - Factor Analysis and Scale Reliability
Section 8.1: Factor Analysis Definitions 75
Section 8.2: EFA versus CFA 76
Section 8.3: EFA Steps with Factor Extraction 78
Section 8.4: EFA Determining the Number of Factors 80
Section 8.5: EFA Interpretation 84
Section 8.6: EFA Write Up 86
Section 8.7: Scale Reliability 87
Section 8.8: Chapter Eight Self-Test 89
Part IX. Chapter Nine - Nonparametric Statistics
Section 9.1: Nonparametric Definitions 91
Section 9.2: Choosing Appropriate Tests 93
Section 9.3: Comparing Two Independent Conditions: The Mann- Whitney U Test 94
Section 9.4: Comparing Two Dependent Conditions or Paired Samples - Wilcoxon Sign-Rank Test 96
Section 9.5: Differences Between Several Independent Groups: The Kruskal-Wallis Test 98
Section 9.6: Chapter Nine Self-Test 100

", + "markdown": "Part V. Chapter Five - Comparing Associations Between Multiple Variables\nSection 5.1: The Linear Model 35\nSection 5.2: Simple Regression Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 36\nSection 5.3: Multiple Regression Explanation, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 39\nSection 5.4: Hierarchical Regression Explanation, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 43\nSection 5.5: Chapter Five Self-Test 47\nPart VI. Chapter Six - Comparing Three or More Group Means\nSection 6.1: Between Versus Within Group Analyses 49\nSection 6.2: One-Way ANOVA Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 51\nSection 6.3 Repeated Measures ANOVA Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 54\nSection 6.4: Chapter Six Self-Test 62\nPart VII. Chapter Seven - Moderation and Mediation Analyses\nSection 7.1: Mediation and Moderation Models 64\nSection 7.2: Mediation Assumptions, The PROCESS Macro, Interpretation, and Write Up 66\nSection 7.3: Moderation Models, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 69\nSection 7.4: Chapter Seven Self-Test 73\nPart VIII. Chapter Eight - Factor Analysis and Scale Reliability\nSection 8.1: Factor Analysis Definitions 75\nSection 8.2: EFA versus CFA 76\nSection 8.3: EFA Steps with Factor Extraction 78\nSection 8.4: EFA Determining the Number of Factors 80\nSection 8.5: EFA Interpretation 84\nSection 8.6: EFA Write Up 86\nSection 8.7: Scale Reliability 87\nSection 8.8: Chapter Eight Self-Test 89\nPart IX. Chapter Nine - Nonparametric Statistics\nSection 9.1: Nonparametric Definitions 91\nSection 9.2: Choosing Appropriate Tests 93\nSection 9.3: Comparing Two Independent Conditions: The Mann- Whitney U Test 94\nSection 9.4: Comparing Two Dependent Conditions or Paired Samples - Wilcoxon Sign-Rank Test 96\nSection 9.5: Differences Between Several Independent Groups: The Kruskal-Wallis Test 98\nSection 9.6: Chapter Nine Self-Test 100", + "text": "Part V. Chapter Five - Comparing Associations Between Multiple Variables\nSection 5.1: The Linear Model 35\nSection 5.2: Simple Regression Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 36\nSection 5.3: Multiple Regression Explanation, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 39\nSection 5.4: Hierarchical Regression Explanation, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 43\nSection 5.5: Chapter Five Self-Test 47\nPart VI. Chapter Six - Comparing Three or More Group Means\nSection 6.1: Between Versus Within Group Analyses 49\nSection 6.2: One-Way ANOVA Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 51\nSection 6.3 Repeated Measures ANOVA Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 54\nSection 6.4: Chapter Six Self-Test 62\nPart VII. Chapter Seven - Moderation and Mediation Analyses\nSection 7.1: Mediation and Moderation Models 64\nSection 7.2: Mediation Assumptions, The PROCESS Macro, Interpretation, and Write Up 66\nSection 7.3: Moderation Models, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up 69\nSection 7.4: Chapter Seven Self-Test 73\nPart VIII. Chapter Eight - Factor Analysis and Scale Reliability\nSection 8.1: Factor Analysis Definitions 75\nSection 8.2: EFA versus CFA 76\nSection 8.3: EFA Steps with Factor Extraction 78\nSection 8.4: EFA Determining the Number of Factors 80\nSection 8.5: EFA Interpretation 84\nSection 8.6: EFA Write Up 86\nSection 8.7: Scale Reliability 87\nSection 8.8: Chapter Eight Self-Test 89\nPart IX. Chapter Nine - Nonparametric Statistics\nSection 9.1: Nonparametric Definitions 91\nSection 9.2: Choosing Appropriate Tests 93\nSection 9.3: Comparing Two Independent Conditions: The Mann- Whitney U Test 94\nSection 9.4: Comparing Two Dependent Conditions or Paired Samples - Wilcoxon Sign-Rank Test 96\nSection 9.5: Differences Between Several Independent Groups: The Kruskal-Wallis Test 98\nSection 9.6: Chapter Nine Self-Test 100" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1297, + "y": 0.0713 + }, + { + "x": 0.9165, + "y": 0.0713 + }, + { + "x": 0.9165, + "y": 0.8656 + }, + { + "x": 0.1297, + "y": 0.8656 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000040.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Thailand, Philippines and Indonesia in
particular, identifying known experts at
the national,subnational and community
level. The survey and interviews with
key informants asked key questions to
regional experts on violent extremism to
ascertain if hostile sentiments espoused
are exacerbating insecurities for women.

\n

The survey was made available in
English, Bahasa, Thai and Tagalog. We
used the Qualtrics platform to facilitate
the ease of dissemination and response
from home computers, iPads or mobile
phone survey options. Qualtrics, one of
the most widely used research platforms,
supports the implementation of both
large-scale survey and experimental
study designs. It is administered online
with responses gathered into a central
and privacy protected database that only
the approved researchers have access to.

\n

The platform allows for the easy
migration of data into various statistical
packages, including STATA, the main
statistical analysis package that we will
use to analyse the data. A limitation
of this study is that we were unable
to translate the survey in all ASEAN
languages, and there is a selection bias in
that we are focussing the survey in areas

\n

of the region that most experience violent
extremism and terrorism. However,
through our networks, where possible,
we disseminated the survey throughout
all ASEAN countries.

\n

It is important to note the limitations
of this six-month study. Although the
survey was disseminated among all
member states, the majority of expert
respondents came from Indonesia, the
Philippines and Thailand. While this can
be regarded as highly selective rather
than representative, it is important to
note that Indonesia, the Philippines and
Thailand are the countries that continue
to face the most pressing threat of
ongoing violent extremism and conflict.

\n

This is with the exception of Myanmar.
Given the current political circumstances
and challenges posed by COVID-19, on
top of the short project time span, it was
unfeasible to include Myanmar within the
scope of this study. It is also important
to note that the data derived from the
surveys and interviews were based on the
perceptionsofexpertsand keyinformants,
who are involved in peacebuilding, and
on P/CVE strategies throughout the
region. As a result, it is important to note
the subjectivity of responses.

\n

Figure 1: Age by gender of respondents

\n
\"Male\nOVER
\n

26

\n
Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN
", + "markdown": "Thailand, Philippines and Indonesia in\nparticular, identifying known experts at\nthe national,subnational and community\nlevel. The survey and interviews with\nkey informants asked key questions to\nregional experts on violent extremism to\nascertain if hostile sentiments espoused\nare exacerbating insecurities for women.\n\nThe survey was made available in\nEnglish, Bahasa, Thai and Tagalog. We\nused the Qualtrics platform to facilitate\nthe ease of dissemination and response\nfrom home computers, iPads or mobile\nphone survey options. Qualtrics, one of\nthe most widely used research platforms,\nsupports the implementation of both\nlarge-scale survey and experimental\nstudy designs. It is administered online\nwith responses gathered into a central\nand privacy protected database that only\nthe approved researchers have access to.\n\nThe platform allows for the easy\nmigration of data into various statistical\npackages, including STATA, the main\nstatistical analysis package that we will\nuse to analyse the data. A limitation\nof this study is that we were unable\nto translate the survey in all ASEAN\nlanguages, and there is a selection bias in\nthat we are focussing the survey in areas\n\nof the region that most experience violent\nextremism and terrorism. However,\nthrough our networks, where possible,\nwe disseminated the survey throughout\nall ASEAN countries.\n\nIt is important to note the limitations\nof this six-month study. Although the\nsurvey was disseminated among all\nmember states, the majority of expert\nrespondents came from Indonesia, the\nPhilippines and Thailand. While this can\nbe regarded as highly selective rather\nthan representative, it is important to\nnote that Indonesia, the Philippines and\nThailand are the countries that continue\nto face the most pressing threat of\nongoing violent extremism and conflict.\n\nThis is with the exception of Myanmar.\nGiven the current political circumstances\nand challenges posed by COVID-19, on\ntop of the short project time span, it was\nunfeasible to include Myanmar within the\nscope of this study. It is also important\nto note that the data derived from the\nsurveys and interviews were based on the\nperceptionsofexpertsand keyinformants,\nwho are involved in peacebuilding, and\non P/CVE strategies throughout the\nregion. As a result, it is important to note\nthe subjectivity of responses.\n\nFigure 1: Age by gender of respondents\n\nMale\nOVER 50\nFemale\n41-50\n31-40\n25-30\n0 5 10 15 20\n\n26\n\nGender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN", + "text": "Thailand, Philippines and Indonesia in\nparticular, identifying known experts at\nthe national,subnational and community\nlevel. The survey and interviews with\nkey informants asked key questions to\nregional experts on violent extremism to\nascertain if hostile sentiments espoused\nare exacerbating insecurities for women.\nThe survey was made available in\nEnglish, Bahasa, Thai and Tagalog. We\nused the Qualtrics platform to facilitate\nthe ease of dissemination and response\nfrom home computers, iPads or mobile\nphone survey options. Qualtrics, one of\nthe most widely used research platforms,\nsupports the implementation of both\nlarge-scale survey and experimental\nstudy designs. It is administered online\nwith responses gathered into a central\nand privacy protected database that only\nthe approved researchers have access to.\nThe platform allows for the easy\nmigration of data into various statistical\npackages, including STATA, the main\nstatistical analysis package that we will\nuse to analyse the data. A limitation\nof this study is that we were unable\nto translate the survey in all ASEAN\nlanguages, and there is a selection bias in\nthat we are focussing the survey in areas\nof the region that most experience violent\nextremism and terrorism. However,\nthrough our networks, where possible,\nwe disseminated the survey throughout\nall ASEAN countries.\nIt is important to note the limitations\nof this six-month study. Although the\nsurvey was disseminated among all\nmember states, the majority of expert\nrespondents came from Indonesia, the\nPhilippines and Thailand. While this can\nbe regarded as highly selective rather\nthan representative, it is important to\nnote that Indonesia, the Philippines and\nThailand are the countries that continue\nto face the most pressing threat of\nongoing violent extremism and conflict.\nThis is with the exception of Myanmar.\nGiven the current political circumstances\nand challenges posed by COVID-19, on\ntop of the short project time span, it was\nunfeasible to include Myanmar within the\nscope of this study. It is also important\nto note that the data derived from the\nsurveys and interviews were based on the\nperceptionsofexpertsand keyinformants,\nwho are involved in peacebuilding, and\non P/CVE strategies throughout the\nregion. As a result, it is important to note\nthe subjectivity of responses.\nFigure 1: Age by gender of respondents\nMale\nOVER 50\nFemale\n41-50\n31-40\n25-30\n0 5 10 15 20\n26\nGender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Thailand, Philippines and Indonesia in
particular, identifying known experts at
the national,subnational and community
level. The survey and interviews with
key informants asked key questions to
regional experts on violent extremism to
ascertain if hostile sentiments espoused
are exacerbating insecurities for women.

", + "markdown": "Thailand, Philippines and Indonesia in\nparticular, identifying known experts at\nthe national,subnational and community\nlevel. The survey and interviews with\nkey informants asked key questions to\nregional experts on violent extremism to\nascertain if hostile sentiments espoused\nare exacerbating insecurities for women.", + "text": "Thailand, Philippines and Indonesia in\nparticular, identifying known experts at\nthe national,subnational and community\nlevel. The survey and interviews with\nkey informants asked key questions to\nregional experts on violent extremism to\nascertain if hostile sentiments espoused\nare exacerbating insecurities for women." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1155, + "y": 0.0837 + }, + { + "x": 0.4665, + "y": 0.0837 + }, + { + "x": 0.4665, + "y": 0.2252 + }, + { + "x": 0.1155, + "y": 0.2252 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The survey was made available in
English, Bahasa, Thai and Tagalog. We
used the Qualtrics platform to facilitate
the ease of dissemination and response
from home computers, iPads or mobile
phone survey options. Qualtrics, one of
the most widely used research platforms,
supports the implementation of both
large-scale survey and experimental
study designs. It is administered online
with responses gathered into a central
and privacy protected database that only
the approved researchers have access to.

", + "markdown": "The survey was made available in\nEnglish, Bahasa, Thai and Tagalog. We\nused the Qualtrics platform to facilitate\nthe ease of dissemination and response\nfrom home computers, iPads or mobile\nphone survey options. Qualtrics, one of\nthe most widely used research platforms,\nsupports the implementation of both\nlarge-scale survey and experimental\nstudy designs. It is administered online\nwith responses gathered into a central\nand privacy protected database that only\nthe approved researchers have access to.", + "text": "The survey was made available in\nEnglish, Bahasa, Thai and Tagalog. We\nused the Qualtrics platform to facilitate\nthe ease of dissemination and response\nfrom home computers, iPads or mobile\nphone survey options. Qualtrics, one of\nthe most widely used research platforms,\nsupports the implementation of both\nlarge-scale survey and experimental\nstudy designs. It is administered online\nwith responses gathered into a central\nand privacy protected database that only\nthe approved researchers have access to." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1154, + "y": 0.2503 + }, + { + "x": 0.4663, + "y": 0.2503 + }, + { + "x": 0.4663, + "y": 0.48 + }, + { + "x": 0.1154, + "y": 0.48 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The platform allows for the easy
migration of data into various statistical
packages, including STATA, the main
statistical analysis package that we will
use to analyse the data. A limitation
of this study is that we were unable
to translate the survey in all ASEAN
languages, and there is a selection bias in
that we are focussing the survey in areas

", + "markdown": "The platform allows for the easy\nmigration of data into various statistical\npackages, including STATA, the main\nstatistical analysis package that we will\nuse to analyse the data. A limitation\nof this study is that we were unable\nto translate the survey in all ASEAN\nlanguages, and there is a selection bias in\nthat we are focussing the survey in areas", + "text": "The platform allows for the easy\nmigration of data into various statistical\npackages, including STATA, the main\nstatistical analysis package that we will\nuse to analyse the data. A limitation\nof this study is that we were unable\nto translate the survey in all ASEAN\nlanguages, and there is a selection bias in\nthat we are focussing the survey in areas" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.115, + "y": 0.5055 + }, + { + "x": 0.4665, + "y": 0.5055 + }, + { + "x": 0.4665, + "y": 0.6648 + }, + { + "x": 0.115, + "y": 0.6648 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

of the region that most experience violent
extremism and terrorism. However,
through our networks, where possible,
we disseminated the survey throughout
all ASEAN countries.

", + "markdown": "of the region that most experience violent\nextremism and terrorism. However,\nthrough our networks, where possible,\nwe disseminated the survey throughout\nall ASEAN countries.", + "text": "of the region that most experience violent\nextremism and terrorism. However,\nthrough our networks, where possible,\nwe disseminated the survey throughout\nall ASEAN countries." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5253, + "y": 0.0854 + }, + { + "x": 0.8816, + "y": 0.0854 + }, + { + "x": 0.8816, + "y": 0.1722 + }, + { + "x": 0.5253, + "y": 0.1722 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

It is important to note the limitations
of this six-month study. Although the
survey was disseminated among all
member states, the majority of expert
respondents came from Indonesia, the
Philippines and Thailand. While this can
be regarded as highly selective rather
than representative, it is important to
note that Indonesia, the Philippines and
Thailand are the countries that continue
to face the most pressing threat of
ongoing violent extremism and conflict.

", + "markdown": "It is important to note the limitations\nof this six-month study. Although the\nsurvey was disseminated among all\nmember states, the majority of expert\nrespondents came from Indonesia, the\nPhilippines and Thailand. While this can\nbe regarded as highly selective rather\nthan representative, it is important to\nnote that Indonesia, the Philippines and\nThailand are the countries that continue\nto face the most pressing threat of\nongoing violent extremism and conflict.", + "text": "It is important to note the limitations\nof this six-month study. Although the\nsurvey was disseminated among all\nmember states, the majority of expert\nrespondents came from Indonesia, the\nPhilippines and Thailand. While this can\nbe regarded as highly selective rather\nthan representative, it is important to\nnote that Indonesia, the Philippines and\nThailand are the countries that continue\nto face the most pressing threat of\nongoing violent extremism and conflict." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5259, + "y": 0.1977 + }, + { + "x": 0.8812, + "y": 0.1977 + }, + { + "x": 0.8812, + "y": 0.4105 + }, + { + "x": 0.5259, + "y": 0.4105 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

This is with the exception of Myanmar.
Given the current political circumstances
and challenges posed by COVID-19, on
top of the short project time span, it was
unfeasible to include Myanmar within the
scope of this study. It is also important
to note that the data derived from the
surveys and interviews were based on the
perceptionsofexpertsand keyinformants,
who are involved in peacebuilding, and
on P/CVE strategies throughout the
region. As a result, it is important to note
the subjectivity of responses.

", + "markdown": "This is with the exception of Myanmar.\nGiven the current political circumstances\nand challenges posed by COVID-19, on\ntop of the short project time span, it was\nunfeasible to include Myanmar within the\nscope of this study. It is also important\nto note that the data derived from the\nsurveys and interviews were based on the\nperceptionsofexpertsand keyinformants,\nwho are involved in peacebuilding, and\non P/CVE strategies throughout the\nregion. As a result, it is important to note\nthe subjectivity of responses.", + "text": "This is with the exception of Myanmar.\nGiven the current political circumstances\nand challenges posed by COVID-19, on\ntop of the short project time span, it was\nunfeasible to include Myanmar within the\nscope of this study. It is also important\nto note that the data derived from the\nsurveys and interviews were based on the\nperceptionsofexpertsand keyinformants,\nwho are involved in peacebuilding, and\non P/CVE strategies throughout the\nregion. As a result, it is important to note\nthe subjectivity of responses." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5262, + "y": 0.4356 + }, + { + "x": 0.8811, + "y": 0.4356 + }, + { + "x": 0.8811, + "y": 0.6665 + }, + { + "x": 0.5262, + "y": 0.6665 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 1: Age by gender of respondents

", + "markdown": "Figure 1: Age by gender of respondents", + "text": "Figure 1: Age by gender of respondents" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3235, + "y": 0.6997 + }, + { + "x": 0.676, + "y": 0.6997 + }, + { + "x": 0.676, + "y": 0.7152 + }, + { + "x": 0.3235, + "y": 0.7152 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Male\nOVER
", + "markdown": "Male\nOVER 50\nFemale\n41-50\n31-40\n25-30\n0 5 10 15 20", + "text": "Male\nOVER 50\nFemale\n41-50\n31-40\n25-30\n0 5 10 15 20" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.104, + "y": 0.7223 + }, + { + "x": 0.8983, + "y": 0.7223 + }, + { + "x": 0.8983, + "y": 0.9413 + }, + { + "x": 0.104, + "y": 0.9413 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

26

", + "markdown": "26", + "text": "26" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.9256, + "y": 0.9749 + }, + { + "x": 0.9462, + "y": 0.9749 + }, + { + "x": 0.9462, + "y": 0.9852 + }, + { + "x": 0.9256, + "y": 0.9852 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN
", + "markdown": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN", + "text": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.025, + "y": 0.9739 + }, + { + "x": 0.7216, + "y": 0.9739 + }, + { + "x": 0.7216, + "y": 0.9875 + }, + { + "x": 0.025, + "y": 0.9875 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000155.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Contents

\n

1. Front Matter 1
2. Introduction to Researching Wicked Problems 3
3. Our Mental Shortcuts 13
4. Identifying a Topic 25
5. Types of Sources 38
6. Access & Searching 55
7. SIFTing Information 67
8. Evaluating News Sources 80
9. Audience, Presentation & Citation 88

\n

Instructor Resources 97

", + "markdown": "# Contents\n\n1. Front Matter 1\n2. Introduction to Researching Wicked Problems 3\n3. Our Mental Shortcuts 13\n4. Identifying a Topic 25\n5. Types of Sources 38\n6. Access & Searching 55\n7. SIFTing Information 67\n8. Evaluating News Sources 80\n9. Audience, Presentation & Citation 88\n\n# Instructor Resources 97", + "text": "Contents\n1. Front Matter 1\n2. Introduction to Researching Wicked Problems 3\n3. Our Mental Shortcuts 13\n4. Identifying a Topic 25\n5. Types of Sources 38\n6. Access & Searching 55\n7. SIFTing Information 67\n8. Evaluating News Sources 80\n9. Audience, Presentation & Citation 88\nInstructor Resources 97" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Contents

", + "markdown": "# Contents", + "text": "Contents" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1389, + "y": 0.0992 + }, + { + "x": 0.3671, + "y": 0.0992 + }, + { + "x": 0.3671, + "y": 0.1345 + }, + { + "x": 0.1389, + "y": 0.1345 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "index", + "content": { + "html": "

1. Front Matter 1
2. Introduction to Researching Wicked Problems 3
3. Our Mental Shortcuts 13
4. Identifying a Topic 25
5. Types of Sources 38
6. Access & Searching 55
7. SIFTing Information 67
8. Evaluating News Sources 80
9. Audience, Presentation & Citation 88

", + "markdown": "1. Front Matter 1\n2. Introduction to Researching Wicked Problems 3\n3. Our Mental Shortcuts 13\n4. Identifying a Topic 25\n5. Types of Sources 38\n6. Access & Searching 55\n7. SIFTing Information 67\n8. Evaluating News Sources 80\n9. Audience, Presentation & Citation 88", + "text": "1. Front Matter 1\n2. Introduction to Researching Wicked Problems 3\n3. Our Mental Shortcuts 13\n4. Identifying a Topic 25\n5. Types of Sources 38\n6. Access & Searching 55\n7. SIFTing Information 67\n8. Evaluating News Sources 80\n9. Audience, Presentation & Citation 88" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1734, + "y": 0.2375 + }, + { + "x": 0.8679, + "y": 0.2375 + }, + { + "x": 0.8679, + "y": 0.5026 + }, + { + "x": 0.1734, + "y": 0.5026 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Instructor Resources 97

", + "markdown": "# Instructor Resources 97", + "text": "Instructor Resources 97" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2129, + "y": 0.5034 + }, + { + "x": 0.8707, + "y": 0.5034 + }, + { + "x": 0.8707, + "y": 0.5214 + }, + { + "x": 0.2129, + "y": 0.5214 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000007.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

CH A P T ER 2

\n

Narratives in Chuj

\n

T broad variety of stories people tell one another and the variety ofsources
HIS COLLECTION OF SIX narratives told in Chuj demonstrates the
of those stories: personal narratives, legendary events, mythological
tales, and stories borrowed from other cultures. All were recorded by me during
field work on Chuj from 1964 to 1965. (See the Archive of the Indigenous Lan-
guages of Latin America, www.ailla.utexas.org, for these and other samples of
Chuj speech recorded during field work; AILLA reference codes for each text
are given below and at the head of each transcription.)

\n

Introduction to the Texts

\n

Two of the stories are ultimately of foreign origin, but their origins are not the
same. In one case, the story known to the narrator as An Old Man Whose Son
Killed Him [CAC ○○2 Ro22], the story clearly comes from the European tra-
dition, and must have been introduced to the Chuj by schoolteachers. It is the
classic Greek tale of a couple whose child is destined to kill his father and how
that came about, including the solution to a famous riddle: What animal walks
on four legs at dawn, on two legs at noon, and on three legs in the evening?

\n

The other tale, Coyote and Rabbit [CAC ○○2 Ro27], is probably ultimately
of African origin, although some ofits episodes are traditional in the American
South and may have been introduced secondhand to the Chuj. This is the series
of incidents that make the Br'er Rabbit stories, stories that reflected earlier
up
African tales involving Hyena instead ofFox (Diarassouba 2007). Here the story
features Coyote instead of either Fox or Hyena. Coyote stories and stories of
Rabbit Trickster abound in the native New World, and some of the episodes may
be of American origin, adapted to the framework of the African stories. Some ep-
isodes have a local flavor (such as misty mountains) and are likely oflocal origin.

\n

A third story, Friend of the Animals [CAC ○○2 Ro20], expresses such a
universal theme that it could possibly be of foreign origin as well, but it has

\n
22
", + "markdown": "CH A P T ER 2\n\n# Narratives in Chuj\n\nT broad variety of stories people tell one another and the variety ofsources\nHIS COLLECTION OF SIX narratives told in Chuj demonstrates the\nof those stories: personal narratives, legendary events, mythological\ntales, and stories borrowed from other cultures. All were recorded by me during\nfield work on Chuj from 1964 to 1965. (See the Archive of the Indigenous Lan-\nguages of Latin America, www.ailla.utexas.org, for these and other samples of\nChuj speech recorded during field work; AILLA reference codes for each text\nare given below and at the head of each transcription.)\n\n# Introduction to the Texts\n\nTwo of the stories are ultimately of foreign origin, but their origins are not the\nsame. In one case, the story known to the narrator as An Old Man Whose Son\nKilled Him [CAC ○○2 Ro22], the story clearly comes from the European tra-\ndition, and must have been introduced to the Chuj by schoolteachers. It is the\nclassic Greek tale of a couple whose child is destined to kill his father and how\nthat came about, including the solution to a famous riddle: What animal walks\non four legs at dawn, on two legs at noon, and on three legs in the evening?\n\nThe other tale, Coyote and Rabbit [CAC ○○2 Ro27], is probably ultimately\nof African origin, although some ofits episodes are traditional in the American\nSouth and may have been introduced secondhand to the Chuj. This is the series\nof incidents that make the Br'er Rabbit stories, stories that reflected earlier\nup\nAfrican tales involving Hyena instead ofFox (Diarassouba 2007). Here the story\nfeatures Coyote instead of either Fox or Hyena. Coyote stories and stories of\nRabbit Trickster abound in the native New World, and some of the episodes may\nbe of American origin, adapted to the framework of the African stories. Some ep-\nisodes have a local flavor (such as misty mountains) and are likely oflocal origin.\n\nA third story, Friend of the Animals [CAC ○○2 Ro20], expresses such a\nuniversal theme that it could possibly be of foreign origin as well, but it has\n\n22", + "text": "CH A P T ER 2\nNarratives in Chuj\nT broad variety of stories people tell one another and the variety ofsources\nHIS COLLECTION OF SIX narratives told in Chuj demonstrates the\nof those stories: personal narratives, legendary events, mythological\ntales, and stories borrowed from other cultures. All were recorded by me during\nfield work on Chuj from 1964 to 1965. (See the Archive of the Indigenous Lan-\nguages of Latin America, www.ailla.utexas.org, for these and other samples of\nChuj speech recorded during field work; AILLA reference codes for each text\nare given below and at the head of each transcription.)\nIntroduction to the Texts\nTwo of the stories are ultimately of foreign origin, but their origins are not the\nsame. In one case, the story known to the narrator as An Old Man Whose Son\nKilled Him [CAC ○○2 Ro22], the story clearly comes from the European tra-\ndition, and must have been introduced to the Chuj by schoolteachers. It is the\nclassic Greek tale of a couple whose child is destined to kill his father and how\nthat came about, including the solution to a famous riddle: What animal walks\non four legs at dawn, on two legs at noon, and on three legs in the evening?\nThe other tale, Coyote and Rabbit [CAC ○○2 Ro27], is probably ultimately\nof African origin, although some ofits episodes are traditional in the American\nSouth and may have been introduced secondhand to the Chuj. This is the series\nof incidents that make the Br'er Rabbit stories, stories that reflected earlier\nup\nAfrican tales involving Hyena instead ofFox (Diarassouba 2007). Here the story\nfeatures Coyote instead of either Fox or Hyena. Coyote stories and stories of\nRabbit Trickster abound in the native New World, and some of the episodes may\nbe of American origin, adapted to the framework of the African stories. Some ep-\nisodes have a local flavor (such as misty mountains) and are likely oflocal origin.\nA third story, Friend of the Animals [CAC ○○2 Ro20], expresses such a\nuniversal theme that it could possibly be of foreign origin as well, but it has\n22" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

CH A P T ER 2

", + "markdown": "CH A P T ER 2", + "text": "CH A P T ER 2" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4377, + "y": 0.147 + }, + { + "x": 0.5895, + "y": 0.147 + }, + { + "x": 0.5895, + "y": 0.1627 + }, + { + "x": 0.4377, + "y": 0.1627 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Narratives in Chuj

", + "markdown": "# Narratives in Chuj", + "text": "Narratives in Chuj" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3961, + "y": 0.2037 + }, + { + "x": 0.6298, + "y": 0.2037 + }, + { + "x": 0.6298, + "y": 0.2294 + }, + { + "x": 0.3961, + "y": 0.2294 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

T broad variety of stories people tell one another and the variety ofsources
HIS COLLECTION OF SIX narratives told in Chuj demonstrates the
of those stories: personal narratives, legendary events, mythological
tales, and stories borrowed from other cultures. All were recorded by me during
field work on Chuj from 1964 to 1965. (See the Archive of the Indigenous Lan-
guages of Latin America, www.ailla.utexas.org, for these and other samples of
Chuj speech recorded during field work; AILLA reference codes for each text
are given below and at the head of each transcription.)

", + "markdown": "T broad variety of stories people tell one another and the variety ofsources\nHIS COLLECTION OF SIX narratives told in Chuj demonstrates the\nof those stories: personal narratives, legendary events, mythological\ntales, and stories borrowed from other cultures. All were recorded by me during\nfield work on Chuj from 1964 to 1965. (See the Archive of the Indigenous Lan-\nguages of Latin America, www.ailla.utexas.org, for these and other samples of\nChuj speech recorded during field work; AILLA reference codes for each text\nare given below and at the head of each transcription.)", + "text": "T broad variety of stories people tell one another and the variety ofsources\nHIS COLLECTION OF SIX narratives told in Chuj demonstrates the\nof those stories: personal narratives, legendary events, mythological\ntales, and stories borrowed from other cultures. All were recorded by me during\nfield work on Chuj from 1964 to 1965. (See the Archive of the Indigenous Lan-\nguages of Latin America, www.ailla.utexas.org, for these and other samples of\nChuj speech recorded during field work; AILLA reference codes for each text\nare given below and at the head of each transcription.)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1466, + "y": 0.2895 + }, + { + "x": 0.882, + "y": 0.2895 + }, + { + "x": 0.882, + "y": 0.4575 + }, + { + "x": 0.1466, + "y": 0.4575 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Introduction to the Texts

", + "markdown": "# Introduction to the Texts", + "text": "Introduction to the Texts" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3711, + "y": 0.4856 + }, + { + "x": 0.6571, + "y": 0.4856 + }, + { + "x": 0.6571, + "y": 0.5068 + }, + { + "x": 0.3711, + "y": 0.5068 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Two of the stories are ultimately of foreign origin, but their origins are not the
same. In one case, the story known to the narrator as An Old Man Whose Son
Killed Him [CAC ○○2 Ro22], the story clearly comes from the European tra-
dition, and must have been introduced to the Chuj by schoolteachers. It is the
classic Greek tale of a couple whose child is destined to kill his father and how
that came about, including the solution to a famous riddle: What animal walks
on four legs at dawn, on two legs at noon, and on three legs in the evening?

", + "markdown": "Two of the stories are ultimately of foreign origin, but their origins are not the\nsame. In one case, the story known to the narrator as An Old Man Whose Son\nKilled Him [CAC ○○2 Ro22], the story clearly comes from the European tra-\ndition, and must have been introduced to the Chuj by schoolteachers. It is the\nclassic Greek tale of a couple whose child is destined to kill his father and how\nthat came about, including the solution to a famous riddle: What animal walks\non four legs at dawn, on two legs at noon, and on three legs in the evening?", + "text": "Two of the stories are ultimately of foreign origin, but their origins are not the\nsame. In one case, the story known to the narrator as An Old Man Whose Son\nKilled Him [CAC ○○2 Ro22], the story clearly comes from the European tra-\ndition, and must have been introduced to the Chuj by schoolteachers. It is the\nclassic Greek tale of a couple whose child is destined to kill his father and how\nthat came about, including the solution to a famous riddle: What animal walks\non four legs at dawn, on two legs at noon, and on three legs in the evening?" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1476, + "y": 0.5196 + }, + { + "x": 0.8798, + "y": 0.5196 + }, + { + "x": 0.8798, + "y": 0.6636 + }, + { + "x": 0.1476, + "y": 0.6636 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The other tale, Coyote and Rabbit [CAC ○○2 Ro27], is probably ultimately
of African origin, although some ofits episodes are traditional in the American
South and may have been introduced secondhand to the Chuj. This is the series
of incidents that make the Br'er Rabbit stories, stories that reflected earlier
up
African tales involving Hyena instead ofFox (Diarassouba 2007). Here the story
features Coyote instead of either Fox or Hyena. Coyote stories and stories of
Rabbit Trickster abound in the native New World, and some of the episodes may
be of American origin, adapted to the framework of the African stories. Some ep-
isodes have a local flavor (such as misty mountains) and are likely oflocal origin.

", + "markdown": "The other tale, Coyote and Rabbit [CAC ○○2 Ro27], is probably ultimately\nof African origin, although some ofits episodes are traditional in the American\nSouth and may have been introduced secondhand to the Chuj. This is the series\nof incidents that make the Br'er Rabbit stories, stories that reflected earlier\nup\nAfrican tales involving Hyena instead ofFox (Diarassouba 2007). Here the story\nfeatures Coyote instead of either Fox or Hyena. Coyote stories and stories of\nRabbit Trickster abound in the native New World, and some of the episodes may\nbe of American origin, adapted to the framework of the African stories. Some ep-\nisodes have a local flavor (such as misty mountains) and are likely oflocal origin.", + "text": "The other tale, Coyote and Rabbit [CAC ○○2 Ro27], is probably ultimately\nof African origin, although some ofits episodes are traditional in the American\nSouth and may have been introduced secondhand to the Chuj. This is the series\nof incidents that make the Br'er Rabbit stories, stories that reflected earlier\nup\nAfrican tales involving Hyena instead ofFox (Diarassouba 2007). Here the story\nfeatures Coyote instead of either Fox or Hyena. Coyote stories and stories of\nRabbit Trickster abound in the native New World, and some of the episodes may\nbe of American origin, adapted to the framework of the African stories. Some ep-\nisodes have a local flavor (such as misty mountains) and are likely oflocal origin." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1473, + "y": 0.6647 + }, + { + "x": 0.8797, + "y": 0.6647 + }, + { + "x": 0.8797, + "y": 0.8505 + }, + { + "x": 0.1473, + "y": 0.8505 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

A third story, Friend of the Animals [CAC ○○2 Ro20], expresses such a
universal theme that it could possibly be of foreign origin as well, but it has

", + "markdown": "A third story, Friend of the Animals [CAC ○○2 Ro20], expresses such a\nuniversal theme that it could possibly be of foreign origin as well, but it has", + "text": "A third story, Friend of the Animals [CAC ○○2 Ro20], expresses such a\nuniversal theme that it could possibly be of foreign origin as well, but it has" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1486, + "y": 0.8532 + }, + { + "x": 0.878, + "y": 0.8532 + }, + { + "x": 0.878, + "y": 0.8937 + }, + { + "x": 0.1486, + "y": 0.8937 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
22
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Figure 6.1.1: Will they fire more staff in the next 2 months - across survey phases (%)
\n
\"100\n18\n26\n80\n45\n60\n5\n40
\n\n
\"100\n6
Figure 6.1.2: Will they fire more staff in the next 2 months - across sectors and survey phases (%)
\n

6.2. Expectations for Re-Hiring Employees

\n

In July 2020, 81 % of the MSMEs that had laid off
employees expected to re-hire all of them when the
situation improved. This number reduced to 23% in
October 2020 and further to just 7% in January 2021.5
In July 2020, all MSMEs had plans to re-hire at least
some of their staff. But in October 2020, 17% said

\n

they had no plans to re-hire and another 36% said
they didn't know whether they would re-hire or not. In
January 2021, 20% said they had no plans to re-hire
and another 27% said they did not know. This question
was only posed to those who had let staff go since the
last survey round, and in October 2020 and January
2021, the base numbers reduced as fewer MSMEs
reported letting staff go. In July 2020, 195 MSMEs

\n

5. The question on re-hiring was asked to those who had laid-off employees since the last survey. In the latter two survey rounds,
respondents were asked about plans to re-hire staff whom they had let go since the previous interview, whereas in July 2020, they
were asked about plans to re-hire staff they had let go since their business was first affected by the pandemic.

\n
23
", + "markdown": "Figure 6.1.1: Will they fire more staff in the next 2 months - across survey phases (%)\n\n100\n18\n26\n80\n45\n60\n5\n40 81 73\n51\n20\n0\nJuly 2020 October 2020 January 2021\nWill not terminate employment Will terminate employment Don't know\n\nFigure 6.1.2: Will they fire more staff in the next 2 months - across sectors and survey phases (%)\n\n100\n6 9\n16\n26\n32 2\n80\n45\n2 59\n59\n62\n8\n60\n91\n94\n82\n40\n71\n59\n55\n41 41\n20 37\n0\nJul 2020 Oct 2020 Jan 2021 Jul 2020 Oct 2020 Jan 2021 Jul 2020 Oct 2020 Jan 2021\nTourism Handicraft/Textile Agriculture\nWill not terminate employment Will terminate employment Don't know\n\n6.2. Expectations for Re-Hiring Employees\n\nIn July 2020, 81 % of the MSMEs that had laid off\nemployees expected to re-hire all of them when the\nsituation improved. This number reduced to 23% in\nOctober 2020 and further to just 7% in January 2021.5\nIn July 2020, all MSMEs had plans to re-hire at least\nsome of their staff. But in October 2020, 17% said\n\nthey had no plans to re-hire and another 36% said\nthey didn't know whether they would re-hire or not. In\nJanuary 2021, 20% said they had no plans to re-hire\nand another 27% said they did not know. This question\nwas only posed to those who had let staff go since the\nlast survey round, and in October 2020 and January\n2021, the base numbers reduced as fewer MSMEs\nreported letting staff go. In July 2020, 195 MSMEs\n\n5. The question on re-hiring was asked to those who had laid-off employees since the last survey. In the latter two survey rounds,\nrespondents were asked about plans to re-hire staff whom they had let go since the previous interview, whereas in July 2020, they\nwere asked about plans to re-hire staff they had let go since their business was first affected by the pandemic.\n\n23", + "text": "Figure 6.1.1: Will they fire more staff in the next 2 months - across survey phases (%)\n100\n18\n26\n80\n45\n60\n5\n40 81 73\n51\n20\n0\nJuly 2020 October 2020 January 2021\nWill not terminate employment Will terminate employment Don't know\nFigure 6.1.2: Will they fire more staff in the next 2 months - across sectors and survey phases (%)\n100\n6 9\n16\n26\n32 2\n80\n45\n2 59\n59\n62\n8\n60\n91\n94\n82\n40\n71\n59\n55\n41 41\n20 37\n0\nJul 2020 Oct 2020 Jan 2021 Jul 2020 Oct 2020 Jan 2021 Jul 2020 Oct 2020 Jan 2021\nTourism Handicraft/Textile Agriculture\nWill not terminate employment Will terminate employment Don't know\n6.2. Expectations for Re-Hiring Employees\nIn July 2020, 81 % of the MSMEs that had laid off\nemployees expected to re-hire all of them when the\nsituation improved. This number reduced to 23% in\nOctober 2020 and further to just 7% in January 2021.5\nIn July 2020, all MSMEs had plans to re-hire at least\nsome of their staff. But in October 2020, 17% said\nthey had no plans to re-hire and another 36% said\nthey didn't know whether they would re-hire or not. In\nJanuary 2021, 20% said they had no plans to re-hire\nand another 27% said they did not know. This question\nwas only posed to those who had let staff go since the\nlast survey round, and in October 2020 and January\n2021, the base numbers reduced as fewer MSMEs\nreported letting staff go. In July 2020, 195 MSMEs\n5. The question on re-hiring was asked to those who had laid-off employees since the last survey. In the latter two survey rounds,\nrespondents were asked about plans to re-hire staff whom they had let go since the previous interview, whereas in July 2020, they\nwere asked about plans to re-hire staff they had let go since their business was first affected by the pandemic.\n23" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Figure 6.1.1: Will they fire more staff in the next 2 months - across survey phases (%)
", + "markdown": "Figure 6.1.1: Will they fire more staff in the next 2 months - across survey phases (%)", + "text": "Figure 6.1.1: Will they fire more staff in the next 2 months - across survey phases (%)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1538, + "y": 0.0743 + }, + { + "x": 0.7984, + "y": 0.0743 + }, + { + "x": 0.7984, + "y": 0.09 + }, + { + "x": 0.1538, + "y": 0.09 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"100\n18\n26\n80\n45\n60\n5\n40
", + "markdown": "100\n18\n26\n80\n45\n60\n5\n40 81 73\n51\n20\n0\nJuly 2020 October 2020 January 2021\nWill not terminate employment Will terminate employment Don't know", + "text": "100\n18\n26\n80\n45\n60\n5\n40 81 73\n51\n20\n0\nJuly 2020 October 2020 January 2021\nWill not terminate employment Will terminate employment Don't know" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2624, + "y": 0.1014 + }, + { + "x": 0.8328, + "y": 0.1014 + }, + { + "x": 0.8328, + "y": 0.3539 + }, + { + "x": 0.2624, + "y": 0.3539 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "Figure 6.1.2: Will they fire more staff in the next 2 months - across sectors and survey phases (%)", + "markdown": "Figure 6.1.2: Will they fire more staff in the next 2 months - across sectors and survey phases (%)", + "text": "Figure 6.1.2: Will they fire more staff in the next 2 months - across sectors and survey phases (%)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1531, + "y": 0.3724 + }, + { + "x": 0.8936, + "y": 0.3724 + }, + { + "x": 0.8936, + "y": 0.3893 + }, + { + "x": 0.1531, + "y": 0.3893 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"100\n6
", + "markdown": "100\n6 9\n16\n26\n32 2\n80\n45\n2 59\n59\n62\n8\n60\n91\n94\n82\n40\n71\n59\n55\n41 41\n20 37\n0\nJul 2020 Oct 2020 Jan 2021 Jul 2020 Oct 2020 Jan 2021 Jul 2020 Oct 2020 Jan 2021\nTourism Handicraft/Textile Agriculture\nWill not terminate employment Will terminate employment Don't know", + "text": "100\n6 9\n16\n26\n32 2\n80\n45\n2 59\n59\n62\n8\n60\n91\n94\n82\n40\n71\n59\n55\n41 41\n20 37\n0\nJul 2020 Oct 2020 Jan 2021 Jul 2020 Oct 2020 Jan 2021 Jul 2020 Oct 2020 Jan 2021\nTourism Handicraft/Textile Agriculture\nWill not terminate employment Will terminate employment Don't know" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1819, + "y": 0.3967 + }, + { + "x": 0.9073, + "y": 0.3967 + }, + { + "x": 0.9073, + "y": 0.6814 + }, + { + "x": 0.1819, + "y": 0.6814 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

6.2. Expectations for Re-Hiring Employees

", + "markdown": "6.2. Expectations for Re-Hiring Employees", + "text": "6.2. Expectations for Re-Hiring Employees" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1552, + "y": 0.7017 + }, + { + "x": 0.4789, + "y": 0.7017 + }, + { + "x": 0.4789, + "y": 0.7176 + }, + { + "x": 0.1552, + "y": 0.7176 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

In July 2020, 81 % of the MSMEs that had laid off
employees expected to re-hire all of them when the
situation improved. This number reduced to 23% in
October 2020 and further to just 7% in January 2021.5
In July 2020, all MSMEs had plans to re-hire at least
some of their staff. But in October 2020, 17% said

", + "markdown": "In July 2020, 81 % of the MSMEs that had laid off\nemployees expected to re-hire all of them when the\nsituation improved. This number reduced to 23% in\nOctober 2020 and further to just 7% in January 2021.5\nIn July 2020, all MSMEs had plans to re-hire at least\nsome of their staff. But in October 2020, 17% said", + "text": "In July 2020, 81 % of the MSMEs that had laid off\nemployees expected to re-hire all of them when the\nsituation improved. This number reduced to 23% in\nOctober 2020 and further to just 7% in January 2021.5\nIn July 2020, all MSMEs had plans to re-hire at least\nsome of their staff. But in October 2020, 17% said" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1549, + "y": 0.7303 + }, + { + "x": 0.5422, + "y": 0.7303 + }, + { + "x": 0.5422, + "y": 0.8163 + }, + { + "x": 0.1549, + "y": 0.8163 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

they had no plans to re-hire and another 36% said
they didn't know whether they would re-hire or not. In
January 2021, 20% said they had no plans to re-hire
and another 27% said they did not know. This question
was only posed to those who had let staff go since the
last survey round, and in October 2020 and January
2021, the base numbers reduced as fewer MSMEs
reported letting staff go. In July 2020, 195 MSMEs

", + "markdown": "they had no plans to re-hire and another 36% said\nthey didn't know whether they would re-hire or not. In\nJanuary 2021, 20% said they had no plans to re-hire\nand another 27% said they did not know. This question\nwas only posed to those who had let staff go since the\nlast survey round, and in October 2020 and January\n2021, the base numbers reduced as fewer MSMEs\nreported letting staff go. In July 2020, 195 MSMEs", + "text": "they had no plans to re-hire and another 36% said\nthey didn't know whether they would re-hire or not. In\nJanuary 2021, 20% said they had no plans to re-hire\nand another 27% said they did not know. This question\nwas only posed to those who had let staff go since the\nlast survey round, and in October 2020 and January\n2021, the base numbers reduced as fewer MSMEs\nreported letting staff go. In July 2020, 195 MSMEs" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5489, + "y": 0.7023 + }, + { + "x": 0.9335, + "y": 0.7023 + }, + { + "x": 0.9335, + "y": 0.815 + }, + { + "x": 0.5489, + "y": 0.815 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

5. The question on re-hiring was asked to those who had laid-off employees since the last survey. In the latter two survey rounds,
respondents were asked about plans to re-hire staff whom they had let go since the previous interview, whereas in July 2020, they
were asked about plans to re-hire staff they had let go since their business was first affected by the pandemic.

", + "markdown": "5. The question on re-hiring was asked to those who had laid-off employees since the last survey. In the latter two survey rounds,\nrespondents were asked about plans to re-hire staff whom they had let go since the previous interview, whereas in July 2020, they\nwere asked about plans to re-hire staff they had let go since their business was first affected by the pandemic.", + "text": "5. The question on re-hiring was asked to those who had laid-off employees since the last survey. In the latter two survey rounds,\nrespondents were asked about plans to re-hire staff whom they had let go since the previous interview, whereas in July 2020, they\nwere asked about plans to re-hire staff they had let go since their business was first affected by the pandemic." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1551, + "y": 0.8443 + }, + { + "x": 0.9185, + "y": 0.8443 + }, + { + "x": 0.9185, + "y": 0.8844 + }, + { + "x": 0.1551, + "y": 0.8844 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
23
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Note that the exact error equals

\n

In this example the error estimate is very reliable.

\n

To receive a better approximation the error estimate can be added to the approximation:

\n

In the above example, the value of p was computed using Richardson's extrapolation. However,
using Theorem 3.2.1, it is clear that p = 1, and this value could have been used immediately in
equation (3.13b) in order to determine cphP. In practice, more complex situations are found, and
the following complications may occur:

\n

- Itis not known whether higher-order derivatives exist and/ or are bounded.

\n

- The final result is a combination of various approximation methods. The influence of these
approximations on p is not always clear.

\n

To reveal any of these complications it is good practice to verify whether the calculated p is close
to the p that follows from theory.

\n

3.7.3 Formulae of higher accuracy from Richardson's extrapolation *

\n

In several applications the value of p in (3.10) is known. In that case Richardson's extrapolation
can be used to determine formulae of higher accuracy.

\n

This is done by making use of the fact that the error estimates for Q(h) and Q(2h) equal

\n

$$\\begin{array}{l l}{{M-Q(h)}}&{{=c_{p}h^{p}+{\\cal O}(h^{p+1}),}}\\\\ {{M-Q(2h)=c_{p}(2h)^{p}+{\\cal O}(h^{p+1})}}\\end{array}$$

\n

Multiplying equation (3.15a)by 2p and subtracting equation (3.15b) from this yields

\n

$$M={\\frac{2^{p}Q(h)-Q(2h)}{2^{p}-1}}+{\\mathcal{O}}(h^{p+1}).$$

\n
(3.16)\n

The value (2PQ(h) - Q(2h))/(2P - 1) is a new approximation formula for M with an accuracy
that is one order higher than the order of Q(h).

\n

Example 3.7.2 (Forward difference of higher accuracy)

\n

As an example, the forward-difference method is considered. The error in the forward-difference
formula may be written as

\n

and the difference for 2h equals

\n

$$f^{\\prime}(x)-Q_{f}(2h)=c_{1}2h+{\\cal O}(h^{2}).$$

\n
(3.18)", + "markdown": "Note that the exact error equals\n\nIn this example the error estimate is very reliable.\n\nTo receive a better approximation the error estimate can be added to the approximation:\n\nIn the above example, the value of p was computed using Richardson's extrapolation. However,\nusing Theorem 3.2.1, it is clear that p = 1, and this value could have been used immediately in\nequation (3.13b) in order to determine cphP. In practice, more complex situations are found, and\nthe following complications may occur:\n\n- - Itis not known whether higher-order derivatives exist and/ or are bounded.\n\n\n- - The final result is a combination of various approximation methods. The influence of these\n- approximations on p is not always clear.\n\n\nTo reveal any of these complications it is good practice to verify whether the calculated p is close\nto the p that follows from theory.\n\n3.7.3 Formulae of higher accuracy from Richardson's extrapolation *\n\nIn several applications the value of p in (3.10) is known. In that case Richardson's extrapolation\ncan be used to determine formulae of higher accuracy.\n\nThis is done by making use of the fact that the error estimates for Q(h) and Q(2h) equal\n\n$$\\begin{array}{l l}{{M-Q(h)}}&{{=c_{p}h^{p}+{\\cal O}(h^{p+1}),}}\\\\ {{M-Q(2h)=c_{p}(2h)^{p}+{\\cal O}(h^{p+1})}}\\end{array}$$\n\nMultiplying equation (3.15a)by 2p and subtracting equation (3.15b) from this yields\n\n$$M={\\frac{2^{p}Q(h)-Q(2h)}{2^{p}-1}}+{\\mathcal{O}}(h^{p+1}).$$\n\n(3.16)\n\nThe value (2PQ(h) - Q(2h))/(2P - 1) is a new approximation formula for M with an accuracy\nthat is one order higher than the order of Q(h).\n\nExample 3.7.2 (Forward difference of higher accuracy)\n\nAs an example, the forward-difference method is considered. The error in the forward-difference\nformula may be written as\n\nand the difference for 2h equals\n\n$$f^{\\prime}(x)-Q_{f}(2h)=c_{1}2h+{\\cal O}(h^{2}).$$\n\n(3.18)", + "text": "Note that the exact error equals\nIn this example the error estimate is very reliable.\nTo receive a better approximation the error estimate can be added to the approximation:\nIn the above example, the value of p was computed using Richardson's extrapolation. However,\nusing Theorem 3.2.1, it is clear that p = 1, and this value could have been used immediately in\nequation (3.13b) in order to determine cphP. In practice, more complex situations are found, and\nthe following complications may occur:\n- Itis not known whether higher-order derivatives exist and/ or are bounded.\n- The final result is a combination of various approximation methods. The influence of these\napproximations on p is not always clear.\nTo reveal any of these complications it is good practice to verify whether the calculated p is close\nto the p that follows from theory.\n3.7.3 Formulae of higher accuracy from Richardson's extrapolation *\nIn several applications the value of p in (3.10) is known. In that case Richardson's extrapolation\ncan be used to determine formulae of higher accuracy.\nThis is done by making use of the fact that the error estimates for Q(h) and Q(2h) equal\nM - Q(h) = cphp + O(hp+1), \nM - Q(2h) =cp(2h)P + O(hp+1)\nMultiplying equation (3.15a)by 2p and subtracting equation (3.15b) from this yields\n2PQ(h) - Q(2h) \nM= + O(hp+1). \n2P - 1\n(3.16)\nThe value (2PQ(h) - Q(2h))/(2P - 1) is a new approximation formula for M with an accuracy\nthat is one order higher than the order of Q(h).\nExample 3.7.2 (Forward difference of higher accuracy)\nAs an example, the forward-difference method is considered. The error in the forward-difference\nformula may be written as\nand the difference for 2h equals\nf'(x) - Qf(2h) = c12h + O(h2).\n(3.18)" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Note that the exact error equals

", + "markdown": "Note that the exact error equals", + "text": "Note that the exact error equals" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1477, + "y": 0.1213 + }, + { + "x": 0.3871, + "y": 0.1213 + }, + { + "x": 0.3871, + "y": 0.1376 + }, + { + "x": 0.1477, + "y": 0.1376 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

In this example the error estimate is very reliable.

", + "markdown": "In this example the error estimate is very reliable.", + "text": "In this example the error estimate is very reliable." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.148, + "y": 0.1743 + }, + { + "x": 0.5193, + "y": 0.1743 + }, + { + "x": 0.5193, + "y": 0.1896 + }, + { + "x": 0.148, + "y": 0.1896 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

To receive a better approximation the error estimate can be added to the approximation:

", + "markdown": "To receive a better approximation the error estimate can be added to the approximation:", + "text": "To receive a better approximation the error estimate can be added to the approximation:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1487, + "y": 0.1957 + }, + { + "x": 0.8041, + "y": 0.1957 + }, + { + "x": 0.8041, + "y": 0.2105 + }, + { + "x": 0.1487, + "y": 0.2105 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

In the above example, the value of p was computed using Richardson's extrapolation. However,
using Theorem 3.2.1, it is clear that p = 1, and this value could have been used immediately in
equation (3.13b) in order to determine cphP. In practice, more complex situations are found, and
the following complications may occur:

", + "markdown": "In the above example, the value of p was computed using Richardson's extrapolation. However,\nusing Theorem 3.2.1, it is clear that p = 1, and this value could have been used immediately in\nequation (3.13b) in order to determine cphP. In practice, more complex situations are found, and\nthe following complications may occur:", + "text": "In the above example, the value of p was computed using Richardson's extrapolation. However,\nusing Theorem 3.2.1, it is clear that p = 1, and this value could have been used immediately in\nequation (3.13b) in order to determine cphP. In practice, more complex situations are found, and\nthe following complications may occur:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1469, + "y": 0.2543 + }, + { + "x": 0.8673, + "y": 0.2543 + }, + { + "x": 0.8673, + "y": 0.3125 + }, + { + "x": 0.1469, + "y": 0.3125 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

- Itis not known whether higher-order derivatives exist and/ or are bounded.

", + "markdown": "- - Itis not known whether higher-order derivatives exist and/ or are bounded.\n", + "text": "- Itis not known whether higher-order derivatives exist and/ or are bounded." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1757, + "y": 0.3237 + }, + { + "x": 0.7566, + "y": 0.3237 + }, + { + "x": 0.7566, + "y": 0.3386 + }, + { + "x": 0.1757, + "y": 0.3386 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

- The final result is a combination of various approximation methods. The influence of these
approximations on p is not always clear.

", + "markdown": "- - The final result is a combination of various approximation methods. The influence of these\n- approximations on p is not always clear.\n", + "text": "- The final result is a combination of various approximation methods. The influence of these\napproximations on p is not always clear." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1763, + "y": 0.3479 + }, + { + "x": 0.8642, + "y": 0.3479 + }, + { + "x": 0.8642, + "y": 0.3756 + }, + { + "x": 0.1763, + "y": 0.3756 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

To reveal any of these complications it is good practice to verify whether the calculated p is close
to the p that follows from theory.

", + "markdown": "To reveal any of these complications it is good practice to verify whether the calculated p is close\nto the p that follows from theory.", + "text": "To reveal any of these complications it is good practice to verify whether the calculated p is close\nto the p that follows from theory." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1479, + "y": 0.4106 + }, + { + "x": 0.865, + "y": 0.4106 + }, + { + "x": 0.865, + "y": 0.4414 + }, + { + "x": 0.1479, + "y": 0.4414 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

3.7.3 Formulae of higher accuracy from Richardson's extrapolation *

", + "markdown": "3.7.3 Formulae of higher accuracy from Richardson's extrapolation *", + "text": "3.7.3 Formulae of higher accuracy from Richardson's extrapolation *" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1475, + "y": 0.4582 + }, + { + "x": 0.7823, + "y": 0.4582 + }, + { + "x": 0.7823, + "y": 0.4759 + }, + { + "x": 0.1475, + "y": 0.4759 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

In several applications the value of p in (3.10) is known. In that case Richardson's extrapolation
can be used to determine formulae of higher accuracy.

", + "markdown": "In several applications the value of p in (3.10) is known. In that case Richardson's extrapolation\ncan be used to determine formulae of higher accuracy.", + "text": "In several applications the value of p in (3.10) is known. In that case Richardson's extrapolation\ncan be used to determine formulae of higher accuracy." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1467, + "y": 0.4823 + }, + { + "x": 0.8676, + "y": 0.4823 + }, + { + "x": 0.8676, + "y": 0.5117 + }, + { + "x": 0.1467, + "y": 0.5117 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

This is done by making use of the fact that the error estimates for Q(h) and Q(2h) equal

", + "markdown": "This is done by making use of the fact that the error estimates for Q(h) and Q(2h) equal", + "text": "This is done by making use of the fact that the error estimates for Q(h) and Q(2h) equal" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1476, + "y": 0.5179 + }, + { + "x": 0.8021, + "y": 0.5179 + }, + { + "x": 0.8021, + "y": 0.535 + }, + { + "x": 0.1476, + "y": 0.535 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$\\begin{array}{l l}{{M-Q(h)}}&{{=c_{p}h^{p}+{\\cal O}(h^{p+1}),}}\\\\ {{M-Q(2h)=c_{p}(2h)^{p}+{\\cal O}(h^{p+1})}}\\end{array}$$

", + "markdown": "$$\\begin{array}{l l}{{M-Q(h)}}&{{=c_{p}h^{p}+{\\cal O}(h^{p+1}),}}\\\\ {{M-Q(2h)=c_{p}(2h)^{p}+{\\cal O}(h^{p+1})}}\\end{array}$$", + "text": "M - Q(h) = cphp + O(hp+1), \nM - Q(2h) =cp(2h)P + O(hp+1)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3757, + "y": 0.5451 + }, + { + "x": 0.6287, + "y": 0.5451 + }, + { + "x": 0.6287, + "y": 0.5829 + }, + { + "x": 0.3757, + "y": 0.5829 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Multiplying equation (3.15a)by 2p and subtracting equation (3.15b) from this yields

", + "markdown": "Multiplying equation (3.15a)by 2p and subtracting equation (3.15b) from this yields", + "text": "Multiplying equation (3.15a)by 2p and subtracting equation (3.15b) from this yields" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1471, + "y": 0.591 + }, + { + "x": 0.775, + "y": 0.591 + }, + { + "x": 0.775, + "y": 0.6088 + }, + { + "x": 0.1471, + "y": 0.6088 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$M={\\frac{2^{p}Q(h)-Q(2h)}{2^{p}-1}}+{\\mathcal{O}}(h^{p+1}).$$

", + "markdown": "$$M={\\frac{2^{p}Q(h)-Q(2h)}{2^{p}-1}}+{\\mathcal{O}}(h^{p+1}).$$", + "text": "2PQ(h) - Q(2h) \nM= + O(hp+1). \n2P - 1" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3743, + "y": 0.6895 + }, + { + "x": 0.6341, + "y": 0.6895 + }, + { + "x": 0.6341, + "y": 0.7237 + }, + { + "x": 0.3743, + "y": 0.7237 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "
(3.16)", + "markdown": "(3.16)", + "text": "(3.16)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8188, + "y": 0.6998 + }, + { + "x": 0.8654, + "y": 0.6998 + }, + { + "x": 0.8654, + "y": 0.7159 + }, + { + "x": 0.8188, + "y": 0.7159 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The value (2PQ(h) - Q(2h))/(2P - 1) is a new approximation formula for M with an accuracy
that is one order higher than the order of Q(h).

", + "markdown": "The value (2PQ(h) - Q(2h))/(2P - 1) is a new approximation formula for M with an accuracy\nthat is one order higher than the order of Q(h).", + "text": "The value (2PQ(h) - Q(2h))/(2P - 1) is a new approximation formula for M with an accuracy\nthat is one order higher than the order of Q(h)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1467, + "y": 0.7257 + }, + { + "x": 0.8638, + "y": 0.7257 + }, + { + "x": 0.8638, + "y": 0.7575 + }, + { + "x": 0.1467, + "y": 0.7575 + } + ], + "id": 14, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Example 3.7.2 (Forward difference of higher accuracy)

", + "markdown": "Example 3.7.2 (Forward difference of higher accuracy)", + "text": "Example 3.7.2 (Forward difference of higher accuracy)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1487, + "y": 0.7717 + }, + { + "x": 0.5642, + "y": 0.7717 + }, + { + "x": 0.5642, + "y": 0.788 + }, + { + "x": 0.1487, + "y": 0.788 + } + ], + "id": 15, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

As an example, the forward-difference method is considered. The error in the forward-difference
formula may be written as

", + "markdown": "As an example, the forward-difference method is considered. The error in the forward-difference\nformula may be written as", + "text": "As an example, the forward-difference method is considered. The error in the forward-difference\nformula may be written as" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1475, + "y": 0.7954 + }, + { + "x": 0.8685, + "y": 0.7954 + }, + { + "x": 0.8685, + "y": 0.8245 + }, + { + "x": 0.1475, + "y": 0.8245 + } + ], + "id": 16, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

and the difference for 2h equals

", + "markdown": "and the difference for 2h equals", + "text": "and the difference for 2h equals" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1471, + "y": 0.8468 + }, + { + "x": 0.3862, + "y": 0.8468 + }, + { + "x": 0.3862, + "y": 0.8622 + }, + { + "x": 0.1471, + "y": 0.8622 + } + ], + "id": 17, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$f^{\\prime}(x)-Q_{f}(2h)=c_{1}2h+{\\cal O}(h^{2}).$$

", + "markdown": "$$f^{\\prime}(x)-Q_{f}(2h)=c_{1}2h+{\\cal O}(h^{2}).$$", + "text": "f'(x) - Qf(2h) = c12h + O(h2)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3847, + "y": 0.871 + }, + { + "x": 0.6276, + "y": 0.871 + }, + { + "x": 0.6276, + "y": 0.8924 + }, + { + "x": 0.3847, + "y": 0.8924 + } + ], + "id": 18, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "
(3.18)", + "markdown": "(3.18)", + "text": "(3.18)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.819, + "y": 0.8728 + }, + { + "x": 0.8661, + "y": 0.8728 + }, + { + "x": 0.8661, + "y": 0.8902 + }, + { + "x": 0.819, + "y": 0.8902 + } + ], + "id": 19, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000133.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

7.6 Examples of Women's Impact

\n

Sportfishing. Among those who fish for sport, only 27% of U.S. anglers are female (Burkett and Carter 2020).
Underrepresentation of females in sportfishing is ironic, as the first publication on fly-fishing, dating from the
15th century, was written by Dame Juliana Berners, entitled Treatyse of Fysshynge with an Angle, a publication
that heavily influenced novelty of the sport for European enthusiasts. Though sometimes invisible, women are
slowly changing the world of sportfishing by breaking stereotypes. Future growth of sportfishing will rely on
female anglers, instructors, and guides. Here I share a few examples on women making a substantial impact
through their passion toward fishing. These examples demonstrate women who loved and valued what they
did. If the paucity of female role models discourages females from seeing the relevance of fishing to them, these
examples should inspire.

\n

Frederick Buller (2013) chronicled the very long list of large
Atlantic Salmon caught by female anglers, which are
outnumbered 200 to 1 by male salmon anglers. Georgina
Ballantine holds the British record for a 64-pound rod-caught
Atlantic Salmon from River Tay, Scotland, in 1922 (Figure 7.5). Joan
Wulff was introduced to fly-fishing by her father when she was
ten and won several fly-fishing accuracy championships before
winning the 1951 Fishermen's Distance competition against all-
male competitors. She became the first female spokesperson for
Garcia Corporation in 1959 and advocated for women anglers in
her writings for Outdoor Life and Rod & Reel. Today, females make
up 30% of participants in the sport of fly-fishing (Recreational
Fishing and Boating Foundation 2021). Joan Wulff participated in
many distance casting events and did trick casting. She snapped a
cigarette from the mouth of Johnny Carson on the TV show \"Who
Do You Trust?\" (Fogt 2017). Starting in 1978, Wulff opened a fly-
casting school on the Upper Beaverkill River in New York. Her Fly-
Casting Techniques, published in 1987, and New Fly-Casting
Techniques, published in 2012, are classic guides to learning her
techniques. When asked about her favorite fish, she would
respond, \"Whatever I'm fishing for,\" and her favorite place to fish
was \"Wherever I am.\"

\n
\"\"
Figure 7.5: Georgina Ballantine holds the British
record for a 64-pound rod-caught salmon from
River Tay, Scotland in 1922.
\n\n

Most avid bass anglers can identify Roland Martin, Bill Dance, and Jimmy Houston, who dominated competitive
bass fishing in the first decade of Bass Anglers Sportsman Society (B.A.S.S.) and have had TV fishing shows for
decades. Kim Bain-Moore began competing in bass tournaments at age 19 and in 2009 became the first woman
to compete in the Bassmaster Classic tournament. Only three females have been inducted into the Bass Fishing
Hall of Fame. The first was Christine Houston, who organized the first-ever all women's bass club, the \"Tulsa
Bass Belles.\" But female participation in competitive bass fishing never took off as expected. Fewer that one in
five readers of Field & Stream, Outdoor Life, and Bassmaster magazines are female (Carini and Weber 2017).

\n
Gender and Fishing I 155
", + "markdown": "# 7.6 Examples of Women's Impact\n\nSportfishing. Among those who fish for sport, only 27% of U.S. anglers are female (Burkett and Carter 2020).\nUnderrepresentation of females in sportfishing is ironic, as the first publication on fly-fishing, dating from the\n15th century, was written by Dame Juliana Berners, entitled Treatyse of Fysshynge with an Angle, a publication\nthat heavily influenced novelty of the sport for European enthusiasts. Though sometimes invisible, women are\nslowly changing the world of sportfishing by breaking stereotypes. Future growth of sportfishing will rely on\nfemale anglers, instructors, and guides. Here I share a few examples on women making a substantial impact\nthrough their passion toward fishing. These examples demonstrate women who loved and valued what they\ndid. If the paucity of female role models discourages females from seeing the relevance of fishing to them, these\nexamples should inspire.\n\nFrederick Buller (2013) chronicled the very long list of large\nAtlantic Salmon caught by female anglers, which are\noutnumbered 200 to 1 by male salmon anglers. Georgina\nBallantine holds the British record for a 64-pound rod-caught\nAtlantic Salmon from River Tay, Scotland, in 1922 (Figure 7.5). Joan\nWulff was introduced to fly-fishing by her father when she was\nten and won several fly-fishing accuracy championships before\nwinning the 1951 Fishermen's Distance competition against all-\nmale competitors. She became the first female spokesperson for\nGarcia Corporation in 1959 and advocated for women anglers in\nher writings for Outdoor Life and Rod & Reel. Today, females make\nup 30% of participants in the sport of fly-fishing (Recreational\nFishing and Boating Foundation 2021). Joan Wulff participated in\nmany distance casting events and did trick casting. She snapped a\ncigarette from the mouth of Johnny Carson on the TV show \"Who\nDo You Trust?\" (Fogt 2017). Starting in 1978, Wulff opened a fly-\ncasting school on the Upper Beaverkill River in New York. Her Fly-\nCasting Techniques, published in 1987, and New Fly-Casting\nTechniques, published in 2012, are classic guides to learning her\ntechniques. When asked about her favorite fish, she would\nrespond, \"Whatever I'm fishing for,\" and her favorite place to fish\nwas \"Wherever I am.\"\n\n\n\nFigure 7.5: Georgina Ballantine holds the British\nrecord for a 64-pound rod-caught salmon from\nRiver Tay, Scotland in 1922.\n\nMost avid bass anglers can identify Roland Martin, Bill Dance, and Jimmy Houston, who dominated competitive\nbass fishing in the first decade of Bass Anglers Sportsman Society (B.A.S.S.) and have had TV fishing shows for\ndecades. Kim Bain-Moore began competing in bass tournaments at age 19 and in 2009 became the first woman\nto compete in the Bassmaster Classic tournament. Only three females have been inducted into the Bass Fishing\nHall of Fame. The first was Christine Houston, who organized the first-ever all women's bass club, the \"Tulsa\nBass Belles.\" But female participation in competitive bass fishing never took off as expected. Fewer that one in\nfive readers of Field & Stream, Outdoor Life, and Bassmaster magazines are female (Carini and Weber 2017).\n\nGender and Fishing I 155", + "text": "7.6 Examples of Women's Impact\nSportfishing. Among those who fish for sport, only 27% of U.S. anglers are female (Burkett and Carter 2020).\nUnderrepresentation of females in sportfishing is ironic, as the first publication on fly-fishing, dating from the\n15th century, was written by Dame Juliana Berners, entitled Treatyse of Fysshynge with an Angle, a publication\nthat heavily influenced novelty of the sport for European enthusiasts. Though sometimes invisible, women are\nslowly changing the world of sportfishing by breaking stereotypes. Future growth of sportfishing will rely on\nfemale anglers, instructors, and guides. Here I share a few examples on women making a substantial impact\nthrough their passion toward fishing. These examples demonstrate women who loved and valued what they\ndid. If the paucity of female role models discourages females from seeing the relevance of fishing to them, these\nexamples should inspire.\nFrederick Buller (2013) chronicled the very long list of large\nAtlantic Salmon caught by female anglers, which are\noutnumbered 200 to 1 by male salmon anglers. Georgina\nBallantine holds the British record for a 64-pound rod-caught\nAtlantic Salmon from River Tay, Scotland, in 1922 (Figure 7.5). Joan\nWulff was introduced to fly-fishing by her father when she was\nten and won several fly-fishing accuracy championships before\nwinning the 1951 Fishermen's Distance competition against all-\nmale competitors. She became the first female spokesperson for\nGarcia Corporation in 1959 and advocated for women anglers in\nher writings for Outdoor Life and Rod & Reel. Today, females make\nup 30% of participants in the sport of fly-fishing (Recreational\nFishing and Boating Foundation 2021). Joan Wulff participated in\nmany distance casting events and did trick casting. She snapped a\ncigarette from the mouth of Johnny Carson on the TV show \"Who\nDo You Trust?\" (Fogt 2017). Starting in 1978, Wulff opened a fly-\ncasting school on the Upper Beaverkill River in New York. Her Fly-\nCasting Techniques, published in 1987, and New Fly-Casting\nTechniques, published in 2012, are classic guides to learning her\ntechniques. When asked about her favorite fish, she would\nrespond, \"Whatever I'm fishing for,\" and her favorite place to fish\nwas \"Wherever I am.\"\n\nFigure 7.5: Georgina Ballantine holds the British\nrecord for a 64-pound rod-caught salmon from\nRiver Tay, Scotland in 1922.\nMost avid bass anglers can identify Roland Martin, Bill Dance, and Jimmy Houston, who dominated competitive\nbass fishing in the first decade of Bass Anglers Sportsman Society (B.A.S.S.) and have had TV fishing shows for\ndecades. Kim Bain-Moore began competing in bass tournaments at age 19 and in 2009 became the first woman\nto compete in the Bassmaster Classic tournament. Only three females have been inducted into the Bass Fishing\nHall of Fame. The first was Christine Houston, who organized the first-ever all women's bass club, the \"Tulsa\nBass Belles.\" But female participation in competitive bass fishing never took off as expected. Fewer that one in\nfive readers of Field & Stream, Outdoor Life, and Bassmaster magazines are female (Carini and Weber 2017).\nGender and Fishing I 155" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

7.6 Examples of Women's Impact

", + "markdown": "# 7.6 Examples of Women's Impact", + "text": "7.6 Examples of Women's Impact" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0941, + "y": 0.0817 + }, + { + "x": 0.4639, + "y": 0.0817 + }, + { + "x": 0.4639, + "y": 0.1076 + }, + { + "x": 0.0941, + "y": 0.1076 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Sportfishing. Among those who fish for sport, only 27% of U.S. anglers are female (Burkett and Carter 2020).
Underrepresentation of females in sportfishing is ironic, as the first publication on fly-fishing, dating from the
15th century, was written by Dame Juliana Berners, entitled Treatyse of Fysshynge with an Angle, a publication
that heavily influenced novelty of the sport for European enthusiasts. Though sometimes invisible, women are
slowly changing the world of sportfishing by breaking stereotypes. Future growth of sportfishing will rely on
female anglers, instructors, and guides. Here I share a few examples on women making a substantial impact
through their passion toward fishing. These examples demonstrate women who loved and valued what they
did. If the paucity of female role models discourages females from seeing the relevance of fishing to them, these
examples should inspire.

", + "markdown": "Sportfishing. Among those who fish for sport, only 27% of U.S. anglers are female (Burkett and Carter 2020).\nUnderrepresentation of females in sportfishing is ironic, as the first publication on fly-fishing, dating from the\n15th century, was written by Dame Juliana Berners, entitled Treatyse of Fysshynge with an Angle, a publication\nthat heavily influenced novelty of the sport for European enthusiasts. Though sometimes invisible, women are\nslowly changing the world of sportfishing by breaking stereotypes. Future growth of sportfishing will rely on\nfemale anglers, instructors, and guides. Here I share a few examples on women making a substantial impact\nthrough their passion toward fishing. These examples demonstrate women who loved and valued what they\ndid. If the paucity of female role models discourages females from seeing the relevance of fishing to them, these\nexamples should inspire.", + "text": "Sportfishing. Among those who fish for sport, only 27% of U.S. anglers are female (Burkett and Carter 2020).\nUnderrepresentation of females in sportfishing is ironic, as the first publication on fly-fishing, dating from the\n15th century, was written by Dame Juliana Berners, entitled Treatyse of Fysshynge with an Angle, a publication\nthat heavily influenced novelty of the sport for European enthusiasts. Though sometimes invisible, women are\nslowly changing the world of sportfishing by breaking stereotypes. Future growth of sportfishing will rely on\nfemale anglers, instructors, and guides. Here I share a few examples on women making a substantial impact\nthrough their passion toward fishing. These examples demonstrate women who loved and valued what they\ndid. If the paucity of female role models discourages females from seeing the relevance of fishing to them, these\nexamples should inspire." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0957, + "y": 0.1392 + }, + { + "x": 0.9045, + "y": 0.1392 + }, + { + "x": 0.9045, + "y": 0.3121 + }, + { + "x": 0.0957, + "y": 0.3121 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Frederick Buller (2013) chronicled the very long list of large
Atlantic Salmon caught by female anglers, which are
outnumbered 200 to 1 by male salmon anglers. Georgina
Ballantine holds the British record for a 64-pound rod-caught
Atlantic Salmon from River Tay, Scotland, in 1922 (Figure 7.5). Joan
Wulff was introduced to fly-fishing by her father when she was
ten and won several fly-fishing accuracy championships before
winning the 1951 Fishermen's Distance competition against all-
male competitors. She became the first female spokesperson for
Garcia Corporation in 1959 and advocated for women anglers in
her writings for Outdoor Life and Rod & Reel. Today, females make
up 30% of participants in the sport of fly-fishing (Recreational
Fishing and Boating Foundation 2021). Joan Wulff participated in
many distance casting events and did trick casting. She snapped a
cigarette from the mouth of Johnny Carson on the TV show \"Who
Do You Trust?\" (Fogt 2017). Starting in 1978, Wulff opened a fly-
casting school on the Upper Beaverkill River in New York. Her Fly-
Casting Techniques, published in 1987, and New Fly-Casting
Techniques, published in 2012, are classic guides to learning her
techniques. When asked about her favorite fish, she would
respond, \"Whatever I'm fishing for,\" and her favorite place to fish
was \"Wherever I am.\"

", + "markdown": "Frederick Buller (2013) chronicled the very long list of large\nAtlantic Salmon caught by female anglers, which are\noutnumbered 200 to 1 by male salmon anglers. Georgina\nBallantine holds the British record for a 64-pound rod-caught\nAtlantic Salmon from River Tay, Scotland, in 1922 (Figure 7.5). Joan\nWulff was introduced to fly-fishing by her father when she was\nten and won several fly-fishing accuracy championships before\nwinning the 1951 Fishermen's Distance competition against all-\nmale competitors. She became the first female spokesperson for\nGarcia Corporation in 1959 and advocated for women anglers in\nher writings for Outdoor Life and Rod & Reel. Today, females make\nup 30% of participants in the sport of fly-fishing (Recreational\nFishing and Boating Foundation 2021). Joan Wulff participated in\nmany distance casting events and did trick casting. She snapped a\ncigarette from the mouth of Johnny Carson on the TV show \"Who\nDo You Trust?\" (Fogt 2017). Starting in 1978, Wulff opened a fly-\ncasting school on the Upper Beaverkill River in New York. Her Fly-\nCasting Techniques, published in 1987, and New Fly-Casting\nTechniques, published in 2012, are classic guides to learning her\ntechniques. When asked about her favorite fish, she would\nrespond, \"Whatever I'm fishing for,\" and her favorite place to fish\nwas \"Wherever I am.\"", + "text": "Frederick Buller (2013) chronicled the very long list of large\nAtlantic Salmon caught by female anglers, which are\noutnumbered 200 to 1 by male salmon anglers. Georgina\nBallantine holds the British record for a 64-pound rod-caught\nAtlantic Salmon from River Tay, Scotland, in 1922 (Figure 7.5). Joan\nWulff was introduced to fly-fishing by her father when she was\nten and won several fly-fishing accuracy championships before\nwinning the 1951 Fishermen's Distance competition against all-\nmale competitors. She became the first female spokesperson for\nGarcia Corporation in 1959 and advocated for women anglers in\nher writings for Outdoor Life and Rod & Reel. Today, females make\nup 30% of participants in the sport of fly-fishing (Recreational\nFishing and Boating Foundation 2021). Joan Wulff participated in\nmany distance casting events and did trick casting. She snapped a\ncigarette from the mouth of Johnny Carson on the TV show \"Who\nDo You Trust?\" (Fogt 2017). Starting in 1978, Wulff opened a fly-\ncasting school on the Upper Beaverkill River in New York. Her Fly-\nCasting Techniques, published in 1987, and New Fly-Casting\nTechniques, published in 2012, are classic guides to learning her\ntechniques. When asked about her favorite fish, she would\nrespond, \"Whatever I'm fishing for,\" and her favorite place to fish\nwas \"Wherever I am.\"" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0953, + "y": 0.3272 + }, + { + "x": 0.5799, + "y": 0.3272 + }, + { + "x": 0.5799, + "y": 0.753 + }, + { + "x": 0.0953, + "y": 0.753 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"\"
", + "markdown": "", + "text": "" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5855, + "y": 0.319 + }, + { + "x": 0.9018, + "y": 0.319 + }, + { + "x": 0.9018, + "y": 0.6637 + }, + { + "x": 0.5855, + "y": 0.6637 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "
Figure 7.5: Georgina Ballantine holds the British
record for a 64-pound rod-caught salmon from
River Tay, Scotland in 1922.", + "markdown": "Figure 7.5: Georgina Ballantine holds the British\nrecord for a 64-pound rod-caught salmon from\nRiver Tay, Scotland in 1922.", + "text": "Figure 7.5: Georgina Ballantine holds the British\nrecord for a 64-pound rod-caught salmon from\nRiver Tay, Scotland in 1922." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5875, + "y": 0.6679 + }, + { + "x": 0.8947, + "y": 0.6679 + }, + { + "x": 0.8947, + "y": 0.7091 + }, + { + "x": 0.5875, + "y": 0.7091 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Most avid bass anglers can identify Roland Martin, Bill Dance, and Jimmy Houston, who dominated competitive
bass fishing in the first decade of Bass Anglers Sportsman Society (B.A.S.S.) and have had TV fishing shows for
decades. Kim Bain-Moore began competing in bass tournaments at age 19 and in 2009 became the first woman
to compete in the Bassmaster Classic tournament. Only three females have been inducted into the Bass Fishing
Hall of Fame. The first was Christine Houston, who organized the first-ever all women's bass club, the \"Tulsa
Bass Belles.\" But female participation in competitive bass fishing never took off as expected. Fewer that one in
five readers of Field & Stream, Outdoor Life, and Bassmaster magazines are female (Carini and Weber 2017).

", + "markdown": "Most avid bass anglers can identify Roland Martin, Bill Dance, and Jimmy Houston, who dominated competitive\nbass fishing in the first decade of Bass Anglers Sportsman Society (B.A.S.S.) and have had TV fishing shows for\ndecades. Kim Bain-Moore began competing in bass tournaments at age 19 and in 2009 became the first woman\nto compete in the Bassmaster Classic tournament. Only three females have been inducted into the Bass Fishing\nHall of Fame. The first was Christine Houston, who organized the first-ever all women's bass club, the \"Tulsa\nBass Belles.\" But female participation in competitive bass fishing never took off as expected. Fewer that one in\nfive readers of Field & Stream, Outdoor Life, and Bassmaster magazines are female (Carini and Weber 2017).", + "text": "Most avid bass anglers can identify Roland Martin, Bill Dance, and Jimmy Houston, who dominated competitive\nbass fishing in the first decade of Bass Anglers Sportsman Society (B.A.S.S.) and have had TV fishing shows for\ndecades. Kim Bain-Moore began competing in bass tournaments at age 19 and in 2009 became the first woman\nto compete in the Bassmaster Classic tournament. Only three females have been inducted into the Bass Fishing\nHall of Fame. The first was Christine Houston, who organized the first-ever all women's bass club, the \"Tulsa\nBass Belles.\" But female participation in competitive bass fishing never took off as expected. Fewer that one in\nfive readers of Field & Stream, Outdoor Life, and Bassmaster magazines are female (Carini and Weber 2017)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0938, + "y": 0.7682 + }, + { + "x": 0.9082, + "y": 0.7682 + }, + { + "x": 0.9082, + "y": 0.9037 + }, + { + "x": 0.0938, + "y": 0.9037 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
Gender and Fishing I 155
", + "markdown": "Gender and Fishing I 155", + "text": "Gender and Fishing I 155" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7338, + "y": 0.9334 + }, + { + "x": 0.905, + "y": 0.9334 + }, + { + "x": 0.905, + "y": 0.9492 + }, + { + "x": 0.7338, + "y": 0.9492 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000100.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
\"A
\n

(Yoelietal. 2013)

\n

On a final note, Yoeli et al. provide evidence that indirect reciprocity among Homo sapiens is unique
to public goods. Their hypothesis is that choosing not to participate in a demand response program
should carry the threat of social sanctions only if participation is considered to be for the public good.
To test their hypothesis, the authors solicited an additional 1,000 customers with exactly the same
treatments as described above, except that the informational materials the customers received ahead
of time to entice them to participate in the demand response program were stripped of any language

\n
BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 213
", + "markdown": "A 14%\nAnonymous\n12%\nObservable\n41\ngood\nParticipation 10%\n8%\npublic\n6%\n4%\n2%\n0%\nHouse Apartment\nB 14%\nAnonymous\n12%\nObservable\nu!\ngood\nParticipation 10%\n8%\npublic\n6%\n4%\n2%\n0%\nRenter Owner\n\n(Yoelietal. 2013)\n\nOn a final note, Yoeli et al. provide evidence that indirect reciprocity among Homo sapiens is unique\nto public goods. Their hypothesis is that choosing not to participate in a demand response program\nshould carry the threat of social sanctions only if participation is considered to be for the public good.\nTo test their hypothesis, the authors solicited an additional 1,000 customers with exactly the same\ntreatments as described above, except that the informational materials the customers received ahead\nof time to entice them to participate in the demand response program were stripped of any language\n\nBEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 213", + "text": "A 14%\nAnonymous\n12%\nObservable\n41\ngood\nParticipation 10%\n8%\npublic\n6%\n4%\n2%\n0%\nHouse Apartment\nB 14%\nAnonymous\n12%\nObservable\nu!\ngood\nParticipation 10%\n8%\npublic\n6%\n4%\n2%\n0%\nRenter Owner\n(Yoelietal. 2013)\nOn a final note, Yoeli et al. provide evidence that indirect reciprocity among Homo sapiens is unique\nto public goods. Their hypothesis is that choosing not to participate in a demand response program\nshould carry the threat of social sanctions only if participation is considered to be for the public good.\nTo test their hypothesis, the authors solicited an additional 1,000 customers with exactly the same\ntreatments as described above, except that the informational materials the customers received ahead\nof time to entice them to participate in the demand response program were stripped of any language\nBEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 213" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"A
", + "markdown": "A 14%\nAnonymous\n12%\nObservable\n41\ngood\nParticipation 10%\n8%\npublic\n6%\n4%\n2%\n0%\nHouse Apartment\nB 14%\nAnonymous\n12%\nObservable\nu!\ngood\nParticipation 10%\n8%\npublic\n6%\n4%\n2%\n0%\nRenter Owner", + "text": "A 14%\nAnonymous\n12%\nObservable\n41\ngood\nParticipation 10%\n8%\npublic\n6%\n4%\n2%\n0%\nHouse Apartment\nB 14%\nAnonymous\n12%\nObservable\nu!\ngood\nParticipation 10%\n8%\npublic\n6%\n4%\n2%\n0%\nRenter Owner" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0894, + "y": 0.0744 + }, + { + "x": 0.9048, + "y": 0.0744 + }, + { + "x": 0.9048, + "y": 0.7931 + }, + { + "x": 0.0894, + "y": 0.7931 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

(Yoelietal. 2013)

", + "markdown": "(Yoelietal. 2013)", + "text": "(Yoelietal. 2013)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0996, + "y": 0.7871 + }, + { + "x": 0.209, + "y": 0.7871 + }, + { + "x": 0.209, + "y": 0.8002 + }, + { + "x": 0.0996, + "y": 0.8002 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

On a final note, Yoeli et al. provide evidence that indirect reciprocity among Homo sapiens is unique
to public goods. Their hypothesis is that choosing not to participate in a demand response program
should carry the threat of social sanctions only if participation is considered to be for the public good.
To test their hypothesis, the authors solicited an additional 1,000 customers with exactly the same
treatments as described above, except that the informational materials the customers received ahead
of time to entice them to participate in the demand response program were stripped of any language

", + "markdown": "On a final note, Yoeli et al. provide evidence that indirect reciprocity among Homo sapiens is unique\nto public goods. Their hypothesis is that choosing not to participate in a demand response program\nshould carry the threat of social sanctions only if participation is considered to be for the public good.\nTo test their hypothesis, the authors solicited an additional 1,000 customers with exactly the same\ntreatments as described above, except that the informational materials the customers received ahead\nof time to entice them to participate in the demand response program were stripped of any language", + "text": "On a final note, Yoeli et al. provide evidence that indirect reciprocity among Homo sapiens is unique\nto public goods. Their hypothesis is that choosing not to participate in a demand response program\nshould carry the threat of social sanctions only if participation is considered to be for the public good.\nTo test their hypothesis, the authors solicited an additional 1,000 customers with exactly the same\ntreatments as described above, except that the informational materials the customers received ahead\nof time to entice them to participate in the demand response program were stripped of any language" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0875, + "y": 0.813 + }, + { + "x": 0.9126, + "y": 0.813 + }, + { + "x": 0.9126, + "y": 0.9299 + }, + { + "x": 0.0875, + "y": 0.9299 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 213
", + "markdown": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 213", + "text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 213" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6374, + "y": 0.9487 + }, + { + "x": 0.909, + "y": 0.9487 + }, + { + "x": 0.909, + "y": 0.9626 + }, + { + "x": 0.6374, + "y": 0.9626 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000094.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Score\nLiking\nMean\n1
\n

6. Warning: This question concerns a politically charged event that occurred on January
18, 2019, at the Indigenous People's March in Washington, D.C. After reading this
account of what happened at the march, and viewing this video of the event, which of
the effects presented in this chapter do you think best describes this episode in our
nation's history?

\n

7. Think of a situation in your own life when you framed information (either wittingly or
unwittingly) in such a way that helped pre-determine an outcome. Describe the
situation and how you framed the information. Was the outcome improved or
worsened as a result of how you framed the information?

\n

8. After having learned about the Anchoring Effect in this chapter, do you think you will
ever fall for something like this again?

\n

9. When someone admonishes you \"not to judge a book by its cover,\" or as British
management journalist Robert Heller once noted, \"Never ignore a gut feeling, but never
believe that it's enough,\" what heuristic(s) is he unwittingly advising you to avoid using?

\n

10. Browse the internet for information about an effect that was not discussed in this
chapter. Can you classify this effect as a special case of a Priming or Framing Effect?
Explain.

\n

11. Browse the internet for a heuristic other than the Affect and Availability Heuristics
described in this chapter. Explain the heuristic.

\n

12. It's one thing to detect the existence of a Silo Effect and quite another to measure its

\n
24 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN
", + "markdown": "Score\nLiking\nMean\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8\nExposures\n\n- 6. Warning: This question concerns a politically charged event that occurred on January\n- 18, 2019, at the Indigenous People's March in Washington, D.C. After reading this\n- account of what happened at the march, and viewing this video of the event, which of\n- the effects presented in this chapter do you think best describes this episode in our\n- nation's history?\n\n\n- 7. Think of a situation in your own life when you framed information (either wittingly or\n- unwittingly) in such a way that helped pre-determine an outcome. Describe the\n- situation and how you framed the information. Was the outcome improved or\n- worsened as a result of how you framed the information?\n\n\n- 8. After having learned about the Anchoring Effect in this chapter, do you think you will\n- ever fall for something like this again?\n\n\n- 9. When someone admonishes you \"not to judge a book by its cover,\" or as British\n- management journalist Robert Heller once noted, \"Never ignore a gut feeling, but never\n- believe that it's enough,\" what heuristic(s) is he unwittingly advising you to avoid using?\n\n\n- 10. Browse the internet for information about an effect that was not discussed in this\n- chapter. Can you classify this effect as a special case of a Priming or Framing Effect?\n- Explain.\n\n\n- 11. Browse the internet for a heuristic other than the Affect and Availability Heuristics\n- described in this chapter. Explain the heuristic.\n\n\n- 12. It's one thing to detect the existence of a Silo Effect and quite another to measure its\n\n\n24 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", + "text": "Score\nLiking\nMean\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8\nExposures\n6. Warning: This question concerns a politically charged event that occurred on January\n18, 2019, at the Indigenous People's March in Washington, D.C. After reading this\naccount of what happened at the march, and viewing this video of the event, which of\nthe effects presented in this chapter do you think best describes this episode in our\nnation's history?\n7. Think of a situation in your own life when you framed information (either wittingly or\nunwittingly) in such a way that helped pre-determine an outcome. Describe the\nsituation and how you framed the information. Was the outcome improved or\nworsened as a result of how you framed the information?\n8. After having learned about the Anchoring Effect in this chapter, do you think you will\never fall for something like this again?\n9. When someone admonishes you \"not to judge a book by its cover,\" or as British\nmanagement journalist Robert Heller once noted, \"Never ignore a gut feeling, but never\nbelieve that it's enough,\" what heuristic(s) is he unwittingly advising you to avoid using?\n10. Browse the internet for information about an effect that was not discussed in this\nchapter. Can you classify this effect as a special case of a Priming or Framing Effect?\nExplain.\n11. Browse the internet for a heuristic other than the Affect and Availability Heuristics\ndescribed in this chapter. Explain the heuristic.\n12. It's one thing to detect the existence of a Silo Effect and quite another to measure its\n24 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Score\nLiking\nMean\n1
", + "markdown": "Score\nLiking\nMean\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8\nExposures", + "text": "Score\nLiking\nMean\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8\nExposures" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2057, + "y": 0.0734 + }, + { + "x": 0.8407, + "y": 0.0734 + }, + { + "x": 0.8407, + "y": 0.3634 + }, + { + "x": 0.2057, + "y": 0.3634 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

6. Warning: This question concerns a politically charged event that occurred on January
18, 2019, at the Indigenous People's March in Washington, D.C. After reading this
account of what happened at the march, and viewing this video of the event, which of
the effects presented in this chapter do you think best describes this episode in our
nation's history?

", + "markdown": "- 6. Warning: This question concerns a politically charged event that occurred on January\n- 18, 2019, at the Indigenous People's March in Washington, D.C. After reading this\n- account of what happened at the march, and viewing this video of the event, which of\n- the effects presented in this chapter do you think best describes this episode in our\n- nation's history?\n", + "text": "6. Warning: This question concerns a politically charged event that occurred on January\n18, 2019, at the Indigenous People's March in Washington, D.C. After reading this\naccount of what happened at the march, and viewing this video of the event, which of\nthe effects presented in this chapter do you think best describes this episode in our\nnation's history?" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1695, + "y": 0.3983 + }, + { + "x": 0.8966, + "y": 0.3983 + }, + { + "x": 0.8966, + "y": 0.4963 + }, + { + "x": 0.1695, + "y": 0.4963 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

7. Think of a situation in your own life when you framed information (either wittingly or
unwittingly) in such a way that helped pre-determine an outcome. Describe the
situation and how you framed the information. Was the outcome improved or
worsened as a result of how you framed the information?

", + "markdown": "- 7. Think of a situation in your own life when you framed information (either wittingly or\n- unwittingly) in such a way that helped pre-determine an outcome. Describe the\n- situation and how you framed the information. Was the outcome improved or\n- worsened as a result of how you framed the information?\n", + "text": "7. Think of a situation in your own life when you framed information (either wittingly or\nunwittingly) in such a way that helped pre-determine an outcome. Describe the\nsituation and how you framed the information. Was the outcome improved or\nworsened as a result of how you framed the information?" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1668, + "y": 0.518 + }, + { + "x": 0.9032, + "y": 0.518 + }, + { + "x": 0.9032, + "y": 0.5965 + }, + { + "x": 0.1668, + "y": 0.5965 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

8. After having learned about the Anchoring Effect in this chapter, do you think you will
ever fall for something like this again?

", + "markdown": "- 8. After having learned about the Anchoring Effect in this chapter, do you think you will\n- ever fall for something like this again?\n", + "text": "8. After having learned about the Anchoring Effect in this chapter, do you think you will\never fall for something like this again?" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1685, + "y": 0.6184 + }, + { + "x": 0.8968, + "y": 0.6184 + }, + { + "x": 0.8968, + "y": 0.6578 + }, + { + "x": 0.1685, + "y": 0.6578 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

9. When someone admonishes you \"not to judge a book by its cover,\" or as British
management journalist Robert Heller once noted, \"Never ignore a gut feeling, but never
believe that it's enough,\" what heuristic(s) is he unwittingly advising you to avoid using?

", + "markdown": "- 9. When someone admonishes you \"not to judge a book by its cover,\" or as British\n- management journalist Robert Heller once noted, \"Never ignore a gut feeling, but never\n- believe that it's enough,\" what heuristic(s) is he unwittingly advising you to avoid using?\n", + "text": "9. When someone admonishes you \"not to judge a book by its cover,\" or as British\nmanagement journalist Robert Heller once noted, \"Never ignore a gut feeling, but never\nbelieve that it's enough,\" what heuristic(s) is he unwittingly advising you to avoid using?" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1675, + "y": 0.6785 + }, + { + "x": 0.9113, + "y": 0.6785 + }, + { + "x": 0.9113, + "y": 0.7389 + }, + { + "x": 0.1675, + "y": 0.7389 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

10. Browse the internet for information about an effect that was not discussed in this
chapter. Can you classify this effect as a special case of a Priming or Framing Effect?
Explain.

", + "markdown": "- 10. Browse the internet for information about an effect that was not discussed in this\n- chapter. Can you classify this effect as a special case of a Priming or Framing Effect?\n- Explain.\n", + "text": "10. Browse the internet for information about an effect that was not discussed in this\nchapter. Can you classify this effect as a special case of a Priming or Framing Effect?\nExplain." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1617, + "y": 0.7602 + }, + { + "x": 0.8822, + "y": 0.7602 + }, + { + "x": 0.8822, + "y": 0.8171 + }, + { + "x": 0.1617, + "y": 0.8171 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

11. Browse the internet for a heuristic other than the Affect and Availability Heuristics
described in this chapter. Explain the heuristic.

", + "markdown": "- 11. Browse the internet for a heuristic other than the Affect and Availability Heuristics\n- described in this chapter. Explain the heuristic.\n", + "text": "11. Browse the internet for a heuristic other than the Affect and Availability Heuristics\ndescribed in this chapter. Explain the heuristic." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1598, + "y": 0.8407 + }, + { + "x": 0.8724, + "y": 0.8407 + }, + { + "x": 0.8724, + "y": 0.8791 + }, + { + "x": 0.1598, + "y": 0.8791 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

12. It's one thing to detect the existence of a Silo Effect and quite another to measure its

", + "markdown": "- 12. It's one thing to detect the existence of a Silo Effect and quite another to measure its\n", + "text": "12. It's one thing to detect the existence of a Silo Effect and quite another to measure its" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1596, + "y": 0.9007 + }, + { + "x": 0.8812, + "y": 0.9007 + }, + { + "x": 0.8812, + "y": 0.9216 + }, + { + "x": 0.1596, + "y": 0.9216 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
24 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN
", + "markdown": "24 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", + "text": "24 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0878, + "y": 0.949 + }, + { + "x": 0.2347, + "y": 0.949 + }, + { + "x": 0.2347, + "y": 0.9626 + }, + { + "x": 0.0878, + "y": 0.9626 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000103.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

WITH CHATGPT

\n

CREATING SLIDES

\n
\"OER\"
\n

01 - Find Open Educational Resources

\n

Start by searching for information on platforms like
Commons, where authors share their materials freely, ensuring
no copyright issues.

\n

02- Prepare Your Content

\n

Summarize or extract the key points from the materials you've
found. This will be the content for your slides.

\n

03- Generate Slides with ChatGPT

\n

Provide the summarized content to ChatGPT and instruct it to
create a structured outline for Google Slides, including titles,
main points, and any specific instructions for slide design.

\n

04 - Create App Script Code

\n

After finalizing the slide structure, ask ChatGPT to generate a
Google Apps Script code that can create these slides
automatically.

\n

05 - Execute in Google Apps Script

\n

Open Google Apps Script, start a new project, and paste the
code provided by ChatGPT. Run the script to auto-generate your
slide deck.

\n
\"0
\n

06 - Edit and Customize

\n

Once the slides are created, you can further edit and customize
them in Google Slides according to your needs.

\n

EMAIL REBECCA.ALLEN@MSJ.EDU FOR MORE INF ORMA TION

\n

INTERESTED IN FREE AI-CONSULTANCE OR
COLLABORATION WITH US?

", + "markdown": "# WITH CHATGPT\n\n# CREATING SLIDES\n\nOER\n\n# 01 - Find Open Educational Resources\n\nStart by searching for information on platforms like\nCommons, where authors share their materials freely, ensuring\nno copyright issues.\n\n# 02- Prepare Your Content\n\nSummarize or extract the key points from the materials you've\nfound. This will be the content for your slides.\n\n03- Generate Slides with ChatGPT\n\nProvide the summarized content to ChatGPT and instruct it to\ncreate a structured outline for Google Slides, including titles,\nmain points, and any specific instructions for slide design.\n\n# 04 - Create App Script Code\n\nAfter finalizing the slide structure, ask ChatGPT to generate a\nGoogle Apps Script code that can create these slides\nautomatically.\n\n05 - Execute in Google Apps Script\n\nOpen Google Apps Script, start a new project, and paste the\ncode provided by ChatGPT. Run the script to auto-generate your\nslide deck.\n\n0 E R\nCOMMONS\n\\\n\n# 06 - Edit and Customize\n\nOnce the slides are created, you can further edit and customize\nthem in Google Slides according to your needs.\n\nEMAIL REBECCA.ALLEN@MSJ.EDU FOR MORE INF ORMA TION\n\nINTERESTED IN FREE AI-CONSULTANCE OR\nCOLLABORATION WITH US?", + "text": "WITH CHATGPT\nCREATING SLIDES\nOER\n01 - Find Open Educational Resources\nStart by searching for information on platforms like\nCommons, where authors share their materials freely, ensuring\nno copyright issues.\n02- Prepare Your Content\nSummarize or extract the key points from the materials you've\nfound. This will be the content for your slides.\n03- Generate Slides with ChatGPT\nProvide the summarized content to ChatGPT and instruct it to\ncreate a structured outline for Google Slides, including titles,\nmain points, and any specific instructions for slide design.\n04 - Create App Script Code\nAfter finalizing the slide structure, ask ChatGPT to generate a\nGoogle Apps Script code that can create these slides\nautomatically.\n05 - Execute in Google Apps Script\nOpen Google Apps Script, start a new project, and paste the\ncode provided by ChatGPT. Run the script to auto-generate your\nslide deck.\n0 E R\nCOMMONS\n\\\n06 - Edit and Customize\nOnce the slides are created, you can further edit and customize\nthem in Google Slides according to your needs.\nEMAIL REBECCA.ALLEN@MSJ.EDU FOR MORE INF ORMA TION\nINTERESTED IN FREE AI-CONSULTANCE OR\nCOLLABORATION WITH US?" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

WITH CHATGPT

", + "markdown": "# WITH CHATGPT", + "text": "WITH CHATGPT" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4037, + "y": 0.0138 + }, + { + "x": 0.6301, + "y": 0.0138 + }, + { + "x": 0.6301, + "y": 0.0359 + }, + { + "x": 0.4037, + "y": 0.0359 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

CREATING SLIDES

", + "markdown": "# CREATING SLIDES", + "text": "CREATING SLIDES" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1694, + "y": 0.0636 + }, + { + "x": 0.8294, + "y": 0.0636 + }, + { + "x": 0.8294, + "y": 0.1115 + }, + { + "x": 0.1694, + "y": 0.1115 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"OER\"
", + "markdown": "OER", + "text": "OER" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8341, + "y": 0.0018 + }, + { + "x": 1.008, + "y": 0.0018 + }, + { + "x": 1.008, + "y": 0.1798 + }, + { + "x": 0.8341, + "y": 0.1798 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

01 - Find Open Educational Resources

", + "markdown": "# 01 - Find Open Educational Resources", + "text": "01 - Find Open Educational Resources" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3049, + "y": 0.145 + }, + { + "x": 0.7102, + "y": 0.145 + }, + { + "x": 0.7102, + "y": 0.1632 + }, + { + "x": 0.3049, + "y": 0.1632 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Start by searching for information on platforms like
Commons, where authors share their materials freely, ensuring
no copyright issues.

", + "markdown": "Start by searching for information on platforms like\nCommons, where authors share their materials freely, ensuring\nno copyright issues.", + "text": "Start by searching for information on platforms like\nCommons, where authors share their materials freely, ensuring\nno copyright issues." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3037, + "y": 0.1694 + }, + { + "x": 0.9328, + "y": 0.1694 + }, + { + "x": 0.9328, + "y": 0.2243 + }, + { + "x": 0.3037, + "y": 0.2243 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

02- Prepare Your Content

", + "markdown": "# 02- Prepare Your Content", + "text": "02- Prepare Your Content" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3047, + "y": 0.267 + }, + { + "x": 0.5806, + "y": 0.267 + }, + { + "x": 0.5806, + "y": 0.2842 + }, + { + "x": 0.3047, + "y": 0.2842 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Summarize or extract the key points from the materials you've
found. This will be the content for your slides.

", + "markdown": "Summarize or extract the key points from the materials you've\nfound. This will be the content for your slides.", + "text": "Summarize or extract the key points from the materials you've\nfound. This will be the content for your slides." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3037, + "y": 0.2906 + }, + { + "x": 0.9265, + "y": 0.2906 + }, + { + "x": 0.9265, + "y": 0.3262 + }, + { + "x": 0.3037, + "y": 0.3262 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

03- Generate Slides with ChatGPT

", + "markdown": "03- Generate Slides with ChatGPT", + "text": "03- Generate Slides with ChatGPT" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3058, + "y": 0.37 + }, + { + "x": 0.6805, + "y": 0.37 + }, + { + "x": 0.6805, + "y": 0.3878 + }, + { + "x": 0.3058, + "y": 0.3878 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Provide the summarized content to ChatGPT and instruct it to
create a structured outline for Google Slides, including titles,
main points, and any specific instructions for slide design.

", + "markdown": "Provide the summarized content to ChatGPT and instruct it to\ncreate a structured outline for Google Slides, including titles,\nmain points, and any specific instructions for slide design.", + "text": "Provide the summarized content to ChatGPT and instruct it to\ncreate a structured outline for Google Slides, including titles,\nmain points, and any specific instructions for slide design." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3038, + "y": 0.3935 + }, + { + "x": 0.9342, + "y": 0.3935 + }, + { + "x": 0.9342, + "y": 0.4489 + }, + { + "x": 0.3038, + "y": 0.4489 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

04 - Create App Script Code

", + "markdown": "# 04 - Create App Script Code", + "text": "04 - Create App Script Code" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3038, + "y": 0.4963 + }, + { + "x": 0.6095, + "y": 0.4963 + }, + { + "x": 0.6095, + "y": 0.5139 + }, + { + "x": 0.3038, + "y": 0.5139 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

After finalizing the slide structure, ask ChatGPT to generate a
Google Apps Script code that can create these slides
automatically.

", + "markdown": "After finalizing the slide structure, ask ChatGPT to generate a\nGoogle Apps Script code that can create these slides\nautomatically.", + "text": "After finalizing the slide structure, ask ChatGPT to generate a\nGoogle Apps Script code that can create these slides\nautomatically." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3036, + "y": 0.52 + }, + { + "x": 0.93, + "y": 0.52 + }, + { + "x": 0.93, + "y": 0.5742 + }, + { + "x": 0.3036, + "y": 0.5742 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

05 - Execute in Google Apps Script

", + "markdown": "05 - Execute in Google Apps Script", + "text": "05 - Execute in Google Apps Script" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3057, + "y": 0.6068 + }, + { + "x": 0.6851, + "y": 0.6068 + }, + { + "x": 0.6851, + "y": 0.6252 + }, + { + "x": 0.3057, + "y": 0.6252 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Open Google Apps Script, start a new project, and paste the
code provided by ChatGPT. Run the script to auto-generate your
slide deck.

", + "markdown": "Open Google Apps Script, start a new project, and paste the\ncode provided by ChatGPT. Run the script to auto-generate your\nslide deck.", + "text": "Open Google Apps Script, start a new project, and paste the\ncode provided by ChatGPT. Run the script to auto-generate your\nslide deck." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3046, + "y": 0.631 + }, + { + "x": 0.9518, + "y": 0.631 + }, + { + "x": 0.9518, + "y": 0.6841 + }, + { + "x": 0.3046, + "y": 0.6841 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"0
", + "markdown": "0 E R\nCOMMONS\n\\", + "text": "0 E R\nCOMMONS\n\\" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0826, + "y": 0.1396 + }, + { + "x": 0.2742, + "y": 0.1396 + }, + { + "x": 0.2742, + "y": 0.8683 + }, + { + "x": 0.0826, + "y": 0.8683 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

06 - Edit and Customize

", + "markdown": "# 06 - Edit and Customize", + "text": "06 - Edit and Customize" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3046, + "y": 0.7308 + }, + { + "x": 0.5668, + "y": 0.7308 + }, + { + "x": 0.5668, + "y": 0.7481 + }, + { + "x": 0.3046, + "y": 0.7481 + } + ], + "id": 14, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Once the slides are created, you can further edit and customize
them in Google Slides according to your needs.

", + "markdown": "Once the slides are created, you can further edit and customize\nthem in Google Slides according to your needs.", + "text": "Once the slides are created, you can further edit and customize\nthem in Google Slides according to your needs." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3044, + "y": 0.7549 + }, + { + "x": 0.9403, + "y": 0.7549 + }, + { + "x": 0.9403, + "y": 0.792 + }, + { + "x": 0.3044, + "y": 0.792 + } + ], + "id": 15, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

EMAIL REBECCA.ALLEN@MSJ.EDU FOR MORE INF ORMA TION

", + "markdown": "EMAIL REBECCA.ALLEN@MSJ.EDU FOR MORE INF ORMA TION", + "text": "EMAIL REBECCA.ALLEN@MSJ.EDU FOR MORE INF ORMA TION" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1526, + "y": 0.9443 + }, + { + "x": 0.8454, + "y": 0.9443 + }, + { + "x": 0.8454, + "y": 0.9627 + }, + { + "x": 0.1526, + "y": 0.9627 + } + ], + "id": 16, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

INTERESTED IN FREE AI-CONSULTANCE OR
COLLABORATION WITH US?

", + "markdown": "INTERESTED IN FREE AI-CONSULTANCE OR\nCOLLABORATION WITH US?", + "text": "INTERESTED IN FREE AI-CONSULTANCE OR\nCOLLABORATION WITH US?" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1676, + "y": 0.8817 + }, + { + "x": 0.8342, + "y": 0.8817 + }, + { + "x": 0.8342, + "y": 0.9353 + }, + { + "x": 0.1676, + "y": 0.9353 + } + ], + "id": 17, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000071.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

be used as a good opportunity to learn from each other and increase the capacity of
human rights institutions in various countries.94

\n

What works in other countries, can be learned and developed according to the
situation in Indonesia. 95 Partnerships can be carried out formally through a
memorandum of understanding or with a partnerships agreement for potential
strategic partners.96

\n

3.2.6. SDGs Dissemination in Social Media

\n

Information dissemination in the digital era is closely related to the use of social
media. Therefore, the dissemination of the SDGs through social media platforms
owned by the Komnas HAM needs to be optimized as a way to increase public
participation to be active as \"agents\" of the Komnas HAM in Indonesia. To be able to
achieve this, the community needs to first receive education about the SDGs to clearly
understand the focus of each goal and its derivatives. Once there is a fairly good
understanding at the level of the general public, especially those who interact with the
Komnas HAM's social media, an easier way to report SDGs related to human rights
violations can be formulated.

\n

The Komnas HAM, for example, has used social media Instagram, Twitter, and
YouTube. There has been an increase in the frequency of Instagram social media
uploads from 2019-2020 from 1 1 1 uploads in 2019 to 198 uploads in 2020. The variety
of content uploaded by the Komnas HAM on Instagram is also increasingly diverse
with the following details:

\n
\"90\n81\n76\n80\n70\n56\n60\n47\n50\n40\n30\n21\n16\n20\n9\n10
\n

Diagram 4 Distribution of @komnas.ham Instagram Content (2019-2020)

\n

If observed from the Komnas HAM's Instagram account within the 2019-2020
period, the SDGs have only been mentioned explicitly twice in the following contents:

\n

94 See also Komnas HAM, \"The NHRI Practice and Experience in Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, and Palestine
in Supporting Sustainable Development Goals Achievements\" (n. 93).
95 lbid.
96 Ibid.

\n
18
", + "markdown": "be used as a good opportunity to learn from each other and increase the capacity of\nhuman rights institutions in various countries.94\n\nWhat works in other countries, can be learned and developed according to the\nsituation in Indonesia. 95 Partnerships can be carried out formally through a\nmemorandum of understanding or with a partnerships agreement for potential\nstrategic partners.96\n\n3.2.6. SDGs Dissemination in Social Media\n\nInformation dissemination in the digital era is closely related to the use of social\nmedia. Therefore, the dissemination of the SDGs through social media platforms\nowned by the Komnas HAM needs to be optimized as a way to increase public\nparticipation to be active as \"agents\" of the Komnas HAM in Indonesia. To be able to\nachieve this, the community needs to first receive education about the SDGs to clearly\nunderstand the focus of each goal and its derivatives. Once there is a fairly good\nunderstanding at the level of the general public, especially those who interact with the\nKomnas HAM's social media, an easier way to report SDGs related to human rights\nviolations can be formulated.\n\nThe Komnas HAM, for example, has used social media Instagram, Twitter, and\nYouTube. There has been an increase in the frequency of Instagram social media\nuploads from 2019-2020 from 1 1 1 uploads in 2019 to 198 uploads in 2020. The variety\nof content uploaded by the Komnas HAM on Instagram is also increasingly diverse\nwith the following details:\n\n90\n81\n76\n80\n70\n56\n60\n47\n50\n40\n30\n21\n16\n20\n9\n10 3\n0 0\n0\nEvents Information Celebration Infographics Videographic\nGreetings\n■ 2019 ■ 2020\n\nDiagram 4 Distribution of @komnas.ham Instagram Content (2019-2020)\n\nIf observed from the Komnas HAM's Instagram account within the 2019-2020\nperiod, the SDGs have only been mentioned explicitly twice in the following contents:\n\n94 See also Komnas HAM, \"The NHRI Practice and Experience in Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, and Palestine\nin Supporting Sustainable Development Goals Achievements\" (n. 93).\n95 lbid.\n96 Ibid.\n\n18", + "text": "be used as a good opportunity to learn from each other and increase the capacity of\nhuman rights institutions in various countries.94\nWhat works in other countries, can be learned and developed according to the\nsituation in Indonesia. 95 Partnerships can be carried out formally through a\nmemorandum of understanding or with a partnerships agreement for potential\nstrategic partners.96\n3.2.6. SDGs Dissemination in Social Media\nInformation dissemination in the digital era is closely related to the use of social\nmedia. Therefore, the dissemination of the SDGs through social media platforms\nowned by the Komnas HAM needs to be optimized as a way to increase public\nparticipation to be active as \"agents\" of the Komnas HAM in Indonesia. To be able to\nachieve this, the community needs to first receive education about the SDGs to clearly\nunderstand the focus of each goal and its derivatives. Once there is a fairly good\nunderstanding at the level of the general public, especially those who interact with the\nKomnas HAM's social media, an easier way to report SDGs related to human rights\nviolations can be formulated.\nThe Komnas HAM, for example, has used social media Instagram, Twitter, and\nYouTube. There has been an increase in the frequency of Instagram social media\nuploads from 2019-2020 from 1 1 1 uploads in 2019 to 198 uploads in 2020. The variety\nof content uploaded by the Komnas HAM on Instagram is also increasingly diverse\nwith the following details:\n90\n81\n76\n80\n70\n56\n60\n47\n50\n40\n30\n21\n16\n20\n9\n10 3\n0 0\n0\nEvents Information Celebration Infographics Videographic\nGreetings\n■ 2019 ■ 2020\nDiagram 4 Distribution of @komnas.ham Instagram Content (2019-2020)\nIf observed from the Komnas HAM's Instagram account within the 2019-2020\nperiod, the SDGs have only been mentioned explicitly twice in the following contents:\n94 See also Komnas HAM, \"The NHRI Practice and Experience in Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, and Palestine\nin Supporting Sustainable Development Goals Achievements\" (n. 93).\n95 lbid.\n96 Ibid.\n18" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

be used as a good opportunity to learn from each other and increase the capacity of
human rights institutions in various countries.94

", + "markdown": "be used as a good opportunity to learn from each other and increase the capacity of\nhuman rights institutions in various countries.94", + "text": "be used as a good opportunity to learn from each other and increase the capacity of\nhuman rights institutions in various countries.94" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1161, + "y": 0.0861 + }, + { + "x": 0.8831, + "y": 0.0861 + }, + { + "x": 0.8831, + "y": 0.1219 + }, + { + "x": 0.1161, + "y": 0.1219 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

What works in other countries, can be learned and developed according to the
situation in Indonesia. 95 Partnerships can be carried out formally through a
memorandum of understanding or with a partnerships agreement for potential
strategic partners.96

", + "markdown": "What works in other countries, can be learned and developed according to the\nsituation in Indonesia. 95 Partnerships can be carried out formally through a\nmemorandum of understanding or with a partnerships agreement for potential\nstrategic partners.96", + "text": "What works in other countries, can be learned and developed according to the\nsituation in Indonesia. 95 Partnerships can be carried out formally through a\nmemorandum of understanding or with a partnerships agreement for potential\nstrategic partners.96" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1173, + "y": 0.1249 + }, + { + "x": 0.8843, + "y": 0.1249 + }, + { + "x": 0.8843, + "y": 0.1968 + }, + { + "x": 0.1173, + "y": 0.1968 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

3.2.6. SDGs Dissemination in Social Media

", + "markdown": "3.2.6. SDGs Dissemination in Social Media", + "text": "3.2.6. SDGs Dissemination in Social Media" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1162, + "y": 0.2176 + }, + { + "x": 0.535, + "y": 0.2176 + }, + { + "x": 0.535, + "y": 0.2357 + }, + { + "x": 0.1162, + "y": 0.2357 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Information dissemination in the digital era is closely related to the use of social
media. Therefore, the dissemination of the SDGs through social media platforms
owned by the Komnas HAM needs to be optimized as a way to increase public
participation to be active as \"agents\" of the Komnas HAM in Indonesia. To be able to
achieve this, the community needs to first receive education about the SDGs to clearly
understand the focus of each goal and its derivatives. Once there is a fairly good
understanding at the level of the general public, especially those who interact with the
Komnas HAM's social media, an easier way to report SDGs related to human rights
violations can be formulated.

", + "markdown": "Information dissemination in the digital era is closely related to the use of social\nmedia. Therefore, the dissemination of the SDGs through social media platforms\nowned by the Komnas HAM needs to be optimized as a way to increase public\nparticipation to be active as \"agents\" of the Komnas HAM in Indonesia. To be able to\nachieve this, the community needs to first receive education about the SDGs to clearly\nunderstand the focus of each goal and its derivatives. Once there is a fairly good\nunderstanding at the level of the general public, especially those who interact with the\nKomnas HAM's social media, an easier way to report SDGs related to human rights\nviolations can be formulated.", + "text": "Information dissemination in the digital era is closely related to the use of social\nmedia. Therefore, the dissemination of the SDGs through social media platforms\nowned by the Komnas HAM needs to be optimized as a way to increase public\nparticipation to be active as \"agents\" of the Komnas HAM in Indonesia. To be able to\nachieve this, the community needs to first receive education about the SDGs to clearly\nunderstand the focus of each goal and its derivatives. Once there is a fairly good\nunderstanding at the level of the general public, especially those who interact with the\nKomnas HAM's social media, an easier way to report SDGs related to human rights\nviolations can be formulated." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1162, + "y": 0.255 + }, + { + "x": 0.8842, + "y": 0.255 + }, + { + "x": 0.8842, + "y": 0.4234 + }, + { + "x": 0.1162, + "y": 0.4234 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The Komnas HAM, for example, has used social media Instagram, Twitter, and
YouTube. There has been an increase in the frequency of Instagram social media
uploads from 2019-2020 from 1 1 1 uploads in 2019 to 198 uploads in 2020. The variety
of content uploaded by the Komnas HAM on Instagram is also increasingly diverse
with the following details:

", + "markdown": "The Komnas HAM, for example, has used social media Instagram, Twitter, and\nYouTube. There has been an increase in the frequency of Instagram social media\nuploads from 2019-2020 from 1 1 1 uploads in 2019 to 198 uploads in 2020. The variety\nof content uploaded by the Komnas HAM on Instagram is also increasingly diverse\nwith the following details:", + "text": "The Komnas HAM, for example, has used social media Instagram, Twitter, and\nYouTube. There has been an increase in the frequency of Instagram social media\nuploads from 2019-2020 from 1 1 1 uploads in 2019 to 198 uploads in 2020. The variety\nof content uploaded by the Komnas HAM on Instagram is also increasingly diverse\nwith the following details:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1152, + "y": 0.426 + }, + { + "x": 0.8842, + "y": 0.426 + }, + { + "x": 0.8842, + "y": 0.5168 + }, + { + "x": 0.1152, + "y": 0.5168 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"90\n81\n76\n80\n70\n56\n60\n47\n50\n40\n30\n21\n16\n20\n9\n10
", + "markdown": "90\n81\n76\n80\n70\n56\n60\n47\n50\n40\n30\n21\n16\n20\n9\n10 3\n0 0\n0\nEvents Information Celebration Infographics Videographic\nGreetings\n■ 2019 ■ 2020", + "text": "90\n81\n76\n80\n70\n56\n60\n47\n50\n40\n30\n21\n16\n20\n9\n10 3\n0 0\n0\nEvents Information Celebration Infographics Videographic\nGreetings\n■ 2019 ■ 2020" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1219, + "y": 0.5209 + }, + { + "x": 0.8839, + "y": 0.5209 + }, + { + "x": 0.8839, + "y": 0.7244 + }, + { + "x": 0.1219, + "y": 0.7244 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Diagram 4 Distribution of @komnas.ham Instagram Content (2019-2020)

", + "markdown": "Diagram 4 Distribution of @komnas.ham Instagram Content (2019-2020)", + "text": "Diagram 4 Distribution of @komnas.ham Instagram Content (2019-2020)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1382, + "y": 0.7529 + }, + { + "x": 0.7667, + "y": 0.7529 + }, + { + "x": 0.7667, + "y": 0.7693 + }, + { + "x": 0.1382, + "y": 0.7693 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

If observed from the Komnas HAM's Instagram account within the 2019-2020
period, the SDGs have only been mentioned explicitly twice in the following contents:

", + "markdown": "If observed from the Komnas HAM's Instagram account within the 2019-2020\nperiod, the SDGs have only been mentioned explicitly twice in the following contents:", + "text": "If observed from the Komnas HAM's Instagram account within the 2019-2020\nperiod, the SDGs have only been mentioned explicitly twice in the following contents:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1174, + "y": 0.7906 + }, + { + "x": 0.8836, + "y": 0.7906 + }, + { + "x": 0.8836, + "y": 0.8291 + }, + { + "x": 0.1174, + "y": 0.8291 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

94 See also Komnas HAM, \"The NHRI Practice and Experience in Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, and Palestine
in Supporting Sustainable Development Goals Achievements\" (n. 93).
95 lbid.
96 Ibid.

", + "markdown": "94 See also Komnas HAM, \"The NHRI Practice and Experience in Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, and Palestine\nin Supporting Sustainable Development Goals Achievements\" (n. 93).\n95 lbid.\n96 Ibid.", + "text": "94 See also Komnas HAM, \"The NHRI Practice and Experience in Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, and Palestine\nin Supporting Sustainable Development Goals Achievements\" (n. 93).\n95 lbid.\n96 Ibid." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1166, + "y": 0.859 + }, + { + "x": 0.8814, + "y": 0.859 + }, + { + "x": 0.8814, + "y": 0.9133 + }, + { + "x": 0.1166, + "y": 0.9133 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
18
", + "markdown": "18", + "text": "18" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.489, + "y": 0.9303 + }, + { + "x": 0.512, + "y": 0.9303 + }, + { + "x": 0.512, + "y": 0.9439 + }, + { + "x": 0.489, + "y": 0.9439 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000176.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

vapor and other gases, making it useless. Only in the vacuum of
space can optical elements be cooled to hundreds of degrees below
freezing and still remain operational.

\n

The first orbiting infrared observatory, launched in 1983, was the
Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), built as a joint project by
the United States, the Netherlands, and Britain. IRAS was equipped
with a 0.6-meter telescope cooled to a temperature of less than 10
K. For the first time, the infrared sky could be seen as if it were
night, rather than through a bright foreground of atmospheric and
telescope emissions. IRAS carried out a rapid but comprehensive
survey of the entire infrared sky over a 10-month period, cataloging
about 350,000 sources of infrared radiation. Since then, several
other infrared telescopes have operated in space with much better
sensitivity and resolution due to improvements in infrared
detectors. The most powerful of these infrared telescopes is the
0.85-meter Spitzer Space Telescope, which launched in 2003. A
few of its observations are shown in Figure 2. With infrared
observations, astronomers can detect cooler parts of cosmic
objects, such as the dust clouds around star nurseries and the
remnants of dying stars, that visible-light images don't reveal.

\n

Observations from the Spitzer Space Telescope
(SST).

\n
\"\"
\n\n
\"\"
Flame nebula
\n\n
\"\"
Cassiopeia A
\n

Helix nebula

\n

Figure 2. These infrared images-a region of star formation, the
remnant of an exploded star, and a region where an old star is

\n

336 I Chapter 6 Section 6.5: Observations outside Earth's Atmosphere

", + "markdown": "vapor and other gases, making it useless. Only in the vacuum of\nspace can optical elements be cooled to hundreds of degrees below\nfreezing and still remain operational.\n\nThe first orbiting infrared observatory, launched in 1983, was the\nInfrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), built as a joint project by\nthe United States, the Netherlands, and Britain. IRAS was equipped\nwith a 0.6-meter telescope cooled to a temperature of less than 10\nK. For the first time, the infrared sky could be seen as if it were\nnight, rather than through a bright foreground of atmospheric and\ntelescope emissions. IRAS carried out a rapid but comprehensive\nsurvey of the entire infrared sky over a 10-month period, cataloging\nabout 350,000 sources of infrared radiation. Since then, several\nother infrared telescopes have operated in space with much better\nsensitivity and resolution due to improvements in infrared\ndetectors. The most powerful of these infrared telescopes is the\n0.85-meter Spitzer Space Telescope, which launched in 2003. A\nfew of its observations are shown in Figure 2. With infrared\nobservations, astronomers can detect cooler parts of cosmic\nobjects, such as the dust clouds around star nurseries and the\nremnants of dying stars, that visible-light images don't reveal.\n\nObservations from the Spitzer Space Telescope\n(SST).\n\n\n\nFlame nebula\n\n\n\nCassiopeia A\n\n\n\nHelix nebula\n\nFigure 2. These infrared images-a region of star formation, the\nremnant of an exploded star, and a region where an old star is\n\n# 336 I Chapter 6 Section 6.5: Observations outside Earth's Atmosphere", + "text": "vapor and other gases, making it useless. Only in the vacuum of\nspace can optical elements be cooled to hundreds of degrees below\nfreezing and still remain operational.\nThe first orbiting infrared observatory, launched in 1983, was the\nInfrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), built as a joint project by\nthe United States, the Netherlands, and Britain. IRAS was equipped\nwith a 0.6-meter telescope cooled to a temperature of less than 10\nK. For the first time, the infrared sky could be seen as if it were\nnight, rather than through a bright foreground of atmospheric and\ntelescope emissions. IRAS carried out a rapid but comprehensive\nsurvey of the entire infrared sky over a 10-month period, cataloging\nabout 350,000 sources of infrared radiation. Since then, several\nother infrared telescopes have operated in space with much better\nsensitivity and resolution due to improvements in infrared\ndetectors. The most powerful of these infrared telescopes is the\n0.85-meter Spitzer Space Telescope, which launched in 2003. A\nfew of its observations are shown in Figure 2. With infrared\nobservations, astronomers can detect cooler parts of cosmic\nobjects, such as the dust clouds around star nurseries and the\nremnants of dying stars, that visible-light images don't reveal.\nObservations from the Spitzer Space Telescope\n(SST).\n\nFlame nebula\n\nCassiopeia A\n\nHelix nebula\nFigure 2. These infrared images-a region of star formation, the\nremnant of an exploded star, and a region where an old star is\n336 I Chapter 6 Section 6.5: Observations outside Earth's Atmosphere" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

vapor and other gases, making it useless. Only in the vacuum of
space can optical elements be cooled to hundreds of degrees below
freezing and still remain operational.

", + "markdown": "vapor and other gases, making it useless. Only in the vacuum of\nspace can optical elements be cooled to hundreds of degrees below\nfreezing and still remain operational.", + "text": "vapor and other gases, making it useless. Only in the vacuum of\nspace can optical elements be cooled to hundreds of degrees below\nfreezing and still remain operational." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1386, + "y": 0.0959 + }, + { + "x": 0.8622, + "y": 0.0959 + }, + { + "x": 0.8622, + "y": 0.1601 + }, + { + "x": 0.1386, + "y": 0.1601 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The first orbiting infrared observatory, launched in 1983, was the
Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), built as a joint project by
the United States, the Netherlands, and Britain. IRAS was equipped
with a 0.6-meter telescope cooled to a temperature of less than 10
K. For the first time, the infrared sky could be seen as if it were
night, rather than through a bright foreground of atmospheric and
telescope emissions. IRAS carried out a rapid but comprehensive
survey of the entire infrared sky over a 10-month period, cataloging
about 350,000 sources of infrared radiation. Since then, several
other infrared telescopes have operated in space with much better
sensitivity and resolution due to improvements in infrared
detectors. The most powerful of these infrared telescopes is the
0.85-meter Spitzer Space Telescope, which launched in 2003. A
few of its observations are shown in Figure 2. With infrared
observations, astronomers can detect cooler parts of cosmic
objects, such as the dust clouds around star nurseries and the
remnants of dying stars, that visible-light images don't reveal.

", + "markdown": "The first orbiting infrared observatory, launched in 1983, was the\nInfrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), built as a joint project by\nthe United States, the Netherlands, and Britain. IRAS was equipped\nwith a 0.6-meter telescope cooled to a temperature of less than 10\nK. For the first time, the infrared sky could be seen as if it were\nnight, rather than through a bright foreground of atmospheric and\ntelescope emissions. IRAS carried out a rapid but comprehensive\nsurvey of the entire infrared sky over a 10-month period, cataloging\nabout 350,000 sources of infrared radiation. Since then, several\nother infrared telescopes have operated in space with much better\nsensitivity and resolution due to improvements in infrared\ndetectors. The most powerful of these infrared telescopes is the\n0.85-meter Spitzer Space Telescope, which launched in 2003. A\nfew of its observations are shown in Figure 2. With infrared\nobservations, astronomers can detect cooler parts of cosmic\nobjects, such as the dust clouds around star nurseries and the\nremnants of dying stars, that visible-light images don't reveal.", + "text": "The first orbiting infrared observatory, launched in 1983, was the\nInfrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), built as a joint project by\nthe United States, the Netherlands, and Britain. IRAS was equipped\nwith a 0.6-meter telescope cooled to a temperature of less than 10\nK. For the first time, the infrared sky could be seen as if it were\nnight, rather than through a bright foreground of atmospheric and\ntelescope emissions. IRAS carried out a rapid but comprehensive\nsurvey of the entire infrared sky over a 10-month period, cataloging\nabout 350,000 sources of infrared radiation. Since then, several\nother infrared telescopes have operated in space with much better\nsensitivity and resolution due to improvements in infrared\ndetectors. The most powerful of these infrared telescopes is the\n0.85-meter Spitzer Space Telescope, which launched in 2003. A\nfew of its observations are shown in Figure 2. With infrared\nobservations, astronomers can detect cooler parts of cosmic\nobjects, such as the dust clouds around star nurseries and the\nremnants of dying stars, that visible-light images don't reveal." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1382, + "y": 0.1632 + }, + { + "x": 0.8622, + "y": 0.1632 + }, + { + "x": 0.8622, + "y": 0.5494 + }, + { + "x": 0.1382, + "y": 0.5494 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Observations from the Spitzer Space Telescope
(SST).

", + "markdown": "Observations from the Spitzer Space Telescope\n(SST).", + "text": "Observations from the Spitzer Space Telescope\n(SST)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1616, + "y": 0.6018 + }, + { + "x": 0.8379, + "y": 0.6018 + }, + { + "x": 0.8379, + "y": 0.6554 + }, + { + "x": 0.1616, + "y": 0.6554 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"\"
", + "markdown": "", + "text": "" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1432, + "y": 0.6885 + }, + { + "x": 0.3529, + "y": 0.6885 + }, + { + "x": 0.3529, + "y": 0.8275 + }, + { + "x": 0.1432, + "y": 0.8275 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Flame nebula

", + "markdown": "Flame nebula", + "text": "Flame nebula" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2022, + "y": 0.8327 + }, + { + "x": 0.2932, + "y": 0.8327 + }, + { + "x": 0.2932, + "y": 0.845 + }, + { + "x": 0.2022, + "y": 0.845 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"\"
", + "markdown": "", + "text": "" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3921, + "y": 0.6884 + }, + { + "x": 0.6069, + "y": 0.6884 + }, + { + "x": 0.6069, + "y": 0.8277 + }, + { + "x": 0.3921, + "y": 0.8277 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Cassiopeia A

", + "markdown": "Cassiopeia A", + "text": "Cassiopeia A" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4572, + "y": 0.8331 + }, + { + "x": 0.5446, + "y": 0.8331 + }, + { + "x": 0.5446, + "y": 0.8449 + }, + { + "x": 0.4572, + "y": 0.8449 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"\"
", + "markdown": "", + "text": "" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6484, + "y": 0.6885 + }, + { + "x": 0.8583, + "y": 0.6885 + }, + { + "x": 0.8583, + "y": 0.8267 + }, + { + "x": 0.6484, + "y": 0.8267 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Helix nebula

", + "markdown": "Helix nebula", + "text": "Helix nebula" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7119, + "y": 0.8334 + }, + { + "x": 0.7942, + "y": 0.8334 + }, + { + "x": 0.7942, + "y": 0.8447 + }, + { + "x": 0.7119, + "y": 0.8447 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 2. These infrared images-a region of star formation, the
remnant of an exploded star, and a region where an old star is

", + "markdown": "Figure 2. These infrared images-a region of star formation, the\nremnant of an exploded star, and a region where an old star is", + "text": "Figure 2. These infrared images-a region of star formation, the\nremnant of an exploded star, and a region where an old star is" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1688, + "y": 0.8544 + }, + { + "x": 0.8489, + "y": 0.8544 + }, + { + "x": 0.8489, + "y": 0.897 + }, + { + "x": 0.1688, + "y": 0.897 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

336 I Chapter 6 Section 6.5: Observations outside Earth's Atmosphere

", + "markdown": "# 336 I Chapter 6 Section 6.5: Observations outside Earth's Atmosphere", + "text": "336 I Chapter 6 Section 6.5: Observations outside Earth's Atmosphere" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1387, + "y": 0.9219 + }, + { + "x": 0.8108, + "y": 0.9219 + }, + { + "x": 0.8108, + "y": 0.9412 + }, + { + "x": 0.1387, + "y": 0.9412 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000114.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE
\n
BIO181
\n

Genetics Lab - Blood Disorders 94
Human Traits Governed by Mendelian Genetics 97

\n

1. Record your phenotype and genotype for the following Mendelian traits:.. 97
Human Traits not Governed by Mendelian Genetics ···· ···· 98
Human Genetics Problems ···· 100
Pedigree Analysis ■ 102
Practice Problems ······ 102
Lab Materials ■■ 104
Contributors and Attributions . ■■■ 104
From Gene to Protein via Transcription and Translation 105

\n
2
", + "markdown": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE\n\nBIO181\n\nGenetics Lab - Blood Disorders 94\nHuman Traits Governed by Mendelian Genetics 97\n\n1. Record your phenotype and genotype for the following Mendelian traits:.. 97\nHuman Traits not Governed by Mendelian Genetics ···· ···· 98\nHuman Genetics Problems ···· 100\nPedigree Analysis ■ 102\nPractice Problems ······ 102\nLab Materials ■■ 104\nContributors and Attributions . ■■■ 104\nFrom Gene to Protein via Transcription and Translation 105\n\n2", + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE\nBIO181\nGenetics Lab - Blood Disorders 94\nHuman Traits Governed by Mendelian Genetics 97\n1. Record your phenotype and genotype for the following Mendelian traits:.. 97\nHuman Traits not Governed by Mendelian Genetics ···· ···· 98\nHuman Genetics Problems ···· 100\nPedigree Analysis ■ 102\nPractice Problems ······ 102\nLab Materials ■■ 104\nContributors and Attributions . ■■■ 104\nFrom Gene to Protein via Transcription and Translation 105\n2" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE
", + "markdown": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.074, + "y": 0.0266 + }, + { + "x": 0.3589, + "y": 0.0266 + }, + { + "x": 0.3589, + "y": 0.0468 + }, + { + "x": 0.074, + "y": 0.0468 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
BIO181
", + "markdown": "BIO181", + "text": "BIO181" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8711, + "y": 0.0277 + }, + { + "x": 0.9471, + "y": 0.0277 + }, + { + "x": 0.9471, + "y": 0.0469 + }, + { + "x": 0.8711, + "y": 0.0469 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Genetics Lab - Blood Disorders 94
Human Traits Governed by Mendelian Genetics 97

", + "markdown": "Genetics Lab - Blood Disorders 94\nHuman Traits Governed by Mendelian Genetics 97", + "text": "Genetics Lab - Blood Disorders 94\nHuman Traits Governed by Mendelian Genetics 97" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0684, + "y": 0.0776 + }, + { + "x": 0.9505, + "y": 0.0776 + }, + { + "x": 0.9505, + "y": 0.1289 + }, + { + "x": 0.0684, + "y": 0.1289 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

1. Record your phenotype and genotype for the following Mendelian traits:.. 97
Human Traits not Governed by Mendelian Genetics ···· ···· 98
Human Genetics Problems ···· 100
Pedigree Analysis ■ 102
Practice Problems ······ 102
Lab Materials ■■ 104
Contributors and Attributions . ■■■ 104
From Gene to Protein via Transcription and Translation 105

", + "markdown": "1. Record your phenotype and genotype for the following Mendelian traits:.. 97\nHuman Traits not Governed by Mendelian Genetics ···· ···· 98\nHuman Genetics Problems ···· 100\nPedigree Analysis ■ 102\nPractice Problems ······ 102\nLab Materials ■■ 104\nContributors and Attributions . ■■■ 104\nFrom Gene to Protein via Transcription and Translation 105", + "text": "1. Record your phenotype and genotype for the following Mendelian traits:.. 97\nHuman Traits not Governed by Mendelian Genetics ···· ···· 98\nHuman Genetics Problems ···· 100\nPedigree Analysis ■ 102\nPractice Problems ······ 102\nLab Materials ■■ 104\nContributors and Attributions . ■■■ 104\nFrom Gene to Protein via Transcription and Translation 105" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0685, + "y": 0.1266 + }, + { + "x": 0.9499, + "y": 0.1266 + }, + { + "x": 0.9499, + "y": 0.3655 + }, + { + "x": 0.0685, + "y": 0.3655 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
2
", + "markdown": "2", + "text": "2" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4919, + "y": 0.966 + }, + { + "x": 0.5081, + "y": 0.966 + }, + { + "x": 0.5081, + "y": 0.981 + }, + { + "x": 0.4919, + "y": 0.981 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000043.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
\"36%\n56%\nSTRONGLY\nAGREE\nAGREE\n3%\n4%\nUNDECIDED\nDISAGREE\n1%\nSTRONGLY\nDISAGREE\"
Figure 7: Respondents' reaction to
the statement \"l am worried that
misogynistic and hostile beliefs
espoused by extremist groups result in
violence towards women.\"
\n

During the COVID-19 pandemic, 70%
of respondents agreed that online
radicalization and the proliferation of
extremist propaganda had increased.
Altogether, 76.9% and 92.9% of women
agreed with the statement.

\n

One interviewee from Indonesia
noted that:

\n

\"COVID has managed to restrict
direct meetings to disseminate
propaganda, misinformation
and disinformation through
most government's large-scale
restrictions to prevent the virus'
spread. However, the tendency to
utilizeon/inespacestodisseminate
these has increased since the use
of online activities is mandatory in
various sectors, such as working
and education. Most people
certainly use online platforms to
disseminate false information

\n

regarding the outbreak, as well as
radical ideas targeted at people,
including recruiting them as a
part of groups.\"

\n

\"

\n\n
\"23%\n47%\nSTRONGLY\nAGREE\nAGREE\n6%\n21%\nDISAGREE\nUNDECIDED\n3%\nSTRONGLY\nDISAGREE\"
Figure 8: Respondents' view to the
statement, \"Online radicalization
and the proliferation of extremist
propaganda has increased
during COVID-1\".
\n

Another interviewee from Indonesia
observed that:

\n

\"

\n

\"(Based on my experience),
during 2020-2021 one of the
interesting things has been
the impact of misinformation
and disinformation related to
COVID, affecting people's views
and attitudes in responding to,
preventing and handling of (the
virus). At the beginning of the
Indonesian government's policy
on limiting religious activities
in places of worship, this issue
caused a strong, adverse reaction
among extremist groups, giving
rise to a narrative that the

\n

36

\n
Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN
", + "markdown": "Figure 7: Respondents' reaction to\nthe statement \"l am worried that\nmisogynistic and hostile beliefs\nespoused by extremist groups result in\nviolence towards women.\"\n\n36%\n56%\nSTRONGLY\nAGREE\nAGREE\n3%\n4%\nUNDECIDED\nDISAGREE\n1%\nSTRONGLY\nDISAGREE\n\nDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, 70%\nof respondents agreed that online\nradicalization and the proliferation of\nextremist propaganda had increased.\nAltogether, 76.9% and 92.9% of women\nagreed with the statement.\n\nOne interviewee from Indonesia\nnoted that:\n\n\"COVID has managed to restrict\ndirect meetings to disseminate\npropaganda, misinformation\nand disinformation through\nmost government's large-scale\nrestrictions to prevent the virus'\nspread. However, the tendency to\nutilizeon/inespacestodisseminate\nthese has increased since the use\nof online activities is mandatory in\nvarious sectors, such as working\nand education. Most people\ncertainly use online platforms to\ndisseminate false information\n\nregarding the outbreak, as well as\nradical ideas targeted at people,\nincluding recruiting them as a\npart of groups.\"\n\n# \"\n\nFigure 8: Respondents' view to the\nstatement, \"Online radicalization\nand the proliferation of extremist\npropaganda has increased\nduring COVID-1\".\n\n23%\n47%\nSTRONGLY\nAGREE\nAGREE\n6%\n21%\nDISAGREE\nUNDECIDED\n3%\nSTRONGLY\nDISAGREE\n\nAnother interviewee from Indonesia\nobserved that:\n\n\"\n\n\"(Based on my experience),\nduring 2020-2021 one of the\ninteresting things has been\nthe impact of misinformation\nand disinformation related to\nCOVID, affecting people's views\nand attitudes in responding to,\npreventing and handling of (the\nvirus). At the beginning of the\nIndonesian government's policy\non limiting religious activities\nin places of worship, this issue\ncaused a strong, adverse reaction\namong extremist groups, giving\nrise to a narrative that the\n\n36\n\nGender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN", + "text": "Figure 7: Respondents' reaction to\nthe statement \"l am worried that\nmisogynistic and hostile beliefs\nespoused by extremist groups result in\nviolence towards women.\"\n36%\n56%\nSTRONGLY\nAGREE\nAGREE\n3%\n4%\nUNDECIDED\nDISAGREE\n1%\nSTRONGLY\nDISAGREE\nDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, 70%\nof respondents agreed that online\nradicalization and the proliferation of\nextremist propaganda had increased.\nAltogether, 76.9% and 92.9% of women\nagreed with the statement.\nOne interviewee from Indonesia\nnoted that:\n\"COVID has managed to restrict\ndirect meetings to disseminate\npropaganda, misinformation\nand disinformation through\nmost government's large-scale\nrestrictions to prevent the virus'\nspread. However, the tendency to\nutilizeon/inespacestodisseminate\nthese has increased since the use\nof online activities is mandatory in\nvarious sectors, such as working\nand education. Most people\ncertainly use online platforms to\ndisseminate false information\nregarding the outbreak, as well as\nradical ideas targeted at people,\nincluding recruiting them as a\npart of groups.\"\n\"\nFigure 8: Respondents' view to the\nstatement, \"Online radicalization\nand the proliferation of extremist\npropaganda has increased\nduring COVID-1\".\n23%\n47%\nSTRONGLY\nAGREE\nAGREE\n6%\n21%\nDISAGREE\nUNDECIDED\n3%\nSTRONGLY\nDISAGREE\nAnother interviewee from Indonesia\nobserved that:\n\"\n\"(Based on my experience),\nduring 2020-2021 one of the\ninteresting things has been\nthe impact of misinformation\nand disinformation related to\nCOVID, affecting people's views\nand attitudes in responding to,\npreventing and handling of (the\nvirus). At the beginning of the\nIndonesian government's policy\non limiting religious activities\nin places of worship, this issue\ncaused a strong, adverse reaction\namong extremist groups, giving\nrise to a narrative that the\n36\nGender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 7: Respondents' reaction to
the statement \"l am worried that
misogynistic and hostile beliefs
espoused by extremist groups result in
violence towards women.\"

", + "markdown": "Figure 7: Respondents' reaction to\nthe statement \"l am worried that\nmisogynistic and hostile beliefs\nespoused by extremist groups result in\nviolence towards women.\"", + "text": "Figure 7: Respondents' reaction to\nthe statement \"l am worried that\nmisogynistic and hostile beliefs\nespoused by extremist groups result in\nviolence towards women.\"" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1152, + "y": 0.0841 + }, + { + "x": 0.4659, + "y": 0.0841 + }, + { + "x": 0.4659, + "y": 0.171 + }, + { + "x": 0.1152, + "y": 0.171 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"36%\n56%\nSTRONGLY\nAGREE\nAGREE\n3%\n4%\nUNDECIDED\nDISAGREE\n1%\nSTRONGLY\nDISAGREE\"
", + "markdown": "36%\n56%\nSTRONGLY\nAGREE\nAGREE\n3%\n4%\nUNDECIDED\nDISAGREE\n1%\nSTRONGLY\nDISAGREE", + "text": "36%\n56%\nSTRONGLY\nAGREE\nAGREE\n3%\n4%\nUNDECIDED\nDISAGREE\n1%\nSTRONGLY\nDISAGREE" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1255, + "y": 0.186 + }, + { + "x": 0.4697, + "y": 0.186 + }, + { + "x": 0.4697, + "y": 0.4577 + }, + { + "x": 0.1255, + "y": 0.4577 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

During the COVID-19 pandemic, 70%
of respondents agreed that online
radicalization and the proliferation of
extremist propaganda had increased.
Altogether, 76.9% and 92.9% of women
agreed with the statement.

", + "markdown": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, 70%\nof respondents agreed that online\nradicalization and the proliferation of\nextremist propaganda had increased.\nAltogether, 76.9% and 92.9% of women\nagreed with the statement.", + "text": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, 70%\nof respondents agreed that online\nradicalization and the proliferation of\nextremist propaganda had increased.\nAltogether, 76.9% and 92.9% of women\nagreed with the statement." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1164, + "y": 0.4784 + }, + { + "x": 0.4762, + "y": 0.4784 + }, + { + "x": 0.4762, + "y": 0.5855 + }, + { + "x": 0.1164, + "y": 0.5855 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

One interviewee from Indonesia
noted that:

", + "markdown": "One interviewee from Indonesia\nnoted that:", + "text": "One interviewee from Indonesia\nnoted that:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1174, + "y": 0.6107 + }, + { + "x": 0.3946, + "y": 0.6107 + }, + { + "x": 0.3946, + "y": 0.6439 + }, + { + "x": 0.1174, + "y": 0.6439 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

\"COVID has managed to restrict
direct meetings to disseminate
propaganda, misinformation
and disinformation through
most government's large-scale
restrictions to prevent the virus'
spread. However, the tendency to
utilizeon/inespacestodisseminate
these has increased since the use
of online activities is mandatory in
various sectors, such as working
and education. Most people
certainly use online platforms to
disseminate false information

", + "markdown": "\"COVID has managed to restrict\ndirect meetings to disseminate\npropaganda, misinformation\nand disinformation through\nmost government's large-scale\nrestrictions to prevent the virus'\nspread. However, the tendency to\nutilizeon/inespacestodisseminate\nthese has increased since the use\nof online activities is mandatory in\nvarious sectors, such as working\nand education. Most people\ncertainly use online platforms to\ndisseminate false information", + "text": "\"COVID has managed to restrict\ndirect meetings to disseminate\npropaganda, misinformation\nand disinformation through\nmost government's large-scale\nrestrictions to prevent the virus'\nspread. However, the tendency to\nutilizeon/inespacestodisseminate\nthese has increased since the use\nof online activities is mandatory in\nvarious sectors, such as working\nand education. Most people\ncertainly use online platforms to\ndisseminate false information" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.175, + "y": 0.6723 + }, + { + "x": 0.4745, + "y": 0.6723 + }, + { + "x": 0.4745, + "y": 0.9222 + }, + { + "x": 0.175, + "y": 0.9222 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

regarding the outbreak, as well as
radical ideas targeted at people,
including recruiting them as a
part of groups.\"

", + "markdown": "regarding the outbreak, as well as\nradical ideas targeted at people,\nincluding recruiting them as a\npart of groups.\"", + "text": "regarding the outbreak, as well as\nradical ideas targeted at people,\nincluding recruiting them as a\npart of groups.\"" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.585, + "y": 0.0858 + }, + { + "x": 0.8856, + "y": 0.0858 + }, + { + "x": 0.8856, + "y": 0.1555 + }, + { + "x": 0.585, + "y": 0.1555 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

\"

", + "markdown": "# \"", + "text": "\"" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5356, + "y": 0.1452 + }, + { + "x": 0.5714, + "y": 0.1452 + }, + { + "x": 0.5714, + "y": 0.1663 + }, + { + "x": 0.5356, + "y": 0.1663 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 8: Respondents' view to the
statement, \"Online radicalization
and the proliferation of extremist
propaganda has increased
during COVID-1\".

", + "markdown": "Figure 8: Respondents' view to the\nstatement, \"Online radicalization\nand the proliferation of extremist\npropaganda has increased\nduring COVID-1\".", + "text": "Figure 8: Respondents' view to the\nstatement, \"Online radicalization\nand the proliferation of extremist\npropaganda has increased\nduring COVID-1\"." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5256, + "y": 0.2011 + }, + { + "x": 0.8378, + "y": 0.2011 + }, + { + "x": 0.8378, + "y": 0.2884 + }, + { + "x": 0.5256, + "y": 0.2884 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"23%\n47%\nSTRONGLY\nAGREE\nAGREE\n6%\n21%\nDISAGREE\nUNDECIDED\n3%\nSTRONGLY\nDISAGREE\"
", + "markdown": "23%\n47%\nSTRONGLY\nAGREE\nAGREE\n6%\n21%\nDISAGREE\nUNDECIDED\n3%\nSTRONGLY\nDISAGREE", + "text": "23%\n47%\nSTRONGLY\nAGREE\nAGREE\n6%\n21%\nDISAGREE\nUNDECIDED\n3%\nSTRONGLY\nDISAGREE" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5347, + "y": 0.3014 + }, + { + "x": 0.8819, + "y": 0.3014 + }, + { + "x": 0.8819, + "y": 0.5732 + }, + { + "x": 0.5347, + "y": 0.5732 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Another interviewee from Indonesia
observed that:

", + "markdown": "Another interviewee from Indonesia\nobserved that:", + "text": "Another interviewee from Indonesia\nobserved that:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5241, + "y": 0.5965 + }, + { + "x": 0.8371, + "y": 0.5965 + }, + { + "x": 0.8371, + "y": 0.6297 + }, + { + "x": 0.5241, + "y": 0.6297 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

\"

", + "markdown": "\"", + "text": "\"" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5372, + "y": 0.6476 + }, + { + "x": 0.5719, + "y": 0.6476 + }, + { + "x": 0.5719, + "y": 0.6683 + }, + { + "x": 0.5372, + "y": 0.6683 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

\"(Based on my experience),
during 2020-2021 one of the
interesting things has been
the impact of misinformation
and disinformation related to
COVID, affecting people's views
and attitudes in responding to,
preventing and handling of (the
virus). At the beginning of the
Indonesian government's policy
on limiting religious activities
in places of worship, this issue
caused a strong, adverse reaction
among extremist groups, giving
rise to a narrative that the

", + "markdown": "\"(Based on my experience),\nduring 2020-2021 one of the\ninteresting things has been\nthe impact of misinformation\nand disinformation related to\nCOVID, affecting people's views\nand attitudes in responding to,\npreventing and handling of (the\nvirus). At the beginning of the\nIndonesian government's policy\non limiting religious activities\nin places of worship, this issue\ncaused a strong, adverse reaction\namong extremist groups, giving\nrise to a narrative that the", + "text": "\"(Based on my experience),\nduring 2020-2021 one of the\ninteresting things has been\nthe impact of misinformation\nand disinformation related to\nCOVID, affecting people's views\nand attitudes in responding to,\npreventing and handling of (the\nvirus). At the beginning of the\nIndonesian government's policy\non limiting religious activities\nin places of worship, this issue\ncaused a strong, adverse reaction\namong extremist groups, giving\nrise to a narrative that the" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5752, + "y": 0.6539 + }, + { + "x": 0.8864, + "y": 0.6539 + }, + { + "x": 0.8864, + "y": 0.9214 + }, + { + "x": 0.5752, + "y": 0.9214 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

36

", + "markdown": "36", + "text": "36" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.925, + "y": 0.9749 + }, + { + "x": 0.9462, + "y": 0.9749 + }, + { + "x": 0.9462, + "y": 0.9852 + }, + { + "x": 0.925, + "y": 0.9852 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN
", + "markdown": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN", + "text": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.025, + "y": 0.9738 + }, + { + "x": 0.7212, + "y": 0.9738 + }, + { + "x": 0.7212, + "y": 0.9876 + }, + { + "x": 0.025, + "y": 0.9876 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000053.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
16 Encinas Franco and Laguna
\n
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula424
X - Northern Mindanao222
XI - Davao Region135
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN221
XIII - Caraga133
ARMM122
Party-List101520
TOTAL (w/ Party- List)556688
TOTAL (w/o Party- List)455168
\n

Source: HOR 2022. Computations made by the authors.

\n

Overall, the abovementioned situation indicates that Filipino
women have gradually increased their presence in formal politics.
In Asia, the Philippines and Taiwan are the only countries above the
global average of 24.5 percent of women in parliament (Liu 2021).
However, challenges remain as the increased participation of women
comes from dysfunctional features of the country's political system:
political dynasties and the Party-List law. Nonetheless, not all women
from these groups are necessarily averse to women's issues.

\n

Barriers to Filipino Women's Participation

\n

Previous studies have identified political, economic, and cultural
factors thatimpede women'sparticipation in politics. However, context
still matters since the perception of women's role in societies and the
evolution of political systems differ. The following section examines
some of these barriers.

\n

The Philippine electoral system's \"first-past-the-post\" electoral
type, coupled with the lack of well-developed political parties, inhibits
women's entry into politics. Encinas-Franco (2021) argues that \"[w]
ithout party discipline and institutionalized rules within parties, one

", + "markdown": "16 Encinas Franco and Laguna\n\n| IX - Zamboanga Peninsula | 4 | 2 | 4 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| X - Northern Mindanao | 2 | 2 | 2 |\n| XI - Davao Region | 1 | 3 | 5 |\n| XII - SOCCSKSARGEN | 2 | 2 | 1 |\n| XIII - Caraga | 1 | 3 | 3 |\n| ARMM | 1 | 2 | 2 |\n| Party-List | 10 | 15 | 20 |\n| TOTAL (w/ Party- List) | 55 | 66 | 88 |\n| TOTAL (w/o Party- List) | 45 | 51 | 68 |\n\n\nSource: HOR 2022. Computations made by the authors.\n\nOverall, the abovementioned situation indicates that Filipino\nwomen have gradually increased their presence in formal politics.\nIn Asia, the Philippines and Taiwan are the only countries above the\nglobal average of 24.5 percent of women in parliament (Liu 2021).\nHowever, challenges remain as the increased participation of women\ncomes from dysfunctional features of the country's political system:\npolitical dynasties and the Party-List law. Nonetheless, not all women\nfrom these groups are necessarily averse to women's issues.\n\n# Barriers to Filipino Women's Participation\n\nPrevious studies have identified political, economic, and cultural\nfactors thatimpede women'sparticipation in politics. However, context\nstill matters since the perception of women's role in societies and the\nevolution of political systems differ. The following section examines\nsome of these barriers.\n\nThe Philippine electoral system's \"first-past-the-post\" electoral\ntype, coupled with the lack of well-developed political parties, inhibits\nwomen's entry into politics. Encinas-Franco (2021) argues that \"[w]\nithout party discipline and institutionalized rules within parties, one", + "text": "16 Encinas Franco and Laguna\nIX - Zamboanga Peninsula 4 2 4\n X - Northern Mindanao 2 2 2\n XI - Davao Region 1 3 5\n XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 2 2 1\n XIII - Caraga 1 3 3\n ARMM 1 2 2\n Party-List 10 15 20\n TOTAL (w/ Party- List) 55 66 88\n TOTAL (w/o Party- List) 45 51 68\nSource: HOR 2022. Computations made by the authors.\nOverall, the abovementioned situation indicates that Filipino\nwomen have gradually increased their presence in formal politics.\nIn Asia, the Philippines and Taiwan are the only countries above the\nglobal average of 24.5 percent of women in parliament (Liu 2021).\nHowever, challenges remain as the increased participation of women\ncomes from dysfunctional features of the country's political system:\npolitical dynasties and the Party-List law. Nonetheless, not all women\nfrom these groups are necessarily averse to women's issues.\nBarriers to Filipino Women's Participation\nPrevious studies have identified political, economic, and cultural\nfactors thatimpede women'sparticipation in politics. However, context\nstill matters since the perception of women's role in societies and the\nevolution of political systems differ. The following section examines\nsome of these barriers.\nThe Philippine electoral system's \"first-past-the-post\" electoral\ntype, coupled with the lack of well-developed political parties, inhibits\nwomen's entry into politics. Encinas-Franco (2021) argues that \"[w]\nithout party discipline and institutionalized rules within parties, one" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
16 Encinas Franco and Laguna
", + "markdown": "16 Encinas Franco and Laguna", + "text": "16 Encinas Franco and Laguna" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0993, + "y": 0.0554 + }, + { + "x": 0.4123, + "y": 0.0554 + }, + { + "x": 0.4123, + "y": 0.0737 + }, + { + "x": 0.0993, + "y": 0.0737 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula424
X - Northern Mindanao222
XI - Davao Region135
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN221
XIII - Caraga133
ARMM122
Party-List101520
TOTAL (w/ Party- List)556688
TOTAL (w/o Party- List)455168
", + "markdown": "| IX - Zamboanga Peninsula | 4 | 2 | 4 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| X - Northern Mindanao | 2 | 2 | 2 |\n| XI - Davao Region | 1 | 3 | 5 |\n| XII - SOCCSKSARGEN | 2 | 2 | 1 |\n| XIII - Caraga | 1 | 3 | 3 |\n| ARMM | 1 | 2 | 2 |\n| Party-List | 10 | 15 | 20 |\n| TOTAL (w/ Party- List) | 55 | 66 | 88 |\n| TOTAL (w/o Party- List) | 45 | 51 | 68 |\n", + "text": "IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 4 2 4\n X - Northern Mindanao 2 2 2\n XI - Davao Region 1 3 5\n XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 2 2 1\n XIII - Caraga 1 3 3\n ARMM 1 2 2\n Party-List 10 15 20\n TOTAL (w/ Party- List) 55 66 88\n TOTAL (w/o Party- List) 45 51 68" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1034, + "y": 0.1088 + }, + { + "x": 0.8562, + "y": 0.1088 + }, + { + "x": 0.8562, + "y": 0.4032 + }, + { + "x": 0.1034, + "y": 0.4032 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Source: HOR 2022. Computations made by the authors.

", + "markdown": "Source: HOR 2022. Computations made by the authors.", + "text": "Source: HOR 2022. Computations made by the authors." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1, + "y": 0.4186 + }, + { + "x": 0.6239, + "y": 0.4186 + }, + { + "x": 0.6239, + "y": 0.4364 + }, + { + "x": 0.1, + "y": 0.4364 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Overall, the abovementioned situation indicates that Filipino
women have gradually increased their presence in formal politics.
In Asia, the Philippines and Taiwan are the only countries above the
global average of 24.5 percent of women in parliament (Liu 2021).
However, challenges remain as the increased participation of women
comes from dysfunctional features of the country's political system:
political dynasties and the Party-List law. Nonetheless, not all women
from these groups are necessarily averse to women's issues.

", + "markdown": "Overall, the abovementioned situation indicates that Filipino\nwomen have gradually increased their presence in formal politics.\nIn Asia, the Philippines and Taiwan are the only countries above the\nglobal average of 24.5 percent of women in parliament (Liu 2021).\nHowever, challenges remain as the increased participation of women\ncomes from dysfunctional features of the country's political system:\npolitical dynasties and the Party-List law. Nonetheless, not all women\nfrom these groups are necessarily averse to women's issues.", + "text": "Overall, the abovementioned situation indicates that Filipino\nwomen have gradually increased their presence in formal politics.\nIn Asia, the Philippines and Taiwan are the only countries above the\nglobal average of 24.5 percent of women in parliament (Liu 2021).\nHowever, challenges remain as the increased participation of women\ncomes from dysfunctional features of the country's political system:\npolitical dynasties and the Party-List law. Nonetheless, not all women\nfrom these groups are necessarily averse to women's issues." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0988, + "y": 0.4735 + }, + { + "x": 0.8598, + "y": 0.4735 + }, + { + "x": 0.8598, + "y": 0.6478 + }, + { + "x": 0.0988, + "y": 0.6478 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Barriers to Filipino Women's Participation

", + "markdown": "# Barriers to Filipino Women's Participation", + "text": "Barriers to Filipino Women's Participation" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1, + "y": 0.6881 + }, + { + "x": 0.671, + "y": 0.6881 + }, + { + "x": 0.671, + "y": 0.7127 + }, + { + "x": 0.1, + "y": 0.7127 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Previous studies have identified political, economic, and cultural
factors thatimpede women'sparticipation in politics. However, context
still matters since the perception of women's role in societies and the
evolution of political systems differ. The following section examines
some of these barriers.

", + "markdown": "Previous studies have identified political, economic, and cultural\nfactors thatimpede women'sparticipation in politics. However, context\nstill matters since the perception of women's role in societies and the\nevolution of political systems differ. The following section examines\nsome of these barriers.", + "text": "Previous studies have identified political, economic, and cultural\nfactors thatimpede women'sparticipation in politics. However, context\nstill matters since the perception of women's role in societies and the\nevolution of political systems differ. The following section examines\nsome of these barriers." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0989, + "y": 0.7337 + }, + { + "x": 0.8597, + "y": 0.7337 + }, + { + "x": 0.8597, + "y": 0.84 + }, + { + "x": 0.0989, + "y": 0.84 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The Philippine electoral system's \"first-past-the-post\" electoral
type, coupled with the lack of well-developed political parties, inhibits
women's entry into politics. Encinas-Franco (2021) argues that \"[w]
ithout party discipline and institutionalized rules within parties, one

", + "markdown": "The Philippine electoral system's \"first-past-the-post\" electoral\ntype, coupled with the lack of well-developed political parties, inhibits\nwomen's entry into politics. Encinas-Franco (2021) argues that \"[w]\nithout party discipline and institutionalized rules within parties, one", + "text": "The Philippine electoral system's \"first-past-the-post\" electoral\ntype, coupled with the lack of well-developed political parties, inhibits\nwomen's entry into politics. Encinas-Franco (2021) argues that \"[w]\nithout party discipline and institutionalized rules within parties, one" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0991, + "y": 0.8547 + }, + { + "x": 0.86, + "y": 0.8547 + }, + { + "x": 0.86, + "y": 0.9432 + }, + { + "x": 0.0991, + "y": 0.9432 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000008.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
CIRCULATING THINGS, CIRCULATING STEREOTYPES
\n
73
\n

indicates the use of balsam, which is \"indigenous
in various parts of Arabia,\" as an ingredient in the
\"Myrabolan comfit. \"25 Such references emphasize
Arabia's exoticism and refined taste, as well as the
sweetness and fragrance of its products, which
were much valued during a time when the con-
sumption of sugar and spices was rising rapidly
among European populations.

\n

Coffee is another staple thing customarily asso-
ciated with the area. In his Dictionary, Johnson indi-
cates the Arabic origin of coffee and rightly so, as
one the most popular types of coffee is called \"Ara-
bica\" because it was first domesticated for commer-
cial use in the southern part of Arabia the Happy
(present-day Yemen). Given the Muslim prohibi-
tion of alcohol, coffee became particularly attrac-
tive to the Muslim world as \"the wine of Islam,\"26
and spread through the ports of the Persian Gulf in
Western Europe, where it became immensely pop-
ular. Collections of travels published during the
time mention that coffee was \"the product of Ara-
bia only.\"27 Imported largely from Yemen, which
was credited with producing the best coffee in the
world, coffee was considered to have stimulating
and therapeutic properties.28 The former quality is
famously described by Pope in The Rape ofthe Lock:
\"Coffee (which makes the politician wise), / And see
thro' all things with his half-shut Eyes) / Sent up in
vapours to the Baron's brain / New Stratagems, the
radiant Lock to gain.\"29 According to Beawes, the
product was brought to Mecca through the port of
Jeddah, whose \"[t]rade consists mainly of coffee
brought here by the Arabians and bought by the

\n

25 Wiliam Beckford, An Arabian Tale, from an Unpub-
lished Manuscript: With Notes Critical and Explanatory
(London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1786), 165.
26 For the association between coffee and wine, see Ralph
S. Hattox, Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a So-
cial Beverage in the Medieval Middle East (Seattle: Uni-
versity of Washington Press, 1985), 18-19.
27 A Collection of Voyages and Travels, 1:440.
28 Coffee was customarily used as a mild painkiller during
the eighteenth century. Poet Alexander Pope, for in-
stance, used it as a palliative for his migraines.
29 Pope, The Rape of the Lock, 69.

\n
\"T
FIGURE 4.2 William Hogarth, Taste in High Life [graphic].
PRINT MADE BY ISAAC MILLS AFTER WILLIAM
HOGARTH'S PAINTING, WITHOUT THE ARTIST'S
PERMISSION, LONDON, 1798
\n\n

Turks ... [and] by the Merchants of Mogul, Persia,
and several places on the coast of Ehiopia.\"30 From
here, coffee spread rapidly in England, France, and
Italy, giving rise to the coffeehouse culture that is a
hallmark of the eighteenth century. Coffee was also
regularly paired in the visual culture of the time
with expensive china (fig. 4.2), was employed as a
mark of the culture of sociability (fig. 4.3), or was
used for its oracular properties31 (fig. 4.4).

\n

Arabian medicines were also much sought-after
in the Western world. As indicated by Beawes,
\"from Arabia, Medicinal drugs, Dragon's Blood,
Manna, Myrrh, [and] Incense, \"32 brought to
were
the British metropolis. Pharmacopoia Reformata
(1744) mentions gum Arabic, aloe, cassia, acacia,
cardamom, saffron, myrrh, and spikenard, which
were all used for their therapeutic properties.33 To

\n

32
33

\n

30 Beawes, Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, 791.
31 Again, the custom of reading one's fortune in coffee
grounds is of Turkish provenance, not Arabic. Such
mistaken attributions were pervasive during the eigh-
teenth century.
Beawes, Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, 792.
M.M., Pharmacopoia Reformata: Or, An Essayfor a Ref-
ormation of the London Pharmacopoia, by a Set of Re-
marks on the Draught for a New One, and a Brief Ac-
count of the Proceedings of the Committee Appointed by
the College of Physicians, to Thoroughly Reform Their

", + "markdown": "CIRCULATING THINGS, CIRCULATING STEREOTYPES\n\n73\n\nindicates the use of balsam, which is \"indigenous\nin various parts of Arabia,\" as an ingredient in the\n\"Myrabolan comfit. \"25 Such references emphasize\nArabia's exoticism and refined taste, as well as the\nsweetness and fragrance of its products, which\nwere much valued during a time when the con-\nsumption of sugar and spices was rising rapidly\namong European populations.\n\nCoffee is another staple thing customarily asso-\nciated with the area. In his Dictionary, Johnson indi-\ncates the Arabic origin of coffee and rightly so, as\none the most popular types of coffee is called \"Ara-\nbica\" because it was first domesticated for commer-\ncial use in the southern part of Arabia the Happy\n(present-day Yemen). Given the Muslim prohibi-\ntion of alcohol, coffee became particularly attrac-\ntive to the Muslim world as \"the wine of Islam,\"26\nand spread through the ports of the Persian Gulf in\nWestern Europe, where it became immensely pop-\nular. Collections of travels published during the\ntime mention that coffee was \"the product of Ara-\nbia only.\"27 Imported largely from Yemen, which\nwas credited with producing the best coffee in the\nworld, coffee was considered to have stimulating\nand therapeutic properties.28 The former quality is\nfamously described by Pope in The Rape ofthe Lock:\n\"Coffee (which makes the politician wise), / And see\nthro' all things with his half-shut Eyes) / Sent up in\nvapours to the Baron's brain / New Stratagems, the\nradiant Lock to gain.\"29 According to Beawes, the\nproduct was brought to Mecca through the port of\nJeddah, whose \"[t]rade consists mainly of coffee\nbrought here by the Arabians and bought by the\n\n25 Wiliam Beckford, An Arabian Tale, from an Unpub-\nlished Manuscript: With Notes Critical and Explanatory\n(London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1786), 165.\n26 For the association between coffee and wine, see Ralph\nS. Hattox, Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a So-\ncial Beverage in the Medieval Middle East (Seattle: Uni-\nversity of Washington Press, 1985), 18-19.\n27 A Collection of Voyages and Travels, 1:440.\n28 Coffee was customarily used as a mild painkiller during\nthe eighteenth century. Poet Alexander Pope, for in-\nstance, used it as a palliative for his migraines.\n29 Pope, The Rape of the Lock, 69.\n\nT A 8 T K in HIC II 1.1 F E\n\nFIGURE 4.2 William Hogarth, Taste in High Life [graphic].\nPRINT MADE BY ISAAC MILLS AFTER WILLIAM\nHOGARTH'S PAINTING, WITHOUT THE ARTIST'S\nPERMISSION, LONDON, 1798\n\nTurks ... [and] by the Merchants of Mogul, Persia,\nand several places on the coast of Ehiopia.\"30 From\nhere, coffee spread rapidly in England, France, and\nItaly, giving rise to the coffeehouse culture that is a\nhallmark of the eighteenth century. Coffee was also\nregularly paired in the visual culture of the time\nwith expensive china (fig. 4.2), was employed as a\nmark of the culture of sociability (fig. 4.3), or was\nused for its oracular properties31 (fig. 4.4).\n\nArabian medicines were also much sought-after\nin the Western world. As indicated by Beawes,\n\"from Arabia, Medicinal drugs, Dragon's Blood,\nManna, Myrrh, [and] Incense, \"32 brought to\nwere\nthe British metropolis. Pharmacopoia Reformata\n(1744) mentions gum Arabic, aloe, cassia, acacia,\ncardamom, saffron, myrrh, and spikenard, which\nwere all used for their therapeutic properties.33 To\n\n32\n33\n\n- 30 Beawes, Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, 791.\n- 31 Again, the custom of reading one's fortune in coffee\n- grounds is of Turkish provenance, not Arabic. Such\n- mistaken attributions were pervasive during the eigh-\n- teenth century.\n- Beawes, Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, 792.\n- M.M., Pharmacopoia Reformata: Or, An Essayfor a Ref-\n- ormation of the London Pharmacopoia, by a Set of Re-\n- marks on the Draught for a New One, and a Brief Ac-\n- count of the Proceedings of the Committee Appointed by\n- the College of Physicians, to Thoroughly Reform Their", + "text": "CIRCULATING THINGS, CIRCULATING STEREOTYPES\n73\nindicates the use of balsam, which is \"indigenous\nin various parts of Arabia,\" as an ingredient in the\n\"Myrabolan comfit. \"25 Such references emphasize\nArabia's exoticism and refined taste, as well as the\nsweetness and fragrance of its products, which\nwere much valued during a time when the con-\nsumption of sugar and spices was rising rapidly\namong European populations.\nCoffee is another staple thing customarily asso-\nciated with the area. In his Dictionary, Johnson indi-\ncates the Arabic origin of coffee and rightly so, as\none the most popular types of coffee is called \"Ara-\nbica\" because it was first domesticated for commer-\ncial use in the southern part of Arabia the Happy\n(present-day Yemen). Given the Muslim prohibi-\ntion of alcohol, coffee became particularly attrac-\ntive to the Muslim world as \"the wine of Islam,\"26\nand spread through the ports of the Persian Gulf in\nWestern Europe, where it became immensely pop-\nular. Collections of travels published during the\ntime mention that coffee was \"the product of Ara-\nbia only.\"27 Imported largely from Yemen, which\nwas credited with producing the best coffee in the\nworld, coffee was considered to have stimulating\nand therapeutic properties.28 The former quality is\nfamously described by Pope in The Rape ofthe Lock:\n\"Coffee (which makes the politician wise), / And see\nthro' all things with his half-shut Eyes) / Sent up in\nvapours to the Baron's brain / New Stratagems, the\nradiant Lock to gain.\"29 According to Beawes, the\nproduct was brought to Mecca through the port of\nJeddah, whose \"[t]rade consists mainly of coffee\nbrought here by the Arabians and bought by the\n25 Wiliam Beckford, An Arabian Tale, from an Unpub-\nlished Manuscript: With Notes Critical and Explanatory\n(London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1786), 165.\n26 For the association between coffee and wine, see Ralph\nS. Hattox, Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a So-\ncial Beverage in the Medieval Middle East (Seattle: Uni-\nversity of Washington Press, 1985), 18-19.\n27 A Collection of Voyages and Travels, 1:440.\n28 Coffee was customarily used as a mild painkiller during\nthe eighteenth century. Poet Alexander Pope, for in-\nstance, used it as a palliative for his migraines.\n29 Pope, The Rape of the Lock, 69.\nT A 8 T K in HIC II 1.1 F E\nFIGURE 4.2 William Hogarth, Taste in High Life [graphic].\nPRINT MADE BY ISAAC MILLS AFTER WILLIAM\nHOGARTH'S PAINTING, WITHOUT THE ARTIST'S\nPERMISSION, LONDON, 1798\nTurks ... [and] by the Merchants of Mogul, Persia,\nand several places on the coast of Ehiopia.\"30 From\nhere, coffee spread rapidly in England, France, and\nItaly, giving rise to the coffeehouse culture that is a\nhallmark of the eighteenth century. Coffee was also\nregularly paired in the visual culture of the time\nwith expensive china (fig. 4.2), was employed as a\nmark of the culture of sociability (fig. 4.3), or was\nused for its oracular properties31 (fig. 4.4).\nArabian medicines were also much sought-after\nin the Western world. As indicated by Beawes,\n\"from Arabia, Medicinal drugs, Dragon's Blood,\nManna, Myrrh, [and] Incense, \"32 brought to\nwere\nthe British metropolis. Pharmacopoia Reformata\n(1744) mentions gum Arabic, aloe, cassia, acacia,\ncardamom, saffron, myrrh, and spikenard, which\nwere all used for their therapeutic properties.33 To\n32\n33\n30 Beawes, Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, 791.\n31 Again, the custom of reading one's fortune in coffee\ngrounds is of Turkish provenance, not Arabic. Such\nmistaken attributions were pervasive during the eigh-\nteenth century.\nBeawes, Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, 792.\nM.M., Pharmacopoia Reformata: Or, An Essayfor a Ref-\normation of the London Pharmacopoia, by a Set of Re-\nmarks on the Draught for a New One, and a Brief Ac-\ncount of the Proceedings of the Committee Appointed by\nthe College of Physicians, to Thoroughly Reform Their" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
CIRCULATING THINGS, CIRCULATING STEREOTYPES
", + "markdown": "CIRCULATING THINGS, CIRCULATING STEREOTYPES", + "text": "CIRCULATING THINGS, CIRCULATING STEREOTYPES" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.101, + "y": 0.0485 + }, + { + "x": 0.4874, + "y": 0.0485 + }, + { + "x": 0.4874, + "y": 0.0612 + }, + { + "x": 0.101, + "y": 0.0612 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
73
", + "markdown": "73", + "text": "73" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8777, + "y": 0.0488 + }, + { + "x": 0.8992, + "y": 0.0488 + }, + { + "x": 0.8992, + "y": 0.0609 + }, + { + "x": 0.8777, + "y": 0.0609 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

indicates the use of balsam, which is \"indigenous
in various parts of Arabia,\" as an ingredient in the
\"Myrabolan comfit. \"25 Such references emphasize
Arabia's exoticism and refined taste, as well as the
sweetness and fragrance of its products, which
were much valued during a time when the con-
sumption of sugar and spices was rising rapidly
among European populations.

", + "markdown": "indicates the use of balsam, which is \"indigenous\nin various parts of Arabia,\" as an ingredient in the\n\"Myrabolan comfit. \"25 Such references emphasize\nArabia's exoticism and refined taste, as well as the\nsweetness and fragrance of its products, which\nwere much valued during a time when the con-\nsumption of sugar and spices was rising rapidly\namong European populations.", + "text": "indicates the use of balsam, which is \"indigenous\nin various parts of Arabia,\" as an ingredient in the\n\"Myrabolan comfit. \"25 Such references emphasize\nArabia's exoticism and refined taste, as well as the\nsweetness and fragrance of its products, which\nwere much valued during a time when the con-\nsumption of sugar and spices was rising rapidly\namong European populations." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1007, + "y": 0.0825 + }, + { + "x": 0.4916, + "y": 0.0825 + }, + { + "x": 0.4916, + "y": 0.2254 + }, + { + "x": 0.1007, + "y": 0.2254 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Coffee is another staple thing customarily asso-
ciated with the area. In his Dictionary, Johnson indi-
cates the Arabic origin of coffee and rightly so, as
one the most popular types of coffee is called \"Ara-
bica\" because it was first domesticated for commer-
cial use in the southern part of Arabia the Happy
(present-day Yemen). Given the Muslim prohibi-
tion of alcohol, coffee became particularly attrac-
tive to the Muslim world as \"the wine of Islam,\"26
and spread through the ports of the Persian Gulf in
Western Europe, where it became immensely pop-
ular. Collections of travels published during the
time mention that coffee was \"the product of Ara-
bia only.\"27 Imported largely from Yemen, which
was credited with producing the best coffee in the
world, coffee was considered to have stimulating
and therapeutic properties.28 The former quality is
famously described by Pope in The Rape ofthe Lock:
\"Coffee (which makes the politician wise), / And see
thro' all things with his half-shut Eyes) / Sent up in
vapours to the Baron's brain / New Stratagems, the
radiant Lock to gain.\"29 According to Beawes, the
product was brought to Mecca through the port of
Jeddah, whose \"[t]rade consists mainly of coffee
brought here by the Arabians and bought by the

", + "markdown": "Coffee is another staple thing customarily asso-\nciated with the area. In his Dictionary, Johnson indi-\ncates the Arabic origin of coffee and rightly so, as\none the most popular types of coffee is called \"Ara-\nbica\" because it was first domesticated for commer-\ncial use in the southern part of Arabia the Happy\n(present-day Yemen). Given the Muslim prohibi-\ntion of alcohol, coffee became particularly attrac-\ntive to the Muslim world as \"the wine of Islam,\"26\nand spread through the ports of the Persian Gulf in\nWestern Europe, where it became immensely pop-\nular. Collections of travels published during the\ntime mention that coffee was \"the product of Ara-\nbia only.\"27 Imported largely from Yemen, which\nwas credited with producing the best coffee in the\nworld, coffee was considered to have stimulating\nand therapeutic properties.28 The former quality is\nfamously described by Pope in The Rape ofthe Lock:\n\"Coffee (which makes the politician wise), / And see\nthro' all things with his half-shut Eyes) / Sent up in\nvapours to the Baron's brain / New Stratagems, the\nradiant Lock to gain.\"29 According to Beawes, the\nproduct was brought to Mecca through the port of\nJeddah, whose \"[t]rade consists mainly of coffee\nbrought here by the Arabians and bought by the", + "text": "Coffee is another staple thing customarily asso-\nciated with the area. In his Dictionary, Johnson indi-\ncates the Arabic origin of coffee and rightly so, as\none the most popular types of coffee is called \"Ara-\nbica\" because it was first domesticated for commer-\ncial use in the southern part of Arabia the Happy\n(present-day Yemen). Given the Muslim prohibi-\ntion of alcohol, coffee became particularly attrac-\ntive to the Muslim world as \"the wine of Islam,\"26\nand spread through the ports of the Persian Gulf in\nWestern Europe, where it became immensely pop-\nular. Collections of travels published during the\ntime mention that coffee was \"the product of Ara-\nbia only.\"27 Imported largely from Yemen, which\nwas credited with producing the best coffee in the\nworld, coffee was considered to have stimulating\nand therapeutic properties.28 The former quality is\nfamously described by Pope in The Rape ofthe Lock:\n\"Coffee (which makes the politician wise), / And see\nthro' all things with his half-shut Eyes) / Sent up in\nvapours to the Baron's brain / New Stratagems, the\nradiant Lock to gain.\"29 According to Beawes, the\nproduct was brought to Mecca through the port of\nJeddah, whose \"[t]rade consists mainly of coffee\nbrought here by the Arabians and bought by the" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0998, + "y": 0.2273 + }, + { + "x": 0.4914, + "y": 0.2273 + }, + { + "x": 0.4914, + "y": 0.6867 + }, + { + "x": 0.0998, + "y": 0.6867 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

25 Wiliam Beckford, An Arabian Tale, from an Unpub-
lished Manuscript: With Notes Critical and Explanatory
(London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1786), 165.
26 For the association between coffee and wine, see Ralph
S. Hattox, Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a So-
cial Beverage in the Medieval Middle East (Seattle: Uni-
versity of Washington Press, 1985), 18-19.
27 A Collection of Voyages and Travels, 1:440.
28 Coffee was customarily used as a mild painkiller during
the eighteenth century. Poet Alexander Pope, for in-
stance, used it as a palliative for his migraines.
29 Pope, The Rape of the Lock, 69.

", + "markdown": "25 Wiliam Beckford, An Arabian Tale, from an Unpub-\nlished Manuscript: With Notes Critical and Explanatory\n(London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1786), 165.\n26 For the association between coffee and wine, see Ralph\nS. Hattox, Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a So-\ncial Beverage in the Medieval Middle East (Seattle: Uni-\nversity of Washington Press, 1985), 18-19.\n27 A Collection of Voyages and Travels, 1:440.\n28 Coffee was customarily used as a mild painkiller during\nthe eighteenth century. Poet Alexander Pope, for in-\nstance, used it as a palliative for his migraines.\n29 Pope, The Rape of the Lock, 69.", + "text": "25 Wiliam Beckford, An Arabian Tale, from an Unpub-\nlished Manuscript: With Notes Critical and Explanatory\n(London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1786), 165.\n26 For the association between coffee and wine, see Ralph\nS. Hattox, Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a So-\ncial Beverage in the Medieval Middle East (Seattle: Uni-\nversity of Washington Press, 1985), 18-19.\n27 A Collection of Voyages and Travels, 1:440.\n28 Coffee was customarily used as a mild painkiller during\nthe eighteenth century. Poet Alexander Pope, for in-\nstance, used it as a palliative for his migraines.\n29 Pope, The Rape of the Lock, 69." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.103, + "y": 0.7263 + }, + { + "x": 0.4918, + "y": 0.7263 + }, + { + "x": 0.4918, + "y": 0.9219 + }, + { + "x": 0.103, + "y": 0.9219 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"T
", + "markdown": "T A 8 T K in HIC II 1.1 F E", + "text": "T A 8 T K in HIC II 1.1 F E" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5175, + "y": 0.0776 + }, + { + "x": 0.8723, + "y": 0.0776 + }, + { + "x": 0.8723, + "y": 0.3006 + }, + { + "x": 0.5175, + "y": 0.3006 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "FIGURE 4.2 William Hogarth, Taste in High Life [graphic].
PRINT MADE BY ISAAC MILLS AFTER WILLIAM
HOGARTH'S PAINTING, WITHOUT THE ARTIST'S
PERMISSION, LONDON, 1798", + "markdown": "FIGURE 4.2 William Hogarth, Taste in High Life [graphic].\nPRINT MADE BY ISAAC MILLS AFTER WILLIAM\nHOGARTH'S PAINTING, WITHOUT THE ARTIST'S\nPERMISSION, LONDON, 1798", + "text": "FIGURE 4.2 William Hogarth, Taste in High Life [graphic].\nPRINT MADE BY ISAAC MILLS AFTER WILLIAM\nHOGARTH'S PAINTING, WITHOUT THE ARTIST'S\nPERMISSION, LONDON, 1798" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5163, + "y": 0.3203 + }, + { + "x": 0.8799, + "y": 0.3203 + }, + { + "x": 0.8799, + "y": 0.378 + }, + { + "x": 0.5163, + "y": 0.378 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Turks ... [and] by the Merchants of Mogul, Persia,
and several places on the coast of Ehiopia.\"30 From
here, coffee spread rapidly in England, France, and
Italy, giving rise to the coffeehouse culture that is a
hallmark of the eighteenth century. Coffee was also
regularly paired in the visual culture of the time
with expensive china (fig. 4.2), was employed as a
mark of the culture of sociability (fig. 4.3), or was
used for its oracular properties31 (fig. 4.4).

", + "markdown": "Turks ... [and] by the Merchants of Mogul, Persia,\nand several places on the coast of Ehiopia.\"30 From\nhere, coffee spread rapidly in England, France, and\nItaly, giving rise to the coffeehouse culture that is a\nhallmark of the eighteenth century. Coffee was also\nregularly paired in the visual culture of the time\nwith expensive china (fig. 4.2), was employed as a\nmark of the culture of sociability (fig. 4.3), or was\nused for its oracular properties31 (fig. 4.4).", + "text": "Turks ... [and] by the Merchants of Mogul, Persia,\nand several places on the coast of Ehiopia.\"30 From\nhere, coffee spread rapidly in England, France, and\nItaly, giving rise to the coffeehouse culture that is a\nhallmark of the eighteenth century. Coffee was also\nregularly paired in the visual culture of the time\nwith expensive china (fig. 4.2), was employed as a\nmark of the culture of sociability (fig. 4.3), or was\nused for its oracular properties31 (fig. 4.4)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5086, + "y": 0.4093 + }, + { + "x": 0.9001, + "y": 0.4093 + }, + { + "x": 0.9001, + "y": 0.5733 + }, + { + "x": 0.5086, + "y": 0.5733 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Arabian medicines were also much sought-after
in the Western world. As indicated by Beawes,
\"from Arabia, Medicinal drugs, Dragon's Blood,
Manna, Myrrh, [and] Incense, \"32 brought to
were
the British metropolis. Pharmacopoia Reformata
(1744) mentions gum Arabic, aloe, cassia, acacia,
cardamom, saffron, myrrh, and spikenard, which
were all used for their therapeutic properties.33 To

", + "markdown": "Arabian medicines were also much sought-after\nin the Western world. As indicated by Beawes,\n\"from Arabia, Medicinal drugs, Dragon's Blood,\nManna, Myrrh, [and] Incense, \"32 brought to\nwere\nthe British metropolis. Pharmacopoia Reformata\n(1744) mentions gum Arabic, aloe, cassia, acacia,\ncardamom, saffron, myrrh, and spikenard, which\nwere all used for their therapeutic properties.33 To", + "text": "Arabian medicines were also much sought-after\nin the Western world. As indicated by Beawes,\n\"from Arabia, Medicinal drugs, Dragon's Blood,\nManna, Myrrh, [and] Incense, \"32 brought to\nwere\nthe British metropolis. Pharmacopoia Reformata\n(1744) mentions gum Arabic, aloe, cassia, acacia,\ncardamom, saffron, myrrh, and spikenard, which\nwere all used for their therapeutic properties.33 To" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5094, + "y": 0.5753 + }, + { + "x": 0.9009, + "y": 0.5753 + }, + { + "x": 0.9009, + "y": 0.7194 + }, + { + "x": 0.5094, + "y": 0.7194 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

32
33

", + "markdown": "32\n33", + "text": "32\n33" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5102, + "y": 0.8275 + }, + { + "x": 0.5321, + "y": 0.8275 + }, + { + "x": 0.5321, + "y": 0.8563 + }, + { + "x": 0.5102, + "y": 0.8563 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

30 Beawes, Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, 791.
31 Again, the custom of reading one's fortune in coffee
grounds is of Turkish provenance, not Arabic. Such
mistaken attributions were pervasive during the eigh-
teenth century.
Beawes, Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, 792.
M.M., Pharmacopoia Reformata: Or, An Essayfor a Ref-
ormation of the London Pharmacopoia, by a Set of Re-
marks on the Draught for a New One, and a Brief Ac-
count of the Proceedings of the Committee Appointed by
the College of Physicians, to Thoroughly Reform Their

", + "markdown": "- 30 Beawes, Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, 791.\n- 31 Again, the custom of reading one's fortune in coffee\n- grounds is of Turkish provenance, not Arabic. Such\n- mistaken attributions were pervasive during the eigh-\n- teenth century.\n- Beawes, Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, 792.\n- M.M., Pharmacopoia Reformata: Or, An Essayfor a Ref-\n- ormation of the London Pharmacopoia, by a Set of Re-\n- marks on the Draught for a New One, and a Brief Ac-\n- count of the Proceedings of the Committee Appointed by\n- the College of Physicians, to Thoroughly Reform Their\n", + "text": "30 Beawes, Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, 791.\n31 Again, the custom of reading one's fortune in coffee\ngrounds is of Turkish provenance, not Arabic. Such\nmistaken attributions were pervasive during the eigh-\nteenth century.\nBeawes, Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, 792.\nM.M., Pharmacopoia Reformata: Or, An Essayfor a Ref-\normation of the London Pharmacopoia, by a Set of Re-\nmarks on the Draught for a New One, and a Brief Ac-\ncount of the Proceedings of the Committee Appointed by\nthe College of Physicians, to Thoroughly Reform Their" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.518, + "y": 0.7438 + }, + { + "x": 0.901, + "y": 0.7438 + }, + { + "x": 0.901, + "y": 0.9228 + }, + { + "x": 0.518, + "y": 0.9228 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000055.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

pharmaceutical products (Casson, Muliastra, and Obidzinski, 2014). The development of
biofuels from biomass has raised interest in expanding the palm oil plantation area. This
is because palm oil is the main raw material for biodiesel in Indonesia.

\n

CPO is the primary product derived from the red fruit of the oil palm, while palm kernel
oil, derived from the fruit's nut, is considered a secondary product. Oil palm biomass
includes EFBs, palm mesocarps fibres (PMFs), PKS, oil palm fronds, oil palm trunks, as well
as palm oil mill effluent (POME). Oil palm fronds account for 70% of the total oil palm
biomass produced, while EFB accounts for 10% and oil palm trunks account for only about
5% of the total biomass produced.

\n

According to Harahap et al. (2019), Indonesia housed 11 million hectares (Mha) of oil palm
plantations and produced 31 million tonnes (Mt) of CPO in 2015. Oil extraction from palm
fruits occurs in palm oil mills. One tonne (t) of CPO production results in nearly 5 t of solid
biomass waste, including EFBs, PKSs, PMFs, and POME; see Figure 3.3. This implies that,
in 2015, Indonesia produced around 155 Mt of palm biomass residue.

\n\n
\"~2t\nEffluent\nCrude
Figure 3.3. Biomass Use in Oil Palm Industry
\n

Source: Harahap et al. (2019).

\n

Regarding the potential for biodiesel, the previous Table 2.10 projected the demand of
FAME for both B30 and B40 mandates using the volume of diesel fuel needed for the road
transport sector. As shown, the FAME demand will reach 19.1 million kL in 2040 for the
B30 mandate and 25.4 million kL for the B40 mandate. The current FAME production
capacity is 12.85 million kL, indicating a shortage of supply to meet the 2040 demand for
both the B30 and B40 mandates.

\n

Increasing the capacity for FAME production implies that the demand for domestic CPO
will continue to increase. The estimated CPO required to produce FAME in 2040 is also
calculated above (Table 2.11). The estimated CPO consumption for B30 and B40 mandate
in 2040 will be 17.5 and 23.4 million tonnes, respectively. This was calculated based on

\n
24
", + "markdown": "pharmaceutical products (Casson, Muliastra, and Obidzinski, 2014). The development of\nbiofuels from biomass has raised interest in expanding the palm oil plantation area. This\nis because palm oil is the main raw material for biodiesel in Indonesia.\n\nCPO is the primary product derived from the red fruit of the oil palm, while palm kernel\noil, derived from the fruit's nut, is considered a secondary product. Oil palm biomass\nincludes EFBs, palm mesocarps fibres (PMFs), PKS, oil palm fronds, oil palm trunks, as well\nas palm oil mill effluent (POME). Oil palm fronds account for 70% of the total oil palm\nbiomass produced, while EFB accounts for 10% and oil palm trunks account for only about\n5% of the total biomass produced.\n\nAccording to Harahap et al. (2019), Indonesia housed 11 million hectares (Mha) of oil palm\nplantations and produced 31 million tonnes (Mt) of CPO in 2015. Oil extraction from palm\nfruits occurs in palm oil mills. One tonne (t) of CPO production results in nearly 5 t of solid\nbiomass waste, including EFBs, PKSs, PMFs, and POME; see Figure 3.3. This implies that,\nin 2015, Indonesia produced around 155 Mt of palm biomass residue.\n\nFigure 3.3. Biomass Use in Oil Palm Industry\n\n~2t\nEffluent\nCrude palm oil\nMesocarp\nOne hectare of oil\npalm plantation Fresh fruit Palm\nbunch fruits ~8 t\nShell\nPalm kernel\n~15 t\n~1 t\nLegend:\nEmpty fruit bunch\nResidue production\n~3 t\n\nSource: Harahap et al. (2019).\n\nRegarding the potential for biodiesel, the previous Table 2.10 projected the demand of\nFAME for both B30 and B40 mandates using the volume of diesel fuel needed for the road\ntransport sector. As shown, the FAME demand will reach 19.1 million kL in 2040 for the\nB30 mandate and 25.4 million kL for the B40 mandate. The current FAME production\ncapacity is 12.85 million kL, indicating a shortage of supply to meet the 2040 demand for\nboth the B30 and B40 mandates.\n\nIncreasing the capacity for FAME production implies that the demand for domestic CPO\nwill continue to increase. The estimated CPO required to produce FAME in 2040 is also\ncalculated above (Table 2.11). The estimated CPO consumption for B30 and B40 mandate\nin 2040 will be 17.5 and 23.4 million tonnes, respectively. This was calculated based on\n\n24", + "text": "pharmaceutical products (Casson, Muliastra, and Obidzinski, 2014). The development of\nbiofuels from biomass has raised interest in expanding the palm oil plantation area. This\nis because palm oil is the main raw material for biodiesel in Indonesia.\nCPO is the primary product derived from the red fruit of the oil palm, while palm kernel\noil, derived from the fruit's nut, is considered a secondary product. Oil palm biomass\nincludes EFBs, palm mesocarps fibres (PMFs), PKS, oil palm fronds, oil palm trunks, as well\nas palm oil mill effluent (POME). Oil palm fronds account for 70% of the total oil palm\nbiomass produced, while EFB accounts for 10% and oil palm trunks account for only about\n5% of the total biomass produced.\nAccording to Harahap et al. (2019), Indonesia housed 11 million hectares (Mha) of oil palm\nplantations and produced 31 million tonnes (Mt) of CPO in 2015. Oil extraction from palm\nfruits occurs in palm oil mills. One tonne (t) of CPO production results in nearly 5 t of solid\nbiomass waste, including EFBs, PKSs, PMFs, and POME; see Figure 3.3. This implies that,\nin 2015, Indonesia produced around 155 Mt of palm biomass residue.\nFigure 3.3. Biomass Use in Oil Palm Industry\n~2t\nEffluent\nCrude palm oil\nMesocarp\nOne hectare of oil\npalm plantation Fresh fruit Palm\nbunch fruits ~8 t\nShell\nPalm kernel\n~15 t\n~1 t\nLegend:\nEmpty fruit bunch\nResidue production\n~3 t\nSource: Harahap et al. (2019).\nRegarding the potential for biodiesel, the previous Table 2.10 projected the demand of\nFAME for both B30 and B40 mandates using the volume of diesel fuel needed for the road\ntransport sector. As shown, the FAME demand will reach 19.1 million kL in 2040 for the\nB30 mandate and 25.4 million kL for the B40 mandate. The current FAME production\ncapacity is 12.85 million kL, indicating a shortage of supply to meet the 2040 demand for\nboth the B30 and B40 mandates.\nIncreasing the capacity for FAME production implies that the demand for domestic CPO\nwill continue to increase. The estimated CPO required to produce FAME in 2040 is also\ncalculated above (Table 2.11). The estimated CPO consumption for B30 and B40 mandate\nin 2040 will be 17.5 and 23.4 million tonnes, respectively. This was calculated based on\n24" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

pharmaceutical products (Casson, Muliastra, and Obidzinski, 2014). The development of
biofuels from biomass has raised interest in expanding the palm oil plantation area. This
is because palm oil is the main raw material for biodiesel in Indonesia.

", + "markdown": "pharmaceutical products (Casson, Muliastra, and Obidzinski, 2014). The development of\nbiofuels from biomass has raised interest in expanding the palm oil plantation area. This\nis because palm oil is the main raw material for biodiesel in Indonesia.", + "text": "pharmaceutical products (Casson, Muliastra, and Obidzinski, 2014). The development of\nbiofuels from biomass has raised interest in expanding the palm oil plantation area. This\nis because palm oil is the main raw material for biodiesel in Indonesia." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.139, + "y": 0.1018 + }, + { + "x": 0.8133, + "y": 0.1018 + }, + { + "x": 0.8133, + "y": 0.1535 + }, + { + "x": 0.139, + "y": 0.1535 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

CPO is the primary product derived from the red fruit of the oil palm, while palm kernel
oil, derived from the fruit's nut, is considered a secondary product. Oil palm biomass
includes EFBs, palm mesocarps fibres (PMFs), PKS, oil palm fronds, oil palm trunks, as well
as palm oil mill effluent (POME). Oil palm fronds account for 70% of the total oil palm
biomass produced, while EFB accounts for 10% and oil palm trunks account for only about
5% of the total biomass produced.

", + "markdown": "CPO is the primary product derived from the red fruit of the oil palm, while palm kernel\noil, derived from the fruit's nut, is considered a secondary product. Oil palm biomass\nincludes EFBs, palm mesocarps fibres (PMFs), PKS, oil palm fronds, oil palm trunks, as well\nas palm oil mill effluent (POME). Oil palm fronds account for 70% of the total oil palm\nbiomass produced, while EFB accounts for 10% and oil palm trunks account for only about\n5% of the total biomass produced.", + "text": "CPO is the primary product derived from the red fruit of the oil palm, while palm kernel\noil, derived from the fruit's nut, is considered a secondary product. Oil palm biomass\nincludes EFBs, palm mesocarps fibres (PMFs), PKS, oil palm fronds, oil palm trunks, as well\nas palm oil mill effluent (POME). Oil palm fronds account for 70% of the total oil palm\nbiomass produced, while EFB accounts for 10% and oil palm trunks account for only about\n5% of the total biomass produced." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1392, + "y": 0.1643 + }, + { + "x": 0.8135, + "y": 0.1643 + }, + { + "x": 0.8135, + "y": 0.2706 + }, + { + "x": 0.1392, + "y": 0.2706 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

According to Harahap et al. (2019), Indonesia housed 11 million hectares (Mha) of oil palm
plantations and produced 31 million tonnes (Mt) of CPO in 2015. Oil extraction from palm
fruits occurs in palm oil mills. One tonne (t) of CPO production results in nearly 5 t of solid
biomass waste, including EFBs, PKSs, PMFs, and POME; see Figure 3.3. This implies that,
in 2015, Indonesia produced around 155 Mt of palm biomass residue.

", + "markdown": "According to Harahap et al. (2019), Indonesia housed 11 million hectares (Mha) of oil palm\nplantations and produced 31 million tonnes (Mt) of CPO in 2015. Oil extraction from palm\nfruits occurs in palm oil mills. One tonne (t) of CPO production results in nearly 5 t of solid\nbiomass waste, including EFBs, PKSs, PMFs, and POME; see Figure 3.3. This implies that,\nin 2015, Indonesia produced around 155 Mt of palm biomass residue.", + "text": "According to Harahap et al. (2019), Indonesia housed 11 million hectares (Mha) of oil palm\nplantations and produced 31 million tonnes (Mt) of CPO in 2015. Oil extraction from palm\nfruits occurs in palm oil mills. One tonne (t) of CPO production results in nearly 5 t of solid\nbiomass waste, including EFBs, PKSs, PMFs, and POME; see Figure 3.3. This implies that,\nin 2015, Indonesia produced around 155 Mt of palm biomass residue." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1389, + "y": 0.281 + }, + { + "x": 0.8131, + "y": 0.281 + }, + { + "x": 0.8131, + "y": 0.3707 + }, + { + "x": 0.1389, + "y": 0.3707 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "Figure 3.3. Biomass Use in Oil Palm Industry", + "markdown": "Figure 3.3. Biomass Use in Oil Palm Industry", + "text": "Figure 3.3. Biomass Use in Oil Palm Industry" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3036, + "y": 0.3979 + }, + { + "x": 0.6471, + "y": 0.3979 + }, + { + "x": 0.6471, + "y": 0.4129 + }, + { + "x": 0.3036, + "y": 0.4129 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"~2t\nEffluent\nCrude
", + "markdown": "~2t\nEffluent\nCrude palm oil\nMesocarp\nOne hectare of oil\npalm plantation Fresh fruit Palm\nbunch fruits ~8 t\nShell\nPalm kernel\n~15 t\n~1 t\nLegend:\nEmpty fruit bunch\nResidue production\n~3 t", + "text": "~2t\nEffluent\nCrude palm oil\nMesocarp\nOne hectare of oil\npalm plantation Fresh fruit Palm\nbunch fruits ~8 t\nShell\nPalm kernel\n~15 t\n~1 t\nLegend:\nEmpty fruit bunch\nResidue production\n~3 t" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1424, + "y": 0.4207 + }, + { + "x": 0.8168, + "y": 0.4207 + }, + { + "x": 0.8168, + "y": 0.6601 + }, + { + "x": 0.1424, + "y": 0.6601 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Source: Harahap et al. (2019).

", + "markdown": "Source: Harahap et al. (2019).", + "text": "Source: Harahap et al. (2019)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1393, + "y": 0.6697 + }, + { + "x": 0.3271, + "y": 0.6697 + }, + { + "x": 0.3271, + "y": 0.6833 + }, + { + "x": 0.1393, + "y": 0.6833 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Regarding the potential for biodiesel, the previous Table 2.10 projected the demand of
FAME for both B30 and B40 mandates using the volume of diesel fuel needed for the road
transport sector. As shown, the FAME demand will reach 19.1 million kL in 2040 for the
B30 mandate and 25.4 million kL for the B40 mandate. The current FAME production
capacity is 12.85 million kL, indicating a shortage of supply to meet the 2040 demand for
both the B30 and B40 mandates.

", + "markdown": "Regarding the potential for biodiesel, the previous Table 2.10 projected the demand of\nFAME for both B30 and B40 mandates using the volume of diesel fuel needed for the road\ntransport sector. As shown, the FAME demand will reach 19.1 million kL in 2040 for the\nB30 mandate and 25.4 million kL for the B40 mandate. The current FAME production\ncapacity is 12.85 million kL, indicating a shortage of supply to meet the 2040 demand for\nboth the B30 and B40 mandates.", + "text": "Regarding the potential for biodiesel, the previous Table 2.10 projected the demand of\nFAME for both B30 and B40 mandates using the volume of diesel fuel needed for the road\ntransport sector. As shown, the FAME demand will reach 19.1 million kL in 2040 for the\nB30 mandate and 25.4 million kL for the B40 mandate. The current FAME production\ncapacity is 12.85 million kL, indicating a shortage of supply to meet the 2040 demand for\nboth the B30 and B40 mandates." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1389, + "y": 0.7083 + }, + { + "x": 0.8137, + "y": 0.7083 + }, + { + "x": 0.8137, + "y": 0.8151 + }, + { + "x": 0.1389, + "y": 0.8151 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Increasing the capacity for FAME production implies that the demand for domestic CPO
will continue to increase. The estimated CPO required to produce FAME in 2040 is also
calculated above (Table 2.11). The estimated CPO consumption for B30 and B40 mandate
in 2040 will be 17.5 and 23.4 million tonnes, respectively. This was calculated based on

", + "markdown": "Increasing the capacity for FAME production implies that the demand for domestic CPO\nwill continue to increase. The estimated CPO required to produce FAME in 2040 is also\ncalculated above (Table 2.11). The estimated CPO consumption for B30 and B40 mandate\nin 2040 will be 17.5 and 23.4 million tonnes, respectively. This was calculated based on", + "text": "Increasing the capacity for FAME production implies that the demand for domestic CPO\nwill continue to increase. The estimated CPO required to produce FAME in 2040 is also\ncalculated above (Table 2.11). The estimated CPO consumption for B30 and B40 mandate\nin 2040 will be 17.5 and 23.4 million tonnes, respectively. This was calculated based on" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1395, + "y": 0.8255 + }, + { + "x": 0.8135, + "y": 0.8255 + }, + { + "x": 0.8135, + "y": 0.8965 + }, + { + "x": 0.1395, + "y": 0.8965 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
24
", + "markdown": "24", + "text": "24" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4646, + "y": 0.9436 + }, + { + "x": 0.4872, + "y": 0.9436 + }, + { + "x": 0.4872, + "y": 0.9563 + }, + { + "x": 0.4646, + "y": 0.9563 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000138.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
\"\"
Figure 11.2: Arapaima gigas displayed in the Siam Centre, Bangkok.
\n\n

Arapaima is an important flagship genus for flooded forest ecosystem and human floodplain communities.
Flagship taxa are used as a symbol to promote conservation awareness (Caro 2010). Their large size makes them
a true freshwater megafauna like crocodiles, river dolphins, and other large fish. Freshwater megafauna face
many threats, and 71% of these species are in decline (He et al. 2017, 2018). Arapaima continue to face intense
fishing throughout their range (Watson et al. 2021). However, freshwater megafauna like the Arapaima have
fewer conservation resources and efforts than marine or terrestrial megafaunas.

\n

Fishing, in general, and fishing for Arapaima in particular, is a central element of the local economy and
culture in Amazonia. Because these fish are obligate breathers, they are traditionally harvested by fishers
using harpoons at the time when they surface to breathe. Men typically fish from canoes and search for
signs of Arapaima near the surface. As they near the Arapaima, the harpooner throws the harpoon by hand.
This is a specialized type of fishing, and the local fishers possess knowledge of the behavior that increases
their likelihood of catching one. With appropriate training, fishers' participation in management processes can
contribute to the conservation and governance of these small-scale fisheries.

\n

Many populations of Arapaima have been driven to local extinction due to overfishing (Castello et al. 2015a;
Gurdak 2019a; Watson et al. 2021; Freitas and Sousa 2021). Much of the catch is illegal, with most specimens
being caught below the minimum size limit or during the closed season (Cavole et al. 2015). The small-scale
fishers are geographically dispersed, and governments in these regions have insufficient resources to devote
to enforcing fishing rules. The riverine fishers who target Arapaima are marginalized and have limited formal
education. Yet, compliance with regulations is essential to prevent overfishing and local extinction.

\n

Arapaima represent only a small fraction of the fisheries harvest, but they are culturally important and symbolic
as a flagship genus of tropical South American fisheries and floodplain management and conservation. Reducing
the threats to Arapaima will also provide protections for many of the highly migratory fish of the Amazon basin.
Collectively, the migratory fish contribute most of the fishery's landings in the basin (Duponchelle et al. 2021).
Migratory fish depend on multiple, distant, but interconnected habitats during their life cycle. Any threat to
one of the habitats or the corridor that connects them can influence these important food fish (Goulding et al.
2019).

\n
Integrating Fishers in the Management of Arapaima I 251
", + "markdown": "Figure 11.2: Arapaima gigas displayed in the Siam Centre, Bangkok.\n\nArapaima is an important flagship genus for flooded forest ecosystem and human floodplain communities.\nFlagship taxa are used as a symbol to promote conservation awareness (Caro 2010). Their large size makes them\na true freshwater megafauna like crocodiles, river dolphins, and other large fish. Freshwater megafauna face\nmany threats, and 71% of these species are in decline (He et al. 2017, 2018). Arapaima continue to face intense\nfishing throughout their range (Watson et al. 2021). However, freshwater megafauna like the Arapaima have\nfewer conservation resources and efforts than marine or terrestrial megafaunas.\n\nFishing, in general, and fishing for Arapaima in particular, is a central element of the local economy and\nculture in Amazonia. Because these fish are obligate breathers, they are traditionally harvested by fishers\nusing harpoons at the time when they surface to breathe. Men typically fish from canoes and search for\nsigns of Arapaima near the surface. As they near the Arapaima, the harpooner throws the harpoon by hand.\nThis is a specialized type of fishing, and the local fishers possess knowledge of the behavior that increases\ntheir likelihood of catching one. With appropriate training, fishers' participation in management processes can\ncontribute to the conservation and governance of these small-scale fisheries.\n\nMany populations of Arapaima have been driven to local extinction due to overfishing (Castello et al. 2015a;\nGurdak 2019a; Watson et al. 2021; Freitas and Sousa 2021). Much of the catch is illegal, with most specimens\nbeing caught below the minimum size limit or during the closed season (Cavole et al. 2015). The small-scale\nfishers are geographically dispersed, and governments in these regions have insufficient resources to devote\nto enforcing fishing rules. The riverine fishers who target Arapaima are marginalized and have limited formal\neducation. Yet, compliance with regulations is essential to prevent overfishing and local extinction.\n\nArapaima represent only a small fraction of the fisheries harvest, but they are culturally important and symbolic\nas a flagship genus of tropical South American fisheries and floodplain management and conservation. Reducing\nthe threats to Arapaima will also provide protections for many of the highly migratory fish of the Amazon basin.\nCollectively, the migratory fish contribute most of the fishery's landings in the basin (Duponchelle et al. 2021).\nMigratory fish depend on multiple, distant, but interconnected habitats during their life cycle. Any threat to\none of the habitats or the corridor that connects them can influence these important food fish (Goulding et al.\n2019).\n\nIntegrating Fishers in the Management of Arapaima I 251", + "text": "Figure 11.2: Arapaima gigas displayed in the Siam Centre, Bangkok.\nArapaima is an important flagship genus for flooded forest ecosystem and human floodplain communities.\nFlagship taxa are used as a symbol to promote conservation awareness (Caro 2010). Their large size makes them\na true freshwater megafauna like crocodiles, river dolphins, and other large fish. Freshwater megafauna face\nmany threats, and 71% of these species are in decline (He et al. 2017, 2018). Arapaima continue to face intense\nfishing throughout their range (Watson et al. 2021). However, freshwater megafauna like the Arapaima have\nfewer conservation resources and efforts than marine or terrestrial megafaunas.\nFishing, in general, and fishing for Arapaima in particular, is a central element of the local economy and\nculture in Amazonia. Because these fish are obligate breathers, they are traditionally harvested by fishers\nusing harpoons at the time when they surface to breathe. Men typically fish from canoes and search for\nsigns of Arapaima near the surface. As they near the Arapaima, the harpooner throws the harpoon by hand.\nThis is a specialized type of fishing, and the local fishers possess knowledge of the behavior that increases\ntheir likelihood of catching one. With appropriate training, fishers' participation in management processes can\ncontribute to the conservation and governance of these small-scale fisheries.\nMany populations of Arapaima have been driven to local extinction due to overfishing (Castello et al. 2015a;\nGurdak 2019a; Watson et al. 2021; Freitas and Sousa 2021). Much of the catch is illegal, with most specimens\nbeing caught below the minimum size limit or during the closed season (Cavole et al. 2015). The small-scale\nfishers are geographically dispersed, and governments in these regions have insufficient resources to devote\nto enforcing fishing rules. The riverine fishers who target Arapaima are marginalized and have limited formal\neducation. Yet, compliance with regulations is essential to prevent overfishing and local extinction.\nArapaima represent only a small fraction of the fisheries harvest, but they are culturally important and symbolic\nas a flagship genus of tropical South American fisheries and floodplain management and conservation. Reducing\nthe threats to Arapaima will also provide protections for many of the highly migratory fish of the Amazon basin.\nCollectively, the migratory fish contribute most of the fishery's landings in the basin (Duponchelle et al. 2021).\nMigratory fish depend on multiple, distant, but interconnected habitats during their life cycle. Any threat to\none of the habitats or the corridor that connects them can influence these important food fish (Goulding et al.\n2019).\nIntegrating Fishers in the Management of Arapaima I 251" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"\"
", + "markdown": "", + "text": "" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1993, + "y": 0.078 + }, + { + "x": 0.8027, + "y": 0.078 + }, + { + "x": 0.8027, + "y": 0.2412 + }, + { + "x": 0.1993, + "y": 0.2412 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "
Figure 11.2: Arapaima gigas displayed in the Siam Centre, Bangkok.", + "markdown": "Figure 11.2: Arapaima gigas displayed in the Siam Centre, Bangkok.", + "text": "Figure 11.2: Arapaima gigas displayed in the Siam Centre, Bangkok." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1988, + "y": 0.2471 + }, + { + "x": 0.6218, + "y": 0.2471 + }, + { + "x": 0.6218, + "y": 0.262 + }, + { + "x": 0.1988, + "y": 0.262 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Arapaima is an important flagship genus for flooded forest ecosystem and human floodplain communities.
Flagship taxa are used as a symbol to promote conservation awareness (Caro 2010). Their large size makes them
a true freshwater megafauna like crocodiles, river dolphins, and other large fish. Freshwater megafauna face
many threats, and 71% of these species are in decline (He et al. 2017, 2018). Arapaima continue to face intense
fishing throughout their range (Watson et al. 2021). However, freshwater megafauna like the Arapaima have
fewer conservation resources and efforts than marine or terrestrial megafaunas.

", + "markdown": "Arapaima is an important flagship genus for flooded forest ecosystem and human floodplain communities.\nFlagship taxa are used as a symbol to promote conservation awareness (Caro 2010). Their large size makes them\na true freshwater megafauna like crocodiles, river dolphins, and other large fish. Freshwater megafauna face\nmany threats, and 71% of these species are in decline (He et al. 2017, 2018). Arapaima continue to face intense\nfishing throughout their range (Watson et al. 2021). However, freshwater megafauna like the Arapaima have\nfewer conservation resources and efforts than marine or terrestrial megafaunas.", + "text": "Arapaima is an important flagship genus for flooded forest ecosystem and human floodplain communities.\nFlagship taxa are used as a symbol to promote conservation awareness (Caro 2010). Their large size makes them\na true freshwater megafauna like crocodiles, river dolphins, and other large fish. Freshwater megafauna face\nmany threats, and 71% of these species are in decline (He et al. 2017, 2018). Arapaima continue to face intense\nfishing throughout their range (Watson et al. 2021). However, freshwater megafauna like the Arapaima have\nfewer conservation resources and efforts than marine or terrestrial megafaunas." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0935, + "y": 0.3233 + }, + { + "x": 0.9057, + "y": 0.3233 + }, + { + "x": 0.9057, + "y": 0.4372 + }, + { + "x": 0.0935, + "y": 0.4372 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Fishing, in general, and fishing for Arapaima in particular, is a central element of the local economy and
culture in Amazonia. Because these fish are obligate breathers, they are traditionally harvested by fishers
using harpoons at the time when they surface to breathe. Men typically fish from canoes and search for
signs of Arapaima near the surface. As they near the Arapaima, the harpooner throws the harpoon by hand.
This is a specialized type of fishing, and the local fishers possess knowledge of the behavior that increases
their likelihood of catching one. With appropriate training, fishers' participation in management processes can
contribute to the conservation and governance of these small-scale fisheries.

", + "markdown": "Fishing, in general, and fishing for Arapaima in particular, is a central element of the local economy and\nculture in Amazonia. Because these fish are obligate breathers, they are traditionally harvested by fishers\nusing harpoons at the time when they surface to breathe. Men typically fish from canoes and search for\nsigns of Arapaima near the surface. As they near the Arapaima, the harpooner throws the harpoon by hand.\nThis is a specialized type of fishing, and the local fishers possess knowledge of the behavior that increases\ntheir likelihood of catching one. With appropriate training, fishers' participation in management processes can\ncontribute to the conservation and governance of these small-scale fisheries.", + "text": "Fishing, in general, and fishing for Arapaima in particular, is a central element of the local economy and\nculture in Amazonia. Because these fish are obligate breathers, they are traditionally harvested by fishers\nusing harpoons at the time when they surface to breathe. Men typically fish from canoes and search for\nsigns of Arapaima near the surface. As they near the Arapaima, the harpooner throws the harpoon by hand.\nThis is a specialized type of fishing, and the local fishers possess knowledge of the behavior that increases\ntheir likelihood of catching one. With appropriate training, fishers' participation in management processes can\ncontribute to the conservation and governance of these small-scale fisheries." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0941, + "y": 0.4524 + }, + { + "x": 0.9068, + "y": 0.4524 + }, + { + "x": 0.9068, + "y": 0.5866 + }, + { + "x": 0.0941, + "y": 0.5866 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Many populations of Arapaima have been driven to local extinction due to overfishing (Castello et al. 2015a;
Gurdak 2019a; Watson et al. 2021; Freitas and Sousa 2021). Much of the catch is illegal, with most specimens
being caught below the minimum size limit or during the closed season (Cavole et al. 2015). The small-scale
fishers are geographically dispersed, and governments in these regions have insufficient resources to devote
to enforcing fishing rules. The riverine fishers who target Arapaima are marginalized and have limited formal
education. Yet, compliance with regulations is essential to prevent overfishing and local extinction.

", + "markdown": "Many populations of Arapaima have been driven to local extinction due to overfishing (Castello et al. 2015a;\nGurdak 2019a; Watson et al. 2021; Freitas and Sousa 2021). Much of the catch is illegal, with most specimens\nbeing caught below the minimum size limit or during the closed season (Cavole et al. 2015). The small-scale\nfishers are geographically dispersed, and governments in these regions have insufficient resources to devote\nto enforcing fishing rules. The riverine fishers who target Arapaima are marginalized and have limited formal\neducation. Yet, compliance with regulations is essential to prevent overfishing and local extinction.", + "text": "Many populations of Arapaima have been driven to local extinction due to overfishing (Castello et al. 2015a;\nGurdak 2019a; Watson et al. 2021; Freitas and Sousa 2021). Much of the catch is illegal, with most specimens\nbeing caught below the minimum size limit or during the closed season (Cavole et al. 2015). The small-scale\nfishers are geographically dispersed, and governments in these regions have insufficient resources to devote\nto enforcing fishing rules. The riverine fishers who target Arapaima are marginalized and have limited formal\neducation. Yet, compliance with regulations is essential to prevent overfishing and local extinction." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0939, + "y": 0.6012 + }, + { + "x": 0.9065, + "y": 0.6012 + }, + { + "x": 0.9065, + "y": 0.7167 + }, + { + "x": 0.0939, + "y": 0.7167 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Arapaima represent only a small fraction of the fisheries harvest, but they are culturally important and symbolic
as a flagship genus of tropical South American fisheries and floodplain management and conservation. Reducing
the threats to Arapaima will also provide protections for many of the highly migratory fish of the Amazon basin.
Collectively, the migratory fish contribute most of the fishery's landings in the basin (Duponchelle et al. 2021).
Migratory fish depend on multiple, distant, but interconnected habitats during their life cycle. Any threat to
one of the habitats or the corridor that connects them can influence these important food fish (Goulding et al.
2019).

", + "markdown": "Arapaima represent only a small fraction of the fisheries harvest, but they are culturally important and symbolic\nas a flagship genus of tropical South American fisheries and floodplain management and conservation. Reducing\nthe threats to Arapaima will also provide protections for many of the highly migratory fish of the Amazon basin.\nCollectively, the migratory fish contribute most of the fishery's landings in the basin (Duponchelle et al. 2021).\nMigratory fish depend on multiple, distant, but interconnected habitats during their life cycle. Any threat to\none of the habitats or the corridor that connects them can influence these important food fish (Goulding et al.\n2019).", + "text": "Arapaima represent only a small fraction of the fisheries harvest, but they are culturally important and symbolic\nas a flagship genus of tropical South American fisheries and floodplain management and conservation. Reducing\nthe threats to Arapaima will also provide protections for many of the highly migratory fish of the Amazon basin.\nCollectively, the migratory fish contribute most of the fishery's landings in the basin (Duponchelle et al. 2021).\nMigratory fish depend on multiple, distant, but interconnected habitats during their life cycle. Any threat to\none of the habitats or the corridor that connects them can influence these important food fish (Goulding et al.\n2019)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0935, + "y": 0.7302 + }, + { + "x": 0.9072, + "y": 0.7302 + }, + { + "x": 0.9072, + "y": 0.8644 + }, + { + "x": 0.0935, + "y": 0.8644 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
Integrating Fishers in the Management of Arapaima I 251
", + "markdown": "Integrating Fishers in the Management of Arapaima I 251", + "text": "Integrating Fishers in the Management of Arapaima I 251" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5291, + "y": 0.9332 + }, + { + "x": 0.9034, + "y": 0.9332 + }, + { + "x": 0.9034, + "y": 0.9499 + }, + { + "x": 0.5291, + "y": 0.9499 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000078.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
\"800
Figure 1.10. Migrant remittances inflows (in US$ billion)
\n

Source: World Bank and KNOMAD (2021)

\n\n
AMSAverage Annual GrowthRemittance inflows in 2020 (US$ Million)
2000-20042004-20092009-20142014-20192019-2020
Cambodia7.5%-0.7%50.6%6.7%-16.6%1,272
Indonesia9.4%29.5%4.7%6.4%-17.3%9,651
Lao PDR4.0%115.7%38.0%9.5%-10.6%265
Malaysia18.6%7.1%6.9%0.7%-11.2%1,454
Myanmar2.7%-14.1%102.7%5.4%-7.1%2,250
Philippines10.6%11.7%7.5%4.2%-0.7%34,913
Thailand-0.9%18.6%11.4%4.6%-1.2%8,067
Viet Nam11.5%21.1%14.8%7.2%1.2%17,200
Table 1.4. Growth in migrant remittance inflows
\n

Source: World Bank and KNOMAD (2021)

\n

In the Philippines, of the returning Filipino migrant workers in 2020, 55 percent
earned a monthly income of between PHP20,000 and PHP50,000, and 19
percent earned between PHP5000 and PHP20,000. Before their return, 50
percent reported remitting amounts ranging from PHP10,000 to PHP20,000
(US$200 to US$400) monthly. It is highly unlikely that the families of these
migrant workers would have savings to rely on after they lost their jobs.
Additionally, 83 percent of these workers were still unemployed after three
months, resulting in a 60 percent drop in household income for 48 percent of
the returned migrant workers.

\n
26
\n
ASEAN Migration Outlook
", + "markdown": "Figure 1.10. Migrant remittances inflows (in US$ billion)\n\n800 90\n694 719\n702\n700 640 80\n610 597\n602\n70\n600\n78 75 60\n500 75\n69\n66 50\n63\n400\n61\n40\n300\n30\n200\n20\n100 10\n0 0\n2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020\nASEAN (right axis) World (left axis)\n\nSource: World Bank and KNOMAD (2021)\n\nTable 1.4. Growth in migrant remittance inflows\n\n| AMS | Average Annual Growth | Average Annual Growth | Average Annual Growth | Average Annual Growth | Average Annual Growth | Remittance inflows in 2020 (US$ Million) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| AMS | 2000-2004 | 2004-2009 | 2009-2014 | 2014-2019 | 2019-2020 | Remittance inflows in 2020 (US$ Million) |\n| Cambodia | 7.5% | -0.7% | 50.6% | 6.7% | -16.6% | 1,272 |\n| Indonesia | 9.4% | 29.5% | 4.7% | 6.4% | -17.3% | 9,651 |\n| Lao PDR | 4.0% | 115.7% | 38.0% | 9.5% | -10.6% | 265 |\n| Malaysia | 18.6% | 7.1% | 6.9% | 0.7% | -11.2% | 1,454 |\n| Myanmar | 2.7% | -14.1% | 102.7% | 5.4% | -7.1% | 2,250 |\n| Philippines | 10.6% | 11.7% | 7.5% | 4.2% | -0.7% | 34,913 |\n| Thailand | -0.9% | 18.6% | 11.4% | 4.6% | -1.2% | 8,067 |\n| Viet Nam | 11.5% | 21.1% | 14.8% | 7.2% | 1.2% | 17,200 |\n\n\nSource: World Bank and KNOMAD (2021)\n\nIn the Philippines, of the returning Filipino migrant workers in 2020, 55 percent\nearned a monthly income of between PHP20,000 and PHP50,000, and 19\npercent earned between PHP5000 and PHP20,000. Before their return, 50\npercent reported remitting amounts ranging from PHP10,000 to PHP20,000\n(US$200 to US$400) monthly. It is highly unlikely that the families of these\nmigrant workers would have savings to rely on after they lost their jobs.\nAdditionally, 83 percent of these workers were still unemployed after three\nmonths, resulting in a 60 percent drop in household income for 48 percent of\nthe returned migrant workers.\n\n26\n\nASEAN Migration Outlook", + "text": "Figure 1.10. Migrant remittances inflows (in US$ billion)\n800 90\n694 719\n702\n700 640 80\n610 597\n602\n70\n600\n78 75 60\n500 75\n69\n66 50\n63\n400\n61\n40\n300\n30\n200\n20\n100 10\n0 0\n2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020\nASEAN (right axis) World (left axis)\nSource: World Bank and KNOMAD (2021)\nTable 1.4. Growth in migrant remittance inflows\nAMS Average Annual Growth Remittance inflows in 2020 (US$ Million)\n 2000-2004 2004-2009 2009-2014 2014-2019 2019-2020\n Cambodia 7.5% -0.7% 50.6% 6.7% -16.6% 1,272\n Indonesia 9.4% 29.5% 4.7% 6.4% -17.3% 9,651\n Lao PDR 4.0% 115.7% 38.0% 9.5% -10.6% 265\n Malaysia 18.6% 7.1% 6.9% 0.7% -11.2% 1,454\n Myanmar 2.7% -14.1% 102.7% 5.4% -7.1% 2,250\n Philippines 10.6% 11.7% 7.5% 4.2% -0.7% 34,913\n Thailand -0.9% 18.6% 11.4% 4.6% -1.2% 8,067\n Viet Nam 11.5% 21.1% 14.8% 7.2% 1.2% 17,200\nSource: World Bank and KNOMAD (2021)\nIn the Philippines, of the returning Filipino migrant workers in 2020, 55 percent\nearned a monthly income of between PHP20,000 and PHP50,000, and 19\npercent earned between PHP5000 and PHP20,000. Before their return, 50\npercent reported remitting amounts ranging from PHP10,000 to PHP20,000\n(US$200 to US$400) monthly. It is highly unlikely that the families of these\nmigrant workers would have savings to rely on after they lost their jobs.\nAdditionally, 83 percent of these workers were still unemployed after three\nmonths, resulting in a 60 percent drop in household income for 48 percent of\nthe returned migrant workers.\n26\nASEAN Migration Outlook" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 1.10. Migrant remittances inflows (in US$ billion)

", + "markdown": "Figure 1.10. Migrant remittances inflows (in US$ billion)", + "text": "Figure 1.10. Migrant remittances inflows (in US$ billion)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.164, + "y": 0.0821 + }, + { + "x": 0.6653, + "y": 0.0821 + }, + { + "x": 0.6653, + "y": 0.1003 + }, + { + "x": 0.164, + "y": 0.1003 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"800
", + "markdown": "800 90\n694 719\n702\n700 640 80\n610 597\n602\n70\n600\n78 75 60\n500 75\n69\n66 50\n63\n400\n61\n40\n300\n30\n200\n20\n100 10\n0 0\n2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020\nASEAN (right axis) World (left axis)", + "text": "800 90\n694 719\n702\n700 640 80\n610 597\n602\n70\n600\n78 75 60\n500 75\n69\n66 50\n63\n400\n61\n40\n300\n30\n200\n20\n100 10\n0 0\n2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020\nASEAN (right axis) World (left axis)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1548, + "y": 0.1093 + }, + { + "x": 0.8662, + "y": 0.1093 + }, + { + "x": 0.8662, + "y": 0.3562 + }, + { + "x": 0.1548, + "y": 0.3562 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Source: World Bank and KNOMAD (2021)

", + "markdown": "Source: World Bank and KNOMAD (2021)", + "text": "Source: World Bank and KNOMAD (2021)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1623, + "y": 0.3745 + }, + { + "x": 0.4848, + "y": 0.3745 + }, + { + "x": 0.4848, + "y": 0.39 + }, + { + "x": 0.1623, + "y": 0.39 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "Table 1.4. Growth in migrant remittance inflows", + "markdown": "Table 1.4. Growth in migrant remittance inflows", + "text": "Table 1.4. Growth in migrant remittance inflows" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1645, + "y": 0.403 + }, + { + "x": 0.615, + "y": 0.403 + }, + { + "x": 0.615, + "y": 0.4211 + }, + { + "x": 0.1645, + "y": 0.4211 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
AMSAverage Annual GrowthRemittance inflows in 2020 (US$ Million)
2000-20042004-20092009-20142014-20192019-2020
Cambodia7.5%-0.7%50.6%6.7%-16.6%1,272
Indonesia9.4%29.5%4.7%6.4%-17.3%9,651
Lao PDR4.0%115.7%38.0%9.5%-10.6%265
Malaysia18.6%7.1%6.9%0.7%-11.2%1,454
Myanmar2.7%-14.1%102.7%5.4%-7.1%2,250
Philippines10.6%11.7%7.5%4.2%-0.7%34,913
Thailand-0.9%18.6%11.4%4.6%-1.2%8,067
Viet Nam11.5%21.1%14.8%7.2%1.2%17,200
", + "markdown": "| AMS | Average Annual Growth | Average Annual Growth | Average Annual Growth | Average Annual Growth | Average Annual Growth | Remittance inflows in 2020 (US$ Million) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| AMS | 2000-2004 | 2004-2009 | 2009-2014 | 2014-2019 | 2019-2020 | Remittance inflows in 2020 (US$ Million) |\n| Cambodia | 7.5% | -0.7% | 50.6% | 6.7% | -16.6% | 1,272 |\n| Indonesia | 9.4% | 29.5% | 4.7% | 6.4% | -17.3% | 9,651 |\n| Lao PDR | 4.0% | 115.7% | 38.0% | 9.5% | -10.6% | 265 |\n| Malaysia | 18.6% | 7.1% | 6.9% | 0.7% | -11.2% | 1,454 |\n| Myanmar | 2.7% | -14.1% | 102.7% | 5.4% | -7.1% | 2,250 |\n| Philippines | 10.6% | 11.7% | 7.5% | 4.2% | -0.7% | 34,913 |\n| Thailand | -0.9% | 18.6% | 11.4% | 4.6% | -1.2% | 8,067 |\n| Viet Nam | 11.5% | 21.1% | 14.8% | 7.2% | 1.2% | 17,200 |\n", + "text": "AMS Average Annual Growth Remittance inflows in 2020 (US$ Million)\n 2000-2004 2004-2009 2009-2014 2014-2019 2019-2020\n Cambodia 7.5% -0.7% 50.6% 6.7% -16.6% 1,272\n Indonesia 9.4% 29.5% 4.7% 6.4% -17.3% 9,651\n Lao PDR 4.0% 115.7% 38.0% 9.5% -10.6% 265\n Malaysia 18.6% 7.1% 6.9% 0.7% -11.2% 1,454\n Myanmar 2.7% -14.1% 102.7% 5.4% -7.1% 2,250\n Philippines 10.6% 11.7% 7.5% 4.2% -0.7% 34,913\n Thailand -0.9% 18.6% 11.4% 4.6% -1.2% 8,067\n Viet Nam 11.5% 21.1% 14.8% 7.2% 1.2% 17,200" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1646, + "y": 0.429 + }, + { + "x": 0.8571, + "y": 0.429 + }, + { + "x": 0.8571, + "y": 0.6381 + }, + { + "x": 0.1646, + "y": 0.6381 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Source: World Bank and KNOMAD (2021)

", + "markdown": "Source: World Bank and KNOMAD (2021)", + "text": "Source: World Bank and KNOMAD (2021)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1691, + "y": 0.6451 + }, + { + "x": 0.4915, + "y": 0.6451 + }, + { + "x": 0.4915, + "y": 0.6615 + }, + { + "x": 0.1691, + "y": 0.6615 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

In the Philippines, of the returning Filipino migrant workers in 2020, 55 percent
earned a monthly income of between PHP20,000 and PHP50,000, and 19
percent earned between PHP5000 and PHP20,000. Before their return, 50
percent reported remitting amounts ranging from PHP10,000 to PHP20,000
(US$200 to US$400) monthly. It is highly unlikely that the families of these
migrant workers would have savings to rely on after they lost their jobs.
Additionally, 83 percent of these workers were still unemployed after three
months, resulting in a 60 percent drop in household income for 48 percent of
the returned migrant workers.

", + "markdown": "In the Philippines, of the returning Filipino migrant workers in 2020, 55 percent\nearned a monthly income of between PHP20,000 and PHP50,000, and 19\npercent earned between PHP5000 and PHP20,000. Before their return, 50\npercent reported remitting amounts ranging from PHP10,000 to PHP20,000\n(US$200 to US$400) monthly. It is highly unlikely that the families of these\nmigrant workers would have savings to rely on after they lost their jobs.\nAdditionally, 83 percent of these workers were still unemployed after three\nmonths, resulting in a 60 percent drop in household income for 48 percent of\nthe returned migrant workers.", + "text": "In the Philippines, of the returning Filipino migrant workers in 2020, 55 percent\nearned a monthly income of between PHP20,000 and PHP50,000, and 19\npercent earned between PHP5000 and PHP20,000. Before their return, 50\npercent reported remitting amounts ranging from PHP10,000 to PHP20,000\n(US$200 to US$400) monthly. It is highly unlikely that the families of these\nmigrant workers would have savings to rely on after they lost their jobs.\nAdditionally, 83 percent of these workers were still unemployed after three\nmonths, resulting in a 60 percent drop in household income for 48 percent of\nthe returned migrant workers." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1625, + "y": 0.6742 + }, + { + "x": 0.8618, + "y": 0.6742 + }, + { + "x": 0.8618, + "y": 0.8288 + }, + { + "x": 0.1625, + "y": 0.8288 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
26
", + "markdown": "26", + "text": "26" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0448, + "y": 0.9506 + }, + { + "x": 0.0742, + "y": 0.9506 + }, + { + "x": 0.0742, + "y": 0.9663 + }, + { + "x": 0.0448, + "y": 0.9663 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
ASEAN Migration Outlook
", + "markdown": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", + "text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5671, + "y": 0.9501 + }, + { + "x": 0.8601, + "y": 0.9501 + }, + { + "x": 0.8601, + "y": 0.9686 + }, + { + "x": 0.5671, + "y": 0.9686 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000086.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in
Selected Jurisdictions

\n

Staff of the Global Legal Research Directorate

\n

I. Introduction

\n

This report, prepared by the research staff of the Law Library of Congress, surveys 39
jurisdictions regarding whether, and if so how, they restrict ownership of land by foreigners.1
The jurisdictions surveyed were among those with the highest gross domestic product according
to 2021 World Bank data, selected to ensure broadly representative coverage.2

\n

We identified 10 countries that do not restrict land ownership by foreigners: Belgium, France,
Germany, Ireland, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, and the
United Kingdom.

\n

We found that the following countries do not permit foreign ownership of land, although
exceptions may apply in some cases or other rights to land may be acquired: China, Indonesia,
Nigeria, Philippines, and Thailand.

\n

Among the other jurisdictions surveyed, some have restrictions that apply to different types of
land, including agricultural, residential, and commercial land. Other types of restriction are based
on the location of the land, such as near the border or military establishments. Some jurisdictions
restrict particular categories of foreigners from land ownership. Some require special permission
or approval for foreigners before they can acquire land.

\n

Ownership of agricultural land by foreigners is restricted by some provinces of Canada, and by
Egypt, India (restricted for diplomatic personnel, nonresidents of Indian origin and nonresident
citizens without registration), Iran, Poland (permit required), and Russia. Argentina, Brazil, and
Turkey restrict ownership of rural or local land to a percentage of the total land of the local
jurisdiction.

\n

Article XVII of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) obligates members to provide
national treatment to other members, i.e., \"treatment no less favourable than that it accords to its
own.\"3 If land ownership restrictions result in less favorable treatment of foreigners, GATS

\n

1 The surveyed jurisdictions are Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Egypt,
Finland, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands,
New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South
Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and the United
Kingdom.

\n

2 World Bank Databank, Gross Domestic Product 2021 (Jan. 15, 2023), https:/ / perma.cc/ GP7Y-Z8K8.

\n

3 General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World
Trade Organization, Annex 1B, art. XVII, 1869 U.N.T.S. 183, 33 I.L.M. 1167 (1994), https:/ / perma.cc/ Z89Y-
SEVS.

\n
The Law Library of Congress
\n
1
", + "markdown": "# Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in\nSelected Jurisdictions\n\nStaff of the Global Legal Research Directorate\n\n# I. Introduction\n\nThis report, prepared by the research staff of the Law Library of Congress, surveys 39\njurisdictions regarding whether, and if so how, they restrict ownership of land by foreigners.1\nThe jurisdictions surveyed were among those with the highest gross domestic product according\nto 2021 World Bank data, selected to ensure broadly representative coverage.2\n\nWe identified 10 countries that do not restrict land ownership by foreigners: Belgium, France,\nGermany, Ireland, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, and the\nUnited Kingdom.\n\nWe found that the following countries do not permit foreign ownership of land, although\nexceptions may apply in some cases or other rights to land may be acquired: China, Indonesia,\nNigeria, Philippines, and Thailand.\n\nAmong the other jurisdictions surveyed, some have restrictions that apply to different types of\nland, including agricultural, residential, and commercial land. Other types of restriction are based\non the location of the land, such as near the border or military establishments. Some jurisdictions\nrestrict particular categories of foreigners from land ownership. Some require special permission\nor approval for foreigners before they can acquire land.\n\nOwnership of agricultural land by foreigners is restricted by some provinces of Canada, and by\nEgypt, India (restricted for diplomatic personnel, nonresidents of Indian origin and nonresident\ncitizens without registration), Iran, Poland (permit required), and Russia. Argentina, Brazil, and\nTurkey restrict ownership of rural or local land to a percentage of the total land of the local\njurisdiction.\n\nArticle XVII of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) obligates members to provide\nnational treatment to other members, i.e., \"treatment no less favourable than that it accords to its\nown.\"3 If land ownership restrictions result in less favorable treatment of foreigners, GATS\n\n1 The surveyed jurisdictions are Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Egypt,\nFinland, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands,\nNew Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South\nKorea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and the United\nKingdom.\n\n2 World Bank Databank, Gross Domestic Product 2021 (Jan. 15, 2023), https:/ / perma.cc/ GP7Y-Z8K8.\n\n3 General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World\nTrade Organization, Annex 1B, art. XVII, 1869 U.N.T.S. 183, 33 I.L.M. 1167 (1994), https:/ / perma.cc/ Z89Y-\nSEVS.\n\nThe Law Library of Congress\n\n1", + "text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in\nSelected Jurisdictions\nStaff of the Global Legal Research Directorate\nI. Introduction\nThis report, prepared by the research staff of the Law Library of Congress, surveys 39\njurisdictions regarding whether, and if so how, they restrict ownership of land by foreigners.1\nThe jurisdictions surveyed were among those with the highest gross domestic product according\nto 2021 World Bank data, selected to ensure broadly representative coverage.2\nWe identified 10 countries that do not restrict land ownership by foreigners: Belgium, France,\nGermany, Ireland, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, and the\nUnited Kingdom.\nWe found that the following countries do not permit foreign ownership of land, although\nexceptions may apply in some cases or other rights to land may be acquired: China, Indonesia,\nNigeria, Philippines, and Thailand.\nAmong the other jurisdictions surveyed, some have restrictions that apply to different types of\nland, including agricultural, residential, and commercial land. Other types of restriction are based\non the location of the land, such as near the border or military establishments. Some jurisdictions\nrestrict particular categories of foreigners from land ownership. Some require special permission\nor approval for foreigners before they can acquire land.\nOwnership of agricultural land by foreigners is restricted by some provinces of Canada, and by\nEgypt, India (restricted for diplomatic personnel, nonresidents of Indian origin and nonresident\ncitizens without registration), Iran, Poland (permit required), and Russia. Argentina, Brazil, and\nTurkey restrict ownership of rural or local land to a percentage of the total land of the local\njurisdiction.\nArticle XVII of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) obligates members to provide\nnational treatment to other members, i.e., \"treatment no less favourable than that it accords to its\nown.\"3 If land ownership restrictions result in less favorable treatment of foreigners, GATS\n1 The surveyed jurisdictions are Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Egypt,\nFinland, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands,\nNew Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South\nKorea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and the United\nKingdom.\n2 World Bank Databank, Gross Domestic Product 2021 (Jan. 15, 2023), https:/ / perma.cc/ GP7Y-Z8K8.\n3 General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World\nTrade Organization, Annex 1B, art. XVII, 1869 U.N.T.S. 183, 33 I.L.M. 1167 (1994), https:/ / perma.cc/ Z89Y-\nSEVS.\nThe Law Library of Congress\n1" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in
Selected Jurisdictions

", + "markdown": "# Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in\nSelected Jurisdictions", + "text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in\nSelected Jurisdictions" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1841, + "y": 0.0925 + }, + { + "x": 0.8166, + "y": 0.0925 + }, + { + "x": 0.8166, + "y": 0.1417 + }, + { + "x": 0.1841, + "y": 0.1417 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Staff of the Global Legal Research Directorate

", + "markdown": "Staff of the Global Legal Research Directorate", + "text": "Staff of the Global Legal Research Directorate" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3307, + "y": 0.1499 + }, + { + "x": 0.6688, + "y": 0.1499 + }, + { + "x": 0.6688, + "y": 0.1687 + }, + { + "x": 0.3307, + "y": 0.1687 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

I. Introduction

", + "markdown": "# I. Introduction", + "text": "I. Introduction" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1129, + "y": 0.2113 + }, + { + "x": 0.2571, + "y": 0.2113 + }, + { + "x": 0.2571, + "y": 0.2294 + }, + { + "x": 0.1129, + "y": 0.2294 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

This report, prepared by the research staff of the Law Library of Congress, surveys 39
jurisdictions regarding whether, and if so how, they restrict ownership of land by foreigners.1
The jurisdictions surveyed were among those with the highest gross domestic product according
to 2021 World Bank data, selected to ensure broadly representative coverage.2

", + "markdown": "This report, prepared by the research staff of the Law Library of Congress, surveys 39\njurisdictions regarding whether, and if so how, they restrict ownership of land by foreigners.1\nThe jurisdictions surveyed were among those with the highest gross domestic product according\nto 2021 World Bank data, selected to ensure broadly representative coverage.2", + "text": "This report, prepared by the research staff of the Law Library of Congress, surveys 39\njurisdictions regarding whether, and if so how, they restrict ownership of land by foreigners.1\nThe jurisdictions surveyed were among those with the highest gross domestic product according\nto 2021 World Bank data, selected to ensure broadly representative coverage.2" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1125, + "y": 0.246 + }, + { + "x": 0.889, + "y": 0.246 + }, + { + "x": 0.889, + "y": 0.3163 + }, + { + "x": 0.1125, + "y": 0.3163 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

We identified 10 countries that do not restrict land ownership by foreigners: Belgium, France,
Germany, Ireland, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, and the
United Kingdom.

", + "markdown": "We identified 10 countries that do not restrict land ownership by foreigners: Belgium, France,\nGermany, Ireland, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, and the\nUnited Kingdom.", + "text": "We identified 10 countries that do not restrict land ownership by foreigners: Belgium, France,\nGermany, Ireland, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, and the\nUnited Kingdom." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1133, + "y": 0.3318 + }, + { + "x": 0.8873, + "y": 0.3318 + }, + { + "x": 0.8873, + "y": 0.3849 + }, + { + "x": 0.1133, + "y": 0.3849 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

We found that the following countries do not permit foreign ownership of land, although
exceptions may apply in some cases or other rights to land may be acquired: China, Indonesia,
Nigeria, Philippines, and Thailand.

", + "markdown": "We found that the following countries do not permit foreign ownership of land, although\nexceptions may apply in some cases or other rights to land may be acquired: China, Indonesia,\nNigeria, Philippines, and Thailand.", + "text": "We found that the following countries do not permit foreign ownership of land, although\nexceptions may apply in some cases or other rights to land may be acquired: China, Indonesia,\nNigeria, Philippines, and Thailand." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1126, + "y": 0.4012 + }, + { + "x": 0.8861, + "y": 0.4012 + }, + { + "x": 0.8861, + "y": 0.4547 + }, + { + "x": 0.1126, + "y": 0.4547 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Among the other jurisdictions surveyed, some have restrictions that apply to different types of
land, including agricultural, residential, and commercial land. Other types of restriction are based
on the location of the land, such as near the border or military establishments. Some jurisdictions
restrict particular categories of foreigners from land ownership. Some require special permission
or approval for foreigners before they can acquire land.

", + "markdown": "Among the other jurisdictions surveyed, some have restrictions that apply to different types of\nland, including agricultural, residential, and commercial land. Other types of restriction are based\non the location of the land, such as near the border or military establishments. Some jurisdictions\nrestrict particular categories of foreigners from land ownership. Some require special permission\nor approval for foreigners before they can acquire land.", + "text": "Among the other jurisdictions surveyed, some have restrictions that apply to different types of\nland, including agricultural, residential, and commercial land. Other types of restriction are based\non the location of the land, such as near the border or military establishments. Some jurisdictions\nrestrict particular categories of foreigners from land ownership. Some require special permission\nor approval for foreigners before they can acquire land." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1135, + "y": 0.4704 + }, + { + "x": 0.8873, + "y": 0.4704 + }, + { + "x": 0.8873, + "y": 0.559 + }, + { + "x": 0.1135, + "y": 0.559 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Ownership of agricultural land by foreigners is restricted by some provinces of Canada, and by
Egypt, India (restricted for diplomatic personnel, nonresidents of Indian origin and nonresident
citizens without registration), Iran, Poland (permit required), and Russia. Argentina, Brazil, and
Turkey restrict ownership of rural or local land to a percentage of the total land of the local
jurisdiction.

", + "markdown": "Ownership of agricultural land by foreigners is restricted by some provinces of Canada, and by\nEgypt, India (restricted for diplomatic personnel, nonresidents of Indian origin and nonresident\ncitizens without registration), Iran, Poland (permit required), and Russia. Argentina, Brazil, and\nTurkey restrict ownership of rural or local land to a percentage of the total land of the local\njurisdiction.", + "text": "Ownership of agricultural land by foreigners is restricted by some provinces of Canada, and by\nEgypt, India (restricted for diplomatic personnel, nonresidents of Indian origin and nonresident\ncitizens without registration), Iran, Poland (permit required), and Russia. Argentina, Brazil, and\nTurkey restrict ownership of rural or local land to a percentage of the total land of the local\njurisdiction." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1131, + "y": 0.5741 + }, + { + "x": 0.8873, + "y": 0.5741 + }, + { + "x": 0.8873, + "y": 0.6603 + }, + { + "x": 0.1131, + "y": 0.6603 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Article XVII of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) obligates members to provide
national treatment to other members, i.e., \"treatment no less favourable than that it accords to its
own.\"3 If land ownership restrictions result in less favorable treatment of foreigners, GATS

", + "markdown": "Article XVII of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) obligates members to provide\nnational treatment to other members, i.e., \"treatment no less favourable than that it accords to its\nown.\"3 If land ownership restrictions result in less favorable treatment of foreigners, GATS", + "text": "Article XVII of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) obligates members to provide\nnational treatment to other members, i.e., \"treatment no less favourable than that it accords to its\nown.\"3 If land ownership restrictions result in less favorable treatment of foreigners, GATS" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1141, + "y": 0.6779 + }, + { + "x": 0.8866, + "y": 0.6779 + }, + { + "x": 0.8866, + "y": 0.7311 + }, + { + "x": 0.1141, + "y": 0.7311 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

1 The surveyed jurisdictions are Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Egypt,
Finland, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands,
New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South
Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and the United
Kingdom.

", + "markdown": "1 The surveyed jurisdictions are Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Egypt,\nFinland, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands,\nNew Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South\nKorea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and the United\nKingdom.", + "text": "1 The surveyed jurisdictions are Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Egypt,\nFinland, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands,\nNew Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South\nKorea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and the United\nKingdom." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1129, + "y": 0.752 + }, + { + "x": 0.8756, + "y": 0.752 + }, + { + "x": 0.8756, + "y": 0.8265 + }, + { + "x": 0.1129, + "y": 0.8265 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

2 World Bank Databank, Gross Domestic Product 2021 (Jan. 15, 2023), https:/ / perma.cc/ GP7Y-Z8K8.

", + "markdown": "2 World Bank Databank, Gross Domestic Product 2021 (Jan. 15, 2023), https:/ / perma.cc/ GP7Y-Z8K8.", + "text": "2 World Bank Databank, Gross Domestic Product 2021 (Jan. 15, 2023), https:/ / perma.cc/ GP7Y-Z8K8." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1121, + "y": 0.834 + }, + { + "x": 0.7988, + "y": 0.834 + }, + { + "x": 0.7988, + "y": 0.8508 + }, + { + "x": 0.1121, + "y": 0.8508 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

3 General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World
Trade Organization, Annex 1B, art. XVII, 1869 U.N.T.S. 183, 33 I.L.M. 1167 (1994), https:/ / perma.cc/ Z89Y-
SEVS.

", + "markdown": "3 General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World\nTrade Organization, Annex 1B, art. XVII, 1869 U.N.T.S. 183, 33 I.L.M. 1167 (1994), https:/ / perma.cc/ Z89Y-\nSEVS.", + "text": "3 General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World\nTrade Organization, Annex 1B, art. XVII, 1869 U.N.T.S. 183, 33 I.L.M. 1167 (1994), https:/ / perma.cc/ Z89Y-\nSEVS." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1124, + "y": 0.8573 + }, + { + "x": 0.8863, + "y": 0.8573 + }, + { + "x": 0.8863, + "y": 0.9017 + }, + { + "x": 0.1124, + "y": 0.9017 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
The Law Library of Congress
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AI Pack

\n

Upstage offers 3 AI packs that process unstructured information and data,
making a tangible impact on your business

\n

OCR Recommendation

\n

Product semantic search

\n
PackA solution that recognizes characters in an image and extracts necessary informationA solution that recommends the best products and contentsA solution that enables semantic search, analyzes and organizes key information in unstructured text data into a standardized form (DB)
ApplicationApplicable to all fields that require text extraction from standardized documents, such as receipts, bills, credit cards, ID cards, certificates, and medical receiptsApplicable to all fields that use any form of recommendation including alternative products, products and contents that are likely to be purchased nextApplicable to all fields that deal with various types of unstructured data containing text information that require semantic search and conversion into a DB
HighlightAchieved 1st place in the OCR World Competition The team includes specialists who have presented 14 papers in the world's most renowned AI conferencesTeam with specialists and technologies that received Kaggle's Gold Medal recommendation (Education platform) Proven superior performance of more than 170% compared to other global top-tier recommendation modelsCreation of the first natural language evaluation system in Korean (KLUE) World's No.1 in Kaggle text embedding competition in E-commerce subject (Shopee)
\n
11
", + "markdown": "# AI Pack\n\nUpstage offers 3 AI packs that process unstructured information and data,\nmaking a tangible impact on your business\n\nOCR Recommendation\n\n# Product semantic search\n\n| Pack | A solution that recognizes characters in an image and extracts necessary information | A solution that recommends the best products and contents | A solution that enables semantic search, analyzes and organizes key information in unstructured text data into a standardized form (DB) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Application | Applicable to all fields that require text extraction from standardized documents, such as receipts, bills, credit cards, ID cards, certificates, and medical receipts | Applicable to all fields that use any form of recommendation including alternative products, products and contents that are likely to be purchased next | Applicable to all fields that deal with various types of unstructured data containing text information that require semantic search and conversion into a DB |\n| Highlight | Achieved 1st place in the OCR World Competition The team includes specialists who have presented 14 papers in the world's most renowned AI conferences | Team with specialists and technologies that received Kaggle's Gold Medal recommendation (Education platform) Proven superior performance of more than 170% compared to other global top-tier recommendation models | Creation of the first natural language evaluation system in Korean (KLUE) World's No.1 in Kaggle text embedding competition in E-commerce subject (Shopee) |\n\n\n11", + "text": "AI Pack\nUpstage offers 3 AI packs that process unstructured information and data,\nmaking a tangible impact on your business\nOCR Recommendation\nProduct semantic search\nPack A solution that recognizes characters in an image and extracts necessary information A solution that recommends the best products and contents A solution that enables semantic search, analyzes and organizes key information in unstructured text data into a standardized form (DB)\n Application Applicable to all fields that require text extraction from standardized documents, such as receipts, bills, credit cards, ID cards, certificates, and medical receipts Applicable to all fields that use any form of recommendation including alternative products, products and contents that are likely to be purchased next Applicable to all fields that deal with various types of unstructured data containing text information that require semantic search and conversion into a DB\n Highlight Achieved 1st place in the OCR World Competition The team includes specialists who have presented 14 papers in the world's most renowned AI conferences Team with specialists and technologies that received Kaggle's Gold Medal recommendation (Education platform) Proven superior performance of more than 170% compared to other global top-tier recommendation models Creation of the first natural language evaluation system in Korean (KLUE) World's No.1 in Kaggle text embedding competition in E-commerce subject (Shopee)\n11" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

AI Pack

", + "markdown": "# AI Pack", + "text": "AI Pack" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0717, + "y": 0.0735 + }, + { + "x": 0.1161, + "y": 0.0735 + }, + { + "x": 0.1161, + "y": 0.099 + }, + { + "x": 0.0717, + "y": 0.099 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Upstage offers 3 AI packs that process unstructured information and data,
making a tangible impact on your business

", + "markdown": "Upstage offers 3 AI packs that process unstructured information and data,\nmaking a tangible impact on your business", + "text": "Upstage offers 3 AI packs that process unstructured information and data,\nmaking a tangible impact on your business" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0694, + "y": 0.1031 + }, + { + "x": 0.7671, + "y": 0.1031 + }, + { + "x": 0.7671, + "y": 0.2122 + }, + { + "x": 0.0694, + "y": 0.2122 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

OCR Recommendation

", + "markdown": "OCR Recommendation", + "text": "OCR Recommendation" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2486, + "y": 0.2871 + }, + { + "x": 0.576, + "y": 0.2871 + }, + { + "x": 0.576, + "y": 0.3088 + }, + { + "x": 0.2486, + "y": 0.3088 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Product semantic search

", + "markdown": "# Product semantic search", + "text": "Product semantic search" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7602, + "y": 0.2865 + }, + { + "x": 0.8897, + "y": 0.2865 + }, + { + "x": 0.8897, + "y": 0.3122 + }, + { + "x": 0.7602, + "y": 0.3122 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
PackA solution that recognizes characters in an image and extracts necessary informationA solution that recommends the best products and contentsA solution that enables semantic search, analyzes and organizes key information in unstructured text data into a standardized form (DB)
ApplicationApplicable to all fields that require text extraction from standardized documents, such as receipts, bills, credit cards, ID cards, certificates, and medical receiptsApplicable to all fields that use any form of recommendation including alternative products, products and contents that are likely to be purchased nextApplicable to all fields that deal with various types of unstructured data containing text information that require semantic search and conversion into a DB
HighlightAchieved 1st place in the OCR World Competition The team includes specialists who have presented 14 papers in the world's most renowned AI conferencesTeam with specialists and technologies that received Kaggle's Gold Medal recommendation (Education platform) Proven superior performance of more than 170% compared to other global top-tier recommendation modelsCreation of the first natural language evaluation system in Korean (KLUE) World's No.1 in Kaggle text embedding competition in E-commerce subject (Shopee)
", + "markdown": "| Pack | A solution that recognizes characters in an image and extracts necessary information | A solution that recommends the best products and contents | A solution that enables semantic search, analyzes and organizes key information in unstructured text data into a standardized form (DB) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Application | Applicable to all fields that require text extraction from standardized documents, such as receipts, bills, credit cards, ID cards, certificates, and medical receipts | Applicable to all fields that use any form of recommendation including alternative products, products and contents that are likely to be purchased next | Applicable to all fields that deal with various types of unstructured data containing text information that require semantic search and conversion into a DB |\n| Highlight | Achieved 1st place in the OCR World Competition The team includes specialists who have presented 14 papers in the world's most renowned AI conferences | Team with specialists and technologies that received Kaggle's Gold Medal recommendation (Education platform) Proven superior performance of more than 170% compared to other global top-tier recommendation models | Creation of the first natural language evaluation system in Korean (KLUE) World's No.1 in Kaggle text embedding competition in E-commerce subject (Shopee) |\n", + "text": "Pack A solution that recognizes characters in an image and extracts necessary information A solution that recommends the best products and contents A solution that enables semantic search, analyzes and organizes key information in unstructured text data into a standardized form (DB)\n Application Applicable to all fields that require text extraction from standardized documents, such as receipts, bills, credit cards, ID cards, certificates, and medical receipts Applicable to all fields that use any form of recommendation including alternative products, products and contents that are likely to be purchased next Applicable to all fields that deal with various types of unstructured data containing text information that require semantic search and conversion into a DB\n Highlight Achieved 1st place in the OCR World Competition The team includes specialists who have presented 14 papers in the world's most renowned AI conferences Team with specialists and technologies that received Kaggle's Gold Medal recommendation (Education platform) Proven superior performance of more than 170% compared to other global top-tier recommendation models Creation of the first natural language evaluation system in Korean (KLUE) World's No.1 in Kaggle text embedding competition in E-commerce subject (Shopee)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0345, + "y": 0.3042 + }, + { + "x": 0.9709, + "y": 0.3042 + }, + { + "x": 0.9709, + "y": 0.9157 + }, + { + "x": 0.0345, + "y": 0.9157 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
11
", + "markdown": "11", + "text": "11" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.9652, + "y": 0.9461 + }, + { + "x": 0.9779, + "y": 0.9461 + }, + { + "x": 0.9779, + "y": 0.9659 + }, + { + "x": 0.9652, + "y": 0.9659 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000129.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

0 2y = (o 2 �x2)
+
x1
4
(15.19)

\n

n the case that the distributions were identically distributed with expected value and variance of Hx
and �2, each partner would face the same expected value as before, Hx. But, the variance of their
individual earnings would be (o2 + o2)/4 = 02/2, half of what it was before without combining
their businesses. Furthermore, the standard deviation of the earnings each partner would face would
be:

\n

$$\\sqrt{\\frac{\\sigma_{x}^{2}}{2}}\\underline{{{\\Psi}}}\\underline{{{\\sigma_{x}}}}$$

\n

(15.20)

\n

And if n partners joined together, then they would each face the same expected value as before, but
the variance each partner would receive is ox / Vn. We now illustrate these important results.

\n

Assume that business one's earnings are determined by outcomes associated with the toss of a fair
coin. If the outcome of the coin toss is tails, the firm pays (loses) $5,000. If the toss is a heads, the
firm wins $8,000. Thus, the firm wins either $8,000 or loses $5,000 and earns on average (.5) (-5,000) +
(.5) (8,000) = $1500.

\n

The standard deviation of this risky outcomes is:

\n

$$\\textstyle{\\begin{array}{c}{{\\sqrt{(.5)(-85,000-81,500)^{2}+(.5)(88,000-81,500)^{2}}}=56,500}}\\end{array}}\\,$$

\n

Furthermore, assuming a normal distribution, 68% of the time, the average outcome will be between
the mean and plus or minus one standard deviation: ($1,500 + $6,500) = $8,000 and
($1,500 - $6,500) = -$5,000.

\n

Now suppose that two persons decide to combine their operations and share the average of the
outcomes. Then the possible outcomes of two coin tosses are two heads (H, H) which earns on
average $16,000 /2 = $8,000 and occurs with a probability of .25; two tails (T, T) which earns on average
-$10,000 / 2=$5,000 and occurs with a probability of .25, and one head and one tail (H, T) or one tail
and one head (T, H) which both earn on average $3,000 / 2 = $1,500 and each occurs with a probability
of .25. The expected value for each of the two players can now can be expressed as:

\n

$$15.22)\\ \\ (.25)(88,000)+(.25)(-85,000)+(.25)(81,500)+(.25)(81,500)=81,500$$

\n

The two players now receive on average the same as before, $1,500, but consider the standard
deviation of the average outcome:

\n
340 I Ch. 15. Homogeneous Risk Measures
", + "markdown": "0 2y = (o 2 �x2)\n+\nx1\n4\n(15.19)\n\nn the case that the distributions were identically distributed with expected value and variance of Hx\nand �2, each partner would face the same expected value as before, Hx. But, the variance of their\nindividual earnings would be (o2 + o2)/4 = 02/2, half of what it was before without combining\ntheir businesses. Furthermore, the standard deviation of the earnings each partner would face would\nbe:\n\n$$\\sqrt{\\frac{\\sigma_{x}^{2}}{2}}\\underline{{{\\Psi}}}\\underline{{{\\sigma_{x}}}}$$\n\n# (15.20)\n\nAnd if n partners joined together, then they would each face the same expected value as before, but\nthe variance each partner would receive is ox / Vn. We now illustrate these important results.\n\nAssume that business one's earnings are determined by outcomes associated with the toss of a fair\ncoin. If the outcome of the coin toss is tails, the firm pays (loses) $5,000. If the toss is a heads, the\nfirm wins $8,000. Thus, the firm wins either $8,000 or loses $5,000 and earns on average (.5) (-5,000) +\n(.5) (8,000) = $1500.\n\nThe standard deviation of this risky outcomes is:\n\n$$\\textstyle{\\begin{array}{c}{{\\sqrt{(.5)(-85,000-81,500)^{2}+(.5)(88,000-81,500)^{2}}}=56,500}}\\end{array}}\\,$$\n\nFurthermore, assuming a normal distribution, 68% of the time, the average outcome will be between\nthe mean and plus or minus one standard deviation: ($1,500 + $6,500) = $8,000 and\n($1,500 - $6,500) = -$5,000.\n\nNow suppose that two persons decide to combine their operations and share the average of the\noutcomes. Then the possible outcomes of two coin tosses are two heads (H, H) which earns on\naverage $16,000 /2 = $8,000 and occurs with a probability of .25; two tails (T, T) which earns on average\n-$10,000 / 2=$5,000 and occurs with a probability of .25, and one head and one tail (H, T) or one tail\nand one head (T, H) which both earn on average $3,000 / 2 = $1,500 and each occurs with a probability\nof .25. The expected value for each of the two players can now can be expressed as:\n\n$$15.22)\\ \\ (.25)(88,000)+(.25)(-85,000)+(.25)(81,500)+(.25)(81,500)=81,500$$\n\nThe two players now receive on average the same as before, $1,500, but consider the standard\ndeviation of the average outcome:\n\n340 I Ch. 15. Homogeneous Risk Measures", + "text": "0 2y = (o 2 �x2)\n+\nx1\n4\n(15.19)\nn the case that the distributions were identically distributed with expected value and variance of Hx\nand �2, each partner would face the same expected value as before, Hx. But, the variance of their\nindividual earnings would be (o2 + o2)/4 = 02/2, half of what it was before without combining\ntheir businesses. Furthermore, the standard deviation of the earnings each partner would face would\nbe:\no2 Ox \n= \nV 2 2\n(15.20)\nAnd if n partners joined together, then they would each face the same expected value as before, but\nthe variance each partner would receive is ox / Vn. We now illustrate these important results.\nAssume that business one's earnings are determined by outcomes associated with the toss of a fair\ncoin. If the outcome of the coin toss is tails, the firm pays (loses) $5,000. If the toss is a heads, the\nfirm wins $8,000. Thus, the firm wins either $8,000 or loses $5,000 and earns on average (.5) (-5,000) +\n(.5) (8,000) = $1500.\nThe standard deviation of this risky outcomes is:\n(15.21) V (.5)(-$5, 000 - $1, 500)2 + (.5)($8, 000 - $1, 500)2 = $6, 500\nFurthermore, assuming a normal distribution, 68% of the time, the average outcome will be between\nthe mean and plus or minus one standard deviation: ($1,500 + $6,500) = $8,000 and\n($1,500 - $6,500) = -$5,000.\nNow suppose that two persons decide to combine their operations and share the average of the\noutcomes. Then the possible outcomes of two coin tosses are two heads (H, H) which earns on\naverage $16,000 /2 = $8,000 and occurs with a probability of .25; two tails (T, T) which earns on average\n-$10,000 / 2=$5,000 and occurs with a probability of .25, and one head and one tail (H, T) or one tail\nand one head (T, H) which both earn on average $3,000 / 2 = $1,500 and each occurs with a probability\nof .25. The expected value for each of the two players can now can be expressed as:\n(15.22) (.25)($8, 000) + (.25)(-$5, 000) + (.25)($1, 500) + (.25)($1, 500) = $1, 500\nThe two players now receive on average the same as before, $1,500, but consider the standard\ndeviation of the average outcome:\n340 I Ch. 15. Homogeneous Risk Measures" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

0 2y = (o 2 �x2)
+
x1
4
(15.19)

", + "markdown": "0 2y = (o 2 �x2)\n+\nx1\n4\n(15.19)", + "text": "0 2y = (o 2 �x2)\n+\nx1\n4\n(15.19)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0846, + "y": 0.065 + }, + { + "x": 0.3576, + "y": 0.065 + }, + { + "x": 0.3576, + "y": 0.1125 + }, + { + "x": 0.0846, + "y": 0.1125 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

n the case that the distributions were identically distributed with expected value and variance of Hx
and �2, each partner would face the same expected value as before, Hx. But, the variance of their
individual earnings would be (o2 + o2)/4 = 02/2, half of what it was before without combining
their businesses. Furthermore, the standard deviation of the earnings each partner would face would
be:

", + "markdown": "n the case that the distributions were identically distributed with expected value and variance of Hx\nand �2, each partner would face the same expected value as before, Hx. But, the variance of their\nindividual earnings would be (o2 + o2)/4 = 02/2, half of what it was before without combining\ntheir businesses. Furthermore, the standard deviation of the earnings each partner would face would\nbe:", + "text": "n the case that the distributions were identically distributed with expected value and variance of Hx\nand �2, each partner would face the same expected value as before, Hx. But, the variance of their\nindividual earnings would be (o2 + o2)/4 = 02/2, half of what it was before without combining\ntheir businesses. Furthermore, the standard deviation of the earnings each partner would face would\nbe:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0839, + "y": 0.1371 + }, + { + "x": 0.9171, + "y": 0.1371 + }, + { + "x": 0.9171, + "y": 0.2328 + }, + { + "x": 0.0839, + "y": 0.2328 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$\\sqrt{\\frac{\\sigma_{x}^{2}}{2}}\\underline{{{\\Psi}}}\\underline{{{\\sigma_{x}}}}$$

", + "markdown": "$$\\sqrt{\\frac{\\sigma_{x}^{2}}{2}}\\underline{{{\\Psi}}}\\underline{{{\\sigma_{x}}}}$$", + "text": "o2 Ox \n= \nV 2 2" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1331, + "y": 0.2461 + }, + { + "x": 0.2655, + "y": 0.2461 + }, + { + "x": 0.2655, + "y": 0.2956 + }, + { + "x": 0.1331, + "y": 0.2956 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

(15.20)

", + "markdown": "# (15.20)", + "text": "(15.20)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0863, + "y": 0.2791 + }, + { + "x": 0.1403, + "y": 0.2791 + }, + { + "x": 0.1403, + "y": 0.2951 + }, + { + "x": 0.0863, + "y": 0.2951 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

And if n partners joined together, then they would each face the same expected value as before, but
the variance each partner would receive is ox / Vn. We now illustrate these important results.

", + "markdown": "And if n partners joined together, then they would each face the same expected value as before, but\nthe variance each partner would receive is ox / Vn. We now illustrate these important results.", + "text": "And if n partners joined together, then they would each face the same expected value as before, but\nthe variance each partner would receive is ox / Vn. We now illustrate these important results." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0836, + "y": 0.3228 + }, + { + "x": 0.9173, + "y": 0.3228 + }, + { + "x": 0.9173, + "y": 0.361 + }, + { + "x": 0.0836, + "y": 0.361 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Assume that business one's earnings are determined by outcomes associated with the toss of a fair
coin. If the outcome of the coin toss is tails, the firm pays (loses) $5,000. If the toss is a heads, the
firm wins $8,000. Thus, the firm wins either $8,000 or loses $5,000 and earns on average (.5) (-5,000) +
(.5) (8,000) = $1500.

", + "markdown": "Assume that business one's earnings are determined by outcomes associated with the toss of a fair\ncoin. If the outcome of the coin toss is tails, the firm pays (loses) $5,000. If the toss is a heads, the\nfirm wins $8,000. Thus, the firm wins either $8,000 or loses $5,000 and earns on average (.5) (-5,000) +\n(.5) (8,000) = $1500.", + "text": "Assume that business one's earnings are determined by outcomes associated with the toss of a fair\ncoin. If the outcome of the coin toss is tails, the firm pays (loses) $5,000. If the toss is a heads, the\nfirm wins $8,000. Thus, the firm wins either $8,000 or loses $5,000 and earns on average (.5) (-5,000) +\n(.5) (8,000) = $1500." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0842, + "y": 0.3756 + }, + { + "x": 0.9164, + "y": 0.3756 + }, + { + "x": 0.9164, + "y": 0.452 + }, + { + "x": 0.0842, + "y": 0.452 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The standard deviation of this risky outcomes is:

", + "markdown": "The standard deviation of this risky outcomes is:", + "text": "The standard deviation of this risky outcomes is:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0834, + "y": 0.4653 + }, + { + "x": 0.4841, + "y": 0.4653 + }, + { + "x": 0.4841, + "y": 0.4842 + }, + { + "x": 0.0834, + "y": 0.4842 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$\\textstyle{\\begin{array}{c}{{\\sqrt{(.5)(-85,000-81,500)^{2}+(.5)(88,000-81,500)^{2}}}=56,500}}\\end{array}}\\,$$

", + "markdown": "$$\\textstyle{\\begin{array}{c}{{\\sqrt{(.5)(-85,000-81,500)^{2}+(.5)(88,000-81,500)^{2}}}=56,500}}\\end{array}}\\,$$", + "text": "(15.21) V (.5)(-$5, 000 - $1, 500)2 + (.5)($8, 000 - $1, 500)2 = $6, 500" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0817, + "y": 0.4949 + }, + { + "x": 0.7405, + "y": 0.4949 + }, + { + "x": 0.7405, + "y": 0.5328 + }, + { + "x": 0.0817, + "y": 0.5328 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Furthermore, assuming a normal distribution, 68% of the time, the average outcome will be between
the mean and plus or minus one standard deviation: ($1,500 + $6,500) = $8,000 and
($1,500 - $6,500) = -$5,000.

", + "markdown": "Furthermore, assuming a normal distribution, 68% of the time, the average outcome will be between\nthe mean and plus or minus one standard deviation: ($1,500 + $6,500) = $8,000 and\n($1,500 - $6,500) = -$5,000.", + "text": "Furthermore, assuming a normal distribution, 68% of the time, the average outcome will be between\nthe mean and plus or minus one standard deviation: ($1,500 + $6,500) = $8,000 and\n($1,500 - $6,500) = -$5,000." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.084, + "y": 0.5517 + }, + { + "x": 0.9174, + "y": 0.5517 + }, + { + "x": 0.9174, + "y": 0.609 + }, + { + "x": 0.084, + "y": 0.609 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Now suppose that two persons decide to combine their operations and share the average of the
outcomes. Then the possible outcomes of two coin tosses are two heads (H, H) which earns on
average $16,000 /2 = $8,000 and occurs with a probability of .25; two tails (T, T) which earns on average
-$10,000 / 2=$5,000 and occurs with a probability of .25, and one head and one tail (H, T) or one tail
and one head (T, H) which both earn on average $3,000 / 2 = $1,500 and each occurs with a probability
of .25. The expected value for each of the two players can now can be expressed as:

", + "markdown": "Now suppose that two persons decide to combine their operations and share the average of the\noutcomes. Then the possible outcomes of two coin tosses are two heads (H, H) which earns on\naverage $16,000 /2 = $8,000 and occurs with a probability of .25; two tails (T, T) which earns on average\n-$10,000 / 2=$5,000 and occurs with a probability of .25, and one head and one tail (H, T) or one tail\nand one head (T, H) which both earn on average $3,000 / 2 = $1,500 and each occurs with a probability\nof .25. The expected value for each of the two players can now can be expressed as:", + "text": "Now suppose that two persons decide to combine their operations and share the average of the\noutcomes. Then the possible outcomes of two coin tosses are two heads (H, H) which earns on\naverage $16,000 /2 = $8,000 and occurs with a probability of .25; two tails (T, T) which earns on average\n-$10,000 / 2=$5,000 and occurs with a probability of .25, and one head and one tail (H, T) or one tail\nand one head (T, H) which both earn on average $3,000 / 2 = $1,500 and each occurs with a probability\nof .25. The expected value for each of the two players can now can be expressed as:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0839, + "y": 0.6237 + }, + { + "x": 0.9187, + "y": 0.6237 + }, + { + "x": 0.9187, + "y": 0.7392 + }, + { + "x": 0.0839, + "y": 0.7392 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$15.22)\\ \\ (.25)(88,000)+(.25)(-85,000)+(.25)(81,500)+(.25)(81,500)=81,500$$

", + "markdown": "$$15.22)\\ \\ (.25)(88,000)+(.25)(-85,000)+(.25)(81,500)+(.25)(81,500)=81,500$$", + "text": "(15.22) (.25)($8, 000) + (.25)(-$5, 000) + (.25)($1, 500) + (.25)($1, 500) = $1, 500" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0874, + "y": 0.7496 + }, + { + "x": 0.8459, + "y": 0.7496 + }, + { + "x": 0.8459, + "y": 0.7724 + }, + { + "x": 0.0874, + "y": 0.7724 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The two players now receive on average the same as before, $1,500, but consider the standard
deviation of the average outcome:

", + "markdown": "The two players now receive on average the same as before, $1,500, but consider the standard\ndeviation of the average outcome:", + "text": "The two players now receive on average the same as before, $1,500, but consider the standard\ndeviation of the average outcome:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0836, + "y": 0.7878 + }, + { + "x": 0.9163, + "y": 0.7878 + }, + { + "x": 0.9163, + "y": 0.825 + }, + { + "x": 0.0836, + "y": 0.825 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
340 I Ch. 15. Homogeneous Risk Measures
", + "markdown": "340 I Ch. 15. Homogeneous Risk Measures", + "text": "340 I Ch. 15. Homogeneous Risk Measures" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0842, + "y": 0.949 + }, + { + "x": 0.371, + "y": 0.949 + }, + { + "x": 0.371, + "y": 0.9632 + }, + { + "x": 0.0842, + "y": 0.9632 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000131.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
\"20\n15\n10\n5\n0\n-5\n-10\n-15\n2005\n2003\n2004\n2009\n2006\n2008\n2002\n2010\n2000\n2007\n2001\"
Figure 17.2. Year-to-year changes in housing prices.
\n\n

Change

\n

%

\n

Annual

\n
\"30.0%\n25.0%\n20.0%\n15.0%\n10.0%\n5.0%\n0.0%\n-5.0%\n-10.0%\n22
\n

Inflationary, nominal, and real interest rates. To understand price volatility of durables, it is necessary
to describe inflationary, nominal, and real interest rates. Recall from your earlier training that the
inflation rate i is equal to the rate of change in average prices, changes often linked to monetary or
fiscal policies of governments. The nominal interest rate r depends on the rate of inflation and a real
component that is dependent on factors other than the rate of inflation such as changing market
conditions or changes in productivity. To describe the effects of inflation on the nominal interest, let
one plus the nominal interest rate r equal one plus the real rate r times one plus the inflation rate i so
that:

\n
Ch. 17. Land Investments I 385
", + "markdown": "20\n15\n10\n5\n0\n-5\n-10\n-15\n2005\n2003\n2004\n2009\n2006\n2008\n2002\n2010\n2000\n2007\n2001\n\nFigure 17.2. Year-to-year changes in housing prices.\n\nChange\n\n%\n\nAnnual\n\n30.0%\n25.0%\n20.0%\n15.0%\n10.0%\n5.0%\n0.0%\n-5.0%\n-10.0%\n22 93 ま %6 97 08 00 10 02 04 50 06 80 6이\n-15.0%\nMay\nMay\nMay\nMay\nJan Sep Jan Sep Jan Sep Jan sep Jan\n-20.0% May\n\nInflationary, nominal, and real interest rates. To understand price volatility of durables, it is necessary\nto describe inflationary, nominal, and real interest rates. Recall from your earlier training that the\ninflation rate i is equal to the rate of change in average prices, changes often linked to monetary or\nfiscal policies of governments. The nominal interest rate r depends on the rate of inflation and a real\ncomponent that is dependent on factors other than the rate of inflation such as changing market\nconditions or changes in productivity. To describe the effects of inflation on the nominal interest, let\none plus the nominal interest rate r equal one plus the real rate r times one plus the inflation rate i so\nthat:\n\nCh. 17. Land Investments I 385", + "text": "20\n15\n10\n5\n0\n-5\n-10\n-15\n2005\n2003\n2004\n2009\n2006\n2008\n2002\n2010\n2000\n2007\n2001\nFigure 17.2. Year-to-year changes in housing prices.\nChange\n%\nAnnual\n30.0%\n25.0%\n20.0%\n15.0%\n10.0%\n5.0%\n0.0%\n-5.0%\n-10.0%\n22 93 ま %6 97 08 00 10 02 04 50 06 80 6이\n-15.0%\nMay\nMay\nMay\nMay\nJan Sep Jan Sep Jan Sep Jan sep Jan\n-20.0% May\nInflationary, nominal, and real interest rates. To understand price volatility of durables, it is necessary\nto describe inflationary, nominal, and real interest rates. Recall from your earlier training that the\ninflation rate i is equal to the rate of change in average prices, changes often linked to monetary or\nfiscal policies of governments. The nominal interest rate r depends on the rate of inflation and a real\ncomponent that is dependent on factors other than the rate of inflation such as changing market\nconditions or changes in productivity. To describe the effects of inflation on the nominal interest, let\none plus the nominal interest rate r equal one plus the real rate r times one plus the inflation rate i so\nthat:\nCh. 17. Land Investments I 385" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"20\n15\n10\n5\n0\n-5\n-10\n-15\n2005\n2003\n2004\n2009\n2006\n2008\n2002\n2010\n2000\n2007\n2001\"
", + "markdown": "20\n15\n10\n5\n0\n-5\n-10\n-15\n2005\n2003\n2004\n2009\n2006\n2008\n2002\n2010\n2000\n2007\n2001", + "text": "20\n15\n10\n5\n0\n-5\n-10\n-15\n2005\n2003\n2004\n2009\n2006\n2008\n2002\n2010\n2000\n2007\n2001" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0883, + "y": 0.0652 + }, + { + "x": 0.8317, + "y": 0.0652 + }, + { + "x": 0.8317, + "y": 0.3431 + }, + { + "x": 0.0883, + "y": 0.3431 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "Figure 17.2. Year-to-year changes in housing prices.", + "markdown": "Figure 17.2. Year-to-year changes in housing prices.", + "text": "Figure 17.2. Year-to-year changes in housing prices." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2807, + "y": 0.4084 + }, + { + "x": 0.7191, + "y": 0.4084 + }, + { + "x": 0.7191, + "y": 0.427 + }, + { + "x": 0.2807, + "y": 0.427 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Change

", + "markdown": "Change", + "text": "Change" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0871, + "y": 0.5682 + }, + { + "x": 0.1095, + "y": 0.5682 + }, + { + "x": 0.1095, + "y": 0.6142 + }, + { + "x": 0.0871, + "y": 0.6142 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

%

", + "markdown": "%", + "text": "%" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0891, + "y": 0.6131 + }, + { + "x": 0.1057, + "y": 0.6131 + }, + { + "x": 0.1057, + "y": 0.6251 + }, + { + "x": 0.0891, + "y": 0.6251 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Annual

", + "markdown": "Annual", + "text": "Annual" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0887, + "y": 0.6251 + }, + { + "x": 0.105, + "y": 0.6251 + }, + { + "x": 0.105, + "y": 0.6679 + }, + { + "x": 0.0887, + "y": 0.6679 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"30.0%\n25.0%\n20.0%\n15.0%\n10.0%\n5.0%\n0.0%\n-5.0%\n-10.0%\n22
", + "markdown": "30.0%\n25.0%\n20.0%\n15.0%\n10.0%\n5.0%\n0.0%\n-5.0%\n-10.0%\n22 93 ま %6 97 08 00 10 02 04 50 06 80 6이\n-15.0%\nMay\nMay\nMay\nMay\nJan Sep Jan Sep Jan Sep Jan sep Jan\n-20.0% May", + "text": "30.0%\n25.0%\n20.0%\n15.0%\n10.0%\n5.0%\n0.0%\n-5.0%\n-10.0%\n22 93 ま %6 97 08 00 10 02 04 50 06 80 6이\n-15.0%\nMay\nMay\nMay\nMay\nJan Sep Jan Sep Jan Sep Jan sep Jan\n-20.0% May" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.164, + "y": 0.4828 + }, + { + "x": 0.8278, + "y": 0.4828 + }, + { + "x": 0.8278, + "y": 0.7524 + }, + { + "x": 0.164, + "y": 0.7524 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Inflationary, nominal, and real interest rates. To understand price volatility of durables, it is necessary
to describe inflationary, nominal, and real interest rates. Recall from your earlier training that the
inflation rate i is equal to the rate of change in average prices, changes often linked to monetary or
fiscal policies of governments. The nominal interest rate r depends on the rate of inflation and a real
component that is dependent on factors other than the rate of inflation such as changing market
conditions or changes in productivity. To describe the effects of inflation on the nominal interest, let
one plus the nominal interest rate r equal one plus the real rate r times one plus the inflation rate i so
that:

", + "markdown": "Inflationary, nominal, and real interest rates. To understand price volatility of durables, it is necessary\nto describe inflationary, nominal, and real interest rates. Recall from your earlier training that the\ninflation rate i is equal to the rate of change in average prices, changes often linked to monetary or\nfiscal policies of governments. The nominal interest rate r depends on the rate of inflation and a real\ncomponent that is dependent on factors other than the rate of inflation such as changing market\nconditions or changes in productivity. To describe the effects of inflation on the nominal interest, let\none plus the nominal interest rate r equal one plus the real rate r times one plus the inflation rate i so\nthat:", + "text": "Inflationary, nominal, and real interest rates. To understand price volatility of durables, it is necessary\nto describe inflationary, nominal, and real interest rates. Recall from your earlier training that the\ninflation rate i is equal to the rate of change in average prices, changes often linked to monetary or\nfiscal policies of governments. The nominal interest rate r depends on the rate of inflation and a real\ncomponent that is dependent on factors other than the rate of inflation such as changing market\nconditions or changes in productivity. To describe the effects of inflation on the nominal interest, let\none plus the nominal interest rate r equal one plus the real rate r times one plus the inflation rate i so\nthat:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0839, + "y": 0.7721 + }, + { + "x": 0.9185, + "y": 0.7721 + }, + { + "x": 0.9185, + "y": 0.9278 + }, + { + "x": 0.0839, + "y": 0.9278 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
Ch. 17. Land Investments I 385
", + "markdown": "Ch. 17. Land Investments I 385", + "text": "Ch. 17. Land Investments I 385" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7078, + "y": 0.9491 + }, + { + "x": 0.9161, + "y": 0.9491 + }, + { + "x": 0.9161, + "y": 0.9634 + }, + { + "x": 0.7078, + "y": 0.9634 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000139.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Top 10 tuna fishing nations (2018)

\n
\"Indonesia\nJapan\nPapua
Figure 12.8: Top tuna fishing nations based on landings of seven tuna species in 2018. Long description.
\n\n

Today most tuna are captured in purse seines, and longlines are the second-most-common gear. Indonesia
and Japan are consistently the top-two fishing nations (Figure 12.8). Five of the top tuna fishing nations-Japan,
Taiwan (Republic of China), Spain, Korea, and the USA-have large fishing fleets that operate far from their home
waters, whereas the others have large local or regional fleets. New technologies, such as sonar, have made tuna
fishing much more effective. In response, the use of spotter planes is banned for fishing Atlantic Bluefin Tuna in
the Mediterranean (Di Natale 2020). Many recreational tuna boats also use spotter planes in the eastern Atlantic
Ocean, although the traditionalist harpoon fishers shun the technology (Whynott 1995; Decker 2016).

\n

The Pacific Ocean has consistently had the highest landings, about 66% of the world's tuna catch. The western
and central Pacific Ocean is where many artisanal and industrial fisheries overlap. For the small island nations,
fishing provides a major source of income, jobs, and food security (Bell et al. 2019). Yet, Pacific island nations
have not fully realized the economic potential with the global tuna industry, despite the fact that 80% of it is
caught within their exclusive economic zones (EEZs, i.e., within 200 miles). The 1982 United Nations Convention
on the Law of the Sea awarded coastal states sovereign rights to (1) exploit and manage all living resources
within their EEZ, (2) exclude distant water fleets in favor of developing their own fleets, and (3) charge distant
water fleets rent for access. Eight island nations-the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands,
Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu, which support 80% of the purse-seine catch in
their waters-formed an alliance and require collective bargaining to set rents for access by foreign vessels. The
alliance also prioritized domestic over foreign vessels and set limits on the number of purse-seine vessels. The
issue of sovereignty over tuna that migrate freely among EEZs remains a concern for small island nations (Bailey
et al. 2012). Working to establish fair and equitable allocations of total allowable catches to the many parties will
require more equitable sharing with the larger tuna-fishing nations.

\n
282 I Conserving Tuna: The Most Commercially Valuable Fish on Earth
", + "markdown": "Top 10 tuna fishing nations (2018)\n\nIndonesia\nJapan\nPapua New Guinea\nTaiwan, China\nSpain\nEcuador\nRepublic of Korea\nUSA\nKiribati\nPhilippines\n100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000\nCatch (metric tons)\n\nFigure 12.8: Top tuna fishing nations based on landings of seven tuna species in 2018. Long description.\n\nToday most tuna are captured in purse seines, and longlines are the second-most-common gear. Indonesia\nand Japan are consistently the top-two fishing nations (Figure 12.8). Five of the top tuna fishing nations-Japan,\nTaiwan (Republic of China), Spain, Korea, and the USA-have large fishing fleets that operate far from their home\nwaters, whereas the others have large local or regional fleets. New technologies, such as sonar, have made tuna\nfishing much more effective. In response, the use of spotter planes is banned for fishing Atlantic Bluefin Tuna in\nthe Mediterranean (Di Natale 2020). Many recreational tuna boats also use spotter planes in the eastern Atlantic\nOcean, although the traditionalist harpoon fishers shun the technology (Whynott 1995; Decker 2016).\n\nThe Pacific Ocean has consistently had the highest landings, about 66% of the world's tuna catch. The western\nand central Pacific Ocean is where many artisanal and industrial fisheries overlap. For the small island nations,\nfishing provides a major source of income, jobs, and food security (Bell et al. 2019). Yet, Pacific island nations\nhave not fully realized the economic potential with the global tuna industry, despite the fact that 80% of it is\ncaught within their exclusive economic zones (EEZs, i.e., within 200 miles). The 1982 United Nations Convention\non the Law of the Sea awarded coastal states sovereign rights to (1) exploit and manage all living resources\nwithin their EEZ, (2) exclude distant water fleets in favor of developing their own fleets, and (3) charge distant\nwater fleets rent for access. Eight island nations-the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands,\nNauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu, which support 80% of the purse-seine catch in\ntheir waters-formed an alliance and require collective bargaining to set rents for access by foreign vessels. The\nalliance also prioritized domestic over foreign vessels and set limits on the number of purse-seine vessels. The\nissue of sovereignty over tuna that migrate freely among EEZs remains a concern for small island nations (Bailey\net al. 2012). Working to establish fair and equitable allocations of total allowable catches to the many parties will\nrequire more equitable sharing with the larger tuna-fishing nations.\n\n282 I Conserving Tuna: The Most Commercially Valuable Fish on Earth", + "text": "Top 10 tuna fishing nations (2018)\nIndonesia\nJapan\nPapua New Guinea\nTaiwan, China\nSpain\nEcuador\nRepublic of Korea\nUSA\nKiribati\nPhilippines\n100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000\nCatch (metric tons)\nFigure 12.8: Top tuna fishing nations based on landings of seven tuna species in 2018. Long description.\nToday most tuna are captured in purse seines, and longlines are the second-most-common gear. Indonesia\nand Japan are consistently the top-two fishing nations (Figure 12.8). Five of the top tuna fishing nations-Japan,\nTaiwan (Republic of China), Spain, Korea, and the USA-have large fishing fleets that operate far from their home\nwaters, whereas the others have large local or regional fleets. New technologies, such as sonar, have made tuna\nfishing much more effective. In response, the use of spotter planes is banned for fishing Atlantic Bluefin Tuna in\nthe Mediterranean (Di Natale 2020). Many recreational tuna boats also use spotter planes in the eastern Atlantic\nOcean, although the traditionalist harpoon fishers shun the technology (Whynott 1995; Decker 2016).\nThe Pacific Ocean has consistently had the highest landings, about 66% of the world's tuna catch. The western\nand central Pacific Ocean is where many artisanal and industrial fisheries overlap. For the small island nations,\nfishing provides a major source of income, jobs, and food security (Bell et al. 2019). Yet, Pacific island nations\nhave not fully realized the economic potential with the global tuna industry, despite the fact that 80% of it is\ncaught within their exclusive economic zones (EEZs, i.e., within 200 miles). The 1982 United Nations Convention\non the Law of the Sea awarded coastal states sovereign rights to (1) exploit and manage all living resources\nwithin their EEZ, (2) exclude distant water fleets in favor of developing their own fleets, and (3) charge distant\nwater fleets rent for access. Eight island nations-the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands,\nNauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu, which support 80% of the purse-seine catch in\ntheir waters-formed an alliance and require collective bargaining to set rents for access by foreign vessels. The\nalliance also prioritized domestic over foreign vessels and set limits on the number of purse-seine vessels. The\nissue of sovereignty over tuna that migrate freely among EEZs remains a concern for small island nations (Bailey\net al. 2012). Working to establish fair and equitable allocations of total allowable catches to the many parties will\nrequire more equitable sharing with the larger tuna-fishing nations.\n282 I Conserving Tuna: The Most Commercially Valuable Fish on Earth" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Top 10 tuna fishing nations (2018)

", + "markdown": "Top 10 tuna fishing nations (2018)", + "text": "Top 10 tuna fishing nations (2018)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4045, + "y": 0.0901 + }, + { + "x": 0.6372, + "y": 0.0901 + }, + { + "x": 0.6372, + "y": 0.1076 + }, + { + "x": 0.4045, + "y": 0.1076 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Indonesia\nJapan\nPapua
", + "markdown": "Indonesia\nJapan\nPapua New Guinea\nTaiwan, China\nSpain\nEcuador\nRepublic of Korea\nUSA\nKiribati\nPhilippines\n100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000\nCatch (metric tons)", + "text": "Indonesia\nJapan\nPapua New Guinea\nTaiwan, China\nSpain\nEcuador\nRepublic of Korea\nUSA\nKiribati\nPhilippines\n100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000\nCatch (metric tons)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1786, + "y": 0.1149 + }, + { + "x": 0.7828, + "y": 0.1149 + }, + { + "x": 0.7828, + "y": 0.3745 + }, + { + "x": 0.1786, + "y": 0.3745 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "Figure 12.8: Top tuna fishing nations based on landings of seven tuna species in 2018. Long description.", + "markdown": "Figure 12.8: Top tuna fishing nations based on landings of seven tuna species in 2018. Long description.", + "text": "Figure 12.8: Top tuna fishing nations based on landings of seven tuna species in 2018. Long description." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1592, + "y": 0.401 + }, + { + "x": 0.8104, + "y": 0.401 + }, + { + "x": 0.8104, + "y": 0.4167 + }, + { + "x": 0.1592, + "y": 0.4167 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Today most tuna are captured in purse seines, and longlines are the second-most-common gear. Indonesia
and Japan are consistently the top-two fishing nations (Figure 12.8). Five of the top tuna fishing nations-Japan,
Taiwan (Republic of China), Spain, Korea, and the USA-have large fishing fleets that operate far from their home
waters, whereas the others have large local or regional fleets. New technologies, such as sonar, have made tuna
fishing much more effective. In response, the use of spotter planes is banned for fishing Atlantic Bluefin Tuna in
the Mediterranean (Di Natale 2020). Many recreational tuna boats also use spotter planes in the eastern Atlantic
Ocean, although the traditionalist harpoon fishers shun the technology (Whynott 1995; Decker 2016).

", + "markdown": "Today most tuna are captured in purse seines, and longlines are the second-most-common gear. Indonesia\nand Japan are consistently the top-two fishing nations (Figure 12.8). Five of the top tuna fishing nations-Japan,\nTaiwan (Republic of China), Spain, Korea, and the USA-have large fishing fleets that operate far from their home\nwaters, whereas the others have large local or regional fleets. New technologies, such as sonar, have made tuna\nfishing much more effective. In response, the use of spotter planes is banned for fishing Atlantic Bluefin Tuna in\nthe Mediterranean (Di Natale 2020). Many recreational tuna boats also use spotter planes in the eastern Atlantic\nOcean, although the traditionalist harpoon fishers shun the technology (Whynott 1995; Decker 2016).", + "text": "Today most tuna are captured in purse seines, and longlines are the second-most-common gear. Indonesia\nand Japan are consistently the top-two fishing nations (Figure 12.8). Five of the top tuna fishing nations-Japan,\nTaiwan (Republic of China), Spain, Korea, and the USA-have large fishing fleets that operate far from their home\nwaters, whereas the others have large local or regional fleets. New technologies, such as sonar, have made tuna\nfishing much more effective. In response, the use of spotter planes is banned for fishing Atlantic Bluefin Tuna in\nthe Mediterranean (Di Natale 2020). Many recreational tuna boats also use spotter planes in the eastern Atlantic\nOcean, although the traditionalist harpoon fishers shun the technology (Whynott 1995; Decker 2016)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0939, + "y": 0.4778 + }, + { + "x": 0.9069, + "y": 0.4778 + }, + { + "x": 0.9069, + "y": 0.6119 + }, + { + "x": 0.0939, + "y": 0.6119 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The Pacific Ocean has consistently had the highest landings, about 66% of the world's tuna catch. The western
and central Pacific Ocean is where many artisanal and industrial fisheries overlap. For the small island nations,
fishing provides a major source of income, jobs, and food security (Bell et al. 2019). Yet, Pacific island nations
have not fully realized the economic potential with the global tuna industry, despite the fact that 80% of it is
caught within their exclusive economic zones (EEZs, i.e., within 200 miles). The 1982 United Nations Convention
on the Law of the Sea awarded coastal states sovereign rights to (1) exploit and manage all living resources
within their EEZ, (2) exclude distant water fleets in favor of developing their own fleets, and (3) charge distant
water fleets rent for access. Eight island nations-the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands,
Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu, which support 80% of the purse-seine catch in
their waters-formed an alliance and require collective bargaining to set rents for access by foreign vessels. The
alliance also prioritized domestic over foreign vessels and set limits on the number of purse-seine vessels. The
issue of sovereignty over tuna that migrate freely among EEZs remains a concern for small island nations (Bailey
et al. 2012). Working to establish fair and equitable allocations of total allowable catches to the many parties will
require more equitable sharing with the larger tuna-fishing nations.

", + "markdown": "The Pacific Ocean has consistently had the highest landings, about 66% of the world's tuna catch. The western\nand central Pacific Ocean is where many artisanal and industrial fisheries overlap. For the small island nations,\nfishing provides a major source of income, jobs, and food security (Bell et al. 2019). Yet, Pacific island nations\nhave not fully realized the economic potential with the global tuna industry, despite the fact that 80% of it is\ncaught within their exclusive economic zones (EEZs, i.e., within 200 miles). The 1982 United Nations Convention\non the Law of the Sea awarded coastal states sovereign rights to (1) exploit and manage all living resources\nwithin their EEZ, (2) exclude distant water fleets in favor of developing their own fleets, and (3) charge distant\nwater fleets rent for access. Eight island nations-the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands,\nNauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu, which support 80% of the purse-seine catch in\ntheir waters-formed an alliance and require collective bargaining to set rents for access by foreign vessels. The\nalliance also prioritized domestic over foreign vessels and set limits on the number of purse-seine vessels. The\nissue of sovereignty over tuna that migrate freely among EEZs remains a concern for small island nations (Bailey\net al. 2012). Working to establish fair and equitable allocations of total allowable catches to the many parties will\nrequire more equitable sharing with the larger tuna-fishing nations.", + "text": "The Pacific Ocean has consistently had the highest landings, about 66% of the world's tuna catch. The western\nand central Pacific Ocean is where many artisanal and industrial fisheries overlap. For the small island nations,\nfishing provides a major source of income, jobs, and food security (Bell et al. 2019). Yet, Pacific island nations\nhave not fully realized the economic potential with the global tuna industry, despite the fact that 80% of it is\ncaught within their exclusive economic zones (EEZs, i.e., within 200 miles). The 1982 United Nations Convention\non the Law of the Sea awarded coastal states sovereign rights to (1) exploit and manage all living resources\nwithin their EEZ, (2) exclude distant water fleets in favor of developing their own fleets, and (3) charge distant\nwater fleets rent for access. Eight island nations-the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands,\nNauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu, which support 80% of the purse-seine catch in\ntheir waters-formed an alliance and require collective bargaining to set rents for access by foreign vessels. The\nalliance also prioritized domestic over foreign vessels and set limits on the number of purse-seine vessels. The\nissue of sovereignty over tuna that migrate freely among EEZs remains a concern for small island nations (Bailey\net al. 2012). Working to establish fair and equitable allocations of total allowable catches to the many parties will\nrequire more equitable sharing with the larger tuna-fishing nations." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0944, + "y": 0.6251 + }, + { + "x": 0.9055, + "y": 0.6251 + }, + { + "x": 0.9055, + "y": 0.8981 + }, + { + "x": 0.0944, + "y": 0.8981 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
282 I Conserving Tuna: The Most Commercially Valuable Fish on Earth
", + "markdown": "282 I Conserving Tuna: The Most Commercially Valuable Fish on Earth", + "text": "282 I Conserving Tuna: The Most Commercially Valuable Fish on Earth" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0941, + "y": 0.9334 + }, + { + "x": 0.5606, + "y": 0.9334 + }, + { + "x": 0.5606, + "y": 0.9489 + }, + { + "x": 0.0941, + "y": 0.9489 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000036.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

2. General Profile of MSMEs

\n

In July 2020, the survey established a general profile
of the MSMEs interviewed. The respondents updated
the interviewers on the status of their business in each
subsequent phase. Respondents whose business
had permanently closed were only asked the reasons
for closing (Section 2.4) and about government
assistance programs (Section 7). The demographics
of respondents and business characteristics (i.e., the
proportions) remained roughly the same across all
three survey phases.

\n

Business characteristics. Business size was
determined by the number of staff at the time of
interview. Following Government Decree number 25/
GOV, firms with five or less staff are microenterprises,
those with six - 50 staff are small, and those with 51
- 99 staff are medium.

\n

Micro and small enterprises made up most of
the respondents. Approximately 58% were
microenterprises, 40% were small, and only two

\n\n
\"2
Figure 2.1: Surveyed MSMEs by size across sectors (%)
\n

percent were medium. The tourism MSME sample
included a higher percentage of microenterprises than
the other two sectors. AII of the tourism and handicraft/
textile MSMEs interviewed were registered, or formal,
constituting approximately 71 % of the sample. The
remainder (agriculture MSMEs) were informal, as they
were individual farmers.

\n

The geographic focus of sampling sought to emulate
the concentration of businesses nationwide.
Interviewed MSMEs in the tourism and handicraft/
textile sectors were mainly based in Vientiane Capital,
Luang Prabang, and Champasack provinces. For the
agriculture sector, MSMEs were based in 12 provinces
and the capital. Annex 1 provides the locations of
respondents who participated in all three phases.

\n

The tourism sub-sectors interviewed included
lodging, restaurants and bars, and tour operators.
Most handicraft/textile respondents were involved
in production, with the remaining in sales. The

\n

main products are silk and cotton products such as
bags, clothes, and scarves, bamboo wicker, pottery,
carvings, and mulberry paper products. MSMEs
interviewed in the agriculture sector focused on the
cultivation and trade of cash crops such as vegetables,
cassava, banana, sugar cane, tea and coffee, livestock
or fish, and rice.

\n

Demographics of respondents. The overall gender
ratio of interviewees was slightly skewed towards
men (52%). Within the handicraft/textile sector,
80% were women, while the agriculture sector
was dominated by male representatives (74%). The
tourism sector respondents were 51 % men. Most
of the interviewees were MSME owners (80%),
followed by managers (17%), while the other three
percent comprised positions such as accountant,
assistant, and deputy manager. More than half (58%)
of interviewees were 36 to 55 years old; the youngest
respondent was 23 and the eldest was 83.

\n
6
", + "markdown": "# 2. General Profile of MSMEs\n\nIn July 2020, the survey established a general profile\nof the MSMEs interviewed. The respondents updated\nthe interviewers on the status of their business in each\nsubsequent phase. Respondents whose business\nhad permanently closed were only asked the reasons\nfor closing (Section 2.4) and about government\nassistance programs (Section 7). The demographics\nof respondents and business characteristics (i.e., the\nproportions) remained roughly the same across all\nthree survey phases.\n\nBusiness characteristics. Business size was\ndetermined by the number of staff at the time of\ninterview. Following Government Decree number 25/\nGOV, firms with five or less staff are microenterprises,\nthose with six - 50 staff are small, and those with 51\n- 99 staff are medium.\n\nMicro and small enterprises made up most of\nthe respondents. Approximately 58% were\nmicroenterprises, 40% were small, and only two\n\nFigure 2.1: Surveyed MSMEs by size across sectors (%)\n\n2 1 4 1\n100\n37\n80 40\n40\n50\n60\n40\n62\n58 56\n49\n20\n0\nAll MSMEs Tourism Handicraft/Textile Agriculture\nMicro Small Medium\n\npercent were medium. The tourism MSME sample\nincluded a higher percentage of microenterprises than\nthe other two sectors. AII of the tourism and handicraft/\ntextile MSMEs interviewed were registered, or formal,\nconstituting approximately 71 % of the sample. The\nremainder (agriculture MSMEs) were informal, as they\nwere individual farmers.\n\nThe geographic focus of sampling sought to emulate\nthe concentration of businesses nationwide.\nInterviewed MSMEs in the tourism and handicraft/\ntextile sectors were mainly based in Vientiane Capital,\nLuang Prabang, and Champasack provinces. For the\nagriculture sector, MSMEs were based in 12 provinces\nand the capital. Annex 1 provides the locations of\nrespondents who participated in all three phases.\n\nThe tourism sub-sectors interviewed included\nlodging, restaurants and bars, and tour operators.\nMost handicraft/textile respondents were involved\nin production, with the remaining in sales. The\n\nmain products are silk and cotton products such as\nbags, clothes, and scarves, bamboo wicker, pottery,\ncarvings, and mulberry paper products. MSMEs\ninterviewed in the agriculture sector focused on the\ncultivation and trade of cash crops such as vegetables,\ncassava, banana, sugar cane, tea and coffee, livestock\nor fish, and rice.\n\nDemographics of respondents. The overall gender\nratio of interviewees was slightly skewed towards\nmen (52%). Within the handicraft/textile sector,\n80% were women, while the agriculture sector\nwas dominated by male representatives (74%). The\ntourism sector respondents were 51 % men. Most\nof the interviewees were MSME owners (80%),\nfollowed by managers (17%), while the other three\npercent comprised positions such as accountant,\nassistant, and deputy manager. More than half (58%)\nof interviewees were 36 to 55 years old; the youngest\nrespondent was 23 and the eldest was 83.\n\n6", + "text": "2. General Profile of MSMEs\nIn July 2020, the survey established a general profile\nof the MSMEs interviewed. The respondents updated\nthe interviewers on the status of their business in each\nsubsequent phase. Respondents whose business\nhad permanently closed were only asked the reasons\nfor closing (Section 2.4) and about government\nassistance programs (Section 7). The demographics\nof respondents and business characteristics (i.e., the\nproportions) remained roughly the same across all\nthree survey phases.\nBusiness characteristics. Business size was\ndetermined by the number of staff at the time of\ninterview. Following Government Decree number 25/\nGOV, firms with five or less staff are microenterprises,\nthose with six - 50 staff are small, and those with 51\n- 99 staff are medium.\nMicro and small enterprises made up most of\nthe respondents. Approximately 58% were\nmicroenterprises, 40% were small, and only two\nFigure 2.1: Surveyed MSMEs by size across sectors (%)\n2 1 4 1\n100\n37\n80 40\n40\n50\n60\n40\n62\n58 56\n49\n20\n0\nAll MSMEs Tourism Handicraft/Textile Agriculture\nMicro Small Medium\npercent were medium. The tourism MSME sample\nincluded a higher percentage of microenterprises than\nthe other two sectors. AII of the tourism and handicraft/\ntextile MSMEs interviewed were registered, or formal,\nconstituting approximately 71 % of the sample. The\nremainder (agriculture MSMEs) were informal, as they\nwere individual farmers.\nThe geographic focus of sampling sought to emulate\nthe concentration of businesses nationwide.\nInterviewed MSMEs in the tourism and handicraft/\ntextile sectors were mainly based in Vientiane Capital,\nLuang Prabang, and Champasack provinces. For the\nagriculture sector, MSMEs were based in 12 provinces\nand the capital. Annex 1 provides the locations of\nrespondents who participated in all three phases.\nThe tourism sub-sectors interviewed included\nlodging, restaurants and bars, and tour operators.\nMost handicraft/textile respondents were involved\nin production, with the remaining in sales. The\nmain products are silk and cotton products such as\nbags, clothes, and scarves, bamboo wicker, pottery,\ncarvings, and mulberry paper products. MSMEs\ninterviewed in the agriculture sector focused on the\ncultivation and trade of cash crops such as vegetables,\ncassava, banana, sugar cane, tea and coffee, livestock\nor fish, and rice.\nDemographics of respondents. The overall gender\nratio of interviewees was slightly skewed towards\nmen (52%). Within the handicraft/textile sector,\n80% were women, while the agriculture sector\nwas dominated by male representatives (74%). The\ntourism sector respondents were 51 % men. Most\nof the interviewees were MSME owners (80%),\nfollowed by managers (17%), while the other three\npercent comprised positions such as accountant,\nassistant, and deputy manager. More than half (58%)\nof interviewees were 36 to 55 years old; the youngest\nrespondent was 23 and the eldest was 83.\n6" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

2. General Profile of MSMEs

", + "markdown": "# 2. General Profile of MSMEs", + "text": "2. General Profile of MSMEs" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.264, + "y": 0.0851 + }, + { + "x": 0.8442, + "y": 0.0851 + }, + { + "x": 0.8442, + "y": 0.1187 + }, + { + "x": 0.264, + "y": 0.1187 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

In July 2020, the survey established a general profile
of the MSMEs interviewed. The respondents updated
the interviewers on the status of their business in each
subsequent phase. Respondents whose business
had permanently closed were only asked the reasons
for closing (Section 2.4) and about government
assistance programs (Section 7). The demographics
of respondents and business characteristics (i.e., the
proportions) remained roughly the same across all
three survey phases.

", + "markdown": "In July 2020, the survey established a general profile\nof the MSMEs interviewed. The respondents updated\nthe interviewers on the status of their business in each\nsubsequent phase. Respondents whose business\nhad permanently closed were only asked the reasons\nfor closing (Section 2.4) and about government\nassistance programs (Section 7). The demographics\nof respondents and business characteristics (i.e., the\nproportions) remained roughly the same across all\nthree survey phases.", + "text": "In July 2020, the survey established a general profile\nof the MSMEs interviewed. The respondents updated\nthe interviewers on the status of their business in each\nsubsequent phase. Respondents whose business\nhad permanently closed were only asked the reasons\nfor closing (Section 2.4) and about government\nassistance programs (Section 7). The demographics\nof respondents and business characteristics (i.e., the\nproportions) remained roughly the same across all\nthree survey phases." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0642, + "y": 0.1456 + }, + { + "x": 0.4504, + "y": 0.1456 + }, + { + "x": 0.4504, + "y": 0.2883 + }, + { + "x": 0.0642, + "y": 0.2883 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Business characteristics. Business size was
determined by the number of staff at the time of
interview. Following Government Decree number 25/
GOV, firms with five or less staff are microenterprises,
those with six - 50 staff are small, and those with 51
- 99 staff are medium.

", + "markdown": "Business characteristics. Business size was\ndetermined by the number of staff at the time of\ninterview. Following Government Decree number 25/\nGOV, firms with five or less staff are microenterprises,\nthose with six - 50 staff are small, and those with 51\n- 99 staff are medium.", + "text": "Business characteristics. Business size was\ndetermined by the number of staff at the time of\ninterview. Following Government Decree number 25/\nGOV, firms with five or less staff are microenterprises,\nthose with six - 50 staff are small, and those with 51\n- 99 staff are medium." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4587, + "y": 0.1471 + }, + { + "x": 0.8442, + "y": 0.1471 + }, + { + "x": 0.8442, + "y": 0.2312 + }, + { + "x": 0.4587, + "y": 0.2312 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Micro and small enterprises made up most of
the respondents. Approximately 58% were
microenterprises, 40% were small, and only two

", + "markdown": "Micro and small enterprises made up most of\nthe respondents. Approximately 58% were\nmicroenterprises, 40% were small, and only two", + "text": "Micro and small enterprises made up most of\nthe respondents. Approximately 58% were\nmicroenterprises, 40% were small, and only two" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4602, + "y": 0.2468 + }, + { + "x": 0.8453, + "y": 0.2468 + }, + { + "x": 0.8453, + "y": 0.2892 + }, + { + "x": 0.4602, + "y": 0.2892 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "Figure 2.1: Surveyed MSMEs by size across sectors (%)", + "markdown": "Figure 2.1: Surveyed MSMEs by size across sectors (%)", + "text": "Figure 2.1: Surveyed MSMEs by size across sectors (%)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0648, + "y": 0.3024 + }, + { + "x": 0.4844, + "y": 0.3024 + }, + { + "x": 0.4844, + "y": 0.3172 + }, + { + "x": 0.0648, + "y": 0.3172 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"2
", + "markdown": "2 1 4 1\n100\n37\n80 40\n40\n50\n60\n40\n62\n58 56\n49\n20\n0\nAll MSMEs Tourism Handicraft/Textile Agriculture\nMicro Small Medium", + "text": "2 1 4 1\n100\n37\n80 40\n40\n50\n60\n40\n62\n58 56\n49\n20\n0\nAll MSMEs Tourism Handicraft/Textile Agriculture\nMicro Small Medium" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1994, + "y": 0.3311 + }, + { + "x": 0.7115, + "y": 0.3311 + }, + { + "x": 0.7115, + "y": 0.5569 + }, + { + "x": 0.1994, + "y": 0.5569 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

percent were medium. The tourism MSME sample
included a higher percentage of microenterprises than
the other two sectors. AII of the tourism and handicraft/
textile MSMEs interviewed were registered, or formal,
constituting approximately 71 % of the sample. The
remainder (agriculture MSMEs) were informal, as they
were individual farmers.

", + "markdown": "percent were medium. The tourism MSME sample\nincluded a higher percentage of microenterprises than\nthe other two sectors. AII of the tourism and handicraft/\ntextile MSMEs interviewed were registered, or formal,\nconstituting approximately 71 % of the sample. The\nremainder (agriculture MSMEs) were informal, as they\nwere individual farmers.", + "text": "percent were medium. The tourism MSME sample\nincluded a higher percentage of microenterprises than\nthe other two sectors. AII of the tourism and handicraft/\ntextile MSMEs interviewed were registered, or formal,\nconstituting approximately 71 % of the sample. The\nremainder (agriculture MSMEs) were informal, as they\nwere individual farmers." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0643, + "y": 0.5736 + }, + { + "x": 0.4509, + "y": 0.5736 + }, + { + "x": 0.4509, + "y": 0.673 + }, + { + "x": 0.0643, + "y": 0.673 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The geographic focus of sampling sought to emulate
the concentration of businesses nationwide.
Interviewed MSMEs in the tourism and handicraft/
textile sectors were mainly based in Vientiane Capital,
Luang Prabang, and Champasack provinces. For the
agriculture sector, MSMEs were based in 12 provinces
and the capital. Annex 1 provides the locations of
respondents who participated in all three phases.

", + "markdown": "The geographic focus of sampling sought to emulate\nthe concentration of businesses nationwide.\nInterviewed MSMEs in the tourism and handicraft/\ntextile sectors were mainly based in Vientiane Capital,\nLuang Prabang, and Champasack provinces. For the\nagriculture sector, MSMEs were based in 12 provinces\nand the capital. Annex 1 provides the locations of\nrespondents who participated in all three phases.", + "text": "The geographic focus of sampling sought to emulate\nthe concentration of businesses nationwide.\nInterviewed MSMEs in the tourism and handicraft/\ntextile sectors were mainly based in Vientiane Capital,\nLuang Prabang, and Champasack provinces. For the\nagriculture sector, MSMEs were based in 12 provinces\nand the capital. Annex 1 provides the locations of\nrespondents who participated in all three phases." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0651, + "y": 0.6869 + }, + { + "x": 0.4485, + "y": 0.6869 + }, + { + "x": 0.4485, + "y": 0.8008 + }, + { + "x": 0.0651, + "y": 0.8008 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The tourism sub-sectors interviewed included
lodging, restaurants and bars, and tour operators.
Most handicraft/textile respondents were involved
in production, with the remaining in sales. The

", + "markdown": "The tourism sub-sectors interviewed included\nlodging, restaurants and bars, and tour operators.\nMost handicraft/textile respondents were involved\nin production, with the remaining in sales. The", + "text": "The tourism sub-sectors interviewed included\nlodging, restaurants and bars, and tour operators.\nMost handicraft/textile respondents were involved\nin production, with the remaining in sales. The" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0648, + "y": 0.8154 + }, + { + "x": 0.4502, + "y": 0.8154 + }, + { + "x": 0.4502, + "y": 0.8735 + }, + { + "x": 0.0648, + "y": 0.8735 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

main products are silk and cotton products such as
bags, clothes, and scarves, bamboo wicker, pottery,
carvings, and mulberry paper products. MSMEs
interviewed in the agriculture sector focused on the
cultivation and trade of cash crops such as vegetables,
cassava, banana, sugar cane, tea and coffee, livestock
or fish, and rice.

", + "markdown": "main products are silk and cotton products such as\nbags, clothes, and scarves, bamboo wicker, pottery,\ncarvings, and mulberry paper products. MSMEs\ninterviewed in the agriculture sector focused on the\ncultivation and trade of cash crops such as vegetables,\ncassava, banana, sugar cane, tea and coffee, livestock\nor fish, and rice.", + "text": "main products are silk and cotton products such as\nbags, clothes, and scarves, bamboo wicker, pottery,\ncarvings, and mulberry paper products. MSMEs\ninterviewed in the agriculture sector focused on the\ncultivation and trade of cash crops such as vegetables,\ncassava, banana, sugar cane, tea and coffee, livestock\nor fish, and rice." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4572, + "y": 0.574 + }, + { + "x": 0.8447, + "y": 0.574 + }, + { + "x": 0.8447, + "y": 0.6726 + }, + { + "x": 0.4572, + "y": 0.6726 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Demographics of respondents. The overall gender
ratio of interviewees was slightly skewed towards
men (52%). Within the handicraft/textile sector,
80% were women, while the agriculture sector
was dominated by male representatives (74%). The
tourism sector respondents were 51 % men. Most
of the interviewees were MSME owners (80%),
followed by managers (17%), while the other three
percent comprised positions such as accountant,
assistant, and deputy manager. More than half (58%)
of interviewees were 36 to 55 years old; the youngest
respondent was 23 and the eldest was 83.

", + "markdown": "Demographics of respondents. The overall gender\nratio of interviewees was slightly skewed towards\nmen (52%). Within the handicraft/textile sector,\n80% were women, while the agriculture sector\nwas dominated by male representatives (74%). The\ntourism sector respondents were 51 % men. Most\nof the interviewees were MSME owners (80%),\nfollowed by managers (17%), while the other three\npercent comprised positions such as accountant,\nassistant, and deputy manager. More than half (58%)\nof interviewees were 36 to 55 years old; the youngest\nrespondent was 23 and the eldest was 83.", + "text": "Demographics of respondents. The overall gender\nratio of interviewees was slightly skewed towards\nmen (52%). Within the handicraft/textile sector,\n80% were women, while the agriculture sector\nwas dominated by male representatives (74%). The\ntourism sector respondents were 51 % men. Most\nof the interviewees were MSME owners (80%),\nfollowed by managers (17%), while the other three\npercent comprised positions such as accountant,\nassistant, and deputy manager. More than half (58%)\nof interviewees were 36 to 55 years old; the youngest\nrespondent was 23 and the eldest was 83." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4592, + "y": 0.6874 + }, + { + "x": 0.8433, + "y": 0.6874 + }, + { + "x": 0.8433, + "y": 0.861 + }, + { + "x": 0.4592, + "y": 0.861 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
6
", + "markdown": "6", + "text": "6" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.9232, + "y": 0.9393 + }, + { + "x": 0.9367, + "y": 0.9393 + }, + { + "x": 0.9367, + "y": 0.9494 + }, + { + "x": 0.9232, + "y": 0.9494 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000002.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
316
\n
YARROW
\n

where SOAS below some threshold cannot be recovered, so that an observer
can only guess about order.19 However, either kind of model can easily be fitted
and interpreted from either theoretical perspective.

\n

8 Choosing between Observer Models and Rejecting Participants

\n

Two further reasonable questions one might ask are: 1) could my observer
model have generated these data? and 2) does another observer model de-
scribe the data better? Model comparison is a large and complex topic, so once
again, what I have to say here should be treated as a brief introduction rather
than a comprehensive summary.

\n

Let's begin by considering a metric I have not yet mentioned: Deviance. De-
viance (sometimes called G2) is a measure based on log likelihood, but which
looks rather more like summed squared error, in that it is zero for a perfectly
fitting model and large/positive for a poorly fitting model. Formally, deviance
is two times the difference in log likelihood between the saturated model and
the model with our current set of parameters. A saturated model is one that
exactly predicts the data (which can always be accomplished by a model that
has one parameter per data point). Hence it represents the situation with the
maximum possible log-likelihood when predicting this particular set of data.
Deviance is closely related to a simpler calculation (-2 x log likelihood) that
forms the basis of a couple of well-known metrics for model comparison (the
Akaike information criterion, AIC, and the Bayesian information criterion,
BIC) and indeed is occasionally defined this way. That's because we are of-
ten only really interested in differences (in Deviance, or AIC, or BIC ) between
models, and the log-likelihood of the saturated model gets subtracted out in a
comparison between two models (because it has contributed to the deviance
in the same way for both) so calculating it is not necessary.

\n

However, if you want to say something about the goodness of fit of a model
without relating it to any other model, based on asymptotic statistical theory,
you do need to calculate deviance properly. Asymptotically, it turns out that
the deviance of a model fitted to data when that model actually generated those
data follows a chi-square (x2) distribution, with degrees of freedom equal to
the number of data points minus the number of model parameters (note: for

\n

19 Garcia-Perez and Alcala-Quintana's commitment to this account is a little unclear, be-
cause they often let 8 vary across experimental conditions, suggesting flexibility more
akin to a criterion-based account. It may be that they believe a low-threshold exists, but
that synchrony is often additionally reported beyond this hard limit.

", + "markdown": "316\n\nYARROW\n\nwhere SOAS below some threshold cannot be recovered, so that an observer\ncan only guess about order.19 However, either kind of model can easily be fitted\nand interpreted from either theoretical perspective.\n\n8 Choosing between Observer Models and Rejecting Participants\n\nTwo further reasonable questions one might ask are: 1) could my observer\nmodel have generated these data? and 2) does another observer model de-\nscribe the data better? Model comparison is a large and complex topic, so once\nagain, what I have to say here should be treated as a brief introduction rather\nthan a comprehensive summary.\n\nLet's begin by considering a metric I have not yet mentioned: Deviance. De-\nviance (sometimes called G2) is a measure based on log likelihood, but which\nlooks rather more like summed squared error, in that it is zero for a perfectly\nfitting model and large/positive for a poorly fitting model. Formally, deviance\nis two times the difference in log likelihood between the saturated model and\nthe model with our current set of parameters. A saturated model is one that\nexactly predicts the data (which can always be accomplished by a model that\nhas one parameter per data point). Hence it represents the situation with the\nmaximum possible log-likelihood when predicting this particular set of data.\nDeviance is closely related to a simpler calculation (-2 x log likelihood) that\nforms the basis of a couple of well-known metrics for model comparison (the\nAkaike information criterion, AIC, and the Bayesian information criterion,\nBIC) and indeed is occasionally defined this way. That's because we are of-\nten only really interested in differences (in Deviance, or AIC, or BIC ) between\nmodels, and the log-likelihood of the saturated model gets subtracted out in a\ncomparison between two models (because it has contributed to the deviance\nin the same way for both) so calculating it is not necessary.\n\nHowever, if you want to say something about the goodness of fit of a model\nwithout relating it to any other model, based on asymptotic statistical theory,\nyou do need to calculate deviance properly. Asymptotically, it turns out that\nthe deviance of a model fitted to data when that model actually generated those\ndata follows a chi-square (x2) distribution, with degrees of freedom equal to\nthe number of data points minus the number of model parameters (note: for\n\n19 Garcia-Perez and Alcala-Quintana's commitment to this account is a little unclear, be-\ncause they often let 8 vary across experimental conditions, suggesting flexibility more\nakin to a criterion-based account. It may be that they believe a low-threshold exists, but\nthat synchrony is often additionally reported beyond this hard limit.", + "text": "316\nYARROW\nwhere SOAS below some threshold cannot be recovered, so that an observer\ncan only guess about order.19 However, either kind of model can easily be fitted\nand interpreted from either theoretical perspective.\n8 Choosing between Observer Models and Rejecting Participants\nTwo further reasonable questions one might ask are: 1) could my observer\nmodel have generated these data? and 2) does another observer model de-\nscribe the data better? Model comparison is a large and complex topic, so once\nagain, what I have to say here should be treated as a brief introduction rather\nthan a comprehensive summary.\nLet's begin by considering a metric I have not yet mentioned: Deviance. De-\nviance (sometimes called G2) is a measure based on log likelihood, but which\nlooks rather more like summed squared error, in that it is zero for a perfectly\nfitting model and large/positive for a poorly fitting model. Formally, deviance\nis two times the difference in log likelihood between the saturated model and\nthe model with our current set of parameters. A saturated model is one that\nexactly predicts the data (which can always be accomplished by a model that\nhas one parameter per data point). Hence it represents the situation with the\nmaximum possible log-likelihood when predicting this particular set of data.\nDeviance is closely related to a simpler calculation (-2 x log likelihood) that\nforms the basis of a couple of well-known metrics for model comparison (the\nAkaike information criterion, AIC, and the Bayesian information criterion,\nBIC) and indeed is occasionally defined this way. That's because we are of-\nten only really interested in differences (in Deviance, or AIC, or BIC ) between\nmodels, and the log-likelihood of the saturated model gets subtracted out in a\ncomparison between two models (because it has contributed to the deviance\nin the same way for both) so calculating it is not necessary.\nHowever, if you want to say something about the goodness of fit of a model\nwithout relating it to any other model, based on asymptotic statistical theory,\nyou do need to calculate deviance properly. Asymptotically, it turns out that\nthe deviance of a model fitted to data when that model actually generated those\ndata follows a chi-square (x2) distribution, with degrees of freedom equal to\nthe number of data points minus the number of model parameters (note: for\n19 Garcia-Perez and Alcala-Quintana's commitment to this account is a little unclear, be-\ncause they often let 8 vary across experimental conditions, suggesting flexibility more\nakin to a criterion-based account. It may be that they believe a low-threshold exists, but\nthat synchrony is often additionally reported beyond this hard limit." + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
316
", + "markdown": "316", + "text": "316" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1385, + "y": 0.0534 + }, + { + "x": 0.1731, + "y": 0.0534 + }, + { + "x": 0.1731, + "y": 0.067 + }, + { + "x": 0.1385, + "y": 0.067 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
YARROW
", + "markdown": "YARROW", + "text": "YARROW" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.803, + "y": 0.0526 + }, + { + "x": 0.8874, + "y": 0.0526 + }, + { + "x": 0.8874, + "y": 0.0668 + }, + { + "x": 0.803, + "y": 0.0668 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

where SOAS below some threshold cannot be recovered, so that an observer
can only guess about order.19 However, either kind of model can easily be fitted
and interpreted from either theoretical perspective.

", + "markdown": "where SOAS below some threshold cannot be recovered, so that an observer\ncan only guess about order.19 However, either kind of model can easily be fitted\nand interpreted from either theoretical perspective.", + "text": "where SOAS below some threshold cannot be recovered, so that an observer\ncan only guess about order.19 However, either kind of model can easily be fitted\nand interpreted from either theoretical perspective." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1373, + "y": 0.091 + }, + { + "x": 0.8887, + "y": 0.091 + }, + { + "x": 0.8887, + "y": 0.1507 + }, + { + "x": 0.1373, + "y": 0.1507 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

8 Choosing between Observer Models and Rejecting Participants

", + "markdown": "8 Choosing between Observer Models and Rejecting Participants", + "text": "8 Choosing between Observer Models and Rejecting Participants" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1386, + "y": 0.1913 + }, + { + "x": 0.8431, + "y": 0.1913 + }, + { + "x": 0.8431, + "y": 0.2121 + }, + { + "x": 0.1386, + "y": 0.2121 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Two further reasonable questions one might ask are: 1) could my observer
model have generated these data? and 2) does another observer model de-
scribe the data better? Model comparison is a large and complex topic, so once
again, what I have to say here should be treated as a brief introduction rather
than a comprehensive summary.

", + "markdown": "Two further reasonable questions one might ask are: 1) could my observer\nmodel have generated these data? and 2) does another observer model de-\nscribe the data better? Model comparison is a large and complex topic, so once\nagain, what I have to say here should be treated as a brief introduction rather\nthan a comprehensive summary.", + "text": "Two further reasonable questions one might ask are: 1) could my observer\nmodel have generated these data? and 2) does another observer model de-\nscribe the data better? Model comparison is a large and complex topic, so once\nagain, what I have to say here should be treated as a brief introduction rather\nthan a comprehensive summary." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1366, + "y": 0.2316 + }, + { + "x": 0.8888, + "y": 0.2316 + }, + { + "x": 0.8888, + "y": 0.3306 + }, + { + "x": 0.1366, + "y": 0.3306 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Let's begin by considering a metric I have not yet mentioned: Deviance. De-
viance (sometimes called G2) is a measure based on log likelihood, but which
looks rather more like summed squared error, in that it is zero for a perfectly
fitting model and large/positive for a poorly fitting model. Formally, deviance
is two times the difference in log likelihood between the saturated model and
the model with our current set of parameters. A saturated model is one that
exactly predicts the data (which can always be accomplished by a model that
has one parameter per data point). Hence it represents the situation with the
maximum possible log-likelihood when predicting this particular set of data.
Deviance is closely related to a simpler calculation (-2 x log likelihood) that
forms the basis of a couple of well-known metrics for model comparison (the
Akaike information criterion, AIC, and the Bayesian information criterion,
BIC) and indeed is occasionally defined this way. That's because we are of-
ten only really interested in differences (in Deviance, or AIC, or BIC ) between
models, and the log-likelihood of the saturated model gets subtracted out in a
comparison between two models (because it has contributed to the deviance
in the same way for both) so calculating it is not necessary.

", + "markdown": "Let's begin by considering a metric I have not yet mentioned: Deviance. De-\nviance (sometimes called G2) is a measure based on log likelihood, but which\nlooks rather more like summed squared error, in that it is zero for a perfectly\nfitting model and large/positive for a poorly fitting model. Formally, deviance\nis two times the difference in log likelihood between the saturated model and\nthe model with our current set of parameters. A saturated model is one that\nexactly predicts the data (which can always be accomplished by a model that\nhas one parameter per data point). Hence it represents the situation with the\nmaximum possible log-likelihood when predicting this particular set of data.\nDeviance is closely related to a simpler calculation (-2 x log likelihood) that\nforms the basis of a couple of well-known metrics for model comparison (the\nAkaike information criterion, AIC, and the Bayesian information criterion,\nBIC) and indeed is occasionally defined this way. That's because we are of-\nten only really interested in differences (in Deviance, or AIC, or BIC ) between\nmodels, and the log-likelihood of the saturated model gets subtracted out in a\ncomparison between two models (because it has contributed to the deviance\nin the same way for both) so calculating it is not necessary.", + "text": "Let's begin by considering a metric I have not yet mentioned: Deviance. De-\nviance (sometimes called G2) is a measure based on log likelihood, but which\nlooks rather more like summed squared error, in that it is zero for a perfectly\nfitting model and large/positive for a poorly fitting model. Formally, deviance\nis two times the difference in log likelihood between the saturated model and\nthe model with our current set of parameters. A saturated model is one that\nexactly predicts the data (which can always be accomplished by a model that\nhas one parameter per data point). Hence it represents the situation with the\nmaximum possible log-likelihood when predicting this particular set of data.\nDeviance is closely related to a simpler calculation (-2 x log likelihood) that\nforms the basis of a couple of well-known metrics for model comparison (the\nAkaike information criterion, AIC, and the Bayesian information criterion,\nBIC) and indeed is occasionally defined this way. That's because we are of-\nten only really interested in differences (in Deviance, or AIC, or BIC ) between\nmodels, and the log-likelihood of the saturated model gets subtracted out in a\ncomparison between two models (because it has contributed to the deviance\nin the same way for both) so calculating it is not necessary." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1369, + "y": 0.3323 + }, + { + "x": 0.8879, + "y": 0.3323 + }, + { + "x": 0.8879, + "y": 0.6745 + }, + { + "x": 0.1369, + "y": 0.6745 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

However, if you want to say something about the goodness of fit of a model
without relating it to any other model, based on asymptotic statistical theory,
you do need to calculate deviance properly. Asymptotically, it turns out that
the deviance of a model fitted to data when that model actually generated those
data follows a chi-square (x2) distribution, with degrees of freedom equal to
the number of data points minus the number of model parameters (note: for

", + "markdown": "However, if you want to say something about the goodness of fit of a model\nwithout relating it to any other model, based on asymptotic statistical theory,\nyou do need to calculate deviance properly. Asymptotically, it turns out that\nthe deviance of a model fitted to data when that model actually generated those\ndata follows a chi-square (x2) distribution, with degrees of freedom equal to\nthe number of data points minus the number of model parameters (note: for", + "text": "However, if you want to say something about the goodness of fit of a model\nwithout relating it to any other model, based on asymptotic statistical theory,\nyou do need to calculate deviance properly. Asymptotically, it turns out that\nthe deviance of a model fitted to data when that model actually generated those\ndata follows a chi-square (x2) distribution, with degrees of freedom equal to\nthe number of data points minus the number of model parameters (note: for" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1372, + "y": 0.676 + }, + { + "x": 0.889, + "y": 0.676 + }, + { + "x": 0.889, + "y": 0.7971 + }, + { + "x": 0.1372, + "y": 0.7971 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

19 Garcia-Perez and Alcala-Quintana's commitment to this account is a little unclear, be-
cause they often let 8 vary across experimental conditions, suggesting flexibility more
akin to a criterion-based account. It may be that they believe a low-threshold exists, but
that synchrony is often additionally reported beyond this hard limit.

", + "markdown": "19 Garcia-Perez and Alcala-Quintana's commitment to this account is a little unclear, be-\ncause they often let 8 vary across experimental conditions, suggesting flexibility more\nakin to a criterion-based account. It may be that they believe a low-threshold exists, but\nthat synchrony is often additionally reported beyond this hard limit.", + "text": "19 Garcia-Perez and Alcala-Quintana's commitment to this account is a little unclear, be-\ncause they often let 8 vary across experimental conditions, suggesting flexibility more\nakin to a criterion-based account. It may be that they believe a low-threshold exists, but\nthat synchrony is often additionally reported beyond this hard limit." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1386, + "y": 0.8265 + }, + { + "x": 0.8874, + "y": 0.8265 + }, + { + "x": 0.8874, + "y": 0.8981 + }, + { + "x": 0.1386, + "y": 0.8981 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000014.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
158
\n
AL-OGAYYEL AND OSKAY
\n
\"\"
FIGURE 8.15 Typical black-and-white Bedouin tent.
\n\n
\"Typical
FIGURE 8.16 Typical three-poled Bedouin tent
\n\n

black and white, with a little red-dyed wool for
decoration. This wool comes from sheep and cam-
els, whose woolis known for its softness and, when
left undyed, for its beautiful natural colors. 49

\n

Figure 8.16 indicates the complex nature of the
interior of a Bedouin tent. The inside area is divid-
ed into many parts, each of them with its specific
use. It is important to note that a \"well-to-do\" Bed-
ouin tent like the one shown in figure 8.16 indi-
cates the higher status of the family living in it
than that of a family living in the humbler,

\n

49 For details, see Al-Sabah, Ibjad, 17.

\n

three-poled tent in figure 8.15. These images also
show that different areas are used by men and by
women. 50 For example, the tent contains a space
which is allocated to female weavers, like a studio
where they perform their craft and practice their
skills. 51 Thus, in the Bedouin society, the tent is a
not only a signifier of social relationships and fam-
ily status but also of gender roles. It is, therefore,
an extremely important space because here wom-
en make items that support their family or tribe.

\n

While the function of the textile is to create and
demarcate the Bedouin space, the way the space is
constructed influences the way the nomads live
and the way the family or the tribe is perceived
by the outside world. The textile is, therefore,
structuring the formation of a private and a public
identity by delineating the space: the outside, non-
patterned textiles are public, while the inside,
patterned textiles are private.52 We can infer,

\n

50 See also Dickson, The Arab of the Desert, 66-67; and
Canavan, \"Applications of Textile Products,\" 541. Here,
Canavan explains that dividers were parts of women's
possessions, accompanying them into marriage, as well
as \"testimony of a tribe's wealth and prestige.\"
51 Refah Al Raheel, interviewed by Rana Al-Ogayyel, Ri-
yadh, 2017.
52 While the outside of the traditional tents is black and
without much pattern except for stripes, the inside of

", + "markdown": "158\n\nAL-OGAYYEL AND OSKAY\n\n\n\nFIGURE 8.15 Typical black-and-white Bedouin tent.\n\nTypical there-poled Bedeain lent\nbrights\nImp Mak Face 18 --\n서울 Thi\nida 단계, the pak, fml\n- 동네\n- 14000원(콩달러 배\nand 위해 - - 남부를\n- 것이 (1)mml 10M =\nMoyal Entre Fewince\nit Grog 18 달콤 sim - 커피 솔직\nOr bring NTE Glon 1m - --- of pole\nwill 색소 순대로 millow \" adlup\nsilto mod, - Prot - = 높이 the\n\nPVL 191\n\nFIGURE 8.16 Typical three-poled Bedouin tent\n\nblack and white, with a little red-dyed wool for\ndecoration. This wool comes from sheep and cam-\nels, whose woolis known for its softness and, when\nleft undyed, for its beautiful natural colors. 49\n\nFigure 8.16 indicates the complex nature of the\ninterior of a Bedouin tent. The inside area is divid-\ned into many parts, each of them with its specific\nuse. It is important to note that a \"well-to-do\" Bed-\nouin tent like the one shown in figure 8.16 indi-\ncates the higher status of the family living in it\nthan that of a family living in the humbler,\n\n49 For details, see Al-Sabah, Ibjad, 17.\n\nthree-poled tent in figure 8.15. These images also\nshow that different areas are used by men and by\nwomen. 50 For example, the tent contains a space\nwhich is allocated to female weavers, like a studio\nwhere they perform their craft and practice their\nskills. 51 Thus, in the Bedouin society, the tent is a\nnot only a signifier of social relationships and fam-\nily status but also of gender roles. It is, therefore,\nan extremely important space because here wom-\nen make items that support their family or tribe.\n\nWhile the function of the textile is to create and\ndemarcate the Bedouin space, the way the space is\nconstructed influences the way the nomads live\nand the way the family or the tribe is perceived\nby the outside world. The textile is, therefore,\nstructuring the formation of a private and a public\nidentity by delineating the space: the outside, non-\npatterned textiles are public, while the inside,\npatterned textiles are private.52 We can infer,\n\n50 See also Dickson, The Arab of the Desert, 66-67; and\nCanavan, \"Applications of Textile Products,\" 541. Here,\nCanavan explains that dividers were parts of women's\npossessions, accompanying them into marriage, as well\nas \"testimony of a tribe's wealth and prestige.\"\n51 Refah Al Raheel, interviewed by Rana Al-Ogayyel, Ri-\nyadh, 2017.\n52 While the outside of the traditional tents is black and\nwithout much pattern except for stripes, the inside of", + "text": "158\nAL-OGAYYEL AND OSKAY\n\nFIGURE 8.15 Typical black-and-white Bedouin tent.\nTypical there-poled Bedeain lent\nbrights\nImp Mak Face 18 --\n서울 Thi\nida 단계, the pak, fml\n- 동네\n- 14000원(콩달러 배\nand 위해 - - 남부를\n- 것이 (1)mml 10M =\nMoyal Entre Fewince\nit Grog 18 달콤 sim - 커피 솔직\nOr bring NTE Glon 1m - --- of pole\nwill 색소 순대로 millow \" adlup\nsilto mod, - Prot - = 높이 the\n\nPVL 191\nFIGURE 8.16 Typical three-poled Bedouin tent\nblack and white, with a little red-dyed wool for\ndecoration. This wool comes from sheep and cam-\nels, whose woolis known for its softness and, when\nleft undyed, for its beautiful natural colors. 49\nFigure 8.16 indicates the complex nature of the\ninterior of a Bedouin tent. The inside area is divid-\ned into many parts, each of them with its specific\nuse. It is important to note that a \"well-to-do\" Bed-\nouin tent like the one shown in figure 8.16 indi-\ncates the higher status of the family living in it\nthan that of a family living in the humbler,\n49 For details, see Al-Sabah, Ibjad, 17.\nthree-poled tent in figure 8.15. These images also\nshow that different areas are used by men and by\nwomen. 50 For example, the tent contains a space\nwhich is allocated to female weavers, like a studio\nwhere they perform their craft and practice their\nskills. 51 Thus, in the Bedouin society, the tent is a\nnot only a signifier of social relationships and fam-\nily status but also of gender roles. It is, therefore,\nan extremely important space because here wom-\nen make items that support their family or tribe.\nWhile the function of the textile is to create and\ndemarcate the Bedouin space, the way the space is\nconstructed influences the way the nomads live\nand the way the family or the tribe is perceived\nby the outside world. The textile is, therefore,\nstructuring the formation of a private and a public\nidentity by delineating the space: the outside, non-\npatterned textiles are public, while the inside,\npatterned textiles are private.52 We can infer,\n50 See also Dickson, The Arab of the Desert, 66-67; and\nCanavan, \"Applications of Textile Products,\" 541. Here,\nCanavan explains that dividers were parts of women's\npossessions, accompanying them into marriage, as well\nas \"testimony of a tribe's wealth and prestige.\"\n51 Refah Al Raheel, interviewed by Rana Al-Ogayyel, Ri-\nyadh, 2017.\n52 While the outside of the traditional tents is black and\nwithout much pattern except for stripes, the inside of" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
158
", + "markdown": "158", + "text": "158" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1008, + "y": 0.0486 + }, + { + "x": 0.1283, + "y": 0.0486 + }, + { + "x": 0.1283, + "y": 0.0608 + }, + { + "x": 0.1008, + "y": 0.0608 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
AL-OGAYYEL AND OSKAY
", + "markdown": "AL-OGAYYEL AND OSKAY", + "text": "AL-OGAYYEL AND OSKAY" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7129, + "y": 0.0487 + }, + { + "x": 0.8993, + "y": 0.0487 + }, + { + "x": 0.8993, + "y": 0.0613 + }, + { + "x": 0.7129, + "y": 0.0613 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"\"
", + "markdown": "", + "text": "" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1048, + "y": 0.0757 + }, + { + "x": 0.8954, + "y": 0.0757 + }, + { + "x": 0.8954, + "y": 0.3176 + }, + { + "x": 0.1048, + "y": 0.3176 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

FIGURE 8.15 Typical black-and-white Bedouin tent.

", + "markdown": "FIGURE 8.15 Typical black-and-white Bedouin tent.", + "text": "FIGURE 8.15 Typical black-and-white Bedouin tent." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0989, + "y": 0.3271 + }, + { + "x": 0.4498, + "y": 0.3271 + }, + { + "x": 0.4498, + "y": 0.341 + }, + { + "x": 0.0989, + "y": 0.341 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Typical
", + "markdown": "Typical there-poled Bedeain lent\nbrights\nImp Mak Face 18 --\n서울 Thi\nida 단계, the pak, fml\n- 동네\n- 14000원(콩달러 배\nand 위해 - - 남부를\n- 것이 (1)mml 10M =\nMoyal Entre Fewince\nit Grog 18 달콤 sim - 커피 솔직\nOr bring NTE Glon 1m - --- of pole\nwill 색소 순대로 millow \" adlup\nsilto mod, - Prot - = 높이 the\n\nPVL 191", + "text": "Typical there-poled Bedeain lent\nbrights\nImp Mak Face 18 --\n서울 Thi\nida 단계, the pak, fml\n- 동네\n- 14000원(콩달러 배\nand 위해 - - 남부를\n- 것이 (1)mml 10M =\nMoyal Entre Fewince\nit Grog 18 달콤 sim - 커피 솔직\nOr bring NTE Glon 1m - --- of pole\nwill 색소 순대로 millow \" adlup\nsilto mod, - Prot - = 높이 the\n\nPVL 191" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.103, + "y": 0.3719 + }, + { + "x": 0.4809, + "y": 0.3719 + }, + { + "x": 0.4809, + "y": 0.5806 + }, + { + "x": 0.103, + "y": 0.5806 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "FIGURE 8.16 Typical three-poled Bedouin tent", + "markdown": "FIGURE 8.16 Typical three-poled Bedouin tent", + "text": "FIGURE 8.16 Typical three-poled Bedouin tent" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0995, + "y": 0.5903 + }, + { + "x": 0.4192, + "y": 0.5903 + }, + { + "x": 0.4192, + "y": 0.6055 + }, + { + "x": 0.0995, + "y": 0.6055 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

black and white, with a little red-dyed wool for
decoration. This wool comes from sheep and cam-
els, whose woolis known for its softness and, when
left undyed, for its beautiful natural colors. 49

", + "markdown": "black and white, with a little red-dyed wool for\ndecoration. This wool comes from sheep and cam-\nels, whose woolis known for its softness and, when\nleft undyed, for its beautiful natural colors. 49", + "text": "black and white, with a little red-dyed wool for\ndecoration. This wool comes from sheep and cam-\nels, whose woolis known for its softness and, when\nleft undyed, for its beautiful natural colors. 49" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1003, + "y": 0.6299 + }, + { + "x": 0.4909, + "y": 0.6299 + }, + { + "x": 0.4909, + "y": 0.7013 + }, + { + "x": 0.1003, + "y": 0.7013 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 8.16 indicates the complex nature of the
interior of a Bedouin tent. The inside area is divid-
ed into many parts, each of them with its specific
use. It is important to note that a \"well-to-do\" Bed-
ouin tent like the one shown in figure 8.16 indi-
cates the higher status of the family living in it
than that of a family living in the humbler,

", + "markdown": "Figure 8.16 indicates the complex nature of the\ninterior of a Bedouin tent. The inside area is divid-\ned into many parts, each of them with its specific\nuse. It is important to note that a \"well-to-do\" Bed-\nouin tent like the one shown in figure 8.16 indi-\ncates the higher status of the family living in it\nthan that of a family living in the humbler,", + "text": "Figure 8.16 indicates the complex nature of the\ninterior of a Bedouin tent. The inside area is divid-\ned into many parts, each of them with its specific\nuse. It is important to note that a \"well-to-do\" Bed-\nouin tent like the one shown in figure 8.16 indi-\ncates the higher status of the family living in it\nthan that of a family living in the humbler," + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0988, + "y": 0.7047 + }, + { + "x": 0.4916, + "y": 0.7047 + }, + { + "x": 0.4916, + "y": 0.8305 + }, + { + "x": 0.0988, + "y": 0.8305 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

49 For details, see Al-Sabah, Ibjad, 17.

", + "markdown": "49 For details, see Al-Sabah, Ibjad, 17.", + "text": "49 For details, see Al-Sabah, Ibjad, 17." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0984, + "y": 0.8871 + }, + { + "x": 0.3619, + "y": 0.8871 + }, + { + "x": 0.3619, + "y": 0.9029 + }, + { + "x": 0.0984, + "y": 0.9029 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

three-poled tent in figure 8.15. These images also
show that different areas are used by men and by
women. 50 For example, the tent contains a space
which is allocated to female weavers, like a studio
where they perform their craft and practice their
skills. 51 Thus, in the Bedouin society, the tent is a
not only a signifier of social relationships and fam-
ily status but also of gender roles. It is, therefore,
an extremely important space because here wom-
en make items that support their family or tribe.

", + "markdown": "three-poled tent in figure 8.15. These images also\nshow that different areas are used by men and by\nwomen. 50 For example, the tent contains a space\nwhich is allocated to female weavers, like a studio\nwhere they perform their craft and practice their\nskills. 51 Thus, in the Bedouin society, the tent is a\nnot only a signifier of social relationships and fam-\nily status but also of gender roles. It is, therefore,\nan extremely important space because here wom-\nen make items that support their family or tribe.", + "text": "three-poled tent in figure 8.15. These images also\nshow that different areas are used by men and by\nwomen. 50 For example, the tent contains a space\nwhich is allocated to female weavers, like a studio\nwhere they perform their craft and practice their\nskills. 51 Thus, in the Bedouin society, the tent is a\nnot only a signifier of social relationships and fam-\nily status but also of gender roles. It is, therefore,\nan extremely important space because here wom-\nen make items that support their family or tribe." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5089, + "y": 0.3738 + }, + { + "x": 0.9, + "y": 0.3738 + }, + { + "x": 0.9, + "y": 0.5541 + }, + { + "x": 0.5089, + "y": 0.5541 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

While the function of the textile is to create and
demarcate the Bedouin space, the way the space is
constructed influences the way the nomads live
and the way the family or the tribe is perceived
by the outside world. The textile is, therefore,
structuring the formation of a private and a public
identity by delineating the space: the outside, non-
patterned textiles are public, while the inside,
patterned textiles are private.52 We can infer,

", + "markdown": "While the function of the textile is to create and\ndemarcate the Bedouin space, the way the space is\nconstructed influences the way the nomads live\nand the way the family or the tribe is perceived\nby the outside world. The textile is, therefore,\nstructuring the formation of a private and a public\nidentity by delineating the space: the outside, non-\npatterned textiles are public, while the inside,\npatterned textiles are private.52 We can infer,", + "text": "While the function of the textile is to create and\ndemarcate the Bedouin space, the way the space is\nconstructed influences the way the nomads live\nand the way the family or the tribe is perceived\nby the outside world. The textile is, therefore,\nstructuring the formation of a private and a public\nidentity by delineating the space: the outside, non-\npatterned textiles are public, while the inside,\npatterned textiles are private.52 We can infer," + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5084, + "y": 0.555 + }, + { + "x": 0.9008, + "y": 0.555 + }, + { + "x": 0.9008, + "y": 0.7196 + }, + { + "x": 0.5084, + "y": 0.7196 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

50 See also Dickson, The Arab of the Desert, 66-67; and
Canavan, \"Applications of Textile Products,\" 541. Here,
Canavan explains that dividers were parts of women's
possessions, accompanying them into marriage, as well
as \"testimony of a tribe's wealth and prestige.\"
51 Refah Al Raheel, interviewed by Rana Al-Ogayyel, Ri-
yadh, 2017.
52 While the outside of the traditional tents is black and
without much pattern except for stripes, the inside of

", + "markdown": "50 See also Dickson, The Arab of the Desert, 66-67; and\nCanavan, \"Applications of Textile Products,\" 541. Here,\nCanavan explains that dividers were parts of women's\npossessions, accompanying them into marriage, as well\nas \"testimony of a tribe's wealth and prestige.\"\n51 Refah Al Raheel, interviewed by Rana Al-Ogayyel, Ri-\nyadh, 2017.\n52 While the outside of the traditional tents is black and\nwithout much pattern except for stripes, the inside of", + "text": "50 See also Dickson, The Arab of the Desert, 66-67; and\nCanavan, \"Applications of Textile Products,\" 541. Here,\nCanavan explains that dividers were parts of women's\npossessions, accompanying them into marriage, as well\nas \"testimony of a tribe's wealth and prestige.\"\n51 Refah Al Raheel, interviewed by Rana Al-Ogayyel, Ri-\nyadh, 2017.\n52 While the outside of the traditional tents is black and\nwithout much pattern except for stripes, the inside of" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.515, + "y": 0.7565 + }, + { + "x": 0.9013, + "y": 0.7565 + }, + { + "x": 0.9013, + "y": 0.9025 + }, + { + "x": 0.515, + "y": 0.9025 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000105.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

The Scholarly Publishing Cycle

\n\n
\"RETAILERS\nContent\nS\nValidation\nPUBLISHERS
Having explored the scholarly publishing ecosystem and its primary relationships, we
can update the cycle as follows:
\n

Our project set out to explore and address the shortfall in serving the scholarly reader
identified in this section. This shortfall is made clear in two connected points:

\n

· Scholarly readers are not just content consumers; scholarly reading is an act of
creation as well.
· Publishers and aggregators are not incentivized to create better tools to support
scholarly reading.

\n

From here, this report will consider the experiences of publishers, librarians and readers
through a synthesis of interviews conducted with several members of each group, as
well as a short online survey aimed at readers. We will then share some of our own
philosophy on the future of scholarly reading, then detail the path forward we see for our
own work in the area.

\n
10 I The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem
", + "markdown": "# The Scholarly Publishing Cycle\n\nHaving explored the scholarly publishing ecosystem and its primary relationships, we\ncan update the cycle as follows:\n\nRETAILERS\nContent\nS\nValidation\nPUBLISHERS READERS\nContent\nContent\n$\nContent\nServices\n+ Tools\nContent\n$\nAGGREGATORS Content\n+ Tools\n+ Tools\nLIBRARIES\nS\n$\nINSTITUTIONS\n\nOur project set out to explore and address the shortfall in serving the scholarly reader\nidentified in this section. This shortfall is made clear in two connected points:\n\n- · Scholarly readers are not just content consumers; scholarly reading is an act of\n- creation as well.\n- · Publishers and aggregators are not incentivized to create better tools to support\n- scholarly reading.\n\n\nFrom here, this report will consider the experiences of publishers, librarians and readers\nthrough a synthesis of interviews conducted with several members of each group, as\nwell as a short online survey aimed at readers. We will then share some of our own\nphilosophy on the future of scholarly reading, then detail the path forward we see for our\nown work in the area.\n\n10 I The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem", + "text": "The Scholarly Publishing Cycle\nHaving explored the scholarly publishing ecosystem and its primary relationships, we\ncan update the cycle as follows:\nRETAILERS\nContent\nS\nValidation\nPUBLISHERS READERS\nContent\nContent\n$\nContent\nServices\n+ Tools\nContent\n$\nAGGREGATORS Content\n+ Tools\n+ Tools\nLIBRARIES\nS\n$\nINSTITUTIONS\nOur project set out to explore and address the shortfall in serving the scholarly reader\nidentified in this section. This shortfall is made clear in two connected points:\n· Scholarly readers are not just content consumers; scholarly reading is an act of\ncreation as well.\n· Publishers and aggregators are not incentivized to create better tools to support\nscholarly reading.\nFrom here, this report will consider the experiences of publishers, librarians and readers\nthrough a synthesis of interviews conducted with several members of each group, as\nwell as a short online survey aimed at readers. We will then share some of our own\nphilosophy on the future of scholarly reading, then detail the path forward we see for our\nown work in the area.\n10 I The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

The Scholarly Publishing Cycle

", + "markdown": "# The Scholarly Publishing Cycle", + "text": "The Scholarly Publishing Cycle" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0835, + "y": 0.0836 + }, + { + "x": 0.539, + "y": 0.0836 + }, + { + "x": 0.539, + "y": 0.1121 + }, + { + "x": 0.0835, + "y": 0.1121 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Having explored the scholarly publishing ecosystem and its primary relationships, we
can update the cycle as follows:

", + "markdown": "Having explored the scholarly publishing ecosystem and its primary relationships, we\ncan update the cycle as follows:", + "text": "Having explored the scholarly publishing ecosystem and its primary relationships, we\ncan update the cycle as follows:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.084, + "y": 0.1447 + }, + { + "x": 0.9169, + "y": 0.1447 + }, + { + "x": 0.9169, + "y": 0.1868 + }, + { + "x": 0.084, + "y": 0.1868 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"RETAILERS\nContent\nS\nValidation\nPUBLISHERS
", + "markdown": "RETAILERS\nContent\nS\nValidation\nPUBLISHERS READERS\nContent\nContent\n$\nContent\nServices\n+ Tools\nContent\n$\nAGGREGATORS Content\n+ Tools\n+ Tools\nLIBRARIES\nS\n$\nINSTITUTIONS", + "text": "RETAILERS\nContent\nS\nValidation\nPUBLISHERS READERS\nContent\nContent\n$\nContent\nServices\n+ Tools\nContent\n$\nAGGREGATORS Content\n+ Tools\n+ Tools\nLIBRARIES\nS\n$\nINSTITUTIONS" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2033, + "y": 0.2074 + }, + { + "x": 0.7952, + "y": 0.2074 + }, + { + "x": 0.7952, + "y": 0.5517 + }, + { + "x": 0.2033, + "y": 0.5517 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Our project set out to explore and address the shortfall in serving the scholarly reader
identified in this section. This shortfall is made clear in two connected points:

", + "markdown": "Our project set out to explore and address the shortfall in serving the scholarly reader\nidentified in this section. This shortfall is made clear in two connected points:", + "text": "Our project set out to explore and address the shortfall in serving the scholarly reader\nidentified in this section. This shortfall is made clear in two connected points:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0832, + "y": 0.6237 + }, + { + "x": 0.9174, + "y": 0.6237 + }, + { + "x": 0.9174, + "y": 0.6655 + }, + { + "x": 0.0832, + "y": 0.6655 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Scholarly readers are not just content consumers; scholarly reading is an act of
creation as well.
· Publishers and aggregators are not incentivized to create better tools to support
scholarly reading.

", + "markdown": "- · Scholarly readers are not just content consumers; scholarly reading is an act of\n- creation as well.\n- · Publishers and aggregators are not incentivized to create better tools to support\n- scholarly reading.\n", + "text": "· Scholarly readers are not just content consumers; scholarly reading is an act of\ncreation as well.\n· Publishers and aggregators are not incentivized to create better tools to support\nscholarly reading." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1019, + "y": 0.688 + }, + { + "x": 0.8863, + "y": 0.688 + }, + { + "x": 0.8863, + "y": 0.7732 + }, + { + "x": 0.1019, + "y": 0.7732 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

From here, this report will consider the experiences of publishers, librarians and readers
through a synthesis of interviews conducted with several members of each group, as
well as a short online survey aimed at readers. We will then share some of our own
philosophy on the future of scholarly reading, then detail the path forward we see for our
own work in the area.

", + "markdown": "From here, this report will consider the experiences of publishers, librarians and readers\nthrough a synthesis of interviews conducted with several members of each group, as\nwell as a short online survey aimed at readers. We will then share some of our own\nphilosophy on the future of scholarly reading, then detail the path forward we see for our\nown work in the area.", + "text": "From here, this report will consider the experiences of publishers, librarians and readers\nthrough a synthesis of interviews conducted with several members of each group, as\nwell as a short online survey aimed at readers. We will then share some of our own\nphilosophy on the future of scholarly reading, then detail the path forward we see for our\nown work in the area." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0835, + "y": 0.7957 + }, + { + "x": 0.9179, + "y": 0.7957 + }, + { + "x": 0.9179, + "y": 0.9026 + }, + { + "x": 0.0835, + "y": 0.9026 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
10 I The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem
", + "markdown": "10 I The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem", + "text": "10 I The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.084, + "y": 0.9349 + }, + { + "x": 0.3562, + "y": 0.9349 + }, + { + "x": 0.3562, + "y": 0.9506 + }, + { + "x": 0.084, + "y": 0.9506 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000180.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Version History

\n

This page provides a record of edits and changes made to this book since its initial publication.
Whenever edits or updates are made in the text, we provide a record and description of those
changes here. If the change is minor, the version number increases by 0.1. If the edits involve
substantial updates, the edition number increases to the next whole number.

\n

The files posted alongside this book always reflect the most recent version. If you find an error in
this book, please let us know in the Rebus Community forum, where reported errors will be visible
to others.

\n

We will contact the author, make the necessary changes, and replace all file types as soon as
possible. Once we receive the updated files, this Version History page will be updated to reflect
the edits made.

\n

Version History

\n

Version History

\n
VersionDateChangeAffected Sections
1.0April 30, 2022Original
1.0June 3, 2022Small edits for clarity on Creative Commons licensing and attribution.1. Introduction to Open Educational Resources
", + "markdown": "# Version History\n\nThis page provides a record of edits and changes made to this book since its initial publication.\nWhenever edits or updates are made in the text, we provide a record and description of those\nchanges here. If the change is minor, the version number increases by 0.1. If the edits involve\nsubstantial updates, the edition number increases to the next whole number.\n\nThe files posted alongside this book always reflect the most recent version. If you find an error in\nthis book, please let us know in the Rebus Community forum, where reported errors will be visible\nto others.\n\nWe will contact the author, make the necessary changes, and replace all file types as soon as\npossible. Once we receive the updated files, this Version History page will be updated to reflect\nthe edits made.\n\n# Version History\n\n# Version History\n\n| Version | Date | Change | Affected Sections |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1.0 | April 30, 2022 | Original | |\n| 1.0 | June 3, 2022 | Small edits for clarity on Creative Commons licensing and attribution. | 1. Introduction to Open Educational Resources |", + "text": "Version History\nThis page provides a record of edits and changes made to this book since its initial publication.\nWhenever edits or updates are made in the text, we provide a record and description of those\nchanges here. If the change is minor, the version number increases by 0.1. If the edits involve\nsubstantial updates, the edition number increases to the next whole number.\nThe files posted alongside this book always reflect the most recent version. If you find an error in\nthis book, please let us know in the Rebus Community forum, where reported errors will be visible\nto others.\nWe will contact the author, make the necessary changes, and replace all file types as soon as\npossible. Once we receive the updated files, this Version History page will be updated to reflect\nthe edits made.\nVersion History\nVersion History\nVersion Date Change Affected Sections\n 1.0 April 30, 2022 Original \n 1.0 June 3, 2022 Small edits for clarity on Creative Commons licensing and attribution. 1. Introduction to Open Educational Resources" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Version History

", + "markdown": "# Version History", + "text": "Version History" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1103, + "y": 0.0748 + }, + { + "x": 0.3633, + "y": 0.0748 + }, + { + "x": 0.3633, + "y": 0.1057 + }, + { + "x": 0.1103, + "y": 0.1057 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

This page provides a record of edits and changes made to this book since its initial publication.
Whenever edits or updates are made in the text, we provide a record and description of those
changes here. If the change is minor, the version number increases by 0.1. If the edits involve
substantial updates, the edition number increases to the next whole number.

", + "markdown": "This page provides a record of edits and changes made to this book since its initial publication.\nWhenever edits or updates are made in the text, we provide a record and description of those\nchanges here. If the change is minor, the version number increases by 0.1. If the edits involve\nsubstantial updates, the edition number increases to the next whole number.", + "text": "This page provides a record of edits and changes made to this book since its initial publication.\nWhenever edits or updates are made in the text, we provide a record and description of those\nchanges here. If the change is minor, the version number increases by 0.1. If the edits involve\nsubstantial updates, the edition number increases to the next whole number." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1109, + "y": 0.1718 + }, + { + "x": 0.8896, + "y": 0.1718 + }, + { + "x": 0.8896, + "y": 0.2498 + }, + { + "x": 0.1109, + "y": 0.2498 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The files posted alongside this book always reflect the most recent version. If you find an error in
this book, please let us know in the Rebus Community forum, where reported errors will be visible
to others.

", + "markdown": "The files posted alongside this book always reflect the most recent version. If you find an error in\nthis book, please let us know in the Rebus Community forum, where reported errors will be visible\nto others.", + "text": "The files posted alongside this book always reflect the most recent version. If you find an error in\nthis book, please let us know in the Rebus Community forum, where reported errors will be visible\nto others." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1115, + "y": 0.2646 + }, + { + "x": 0.8884, + "y": 0.2646 + }, + { + "x": 0.8884, + "y": 0.3222 + }, + { + "x": 0.1115, + "y": 0.3222 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

We will contact the author, make the necessary changes, and replace all file types as soon as
possible. Once we receive the updated files, this Version History page will be updated to reflect
the edits made.

", + "markdown": "We will contact the author, make the necessary changes, and replace all file types as soon as\npossible. Once we receive the updated files, this Version History page will be updated to reflect\nthe edits made.", + "text": "We will contact the author, make the necessary changes, and replace all file types as soon as\npossible. Once we receive the updated files, this Version History page will be updated to reflect\nthe edits made." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1121, + "y": 0.3378 + }, + { + "x": 0.8892, + "y": 0.3378 + }, + { + "x": 0.8892, + "y": 0.3953 + }, + { + "x": 0.1121, + "y": 0.3953 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Version History

", + "markdown": "# Version History", + "text": "Version History" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1115, + "y": 0.4236 + }, + { + "x": 0.3027, + "y": 0.4236 + }, + { + "x": 0.3027, + "y": 0.4468 + }, + { + "x": 0.1115, + "y": 0.4468 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Version History

", + "markdown": "# Version History", + "text": "Version History" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4393, + "y": 0.4631 + }, + { + "x": 0.5611, + "y": 0.4631 + }, + { + "x": 0.5611, + "y": 0.4806 + }, + { + "x": 0.4393, + "y": 0.4806 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
VersionDateChangeAffected Sections
1.0April 30, 2022Original
1.0June 3, 2022Small edits for clarity on Creative Commons licensing and attribution.1. Introduction to Open Educational Resources
", + "markdown": "| Version | Date | Change | Affected Sections |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1.0 | April 30, 2022 | Original | |\n| 1.0 | June 3, 2022 | Small edits for clarity on Creative Commons licensing and attribution. | 1. Introduction to Open Educational Resources |\n", + "text": "Version Date Change Affected Sections\n 1.0 April 30, 2022 Original \n 1.0 June 3, 2022 Small edits for clarity on Creative Commons licensing and attribution. 1. Introduction to Open Educational Resources" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1136, + "y": 0.482 + }, + { + "x": 0.8864, + "y": 0.482 + }, + { + "x": 0.8864, + "y": 0.5981 + }, + { + "x": 0.1136, + "y": 0.5981 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000145.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Chapter 4

\n

Nonlinear equations

\n

4.1 Introduction

\n

The pressure drop in a fluid in motion is examined. For a flow in a pipe with a circular cross
section of diameter D (meter), the Reynolds number, Re, is given by

\n

$$R e={\\frac{D v}{\\nu}},$$

\n

in which v (m/s) is the average flow velocity and V (m2 /s) is the viscosity of the fluid. The flow is
called laminar if Re < 2100 (low flow velocity) and turbulent if Re > 3000. For 2100 ≤ Re ≤ 3000,
the flow is neither laminar nor turbulent.

\n

For turbulent flows, the pressure drop between inflow and outflow is given by

\n

$$P_{\\mathrm{out}}-P_{\\mathrm{in}}=\\frac{\\rho w L v^{2}}{2g L},$$

\n

in which w is a friction coefficient, 9 (kg / m3) is the fluid density, L (m) is the length and g (m/s2)
is the acceleration of gravity. If the fluid contains particles (sand, paper fibers), then the friction
coefficient w satisfies the equation

\n

$$\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{w}}=\\frac{\\ln(R e\\sqrt{v})+14-\\frac{5.6}{k}}{k},$$

\n

in which k is a parameter known from experiments.

\n

In this chapter, numerical methods will be discussed that can be used to determine w if the values
of Re and k are known.

\n

4.2 Definitions

\n

In this chapter, various iterative methods will be considered to solve nonlinear equations of the
form f(p) = 0. The point p is called a zero of the function f, or a root of the equation f(x) = 0.
First, some useful definitions and concepts are introduced.

\n

Convergence

\n

Each numerical method generates a sequence {pn} = Po, P1, P2, · · · which should converge to p:
limn→oo Pn = p. Assume that the sequence indeed converges, with Pn / p for all n. If there exist
positive constants 入 and a satisfying

\n

$$\\operatorname*{lim}_{n\\rightarrow\\infty}\\frac{|p-p_{n+1}|}{|p-p_{n}|^{\\alpha}}\\longrightarrow\\lambda,$$

\n
(4.1)", + "markdown": "# Chapter 4\n\n# Nonlinear equations\n\n# 4.1 Introduction\n\nThe pressure drop in a fluid in motion is examined. For a flow in a pipe with a circular cross\nsection of diameter D (meter), the Reynolds number, Re, is given by\n\n$$R e={\\frac{D v}{\\nu}},$$\n\nin which v (m/s) is the average flow velocity and V (m2 /s) is the viscosity of the fluid. The flow is\ncalled laminar if Re < 2100 (low flow velocity) and turbulent if Re > 3000. For 2100 ≤ Re ≤ 3000,\nthe flow is neither laminar nor turbulent.\n\nFor turbulent flows, the pressure drop between inflow and outflow is given by\n\n$$P_{\\mathrm{out}}-P_{\\mathrm{in}}=\\frac{\\rho w L v^{2}}{2g L},$$\n\nin which w is a friction coefficient, 9 (kg / m3) is the fluid density, L (m) is the length and g (m/s2)\nis the acceleration of gravity. If the fluid contains particles (sand, paper fibers), then the friction\ncoefficient w satisfies the equation\n\n$$\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{w}}=\\frac{\\ln(R e\\sqrt{v})+14-\\frac{5.6}{k}}{k},$$\n\nin which k is a parameter known from experiments.\n\nIn this chapter, numerical methods will be discussed that can be used to determine w if the values\nof Re and k are known.\n\n# 4.2 Definitions\n\nIn this chapter, various iterative methods will be considered to solve nonlinear equations of the\nform f(p) = 0. The point p is called a zero of the function f, or a root of the equation f(x) = 0.\nFirst, some useful definitions and concepts are introduced.\n\nConvergence\n\nEach numerical method generates a sequence {pn} = Po, P1, P2, · · · which should converge to p:\nlimn→oo Pn = p. Assume that the sequence indeed converges, with Pn / p for all n. If there exist\npositive constants 入 and a satisfying\n\n$$\\operatorname*{lim}_{n\\rightarrow\\infty}\\frac{|p-p_{n+1}|}{|p-p_{n}|^{\\alpha}}\\longrightarrow\\lambda,$$\n\n(4.1)", + "text": "Chapter 4\nNonlinear equations\n4.1 Introduction\nThe pressure drop in a fluid in motion is examined. For a flow in a pipe with a circular cross\nsection of diameter D (meter), the Reynolds number, Re, is given by\nDv \nRe = \nV\nin which v (m/s) is the average flow velocity and V (m2 /s) is the viscosity of the fluid. The flow is\ncalled laminar if Re < 2100 (low flow velocity) and turbulent if Re > 3000. For 2100 ≤ Re ≤ 3000,\nthe flow is neither laminar nor turbulent.\nFor turbulent flows, the pressure drop between inflow and outflow is given by\npwLv2 \nPout - Pin = \n2gD\nin which w is a friction coefficient, 9 (kg / m3) is the fluid density, L (m) is the length and g (m/s2)\nis the acceleration of gravity. If the fluid contains particles (sand, paper fibers), then the friction\ncoefficient w satisfies the equation\n1 In(ReV w) +14 - 56 \nVw k\nin which k is a parameter known from experiments.\nIn this chapter, numerical methods will be discussed that can be used to determine w if the values\nof Re and k are known.\n4.2 Definitions\nIn this chapter, various iterative methods will be considered to solve nonlinear equations of the\nform f(p) = 0. The point p is called a zero of the function f, or a root of the equation f(x) = 0.\nFirst, some useful definitions and concepts are introduced.\nConvergence\nEach numerical method generates a sequence {pn} = Po, P1, P2, · · · which should converge to p:\nlimn→oo Pn = p. Assume that the sequence indeed converges, with Pn / p for all n. If there exist\npositive constants 入 and a satisfying\np - Pn+1 \nlim = 入, \nn→oo p - Pn a\n(4.1)" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Chapter 4

", + "markdown": "# Chapter 4", + "text": "Chapter 4" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1471, + "y": 0.2003 + }, + { + "x": 0.3101, + "y": 0.2003 + }, + { + "x": 0.3101, + "y": 0.2298 + }, + { + "x": 0.1471, + "y": 0.2298 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Nonlinear equations

", + "markdown": "# Nonlinear equations", + "text": "Nonlinear equations" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1476, + "y": 0.2571 + }, + { + "x": 0.5462, + "y": 0.2571 + }, + { + "x": 0.5462, + "y": 0.29 + }, + { + "x": 0.1476, + "y": 0.29 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

4.1 Introduction

", + "markdown": "# 4.1 Introduction", + "text": "4.1 Introduction" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.147, + "y": 0.3341 + }, + { + "x": 0.3481, + "y": 0.3341 + }, + { + "x": 0.3481, + "y": 0.3535 + }, + { + "x": 0.147, + "y": 0.3535 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The pressure drop in a fluid in motion is examined. For a flow in a pipe with a circular cross
section of diameter D (meter), the Reynolds number, Re, is given by

", + "markdown": "The pressure drop in a fluid in motion is examined. For a flow in a pipe with a circular cross\nsection of diameter D (meter), the Reynolds number, Re, is given by", + "text": "The pressure drop in a fluid in motion is examined. For a flow in a pipe with a circular cross\nsection of diameter D (meter), the Reynolds number, Re, is given by" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1469, + "y": 0.3647 + }, + { + "x": 0.8652, + "y": 0.3647 + }, + { + "x": 0.8652, + "y": 0.395 + }, + { + "x": 0.1469, + "y": 0.395 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$R e={\\frac{D v}{\\nu}},$$

", + "markdown": "$$R e={\\frac{D v}{\\nu}},$$", + "text": "Dv \nRe = \nV" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4677, + "y": 0.4018 + }, + { + "x": 0.5463, + "y": 0.4018 + }, + { + "x": 0.5463, + "y": 0.4301 + }, + { + "x": 0.4677, + "y": 0.4301 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

in which v (m/s) is the average flow velocity and V (m2 /s) is the viscosity of the fluid. The flow is
called laminar if Re < 2100 (low flow velocity) and turbulent if Re > 3000. For 2100 ≤ Re ≤ 3000,
the flow is neither laminar nor turbulent.

", + "markdown": "in which v (m/s) is the average flow velocity and V (m2 /s) is the viscosity of the fluid. The flow is\ncalled laminar if Re < 2100 (low flow velocity) and turbulent if Re > 3000. For 2100 ≤ Re ≤ 3000,\nthe flow is neither laminar nor turbulent.", + "text": "in which v (m/s) is the average flow velocity and V (m2 /s) is the viscosity of the fluid. The flow is\ncalled laminar if Re < 2100 (low flow velocity) and turbulent if Re > 3000. For 2100 ≤ Re ≤ 3000,\nthe flow is neither laminar nor turbulent." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1481, + "y": 0.438 + }, + { + "x": 0.8675, + "y": 0.438 + }, + { + "x": 0.8675, + "y": 0.4812 + }, + { + "x": 0.1481, + "y": 0.4812 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

For turbulent flows, the pressure drop between inflow and outflow is given by

", + "markdown": "For turbulent flows, the pressure drop between inflow and outflow is given by", + "text": "For turbulent flows, the pressure drop between inflow and outflow is given by" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1491, + "y": 0.488 + }, + { + "x": 0.7347, + "y": 0.488 + }, + { + "x": 0.7347, + "y": 0.5038 + }, + { + "x": 0.1491, + "y": 0.5038 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$P_{\\mathrm{out}}-P_{\\mathrm{in}}=\\frac{\\rho w L v^{2}}{2g L},$$

", + "markdown": "$$P_{\\mathrm{out}}-P_{\\mathrm{in}}=\\frac{\\rho w L v^{2}}{2g L},$$", + "text": "pwLv2 \nPout - Pin = \n2gD" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4272, + "y": 0.5101 + }, + { + "x": 0.5849, + "y": 0.5101 + }, + { + "x": 0.5849, + "y": 0.5442 + }, + { + "x": 0.4272, + "y": 0.5442 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

in which w is a friction coefficient, 9 (kg / m3) is the fluid density, L (m) is the length and g (m/s2)
is the acceleration of gravity. If the fluid contains particles (sand, paper fibers), then the friction
coefficient w satisfies the equation

", + "markdown": "in which w is a friction coefficient, 9 (kg / m3) is the fluid density, L (m) is the length and g (m/s2)\nis the acceleration of gravity. If the fluid contains particles (sand, paper fibers), then the friction\ncoefficient w satisfies the equation", + "text": "in which w is a friction coefficient, 9 (kg / m3) is the fluid density, L (m) is the length and g (m/s2)\nis the acceleration of gravity. If the fluid contains particles (sand, paper fibers), then the friction\ncoefficient w satisfies the equation" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.147, + "y": 0.5513 + }, + { + "x": 0.8668, + "y": 0.5513 + }, + { + "x": 0.8668, + "y": 0.5959 + }, + { + "x": 0.147, + "y": 0.5959 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{w}}=\\frac{\\ln(R e\\sqrt{v})+14-\\frac{5.6}{k}}{k},$$

", + "markdown": "$$\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{w}}=\\frac{\\ln(R e\\sqrt{v})+14-\\frac{5.6}{k}}{k},$$", + "text": "1 In(ReV w) +14 - 56 \nVw k" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3946, + "y": 0.6015 + }, + { + "x": 0.6206, + "y": 0.6015 + }, + { + "x": 0.6206, + "y": 0.6398 + }, + { + "x": 0.3946, + "y": 0.6398 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

in which k is a parameter known from experiments.

", + "markdown": "in which k is a parameter known from experiments.", + "text": "in which k is a parameter known from experiments." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1476, + "y": 0.6455 + }, + { + "x": 0.5338, + "y": 0.6455 + }, + { + "x": 0.5338, + "y": 0.6598 + }, + { + "x": 0.1476, + "y": 0.6598 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

In this chapter, numerical methods will be discussed that can be used to determine w if the values
of Re and k are known.

", + "markdown": "In this chapter, numerical methods will be discussed that can be used to determine w if the values\nof Re and k are known.", + "text": "In this chapter, numerical methods will be discussed that can be used to determine w if the values\nof Re and k are known." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1483, + "y": 0.665 + }, + { + "x": 0.8661, + "y": 0.665 + }, + { + "x": 0.8661, + "y": 0.6934 + }, + { + "x": 0.1483, + "y": 0.6934 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

4.2 Definitions

", + "markdown": "# 4.2 Definitions", + "text": "4.2 Definitions" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1478, + "y": 0.7158 + }, + { + "x": 0.3323, + "y": 0.7158 + }, + { + "x": 0.3323, + "y": 0.7343 + }, + { + "x": 0.1478, + "y": 0.7343 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

In this chapter, various iterative methods will be considered to solve nonlinear equations of the
form f(p) = 0. The point p is called a zero of the function f, or a root of the equation f(x) = 0.
First, some useful definitions and concepts are introduced.

", + "markdown": "In this chapter, various iterative methods will be considered to solve nonlinear equations of the\nform f(p) = 0. The point p is called a zero of the function f, or a root of the equation f(x) = 0.\nFirst, some useful definitions and concepts are introduced.", + "text": "In this chapter, various iterative methods will be considered to solve nonlinear equations of the\nform f(p) = 0. The point p is called a zero of the function f, or a root of the equation f(x) = 0.\nFirst, some useful definitions and concepts are introduced." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1483, + "y": 0.7462 + }, + { + "x": 0.8659, + "y": 0.7462 + }, + { + "x": 0.8659, + "y": 0.7897 + }, + { + "x": 0.1483, + "y": 0.7897 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Convergence

", + "markdown": "Convergence", + "text": "Convergence" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1496, + "y": 0.7955 + }, + { + "x": 0.2534, + "y": 0.7955 + }, + { + "x": 0.2534, + "y": 0.8094 + }, + { + "x": 0.1496, + "y": 0.8094 + } + ], + "id": 14, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Each numerical method generates a sequence {pn} = Po, P1, P2, · · · which should converge to p:
limn→oo Pn = p. Assume that the sequence indeed converges, with Pn / p for all n. If there exist
positive constants 入 and a satisfying

", + "markdown": "Each numerical method generates a sequence {pn} = Po, P1, P2, · · · which should converge to p:\nlimn→oo Pn = p. Assume that the sequence indeed converges, with Pn / p for all n. If there exist\npositive constants 入 and a satisfying", + "text": "Each numerical method generates a sequence {pn} = Po, P1, P2, · · · which should converge to p:\nlimn→oo Pn = p. Assume that the sequence indeed converges, with Pn / p for all n. If there exist\npositive constants 入 and a satisfying" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1491, + "y": 0.8095 + }, + { + "x": 0.8665, + "y": 0.8095 + }, + { + "x": 0.8665, + "y": 0.8527 + }, + { + "x": 0.1491, + "y": 0.8527 + } + ], + "id": 15, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$\\operatorname*{lim}_{n\\rightarrow\\infty}\\frac{|p-p_{n+1}|}{|p-p_{n}|^{\\alpha}}\\longrightarrow\\lambda,$$

", + "markdown": "$$\\operatorname*{lim}_{n\\rightarrow\\infty}\\frac{|p-p_{n+1}|}{|p-p_{n}|^{\\alpha}}\\longrightarrow\\lambda,$$", + "text": "p - Pn+1 \nlim = 入, \nn→oo p - Pn a" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4258, + "y": 0.8605 + }, + { + "x": 0.5888, + "y": 0.8605 + }, + { + "x": 0.5888, + "y": 0.8947 + }, + { + "x": 0.4258, + "y": 0.8947 + } + ], + "id": 16, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "
(4.1)", + "markdown": "(4.1)", + "text": "(4.1)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8266, + "y": 0.8681 + }, + { + "x": 0.8661, + "y": 0.8681 + }, + { + "x": 0.8661, + "y": 0.8853 + }, + { + "x": 0.8266, + "y": 0.8853 + } + ], + "id": 17, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000029.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Combinatorial Cosmology
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.go 696

\n

5. The dynamics

\n

The next step is to construct a model for the dynamics. The idea, which essen-
tially goes back to Boltzmann (see [12]), is that any given macro-state at any given
time is extremely likely to develop into a state with higher entropy at the next
moment of time, simply because there are so many more states with higher entropy
than with lower entropy (compare with (3)). The problem with this in the present
situation, however, is that this way of thinking in fact presupposes a preferred
direction of time. Otherwise, given that the dynamical laws are time symmetric,
why can we not similarly argue that the entropy should also grow when we go
backward in time? (compare [9]).

\n

There have been many attempts to avoid this problem by looking for defects in
the symmetries. But my conclusion here is that we must actually accept Boltzmann's
argument in both directions of time and hence we are led to the following:

\n

Principle 1. At every moment of time t and for every state with entropy S, there
are very many \"accessible states\" with higher entropy, both at the previous moment
of time t - 1 and at the next one t + 1. On the other hand, the chance for finding
such accessible states with lower entropy, both at times t - 1 and t + 1, is extremely
small.

\n

This principle also implies a shift of perspective in the search for time's arrow.
Rather than trying to find the reason for the asymmetry, we must concentrate on
understanding why we cannot observe the symmetric structure of the multiverse as
a whole.

\n

As still one more simplification, let us assume that the entropy can only change
by ±1 during each unit of time. This assumption, however, has to be modified near
the endpoints (BB and BC) for the following reason: it is a very important aspect of
this approach to assume that physics during the first and last moments is very
different from the rest of the time, since at these moments quantum phenomena
can be expected to become global. To model this in a simple way, we can split the
life-span of our multiverse up into three parts:

\n

$$[-T_{0},-T_{1}]\\cup[-T_{1},T_{1}]\\cup[T_{1},T_{0}].$$

\n
(4)\n

Here the first and last parts may be called \"the extreme phases, \" which are
characterized by the property that transition between very different states can be
possible. During the \"normal phase\" in between on the other hand, physics is
supposed to behave more or less as we are used to.

\n

6. Modeling the dynamics

\n

To construct a miniature multiverse for computational purposes, one can pro-
ceed as follows: first of all, in the very small multiverses studied here, the extreme
phases will only last for one single unit of time. Also, for ease of notation, let us put
T1 = m, so that the moments of time can in this context be denoted as

\n

$$-\\bar{\\eta}{}+\\Big|_{\\scriptscriptstyle J}-\\bar{\\eta}\\rlap/u_{\\scriptscriptstyle J}\\c-\\rlap/m+\\big|_{\\scriptscriptstyle J}\\ldots,\\rlap/m-\\big|_{\\ \\!J}\\bar{\\eta}_{\\scriptscriptstyle J}\\rlap/u+\\big|.$$

\n
(5)\n

The dynamics is specified by randomly choosing for each state at time t with
entropy S, K edges to states at time t + 1 with entropy S + 1, and similarly K edges to
states at time t - 1 with entropy S + 1 (with obvious modifications at the end-
points). In this section, again to make everything as simple as possible, K will be set
equal to 2. These random choices are in practice carried out by the random number

\n
313
", + "markdown": "Combinatorial Cosmology\nDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.go 696\n\n# 5. The dynamics\n\nThe next step is to construct a model for the dynamics. The idea, which essen-\ntially goes back to Boltzmann (see [12]), is that any given macro-state at any given\ntime is extremely likely to develop into a state with higher entropy at the next\nmoment of time, simply because there are so many more states with higher entropy\nthan with lower entropy (compare with (3)). The problem with this in the present\nsituation, however, is that this way of thinking in fact presupposes a preferred\ndirection of time. Otherwise, given that the dynamical laws are time symmetric,\nwhy can we not similarly argue that the entropy should also grow when we go\nbackward in time? (compare [9]).\n\nThere have been many attempts to avoid this problem by looking for defects in\nthe symmetries. But my conclusion here is that we must actually accept Boltzmann's\nargument in both directions of time and hence we are led to the following:\n\nPrinciple 1. At every moment of time t and for every state with entropy S, there\nare very many \"accessible states\" with higher entropy, both at the previous moment\nof time t - 1 and at the next one t + 1. On the other hand, the chance for finding\nsuch accessible states with lower entropy, both at times t - 1 and t + 1, is extremely\nsmall.\n\nThis principle also implies a shift of perspective in the search for time's arrow.\nRather than trying to find the reason for the asymmetry, we must concentrate on\nunderstanding why we cannot observe the symmetric structure of the multiverse as\na whole.\n\nAs still one more simplification, let us assume that the entropy can only change\nby ±1 during each unit of time. This assumption, however, has to be modified near\nthe endpoints (BB and BC) for the following reason: it is a very important aspect of\nthis approach to assume that physics during the first and last moments is very\ndifferent from the rest of the time, since at these moments quantum phenomena\ncan be expected to become global. To model this in a simple way, we can split the\nlife-span of our multiverse up into three parts:\n\n$$[-T_{0},-T_{1}]\\cup[-T_{1},T_{1}]\\cup[T_{1},T_{0}].$$\n\n(4)\n\nHere the first and last parts may be called \"the extreme phases, \" which are\ncharacterized by the property that transition between very different states can be\npossible. During the \"normal phase\" in between on the other hand, physics is\nsupposed to behave more or less as we are used to.\n\n# 6. Modeling the dynamics\n\nTo construct a miniature multiverse for computational purposes, one can pro-\nceed as follows: first of all, in the very small multiverses studied here, the extreme\nphases will only last for one single unit of time. Also, for ease of notation, let us put\nT1 = m, so that the moments of time can in this context be denoted as\n\n$$-\\bar{\\eta}{}+\\Big|_{\\scriptscriptstyle J}-\\bar{\\eta}\\rlap/u_{\\scriptscriptstyle J}\\c-\\rlap/m+\\big|_{\\scriptscriptstyle J}\\ldots,\\rlap/m-\\big|_{\\ \\!J}\\bar{\\eta}_{\\scriptscriptstyle J}\\rlap/u+\\big|.$$\n\n(5)\n\nThe dynamics is specified by randomly choosing for each state at time t with\nentropy S, K edges to states at time t + 1 with entropy S + 1, and similarly K edges to\nstates at time t - 1 with entropy S + 1 (with obvious modifications at the end-\npoints). In this section, again to make everything as simple as possible, K will be set\nequal to 2. These random choices are in practice carried out by the random number\n\n313", + "text": "Combinatorial Cosmology\nDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.go 696\n5. The dynamics\nThe next step is to construct a model for the dynamics. The idea, which essen-\ntially goes back to Boltzmann (see [12]), is that any given macro-state at any given\ntime is extremely likely to develop into a state with higher entropy at the next\nmoment of time, simply because there are so many more states with higher entropy\nthan with lower entropy (compare with (3)). The problem with this in the present\nsituation, however, is that this way of thinking in fact presupposes a preferred\ndirection of time. Otherwise, given that the dynamical laws are time symmetric,\nwhy can we not similarly argue that the entropy should also grow when we go\nbackward in time? (compare [9]).\nThere have been many attempts to avoid this problem by looking for defects in\nthe symmetries. But my conclusion here is that we must actually accept Boltzmann's\nargument in both directions of time and hence we are led to the following:\nPrinciple 1. At every moment of time t and for every state with entropy S, there\nare very many \"accessible states\" with higher entropy, both at the previous moment\nof time t - 1 and at the next one t + 1. On the other hand, the chance for finding\nsuch accessible states with lower entropy, both at times t - 1 and t + 1, is extremely\nsmall.\nThis principle also implies a shift of perspective in the search for time's arrow.\nRather than trying to find the reason for the asymmetry, we must concentrate on\nunderstanding why we cannot observe the symmetric structure of the multiverse as\na whole.\nAs still one more simplification, let us assume that the entropy can only change\nby ±1 during each unit of time. This assumption, however, has to be modified near\nthe endpoints (BB and BC) for the following reason: it is a very important aspect of\nthis approach to assume that physics during the first and last moments is very\ndifferent from the rest of the time, since at these moments quantum phenomena\ncan be expected to become global. To model this in a simple way, we can split the\nlife-span of our multiverse up into three parts:\n[-To, -T1]U[-T1, T1]U[T1, To].\n(4)\nHere the first and last parts may be called \"the extreme phases, \" which are\ncharacterized by the property that transition between very different states can be\npossible. During the \"normal phase\" in between on the other hand, physics is\nsupposed to behave more or less as we are used to.\n6. Modeling the dynamics\nTo construct a miniature multiverse for computational purposes, one can pro-\nceed as follows: first of all, in the very small multiverses studied here, the extreme\nphases will only last for one single unit of time. Also, for ease of notation, let us put\nT1 = m, so that the moments of time can in this context be denoted as\n-m - 1, - m, - m + 1, ... , m - 1, m, m + 1.\n(5)\nThe dynamics is specified by randomly choosing for each state at time t with\nentropy S, K edges to states at time t + 1 with entropy S + 1, and similarly K edges to\nstates at time t - 1 with entropy S + 1 (with obvious modifications at the end-\npoints). In this section, again to make everything as simple as possible, K will be set\nequal to 2. These random choices are in practice carried out by the random number\n313" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Combinatorial Cosmology
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.go 696

", + "markdown": "Combinatorial Cosmology\nDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.go 696", + "text": "Combinatorial Cosmology\nDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.go 696" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1435, + "y": 0.0259 + }, + { + "x": 0.4929, + "y": 0.0259 + }, + { + "x": 0.4929, + "y": 0.0568 + }, + { + "x": 0.1435, + "y": 0.0568 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

5. The dynamics

", + "markdown": "# 5. The dynamics", + "text": "5. The dynamics" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1426, + "y": 0.0723 + }, + { + "x": 0.3107, + "y": 0.0723 + }, + { + "x": 0.3107, + "y": 0.091 + }, + { + "x": 0.1426, + "y": 0.091 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The next step is to construct a model for the dynamics. The idea, which essen-
tially goes back to Boltzmann (see [12]), is that any given macro-state at any given
time is extremely likely to develop into a state with higher entropy at the next
moment of time, simply because there are so many more states with higher entropy
than with lower entropy (compare with (3)). The problem with this in the present
situation, however, is that this way of thinking in fact presupposes a preferred
direction of time. Otherwise, given that the dynamical laws are time symmetric,
why can we not similarly argue that the entropy should also grow when we go
backward in time? (compare [9]).

", + "markdown": "The next step is to construct a model for the dynamics. The idea, which essen-\ntially goes back to Boltzmann (see [12]), is that any given macro-state at any given\ntime is extremely likely to develop into a state with higher entropy at the next\nmoment of time, simply because there are so many more states with higher entropy\nthan with lower entropy (compare with (3)). The problem with this in the present\nsituation, however, is that this way of thinking in fact presupposes a preferred\ndirection of time. Otherwise, given that the dynamical laws are time symmetric,\nwhy can we not similarly argue that the entropy should also grow when we go\nbackward in time? (compare [9]).", + "text": "The next step is to construct a model for the dynamics. The idea, which essen-\ntially goes back to Boltzmann (see [12]), is that any given macro-state at any given\ntime is extremely likely to develop into a state with higher entropy at the next\nmoment of time, simply because there are so many more states with higher entropy\nthan with lower entropy (compare with (3)). The problem with this in the present\nsituation, however, is that this way of thinking in fact presupposes a preferred\ndirection of time. Otherwise, given that the dynamical laws are time symmetric,\nwhy can we not similarly argue that the entropy should also grow when we go\nbackward in time? (compare [9])." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1428, + "y": 0.106 + }, + { + "x": 0.853, + "y": 0.106 + }, + { + "x": 0.853, + "y": 0.2516 + }, + { + "x": 0.1428, + "y": 0.2516 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

There have been many attempts to avoid this problem by looking for defects in
the symmetries. But my conclusion here is that we must actually accept Boltzmann's
argument in both directions of time and hence we are led to the following:

", + "markdown": "There have been many attempts to avoid this problem by looking for defects in\nthe symmetries. But my conclusion here is that we must actually accept Boltzmann's\nargument in both directions of time and hence we are led to the following:", + "text": "There have been many attempts to avoid this problem by looking for defects in\nthe symmetries. But my conclusion here is that we must actually accept Boltzmann's\nargument in both directions of time and hence we are led to the following:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1416, + "y": 0.2525 + }, + { + "x": 0.8523, + "y": 0.2525 + }, + { + "x": 0.8523, + "y": 0.3009 + }, + { + "x": 0.1416, + "y": 0.3009 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Principle 1. At every moment of time t and for every state with entropy S, there
are very many \"accessible states\" with higher entropy, both at the previous moment
of time t - 1 and at the next one t + 1. On the other hand, the chance for finding
such accessible states with lower entropy, both at times t - 1 and t + 1, is extremely
small.

", + "markdown": "Principle 1. At every moment of time t and for every state with entropy S, there\nare very many \"accessible states\" with higher entropy, both at the previous moment\nof time t - 1 and at the next one t + 1. On the other hand, the chance for finding\nsuch accessible states with lower entropy, both at times t - 1 and t + 1, is extremely\nsmall.", + "text": "Principle 1. At every moment of time t and for every state with entropy S, there\nare very many \"accessible states\" with higher entropy, both at the previous moment\nof time t - 1 and at the next one t + 1. On the other hand, the chance for finding\nsuch accessible states with lower entropy, both at times t - 1 and t + 1, is extremely\nsmall." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1438, + "y": 0.3019 + }, + { + "x": 0.8543, + "y": 0.3019 + }, + { + "x": 0.8543, + "y": 0.3815 + }, + { + "x": 0.1438, + "y": 0.3815 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

This principle also implies a shift of perspective in the search for time's arrow.
Rather than trying to find the reason for the asymmetry, we must concentrate on
understanding why we cannot observe the symmetric structure of the multiverse as
a whole.

", + "markdown": "This principle also implies a shift of perspective in the search for time's arrow.\nRather than trying to find the reason for the asymmetry, we must concentrate on\nunderstanding why we cannot observe the symmetric structure of the multiverse as\na whole.", + "text": "This principle also implies a shift of perspective in the search for time's arrow.\nRather than trying to find the reason for the asymmetry, we must concentrate on\nunderstanding why we cannot observe the symmetric structure of the multiverse as\na whole." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1431, + "y": 0.3827 + }, + { + "x": 0.8501, + "y": 0.3827 + }, + { + "x": 0.8501, + "y": 0.4454 + }, + { + "x": 0.1431, + "y": 0.4454 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

As still one more simplification, let us assume that the entropy can only change
by ±1 during each unit of time. This assumption, however, has to be modified near
the endpoints (BB and BC) for the following reason: it is a very important aspect of
this approach to assume that physics during the first and last moments is very
different from the rest of the time, since at these moments quantum phenomena
can be expected to become global. To model this in a simple way, we can split the
life-span of our multiverse up into three parts:

", + "markdown": "As still one more simplification, let us assume that the entropy can only change\nby ±1 during each unit of time. This assumption, however, has to be modified near\nthe endpoints (BB and BC) for the following reason: it is a very important aspect of\nthis approach to assume that physics during the first and last moments is very\ndifferent from the rest of the time, since at these moments quantum phenomena\ncan be expected to become global. To model this in a simple way, we can split the\nlife-span of our multiverse up into three parts:", + "text": "As still one more simplification, let us assume that the entropy can only change\nby ±1 during each unit of time. This assumption, however, has to be modified near\nthe endpoints (BB and BC) for the following reason: it is a very important aspect of\nthis approach to assume that physics during the first and last moments is very\ndifferent from the rest of the time, since at these moments quantum phenomena\ncan be expected to become global. To model this in a simple way, we can split the\nlife-span of our multiverse up into three parts:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1431, + "y": 0.4473 + }, + { + "x": 0.8525, + "y": 0.4473 + }, + { + "x": 0.8525, + "y": 0.5618 + }, + { + "x": 0.1431, + "y": 0.5618 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$[-T_{0},-T_{1}]\\cup[-T_{1},T_{1}]\\cup[T_{1},T_{0}].$$

", + "markdown": "$$[-T_{0},-T_{1}]\\cup[-T_{1},T_{1}]\\cup[T_{1},T_{0}].$$", + "text": "[-To, -T1]U[-T1, T1]U[T1, To]." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3579, + "y": 0.5724 + }, + { + "x": 0.6373, + "y": 0.5724 + }, + { + "x": 0.6373, + "y": 0.594 + }, + { + "x": 0.3579, + "y": 0.594 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "
(4)", + "markdown": "(4)", + "text": "(4)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8018, + "y": 0.5747 + }, + { + "x": 0.832, + "y": 0.5747 + }, + { + "x": 0.832, + "y": 0.5912 + }, + { + "x": 0.8018, + "y": 0.5912 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Here the first and last parts may be called \"the extreme phases, \" which are
characterized by the property that transition between very different states can be
possible. During the \"normal phase\" in between on the other hand, physics is
supposed to behave more or less as we are used to.

", + "markdown": "Here the first and last parts may be called \"the extreme phases, \" which are\ncharacterized by the property that transition between very different states can be\npossible. During the \"normal phase\" in between on the other hand, physics is\nsupposed to behave more or less as we are used to.", + "text": "Here the first and last parts may be called \"the extreme phases, \" which are\ncharacterized by the property that transition between very different states can be\npossible. During the \"normal phase\" in between on the other hand, physics is\nsupposed to behave more or less as we are used to." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1447, + "y": 0.605 + }, + { + "x": 0.8366, + "y": 0.605 + }, + { + "x": 0.8366, + "y": 0.6721 + }, + { + "x": 0.1447, + "y": 0.6721 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

6. Modeling the dynamics

", + "markdown": "# 6. Modeling the dynamics", + "text": "6. Modeling the dynamics" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1438, + "y": 0.707 + }, + { + "x": 0.4047, + "y": 0.707 + }, + { + "x": 0.4047, + "y": 0.7264 + }, + { + "x": 0.1438, + "y": 0.7264 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

To construct a miniature multiverse for computational purposes, one can pro-
ceed as follows: first of all, in the very small multiverses studied here, the extreme
phases will only last for one single unit of time. Also, for ease of notation, let us put
T1 = m, so that the moments of time can in this context be denoted as

", + "markdown": "To construct a miniature multiverse for computational purposes, one can pro-\nceed as follows: first of all, in the very small multiverses studied here, the extreme\nphases will only last for one single unit of time. Also, for ease of notation, let us put\nT1 = m, so that the moments of time can in this context be denoted as", + "text": "To construct a miniature multiverse for computational purposes, one can pro-\nceed as follows: first of all, in the very small multiverses studied here, the extreme\nphases will only last for one single unit of time. Also, for ease of notation, let us put\nT1 = m, so that the moments of time can in this context be denoted as" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1429, + "y": 0.7403 + }, + { + "x": 0.8528, + "y": 0.7403 + }, + { + "x": 0.8528, + "y": 0.808 + }, + { + "x": 0.1429, + "y": 0.808 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$-\\bar{\\eta}{}+\\Big|_{\\scriptscriptstyle J}-\\bar{\\eta}\\rlap/u_{\\scriptscriptstyle J}\\c-\\rlap/m+\\big|_{\\scriptscriptstyle J}\\ldots,\\rlap/m-\\big|_{\\ \\!J}\\bar{\\eta}_{\\scriptscriptstyle J}\\rlap/u+\\big|.$$

", + "markdown": "$$-\\bar{\\eta}{}+\\Big|_{\\scriptscriptstyle J}-\\bar{\\eta}\\rlap/u_{\\scriptscriptstyle J}\\c-\\rlap/m+\\big|_{\\scriptscriptstyle J}\\ldots,\\rlap/m-\\big|_{\\ \\!J}\\bar{\\eta}_{\\scriptscriptstyle J}\\rlap/u+\\big|.$$", + "text": "-m - 1, - m, - m + 1, ... , m - 1, m, m + 1." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3115, + "y": 0.821 + }, + { + "x": 0.6865, + "y": 0.821 + }, + { + "x": 0.6865, + "y": 0.8381 + }, + { + "x": 0.3115, + "y": 0.8381 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "
(5)", + "markdown": "(5)", + "text": "(5)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8035, + "y": 0.8203 + }, + { + "x": 0.8318, + "y": 0.8203 + }, + { + "x": 0.8318, + "y": 0.8375 + }, + { + "x": 0.8035, + "y": 0.8375 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The dynamics is specified by randomly choosing for each state at time t with
entropy S, K edges to states at time t + 1 with entropy S + 1, and similarly K edges to
states at time t - 1 with entropy S + 1 (with obvious modifications at the end-
points). In this section, again to make everything as simple as possible, K will be set
equal to 2. These random choices are in practice carried out by the random number

", + "markdown": "The dynamics is specified by randomly choosing for each state at time t with\nentropy S, K edges to states at time t + 1 with entropy S + 1, and similarly K edges to\nstates at time t - 1 with entropy S + 1 (with obvious modifications at the end-\npoints). In this section, again to make everything as simple as possible, K will be set\nequal to 2. These random choices are in practice carried out by the random number", + "text": "The dynamics is specified by randomly choosing for each state at time t with\nentropy S, K edges to states at time t + 1 with entropy S + 1, and similarly K edges to\nstates at time t - 1 with entropy S + 1 (with obvious modifications at the end-\npoints). In this section, again to make everything as simple as possible, K will be set\nequal to 2. These random choices are in practice carried out by the random number" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1431, + "y": 0.8502 + }, + { + "x": 0.8563, + "y": 0.8502 + }, + { + "x": 0.8563, + "y": 0.9346 + }, + { + "x": 0.1431, + "y": 0.9346 + } + ], + "id": 14, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
313
", + "markdown": "313", + "text": "313" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1443, + "y": 0.9577 + }, + { + "x": 0.1735, + "y": 0.9577 + }, + { + "x": 0.1735, + "y": 0.9702 + }, + { + "x": 0.1443, + "y": 0.9702 + } + ], + "id": 15, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000143.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Chapter 3

\n

Numerical differentiation

\n

3.1 Introduction

\n

Everyone who possesses a car and / or a driver's licence is familiar with speeding tickets. In
The Netherlands, speeding tickets are usually processed in a fully automated fashion, and the
perpetrator will receive the tickets within a couple of weeks after the offence. The Dutch police
optimized the procedures of speed control such that this effort has become very profitable to the
Dutch government. Various strategies for speed control are carried out by police forces, which
are all based on the position of the vehicle at consecutive times. The actual velocity follows from
the first-order derivative of the position of the vehicle with respect to time. Since no explicit
formula for this position is available, the velocity can only be estimated using an approximation
of the velocity based on several discrete vehicle positions at discrete times. This motivates the use
of approximate derivatives, also called numerical derivatives. If the police want to know whether
the offender drove faster before speed detection (in other words, whether the perpetrator hit the
brakes after having seen the police patrol), or whether the driver was already accelerating, then
they are also interested in the acceleration of the 'bad guy'. This acceleration can be estimated
using numerical approximations of the second-order derivative of the car position with respect
to time.

\n

Since the time-interval of recording is nonzero, the velocity is not determined exactly in general.
In this chapter, the resulting error, referred to as the truncation error, is estimated using Taylor se-
ries. In most cases, the truncation error increases with an increasing size of the recording interval
(Sections 3.2 and 3.4). Next to the truncation error, the measurement of the position of the vehicle
is also prone to measurement errors. Issues that influence the results are, for example, paral-
lax, the measurement equipment, and in some cases even the performance of the police officer
(in car-videoing and laser control). These measurement errors provide an additional deteriora-
tion of the approximation of the speed and acceleration. The impact of measurement errors on
approximations of derivatives is treated in Section 3.3.

\n

3.2 Simple difference formulae for the first derivative

\n

Suppose f is a continuously differentiable function. The forward difference is defined as

\n

$$Q_{f}(h)={\\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}},\\ \\ \\ h>0,$$

\n

in which h is called the step size. By definition,

\n

$$\\operatorname*{lim}_{h\\to0}{\\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}}=f^{\\prime}(x),$$

", + "markdown": "# Chapter 3\n\n# Numerical differentiation\n\n# 3.1 Introduction\n\nEveryone who possesses a car and / or a driver's licence is familiar with speeding tickets. In\nThe Netherlands, speeding tickets are usually processed in a fully automated fashion, and the\nperpetrator will receive the tickets within a couple of weeks after the offence. The Dutch police\noptimized the procedures of speed control such that this effort has become very profitable to the\nDutch government. Various strategies for speed control are carried out by police forces, which\nare all based on the position of the vehicle at consecutive times. The actual velocity follows from\nthe first-order derivative of the position of the vehicle with respect to time. Since no explicit\nformula for this position is available, the velocity can only be estimated using an approximation\nof the velocity based on several discrete vehicle positions at discrete times. This motivates the use\nof approximate derivatives, also called numerical derivatives. If the police want to know whether\nthe offender drove faster before speed detection (in other words, whether the perpetrator hit the\nbrakes after having seen the police patrol), or whether the driver was already accelerating, then\nthey are also interested in the acceleration of the 'bad guy'. This acceleration can be estimated\nusing numerical approximations of the second-order derivative of the car position with respect\nto time.\n\nSince the time-interval of recording is nonzero, the velocity is not determined exactly in general.\nIn this chapter, the resulting error, referred to as the truncation error, is estimated using Taylor se-\nries. In most cases, the truncation error increases with an increasing size of the recording interval\n(Sections 3.2 and 3.4). Next to the truncation error, the measurement of the position of the vehicle\nis also prone to measurement errors. Issues that influence the results are, for example, paral-\nlax, the measurement equipment, and in some cases even the performance of the police officer\n(in car-videoing and laser control). These measurement errors provide an additional deteriora-\ntion of the approximation of the speed and acceleration. The impact of measurement errors on\napproximations of derivatives is treated in Section 3.3.\n\n3.2 Simple difference formulae for the first derivative\n\nSuppose f is a continuously differentiable function. The forward difference is defined as\n\n$$Q_{f}(h)={\\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}},\\ \\ \\ h>0,$$\n\nin which h is called the step size. By definition,\n\n$$\\operatorname*{lim}_{h\\to0}{\\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}}=f^{\\prime}(x),$$", + "text": "Chapter 3\nNumerical differentiation\n3.1 Introduction\nEveryone who possesses a car and / or a driver's licence is familiar with speeding tickets. In\nThe Netherlands, speeding tickets are usually processed in a fully automated fashion, and the\nperpetrator will receive the tickets within a couple of weeks after the offence. The Dutch police\noptimized the procedures of speed control such that this effort has become very profitable to the\nDutch government. Various strategies for speed control are carried out by police forces, which\nare all based on the position of the vehicle at consecutive times. The actual velocity follows from\nthe first-order derivative of the position of the vehicle with respect to time. Since no explicit\nformula for this position is available, the velocity can only be estimated using an approximation\nof the velocity based on several discrete vehicle positions at discrete times. This motivates the use\nof approximate derivatives, also called numerical derivatives. If the police want to know whether\nthe offender drove faster before speed detection (in other words, whether the perpetrator hit the\nbrakes after having seen the police patrol), or whether the driver was already accelerating, then\nthey are also interested in the acceleration of the 'bad guy'. This acceleration can be estimated\nusing numerical approximations of the second-order derivative of the car position with respect\nto time.\nSince the time-interval of recording is nonzero, the velocity is not determined exactly in general.\nIn this chapter, the resulting error, referred to as the truncation error, is estimated using Taylor se-\nries. In most cases, the truncation error increases with an increasing size of the recording interval\n(Sections 3.2 and 3.4). Next to the truncation error, the measurement of the position of the vehicle\nis also prone to measurement errors. Issues that influence the results are, for example, paral-\nlax, the measurement equipment, and in some cases even the performance of the police officer\n(in car-videoing and laser control). These measurement errors provide an additional deteriora-\ntion of the approximation of the speed and acceleration. The impact of measurement errors on\napproximations of derivatives is treated in Section 3.3.\n3.2 Simple difference formulae for the first derivative\nSuppose f is a continuously differentiable function. The forward difference is defined as\nf(x+h) - f(x) \nQf(h) = h > 0, \nh\nin which h is called the step size. By definition,\nf(x +h) - f(x) \nlim =f'(x), \nh→0 h" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Chapter 3

", + "markdown": "# Chapter 3", + "text": "Chapter 3" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1466, + "y": 0.2003 + }, + { + "x": 0.3093, + "y": 0.2003 + }, + { + "x": 0.3093, + "y": 0.2296 + }, + { + "x": 0.1466, + "y": 0.2296 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Numerical differentiation

", + "markdown": "# Numerical differentiation", + "text": "Numerical differentiation" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1472, + "y": 0.2567 + }, + { + "x": 0.645, + "y": 0.2567 + }, + { + "x": 0.645, + "y": 0.2881 + }, + { + "x": 0.1472, + "y": 0.2881 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

3.1 Introduction

", + "markdown": "# 3.1 Introduction", + "text": "3.1 Introduction" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1472, + "y": 0.3358 + }, + { + "x": 0.3483, + "y": 0.3358 + }, + { + "x": 0.3483, + "y": 0.3545 + }, + { + "x": 0.1472, + "y": 0.3545 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Everyone who possesses a car and / or a driver's licence is familiar with speeding tickets. In
The Netherlands, speeding tickets are usually processed in a fully automated fashion, and the
perpetrator will receive the tickets within a couple of weeks after the offence. The Dutch police
optimized the procedures of speed control such that this effort has become very profitable to the
Dutch government. Various strategies for speed control are carried out by police forces, which
are all based on the position of the vehicle at consecutive times. The actual velocity follows from
the first-order derivative of the position of the vehicle with respect to time. Since no explicit
formula for this position is available, the velocity can only be estimated using an approximation
of the velocity based on several discrete vehicle positions at discrete times. This motivates the use
of approximate derivatives, also called numerical derivatives. If the police want to know whether
the offender drove faster before speed detection (in other words, whether the perpetrator hit the
brakes after having seen the police patrol), or whether the driver was already accelerating, then
they are also interested in the acceleration of the 'bad guy'. This acceleration can be estimated
using numerical approximations of the second-order derivative of the car position with respect
to time.

", + "markdown": "Everyone who possesses a car and / or a driver's licence is familiar with speeding tickets. In\nThe Netherlands, speeding tickets are usually processed in a fully automated fashion, and the\nperpetrator will receive the tickets within a couple of weeks after the offence. The Dutch police\noptimized the procedures of speed control such that this effort has become very profitable to the\nDutch government. Various strategies for speed control are carried out by police forces, which\nare all based on the position of the vehicle at consecutive times. The actual velocity follows from\nthe first-order derivative of the position of the vehicle with respect to time. Since no explicit\nformula for this position is available, the velocity can only be estimated using an approximation\nof the velocity based on several discrete vehicle positions at discrete times. This motivates the use\nof approximate derivatives, also called numerical derivatives. If the police want to know whether\nthe offender drove faster before speed detection (in other words, whether the perpetrator hit the\nbrakes after having seen the police patrol), or whether the driver was already accelerating, then\nthey are also interested in the acceleration of the 'bad guy'. This acceleration can be estimated\nusing numerical approximations of the second-order derivative of the car position with respect\nto time.", + "text": "Everyone who possesses a car and / or a driver's licence is familiar with speeding tickets. In\nThe Netherlands, speeding tickets are usually processed in a fully automated fashion, and the\nperpetrator will receive the tickets within a couple of weeks after the offence. The Dutch police\noptimized the procedures of speed control such that this effort has become very profitable to the\nDutch government. Various strategies for speed control are carried out by police forces, which\nare all based on the position of the vehicle at consecutive times. The actual velocity follows from\nthe first-order derivative of the position of the vehicle with respect to time. Since no explicit\nformula for this position is available, the velocity can only be estimated using an approximation\nof the velocity based on several discrete vehicle positions at discrete times. This motivates the use\nof approximate derivatives, also called numerical derivatives. If the police want to know whether\nthe offender drove faster before speed detection (in other words, whether the perpetrator hit the\nbrakes after having seen the police patrol), or whether the driver was already accelerating, then\nthey are also interested in the acceleration of the 'bad guy'. This acceleration can be estimated\nusing numerical approximations of the second-order derivative of the car position with respect\nto time." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.147, + "y": 0.3668 + }, + { + "x": 0.8665, + "y": 0.3668 + }, + { + "x": 0.8665, + "y": 0.5795 + }, + { + "x": 0.147, + "y": 0.5795 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Since the time-interval of recording is nonzero, the velocity is not determined exactly in general.
In this chapter, the resulting error, referred to as the truncation error, is estimated using Taylor se-
ries. In most cases, the truncation error increases with an increasing size of the recording interval
(Sections 3.2 and 3.4). Next to the truncation error, the measurement of the position of the vehicle
is also prone to measurement errors. Issues that influence the results are, for example, paral-
lax, the measurement equipment, and in some cases even the performance of the police officer
(in car-videoing and laser control). These measurement errors provide an additional deteriora-
tion of the approximation of the speed and acceleration. The impact of measurement errors on
approximations of derivatives is treated in Section 3.3.

", + "markdown": "Since the time-interval of recording is nonzero, the velocity is not determined exactly in general.\nIn this chapter, the resulting error, referred to as the truncation error, is estimated using Taylor se-\nries. In most cases, the truncation error increases with an increasing size of the recording interval\n(Sections 3.2 and 3.4). Next to the truncation error, the measurement of the position of the vehicle\nis also prone to measurement errors. Issues that influence the results are, for example, paral-\nlax, the measurement equipment, and in some cases even the performance of the police officer\n(in car-videoing and laser control). These measurement errors provide an additional deteriora-\ntion of the approximation of the speed and acceleration. The impact of measurement errors on\napproximations of derivatives is treated in Section 3.3.", + "text": "Since the time-interval of recording is nonzero, the velocity is not determined exactly in general.\nIn this chapter, the resulting error, referred to as the truncation error, is estimated using Taylor se-\nries. In most cases, the truncation error increases with an increasing size of the recording interval\n(Sections 3.2 and 3.4). Next to the truncation error, the measurement of the position of the vehicle\nis also prone to measurement errors. Issues that influence the results are, for example, paral-\nlax, the measurement equipment, and in some cases even the performance of the police officer\n(in car-videoing and laser control). These measurement errors provide an additional deteriora-\ntion of the approximation of the speed and acceleration. The impact of measurement errors on\napproximations of derivatives is treated in Section 3.3." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1468, + "y": 0.5876 + }, + { + "x": 0.8669, + "y": 0.5876 + }, + { + "x": 0.8669, + "y": 0.7161 + }, + { + "x": 0.1468, + "y": 0.7161 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

3.2 Simple difference formulae for the first derivative

", + "markdown": "3.2 Simple difference formulae for the first derivative", + "text": "3.2 Simple difference formulae for the first derivative" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1473, + "y": 0.7395 + }, + { + "x": 0.7587, + "y": 0.7395 + }, + { + "x": 0.7587, + "y": 0.7596 + }, + { + "x": 0.1473, + "y": 0.7596 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Suppose f is a continuously differentiable function. The forward difference is defined as

", + "markdown": "Suppose f is a continuously differentiable function. The forward difference is defined as", + "text": "Suppose f is a continuously differentiable function. The forward difference is defined as" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1477, + "y": 0.7713 + }, + { + "x": 0.7907, + "y": 0.7713 + }, + { + "x": 0.7907, + "y": 0.7875 + }, + { + "x": 0.1477, + "y": 0.7875 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$Q_{f}(h)={\\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}},\\ \\ \\ h>0,$$

", + "markdown": "$$Q_{f}(h)={\\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}},\\ \\ \\ h>0,$$", + "text": "f(x+h) - f(x) \nQf(h) = h > 0, \nh" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3764, + "y": 0.7956 + }, + { + "x": 0.6395, + "y": 0.7956 + }, + { + "x": 0.6395, + "y": 0.8278 + }, + { + "x": 0.3764, + "y": 0.8278 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

in which h is called the step size. By definition,

", + "markdown": "in which h is called the step size. By definition,", + "text": "in which h is called the step size. By definition," + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1473, + "y": 0.8351 + }, + { + "x": 0.4924, + "y": 0.8351 + }, + { + "x": 0.4924, + "y": 0.8516 + }, + { + "x": 0.1473, + "y": 0.8516 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$\\operatorname*{lim}_{h\\to0}{\\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}}=f^{\\prime}(x),$$

", + "markdown": "$$\\operatorname*{lim}_{h\\to0}{\\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}}=f^{\\prime}(x),$$", + "text": "f(x +h) - f(x) \nlim =f'(x), \nh→0 h" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3905, + "y": 0.8578 + }, + { + "x": 0.6207, + "y": 0.8578 + }, + { + "x": 0.6207, + "y": 0.8953 + }, + { + "x": 0.3905, + "y": 0.8953 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000001.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
314
\n
YARROW
\n

1999 such iterations to form parameter distributions. If these distributions are
symmetric, we can pretty much just read values straight out of them to form
confidence intervals (e.g., the 50th and 1950th values out of 1999 will give us a
roughly 95% confidence interval). If they are not, we must do something more
complicated, with the best choice being the bias-corrected and accelerated
(BCa) approach. Because of the large number of fits that are required,
bootstrapping is fairly slow. If the experiment contains many trials, the BCa
method makes it even slower (because it incorporates additional \"jackknife\"
resampling, implying one further fitting iteration for almost every trial). 18

\n

The code accompanying this chapter offers options to generate confidence
intervals on fitted parameters. Confidence intervals sometimes imply
statistical inference, as for example when they fail to overlap some value and
thus imply that our statistic differs significantly from that value. However, in
SJ experiments we are more likely to want to ask a question such as whether
a particular parameter differs between two conditions for a single observer.
To answer this kind of question, you will need to modify or develop the code.
If we take the example of whether parameters vary across conditions, my
recommendation would be to adopt a permutation test approach.

\n

To do so, take the trials from both conditions and think of each trial as a
card in a deck of cards. Making sure you keep each trial intact (i.e., without
breaking the link between SOAS and responses) shuffle the trials and then deal
them at random into two new piles, each representing a pseudo-condition.
If your original conditions contained different numbers of trials, make sure
the two pseudo-conditions match the size of the original conditions. For each
pseudo-condition, perform a model fit. Now calculate the difference between
model parameters in the two pseudo-conditions. This is the value you want to
retain. Now repeat this whole process many times. What you are forming is a
null distribution of the expected difference between model parameters that
would occur just by chance. You can then compare the difference you actually
obtained against this null distribution to generate a P value for your difference
of interest.

\n

7 Variants of SJ Observer Models

\n

In this chapter, I have presented two variants of a latency-based observer mod-
el applied to the SJ task. Both assume that a single SOA will generate an inter-
nal response (△t) that is a Gaussian random variable. Both assume a simple

\n

18 E.g., . Note that Matlab has inbuilt func-
tions, which could have done most of this ifyou have the statistics toolbox extensions.

", + "markdown": "314\n\nYARROW\n\n1999 such iterations to form parameter distributions. If these distributions are\nsymmetric, we can pretty much just read values straight out of them to form\nconfidence intervals (e.g., the 50th and 1950th values out of 1999 will give us a\nroughly 95% confidence interval). If they are not, we must do something more\ncomplicated, with the best choice being the bias-corrected and accelerated\n(BCa) approach. Because of the large number of fits that are required,\nbootstrapping is fairly slow. If the experiment contains many trials, the BCa\nmethod makes it even slower (because it incorporates additional \"jackknife\"\nresampling, implying one further fitting iteration for almost every trial). 18\n\nThe code accompanying this chapter offers options to generate confidence\nintervals on fitted parameters. Confidence intervals sometimes imply\nstatistical inference, as for example when they fail to overlap some value and\nthus imply that our statistic differs significantly from that value. However, in\nSJ experiments we are more likely to want to ask a question such as whether\na particular parameter differs between two conditions for a single observer.\nTo answer this kind of question, you will need to modify or develop the code.\nIf we take the example of whether parameters vary across conditions, my\nrecommendation would be to adopt a permutation test approach.\n\nTo do so, take the trials from both conditions and think of each trial as a\ncard in a deck of cards. Making sure you keep each trial intact (i.e., without\nbreaking the link between SOAS and responses) shuffle the trials and then deal\nthem at random into two new piles, each representing a pseudo-condition.\nIf your original conditions contained different numbers of trials, make sure\nthe two pseudo-conditions match the size of the original conditions. For each\npseudo-condition, perform a model fit. Now calculate the difference between\nmodel parameters in the two pseudo-conditions. This is the value you want to\nretain. Now repeat this whole process many times. What you are forming is a\nnull distribution of the expected difference between model parameters that\nwould occur just by chance. You can then compare the difference you actually\nobtained against this null distribution to generate a P value for your difference\nof interest.\n\n# 7 Variants of SJ Observer Models\n\nIn this chapter, I have presented two variants of a latency-based observer mod-\nel applied to the SJ task. Both assume that a single SOA will generate an inter-\nnal response (△t) that is a Gaussian random variable. Both assume a simple\n\n18 E.g., . Note that Matlab has inbuilt func-\ntions, which could have done most of this ifyou have the statistics toolbox extensions.", + "text": "314\nYARROW\n1999 such iterations to form parameter distributions. If these distributions are\nsymmetric, we can pretty much just read values straight out of them to form\nconfidence intervals (e.g., the 50th and 1950th values out of 1999 will give us a\nroughly 95% confidence interval). If they are not, we must do something more\ncomplicated, with the best choice being the bias-corrected and accelerated\n(BCa) approach. Because of the large number of fits that are required,\nbootstrapping is fairly slow. If the experiment contains many trials, the BCa\nmethod makes it even slower (because it incorporates additional \"jackknife\"\nresampling, implying one further fitting iteration for almost every trial). 18\nThe code accompanying this chapter offers options to generate confidence\nintervals on fitted parameters. Confidence intervals sometimes imply\nstatistical inference, as for example when they fail to overlap some value and\nthus imply that our statistic differs significantly from that value. However, in\nSJ experiments we are more likely to want to ask a question such as whether\na particular parameter differs between two conditions for a single observer.\nTo answer this kind of question, you will need to modify or develop the code.\nIf we take the example of whether parameters vary across conditions, my\nrecommendation would be to adopt a permutation test approach.\nTo do so, take the trials from both conditions and think of each trial as a\ncard in a deck of cards. Making sure you keep each trial intact (i.e., without\nbreaking the link between SOAS and responses) shuffle the trials and then deal\nthem at random into two new piles, each representing a pseudo-condition.\nIf your original conditions contained different numbers of trials, make sure\nthe two pseudo-conditions match the size of the original conditions. For each\npseudo-condition, perform a model fit. Now calculate the difference between\nmodel parameters in the two pseudo-conditions. This is the value you want to\nretain. Now repeat this whole process many times. What you are forming is a\nnull distribution of the expected difference between model parameters that\nwould occur just by chance. You can then compare the difference you actually\nobtained against this null distribution to generate a P value for your difference\nof interest.\n7 Variants of SJ Observer Models\nIn this chapter, I have presented two variants of a latency-based observer mod-\nel applied to the SJ task. Both assume that a single SOA will generate an inter-\nnal response (△t) that is a Gaussian random variable. Both assume a simple\n18 E.g., . Note that Matlab has inbuilt func-\ntions, which could have done most of this ifyou have the statistics toolbox extensions." + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
314
", + "markdown": "314", + "text": "314" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1385, + "y": 0.0533 + }, + { + "x": 0.1729, + "y": 0.0533 + }, + { + "x": 0.1729, + "y": 0.0673 + }, + { + "x": 0.1385, + "y": 0.0673 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
YARROW
", + "markdown": "YARROW", + "text": "YARROW" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8032, + "y": 0.0524 + }, + { + "x": 0.8873, + "y": 0.0524 + }, + { + "x": 0.8873, + "y": 0.0668 + }, + { + "x": 0.8032, + "y": 0.0668 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

1999 such iterations to form parameter distributions. If these distributions are
symmetric, we can pretty much just read values straight out of them to form
confidence intervals (e.g., the 50th and 1950th values out of 1999 will give us a
roughly 95% confidence interval). If they are not, we must do something more
complicated, with the best choice being the bias-corrected and accelerated
(BCa) approach. Because of the large number of fits that are required,
bootstrapping is fairly slow. If the experiment contains many trials, the BCa
method makes it even slower (because it incorporates additional \"jackknife\"
resampling, implying one further fitting iteration for almost every trial). 18

", + "markdown": "1999 such iterations to form parameter distributions. If these distributions are\nsymmetric, we can pretty much just read values straight out of them to form\nconfidence intervals (e.g., the 50th and 1950th values out of 1999 will give us a\nroughly 95% confidence interval). If they are not, we must do something more\ncomplicated, with the best choice being the bias-corrected and accelerated\n(BCa) approach. Because of the large number of fits that are required,\nbootstrapping is fairly slow. If the experiment contains many trials, the BCa\nmethod makes it even slower (because it incorporates additional \"jackknife\"\nresampling, implying one further fitting iteration for almost every trial). 18", + "text": "1999 such iterations to form parameter distributions. If these distributions are\nsymmetric, we can pretty much just read values straight out of them to form\nconfidence intervals (e.g., the 50th and 1950th values out of 1999 will give us a\nroughly 95% confidence interval). If they are not, we must do something more\ncomplicated, with the best choice being the bias-corrected and accelerated\n(BCa) approach. Because of the large number of fits that are required,\nbootstrapping is fairly slow. If the experiment contains many trials, the BCa\nmethod makes it even slower (because it incorporates additional \"jackknife\"\nresampling, implying one further fitting iteration for almost every trial). 18" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1375, + "y": 0.0915 + }, + { + "x": 0.8878, + "y": 0.0915 + }, + { + "x": 0.8878, + "y": 0.2708 + }, + { + "x": 0.1375, + "y": 0.2708 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The code accompanying this chapter offers options to generate confidence
intervals on fitted parameters. Confidence intervals sometimes imply
statistical inference, as for example when they fail to overlap some value and
thus imply that our statistic differs significantly from that value. However, in
SJ experiments we are more likely to want to ask a question such as whether
a particular parameter differs between two conditions for a single observer.
To answer this kind of question, you will need to modify or develop the code.
If we take the example of whether parameters vary across conditions, my
recommendation would be to adopt a permutation test approach.

", + "markdown": "The code accompanying this chapter offers options to generate confidence\nintervals on fitted parameters. Confidence intervals sometimes imply\nstatistical inference, as for example when they fail to overlap some value and\nthus imply that our statistic differs significantly from that value. However, in\nSJ experiments we are more likely to want to ask a question such as whether\na particular parameter differs between two conditions for a single observer.\nTo answer this kind of question, you will need to modify or develop the code.\nIf we take the example of whether parameters vary across conditions, my\nrecommendation would be to adopt a permutation test approach.", + "text": "The code accompanying this chapter offers options to generate confidence\nintervals on fitted parameters. Confidence intervals sometimes imply\nstatistical inference, as for example when they fail to overlap some value and\nthus imply that our statistic differs significantly from that value. However, in\nSJ experiments we are more likely to want to ask a question such as whether\na particular parameter differs between two conditions for a single observer.\nTo answer this kind of question, you will need to modify or develop the code.\nIf we take the example of whether parameters vary across conditions, my\nrecommendation would be to adopt a permutation test approach." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1374, + "y": 0.2728 + }, + { + "x": 0.8877, + "y": 0.2728 + }, + { + "x": 0.8877, + "y": 0.4523 + }, + { + "x": 0.1374, + "y": 0.4523 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

To do so, take the trials from both conditions and think of each trial as a
card in a deck of cards. Making sure you keep each trial intact (i.e., without
breaking the link between SOAS and responses) shuffle the trials and then deal
them at random into two new piles, each representing a pseudo-condition.
If your original conditions contained different numbers of trials, make sure
the two pseudo-conditions match the size of the original conditions. For each
pseudo-condition, perform a model fit. Now calculate the difference between
model parameters in the two pseudo-conditions. This is the value you want to
retain. Now repeat this whole process many times. What you are forming is a
null distribution of the expected difference between model parameters that
would occur just by chance. You can then compare the difference you actually
obtained against this null distribution to generate a P value for your difference
of interest.

", + "markdown": "To do so, take the trials from both conditions and think of each trial as a\ncard in a deck of cards. Making sure you keep each trial intact (i.e., without\nbreaking the link between SOAS and responses) shuffle the trials and then deal\nthem at random into two new piles, each representing a pseudo-condition.\nIf your original conditions contained different numbers of trials, make sure\nthe two pseudo-conditions match the size of the original conditions. For each\npseudo-condition, perform a model fit. Now calculate the difference between\nmodel parameters in the two pseudo-conditions. This is the value you want to\nretain. Now repeat this whole process many times. What you are forming is a\nnull distribution of the expected difference between model parameters that\nwould occur just by chance. You can then compare the difference you actually\nobtained against this null distribution to generate a P value for your difference\nof interest.", + "text": "To do so, take the trials from both conditions and think of each trial as a\ncard in a deck of cards. Making sure you keep each trial intact (i.e., without\nbreaking the link between SOAS and responses) shuffle the trials and then deal\nthem at random into two new piles, each representing a pseudo-condition.\nIf your original conditions contained different numbers of trials, make sure\nthe two pseudo-conditions match the size of the original conditions. For each\npseudo-condition, perform a model fit. Now calculate the difference between\nmodel parameters in the two pseudo-conditions. This is the value you want to\nretain. Now repeat this whole process many times. What you are forming is a\nnull distribution of the expected difference between model parameters that\nwould occur just by chance. You can then compare the difference you actually\nobtained against this null distribution to generate a P value for your difference\nof interest." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1368, + "y": 0.4565 + }, + { + "x": 0.8864, + "y": 0.4565 + }, + { + "x": 0.8864, + "y": 0.7145 + }, + { + "x": 0.1368, + "y": 0.7145 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

7 Variants of SJ Observer Models

", + "markdown": "# 7 Variants of SJ Observer Models", + "text": "7 Variants of SJ Observer Models" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1363, + "y": 0.7583 + }, + { + "x": 0.5282, + "y": 0.7583 + }, + { + "x": 0.5282, + "y": 0.7767 + }, + { + "x": 0.1363, + "y": 0.7767 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

In this chapter, I have presented two variants of a latency-based observer mod-
el applied to the SJ task. Both assume that a single SOA will generate an inter-
nal response (△t) that is a Gaussian random variable. Both assume a simple

", + "markdown": "In this chapter, I have presented two variants of a latency-based observer mod-\nel applied to the SJ task. Both assume that a single SOA will generate an inter-\nnal response (△t) that is a Gaussian random variable. Both assume a simple", + "text": "In this chapter, I have presented two variants of a latency-based observer mod-\nel applied to the SJ task. Both assume that a single SOA will generate an inter-\nnal response (△t) that is a Gaussian random variable. Both assume a simple" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1372, + "y": 0.7983 + }, + { + "x": 0.8875, + "y": 0.7983 + }, + { + "x": 0.8875, + "y": 0.8587 + }, + { + "x": 0.1372, + "y": 0.8587 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

18 E.g., . Note that Matlab has inbuilt func-
tions, which could have done most of this ifyou have the statistics toolbox extensions.

", + "markdown": "18 E.g., . Note that Matlab has inbuilt func-\ntions, which could have done most of this ifyou have the statistics toolbox extensions.", + "text": "18 E.g., . Note that Matlab has inbuilt func-\ntions, which could have done most of this ifyou have the statistics toolbox extensions." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1396, + "y": 0.8822 + }, + { + "x": 0.886, + "y": 0.8822 + }, + { + "x": 0.886, + "y": 0.9185 + }, + { + "x": 0.1396, + "y": 0.9185 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000102.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
\"800\n714\n700
\n

(Kazaetal. 2018)

\n

Canada is currently the world's largest producer of MSW per capita. At slightly more than 36 metric
tons per person per year, Canadians generate roughly 10 tons more MSW per person annually than
the next highest garbage producers, Bulgarians and Americans (Tiseo, 2021). Summiting a list like this
is obviously not in any country's best interest-there are no kudos for reaching the top of the heap,
so to speak. Is it therefore possible that those nations reaching the top will take the lead in reversing
course?

\n

Halifax is one Canadian city that apparently has. On August 1st, 2015, the city began providing a
\"green nudge\" to citizens living in its urban core area with the introduction of the Clear Bag Policy, a
policy designed to nudge households toward more responsible sorting of their waste, which, in turn,
would result in an overall reduction in the total amount of waste generated. As Akbulut-Yuksel and
Boulatoff point out, under the new policy, households were mandated to replace their black garbage
bags, traditionally used for the disposal of their refuse, with clear, transparent bags. The Clear Bag
Policy allowed households to put out the same number of garbage bags at the curb (six every other
week), but all waste destined for the landfill was required to be disposed of in a clear bag (except for
one dark bag permitted for privacy's sake). This allowed waste collectors to screen and refuse any bags
containing materials that should otherwise have been diverted from the landfill, such as recyclables,
food waste, and hazardous waste. Clear bags also made apparent to everyone, neighbors and passersby
33
alike, a given household's waste-generation and disposal habits.

\n

To test the Clear Bag Policy's impact on a typical household's generation of MSW, Akbulut- Yuksel
and Boulatoff designed a quasi-experiment spanning the period from January 6, 2014, to July 28,
2017, with January 6, 2014, to July 31, 2015, serving as the pre-treatment period and August 1, 2015,
to July 28, 2017, serving as the post-treatment period. MSW data collected during this time span

\n

33. As Akbulut- Yuksel and Boulatoff point out, Halifax households are required to sort waste in four ways: (1) recyclable
containers (plastics, glass, and aluminum) are put in a transparent blue bag, (2) paper and cardboard are put in a separate
bag, (3) organic food waste goes in a green bin provided by the city, and (4) the remaining waste (refuse) goes into garbage
bags. Recyclable materials are collected each week, while garbage and organic waste are each collected every other week on
opposite weeks (except in the summer months when, thank goodness, organic waste is collected on a weekly basis).
234 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN

", + "markdown": "800\n714\n700 661\n602\nyear\n600\n516\nper\n490\n500 466 468\n440\n396 392\n400 369\n342 334\nof tonnes\n290 289\n269\nMillions 300 255\n231\n177 174\n200\n129\n100\n0\nMiddle East Sub-Saharan Latin America North South Europe and East Asia\nand Africa and America Asia Central Asia and\nNorth Africa Caribbean Pacific\n2016 2030 2050\n\n(Kazaetal. 2018)\n\nCanada is currently the world's largest producer of MSW per capita. At slightly more than 36 metric\ntons per person per year, Canadians generate roughly 10 tons more MSW per person annually than\nthe next highest garbage producers, Bulgarians and Americans (Tiseo, 2021). Summiting a list like this\nis obviously not in any country's best interest-there are no kudos for reaching the top of the heap,\nso to speak. Is it therefore possible that those nations reaching the top will take the lead in reversing\ncourse?\n\nHalifax is one Canadian city that apparently has. On August 1st, 2015, the city began providing a\n\"green nudge\" to citizens living in its urban core area with the introduction of the Clear Bag Policy, a\npolicy designed to nudge households toward more responsible sorting of their waste, which, in turn,\nwould result in an overall reduction in the total amount of waste generated. As Akbulut-Yuksel and\nBoulatoff point out, under the new policy, households were mandated to replace their black garbage\nbags, traditionally used for the disposal of their refuse, with clear, transparent bags. The Clear Bag\nPolicy allowed households to put out the same number of garbage bags at the curb (six every other\nweek), but all waste destined for the landfill was required to be disposed of in a clear bag (except for\none dark bag permitted for privacy's sake). This allowed waste collectors to screen and refuse any bags\ncontaining materials that should otherwise have been diverted from the landfill, such as recyclables,\nfood waste, and hazardous waste. Clear bags also made apparent to everyone, neighbors and passersby\n33\nalike, a given household's waste-generation and disposal habits.\n\nTo test the Clear Bag Policy's impact on a typical household's generation of MSW, Akbulut- Yuksel\nand Boulatoff designed a quasi-experiment spanning the period from January 6, 2014, to July 28,\n2017, with January 6, 2014, to July 31, 2015, serving as the pre-treatment period and August 1, 2015,\nto July 28, 2017, serving as the post-treatment period. MSW data collected during this time span\n\n33. As Akbulut- Yuksel and Boulatoff point out, Halifax households are required to sort waste in four ways: (1) recyclable\ncontainers (plastics, glass, and aluminum) are put in a transparent blue bag, (2) paper and cardboard are put in a separate\nbag, (3) organic food waste goes in a green bin provided by the city, and (4) the remaining waste (refuse) goes into garbage\nbags. Recyclable materials are collected each week, while garbage and organic waste are each collected every other week on\nopposite weeks (except in the summer months when, thank goodness, organic waste is collected on a weekly basis).\n234 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", + "text": "800\n714\n700 661\n602\nyear\n600\n516\nper\n490\n500 466 468\n440\n396 392\n400 369\n342 334\nof tonnes\n290 289\n269\nMillions 300 255\n231\n177 174\n200\n129\n100\n0\nMiddle East Sub-Saharan Latin America North South Europe and East Asia\nand Africa and America Asia Central Asia and\nNorth Africa Caribbean Pacific\n2016 2030 2050\n(Kazaetal. 2018)\nCanada is currently the world's largest producer of MSW per capita. At slightly more than 36 metric\ntons per person per year, Canadians generate roughly 10 tons more MSW per person annually than\nthe next highest garbage producers, Bulgarians and Americans (Tiseo, 2021). Summiting a list like this\nis obviously not in any country's best interest-there are no kudos for reaching the top of the heap,\nso to speak. Is it therefore possible that those nations reaching the top will take the lead in reversing\ncourse?\nHalifax is one Canadian city that apparently has. On August 1st, 2015, the city began providing a\n\"green nudge\" to citizens living in its urban core area with the introduction of the Clear Bag Policy, a\npolicy designed to nudge households toward more responsible sorting of their waste, which, in turn,\nwould result in an overall reduction in the total amount of waste generated. As Akbulut-Yuksel and\nBoulatoff point out, under the new policy, households were mandated to replace their black garbage\nbags, traditionally used for the disposal of their refuse, with clear, transparent bags. The Clear Bag\nPolicy allowed households to put out the same number of garbage bags at the curb (six every other\nweek), but all waste destined for the landfill was required to be disposed of in a clear bag (except for\none dark bag permitted for privacy's sake). This allowed waste collectors to screen and refuse any bags\ncontaining materials that should otherwise have been diverted from the landfill, such as recyclables,\nfood waste, and hazardous waste. Clear bags also made apparent to everyone, neighbors and passersby\n33\nalike, a given household's waste-generation and disposal habits.\nTo test the Clear Bag Policy's impact on a typical household's generation of MSW, Akbulut- Yuksel\nand Boulatoff designed a quasi-experiment spanning the period from January 6, 2014, to July 28,\n2017, with January 6, 2014, to July 31, 2015, serving as the pre-treatment period and August 1, 2015,\nto July 28, 2017, serving as the post-treatment period. MSW data collected during this time span\n33. As Akbulut- Yuksel and Boulatoff point out, Halifax households are required to sort waste in four ways: (1) recyclable\ncontainers (plastics, glass, and aluminum) are put in a transparent blue bag, (2) paper and cardboard are put in a separate\nbag, (3) organic food waste goes in a green bin provided by the city, and (4) the remaining waste (refuse) goes into garbage\nbags. Recyclable materials are collected each week, while garbage and organic waste are each collected every other week on\nopposite weeks (except in the summer months when, thank goodness, organic waste is collected on a weekly basis).\n234 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"800\n714\n700
", + "markdown": "800\n714\n700 661\n602\nyear\n600\n516\nper\n490\n500 466 468\n440\n396 392\n400 369\n342 334\nof tonnes\n290 289\n269\nMillions 300 255\n231\n177 174\n200\n129\n100\n0\nMiddle East Sub-Saharan Latin America North South Europe and East Asia\nand Africa and America Asia Central Asia and\nNorth Africa Caribbean Pacific\n2016 2030 2050", + "text": "800\n714\n700 661\n602\nyear\n600\n516\nper\n490\n500 466 468\n440\n396 392\n400 369\n342 334\nof tonnes\n290 289\n269\nMillions 300 255\n231\n177 174\n200\n129\n100\n0\nMiddle East Sub-Saharan Latin America North South Europe and East Asia\nand Africa and America Asia Central Asia and\nNorth Africa Caribbean Pacific\n2016 2030 2050" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1159, + "y": 0.0744 + }, + { + "x": 0.8831, + "y": 0.0744 + }, + { + "x": 0.8831, + "y": 0.3798 + }, + { + "x": 0.1159, + "y": 0.3798 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

(Kazaetal. 2018)

", + "markdown": "(Kazaetal. 2018)", + "text": "(Kazaetal. 2018)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1095, + "y": 0.3973 + }, + { + "x": 0.2215, + "y": 0.3973 + }, + { + "x": 0.2215, + "y": 0.4126 + }, + { + "x": 0.1095, + "y": 0.4126 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Canada is currently the world's largest producer of MSW per capita. At slightly more than 36 metric
tons per person per year, Canadians generate roughly 10 tons more MSW per person annually than
the next highest garbage producers, Bulgarians and Americans (Tiseo, 2021). Summiting a list like this
is obviously not in any country's best interest-there are no kudos for reaching the top of the heap,
so to speak. Is it therefore possible that those nations reaching the top will take the lead in reversing
course?

", + "markdown": "Canada is currently the world's largest producer of MSW per capita. At slightly more than 36 metric\ntons per person per year, Canadians generate roughly 10 tons more MSW per person annually than\nthe next highest garbage producers, Bulgarians and Americans (Tiseo, 2021). Summiting a list like this\nis obviously not in any country's best interest-there are no kudos for reaching the top of the heap,\nso to speak. Is it therefore possible that those nations reaching the top will take the lead in reversing\ncourse?", + "text": "Canada is currently the world's largest producer of MSW per capita. At slightly more than 36 metric\ntons per person per year, Canadians generate roughly 10 tons more MSW per person annually than\nthe next highest garbage producers, Bulgarians and Americans (Tiseo, 2021). Summiting a list like this\nis obviously not in any country's best interest-there are no kudos for reaching the top of the heap,\nso to speak. Is it therefore possible that those nations reaching the top will take the lead in reversing\ncourse?" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0877, + "y": 0.4229 + }, + { + "x": 0.9119, + "y": 0.4229 + }, + { + "x": 0.9119, + "y": 0.5384 + }, + { + "x": 0.0877, + "y": 0.5384 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Halifax is one Canadian city that apparently has. On August 1st, 2015, the city began providing a
\"green nudge\" to citizens living in its urban core area with the introduction of the Clear Bag Policy, a
policy designed to nudge households toward more responsible sorting of their waste, which, in turn,
would result in an overall reduction in the total amount of waste generated. As Akbulut-Yuksel and
Boulatoff point out, under the new policy, households were mandated to replace their black garbage
bags, traditionally used for the disposal of their refuse, with clear, transparent bags. The Clear Bag
Policy allowed households to put out the same number of garbage bags at the curb (six every other
week), but all waste destined for the landfill was required to be disposed of in a clear bag (except for
one dark bag permitted for privacy's sake). This allowed waste collectors to screen and refuse any bags
containing materials that should otherwise have been diverted from the landfill, such as recyclables,
food waste, and hazardous waste. Clear bags also made apparent to everyone, neighbors and passersby
33
alike, a given household's waste-generation and disposal habits.

", + "markdown": "Halifax is one Canadian city that apparently has. On August 1st, 2015, the city began providing a\n\"green nudge\" to citizens living in its urban core area with the introduction of the Clear Bag Policy, a\npolicy designed to nudge households toward more responsible sorting of their waste, which, in turn,\nwould result in an overall reduction in the total amount of waste generated. As Akbulut-Yuksel and\nBoulatoff point out, under the new policy, households were mandated to replace their black garbage\nbags, traditionally used for the disposal of their refuse, with clear, transparent bags. The Clear Bag\nPolicy allowed households to put out the same number of garbage bags at the curb (six every other\nweek), but all waste destined for the landfill was required to be disposed of in a clear bag (except for\none dark bag permitted for privacy's sake). This allowed waste collectors to screen and refuse any bags\ncontaining materials that should otherwise have been diverted from the landfill, such as recyclables,\nfood waste, and hazardous waste. Clear bags also made apparent to everyone, neighbors and passersby\n33\nalike, a given household's waste-generation and disposal habits.", + "text": "Halifax is one Canadian city that apparently has. On August 1st, 2015, the city began providing a\n\"green nudge\" to citizens living in its urban core area with the introduction of the Clear Bag Policy, a\npolicy designed to nudge households toward more responsible sorting of their waste, which, in turn,\nwould result in an overall reduction in the total amount of waste generated. As Akbulut-Yuksel and\nBoulatoff point out, under the new policy, households were mandated to replace their black garbage\nbags, traditionally used for the disposal of their refuse, with clear, transparent bags. The Clear Bag\nPolicy allowed households to put out the same number of garbage bags at the curb (six every other\nweek), but all waste destined for the landfill was required to be disposed of in a clear bag (except for\none dark bag permitted for privacy's sake). This allowed waste collectors to screen and refuse any bags\ncontaining materials that should otherwise have been diverted from the landfill, such as recyclables,\nfood waste, and hazardous waste. Clear bags also made apparent to everyone, neighbors and passersby\n33\nalike, a given household's waste-generation and disposal habits." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0879, + "y": 0.5419 + }, + { + "x": 0.9115, + "y": 0.5419 + }, + { + "x": 0.9115, + "y": 0.7727 + }, + { + "x": 0.0879, + "y": 0.7727 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

To test the Clear Bag Policy's impact on a typical household's generation of MSW, Akbulut- Yuksel
and Boulatoff designed a quasi-experiment spanning the period from January 6, 2014, to July 28,
2017, with January 6, 2014, to July 31, 2015, serving as the pre-treatment period and August 1, 2015,
to July 28, 2017, serving as the post-treatment period. MSW data collected during this time span

", + "markdown": "To test the Clear Bag Policy's impact on a typical household's generation of MSW, Akbulut- Yuksel\nand Boulatoff designed a quasi-experiment spanning the period from January 6, 2014, to July 28,\n2017, with January 6, 2014, to July 31, 2015, serving as the pre-treatment period and August 1, 2015,\nto July 28, 2017, serving as the post-treatment period. MSW data collected during this time span", + "text": "To test the Clear Bag Policy's impact on a typical household's generation of MSW, Akbulut- Yuksel\nand Boulatoff designed a quasi-experiment spanning the period from January 6, 2014, to July 28,\n2017, with January 6, 2014, to July 31, 2015, serving as the pre-treatment period and August 1, 2015,\nto July 28, 2017, serving as the post-treatment period. MSW data collected during this time span" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0869, + "y": 0.7731 + }, + { + "x": 0.9129, + "y": 0.7731 + }, + { + "x": 0.9129, + "y": 0.8513 + }, + { + "x": 0.0869, + "y": 0.8513 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

33. As Akbulut- Yuksel and Boulatoff point out, Halifax households are required to sort waste in four ways: (1) recyclable
containers (plastics, glass, and aluminum) are put in a transparent blue bag, (2) paper and cardboard are put in a separate
bag, (3) organic food waste goes in a green bin provided by the city, and (4) the remaining waste (refuse) goes into garbage
bags. Recyclable materials are collected each week, while garbage and organic waste are each collected every other week on
opposite weeks (except in the summer months when, thank goodness, organic waste is collected on a weekly basis).
234 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN

", + "markdown": "33. As Akbulut- Yuksel and Boulatoff point out, Halifax households are required to sort waste in four ways: (1) recyclable\ncontainers (plastics, glass, and aluminum) are put in a transparent blue bag, (2) paper and cardboard are put in a separate\nbag, (3) organic food waste goes in a green bin provided by the city, and (4) the remaining waste (refuse) goes into garbage\nbags. Recyclable materials are collected each week, while garbage and organic waste are each collected every other week on\nopposite weeks (except in the summer months when, thank goodness, organic waste is collected on a weekly basis).\n234 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", + "text": "33. As Akbulut- Yuksel and Boulatoff point out, Halifax households are required to sort waste in four ways: (1) recyclable\ncontainers (plastics, glass, and aluminum) are put in a transparent blue bag, (2) paper and cardboard are put in a separate\nbag, (3) organic food waste goes in a green bin provided by the city, and (4) the remaining waste (refuse) goes into garbage\nbags. Recyclable materials are collected each week, while garbage and organic waste are each collected every other week on\nopposite weeks (except in the summer months when, thank goodness, organic waste is collected on a weekly basis).\n234 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0676, + "y": 0.8668 + }, + { + "x": 0.9099, + "y": 0.8668 + }, + { + "x": 0.9099, + "y": 0.9622 + }, + { + "x": 0.0676, + "y": 0.9622 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000179.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Cortemponary
\n

Figure 12.2. A set of open textbooks printed in bulk are featured in this photo. Open textbooks from the
Open Course Library, picture by Tom Caswell, CC BY 2.0.

\n

What tool(s) do you typically use in your course?

\n

Ask whether the instructor utilizes your institution's course management system (Canvas,
Blackboard, etc.), or a separate course website to communicate and share content with students.
This may affect the tools and practices you recommend.

\n

What supporting materials do you utilize for this course?

\n

If the instructor relies on self-grading homework platforms or ancillary presentations and lecture
notes from publishers, you will want to discuss the various free and low-cost options available to
replace that content (See Chapter 15, Finding Ancillaries for OER).

\n

Alternatively, does the instructor already supplement their course materials with course notes or
materials they have personally created? Often, when traditional materials are lacking or require
supplement, instructors will create notes, reading lists, or other content to \"back up\" any
traditional, commercial content used in their course. This instructor-created content can be
reused with OER as well, or even adapted into a new open resource in the future.

\n
164 SUPPORTING OER ADOPTION
", + "markdown": "Cortemponary Catulan\nthepany Catula B\nmpurary Cacula\npm Calsta\nmpunary Cacuse 17\nComtimporary Calcul\nContemperan Catu\nCommemponary Cacule\nContemponery ☆\ndirated\n1.1.11.11.11.1101010101 Bright\nTw\nPHIN\nNO\n\nFigure 12.2. A set of open textbooks printed in bulk are featured in this photo. Open textbooks from the\nOpen Course Library, picture by Tom Caswell, CC BY 2.0.\n\nWhat tool(s) do you typically use in your course?\n\nAsk whether the instructor utilizes your institution's course management system (Canvas,\nBlackboard, etc.), or a separate course website to communicate and share content with students.\nThis may affect the tools and practices you recommend.\n\nWhat supporting materials do you utilize for this course?\n\nIf the instructor relies on self-grading homework platforms or ancillary presentations and lecture\nnotes from publishers, you will want to discuss the various free and low-cost options available to\nreplace that content (See Chapter 15, Finding Ancillaries for OER).\n\nAlternatively, does the instructor already supplement their course materials with course notes or\nmaterials they have personally created? Often, when traditional materials are lacking or require\nsupplement, instructors will create notes, reading lists, or other content to \"back up\" any\ntraditional, commercial content used in their course. This instructor-created content can be\nreused with OER as well, or even adapted into a new open resource in the future.\n\n164 SUPPORTING OER ADOPTION", + "text": "Cortemponary Catulan\nthepany Catula B\nmpurary Cacula\npm Calsta\nmpunary Cacuse 17\nComtimporary Calcul\nContemperan Catu\nCommemponary Cacule\nContemponery ☆\ndirated\n1.1.11.11.11.1101010101 Bright\nTw\nPHIN\nNO\nFigure 12.2. A set of open textbooks printed in bulk are featured in this photo. Open textbooks from the\nOpen Course Library, picture by Tom Caswell, CC BY 2.0.\nWhat tool(s) do you typically use in your course?\nAsk whether the instructor utilizes your institution's course management system (Canvas,\nBlackboard, etc.), or a separate course website to communicate and share content with students.\nThis may affect the tools and practices you recommend.\nWhat supporting materials do you utilize for this course?\nIf the instructor relies on self-grading homework platforms or ancillary presentations and lecture\nnotes from publishers, you will want to discuss the various free and low-cost options available to\nreplace that content (See Chapter 15, Finding Ancillaries for OER).\nAlternatively, does the instructor already supplement their course materials with course notes or\nmaterials they have personally created? Often, when traditional materials are lacking or require\nsupplement, instructors will create notes, reading lists, or other content to \"back up\" any\ntraditional, commercial content used in their course. This instructor-created content can be\nreused with OER as well, or even adapted into a new open resource in the future.\n164 SUPPORTING OER ADOPTION" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Cortemponary
", + "markdown": "Cortemponary Catulan\nthepany Catula B\nmpurary Cacula\npm Calsta\nmpunary Cacuse 17\nComtimporary Calcul\nContemperan Catu\nCommemponary Cacule\nContemponery ☆\ndirated\n1.1.11.11.11.1101010101 Bright\nTw\nPHIN\nNO", + "text": "Cortemponary Catulan\nthepany Catula B\nmpurary Cacula\npm Calsta\nmpunary Cacuse 17\nComtimporary Calcul\nContemperan Catu\nCommemponary Cacule\nContemponery ☆\ndirated\n1.1.11.11.11.1101010101 Bright\nTw\nPHIN\nNO" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1139, + "y": 0.0693 + }, + { + "x": 0.8846, + "y": 0.0693 + }, + { + "x": 0.8846, + "y": 0.516 + }, + { + "x": 0.1139, + "y": 0.516 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 12.2. A set of open textbooks printed in bulk are featured in this photo. Open textbooks from the
Open Course Library, picture by Tom Caswell, CC BY 2.0.

", + "markdown": "Figure 12.2. A set of open textbooks printed in bulk are featured in this photo. Open textbooks from the\nOpen Course Library, picture by Tom Caswell, CC BY 2.0.", + "text": "Figure 12.2. A set of open textbooks printed in bulk are featured in this photo. Open textbooks from the\nOpen Course Library, picture by Tom Caswell, CC BY 2.0." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1123, + "y": 0.5265 + }, + { + "x": 0.8674, + "y": 0.5265 + }, + { + "x": 0.8674, + "y": 0.5578 + }, + { + "x": 0.1123, + "y": 0.5578 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

What tool(s) do you typically use in your course?

", + "markdown": "What tool(s) do you typically use in your course?", + "text": "What tool(s) do you typically use in your course?" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1108, + "y": 0.5845 + }, + { + "x": 0.6311, + "y": 0.5845 + }, + { + "x": 0.6311, + "y": 0.6072 + }, + { + "x": 0.1108, + "y": 0.6072 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Ask whether the instructor utilizes your institution's course management system (Canvas,
Blackboard, etc.), or a separate course website to communicate and share content with students.
This may affect the tools and practices you recommend.

", + "markdown": "Ask whether the instructor utilizes your institution's course management system (Canvas,\nBlackboard, etc.), or a separate course website to communicate and share content with students.\nThis may affect the tools and practices you recommend.", + "text": "Ask whether the instructor utilizes your institution's course management system (Canvas,\nBlackboard, etc.), or a separate course website to communicate and share content with students.\nThis may affect the tools and practices you recommend." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1116, + "y": 0.6235 + }, + { + "x": 0.8888, + "y": 0.6235 + }, + { + "x": 0.8888, + "y": 0.6814 + }, + { + "x": 0.1116, + "y": 0.6814 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

What supporting materials do you utilize for this course?

", + "markdown": "What supporting materials do you utilize for this course?", + "text": "What supporting materials do you utilize for this course?" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1109, + "y": 0.7053 + }, + { + "x": 0.7218, + "y": 0.7053 + }, + { + "x": 0.7218, + "y": 0.7272 + }, + { + "x": 0.1109, + "y": 0.7272 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

If the instructor relies on self-grading homework platforms or ancillary presentations and lecture
notes from publishers, you will want to discuss the various free and low-cost options available to
replace that content (See Chapter 15, Finding Ancillaries for OER).

", + "markdown": "If the instructor relies on self-grading homework platforms or ancillary presentations and lecture\nnotes from publishers, you will want to discuss the various free and low-cost options available to\nreplace that content (See Chapter 15, Finding Ancillaries for OER).", + "text": "If the instructor relies on self-grading homework platforms or ancillary presentations and lecture\nnotes from publishers, you will want to discuss the various free and low-cost options available to\nreplace that content (See Chapter 15, Finding Ancillaries for OER)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1111, + "y": 0.7439 + }, + { + "x": 0.889, + "y": 0.7439 + }, + { + "x": 0.889, + "y": 0.8008 + }, + { + "x": 0.1111, + "y": 0.8008 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Alternatively, does the instructor already supplement their course materials with course notes or
materials they have personally created? Often, when traditional materials are lacking or require
supplement, instructors will create notes, reading lists, or other content to \"back up\" any
traditional, commercial content used in their course. This instructor-created content can be
reused with OER as well, or even adapted into a new open resource in the future.

", + "markdown": "Alternatively, does the instructor already supplement their course materials with course notes or\nmaterials they have personally created? Often, when traditional materials are lacking or require\nsupplement, instructors will create notes, reading lists, or other content to \"back up\" any\ntraditional, commercial content used in their course. This instructor-created content can be\nreused with OER as well, or even adapted into a new open resource in the future.", + "text": "Alternatively, does the instructor already supplement their course materials with course notes or\nmaterials they have personally created? Often, when traditional materials are lacking or require\nsupplement, instructors will create notes, reading lists, or other content to \"back up\" any\ntraditional, commercial content used in their course. This instructor-created content can be\nreused with OER as well, or even adapted into a new open resource in the future." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1111, + "y": 0.8173 + }, + { + "x": 0.8906, + "y": 0.8173 + }, + { + "x": 0.8906, + "y": 0.9147 + }, + { + "x": 0.1111, + "y": 0.9147 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
164 SUPPORTING OER ADOPTION
", + "markdown": "164 SUPPORTING OER ADOPTION", + "text": "164 SUPPORTING OER ADOPTION" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1121, + "y": 0.9384 + }, + { + "x": 0.3705, + "y": 0.9384 + }, + { + "x": 0.3705, + "y": 0.9547 + }, + { + "x": 0.1121, + "y": 0.9547 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000068.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

The World Bank/PEMSEA Assessment of Policies and Regulations to Guide Country
Dialogue at National Level to Reduce Plastic Waste in the Philippines indicated:

\n

\"Despite these efforts, there seemed to be very limited information that shows the
effectiveness of the bans on reducing plastics and litter, or even diversion from
landfills in the country. For the majority of LGUs in the country, however, there
seemed to be no clear documentation and reporting of progress and updated
waste data possibly due to the difficulty and complexity of data generation and
assessment. Another possible constraint is that the scope of the LGU ordinances
vary and covered different kinds of SUPP, including the exemptions, which makes
integration of the various reports, if available, a challenge.\"

\n

The World Bank/PEMSEA report also recommended that a baseline assessment be
conducted to obtain a better understanding which SUPP are the most prevalent and
problematic in the Philippines and to also identify the sources and extent and impacts of
mismanagement.

\n

b. Extended producer responsibility (EPR). EPR schemes use a combination of regulatory
approaches to extend manufacturers' responsibility for single-use plastic products
throughout their life cycle, including to the end-of-life stage. These schemes are aimed
at decreasing the overall environmental impact from a product and its packaging.
The primary responsibility under EPR lies with the producer, who makes design and
marketing decisions. In most European countries, product manufacturers are charged
a fee for every piece of packaging they put onto the market based on the reusability or
recyclability of the packaging, supported by technical analysis. These fees are intended
to cover some or all of the costs of collection, sorting and recycling. Since the recycling
of plastic packaging costs more than it yields, companies will benefit from a more cost-
effective system of packaging.

\n

C. Regulated Storage, Manufacture and Use of

\n

plastics. India required its states to enforce existing
rules on the storage, manufacture, and use of some
single-use plastics in lieu of a nationwide ban.
Meanwhile, the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (DENR) is yet to issue a list of
non-environmentally accepted products (NEAP) as
provided in Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid
Waste Management Act, passed a decade ago. This
will include single use plastics in all product forms per
technical advice of the Department of Science and

\n
\"CA\nME
Figure 27. Soft drinks can with
the message \"Recycle Me\"
\n\n

64

\n
Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry
", + "markdown": "The World Bank/PEMSEA Assessment of Policies and Regulations to Guide Country\nDialogue at National Level to Reduce Plastic Waste in the Philippines indicated:\n\n\"Despite these efforts, there seemed to be very limited information that shows the\neffectiveness of the bans on reducing plastics and litter, or even diversion from\nlandfills in the country. For the majority of LGUs in the country, however, there\nseemed to be no clear documentation and reporting of progress and updated\nwaste data possibly due to the difficulty and complexity of data generation and\nassessment. Another possible constraint is that the scope of the LGU ordinances\nvary and covered different kinds of SUPP, including the exemptions, which makes\nintegration of the various reports, if available, a challenge.\"\n\nThe World Bank/PEMSEA report also recommended that a baseline assessment be\nconducted to obtain a better understanding which SUPP are the most prevalent and\nproblematic in the Philippines and to also identify the sources and extent and impacts of\nmismanagement.\n\nb. Extended producer responsibility (EPR). EPR schemes use a combination of regulatory\napproaches to extend manufacturers' responsibility for single-use plastic products\nthroughout their life cycle, including to the end-of-life stage. These schemes are aimed\nat decreasing the overall environmental impact from a product and its packaging.\nThe primary responsibility under EPR lies with the producer, who makes design and\nmarketing decisions. In most European countries, product manufacturers are charged\na fee for every piece of packaging they put onto the market based on the reusability or\nrecyclability of the packaging, supported by technical analysis. These fees are intended\nto cover some or all of the costs of collection, sorting and recycling. Since the recycling\nof plastic packaging costs more than it yields, companies will benefit from a more cost-\neffective system of packaging.\n\nC. Regulated Storage, Manufacture and Use of\n\nplastics. India required its states to enforce existing\nrules on the storage, manufacture, and use of some\nsingle-use plastics in lieu of a nationwide ban.\nMeanwhile, the Department of Environment and\nNatural Resources (DENR) is yet to issue a list of\nnon-environmentally accepted products (NEAP) as\nprovided in Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid\nWaste Management Act, passed a decade ago. This\nwill include single use plastics in all product forms per\ntechnical advice of the Department of Science and\n\nCA\nME RECYCLEME\nRECYCLE\n\nFigure 27. Soft drinks can with\nthe message \"Recycle Me\"\n\n64\n\nStudy on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", + "text": "The World Bank/PEMSEA Assessment of Policies and Regulations to Guide Country\nDialogue at National Level to Reduce Plastic Waste in the Philippines indicated:\n\"Despite these efforts, there seemed to be very limited information that shows the\neffectiveness of the bans on reducing plastics and litter, or even diversion from\nlandfills in the country. For the majority of LGUs in the country, however, there\nseemed to be no clear documentation and reporting of progress and updated\nwaste data possibly due to the difficulty and complexity of data generation and\nassessment. Another possible constraint is that the scope of the LGU ordinances\nvary and covered different kinds of SUPP, including the exemptions, which makes\nintegration of the various reports, if available, a challenge.\"\nThe World Bank/PEMSEA report also recommended that a baseline assessment be\nconducted to obtain a better understanding which SUPP are the most prevalent and\nproblematic in the Philippines and to also identify the sources and extent and impacts of\nmismanagement.\nb. Extended producer responsibility (EPR). EPR schemes use a combination of regulatory\napproaches to extend manufacturers' responsibility for single-use plastic products\nthroughout their life cycle, including to the end-of-life stage. These schemes are aimed\nat decreasing the overall environmental impact from a product and its packaging.\nThe primary responsibility under EPR lies with the producer, who makes design and\nmarketing decisions. In most European countries, product manufacturers are charged\na fee for every piece of packaging they put onto the market based on the reusability or\nrecyclability of the packaging, supported by technical analysis. These fees are intended\nto cover some or all of the costs of collection, sorting and recycling. Since the recycling\nof plastic packaging costs more than it yields, companies will benefit from a more cost-\neffective system of packaging.\nC. Regulated Storage, Manufacture and Use of\nplastics. India required its states to enforce existing\nrules on the storage, manufacture, and use of some\nsingle-use plastics in lieu of a nationwide ban.\nMeanwhile, the Department of Environment and\nNatural Resources (DENR) is yet to issue a list of\nnon-environmentally accepted products (NEAP) as\nprovided in Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid\nWaste Management Act, passed a decade ago. This\nwill include single use plastics in all product forms per\ntechnical advice of the Department of Science and\nCA\nME RECYCLEME\nRECYCLE\nFigure 27. Soft drinks can with\nthe message \"Recycle Me\"\n64\nStudy on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The World Bank/PEMSEA Assessment of Policies and Regulations to Guide Country
Dialogue at National Level to Reduce Plastic Waste in the Philippines indicated:

", + "markdown": "The World Bank/PEMSEA Assessment of Policies and Regulations to Guide Country\nDialogue at National Level to Reduce Plastic Waste in the Philippines indicated:", + "text": "The World Bank/PEMSEA Assessment of Policies and Regulations to Guide Country\nDialogue at National Level to Reduce Plastic Waste in the Philippines indicated:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1537, + "y": 0.0873 + }, + { + "x": 0.7743, + "y": 0.0873 + }, + { + "x": 0.7743, + "y": 0.1273 + }, + { + "x": 0.1537, + "y": 0.1273 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

\"Despite these efforts, there seemed to be very limited information that shows the
effectiveness of the bans on reducing plastics and litter, or even diversion from
landfills in the country. For the majority of LGUs in the country, however, there
seemed to be no clear documentation and reporting of progress and updated
waste data possibly due to the difficulty and complexity of data generation and
assessment. Another possible constraint is that the scope of the LGU ordinances
vary and covered different kinds of SUPP, including the exemptions, which makes
integration of the various reports, if available, a challenge.\"

", + "markdown": "\"Despite these efforts, there seemed to be very limited information that shows the\neffectiveness of the bans on reducing plastics and litter, or even diversion from\nlandfills in the country. For the majority of LGUs in the country, however, there\nseemed to be no clear documentation and reporting of progress and updated\nwaste data possibly due to the difficulty and complexity of data generation and\nassessment. Another possible constraint is that the scope of the LGU ordinances\nvary and covered different kinds of SUPP, including the exemptions, which makes\nintegration of the various reports, if available, a challenge.\"", + "text": "\"Despite these efforts, there seemed to be very limited information that shows the\neffectiveness of the bans on reducing plastics and litter, or even diversion from\nlandfills in the country. For the majority of LGUs in the country, however, there\nseemed to be no clear documentation and reporting of progress and updated\nwaste data possibly due to the difficulty and complexity of data generation and\nassessment. Another possible constraint is that the scope of the LGU ordinances\nvary and covered different kinds of SUPP, including the exemptions, which makes\nintegration of the various reports, if available, a challenge.\"" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1876, + "y": 0.149 + }, + { + "x": 0.773, + "y": 0.149 + }, + { + "x": 0.773, + "y": 0.3091 + }, + { + "x": 0.1876, + "y": 0.3091 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The World Bank/PEMSEA report also recommended that a baseline assessment be
conducted to obtain a better understanding which SUPP are the most prevalent and
problematic in the Philippines and to also identify the sources and extent and impacts of
mismanagement.

", + "markdown": "The World Bank/PEMSEA report also recommended that a baseline assessment be\nconducted to obtain a better understanding which SUPP are the most prevalent and\nproblematic in the Philippines and to also identify the sources and extent and impacts of\nmismanagement.", + "text": "The World Bank/PEMSEA report also recommended that a baseline assessment be\nconducted to obtain a better understanding which SUPP are the most prevalent and\nproblematic in the Philippines and to also identify the sources and extent and impacts of\nmismanagement." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1559, + "y": 0.3307 + }, + { + "x": 0.8237, + "y": 0.3307 + }, + { + "x": 0.8237, + "y": 0.4092 + }, + { + "x": 0.1559, + "y": 0.4092 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

b. Extended producer responsibility (EPR). EPR schemes use a combination of regulatory
approaches to extend manufacturers' responsibility for single-use plastic products
throughout their life cycle, including to the end-of-life stage. These schemes are aimed
at decreasing the overall environmental impact from a product and its packaging.
The primary responsibility under EPR lies with the producer, who makes design and
marketing decisions. In most European countries, product manufacturers are charged
a fee for every piece of packaging they put onto the market based on the reusability or
recyclability of the packaging, supported by technical analysis. These fees are intended
to cover some or all of the costs of collection, sorting and recycling. Since the recycling
of plastic packaging costs more than it yields, companies will benefit from a more cost-
effective system of packaging.

", + "markdown": "b. Extended producer responsibility (EPR). EPR schemes use a combination of regulatory\napproaches to extend manufacturers' responsibility for single-use plastic products\nthroughout their life cycle, including to the end-of-life stage. These schemes are aimed\nat decreasing the overall environmental impact from a product and its packaging.\nThe primary responsibility under EPR lies with the producer, who makes design and\nmarketing decisions. In most European countries, product manufacturers are charged\na fee for every piece of packaging they put onto the market based on the reusability or\nrecyclability of the packaging, supported by technical analysis. These fees are intended\nto cover some or all of the costs of collection, sorting and recycling. Since the recycling\nof plastic packaging costs more than it yields, companies will benefit from a more cost-\neffective system of packaging.", + "text": "b. Extended producer responsibility (EPR). EPR schemes use a combination of regulatory\napproaches to extend manufacturers' responsibility for single-use plastic products\nthroughout their life cycle, including to the end-of-life stage. These schemes are aimed\nat decreasing the overall environmental impact from a product and its packaging.\nThe primary responsibility under EPR lies with the producer, who makes design and\nmarketing decisions. In most European countries, product manufacturers are charged\na fee for every piece of packaging they put onto the market based on the reusability or\nrecyclability of the packaging, supported by technical analysis. These fees are intended\nto cover some or all of the costs of collection, sorting and recycling. Since the recycling\nof plastic packaging costs more than it yields, companies will benefit from a more cost-\neffective system of packaging." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1086, + "y": 0.4325 + }, + { + "x": 0.8266, + "y": 0.4325 + }, + { + "x": 0.8266, + "y": 0.652 + }, + { + "x": 0.1086, + "y": 0.652 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

C. Regulated Storage, Manufacture and Use of

", + "markdown": "C. Regulated Storage, Manufacture and Use of", + "text": "C. Regulated Storage, Manufacture and Use of" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1144, + "y": 0.6752 + }, + { + "x": 0.5096, + "y": 0.6752 + }, + { + "x": 0.5096, + "y": 0.6913 + }, + { + "x": 0.1144, + "y": 0.6913 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

plastics. India required its states to enforce existing
rules on the storage, manufacture, and use of some
single-use plastics in lieu of a nationwide ban.
Meanwhile, the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (DENR) is yet to issue a list of
non-environmentally accepted products (NEAP) as
provided in Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid
Waste Management Act, passed a decade ago. This
will include single use plastics in all product forms per
technical advice of the Department of Science and

", + "markdown": "plastics. India required its states to enforce existing\nrules on the storage, manufacture, and use of some\nsingle-use plastics in lieu of a nationwide ban.\nMeanwhile, the Department of Environment and\nNatural Resources (DENR) is yet to issue a list of\nnon-environmentally accepted products (NEAP) as\nprovided in Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid\nWaste Management Act, passed a decade ago. This\nwill include single use plastics in all product forms per\ntechnical advice of the Department of Science and", + "text": "plastics. India required its states to enforce existing\nrules on the storage, manufacture, and use of some\nsingle-use plastics in lieu of a nationwide ban.\nMeanwhile, the Department of Environment and\nNatural Resources (DENR) is yet to issue a list of\nnon-environmentally accepted products (NEAP) as\nprovided in Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid\nWaste Management Act, passed a decade ago. This\nwill include single use plastics in all product forms per\ntechnical advice of the Department of Science and" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1387, + "y": 0.6888 + }, + { + "x": 0.5645, + "y": 0.6888 + }, + { + "x": 0.5645, + "y": 0.8946 + }, + { + "x": 0.1387, + "y": 0.8946 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"CA\nME
", + "markdown": "CA\nME RECYCLEME\nRECYCLE", + "text": "CA\nME RECYCLEME\nRECYCLE" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.597, + "y": 0.6755 + }, + { + "x": 0.8235, + "y": 0.6755 + }, + { + "x": 0.8235, + "y": 0.8663 + }, + { + "x": 0.597, + "y": 0.8663 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 27. Soft drinks can with
the message \"Recycle Me\"

", + "markdown": "Figure 27. Soft drinks can with\nthe message \"Recycle Me\"", + "text": "Figure 27. Soft drinks can with\nthe message \"Recycle Me\"" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6196, + "y": 0.8741 + }, + { + "x": 0.8086, + "y": 0.8741 + }, + { + "x": 0.8086, + "y": 0.9017 + }, + { + "x": 0.6196, + "y": 0.9017 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

64

", + "markdown": "64", + "text": "64" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0293, + "y": 0.9436 + }, + { + "x": 0.0578, + "y": 0.9436 + }, + { + "x": 0.0578, + "y": 0.9618 + }, + { + "x": 0.0293, + "y": 0.9618 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry
", + "markdown": "Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", + "text": "Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0777, + "y": 0.946 + }, + { + "x": 0.5678, + "y": 0.946 + }, + { + "x": 0.5678, + "y": 0.9622 + }, + { + "x": 0.0777, + "y": 0.9622 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000113.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
BIO181
\n

MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

\n

Table of Contents

\n

Measurement Lab worksheet. 3
Scientific Method Lab 6
Chemistry of the Cell ~ But this is biology! 9
Biological Macromolecules and Their Indicators 10
Worksheet for Chemistry of the Cell 12
How molecules move in a liquid 12
How molecules move in a solid 12
Introduction to Light Microscopes:..... 16
CellularBiology 32
A cell is the smallest unit of life known to our planet..... 33
Cellular Microscopy 34
Viewing prepared slides under a microscope. ····· 34
Viewing live cells under a microscope. 34
Cellular Biology Worksheet 35
Osmosis and Diffusion 39
Enzymatic Activity Lab 45
Cellular Respiration Lab 49
Photosynthesis Lab 61
Observing Stomata, Guard Cells and Chloroplasts..... 65
Cellular Replication 66
Growth and the Creation of Life 66
Visualizing the Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis 67
When it all goes wrong ·· 68
Cellular Replication Worksheet 69
Mammalian Gametogenesis 72
Genetic Crosses 75
MENDELIAN GENETICS, PROBABILITY, PEDIGREES AND CHI-SQUARE STATISTICS . 80
Chi-Square Data Table 92

\n
1
", + "markdown": "BIO181\n\n# MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE\n\n# Table of Contents\n\nMeasurement Lab worksheet. 3\nScientific Method Lab 6\nChemistry of the Cell ~ But this is biology! 9\nBiological Macromolecules and Their Indicators 10\nWorksheet for Chemistry of the Cell 12\nHow molecules move in a liquid 12\nHow molecules move in a solid 12\nIntroduction to Light Microscopes:..... 16\nCellularBiology 32\nA cell is the smallest unit of life known to our planet..... 33\nCellular Microscopy 34\nViewing prepared slides under a microscope. ····· 34\nViewing live cells under a microscope. 34\nCellular Biology Worksheet 35\nOsmosis and Diffusion 39\nEnzymatic Activity Lab 45\nCellular Respiration Lab 49\nPhotosynthesis Lab 61\nObserving Stomata, Guard Cells and Chloroplasts..... 65\nCellular Replication 66\nGrowth and the Creation of Life 66\nVisualizing the Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis 67\nWhen it all goes wrong ·· 68\nCellular Replication Worksheet 69\nMammalian Gametogenesis 72\nGenetic Crosses 75\nMENDELIAN GENETICS, PROBABILITY, PEDIGREES AND CHI-SQUARE STATISTICS . 80\nChi-Square Data Table 92\n\n1", + "text": "BIO181\nMOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE\nTable of Contents\nMeasurement Lab worksheet. 3\nScientific Method Lab 6\nChemistry of the Cell ~ But this is biology! 9\nBiological Macromolecules and Their Indicators 10\nWorksheet for Chemistry of the Cell 12\nHow molecules move in a liquid 12\nHow molecules move in a solid 12\nIntroduction to Light Microscopes:..... 16\nCellularBiology 32\nA cell is the smallest unit of life known to our planet..... 33\nCellular Microscopy 34\nViewing prepared slides under a microscope. ····· 34\nViewing live cells under a microscope. 34\nCellular Biology Worksheet 35\nOsmosis and Diffusion 39\nEnzymatic Activity Lab 45\nCellular Respiration Lab 49\nPhotosynthesis Lab 61\nObserving Stomata, Guard Cells and Chloroplasts..... 65\nCellular Replication 66\nGrowth and the Creation of Life 66\nVisualizing the Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis 67\nWhen it all goes wrong ·· 68\nCellular Replication Worksheet 69\nMammalian Gametogenesis 72\nGenetic Crosses 75\nMENDELIAN GENETICS, PROBABILITY, PEDIGREES AND CHI-SQUARE STATISTICS . 80\nChi-Square Data Table 92\n1" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
BIO181
", + "markdown": "BIO181", + "text": "BIO181" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8714, + "y": 0.0277 + }, + { + "x": 0.947, + "y": 0.0277 + }, + { + "x": 0.947, + "y": 0.0468 + }, + { + "x": 0.8714, + "y": 0.0468 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

", + "markdown": "# MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0736, + "y": 0.0257 + }, + { + "x": 0.3596, + "y": 0.0257 + }, + { + "x": 0.3596, + "y": 0.0479 + }, + { + "x": 0.0736, + "y": 0.0479 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Table of Contents

", + "markdown": "# Table of Contents", + "text": "Table of Contents" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0524, + "y": 0.0929 + }, + { + "x": 0.2503, + "y": 0.0929 + }, + { + "x": 0.2503, + "y": 0.1125 + }, + { + "x": 0.0524, + "y": 0.1125 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "index", + "content": { + "html": "

Measurement Lab worksheet. 3
Scientific Method Lab 6
Chemistry of the Cell ~ But this is biology! 9
Biological Macromolecules and Their Indicators 10
Worksheet for Chemistry of the Cell 12
How molecules move in a liquid 12
How molecules move in a solid 12
Introduction to Light Microscopes:..... 16
CellularBiology 32
A cell is the smallest unit of life known to our planet..... 33
Cellular Microscopy 34
Viewing prepared slides under a microscope. ····· 34
Viewing live cells under a microscope. 34
Cellular Biology Worksheet 35
Osmosis and Diffusion 39
Enzymatic Activity Lab 45
Cellular Respiration Lab 49
Photosynthesis Lab 61
Observing Stomata, Guard Cells and Chloroplasts..... 65
Cellular Replication 66
Growth and the Creation of Life 66
Visualizing the Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis 67
When it all goes wrong ·· 68
Cellular Replication Worksheet 69
Mammalian Gametogenesis 72
Genetic Crosses 75
MENDELIAN GENETICS, PROBABILITY, PEDIGREES AND CHI-SQUARE STATISTICS . 80
Chi-Square Data Table 92

", + "markdown": "Measurement Lab worksheet. 3\nScientific Method Lab 6\nChemistry of the Cell ~ But this is biology! 9\nBiological Macromolecules and Their Indicators 10\nWorksheet for Chemistry of the Cell 12\nHow molecules move in a liquid 12\nHow molecules move in a solid 12\nIntroduction to Light Microscopes:..... 16\nCellularBiology 32\nA cell is the smallest unit of life known to our planet..... 33\nCellular Microscopy 34\nViewing prepared slides under a microscope. ····· 34\nViewing live cells under a microscope. 34\nCellular Biology Worksheet 35\nOsmosis and Diffusion 39\nEnzymatic Activity Lab 45\nCellular Respiration Lab 49\nPhotosynthesis Lab 61\nObserving Stomata, Guard Cells and Chloroplasts..... 65\nCellular Replication 66\nGrowth and the Creation of Life 66\nVisualizing the Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis 67\nWhen it all goes wrong ·· 68\nCellular Replication Worksheet 69\nMammalian Gametogenesis 72\nGenetic Crosses 75\nMENDELIAN GENETICS, PROBABILITY, PEDIGREES AND CHI-SQUARE STATISTICS . 80\nChi-Square Data Table 92", + "text": "Measurement Lab worksheet. 3\nScientific Method Lab 6\nChemistry of the Cell ~ But this is biology! 9\nBiological Macromolecules and Their Indicators 10\nWorksheet for Chemistry of the Cell 12\nHow molecules move in a liquid 12\nHow molecules move in a solid 12\nIntroduction to Light Microscopes:..... 16\nCellularBiology 32\nA cell is the smallest unit of life known to our planet..... 33\nCellular Microscopy 34\nViewing prepared slides under a microscope. ····· 34\nViewing live cells under a microscope. 34\nCellular Biology Worksheet 35\nOsmosis and Diffusion 39\nEnzymatic Activity Lab 45\nCellular Respiration Lab 49\nPhotosynthesis Lab 61\nObserving Stomata, Guard Cells and Chloroplasts..... 65\nCellular Replication 66\nGrowth and the Creation of Life 66\nVisualizing the Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis 67\nWhen it all goes wrong ·· 68\nCellular Replication Worksheet 69\nMammalian Gametogenesis 72\nGenetic Crosses 75\nMENDELIAN GENETICS, PROBABILITY, PEDIGREES AND CHI-SQUARE STATISTICS . 80\nChi-Square Data Table 92" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0453, + "y": 0.1188 + }, + { + "x": 0.9516, + "y": 0.1188 + }, + { + "x": 0.9516, + "y": 0.9473 + }, + { + "x": 0.0453, + "y": 0.9473 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
1
", + "markdown": "1", + "text": "1" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4926, + "y": 0.9665 + }, + { + "x": 0.5077, + "y": 0.9665 + }, + { + "x": 0.5077, + "y": 0.9811 + }, + { + "x": 0.4926, + "y": 0.9811 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000163.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

HOW CAN
YOU HELP?

\n

As a boater:

\n

· Check tidal conditions beforehand
· Stay within marked channels
· Pay attention to buoys and markers
· Do not run aground
· If you run aground, call for help
· Wear polarized sunglasses
· Take a safe boating course

\n

As a developer:

\n

· Do careful mapping of seagrass in
potential areas for development
· Avoid dredging and filling
· Learn about existing regulations

\n

· Diminish fertilizer use (use soaking,
rain gardens, and native plants instead)
· Dispose of pet waste properly
· Keep seagrass in mind during
construction (for example, build high
docks with grating instead of planks)

\n

As a homeowner:

\n

As anyone who wants to help:

\n

● Urge politicians to establish stricter
water quality regulations
● Mobilize to give seagrass an
'endangered' status
● Follow established laws for seagrass
protection
● Reach out to environmental
organizations and volunteer in
restoration projects
Challenge the misconception that
seagrass is 'ugly' and 'useless'
Tell your friends and family about the
importance of this ecosystem

\n
\"FLOWCODE\nPRIVACY.FLOWCODE.COM\nScan
\n

FURTHER
RESOURCES

\n
\"\"
\n

SEAGRASS
IN SOUTH FLORIDA

\n

WHY IT IS IMPORTANT

\n

&

\n

WHAT YOU CAN DO
CCO, 2022

\n
\"\"
", + "markdown": "# HOW CAN\nYOU HELP?\n\n# As a boater:\n\n- · Check tidal conditions beforehand\n- · Stay within marked channels\n- · Pay attention to buoys and markers\n- · Do not run aground\n- · If you run aground, call for help\n- · Wear polarized sunglasses\n- · Take a safe boating course\n\n\n# As a developer:\n\n- · Do careful mapping of seagrass in\n- potential areas for development\n- · Avoid dredging and filling\n- · Learn about existing regulations\n\n\n- · Diminish fertilizer use (use soaking,\n- rain gardens, and native plants instead)\n- · Dispose of pet waste properly\n- · Keep seagrass in mind during\n- construction (for example, build high\n- docks with grating instead of planks)\n\n\n# As a homeowner:\n\n# As anyone who wants to help:\n\n- ● Urge politicians to establish stricter\n- water quality regulations\n- ● Mobilize to give seagrass an\n- 'endangered' status\n- ● Follow established laws for seagrass\n- protection\n- ● Reach out to environmental\n- organizations and volunteer in\n- restoration projects\n- Challenge the misconception that\n- seagrass is 'ugly' and 'useless'\n- Tell your friends and family about the\n- importance of this ecosystem\n\n\nFLOWCODE\nPRIVACY.FLOWCODE.COM\nScan this QR code and learn\nmore about seagrass, what you\ncan do to help, and what\norganizations are fighting for\nits restoration!\n\n# FURTHER\nRESOURCES\n\n\n\n# SEAGRASS\nIN SOUTH FLORIDA\n\nWHY IT IS IMPORTANT\n\n&\n\nWHAT YOU CAN DO\nCCO, 2022", + "text": "HOW CAN\nYOU HELP?\nAs a boater:\n· Check tidal conditions beforehand\n· Stay within marked channels\n· Pay attention to buoys and markers\n· Do not run aground\n· If you run aground, call for help\n· Wear polarized sunglasses\n· Take a safe boating course\nAs a developer:\n· Do careful mapping of seagrass in\npotential areas for development\n· Avoid dredging and filling\n· Learn about existing regulations\n· Diminish fertilizer use (use soaking,\nrain gardens, and native plants instead)\n· Dispose of pet waste properly\n· Keep seagrass in mind during\nconstruction (for example, build high\ndocks with grating instead of planks)\nAs a homeowner:\nAs anyone who wants to help:\n● Urge politicians to establish stricter\nwater quality regulations\n● Mobilize to give seagrass an\n'endangered' status\n● Follow established laws for seagrass\nprotection\n● Reach out to environmental\norganizations and volunteer in\nrestoration projects\nChallenge the misconception that\nseagrass is 'ugly' and 'useless'\nTell your friends and family about the\nimportance of this ecosystem\nFLOWCODE\nPRIVACY.FLOWCODE.COM\nScan this QR code and learn\nmore about seagrass, what you\ncan do to help, and what\norganizations are fighting for\nits restoration!\nFURTHER\nRESOURCES\n\nSEAGRASS\nIN SOUTH FLORIDA\nWHY IT IS IMPORTANT\n&\nWHAT YOU CAN DO\nCCO, 2022" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

HOW CAN
YOU HELP?

", + "markdown": "# HOW CAN\nYOU HELP?", + "text": "HOW CAN\nYOU HELP?" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.052, + "y": 0.0284 + }, + { + "x": 0.2833, + "y": 0.0284 + }, + { + "x": 0.2833, + "y": 0.112 + }, + { + "x": 0.052, + "y": 0.112 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

As a boater:

", + "markdown": "# As a boater:", + "text": "As a boater:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0142, + "y": 0.1249 + }, + { + "x": 0.1019, + "y": 0.1249 + }, + { + "x": 0.1019, + "y": 0.1428 + }, + { + "x": 0.0142, + "y": 0.1428 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Check tidal conditions beforehand
· Stay within marked channels
· Pay attention to buoys and markers
· Do not run aground
· If you run aground, call for help
· Wear polarized sunglasses
· Take a safe boating course

", + "markdown": "- · Check tidal conditions beforehand\n- · Stay within marked channels\n- · Pay attention to buoys and markers\n- · Do not run aground\n- · If you run aground, call for help\n- · Wear polarized sunglasses\n- · Take a safe boating course\n", + "text": "· Check tidal conditions beforehand\n· Stay within marked channels\n· Pay attention to buoys and markers\n· Do not run aground\n· If you run aground, call for help\n· Wear polarized sunglasses\n· Take a safe boating course" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0195, + "y": 0.1439 + }, + { + "x": 0.2864, + "y": 0.1439 + }, + { + "x": 0.2864, + "y": 0.2988 + }, + { + "x": 0.0195, + "y": 0.2988 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

As a developer:

", + "markdown": "# As a developer:", + "text": "As a developer:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0144, + "y": 0.3222 + }, + { + "x": 0.1255, + "y": 0.3222 + }, + { + "x": 0.1255, + "y": 0.3417 + }, + { + "x": 0.0144, + "y": 0.3417 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Do careful mapping of seagrass in
potential areas for development
· Avoid dredging and filling
· Learn about existing regulations

", + "markdown": "- · Do careful mapping of seagrass in\n- potential areas for development\n- · Avoid dredging and filling\n- · Learn about existing regulations\n", + "text": "· Do careful mapping of seagrass in\npotential areas for development\n· Avoid dredging and filling\n· Learn about existing regulations" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0214, + "y": 0.3438 + }, + { + "x": 0.2735, + "y": 0.3438 + }, + { + "x": 0.2735, + "y": 0.4323 + }, + { + "x": 0.0214, + "y": 0.4323 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Diminish fertilizer use (use soaking,
rain gardens, and native plants instead)
· Dispose of pet waste properly
· Keep seagrass in mind during
construction (for example, build high
docks with grating instead of planks)

", + "markdown": "- · Diminish fertilizer use (use soaking,\n- rain gardens, and native plants instead)\n- · Dispose of pet waste properly\n- · Keep seagrass in mind during\n- construction (for example, build high\n- docks with grating instead of planks)\n", + "text": "· Diminish fertilizer use (use soaking,\nrain gardens, and native plants instead)\n· Dispose of pet waste properly\n· Keep seagrass in mind during\nconstruction (for example, build high\ndocks with grating instead of planks)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0214, + "y": 0.4772 + }, + { + "x": 0.3123, + "y": 0.4772 + }, + { + "x": 0.3123, + "y": 0.6073 + }, + { + "x": 0.0214, + "y": 0.6073 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

As a homeowner:

", + "markdown": "# As a homeowner:", + "text": "As a homeowner:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0139, + "y": 0.4544 + }, + { + "x": 0.1398, + "y": 0.4544 + }, + { + "x": 0.1398, + "y": 0.4746 + }, + { + "x": 0.0139, + "y": 0.4746 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

As anyone who wants to help:

", + "markdown": "# As anyone who wants to help:", + "text": "As anyone who wants to help:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0135, + "y": 0.654 + }, + { + "x": 0.2285, + "y": 0.654 + }, + { + "x": 0.2285, + "y": 0.6734 + }, + { + "x": 0.0135, + "y": 0.6734 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

● Urge politicians to establish stricter
water quality regulations
● Mobilize to give seagrass an
'endangered' status
● Follow established laws for seagrass
protection
● Reach out to environmental
organizations and volunteer in
restoration projects
Challenge the misconception that
seagrass is 'ugly' and 'useless'
Tell your friends and family about the
importance of this ecosystem

", + "markdown": "- ● Urge politicians to establish stricter\n- water quality regulations\n- ● Mobilize to give seagrass an\n- 'endangered' status\n- ● Follow established laws for seagrass\n- protection\n- ● Reach out to environmental\n- organizations and volunteer in\n- restoration projects\n- Challenge the misconception that\n- seagrass is 'ugly' and 'useless'\n- Tell your friends and family about the\n- importance of this ecosystem\n", + "text": "● Urge politicians to establish stricter\nwater quality regulations\n● Mobilize to give seagrass an\n'endangered' status\n● Follow established laws for seagrass\nprotection\n● Reach out to environmental\norganizations and volunteer in\nrestoration projects\nChallenge the misconception that\nseagrass is 'ugly' and 'useless'\nTell your friends and family about the\nimportance of this ecosystem" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0215, + "y": 0.6831 + }, + { + "x": 0.299, + "y": 0.6831 + }, + { + "x": 0.299, + "y": 0.9613 + }, + { + "x": 0.0215, + "y": 0.9613 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"FLOWCODE\nPRIVACY.FLOWCODE.COM\nScan
", + "markdown": "FLOWCODE\nPRIVACY.FLOWCODE.COM\nScan this QR code and learn\nmore about seagrass, what you\ncan do to help, and what\norganizations are fighting for\nits restoration!", + "text": "FLOWCODE\nPRIVACY.FLOWCODE.COM\nScan this QR code and learn\nmore about seagrass, what you\ncan do to help, and what\norganizations are fighting for\nits restoration!" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3558, + "y": 0.1501 + }, + { + "x": 0.6474, + "y": 0.1501 + }, + { + "x": 0.6474, + "y": 0.9878 + }, + { + "x": 0.3558, + "y": 0.9878 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

FURTHER
RESOURCES

", + "markdown": "# FURTHER\nRESOURCES", + "text": "FURTHER\nRESOURCES" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3828, + "y": 0.0423 + }, + { + "x": 0.6155, + "y": 0.0423 + }, + { + "x": 0.6155, + "y": 0.1381 + }, + { + "x": 0.3828, + "y": 0.1381 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"\"
", + "markdown": "", + "text": "" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6701, + "y": 0.0062 + }, + { + "x": 0.9992, + "y": 0.0062 + }, + { + "x": 0.9992, + "y": 0.1075 + }, + { + "x": 0.6701, + "y": 0.1075 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

SEAGRASS
IN SOUTH FLORIDA

", + "markdown": "# SEAGRASS\nIN SOUTH FLORIDA", + "text": "SEAGRASS\nIN SOUTH FLORIDA" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6783, + "y": 0.1241 + }, + { + "x": 0.9816, + "y": 0.1241 + }, + { + "x": 0.9816, + "y": 0.2171 + }, + { + "x": 0.6783, + "y": 0.2171 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

WHY IT IS IMPORTANT

", + "markdown": "WHY IT IS IMPORTANT", + "text": "WHY IT IS IMPORTANT" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6927, + "y": 0.2342 + }, + { + "x": 0.9747, + "y": 0.2342 + }, + { + "x": 0.9747, + "y": 0.2665 + }, + { + "x": 0.6927, + "y": 0.2665 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

&

", + "markdown": "&", + "text": "&" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.827, + "y": 0.2767 + }, + { + "x": 0.8433, + "y": 0.2767 + }, + { + "x": 0.8433, + "y": 0.3012 + }, + { + "x": 0.827, + "y": 0.3012 + } + ], + "id": 14, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

WHAT YOU CAN DO
CCO, 2022

", + "markdown": "WHAT YOU CAN DO\nCCO, 2022", + "text": "WHAT YOU CAN DO\nCCO, 2022" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7032, + "y": 0.2951 + }, + { + "x": 0.9567, + "y": 0.2951 + }, + { + "x": 0.9567, + "y": 0.3641 + }, + { + "x": 0.7032, + "y": 0.3641 + } + ], + "id": 15, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"\"
", + "markdown": "", + "text": "" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6626, + "y": 0.3619 + }, + { + "x": 0.9987, + "y": 0.3619 + }, + { + "x": 0.9987, + "y": 1.056 + }, + { + "x": 0.6626, + "y": 1.056 + } + ], + "id": 16, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000084.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
Jailed for Doing Business
\n\n
SmallMediumLarge
Total applicable compliances7841,1881,693
Compliances with imprisonment154362622
Percentage of imprisonment clauses20%30%37%
TABLE 38: THREE CASE STUDIES ON NBFC
COMPLIANCES*
\n

* These are real data from three NBFCs

\n\n
RangeSmallMidLarge
Less than 3 months104282
3 months to less than 1 year67203373
1 year to less than 3 years505868
3 years to less than 5 years84080
5 years to 10 years191919
TABLE 39: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN
NBFC CASE STUDIES*
\n

* In table 38

\n
86
", + "markdown": "Jailed for Doing Business\n\nTABLE 38: THREE CASE STUDIES ON NBFC\nCOMPLIANCES*\n\n| | Small | Medium | Large |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Total applicable compliances | 784 | 1,188 | 1,693 |\n| Compliances with imprisonment | 154 | 362 | 622 |\n| Percentage of imprisonment clauses | 20% | 30% | 37% |\n\n\n* These are real data from three NBFCs\n\nTABLE 39: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN\nNBFC CASE STUDIES*\n\n| Range | Small | Mid | Large |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Less than 3 months | 10 | 42 | 82 |\n| 3 months to less than 1 year | 67 | 203 | 373 |\n| 1 year to less than 3 years | 50 | 58 | 68 |\n| 3 years to less than 5 years | 8 | 40 | 80 |\n| 5 years to 10 years | 19 | 19 | 19 |\n\n\n* In table 38\n\n86", + "text": "Jailed for Doing Business\nTABLE 38: THREE CASE STUDIES ON NBFC\nCOMPLIANCES*\nSmall Medium Large\n Total applicable compliances 784 1,188 1,693\n Compliances with imprisonment 154 362 622\n Percentage of imprisonment clauses 20% 30% 37%\n* These are real data from three NBFCs\nTABLE 39: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN\nNBFC CASE STUDIES*\nRange Small Mid Large\n Less than 3 months 10 42 82\n 3 months to less than 1 year 67 203 373\n 1 year to less than 3 years 50 58 68\n 3 years to less than 5 years 8 40 80\n 5 years to 10 years 19 19 19\n* In table 38\n86" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Jailed for Doing Business
", + "markdown": "Jailed for Doing Business", + "text": "Jailed for Doing Business" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1636, + "y": 0.0403 + }, + { + "x": 0.3877, + "y": 0.0403 + }, + { + "x": 0.3877, + "y": 0.0563 + }, + { + "x": 0.1636, + "y": 0.0563 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

TABLE 38: THREE CASE STUDIES ON NBFC
COMPLIANCES*

", + "markdown": "TABLE 38: THREE CASE STUDIES ON NBFC\nCOMPLIANCES*", + "text": "TABLE 38: THREE CASE STUDIES ON NBFC\nCOMPLIANCES*" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1626, + "y": 0.1145 + }, + { + "x": 0.6568, + "y": 0.1145 + }, + { + "x": 0.6568, + "y": 0.1512 + }, + { + "x": 0.1626, + "y": 0.1512 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
SmallMediumLarge
Total applicable compliances7841,1881,693
Compliances with imprisonment154362622
Percentage of imprisonment clauses20%30%37%
", + "markdown": "| | Small | Medium | Large |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Total applicable compliances | 784 | 1,188 | 1,693 |\n| Compliances with imprisonment | 154 | 362 | 622 |\n| Percentage of imprisonment clauses | 20% | 30% | 37% |\n", + "text": "Small Medium Large\n Total applicable compliances 784 1,188 1,693\n Compliances with imprisonment 154 362 622\n Percentage of imprisonment clauses 20% 30% 37%" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1661, + "y": 0.1709 + }, + { + "x": 0.831, + "y": 0.1709 + }, + { + "x": 0.831, + "y": 0.2827 + }, + { + "x": 0.1661, + "y": 0.2827 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

* These are real data from three NBFCs

", + "markdown": "* These are real data from three NBFCs", + "text": "* These are real data from three NBFCs" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1648, + "y": 0.2861 + }, + { + "x": 0.4898, + "y": 0.2861 + }, + { + "x": 0.4898, + "y": 0.3014 + }, + { + "x": 0.1648, + "y": 0.3014 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

TABLE 39: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN
NBFC CASE STUDIES*

", + "markdown": "TABLE 39: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN\nNBFC CASE STUDIES*", + "text": "TABLE 39: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN\nNBFC CASE STUDIES*" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1628, + "y": 0.3595 + }, + { + "x": 0.8184, + "y": 0.3595 + }, + { + "x": 0.8184, + "y": 0.3969 + }, + { + "x": 0.1628, + "y": 0.3969 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
RangeSmallMidLarge
Less than 3 months104282
3 months to less than 1 year67203373
1 year to less than 3 years505868
3 years to less than 5 years84080
5 years to 10 years191919
", + "markdown": "| Range | Small | Mid | Large |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Less than 3 months | 10 | 42 | 82 |\n| 3 months to less than 1 year | 67 | 203 | 373 |\n| 1 year to less than 3 years | 50 | 58 | 68 |\n| 3 years to less than 5 years | 8 | 40 | 80 |\n| 5 years to 10 years | 19 | 19 | 19 |\n", + "text": "Range Small Mid Large\n Less than 3 months 10 42 82\n 3 months to less than 1 year 67 203 373\n 1 year to less than 3 years 50 58 68\n 3 years to less than 5 years 8 40 80\n 5 years to 10 years 19 19 19" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1659, + "y": 0.4168 + }, + { + "x": 0.8313, + "y": 0.4168 + }, + { + "x": 0.8313, + "y": 0.5653 + }, + { + "x": 0.1659, + "y": 0.5653 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

* In table 38

", + "markdown": "* In table 38", + "text": "* In table 38" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.164, + "y": 0.5673 + }, + { + "x": 0.2692, + "y": 0.5673 + }, + { + "x": 0.2692, + "y": 0.5813 + }, + { + "x": 0.164, + "y": 0.5813 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
86
", + "markdown": "86", + "text": "86" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.482, + "y": 0.9482 + }, + { + "x": 0.5182, + "y": 0.9482 + }, + { + "x": 0.5182, + "y": 0.9686 + }, + { + "x": 0.482, + "y": 0.9686 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000161.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

of any individual to color their decisions, even when
they're acting in good faith.

\n

· Credentials: Academic credentials tend to
represent a significant commitment of time towards
gaining mastery of a subject, and therefore requiring
a particular degree may increase the likelihood of
accurate information. However, not all groups are
equally represented in higher education. Degree
completion is uneven across race and income factors
(among others), making academia not
demographically representative of our society as a
whole. Some perspectives are therefore
systematically underrepresented in groups with
advanced degrees.
· Peer Review: Peer review sometimes only results in
collaborative improvements to a work. It can also
prevent the publication of very obviously flawed or
poorly executed or analyzed research. Very new or
radical ideas may be initially rejected because they
are such a departure from existing dogma. Peer
review is largely a practice of academia, therefore has
the same exclusionary problems mentioned in the
credentials section. It is possible for individual
reviewers to act in a biased or unethical way to
prevent the publication of some works.
· Fact Checking: Not a lot of downside here. Let me
know if your students come up with anything good.
· Domains: For some top level domains (mostly just
.gov and .edu) looking at the domain provides some
assurance that the web content there is an official
communication of a particular institution. There
really isn't any problem with domains excluding

\n
106 I Instructor Resources
", + "markdown": "of any individual to color their decisions, even when\nthey're acting in good faith.\n\n- · Credentials: Academic credentials tend to\n- represent a significant commitment of time towards\n- gaining mastery of a subject, and therefore requiring\n- a particular degree may increase the likelihood of\n- accurate information. However, not all groups are\n- equally represented in higher education. Degree\n- completion is uneven across race and income factors\n- (among others), making academia not\n- demographically representative of our society as a\n- whole. Some perspectives are therefore\n- systematically underrepresented in groups with\n- advanced degrees.\n- · Peer Review: Peer review sometimes only results in\n- collaborative improvements to a work. It can also\n- prevent the publication of very obviously flawed or\n- poorly executed or analyzed research. Very new or\n- radical ideas may be initially rejected because they\n- are such a departure from existing dogma. Peer\n- review is largely a practice of academia, therefore has\n- the same exclusionary problems mentioned in the\n- credentials section. It is possible for individual\n- reviewers to act in a biased or unethical way to\n- prevent the publication of some works.\n- · Fact Checking: Not a lot of downside here. Let me\n- know if your students come up with anything good.\n- · Domains: For some top level domains (mostly just\n- .gov and .edu) looking at the domain provides some\n- assurance that the web content there is an official\n- communication of a particular institution. There\n- really isn't any problem with domains excluding\n\n\n106 I Instructor Resources", + "text": "of any individual to color their decisions, even when\nthey're acting in good faith.\n· Credentials: Academic credentials tend to\nrepresent a significant commitment of time towards\ngaining mastery of a subject, and therefore requiring\na particular degree may increase the likelihood of\naccurate information. However, not all groups are\nequally represented in higher education. Degree\ncompletion is uneven across race and income factors\n(among others), making academia not\ndemographically representative of our society as a\nwhole. Some perspectives are therefore\nsystematically underrepresented in groups with\nadvanced degrees.\n· Peer Review: Peer review sometimes only results in\ncollaborative improvements to a work. It can also\nprevent the publication of very obviously flawed or\npoorly executed or analyzed research. Very new or\nradical ideas may be initially rejected because they\nare such a departure from existing dogma. Peer\nreview is largely a practice of academia, therefore has\nthe same exclusionary problems mentioned in the\ncredentials section. It is possible for individual\nreviewers to act in a biased or unethical way to\nprevent the publication of some works.\n· Fact Checking: Not a lot of downside here. Let me\nknow if your students come up with anything good.\n· Domains: For some top level domains (mostly just\n.gov and .edu) looking at the domain provides some\nassurance that the web content there is an official\ncommunication of a particular institution. There\nreally isn't any problem with domains excluding\n106 I Instructor Resources" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

of any individual to color their decisions, even when
they're acting in good faith.

", + "markdown": "of any individual to color their decisions, even when\nthey're acting in good faith.", + "text": "of any individual to color their decisions, even when\nthey're acting in good faith." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.239, + "y": 0.1355 + }, + { + "x": 0.7987, + "y": 0.1355 + }, + { + "x": 0.7987, + "y": 0.1779 + }, + { + "x": 0.239, + "y": 0.1779 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Credentials: Academic credentials tend to
represent a significant commitment of time towards
gaining mastery of a subject, and therefore requiring
a particular degree may increase the likelihood of
accurate information. However, not all groups are
equally represented in higher education. Degree
completion is uneven across race and income factors
(among others), making academia not
demographically representative of our society as a
whole. Some perspectives are therefore
systematically underrepresented in groups with
advanced degrees.
· Peer Review: Peer review sometimes only results in
collaborative improvements to a work. It can also
prevent the publication of very obviously flawed or
poorly executed or analyzed research. Very new or
radical ideas may be initially rejected because they
are such a departure from existing dogma. Peer
review is largely a practice of academia, therefore has
the same exclusionary problems mentioned in the
credentials section. It is possible for individual
reviewers to act in a biased or unethical way to
prevent the publication of some works.
· Fact Checking: Not a lot of downside here. Let me
know if your students come up with anything good.
· Domains: For some top level domains (mostly just
.gov and .edu) looking at the domain provides some
assurance that the web content there is an official
communication of a particular institution. There
really isn't any problem with domains excluding

", + "markdown": "- · Credentials: Academic credentials tend to\n- represent a significant commitment of time towards\n- gaining mastery of a subject, and therefore requiring\n- a particular degree may increase the likelihood of\n- accurate information. However, not all groups are\n- equally represented in higher education. Degree\n- completion is uneven across race and income factors\n- (among others), making academia not\n- demographically representative of our society as a\n- whole. Some perspectives are therefore\n- systematically underrepresented in groups with\n- advanced degrees.\n- · Peer Review: Peer review sometimes only results in\n- collaborative improvements to a work. It can also\n- prevent the publication of very obviously flawed or\n- poorly executed or analyzed research. Very new or\n- radical ideas may be initially rejected because they\n- are such a departure from existing dogma. Peer\n- review is largely a practice of academia, therefore has\n- the same exclusionary problems mentioned in the\n- credentials section. It is possible for individual\n- reviewers to act in a biased or unethical way to\n- prevent the publication of some works.\n- · Fact Checking: Not a lot of downside here. Let me\n- know if your students come up with anything good.\n- · Domains: For some top level domains (mostly just\n- .gov and .edu) looking at the domain provides some\n- assurance that the web content there is an official\n- communication of a particular institution. There\n- really isn't any problem with domains excluding\n", + "text": "· Credentials: Academic credentials tend to\nrepresent a significant commitment of time towards\ngaining mastery of a subject, and therefore requiring\na particular degree may increase the likelihood of\naccurate information. However, not all groups are\nequally represented in higher education. Degree\ncompletion is uneven across race and income factors\n(among others), making academia not\ndemographically representative of our society as a\nwhole. Some perspectives are therefore\nsystematically underrepresented in groups with\nadvanced degrees.\n· Peer Review: Peer review sometimes only results in\ncollaborative improvements to a work. It can also\nprevent the publication of very obviously flawed or\npoorly executed or analyzed research. Very new or\nradical ideas may be initially rejected because they\nare such a departure from existing dogma. Peer\nreview is largely a practice of academia, therefore has\nthe same exclusionary problems mentioned in the\ncredentials section. It is possible for individual\nreviewers to act in a biased or unethical way to\nprevent the publication of some works.\n· Fact Checking: Not a lot of downside here. Let me\nknow if your students come up with anything good.\n· Domains: For some top level domains (mostly just\n.gov and .edu) looking at the domain provides some\nassurance that the web content there is an official\ncommunication of a particular institution. There\nreally isn't any problem with domains excluding" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.197, + "y": 0.1685 + }, + { + "x": 0.8282, + "y": 0.1685 + }, + { + "x": 0.8282, + "y": 0.8756 + }, + { + "x": 0.197, + "y": 0.8756 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
106 I Instructor Resources
", + "markdown": "106 I Instructor Resources", + "text": "106 I Instructor Resources" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.138, + "y": 0.9221 + }, + { + "x": 0.4041, + "y": 0.9221 + }, + { + "x": 0.4041, + "y": 0.9402 + }, + { + "x": 0.138, + "y": 0.9402 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000149.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
Circle
\n
Co-funded by
the European Union
\n\n
Eco-Circle Competence Framework
#1: The 3 Rs: Recycle-Reuse-Reduce
#2: Lifecycle of Circular Economy
#3: Social Entrepreneurship and Circular Economy
#4: Corporate Environmental Sustainability
#5: Embodying Sustainable Values
#6: Environmental Engagement
#7: Supporting Local Eco-friendly and Green Activities
With this in mind, here we have the 7 key competence areas selected to form a part of Eco-
Circle's Competence Framework:
\n
This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author
and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
\n
Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126
", + "markdown": "Circle\n\nCo-funded by\nthe European Union\n\nWith this in mind, here we have the 7 key competence areas selected to form a part of Eco-\nCircle's Competence Framework:\n\n| Eco-Circle Competence Framework |\n| --- |\n| #1: The 3 Rs: Recycle-Reuse-Reduce |\n| #2: Lifecycle of Circular Economy |\n| #3: Social Entrepreneurship and Circular Economy |\n| #4: Corporate Environmental Sustainability |\n| #5: Embodying Sustainable Values |\n| #6: Environmental Engagement |\n| #7: Supporting Local Eco-friendly and Green Activities |\n\n\nThis project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.\n\nProject No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", + "text": "Circle\nCo-funded by\nthe European Union\nWith this in mind, here we have the 7 key competence areas selected to form a part of Eco-\nCircle's Competence Framework:\nEco-Circle Competence Framework\n #1: The 3 Rs: Recycle-Reuse-Reduce\n #2: Lifecycle of Circular Economy\n #3: Social Entrepreneurship and Circular Economy\n #4: Corporate Environmental Sustainability\n #5: Embodying Sustainable Values\n #6: Environmental Engagement\n #7: Supporting Local Eco-friendly and Green Activities\nThis project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.\nProject No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Circle
", + "markdown": "Circle", + "text": "Circle" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0357, + "y": 0.0282 + }, + { + "x": 0.1317, + "y": 0.0282 + }, + { + "x": 0.1317, + "y": 0.074 + }, + { + "x": 0.0357, + "y": 0.074 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Co-funded by
the European Union
", + "markdown": "Co-funded by\nthe European Union", + "text": "Co-funded by\nthe European Union" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7594, + "y": 0.0292 + }, + { + "x": 0.916, + "y": 0.0292 + }, + { + "x": 0.916, + "y": 0.0575 + }, + { + "x": 0.7594, + "y": 0.0575 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

With this in mind, here we have the 7 key competence areas selected to form a part of Eco-
Circle's Competence Framework:

", + "markdown": "With this in mind, here we have the 7 key competence areas selected to form a part of Eco-\nCircle's Competence Framework:", + "text": "With this in mind, here we have the 7 key competence areas selected to form a part of Eco-\nCircle's Competence Framework:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1385, + "y": 0.2085 + }, + { + "x": 0.8307, + "y": 0.2085 + }, + { + "x": 0.8307, + "y": 0.2415 + }, + { + "x": 0.1385, + "y": 0.2415 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
Eco-Circle Competence Framework
#1: The 3 Rs: Recycle-Reuse-Reduce
#2: Lifecycle of Circular Economy
#3: Social Entrepreneurship and Circular Economy
#4: Corporate Environmental Sustainability
#5: Embodying Sustainable Values
#6: Environmental Engagement
#7: Supporting Local Eco-friendly and Green Activities
", + "markdown": "| Eco-Circle Competence Framework |\n| --- |\n| #1: The 3 Rs: Recycle-Reuse-Reduce |\n| #2: Lifecycle of Circular Economy |\n| #3: Social Entrepreneurship and Circular Economy |\n| #4: Corporate Environmental Sustainability |\n| #5: Embodying Sustainable Values |\n| #6: Environmental Engagement |\n| #7: Supporting Local Eco-friendly and Green Activities |\n", + "text": "Eco-Circle Competence Framework\n #1: The 3 Rs: Recycle-Reuse-Reduce\n #2: Lifecycle of Circular Economy\n #3: Social Entrepreneurship and Circular Economy\n #4: Corporate Environmental Sustainability\n #5: Embodying Sustainable Values\n #6: Environmental Engagement\n #7: Supporting Local Eco-friendly and Green Activities" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2381, + "y": 0.2529 + }, + { + "x": 0.773, + "y": 0.2529 + }, + { + "x": 0.773, + "y": 0.4799 + }, + { + "x": 0.2381, + "y": 0.4799 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author
and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
", + "markdown": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", + "text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1477, + "y": 0.9029 + }, + { + "x": 0.8644, + "y": 0.9029 + }, + { + "x": 0.8644, + "y": 0.9289 + }, + { + "x": 0.1477, + "y": 0.9289 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126
", + "markdown": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", + "text": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3657, + "y": 0.9382 + }, + { + "x": 0.6483, + "y": 0.9382 + }, + { + "x": 0.6483, + "y": 0.9495 + }, + { + "x": 0.3657, + "y": 0.9495 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000021.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

2
The Lost Homeland

\n

Since the death of mother, Elfriede, ten years ago, I have been haunted
my
by the desire to visit the homeland, the Heimat, that she never saw again
after her fifty years in Australia. In more ways than one, Germany had
become her lost homeland, the spiritual place of her ancestors from
which she was exiled. I sensed the pain she felt over the tangible loss
of connection to her own past. For me to be able to go so far away and
tribute to her German home in what is now Poland, to savour the
pay
environment of her childhood, at first seemed impossible. I nevertheless
hoped for the opportunity to do so, although I expected to find all the
names of the places changed, and that people spoke a language I did not
understand. It would be confronting to go there, I thought.

\n

When in 1997 I visited Vienna, my father's Austrian birth city, and after
that my German cousins in Germany, I was not regarded as a stranger.
Despite being an almost lifelong Australian, I spoke their language and
somehow belonged. I was accepted by people as someone who had come
home to reclaim my heritage. I could merge with crowds unobtrusively,
like a 'local'. The only subtle tremors of feeling generated by what people
are used to were shown up in my too-German ways for the Austrians,
and my too-Austrian ways for the Germans. The Austrians reacted more
firmly. This suggests that my mother's influence on me was strongest.

\n

I was born in Turkey, north of Ankara, in 1935, and when I also went
there on my trip home, I was treated to a special welcome by each Turk
who found this out, from my passport or my conversation. My birth
in Turkey entitled me to Turkish citizenship. Naturally I was delighted,

\n
5
", + "markdown": "# 2\nThe Lost Homeland\n\nSince the death of mother, Elfriede, ten years ago, I have been haunted\nmy\nby the desire to visit the homeland, the Heimat, that she never saw again\nafter her fifty years in Australia. In more ways than one, Germany had\nbecome her lost homeland, the spiritual place of her ancestors from\nwhich she was exiled. I sensed the pain she felt over the tangible loss\nof connection to her own past. For me to be able to go so far away and\ntribute to her German home in what is now Poland, to savour the\npay\nenvironment of her childhood, at first seemed impossible. I nevertheless\nhoped for the opportunity to do so, although I expected to find all the\nnames of the places changed, and that people spoke a language I did not\nunderstand. It would be confronting to go there, I thought.\n\nWhen in 1997 I visited Vienna, my father's Austrian birth city, and after\nthat my German cousins in Germany, I was not regarded as a stranger.\nDespite being an almost lifelong Australian, I spoke their language and\nsomehow belonged. I was accepted by people as someone who had come\nhome to reclaim my heritage. I could merge with crowds unobtrusively,\nlike a 'local'. The only subtle tremors of feeling generated by what people\nare used to were shown up in my too-German ways for the Austrians,\nand my too-Austrian ways for the Germans. The Austrians reacted more\nfirmly. This suggests that my mother's influence on me was strongest.\n\nI was born in Turkey, north of Ankara, in 1935, and when I also went\nthere on my trip home, I was treated to a special welcome by each Turk\nwho found this out, from my passport or my conversation. My birth\nin Turkey entitled me to Turkish citizenship. Naturally I was delighted,\n\n5", + "text": "2\nThe Lost Homeland\nSince the death of mother, Elfriede, ten years ago, I have been haunted\nmy\nby the desire to visit the homeland, the Heimat, that she never saw again\nafter her fifty years in Australia. In more ways than one, Germany had\nbecome her lost homeland, the spiritual place of her ancestors from\nwhich she was exiled. I sensed the pain she felt over the tangible loss\nof connection to her own past. For me to be able to go so far away and\ntribute to her German home in what is now Poland, to savour the\npay\nenvironment of her childhood, at first seemed impossible. I nevertheless\nhoped for the opportunity to do so, although I expected to find all the\nnames of the places changed, and that people spoke a language I did not\nunderstand. It would be confronting to go there, I thought.\nWhen in 1997 I visited Vienna, my father's Austrian birth city, and after\nthat my German cousins in Germany, I was not regarded as a stranger.\nDespite being an almost lifelong Australian, I spoke their language and\nsomehow belonged. I was accepted by people as someone who had come\nhome to reclaim my heritage. I could merge with crowds unobtrusively,\nlike a 'local'. The only subtle tremors of feeling generated by what people\nare used to were shown up in my too-German ways for the Austrians,\nand my too-Austrian ways for the Germans. The Austrians reacted more\nfirmly. This suggests that my mother's influence on me was strongest.\nI was born in Turkey, north of Ankara, in 1935, and when I also went\nthere on my trip home, I was treated to a special welcome by each Turk\nwho found this out, from my passport or my conversation. My birth\nin Turkey entitled me to Turkish citizenship. Naturally I was delighted,\n5" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

2
The Lost Homeland

", + "markdown": "# 2\nThe Lost Homeland", + "text": "2\nThe Lost Homeland" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.253, + "y": 0.2076 + }, + { + "x": 0.7199, + "y": 0.2076 + }, + { + "x": 0.7199, + "y": 0.3112 + }, + { + "x": 0.253, + "y": 0.3112 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Since the death of mother, Elfriede, ten years ago, I have been haunted
my
by the desire to visit the homeland, the Heimat, that she never saw again
after her fifty years in Australia. In more ways than one, Germany had
become her lost homeland, the spiritual place of her ancestors from
which she was exiled. I sensed the pain she felt over the tangible loss
of connection to her own past. For me to be able to go so far away and
tribute to her German home in what is now Poland, to savour the
pay
environment of her childhood, at first seemed impossible. I nevertheless
hoped for the opportunity to do so, although I expected to find all the
names of the places changed, and that people spoke a language I did not
understand. It would be confronting to go there, I thought.

", + "markdown": "Since the death of mother, Elfriede, ten years ago, I have been haunted\nmy\nby the desire to visit the homeland, the Heimat, that she never saw again\nafter her fifty years in Australia. In more ways than one, Germany had\nbecome her lost homeland, the spiritual place of her ancestors from\nwhich she was exiled. I sensed the pain she felt over the tangible loss\nof connection to her own past. For me to be able to go so far away and\ntribute to her German home in what is now Poland, to savour the\npay\nenvironment of her childhood, at first seemed impossible. I nevertheless\nhoped for the opportunity to do so, although I expected to find all the\nnames of the places changed, and that people spoke a language I did not\nunderstand. It would be confronting to go there, I thought.", + "text": "Since the death of mother, Elfriede, ten years ago, I have been haunted\nmy\nby the desire to visit the homeland, the Heimat, that she never saw again\nafter her fifty years in Australia. In more ways than one, Germany had\nbecome her lost homeland, the spiritual place of her ancestors from\nwhich she was exiled. I sensed the pain she felt over the tangible loss\nof connection to her own past. For me to be able to go so far away and\ntribute to her German home in what is now Poland, to savour the\npay\nenvironment of her childhood, at first seemed impossible. I nevertheless\nhoped for the opportunity to do so, although I expected to find all the\nnames of the places changed, and that people spoke a language I did not\nunderstand. It would be confronting to go there, I thought." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1256, + "y": 0.3706 + }, + { + "x": 0.8486, + "y": 0.3706 + }, + { + "x": 0.8486, + "y": 0.5923 + }, + { + "x": 0.1256, + "y": 0.5923 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

When in 1997 I visited Vienna, my father's Austrian birth city, and after
that my German cousins in Germany, I was not regarded as a stranger.
Despite being an almost lifelong Australian, I spoke their language and
somehow belonged. I was accepted by people as someone who had come
home to reclaim my heritage. I could merge with crowds unobtrusively,
like a 'local'. The only subtle tremors of feeling generated by what people
are used to were shown up in my too-German ways for the Austrians,
and my too-Austrian ways for the Germans. The Austrians reacted more
firmly. This suggests that my mother's influence on me was strongest.

", + "markdown": "When in 1997 I visited Vienna, my father's Austrian birth city, and after\nthat my German cousins in Germany, I was not regarded as a stranger.\nDespite being an almost lifelong Australian, I spoke their language and\nsomehow belonged. I was accepted by people as someone who had come\nhome to reclaim my heritage. I could merge with crowds unobtrusively,\nlike a 'local'. The only subtle tremors of feeling generated by what people\nare used to were shown up in my too-German ways for the Austrians,\nand my too-Austrian ways for the Germans. The Austrians reacted more\nfirmly. This suggests that my mother's influence on me was strongest.", + "text": "When in 1997 I visited Vienna, my father's Austrian birth city, and after\nthat my German cousins in Germany, I was not regarded as a stranger.\nDespite being an almost lifelong Australian, I spoke their language and\nsomehow belonged. I was accepted by people as someone who had come\nhome to reclaim my heritage. I could merge with crowds unobtrusively,\nlike a 'local'. The only subtle tremors of feeling generated by what people\nare used to were shown up in my too-German ways for the Austrians,\nand my too-Austrian ways for the Germans. The Austrians reacted more\nfirmly. This suggests that my mother's influence on me was strongest." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1259, + "y": 0.6039 + }, + { + "x": 0.8482, + "y": 0.6039 + }, + { + "x": 0.8482, + "y": 0.7845 + }, + { + "x": 0.1259, + "y": 0.7845 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

I was born in Turkey, north of Ankara, in 1935, and when I also went
there on my trip home, I was treated to a special welcome by each Turk
who found this out, from my passport or my conversation. My birth
in Turkey entitled me to Turkish citizenship. Naturally I was delighted,

", + "markdown": "I was born in Turkey, north of Ankara, in 1935, and when I also went\nthere on my trip home, I was treated to a special welcome by each Turk\nwho found this out, from my passport or my conversation. My birth\nin Turkey entitled me to Turkish citizenship. Naturally I was delighted,", + "text": "I was born in Turkey, north of Ankara, in 1935, and when I also went\nthere on my trip home, I was treated to a special welcome by each Turk\nwho found this out, from my passport or my conversation. My birth\nin Turkey entitled me to Turkish citizenship. Naturally I was delighted," + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1254, + "y": 0.7953 + }, + { + "x": 0.8481, + "y": 0.7953 + }, + { + "x": 0.8481, + "y": 0.8769 + }, + { + "x": 0.1254, + "y": 0.8769 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
5
", + "markdown": "5", + "text": "5" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8947, + "y": 0.93 + }, + { + "x": 0.9114, + "y": 0.93 + }, + { + "x": 0.9114, + "y": 0.9426 + }, + { + "x": 0.8947, + "y": 0.9426 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000004.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
322
\n
YARROW
\n

observer model with three parameters captures PSS, sensory noise and an in-
terval bias (i.e., a tendency to select one interval in preference to the other
under uncertainty).

\n

The 2xSJ task provides estimates that correlate fairly well with equivalent
parameters estimated using TOJs, SJs, and ternary tasks. However, each trial
takes longer than in those single-presentation tasks, which makes experi-
ments more onerous. There are a few reasons why the roving-standard 2xSJ is
still worth considering. Firstly, it asks about synchrony explicitly (unlike the
TOJ) and by requiring relative judgements it reveals a point of maximal syn-
chrony perception (whereas the SJ and ternary tasks often reveal a range of
SOA values that are classified as synchronous). Secondly, it can be added in
to a single-presentation task (as a follow-up question every two trials), which
somewhat mitigates the burden of additional experimental time. Finally, a case
can be made that it will be more resistant to some forms of decision-level bias
(Morgan, Grant, Melmoth, & Solomon, 2015; Morgan, Melmoth, & Solomon,
2013). As with the other tasks I have described, code to fit data from the 2xSJ
accompanies this chapter.23 For further information, read the comments there
and consult Yarrow et al. (2016).

\n

12 Conclusion

\n

In this chapter, I have outlined the benefits of fitting formal observer models
to judgements about simultaneity, and described how this can be achieved us-
ing Matlab code (see book's GitHub repository). In doing so, I have presented
one particular observer model in some detail, and highlighted the fundamen-
tally subjective nature of the SJ task, which requires us to think carefully about
how both the strategic decisions and perceptual sensitivity of a participant
can affect their psychometric function. I have gone on to supply a brief over-
view of appropriate models for several closely related timing tasks. I hope I
have also provided enough of a tutorial regarding bespoke model fitting and
evaluation to allow the interested reader to go forward and explore their own
models of perceived simultaneity. Modelling may seem intimidating, but in
fact, a good understanding of just a few basic concepts (which is best gained
through practical exploration) will take you a long way, providing tools to
engage more fully with the timing literature. This is an endeavour I would very
much encourage!

\n

23 .

", + "markdown": "322\n\nYARROW\n\nobserver model with three parameters captures PSS, sensory noise and an in-\nterval bias (i.e., a tendency to select one interval in preference to the other\nunder uncertainty).\n\nThe 2xSJ task provides estimates that correlate fairly well with equivalent\nparameters estimated using TOJs, SJs, and ternary tasks. However, each trial\ntakes longer than in those single-presentation tasks, which makes experi-\nments more onerous. There are a few reasons why the roving-standard 2xSJ is\nstill worth considering. Firstly, it asks about synchrony explicitly (unlike the\nTOJ) and by requiring relative judgements it reveals a point of maximal syn-\nchrony perception (whereas the SJ and ternary tasks often reveal a range of\nSOA values that are classified as synchronous). Secondly, it can be added in\nto a single-presentation task (as a follow-up question every two trials), which\nsomewhat mitigates the burden of additional experimental time. Finally, a case\ncan be made that it will be more resistant to some forms of decision-level bias\n(Morgan, Grant, Melmoth, & Solomon, 2015; Morgan, Melmoth, & Solomon,\n2013). As with the other tasks I have described, code to fit data from the 2xSJ\naccompanies this chapter.23 For further information, read the comments there\nand consult Yarrow et al. (2016).\n\n# 12 Conclusion\n\nIn this chapter, I have outlined the benefits of fitting formal observer models\nto judgements about simultaneity, and described how this can be achieved us-\ning Matlab code (see book's GitHub repository). In doing so, I have presented\none particular observer model in some detail, and highlighted the fundamen-\ntally subjective nature of the SJ task, which requires us to think carefully about\nhow both the strategic decisions and perceptual sensitivity of a participant\ncan affect their psychometric function. I have gone on to supply a brief over-\nview of appropriate models for several closely related timing tasks. I hope I\nhave also provided enough of a tutorial regarding bespoke model fitting and\nevaluation to allow the interested reader to go forward and explore their own\nmodels of perceived simultaneity. Modelling may seem intimidating, but in\nfact, a good understanding of just a few basic concepts (which is best gained\nthrough practical exploration) will take you a long way, providing tools to\nengage more fully with the timing literature. This is an endeavour I would very\nmuch encourage!\n\n23 .", + "text": "322\nYARROW\nobserver model with three parameters captures PSS, sensory noise and an in-\nterval bias (i.e., a tendency to select one interval in preference to the other\nunder uncertainty).\nThe 2xSJ task provides estimates that correlate fairly well with equivalent\nparameters estimated using TOJs, SJs, and ternary tasks. However, each trial\ntakes longer than in those single-presentation tasks, which makes experi-\nments more onerous. There are a few reasons why the roving-standard 2xSJ is\nstill worth considering. Firstly, it asks about synchrony explicitly (unlike the\nTOJ) and by requiring relative judgements it reveals a point of maximal syn-\nchrony perception (whereas the SJ and ternary tasks often reveal a range of\nSOA values that are classified as synchronous). Secondly, it can be added in\nto a single-presentation task (as a follow-up question every two trials), which\nsomewhat mitigates the burden of additional experimental time. Finally, a case\ncan be made that it will be more resistant to some forms of decision-level bias\n(Morgan, Grant, Melmoth, & Solomon, 2015; Morgan, Melmoth, & Solomon,\n2013). As with the other tasks I have described, code to fit data from the 2xSJ\naccompanies this chapter.23 For further information, read the comments there\nand consult Yarrow et al. (2016).\n12 Conclusion\nIn this chapter, I have outlined the benefits of fitting formal observer models\nto judgements about simultaneity, and described how this can be achieved us-\ning Matlab code (see book's GitHub repository). In doing so, I have presented\none particular observer model in some detail, and highlighted the fundamen-\ntally subjective nature of the SJ task, which requires us to think carefully about\nhow both the strategic decisions and perceptual sensitivity of a participant\ncan affect their psychometric function. I have gone on to supply a brief over-\nview of appropriate models for several closely related timing tasks. I hope I\nhave also provided enough of a tutorial regarding bespoke model fitting and\nevaluation to allow the interested reader to go forward and explore their own\nmodels of perceived simultaneity. Modelling may seem intimidating, but in\nfact, a good understanding of just a few basic concepts (which is best gained\nthrough practical exploration) will take you a long way, providing tools to\nengage more fully with the timing literature. This is an endeavour I would very\nmuch encourage!\n23 ." + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
322
", + "markdown": "322", + "text": "322" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1385, + "y": 0.0531 + }, + { + "x": 0.1752, + "y": 0.0531 + }, + { + "x": 0.1752, + "y": 0.0671 + }, + { + "x": 0.1385, + "y": 0.0671 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
YARROW
", + "markdown": "YARROW", + "text": "YARROW" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8032, + "y": 0.0524 + }, + { + "x": 0.8874, + "y": 0.0524 + }, + { + "x": 0.8874, + "y": 0.0669 + }, + { + "x": 0.8032, + "y": 0.0669 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

observer model with three parameters captures PSS, sensory noise and an in-
terval bias (i.e., a tendency to select one interval in preference to the other
under uncertainty).

", + "markdown": "observer model with three parameters captures PSS, sensory noise and an in-\nterval bias (i.e., a tendency to select one interval in preference to the other\nunder uncertainty).", + "text": "observer model with three parameters captures PSS, sensory noise and an in-\nterval bias (i.e., a tendency to select one interval in preference to the other\nunder uncertainty)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1383, + "y": 0.0915 + }, + { + "x": 0.8871, + "y": 0.0915 + }, + { + "x": 0.8871, + "y": 0.1491 + }, + { + "x": 0.1383, + "y": 0.1491 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The 2xSJ task provides estimates that correlate fairly well with equivalent
parameters estimated using TOJs, SJs, and ternary tasks. However, each trial
takes longer than in those single-presentation tasks, which makes experi-
ments more onerous. There are a few reasons why the roving-standard 2xSJ is
still worth considering. Firstly, it asks about synchrony explicitly (unlike the
TOJ) and by requiring relative judgements it reveals a point of maximal syn-
chrony perception (whereas the SJ and ternary tasks often reveal a range of
SOA values that are classified as synchronous). Secondly, it can be added in
to a single-presentation task (as a follow-up question every two trials), which
somewhat mitigates the burden of additional experimental time. Finally, a case
can be made that it will be more resistant to some forms of decision-level bias
(Morgan, Grant, Melmoth, & Solomon, 2015; Morgan, Melmoth, & Solomon,
2013). As with the other tasks I have described, code to fit data from the 2xSJ
accompanies this chapter.23 For further information, read the comments there
and consult Yarrow et al. (2016).

", + "markdown": "The 2xSJ task provides estimates that correlate fairly well with equivalent\nparameters estimated using TOJs, SJs, and ternary tasks. However, each trial\ntakes longer than in those single-presentation tasks, which makes experi-\nments more onerous. There are a few reasons why the roving-standard 2xSJ is\nstill worth considering. Firstly, it asks about synchrony explicitly (unlike the\nTOJ) and by requiring relative judgements it reveals a point of maximal syn-\nchrony perception (whereas the SJ and ternary tasks often reveal a range of\nSOA values that are classified as synchronous). Secondly, it can be added in\nto a single-presentation task (as a follow-up question every two trials), which\nsomewhat mitigates the burden of additional experimental time. Finally, a case\ncan be made that it will be more resistant to some forms of decision-level bias\n(Morgan, Grant, Melmoth, & Solomon, 2015; Morgan, Melmoth, & Solomon,\n2013). As with the other tasks I have described, code to fit data from the 2xSJ\naccompanies this chapter.23 For further information, read the comments there\nand consult Yarrow et al. (2016).", + "text": "The 2xSJ task provides estimates that correlate fairly well with equivalent\nparameters estimated using TOJs, SJs, and ternary tasks. However, each trial\ntakes longer than in those single-presentation tasks, which makes experi-\nments more onerous. There are a few reasons why the roving-standard 2xSJ is\nstill worth considering. Firstly, it asks about synchrony explicitly (unlike the\nTOJ) and by requiring relative judgements it reveals a point of maximal syn-\nchrony perception (whereas the SJ and ternary tasks often reveal a range of\nSOA values that are classified as synchronous). Secondly, it can be added in\nto a single-presentation task (as a follow-up question every two trials), which\nsomewhat mitigates the burden of additional experimental time. Finally, a case\ncan be made that it will be more resistant to some forms of decision-level bias\n(Morgan, Grant, Melmoth, & Solomon, 2015; Morgan, Melmoth, & Solomon,\n2013). As with the other tasks I have described, code to fit data from the 2xSJ\naccompanies this chapter.23 For further information, read the comments there\nand consult Yarrow et al. (2016)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1366, + "y": 0.1506 + }, + { + "x": 0.8872, + "y": 0.1506 + }, + { + "x": 0.8872, + "y": 0.4539 + }, + { + "x": 0.1366, + "y": 0.4539 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

12 Conclusion

", + "markdown": "# 12 Conclusion", + "text": "12 Conclusion" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1366, + "y": 0.4956 + }, + { + "x": 0.3356, + "y": 0.4956 + }, + { + "x": 0.3356, + "y": 0.5133 + }, + { + "x": 0.1366, + "y": 0.5133 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

In this chapter, I have outlined the benefits of fitting formal observer models
to judgements about simultaneity, and described how this can be achieved us-
ing Matlab code (see book's GitHub repository). In doing so, I have presented
one particular observer model in some detail, and highlighted the fundamen-
tally subjective nature of the SJ task, which requires us to think carefully about
how both the strategic decisions and perceptual sensitivity of a participant
can affect their psychometric function. I have gone on to supply a brief over-
view of appropriate models for several closely related timing tasks. I hope I
have also provided enough of a tutorial regarding bespoke model fitting and
evaluation to allow the interested reader to go forward and explore their own
models of perceived simultaneity. Modelling may seem intimidating, but in
fact, a good understanding of just a few basic concepts (which is best gained
through practical exploration) will take you a long way, providing tools to
engage more fully with the timing literature. This is an endeavour I would very
much encourage!

", + "markdown": "In this chapter, I have outlined the benefits of fitting formal observer models\nto judgements about simultaneity, and described how this can be achieved us-\ning Matlab code (see book's GitHub repository). In doing so, I have presented\none particular observer model in some detail, and highlighted the fundamen-\ntally subjective nature of the SJ task, which requires us to think carefully about\nhow both the strategic decisions and perceptual sensitivity of a participant\ncan affect their psychometric function. I have gone on to supply a brief over-\nview of appropriate models for several closely related timing tasks. I hope I\nhave also provided enough of a tutorial regarding bespoke model fitting and\nevaluation to allow the interested reader to go forward and explore their own\nmodels of perceived simultaneity. Modelling may seem intimidating, but in\nfact, a good understanding of just a few basic concepts (which is best gained\nthrough practical exploration) will take you a long way, providing tools to\nengage more fully with the timing literature. This is an endeavour I would very\nmuch encourage!", + "text": "In this chapter, I have outlined the benefits of fitting formal observer models\nto judgements about simultaneity, and described how this can be achieved us-\ning Matlab code (see book's GitHub repository). In doing so, I have presented\none particular observer model in some detail, and highlighted the fundamen-\ntally subjective nature of the SJ task, which requires us to think carefully about\nhow both the strategic decisions and perceptual sensitivity of a participant\ncan affect their psychometric function. I have gone on to supply a brief over-\nview of appropriate models for several closely related timing tasks. I hope I\nhave also provided enough of a tutorial regarding bespoke model fitting and\nevaluation to allow the interested reader to go forward and explore their own\nmodels of perceived simultaneity. Modelling may seem intimidating, but in\nfact, a good understanding of just a few basic concepts (which is best gained\nthrough practical exploration) will take you a long way, providing tools to\nengage more fully with the timing literature. This is an endeavour I would very\nmuch encourage!" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.137, + "y": 0.5343 + }, + { + "x": 0.8869, + "y": 0.5343 + }, + { + "x": 0.8869, + "y": 0.8383 + }, + { + "x": 0.137, + "y": 0.8383 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

23 .

", + "markdown": "23 .", + "text": "23 ." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1384, + "y": 0.8601 + }, + { + "x": 0.5959, + "y": 0.8601 + }, + { + "x": 0.5959, + "y": 0.8786 + }, + { + "x": 0.1384, + "y": 0.8786 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000165.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Record your observations in Table 13.2.

\n\n
Added cationRelative Size & Settling Rates of Floccules
K+
Na+
Ca2+
Al3+
Check
Table 13.2. Effect of cations on flocculation ofa clay suspension.
\n

Activity 4. Determining CEC by replacing adsorbed cations.

\n

In this activity, you will titrate the filtrate with a 0.01 molar solution of NaOH using phenolphthalein as an indicator.
Phenolphthalein changes from colorless to faint pink when the quantity of OH~ ions added via the NaOH equals the
quantity of H+ ions in the solution (that is, when the pH is raised to 7). For this activity, assume the soil samples have
been extracted and the filtrates are now available for analysis.

\n

1. Place 10 ml of each filtrate into separate 125 ml flasks. This 10 ml quantity is the amount of filtrate from 1.0 gram of
soil.
2. Add 10 drops of the phenolphthalein indicator.
3. Titrate the extract with the NaOH solution to a faint pink endpoint. The titration must be done very carefully to
obtain meaningful results. If you put too much NaOH in the flask and get a bright pink color, discard the solution
and repeat the process. In the table below, record the milliliters of NaOH solution used to achieve the endpoint.

\n

Calculate the CEC and record your data in Table 13.3.

\n

Here is an example of how to calculate the CEC, assuming 2.5 mL of NaOH was required to achieve an end point.
The reaction occurring during titration is

\n

$$\\mathrm{NaOH}+\\mathrm{H}^{+}\\to\\mathrm{Na}^{+}+\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{O}$$

\n

Thus, one mole of NaOH reacts with one mole ofH+. Therefore, at the phenolphthalein end point, moles of NaOH added
= moles of H+ in solution.

\n

The solution of 0.01 molar NaOH contains 1 cmol charge per liter (1 cmolc/L). Therefore 2.5 mL NaOH contains

\n

$${\\mathrm{cmol,~ofNaOH}}=2.5{\\mathrm{~mLNaOH}}\\times{\\frac{1}{1000{\\mathrm{~m}}}}\\times{\\frac{1{\\mathrm{~mol,~cmoll}}}{1{\\mathrm{~mol,~molpa}}}}\\times{\\frac{9.01{\\mathrm{~mol,~cmolpt}}}{1{\\mathrm{~wol,}}}}=0.0025{\\mathrm{~mol,~NaOH}}$$

\n

Thus, the CEC is

\n

$$\\frac{\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{\\mathrm{kg}\\,\\mathrm{soil}}=\\frac{0.0025\\,\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{1\\,\\mathrm{g}\\,\\mathrm{soil}}\\times\\frac{1000\\,\\,{\\mathrm{soil}}}{1\\,\\mathrm{kg}\\,\\mathrm{soil}}=\\frac{2.5c m o l c}{\\mathrm{kg}\\,\\mathrm{soil}}$$

\n
114 I Soil Colloids
", + "markdown": "Record your observations in Table 13.2.\n\nTable 13.2. Effect of cations on flocculation ofa clay suspension.\n\n| Added cation | Relative Size & Settling Rates of Floccules | Relative Size & Settling Rates of Floccules |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| K+ | | |\n| Na+ | | |\n| Ca2+ | | |\n| Al3+ | | |\n| Check | | |\n\n\nActivity 4. Determining CEC by replacing adsorbed cations.\n\nIn this activity, you will titrate the filtrate with a 0.01 molar solution of NaOH using phenolphthalein as an indicator.\nPhenolphthalein changes from colorless to faint pink when the quantity of OH~ ions added via the NaOH equals the\nquantity of H+ ions in the solution (that is, when the pH is raised to 7). For this activity, assume the soil samples have\nbeen extracted and the filtrates are now available for analysis.\n\n- 1. Place 10 ml of each filtrate into separate 125 ml flasks. This 10 ml quantity is the amount of filtrate from 1.0 gram of\n- soil.\n- 2. Add 10 drops of the phenolphthalein indicator.\n- 3. Titrate the extract with the NaOH solution to a faint pink endpoint. The titration must be done very carefully to\n- obtain meaningful results. If you put too much NaOH in the flask and get a bright pink color, discard the solution\n- and repeat the process. In the table below, record the milliliters of NaOH solution used to achieve the endpoint.\n\n\nCalculate the CEC and record your data in Table 13.3.\n\nHere is an example of how to calculate the CEC, assuming 2.5 mL of NaOH was required to achieve an end point.\nThe reaction occurring during titration is\n\n$$\\mathrm{NaOH}+\\mathrm{H}^{+}\\to\\mathrm{Na}^{+}+\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{O}$$\n\nThus, one mole of NaOH reacts with one mole ofH+. Therefore, at the phenolphthalein end point, moles of NaOH added\n= moles of H+ in solution.\n\nThe solution of 0.01 molar NaOH contains 1 cmol charge per liter (1 cmolc/L). Therefore 2.5 mL NaOH contains\n\n$${\\mathrm{cmol,~ofNaOH}}=2.5{\\mathrm{~mLNaOH}}\\times{\\frac{1}{1000{\\mathrm{~m}}}}\\times{\\frac{1{\\mathrm{~mol,~cmoll}}}{1{\\mathrm{~mol,~molpa}}}}\\times{\\frac{9.01{\\mathrm{~mol,~cmolpt}}}{1{\\mathrm{~wol,}}}}=0.0025{\\mathrm{~mol,~NaOH}}$$\n\nThus, the CEC is\n\n$$\\frac{\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{\\mathrm{kg}\\,\\mathrm{soil}}=\\frac{0.0025\\,\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{1\\,\\mathrm{g}\\,\\mathrm{soil}}\\times\\frac{1000\\,\\,{\\mathrm{soil}}}{1\\,\\mathrm{kg}\\,\\mathrm{soil}}=\\frac{2.5c m o l c}{\\mathrm{kg}\\,\\mathrm{soil}}$$\n\n114 I Soil Colloids", + "text": "Record your observations in Table 13.2.\nTable 13.2. Effect of cations on flocculation ofa clay suspension.\nAdded cation Relative Size & Settling Rates of Floccules\n K+ \n Na+ \n Ca2+ \n Al3+ \n Check\nActivity 4. Determining CEC by replacing adsorbed cations.\nIn this activity, you will titrate the filtrate with a 0.01 molar solution of NaOH using phenolphthalein as an indicator.\nPhenolphthalein changes from colorless to faint pink when the quantity of OH~ ions added via the NaOH equals the\nquantity of H+ ions in the solution (that is, when the pH is raised to 7). For this activity, assume the soil samples have\nbeen extracted and the filtrates are now available for analysis.\n1. Place 10 ml of each filtrate into separate 125 ml flasks. This 10 ml quantity is the amount of filtrate from 1.0 gram of\nsoil.\n2. Add 10 drops of the phenolphthalein indicator.\n3. Titrate the extract with the NaOH solution to a faint pink endpoint. The titration must be done very carefully to\nobtain meaningful results. If you put too much NaOH in the flask and get a bright pink color, discard the solution\nand repeat the process. In the table below, record the milliliters of NaOH solution used to achieve the endpoint.\nCalculate the CEC and record your data in Table 13.3.\nHere is an example of how to calculate the CEC, assuming 2.5 mL of NaOH was required to achieve an end point.\nThe reaction occurring during titration is\nNaOH + H+ → Na + + H2O\nThus, one mole of NaOH reacts with one mole ofH+. Therefore, at the phenolphthalein end point, moles of NaOH added\n= moles of H+ in solution.\nThe solution of 0.01 molar NaOH contains 1 cmol charge per liter (1 cmolc/L). Therefore 2.5 mL NaOH contains\n1L 0.01 mol NaOH 1 molc 100 cmolc \ncmolc of NaOH = 2.5 mL NaOH x x x x = 0.0025 molc NaOH \n1000 mL 1L 1 mol NaOH 1 molc\nThus, the CEC is\ncmolc 0.0025 cmolc 1000 g soil 2.5cmolc \nx = \nkg soil 1 g soil 1 kg soil kg soil\n114 I Soil Colloids" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Record your observations in Table 13.2.

", + "markdown": "Record your observations in Table 13.2.", + "text": "Record your observations in Table 13.2." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14, + "y": 0.074 + }, + { + "x": 0.4133, + "y": 0.074 + }, + { + "x": 0.4133, + "y": 0.0888 + }, + { + "x": 0.14, + "y": 0.0888 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Table 13.2. Effect of cations on flocculation ofa clay suspension.

", + "markdown": "Table 13.2. Effect of cations on flocculation ofa clay suspension.", + "text": "Table 13.2. Effect of cations on flocculation ofa clay suspension." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0893, + "y": 0.1282 + }, + { + "x": 0.6828, + "y": 0.1282 + }, + { + "x": 0.6828, + "y": 0.1517 + }, + { + "x": 0.0893, + "y": 0.1517 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
Added cationRelative Size & Settling Rates of Floccules
K+
Na+
Ca2+
Al3+
Check
", + "markdown": "| Added cation | Relative Size & Settling Rates of Floccules | Relative Size & Settling Rates of Floccules |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| K+ | | |\n| Na+ | | |\n| Ca2+ | | |\n| Al3+ | | |\n| Check | | |\n", + "text": "Added cation Relative Size & Settling Rates of Floccules\n K+ \n Na+ \n Ca2+ \n Al3+ \n Check" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0951, + "y": 0.1805 + }, + { + "x": 0.4621, + "y": 0.1805 + }, + { + "x": 0.4621, + "y": 0.2994 + }, + { + "x": 0.0951, + "y": 0.2994 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Activity 4. Determining CEC by replacing adsorbed cations.

", + "markdown": "Activity 4. Determining CEC by replacing adsorbed cations.", + "text": "Activity 4. Determining CEC by replacing adsorbed cations." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.089, + "y": 0.3411 + }, + { + "x": 0.6529, + "y": 0.3411 + }, + { + "x": 0.6529, + "y": 0.363 + }, + { + "x": 0.089, + "y": 0.363 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

In this activity, you will titrate the filtrate with a 0.01 molar solution of NaOH using phenolphthalein as an indicator.
Phenolphthalein changes from colorless to faint pink when the quantity of OH~ ions added via the NaOH equals the
quantity of H+ ions in the solution (that is, when the pH is raised to 7). For this activity, assume the soil samples have
been extracted and the filtrates are now available for analysis.

", + "markdown": "In this activity, you will titrate the filtrate with a 0.01 molar solution of NaOH using phenolphthalein as an indicator.\nPhenolphthalein changes from colorless to faint pink when the quantity of OH~ ions added via the NaOH equals the\nquantity of H+ ions in the solution (that is, when the pH is raised to 7). For this activity, assume the soil samples have\nbeen extracted and the filtrates are now available for analysis.", + "text": "In this activity, you will titrate the filtrate with a 0.01 molar solution of NaOH using phenolphthalein as an indicator.\nPhenolphthalein changes from colorless to faint pink when the quantity of OH~ ions added via the NaOH equals the\nquantity of H+ ions in the solution (that is, when the pH is raised to 7). For this activity, assume the soil samples have\nbeen extracted and the filtrates are now available for analysis." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.087, + "y": 0.3888 + }, + { + "x": 0.9117, + "y": 0.3888 + }, + { + "x": 0.9117, + "y": 0.4576 + }, + { + "x": 0.087, + "y": 0.4576 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

1. Place 10 ml of each filtrate into separate 125 ml flasks. This 10 ml quantity is the amount of filtrate from 1.0 gram of
soil.
2. Add 10 drops of the phenolphthalein indicator.
3. Titrate the extract with the NaOH solution to a faint pink endpoint. The titration must be done very carefully to
obtain meaningful results. If you put too much NaOH in the flask and get a bright pink color, discard the solution
and repeat the process. In the table below, record the milliliters of NaOH solution used to achieve the endpoint.

", + "markdown": "- 1. Place 10 ml of each filtrate into separate 125 ml flasks. This 10 ml quantity is the amount of filtrate from 1.0 gram of\n- soil.\n- 2. Add 10 drops of the phenolphthalein indicator.\n- 3. Titrate the extract with the NaOH solution to a faint pink endpoint. The titration must be done very carefully to\n- obtain meaningful results. If you put too much NaOH in the flask and get a bright pink color, discard the solution\n- and repeat the process. In the table below, record the milliliters of NaOH solution used to achieve the endpoint.\n", + "text": "1. Place 10 ml of each filtrate into separate 125 ml flasks. This 10 ml quantity is the amount of filtrate from 1.0 gram of\nsoil.\n2. Add 10 drops of the phenolphthalein indicator.\n3. Titrate the extract with the NaOH solution to a faint pink endpoint. The titration must be done very carefully to\nobtain meaningful results. If you put too much NaOH in the flask and get a bright pink color, discard the solution\nand repeat the process. In the table below, record the milliliters of NaOH solution used to achieve the endpoint." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0931, + "y": 0.4756 + }, + { + "x": 0.9023, + "y": 0.4756 + }, + { + "x": 0.9023, + "y": 0.5806 + }, + { + "x": 0.0931, + "y": 0.5806 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Calculate the CEC and record your data in Table 13.3.

", + "markdown": "Calculate the CEC and record your data in Table 13.3.", + "text": "Calculate the CEC and record your data in Table 13.3." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.141, + "y": 0.5984 + }, + { + "x": 0.5106, + "y": 0.5984 + }, + { + "x": 0.5106, + "y": 0.6142 + }, + { + "x": 0.141, + "y": 0.6142 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Here is an example of how to calculate the CEC, assuming 2.5 mL of NaOH was required to achieve an end point.
The reaction occurring during titration is

", + "markdown": "Here is an example of how to calculate the CEC, assuming 2.5 mL of NaOH was required to achieve an end point.\nThe reaction occurring during titration is", + "text": "Here is an example of how to calculate the CEC, assuming 2.5 mL of NaOH was required to achieve an end point.\nThe reaction occurring during titration is" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0888, + "y": 0.6279 + }, + { + "x": 0.9111, + "y": 0.6279 + }, + { + "x": 0.9111, + "y": 0.6606 + }, + { + "x": 0.0888, + "y": 0.6606 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$\\mathrm{NaOH}+\\mathrm{H}^{+}\\to\\mathrm{Na}^{+}+\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{O}$$

", + "markdown": "$$\\mathrm{NaOH}+\\mathrm{H}^{+}\\to\\mathrm{Na}^{+}+\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{O}$$", + "text": "NaOH + H+ → Na + + H2O" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3579, + "y": 0.6719 + }, + { + "x": 0.6394, + "y": 0.6719 + }, + { + "x": 0.6394, + "y": 0.6946 + }, + { + "x": 0.3579, + "y": 0.6946 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Thus, one mole of NaOH reacts with one mole ofH+. Therefore, at the phenolphthalein end point, moles of NaOH added
= moles of H+ in solution.

", + "markdown": "Thus, one mole of NaOH reacts with one mole ofH+. Therefore, at the phenolphthalein end point, moles of NaOH added\n= moles of H+ in solution.", + "text": "Thus, one mole of NaOH reacts with one mole ofH+. Therefore, at the phenolphthalein end point, moles of NaOH added\n= moles of H+ in solution." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.089, + "y": 0.707 + }, + { + "x": 0.9125, + "y": 0.707 + }, + { + "x": 0.9125, + "y": 0.7406 + }, + { + "x": 0.089, + "y": 0.7406 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The solution of 0.01 molar NaOH contains 1 cmol charge per liter (1 cmolc/L). Therefore 2.5 mL NaOH contains

", + "markdown": "The solution of 0.01 molar NaOH contains 1 cmol charge per liter (1 cmolc/L). Therefore 2.5 mL NaOH contains", + "text": "The solution of 0.01 molar NaOH contains 1 cmol charge per liter (1 cmolc/L). Therefore 2.5 mL NaOH contains" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0897, + "y": 0.7534 + }, + { + "x": 0.8505, + "y": 0.7534 + }, + { + "x": 0.8505, + "y": 0.7708 + }, + { + "x": 0.0897, + "y": 0.7708 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$${\\mathrm{cmol,~ofNaOH}}=2.5{\\mathrm{~mLNaOH}}\\times{\\frac{1}{1000{\\mathrm{~m}}}}\\times{\\frac{1{\\mathrm{~mol,~cmoll}}}{1{\\mathrm{~mol,~molpa}}}}\\times{\\frac{9.01{\\mathrm{~mol,~cmolpt}}}{1{\\mathrm{~wol,}}}}=0.0025{\\mathrm{~mol,~NaOH}}$$

", + "markdown": "$${\\mathrm{cmol,~ofNaOH}}=2.5{\\mathrm{~mLNaOH}}\\times{\\frac{1}{1000{\\mathrm{~m}}}}\\times{\\frac{1{\\mathrm{~mol,~cmoll}}}{1{\\mathrm{~mol,~molpa}}}}\\times{\\frac{9.01{\\mathrm{~mol,~cmolpt}}}{1{\\mathrm{~wol,}}}}=0.0025{\\mathrm{~mol,~NaOH}}$$", + "text": "1L 0.01 mol NaOH 1 molc 100 cmolc \ncmolc of NaOH = 2.5 mL NaOH x x x x = 0.0025 molc NaOH \n1000 mL 1L 1 mol NaOH 1 molc" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0858, + "y": 0.7779 + }, + { + "x": 0.9122, + "y": 0.7779 + }, + { + "x": 0.9122, + "y": 0.8151 + }, + { + "x": 0.0858, + "y": 0.8151 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Thus, the CEC is

", + "markdown": "Thus, the CEC is", + "text": "Thus, the CEC is" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0894, + "y": 0.8255 + }, + { + "x": 0.2098, + "y": 0.8255 + }, + { + "x": 0.2098, + "y": 0.8419 + }, + { + "x": 0.0894, + "y": 0.8419 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$\\frac{\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{\\mathrm{kg}\\,\\mathrm{soil}}=\\frac{0.0025\\,\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{1\\,\\mathrm{g}\\,\\mathrm{soil}}\\times\\frac{1000\\,\\,{\\mathrm{soil}}}{1\\,\\mathrm{kg}\\,\\mathrm{soil}}=\\frac{2.5c m o l c}{\\mathrm{kg}\\,\\mathrm{soil}}$$

", + "markdown": "$$\\frac{\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{\\mathrm{kg}\\,\\mathrm{soil}}=\\frac{0.0025\\,\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{1\\,\\mathrm{g}\\,\\mathrm{soil}}\\times\\frac{1000\\,\\,{\\mathrm{soil}}}{1\\,\\mathrm{kg}\\,\\mathrm{soil}}=\\frac{2.5c m o l c}{\\mathrm{kg}\\,\\mathrm{soil}}$$", + "text": "cmolc 0.0025 cmolc 1000 g soil 2.5cmolc \nx = \nkg soil 1 g soil 1 kg soil kg soil" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2498, + "y": 0.8511 + }, + { + "x": 0.753, + "y": 0.8511 + }, + { + "x": 0.753, + "y": 0.9016 + }, + { + "x": 0.2498, + "y": 0.9016 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
114 I Soil Colloids
", + "markdown": "114 I Soil Colloids", + "text": "114 I Soil Colloids" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0886, + "y": 0.9384 + }, + { + "x": 0.2049, + "y": 0.9384 + }, + { + "x": 0.2049, + "y": 0.9538 + }, + { + "x": 0.0886, + "y": 0.9538 + } + ], + "id": 14, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000119.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

\n

BIO181

\n

chromosome. Meiosis and mitosis are both nuclear divisions

\n

that result in new daughter cells. However, the two processes have significant
differences. Fill out the following chart comparing the two forms of nuclear division.

\n
Mitosis (begins with a single cell)Meiosis (begins with a single cell)
# chromosomes in parent cells
# DNA replications
# nuclear divisions
# daughter cells produced
purpose
\n

5. Using your beads, strings, and magnets recreate the process of meiosis. Ensuring you
have two different colored beads, demonstrate the process of crossing over. When you
think you have it down, flag your instructor over. Have them sign off on your handiwork.
Instructor signature:

\n

6. By now hopefully you've noticed that these processes are denoted with \"2n\" and \"n\" in
various places. This is a reference to the number of sets of chromosomes that cell has at
any given moment. Autosomal human cells are 2n. Gametes are 1n. Mitosis begins with
one 2n cell and ends with two 2n cells. Meiosis begins with one 2n cell and ends with 4 1n
cells. Sketch those two processes here to show every time the \"n\" classification changes.
(Hint: draw every step, it'll make your life easier, evenif it takes a little bit longer!)

\n
71
", + "markdown": "# MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE\n\nBIO181\n\nchromosome. Meiosis and mitosis are both nuclear divisions\n\nthat result in new daughter cells. However, the two processes have significant\ndifferences. Fill out the following chart comparing the two forms of nuclear division.\n\n| | Mitosis (begins with a single cell) | Meiosis (begins with a single cell) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| # chromosomes in parent cells | | |\n| # DNA replications | # DNA replications | # DNA replications |\n| # nuclear divisions | | |\n| # daughter cells produced | # daughter cells produced | # daughter cells produced |\n| purpose | | |\n\n\n5. Using your beads, strings, and magnets recreate the process of meiosis. Ensuring you\nhave two different colored beads, demonstrate the process of crossing over. When you\nthink you have it down, flag your instructor over. Have them sign off on your handiwork.\nInstructor signature:\n\n6. By now hopefully you've noticed that these processes are denoted with \"2n\" and \"n\" in\nvarious places. This is a reference to the number of sets of chromosomes that cell has at\nany given moment. Autosomal human cells are 2n. Gametes are 1n. Mitosis begins with\none 2n cell and ends with two 2n cells. Meiosis begins with one 2n cell and ends with 4 1n\ncells. Sketch those two processes here to show every time the \"n\" classification changes.\n(Hint: draw every step, it'll make your life easier, evenif it takes a little bit longer!)\n\n71", + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE\nBIO181\nchromosome. Meiosis and mitosis are both nuclear divisions\nthat result in new daughter cells. However, the two processes have significant\ndifferences. Fill out the following chart comparing the two forms of nuclear division.\nMitosis (begins with a single cell) Meiosis (begins with a single cell)\n # chromosomes in parent cells \n # DNA replications\n # nuclear divisions \n # daughter cells produced\n purpose\n5. Using your beads, strings, and magnets recreate the process of meiosis. Ensuring you\nhave two different colored beads, demonstrate the process of crossing over. When you\nthink you have it down, flag your instructor over. Have them sign off on your handiwork.\nInstructor signature:\n6. By now hopefully you've noticed that these processes are denoted with \"2n\" and \"n\" in\nvarious places. This is a reference to the number of sets of chromosomes that cell has at\nany given moment. Autosomal human cells are 2n. Gametes are 1n. Mitosis begins with\none 2n cell and ends with two 2n cells. Meiosis begins with one 2n cell and ends with 4 1n\ncells. Sketch those two processes here to show every time the \"n\" classification changes.\n(Hint: draw every step, it'll make your life easier, evenif it takes a little bit longer!)\n71" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

", + "markdown": "# MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1122, + "y": 0.0465 + }, + { + "x": 0.3969, + "y": 0.0465 + }, + { + "x": 0.3969, + "y": 0.0672 + }, + { + "x": 0.1122, + "y": 0.0672 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

BIO181

", + "markdown": "BIO181", + "text": "BIO181" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7943, + "y": 0.0475 + }, + { + "x": 0.8708, + "y": 0.0475 + }, + { + "x": 0.8708, + "y": 0.0673 + }, + { + "x": 0.7943, + "y": 0.0673 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

chromosome. Meiosis and mitosis are both nuclear divisions

", + "markdown": "chromosome. Meiosis and mitosis are both nuclear divisions", + "text": "chromosome. Meiosis and mitosis are both nuclear divisions" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1467, + "y": 0.0912 + }, + { + "x": 0.6391, + "y": 0.0912 + }, + { + "x": 0.6391, + "y": 0.1089 + }, + { + "x": 0.1467, + "y": 0.1089 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

that result in new daughter cells. However, the two processes have significant
differences. Fill out the following chart comparing the two forms of nuclear division.

", + "markdown": "that result in new daughter cells. However, the two processes have significant\ndifferences. Fill out the following chart comparing the two forms of nuclear division.", + "text": "that result in new daughter cells. However, the two processes have significant\ndifferences. Fill out the following chart comparing the two forms of nuclear division." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1466, + "y": 0.1293 + }, + { + "x": 0.8111, + "y": 0.1293 + }, + { + "x": 0.8111, + "y": 0.1653 + }, + { + "x": 0.1466, + "y": 0.1653 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
Mitosis (begins with a single cell)Meiosis (begins with a single cell)
# chromosomes in parent cells
# DNA replications
# nuclear divisions
# daughter cells produced
purpose
", + "markdown": "| | Mitosis (begins with a single cell) | Meiosis (begins with a single cell) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| # chromosomes in parent cells | | |\n| # DNA replications | # DNA replications | # DNA replications |\n| # nuclear divisions | | |\n| # daughter cells produced | # daughter cells produced | # daughter cells produced |\n| purpose | | |\n", + "text": "Mitosis (begins with a single cell) Meiosis (begins with a single cell)\n # chromosomes in parent cells \n # DNA replications\n # nuclear divisions \n # daughter cells produced\n purpose" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1636, + "y": 0.2028 + }, + { + "x": 1.039, + "y": 0.2028 + }, + { + "x": 1.039, + "y": 0.4411 + }, + { + "x": 0.1636, + "y": 0.4411 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

5. Using your beads, strings, and magnets recreate the process of meiosis. Ensuring you
have two different colored beads, demonstrate the process of crossing over. When you
think you have it down, flag your instructor over. Have them sign off on your handiwork.
Instructor signature:

", + "markdown": "5. Using your beads, strings, and magnets recreate the process of meiosis. Ensuring you\nhave two different colored beads, demonstrate the process of crossing over. When you\nthink you have it down, flag your instructor over. Have them sign off on your handiwork.\nInstructor signature:", + "text": "5. Using your beads, strings, and magnets recreate the process of meiosis. Ensuring you\nhave two different colored beads, demonstrate the process of crossing over. When you\nthink you have it down, flag your instructor over. Have them sign off on your handiwork.\nInstructor signature:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1243, + "y": 0.4754 + }, + { + "x": 0.8677, + "y": 0.4754 + }, + { + "x": 0.8677, + "y": 0.5545 + }, + { + "x": 0.1243, + "y": 0.5545 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

6. By now hopefully you've noticed that these processes are denoted with \"2n\" and \"n\" in
various places. This is a reference to the number of sets of chromosomes that cell has at
any given moment. Autosomal human cells are 2n. Gametes are 1n. Mitosis begins with
one 2n cell and ends with two 2n cells. Meiosis begins with one 2n cell and ends with 4 1n
cells. Sketch those two processes here to show every time the \"n\" classification changes.
(Hint: draw every step, it'll make your life easier, evenif it takes a little bit longer!)

", + "markdown": "6. By now hopefully you've noticed that these processes are denoted with \"2n\" and \"n\" in\nvarious places. This is a reference to the number of sets of chromosomes that cell has at\nany given moment. Autosomal human cells are 2n. Gametes are 1n. Mitosis begins with\none 2n cell and ends with two 2n cells. Meiosis begins with one 2n cell and ends with 4 1n\ncells. Sketch those two processes here to show every time the \"n\" classification changes.\n(Hint: draw every step, it'll make your life easier, evenif it takes a little bit longer!)", + "text": "6. By now hopefully you've noticed that these processes are denoted with \"2n\" and \"n\" in\nvarious places. This is a reference to the number of sets of chromosomes that cell has at\nany given moment. Autosomal human cells are 2n. Gametes are 1n. Mitosis begins with\none 2n cell and ends with two 2n cells. Meiosis begins with one 2n cell and ends with 4 1n\ncells. Sketch those two processes here to show every time the \"n\" classification changes.\n(Hint: draw every step, it'll make your life easier, evenif it takes a little bit longer!)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1247, + "y": 0.6008 + }, + { + "x": 0.8745, + "y": 0.6008 + }, + { + "x": 0.8745, + "y": 0.7205 + }, + { + "x": 0.1247, + "y": 0.7205 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
71
", + "markdown": "71", + "text": "71" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4867, + "y": 0.9227 + }, + { + "x": 0.5118, + "y": 0.9227 + }, + { + "x": 0.5118, + "y": 0.939 + }, + { + "x": 0.4867, + "y": 0.939 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000048.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
8 Encinas Franco and Laguna
\n

Filipino Women in Electoral Politics

\n

The nature and extent of Filipino women's political participation
is a product of the country's colonial history, martial law, and
democratization post-1986. Historians argue that Spain's strong
Catholic traditions ushered in patriarchal norms and practices that were
not present in the pre-Hispanic period. National hero, Jose Rizal, has
documented this in his \"Letter to the Women of Malolos, \" praising the
women for advocating their right to education. Historians also found
proof of women's contribution to the Philippine revolution (Camagay
1998). Decades later, the suffragist movement ushered in one ofthe first
national issues to have brought Filipino women together. It was a hard-
fought battle; the movement had to contend with staunch opposition
from antisuffragists in the Constitutional Convention that drafted the
1935 Constitution. The reluctance was expected because only 21-year-
old Filipino men had been allowed to vote during the time. They framed
their opposition based on traditional notions of womanhood and their
role in the private sphere, foremost of which is motherhood. Another
key argument against female suffrage was the idea that politics is
supposed to be \"dirty\" and that this would taint families if women took
part in politics. The assumptions catered to the age-old public-private
divide, strongly suggesting that only men are qualified to occupy the
former.

\n

Eventually, the 1935 Constitution granted women suffrage on the
condition that more than 300,000 women would vote affirmatively in a
plebiscite. When signing the law paving the way for the said plebiscite,
President Manuel Quezon had this to say to Filipino men: \"Are you
going to deprive our women of the opportunity to say how their lives
are going to be regulated and is it fair for us to presume that men can
always speak in this country for women?\" (Official Gazette 1936). In
April 1937, more than 400,000 women voted in favor of their right to
vote and participate in political life. In 1946 and 1947, Filipinos elected
the first woman member of the House of Representatives, and senator,
respectively. Nonetheless, data from 1946 to 1992 indicate an uphill
climb. For instance, in the 1949 and 1953 elections for the House of
Representatives, only one woman was elected out of the 100 positions.

", + "markdown": "8 Encinas Franco and Laguna\n\n# Filipino Women in Electoral Politics\n\nThe nature and extent of Filipino women's political participation\nis a product of the country's colonial history, martial law, and\ndemocratization post-1986. Historians argue that Spain's strong\nCatholic traditions ushered in patriarchal norms and practices that were\nnot present in the pre-Hispanic period. National hero, Jose Rizal, has\ndocumented this in his \"Letter to the Women of Malolos, \" praising the\nwomen for advocating their right to education. Historians also found\nproof of women's contribution to the Philippine revolution (Camagay\n1998). Decades later, the suffragist movement ushered in one ofthe first\nnational issues to have brought Filipino women together. It was a hard-\nfought battle; the movement had to contend with staunch opposition\nfrom antisuffragists in the Constitutional Convention that drafted the\n1935 Constitution. The reluctance was expected because only 21-year-\nold Filipino men had been allowed to vote during the time. They framed\ntheir opposition based on traditional notions of womanhood and their\nrole in the private sphere, foremost of which is motherhood. Another\nkey argument against female suffrage was the idea that politics is\nsupposed to be \"dirty\" and that this would taint families if women took\npart in politics. The assumptions catered to the age-old public-private\ndivide, strongly suggesting that only men are qualified to occupy the\nformer.\n\nEventually, the 1935 Constitution granted women suffrage on the\ncondition that more than 300,000 women would vote affirmatively in a\nplebiscite. When signing the law paving the way for the said plebiscite,\nPresident Manuel Quezon had this to say to Filipino men: \"Are you\ngoing to deprive our women of the opportunity to say how their lives\nare going to be regulated and is it fair for us to presume that men can\nalways speak in this country for women?\" (Official Gazette 1936). In\nApril 1937, more than 400,000 women voted in favor of their right to\nvote and participate in political life. In 1946 and 1947, Filipinos elected\nthe first woman member of the House of Representatives, and senator,\nrespectively. Nonetheless, data from 1946 to 1992 indicate an uphill\nclimb. For instance, in the 1949 and 1953 elections for the House of\nRepresentatives, only one woman was elected out of the 100 positions.", + "text": "8 Encinas Franco and Laguna\nFilipino Women in Electoral Politics\nThe nature and extent of Filipino women's political participation\nis a product of the country's colonial history, martial law, and\ndemocratization post-1986. Historians argue that Spain's strong\nCatholic traditions ushered in patriarchal norms and practices that were\nnot present in the pre-Hispanic period. National hero, Jose Rizal, has\ndocumented this in his \"Letter to the Women of Malolos, \" praising the\nwomen for advocating their right to education. Historians also found\nproof of women's contribution to the Philippine revolution (Camagay\n1998). Decades later, the suffragist movement ushered in one ofthe first\nnational issues to have brought Filipino women together. It was a hard-\nfought battle; the movement had to contend with staunch opposition\nfrom antisuffragists in the Constitutional Convention that drafted the\n1935 Constitution. The reluctance was expected because only 21-year-\nold Filipino men had been allowed to vote during the time. They framed\ntheir opposition based on traditional notions of womanhood and their\nrole in the private sphere, foremost of which is motherhood. Another\nkey argument against female suffrage was the idea that politics is\nsupposed to be \"dirty\" and that this would taint families if women took\npart in politics. The assumptions catered to the age-old public-private\ndivide, strongly suggesting that only men are qualified to occupy the\nformer.\nEventually, the 1935 Constitution granted women suffrage on the\ncondition that more than 300,000 women would vote affirmatively in a\nplebiscite. When signing the law paving the way for the said plebiscite,\nPresident Manuel Quezon had this to say to Filipino men: \"Are you\ngoing to deprive our women of the opportunity to say how their lives\nare going to be regulated and is it fair for us to presume that men can\nalways speak in this country for women?\" (Official Gazette 1936). In\nApril 1937, more than 400,000 women voted in favor of their right to\nvote and participate in political life. In 1946 and 1947, Filipinos elected\nthe first woman member of the House of Representatives, and senator,\nrespectively. Nonetheless, data from 1946 to 1992 indicate an uphill\nclimb. For instance, in the 1949 and 1953 elections for the House of\nRepresentatives, only one woman was elected out of the 100 positions." + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
8 Encinas Franco and Laguna
", + "markdown": "8 Encinas Franco and Laguna", + "text": "8 Encinas Franco and Laguna" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0996, + "y": 0.0555 + }, + { + "x": 0.412, + "y": 0.0555 + }, + { + "x": 0.412, + "y": 0.074 + }, + { + "x": 0.0996, + "y": 0.074 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Filipino Women in Electoral Politics

", + "markdown": "# Filipino Women in Electoral Politics", + "text": "Filipino Women in Electoral Politics" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1011, + "y": 0.1093 + }, + { + "x": 0.5847, + "y": 0.1093 + }, + { + "x": 0.5847, + "y": 0.1333 + }, + { + "x": 0.1011, + "y": 0.1333 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The nature and extent of Filipino women's political participation
is a product of the country's colonial history, martial law, and
democratization post-1986. Historians argue that Spain's strong
Catholic traditions ushered in patriarchal norms and practices that were
not present in the pre-Hispanic period. National hero, Jose Rizal, has
documented this in his \"Letter to the Women of Malolos, \" praising the
women for advocating their right to education. Historians also found
proof of women's contribution to the Philippine revolution (Camagay
1998). Decades later, the suffragist movement ushered in one ofthe first
national issues to have brought Filipino women together. It was a hard-
fought battle; the movement had to contend with staunch opposition
from antisuffragists in the Constitutional Convention that drafted the
1935 Constitution. The reluctance was expected because only 21-year-
old Filipino men had been allowed to vote during the time. They framed
their opposition based on traditional notions of womanhood and their
role in the private sphere, foremost of which is motherhood. Another
key argument against female suffrage was the idea that politics is
supposed to be \"dirty\" and that this would taint families if women took
part in politics. The assumptions catered to the age-old public-private
divide, strongly suggesting that only men are qualified to occupy the
former.

", + "markdown": "The nature and extent of Filipino women's political participation\nis a product of the country's colonial history, martial law, and\ndemocratization post-1986. Historians argue that Spain's strong\nCatholic traditions ushered in patriarchal norms and practices that were\nnot present in the pre-Hispanic period. National hero, Jose Rizal, has\ndocumented this in his \"Letter to the Women of Malolos, \" praising the\nwomen for advocating their right to education. Historians also found\nproof of women's contribution to the Philippine revolution (Camagay\n1998). Decades later, the suffragist movement ushered in one ofthe first\nnational issues to have brought Filipino women together. It was a hard-\nfought battle; the movement had to contend with staunch opposition\nfrom antisuffragists in the Constitutional Convention that drafted the\n1935 Constitution. The reluctance was expected because only 21-year-\nold Filipino men had been allowed to vote during the time. They framed\ntheir opposition based on traditional notions of womanhood and their\nrole in the private sphere, foremost of which is motherhood. Another\nkey argument against female suffrage was the idea that politics is\nsupposed to be \"dirty\" and that this would taint families if women took\npart in politics. The assumptions catered to the age-old public-private\ndivide, strongly suggesting that only men are qualified to occupy the\nformer.", + "text": "The nature and extent of Filipino women's political participation\nis a product of the country's colonial history, martial law, and\ndemocratization post-1986. Historians argue that Spain's strong\nCatholic traditions ushered in patriarchal norms and practices that were\nnot present in the pre-Hispanic period. National hero, Jose Rizal, has\ndocumented this in his \"Letter to the Women of Malolos, \" praising the\nwomen for advocating their right to education. Historians also found\nproof of women's contribution to the Philippine revolution (Camagay\n1998). Decades later, the suffragist movement ushered in one ofthe first\nnational issues to have brought Filipino women together. It was a hard-\nfought battle; the movement had to contend with staunch opposition\nfrom antisuffragists in the Constitutional Convention that drafted the\n1935 Constitution. The reluctance was expected because only 21-year-\nold Filipino men had been allowed to vote during the time. They framed\ntheir opposition based on traditional notions of womanhood and their\nrole in the private sphere, foremost of which is motherhood. Another\nkey argument against female suffrage was the idea that politics is\nsupposed to be \"dirty\" and that this would taint families if women took\npart in politics. The assumptions catered to the age-old public-private\ndivide, strongly suggesting that only men are qualified to occupy the\nformer." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0998, + "y": 0.1544 + }, + { + "x": 0.8591, + "y": 0.1544 + }, + { + "x": 0.8591, + "y": 0.608 + }, + { + "x": 0.0998, + "y": 0.608 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Eventually, the 1935 Constitution granted women suffrage on the
condition that more than 300,000 women would vote affirmatively in a
plebiscite. When signing the law paving the way for the said plebiscite,
President Manuel Quezon had this to say to Filipino men: \"Are you
going to deprive our women of the opportunity to say how their lives
are going to be regulated and is it fair for us to presume that men can
always speak in this country for women?\" (Official Gazette 1936). In
April 1937, more than 400,000 women voted in favor of their right to
vote and participate in political life. In 1946 and 1947, Filipinos elected
the first woman member of the House of Representatives, and senator,
respectively. Nonetheless, data from 1946 to 1992 indicate an uphill
climb. For instance, in the 1949 and 1953 elections for the House of
Representatives, only one woman was elected out of the 100 positions.

", + "markdown": "Eventually, the 1935 Constitution granted women suffrage on the\ncondition that more than 300,000 women would vote affirmatively in a\nplebiscite. When signing the law paving the way for the said plebiscite,\nPresident Manuel Quezon had this to say to Filipino men: \"Are you\ngoing to deprive our women of the opportunity to say how their lives\nare going to be regulated and is it fair for us to presume that men can\nalways speak in this country for women?\" (Official Gazette 1936). In\nApril 1937, more than 400,000 women voted in favor of their right to\nvote and participate in political life. In 1946 and 1947, Filipinos elected\nthe first woman member of the House of Representatives, and senator,\nrespectively. Nonetheless, data from 1946 to 1992 indicate an uphill\nclimb. For instance, in the 1949 and 1953 elections for the House of\nRepresentatives, only one woman was elected out of the 100 positions.", + "text": "Eventually, the 1935 Constitution granted women suffrage on the\ncondition that more than 300,000 women would vote affirmatively in a\nplebiscite. When signing the law paving the way for the said plebiscite,\nPresident Manuel Quezon had this to say to Filipino men: \"Are you\ngoing to deprive our women of the opportunity to say how their lives\nare going to be regulated and is it fair for us to presume that men can\nalways speak in this country for women?\" (Official Gazette 1936). In\nApril 1937, more than 400,000 women voted in favor of their right to\nvote and participate in political life. In 1946 and 1947, Filipinos elected\nthe first woman member of the House of Representatives, and senator,\nrespectively. Nonetheless, data from 1946 to 1992 indicate an uphill\nclimb. For instance, in the 1949 and 1953 elections for the House of\nRepresentatives, only one woman was elected out of the 100 positions." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0991, + "y": 0.6223 + }, + { + "x": 0.8588, + "y": 0.6223 + }, + { + "x": 0.8588, + "y": 0.9046 + }, + { + "x": 0.0991, + "y": 0.9046 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000184.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
Semantic Search Pack: Value
\n

SS Pack allows businesses to access further data more rapidly

\n

The SS Pack can reduce the information acquisition time by returning all the information that matches the user's search intent.

\n

The performance optimized for individual search systems is maintained by automatic updates of real-time search log records, augmented by
Upstage's technological know-how.

\n

1.8X ↑1

\n

Higher Return of Information

\n

Unlike existing search systems that only return
information limited to the entered search keywords, SS
Pack returns all relevant data that meet the user's
search intent

\n

Optimal Attempt

\n

Reduced Information Acquisition Time

\n

By returning all semantic-based information of the
search keywords, the time required for information
acquisition is reduced drastically compared to that
of traditional keyword-matching search systems

\n

2
SOTA

\n

Cutting-Edge Technology

\n

The analysis of user logs saved in real-time allows us
to further optimize the individual search services
over time

\n

1 Evaluated against 100 internal test queries. Comparison of the amount of information returned with at least one keyword included in the search term and the
amount of returned information against that of SS Pack
2 State-of-the-art, current highest level of results and performance

\n
22
", + "markdown": "Semantic Search Pack: Value\n\n# SS Pack allows businesses to access further data more rapidly\n\nThe SS Pack can reduce the information acquisition time by returning all the information that matches the user's search intent.\n\nThe performance optimized for individual search systems is maintained by automatic updates of real-time search log records, augmented by\nUpstage's technological know-how.\n\n# 1.8X ↑1\n\nHigher Return of Information\n\nUnlike existing search systems that only return\ninformation limited to the entered search keywords, SS\nPack returns all relevant data that meet the user's\nsearch intent\n\n# Optimal Attempt\n\nReduced Information Acquisition Time\n\nBy returning all semantic-based information of the\nsearch keywords, the time required for information\nacquisition is reduced drastically compared to that\nof traditional keyword-matching search systems\n\n2\nSOTA\n\n# Cutting-Edge Technology\n\nThe analysis of user logs saved in real-time allows us\nto further optimize the individual search services\nover time\n\n- 1 Evaluated against 100 internal test queries. Comparison of the amount of information returned with at least one keyword included in the search term and the\n- amount of returned information against that of SS Pack\n- 2 State-of-the-art, current highest level of results and performance\n\n\n22", + "text": "Semantic Search Pack: Value\nSS Pack allows businesses to access further data more rapidly\nThe SS Pack can reduce the information acquisition time by returning all the information that matches the user's search intent.\nThe performance optimized for individual search systems is maintained by automatic updates of real-time search log records, augmented by\nUpstage's technological know-how.\n1.8X ↑1\nHigher Return of Information\nUnlike existing search systems that only return\ninformation limited to the entered search keywords, SS\nPack returns all relevant data that meet the user's\nsearch intent\nOptimal Attempt\nReduced Information Acquisition Time\nBy returning all semantic-based information of the\nsearch keywords, the time required for information\nacquisition is reduced drastically compared to that\nof traditional keyword-matching search systems\n2\nSOTA\nCutting-Edge Technology\nThe analysis of user logs saved in real-time allows us\nto further optimize the individual search services\nover time\n1 Evaluated against 100 internal test queries. Comparison of the amount of information returned with at least one keyword included in the search term and the\namount of returned information against that of SS Pack\n2 State-of-the-art, current highest level of results and performance\n22" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Semantic Search Pack: Value
", + "markdown": "Semantic Search Pack: Value", + "text": "Semantic Search Pack: Value" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0711, + "y": 0.0739 + }, + { + "x": 0.234, + "y": 0.0739 + }, + { + "x": 0.234, + "y": 0.0998 + }, + { + "x": 0.0711, + "y": 0.0998 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

SS Pack allows businesses to access further data more rapidly

", + "markdown": "# SS Pack allows businesses to access further data more rapidly", + "text": "SS Pack allows businesses to access further data more rapidly" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0712, + "y": 0.1269 + }, + { + "x": 0.647, + "y": 0.1269 + }, + { + "x": 0.647, + "y": 0.1725 + }, + { + "x": 0.0712, + "y": 0.1725 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The SS Pack can reduce the information acquisition time by returning all the information that matches the user's search intent.

", + "markdown": "The SS Pack can reduce the information acquisition time by returning all the information that matches the user's search intent.", + "text": "The SS Pack can reduce the information acquisition time by returning all the information that matches the user's search intent." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0483, + "y": 0.3085 + }, + { + "x": 0.6412, + "y": 0.3085 + }, + { + "x": 0.6412, + "y": 0.3365 + }, + { + "x": 0.0483, + "y": 0.3365 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The performance optimized for individual search systems is maintained by automatic updates of real-time search log records, augmented by
Upstage's technological know-how.

", + "markdown": "The performance optimized for individual search systems is maintained by automatic updates of real-time search log records, augmented by\nUpstage's technological know-how.", + "text": "The performance optimized for individual search systems is maintained by automatic updates of real-time search log records, augmented by\nUpstage's technological know-how." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0473, + "y": 0.3589 + }, + { + "x": 0.7048, + "y": 0.3589 + }, + { + "x": 0.7048, + "y": 0.4176 + }, + { + "x": 0.0473, + "y": 0.4176 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

1.8X ↑1

", + "markdown": "# 1.8X ↑1", + "text": "1.8X ↑1" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0989, + "y": 0.5144 + }, + { + "x": 0.1673, + "y": 0.5144 + }, + { + "x": 0.1673, + "y": 0.5526 + }, + { + "x": 0.0989, + "y": 0.5526 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Higher Return of Information

", + "markdown": "Higher Return of Information", + "text": "Higher Return of Information" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0967, + "y": 0.5697 + }, + { + "x": 0.2615, + "y": 0.5697 + }, + { + "x": 0.2615, + "y": 0.5965 + }, + { + "x": 0.0967, + "y": 0.5965 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Unlike existing search systems that only return
information limited to the entered search keywords, SS
Pack returns all relevant data that meet the user's
search intent

", + "markdown": "Unlike existing search systems that only return\ninformation limited to the entered search keywords, SS\nPack returns all relevant data that meet the user's\nsearch intent", + "text": "Unlike existing search systems that only return\ninformation limited to the entered search keywords, SS\nPack returns all relevant data that meet the user's\nsearch intent" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0972, + "y": 0.6373 + }, + { + "x": 0.3362, + "y": 0.6373 + }, + { + "x": 0.3362, + "y": 0.753 + }, + { + "x": 0.0972, + "y": 0.753 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Optimal Attempt

", + "markdown": "# Optimal Attempt", + "text": "Optimal Attempt" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.384, + "y": 0.524 + }, + { + "x": 0.5372, + "y": 0.524 + }, + { + "x": 0.5372, + "y": 0.5606 + }, + { + "x": 0.384, + "y": 0.5606 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Reduced Information Acquisition Time

", + "markdown": "Reduced Information Acquisition Time", + "text": "Reduced Information Acquisition Time" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3828, + "y": 0.5751 + }, + { + "x": 0.6002, + "y": 0.5751 + }, + { + "x": 0.6002, + "y": 0.603 + }, + { + "x": 0.3828, + "y": 0.603 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

By returning all semantic-based information of the
search keywords, the time required for information
acquisition is reduced drastically compared to that
of traditional keyword-matching search systems

", + "markdown": "By returning all semantic-based information of the\nsearch keywords, the time required for information\nacquisition is reduced drastically compared to that\nof traditional keyword-matching search systems", + "text": "By returning all semantic-based information of the\nsearch keywords, the time required for information\nacquisition is reduced drastically compared to that\nof traditional keyword-matching search systems" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.383, + "y": 0.6372 + }, + { + "x": 0.6043, + "y": 0.6372 + }, + { + "x": 0.6043, + "y": 0.7539 + }, + { + "x": 0.383, + "y": 0.7539 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

2
SOTA

", + "markdown": "2\nSOTA", + "text": "2\nSOTA" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6872, + "y": 0.5132 + }, + { + "x": 0.7472, + "y": 0.5132 + }, + { + "x": 0.7472, + "y": 0.551 + }, + { + "x": 0.6872, + "y": 0.551 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Cutting-Edge Technology

", + "markdown": "# Cutting-Edge Technology", + "text": "Cutting-Edge Technology" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6881, + "y": 0.5674 + }, + { + "x": 0.8289, + "y": 0.5674 + }, + { + "x": 0.8289, + "y": 0.5948 + }, + { + "x": 0.6881, + "y": 0.5948 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The analysis of user logs saved in real-time allows us
to further optimize the individual search services
over time

", + "markdown": "The analysis of user logs saved in real-time allows us\nto further optimize the individual search services\nover time", + "text": "The analysis of user logs saved in real-time allows us\nto further optimize the individual search services\nover time" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6868, + "y": 0.6375 + }, + { + "x": 0.9124, + "y": 0.6375 + }, + { + "x": 0.9124, + "y": 0.7216 + }, + { + "x": 0.6868, + "y": 0.7216 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

1 Evaluated against 100 internal test queries. Comparison of the amount of information returned with at least one keyword included in the search term and the
amount of returned information against that of SS Pack
2 State-of-the-art, current highest level of results and performance

", + "markdown": "- 1 Evaluated against 100 internal test queries. Comparison of the amount of information returned with at least one keyword included in the search term and the\n- amount of returned information against that of SS Pack\n- 2 State-of-the-art, current highest level of results and performance\n", + "text": "1 Evaluated against 100 internal test queries. Comparison of the amount of information returned with at least one keyword included in the search term and the\namount of returned information against that of SS Pack\n2 State-of-the-art, current highest level of results and performance" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0497, + "y": 0.8906 + }, + { + "x": 0.7293, + "y": 0.8906 + }, + { + "x": 0.7293, + "y": 0.9699 + }, + { + "x": 0.0497, + "y": 0.9699 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
22
", + "markdown": "22", + "text": "22" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.9647, + "y": 0.9463 + }, + { + "x": 0.9781, + "y": 0.9463 + }, + { + "x": 0.9781, + "y": 0.9652 + }, + { + "x": 0.9647, + "y": 0.9652 + } + ], + "id": 14, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000093.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

survey responses and outcomes from the experiments and games. This spreadsheet is linked to the
students' randomly assigned course ID (CID) numbers. The other spreadsheet, which is linked to their
university student ID numbers and their names, compiles their performances on quizzes, homework,
and exams assigned throughout the semester.

\n

At the risk of sounding draconian, this is a course where it may make sense to base upwards of
50% of a student's grade upon their in-person attendance, which would entail carefully taking role at
the beginning of each class. If the class meets 30 times face-to-face during the semester, for example,
their grade attributable to attendance would then drop by 3.33 percentage points for each missed
class (excused absences withstanding). Granted, students who foresee having difficulty attending class
in-person throughout the semester would likely choose to drop the course immediately. For those
students who remain, the remaining 50% of their course grade would then be based upon their
quizzes, homework, and exam scores.

\n

The issue of how best to convey written information to the student a priori (i.e., before conducting a
given experiment or game) also looms large in a participatory-learning setting such as this, especially
if the instructor desires to obtain unbiased responses from the students (or more practically, to
control for potential biases). For example, the first set of thought experiments presented in Section 1
is meant to demonstrate firsthand to the students the extent to which automatic, knee-jerk responses
from what Kahneman (2011) identifies as the System 1 portion of the brain can result in
miscalculations. Students who choose to read ahead (small in number though these types of students
may be) potentially skew the distribution of responses away from its otherwise true representation
of these miscalculations. Such skewness may be tolerable for strictly educational purposes, where the
goal is to demonstrate that at least a certain percentage of students are prone to miscalculation. But if
the instructor also hopes to compile student responses into a dataset amenable for statistical analysis,
2
then this type of potential bias draws into question the validity of the data.

\n

To help control for potential biases associated with students having read ahead about the game or
experiment they are now participating in, I recommend including the following question on each
Response Card: \"Did you read about this topic ahead of time?\" (see Appendix A). Answers to this
question provide a control for the level of student foreknowledge, which is the potential bias of
concern.

\n

I am personally unaware of any studies that have looked at how well students learn the lessons
of behavioral economics in a cumulative sense over a span of time (e.g., an entire semester) and
across a variety of experiments and games. In other words, I know of no studies that estimate the
extent to which individuals who begin a course in behavioral economics as bona fide Homo sapiens
evolve toward \"Homo economism\" in their individual and social choices. The pedagogy promoted in
this textbook-in particular, the data it generates-offers instructors the opportunity to empirically
test the hypothesis that students make this evolution.

\n

BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM XXV

\n
2. Note that this potential biasedness problem also extends to the laboratory experiments of Section 2 and of Section 3.
games
", + "markdown": "survey responses and outcomes from the experiments and games. This spreadsheet is linked to the\nstudents' randomly assigned course ID (CID) numbers. The other spreadsheet, which is linked to their\nuniversity student ID numbers and their names, compiles their performances on quizzes, homework,\nand exams assigned throughout the semester.\n\nAt the risk of sounding draconian, this is a course where it may make sense to base upwards of\n50% of a student's grade upon their in-person attendance, which would entail carefully taking role at\nthe beginning of each class. If the class meets 30 times face-to-face during the semester, for example,\ntheir grade attributable to attendance would then drop by 3.33 percentage points for each missed\nclass (excused absences withstanding). Granted, students who foresee having difficulty attending class\nin-person throughout the semester would likely choose to drop the course immediately. For those\nstudents who remain, the remaining 50% of their course grade would then be based upon their\nquizzes, homework, and exam scores.\n\nThe issue of how best to convey written information to the student a priori (i.e., before conducting a\ngiven experiment or game) also looms large in a participatory-learning setting such as this, especially\nif the instructor desires to obtain unbiased responses from the students (or more practically, to\ncontrol for potential biases). For example, the first set of thought experiments presented in Section 1\nis meant to demonstrate firsthand to the students the extent to which automatic, knee-jerk responses\nfrom what Kahneman (2011) identifies as the System 1 portion of the brain can result in\nmiscalculations. Students who choose to read ahead (small in number though these types of students\nmay be) potentially skew the distribution of responses away from its otherwise true representation\nof these miscalculations. Such skewness may be tolerable for strictly educational purposes, where the\ngoal is to demonstrate that at least a certain percentage of students are prone to miscalculation. But if\nthe instructor also hopes to compile student responses into a dataset amenable for statistical analysis,\n2\nthen this type of potential bias draws into question the validity of the data.\n\nTo help control for potential biases associated with students having read ahead about the game or\nexperiment they are now participating in, I recommend including the following question on each\nResponse Card: \"Did you read about this topic ahead of time?\" (see Appendix A). Answers to this\nquestion provide a control for the level of student foreknowledge, which is the potential bias of\nconcern.\n\nI am personally unaware of any studies that have looked at how well students learn the lessons\nof behavioral economics in a cumulative sense over a span of time (e.g., an entire semester) and\nacross a variety of experiments and games. In other words, I know of no studies that estimate the\nextent to which individuals who begin a course in behavioral economics as bona fide Homo sapiens\nevolve toward \"Homo economism\" in their individual and social choices. The pedagogy promoted in\nthis textbook-in particular, the data it generates-offers instructors the opportunity to empirically\ntest the hypothesis that students make this evolution.\n\nBEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM XXV\n\n2. Note that this potential biasedness problem also extends to the laboratory experiments of Section 2 and of Section 3.\ngames", + "text": "survey responses and outcomes from the experiments and games. This spreadsheet is linked to the\nstudents' randomly assigned course ID (CID) numbers. The other spreadsheet, which is linked to their\nuniversity student ID numbers and their names, compiles their performances on quizzes, homework,\nand exams assigned throughout the semester.\nAt the risk of sounding draconian, this is a course where it may make sense to base upwards of\n50% of a student's grade upon their in-person attendance, which would entail carefully taking role at\nthe beginning of each class. If the class meets 30 times face-to-face during the semester, for example,\ntheir grade attributable to attendance would then drop by 3.33 percentage points for each missed\nclass (excused absences withstanding). Granted, students who foresee having difficulty attending class\nin-person throughout the semester would likely choose to drop the course immediately. For those\nstudents who remain, the remaining 50% of their course grade would then be based upon their\nquizzes, homework, and exam scores.\nThe issue of how best to convey written information to the student a priori (i.e., before conducting a\ngiven experiment or game) also looms large in a participatory-learning setting such as this, especially\nif the instructor desires to obtain unbiased responses from the students (or more practically, to\ncontrol for potential biases). For example, the first set of thought experiments presented in Section 1\nis meant to demonstrate firsthand to the students the extent to which automatic, knee-jerk responses\nfrom what Kahneman (2011) identifies as the System 1 portion of the brain can result in\nmiscalculations. Students who choose to read ahead (small in number though these types of students\nmay be) potentially skew the distribution of responses away from its otherwise true representation\nof these miscalculations. Such skewness may be tolerable for strictly educational purposes, where the\ngoal is to demonstrate that at least a certain percentage of students are prone to miscalculation. But if\nthe instructor also hopes to compile student responses into a dataset amenable for statistical analysis,\n2\nthen this type of potential bias draws into question the validity of the data.\nTo help control for potential biases associated with students having read ahead about the game or\nexperiment they are now participating in, I recommend including the following question on each\nResponse Card: \"Did you read about this topic ahead of time?\" (see Appendix A). Answers to this\nquestion provide a control for the level of student foreknowledge, which is the potential bias of\nconcern.\nI am personally unaware of any studies that have looked at how well students learn the lessons\nof behavioral economics in a cumulative sense over a span of time (e.g., an entire semester) and\nacross a variety of experiments and games. In other words, I know of no studies that estimate the\nextent to which individuals who begin a course in behavioral economics as bona fide Homo sapiens\nevolve toward \"Homo economism\" in their individual and social choices. The pedagogy promoted in\nthis textbook-in particular, the data it generates-offers instructors the opportunity to empirically\ntest the hypothesis that students make this evolution.\nBEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM XXV\n2. Note that this potential biasedness problem also extends to the laboratory experiments of Section 2 and of Section 3.\ngames" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

survey responses and outcomes from the experiments and games. This spreadsheet is linked to the
students' randomly assigned course ID (CID) numbers. The other spreadsheet, which is linked to their
university student ID numbers and their names, compiles their performances on quizzes, homework,
and exams assigned throughout the semester.

", + "markdown": "survey responses and outcomes from the experiments and games. This spreadsheet is linked to the\nstudents' randomly assigned course ID (CID) numbers. The other spreadsheet, which is linked to their\nuniversity student ID numbers and their names, compiles their performances on quizzes, homework,\nand exams assigned throughout the semester.", + "text": "survey responses and outcomes from the experiments and games. This spreadsheet is linked to the\nstudents' randomly assigned course ID (CID) numbers. The other spreadsheet, which is linked to their\nuniversity student ID numbers and their names, compiles their performances on quizzes, homework,\nand exams assigned throughout the semester." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0866, + "y": 0.0709 + }, + { + "x": 0.9129, + "y": 0.0709 + }, + { + "x": 0.9129, + "y": 0.1472 + }, + { + "x": 0.0866, + "y": 0.1472 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

At the risk of sounding draconian, this is a course where it may make sense to base upwards of
50% of a student's grade upon their in-person attendance, which would entail carefully taking role at
the beginning of each class. If the class meets 30 times face-to-face during the semester, for example,
their grade attributable to attendance would then drop by 3.33 percentage points for each missed
class (excused absences withstanding). Granted, students who foresee having difficulty attending class
in-person throughout the semester would likely choose to drop the course immediately. For those
students who remain, the remaining 50% of their course grade would then be based upon their
quizzes, homework, and exam scores.

", + "markdown": "At the risk of sounding draconian, this is a course where it may make sense to base upwards of\n50% of a student's grade upon their in-person attendance, which would entail carefully taking role at\nthe beginning of each class. If the class meets 30 times face-to-face during the semester, for example,\ntheir grade attributable to attendance would then drop by 3.33 percentage points for each missed\nclass (excused absences withstanding). Granted, students who foresee having difficulty attending class\nin-person throughout the semester would likely choose to drop the course immediately. For those\nstudents who remain, the remaining 50% of their course grade would then be based upon their\nquizzes, homework, and exam scores.", + "text": "At the risk of sounding draconian, this is a course where it may make sense to base upwards of\n50% of a student's grade upon their in-person attendance, which would entail carefully taking role at\nthe beginning of each class. If the class meets 30 times face-to-face during the semester, for example,\ntheir grade attributable to attendance would then drop by 3.33 percentage points for each missed\nclass (excused absences withstanding). Granted, students who foresee having difficulty attending class\nin-person throughout the semester would likely choose to drop the course immediately. For those\nstudents who remain, the remaining 50% of their course grade would then be based upon their\nquizzes, homework, and exam scores." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0884, + "y": 0.1493 + }, + { + "x": 0.9129, + "y": 0.1493 + }, + { + "x": 0.9129, + "y": 0.303 + }, + { + "x": 0.0884, + "y": 0.303 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The issue of how best to convey written information to the student a priori (i.e., before conducting a
given experiment or game) also looms large in a participatory-learning setting such as this, especially
if the instructor desires to obtain unbiased responses from the students (or more practically, to
control for potential biases). For example, the first set of thought experiments presented in Section 1
is meant to demonstrate firsthand to the students the extent to which automatic, knee-jerk responses
from what Kahneman (2011) identifies as the System 1 portion of the brain can result in
miscalculations. Students who choose to read ahead (small in number though these types of students
may be) potentially skew the distribution of responses away from its otherwise true representation
of these miscalculations. Such skewness may be tolerable for strictly educational purposes, where the
goal is to demonstrate that at least a certain percentage of students are prone to miscalculation. But if
the instructor also hopes to compile student responses into a dataset amenable for statistical analysis,
2
then this type of potential bias draws into question the validity of the data.

", + "markdown": "The issue of how best to convey written information to the student a priori (i.e., before conducting a\ngiven experiment or game) also looms large in a participatory-learning setting such as this, especially\nif the instructor desires to obtain unbiased responses from the students (or more practically, to\ncontrol for potential biases). For example, the first set of thought experiments presented in Section 1\nis meant to demonstrate firsthand to the students the extent to which automatic, knee-jerk responses\nfrom what Kahneman (2011) identifies as the System 1 portion of the brain can result in\nmiscalculations. Students who choose to read ahead (small in number though these types of students\nmay be) potentially skew the distribution of responses away from its otherwise true representation\nof these miscalculations. Such skewness may be tolerable for strictly educational purposes, where the\ngoal is to demonstrate that at least a certain percentage of students are prone to miscalculation. But if\nthe instructor also hopes to compile student responses into a dataset amenable for statistical analysis,\n2\nthen this type of potential bias draws into question the validity of the data.", + "text": "The issue of how best to convey written information to the student a priori (i.e., before conducting a\ngiven experiment or game) also looms large in a participatory-learning setting such as this, especially\nif the instructor desires to obtain unbiased responses from the students (or more practically, to\ncontrol for potential biases). For example, the first set of thought experiments presented in Section 1\nis meant to demonstrate firsthand to the students the extent to which automatic, knee-jerk responses\nfrom what Kahneman (2011) identifies as the System 1 portion of the brain can result in\nmiscalculations. Students who choose to read ahead (small in number though these types of students\nmay be) potentially skew the distribution of responses away from its otherwise true representation\nof these miscalculations. Such skewness may be tolerable for strictly educational purposes, where the\ngoal is to demonstrate that at least a certain percentage of students are prone to miscalculation. But if\nthe instructor also hopes to compile student responses into a dataset amenable for statistical analysis,\n2\nthen this type of potential bias draws into question the validity of the data." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0882, + "y": 0.305 + }, + { + "x": 0.9118, + "y": 0.305 + }, + { + "x": 0.9118, + "y": 0.5365 + }, + { + "x": 0.0882, + "y": 0.5365 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

To help control for potential biases associated with students having read ahead about the game or
experiment they are now participating in, I recommend including the following question on each
Response Card: \"Did you read about this topic ahead of time?\" (see Appendix A). Answers to this
question provide a control for the level of student foreknowledge, which is the potential bias of
concern.

", + "markdown": "To help control for potential biases associated with students having read ahead about the game or\nexperiment they are now participating in, I recommend including the following question on each\nResponse Card: \"Did you read about this topic ahead of time?\" (see Appendix A). Answers to this\nquestion provide a control for the level of student foreknowledge, which is the potential bias of\nconcern.", + "text": "To help control for potential biases associated with students having read ahead about the game or\nexperiment they are now participating in, I recommend including the following question on each\nResponse Card: \"Did you read about this topic ahead of time?\" (see Appendix A). Answers to this\nquestion provide a control for the level of student foreknowledge, which is the potential bias of\nconcern." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0874, + "y": 0.5381 + }, + { + "x": 0.913, + "y": 0.5381 + }, + { + "x": 0.913, + "y": 0.6339 + }, + { + "x": 0.0874, + "y": 0.6339 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

I am personally unaware of any studies that have looked at how well students learn the lessons
of behavioral economics in a cumulative sense over a span of time (e.g., an entire semester) and
across a variety of experiments and games. In other words, I know of no studies that estimate the
extent to which individuals who begin a course in behavioral economics as bona fide Homo sapiens
evolve toward \"Homo economism\" in their individual and social choices. The pedagogy promoted in
this textbook-in particular, the data it generates-offers instructors the opportunity to empirically
test the hypothesis that students make this evolution.

", + "markdown": "I am personally unaware of any studies that have looked at how well students learn the lessons\nof behavioral economics in a cumulative sense over a span of time (e.g., an entire semester) and\nacross a variety of experiments and games. In other words, I know of no studies that estimate the\nextent to which individuals who begin a course in behavioral economics as bona fide Homo sapiens\nevolve toward \"Homo economism\" in their individual and social choices. The pedagogy promoted in\nthis textbook-in particular, the data it generates-offers instructors the opportunity to empirically\ntest the hypothesis that students make this evolution.", + "text": "I am personally unaware of any studies that have looked at how well students learn the lessons\nof behavioral economics in a cumulative sense over a span of time (e.g., an entire semester) and\nacross a variety of experiments and games. In other words, I know of no studies that estimate the\nextent to which individuals who begin a course in behavioral economics as bona fide Homo sapiens\nevolve toward \"Homo economism\" in their individual and social choices. The pedagogy promoted in\nthis textbook-in particular, the data it generates-offers instructors the opportunity to empirically\ntest the hypothesis that students make this evolution." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.087, + "y": 0.6346 + }, + { + "x": 0.9132, + "y": 0.6346 + }, + { + "x": 0.9132, + "y": 0.7705 + }, + { + "x": 0.087, + "y": 0.7705 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM XXV

", + "markdown": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM XXV", + "text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM XXV" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6363, + "y": 0.9503 + }, + { + "x": 0.9096, + "y": 0.9503 + }, + { + "x": 0.9096, + "y": 0.9611 + }, + { + "x": 0.6363, + "y": 0.9611 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
2. Note that this potential biasedness problem also extends to the laboratory experiments of Section 2 and of Section 3.
games
", + "markdown": "2. Note that this potential biasedness problem also extends to the laboratory experiments of Section 2 and of Section 3.\ngames", + "text": "2. Note that this potential biasedness problem also extends to the laboratory experiments of Section 2 and of Section 3.\ngames" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0726, + "y": 0.9289 + }, + { + "x": 0.911, + "y": 0.9289 + }, + { + "x": 0.911, + "y": 0.9478 + }, + { + "x": 0.0726, + "y": 0.9478 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000013.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
150
\n
AL-OGAYYEL AND OSKAY
\n
\"\"
\n

FIGURE 8.7A-C A gazelle horn used in al-Sadu weaving.

\n

4 Al-Sadu Symbols and Social Significance

\n

Perhaps the main reason for the uniqueness of
al-Sadu weaving is that it was never mass-pro-
duced for export in the same way other carpets
were. Although it was traded among tribes, due
to the length of time it takes to produce a tent,
and due to its particular function in the harsh
climate of the desert, it was not replicable in
other geographies. Al-Sadu weaving could not
be commercialized in the same way that other

\n
\"\"
FIGURE 8.8 Symbol of stars in contemporary al-Sadu
weaving by Leila Yaser.
\n\n

objects such as kilims, clothes, bags, blankets,
and tablecloths- -were in other parts of the
world. Therefore, although the weaving practice
and the symbols used may have changed, they
did not change as much as in other textiles, so
examining the symbols embedded in these weav-
ings may yield a wealth of information about the
life of local populations. In the absence of writ-
ten records, al-Sadu weavings become, thus, re-
cords of memories embodied in a thing.

\n

The natural environment of the nomadic tribe
can be seen in al-Sadu designs, which contain
symbols that reflect astronomical elements and
the desert environment. 24 Quite frequently, al-
Sadu symbols indicate constellations and stars
(fig. 8.8). 25 In the vast sky of the pre-electric desert,
the stars, the moon, and the sun had a great signifi-
cance, being the main sources of orientation. It is
important to note that, currently, the weavers in
Kuwait explain these symbols simply as \"stars,\"

\n

24 For more details on the symbols that appear in al-Sadu
weavings, see also Altaf Salem Al-Ali Al-Sabah, Ibjad:
Ornate Tent Dividers and Weavings of the Kuwait Desert
(Kuwait: Al Sadu Society, 2006); Khawla Mohamed Ab-
del and Aziez Al Manai, Al Sadu (Doha: National Mu-
seum of Qatar, 2013); and Ali S. Alnajadah, \"The Picto-
graphic Codes in Al-Sadu Weavings of Kuwait,\"
International Design Journal 8, no. 3 (2018): 63-74 In
this latter study, Alnajadah tracks changes in the mean-
ings of some al-Sadu symbols.
25 Khawlah M. Manna, Al-Sadu in Qatar: Traditional Tech-
nical Values and Techniques (Doha: Qatar Museums
Authority, Qatar National Museum, 2013), 99-100.

", + "markdown": "150\n\nAL-OGAYYEL AND OSKAY\n\n\n\nFIGURE 8.7A-C A gazelle horn used in al-Sadu weaving.\n\n4 Al-Sadu Symbols and Social Significance\n\nPerhaps the main reason for the uniqueness of\nal-Sadu weaving is that it was never mass-pro-\nduced for export in the same way other carpets\nwere. Although it was traded among tribes, due\nto the length of time it takes to produce a tent,\nand due to its particular function in the harsh\nclimate of the desert, it was not replicable in\nother geographies. Al-Sadu weaving could not\nbe commercialized in the same way that other\n\n\n\nFIGURE 8.8 Symbol of stars in contemporary al-Sadu\nweaving by Leila Yaser.\n\nobjects such as kilims, clothes, bags, blankets,\nand tablecloths- -were in other parts of the\nworld. Therefore, although the weaving practice\nand the symbols used may have changed, they\ndid not change as much as in other textiles, so\nexamining the symbols embedded in these weav-\nings may yield a wealth of information about the\nlife of local populations. In the absence of writ-\nten records, al-Sadu weavings become, thus, re-\ncords of memories embodied in a thing.\n\nThe natural environment of the nomadic tribe\ncan be seen in al-Sadu designs, which contain\nsymbols that reflect astronomical elements and\nthe desert environment. 24 Quite frequently, al-\nSadu symbols indicate constellations and stars\n(fig. 8.8). 25 In the vast sky of the pre-electric desert,\nthe stars, the moon, and the sun had a great signifi-\ncance, being the main sources of orientation. It is\nimportant to note that, currently, the weavers in\nKuwait explain these symbols simply as \"stars,\"\n\n24 For more details on the symbols that appear in al-Sadu\nweavings, see also Altaf Salem Al-Ali Al-Sabah, Ibjad:\nOrnate Tent Dividers and Weavings of the Kuwait Desert\n(Kuwait: Al Sadu Society, 2006); Khawla Mohamed Ab-\ndel and Aziez Al Manai, Al Sadu (Doha: National Mu-\nseum of Qatar, 2013); and Ali S. Alnajadah, \"The Picto-\ngraphic Codes in Al-Sadu Weavings of Kuwait,\"\nInternational Design Journal 8, no. 3 (2018): 63-74 In\nthis latter study, Alnajadah tracks changes in the mean-\nings of some al-Sadu symbols.\n25 Khawlah M. Manna, Al-Sadu in Qatar: Traditional Tech-\nnical Values and Techniques (Doha: Qatar Museums\nAuthority, Qatar National Museum, 2013), 99-100.", + "text": "150\nAL-OGAYYEL AND OSKAY\n\nFIGURE 8.7A-C A gazelle horn used in al-Sadu weaving.\n4 Al-Sadu Symbols and Social Significance\nPerhaps the main reason for the uniqueness of\nal-Sadu weaving is that it was never mass-pro-\nduced for export in the same way other carpets\nwere. Although it was traded among tribes, due\nto the length of time it takes to produce a tent,\nand due to its particular function in the harsh\nclimate of the desert, it was not replicable in\nother geographies. Al-Sadu weaving could not\nbe commercialized in the same way that other\n\nFIGURE 8.8 Symbol of stars in contemporary al-Sadu\nweaving by Leila Yaser.\nobjects such as kilims, clothes, bags, blankets,\nand tablecloths- -were in other parts of the\nworld. Therefore, although the weaving practice\nand the symbols used may have changed, they\ndid not change as much as in other textiles, so\nexamining the symbols embedded in these weav-\nings may yield a wealth of information about the\nlife of local populations. In the absence of writ-\nten records, al-Sadu weavings become, thus, re-\ncords of memories embodied in a thing.\nThe natural environment of the nomadic tribe\ncan be seen in al-Sadu designs, which contain\nsymbols that reflect astronomical elements and\nthe desert environment. 24 Quite frequently, al-\nSadu symbols indicate constellations and stars\n(fig. 8.8). 25 In the vast sky of the pre-electric desert,\nthe stars, the moon, and the sun had a great signifi-\ncance, being the main sources of orientation. It is\nimportant to note that, currently, the weavers in\nKuwait explain these symbols simply as \"stars,\"\n24 For more details on the symbols that appear in al-Sadu\nweavings, see also Altaf Salem Al-Ali Al-Sabah, Ibjad:\nOrnate Tent Dividers and Weavings of the Kuwait Desert\n(Kuwait: Al Sadu Society, 2006); Khawla Mohamed Ab-\ndel and Aziez Al Manai, Al Sadu (Doha: National Mu-\nseum of Qatar, 2013); and Ali S. Alnajadah, \"The Picto-\ngraphic Codes in Al-Sadu Weavings of Kuwait,\"\nInternational Design Journal 8, no. 3 (2018): 63-74 In\nthis latter study, Alnajadah tracks changes in the mean-\nings of some al-Sadu symbols.\n25 Khawlah M. Manna, Al-Sadu in Qatar: Traditional Tech-\nnical Values and Techniques (Doha: Qatar Museums\nAuthority, Qatar National Museum, 2013), 99-100." + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
150
", + "markdown": "150", + "text": "150" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1008, + "y": 0.0486 + }, + { + "x": 0.1285, + "y": 0.0486 + }, + { + "x": 0.1285, + "y": 0.0608 + }, + { + "x": 0.1008, + "y": 0.0608 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
AL-OGAYYEL AND OSKAY
", + "markdown": "AL-OGAYYEL AND OSKAY", + "text": "AL-OGAYYEL AND OSKAY" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7127, + "y": 0.0488 + }, + { + "x": 0.8996, + "y": 0.0488 + }, + { + "x": 0.8996, + "y": 0.0614 + }, + { + "x": 0.7127, + "y": 0.0614 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"\"
", + "markdown": "", + "text": "" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1009, + "y": 0.0747 + }, + { + "x": 0.4872, + "y": 0.0747 + }, + { + "x": 0.4872, + "y": 0.6453 + }, + { + "x": 0.1009, + "y": 0.6453 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

FIGURE 8.7A-C A gazelle horn used in al-Sadu weaving.

", + "markdown": "FIGURE 8.7A-C A gazelle horn used in al-Sadu weaving.", + "text": "FIGURE 8.7A-C A gazelle horn used in al-Sadu weaving." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0993, + "y": 0.6545 + }, + { + "x": 0.4688, + "y": 0.6545 + }, + { + "x": 0.4688, + "y": 0.6699 + }, + { + "x": 0.0993, + "y": 0.6699 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

4 Al-Sadu Symbols and Social Significance

", + "markdown": "4 Al-Sadu Symbols and Social Significance", + "text": "4 Al-Sadu Symbols and Social Significance" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0988, + "y": 0.7032 + }, + { + "x": 0.4678, + "y": 0.7032 + }, + { + "x": 0.4678, + "y": 0.7197 + }, + { + "x": 0.0988, + "y": 0.7197 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Perhaps the main reason for the uniqueness of
al-Sadu weaving is that it was never mass-pro-
duced for export in the same way other carpets
were. Although it was traded among tribes, due
to the length of time it takes to produce a tent,
and due to its particular function in the harsh
climate of the desert, it was not replicable in
other geographies. Al-Sadu weaving could not
be commercialized in the same way that other

", + "markdown": "Perhaps the main reason for the uniqueness of\nal-Sadu weaving is that it was never mass-pro-\nduced for export in the same way other carpets\nwere. Although it was traded among tribes, due\nto the length of time it takes to produce a tent,\nand due to its particular function in the harsh\nclimate of the desert, it was not replicable in\nother geographies. Al-Sadu weaving could not\nbe commercialized in the same way that other", + "text": "Perhaps the main reason for the uniqueness of\nal-Sadu weaving is that it was never mass-pro-\nduced for export in the same way other carpets\nwere. Although it was traded among tribes, due\nto the length of time it takes to produce a tent,\nand due to its particular function in the harsh\nclimate of the desert, it was not replicable in\nother geographies. Al-Sadu weaving could not\nbe commercialized in the same way that other" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0994, + "y": 0.7383 + }, + { + "x": 0.4913, + "y": 0.7383 + }, + { + "x": 0.4913, + "y": 0.9024 + }, + { + "x": 0.0994, + "y": 0.9024 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"\"
", + "markdown": "", + "text": "" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5092, + "y": 0.0766 + }, + { + "x": 0.8979, + "y": 0.0766 + }, + { + "x": 0.8979, + "y": 0.236 + }, + { + "x": 0.5092, + "y": 0.236 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "FIGURE 8.8 Symbol of stars in contemporary al-Sadu
weaving by Leila Yaser.", + "markdown": "FIGURE 8.8 Symbol of stars in contemporary al-Sadu\nweaving by Leila Yaser.", + "text": "FIGURE 8.8 Symbol of stars in contemporary al-Sadu\nweaving by Leila Yaser." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5096, + "y": 0.2479 + }, + { + "x": 0.8548, + "y": 0.2479 + }, + { + "x": 0.8548, + "y": 0.2758 + }, + { + "x": 0.5096, + "y": 0.2758 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

objects such as kilims, clothes, bags, blankets,
and tablecloths- -were in other parts of the
world. Therefore, although the weaving practice
and the symbols used may have changed, they
did not change as much as in other textiles, so
examining the symbols embedded in these weav-
ings may yield a wealth of information about the
life of local populations. In the absence of writ-
ten records, al-Sadu weavings become, thus, re-
cords of memories embodied in a thing.

", + "markdown": "objects such as kilims, clothes, bags, blankets,\nand tablecloths- -were in other parts of the\nworld. Therefore, although the weaving practice\nand the symbols used may have changed, they\ndid not change as much as in other textiles, so\nexamining the symbols embedded in these weav-\nings may yield a wealth of information about the\nlife of local populations. In the absence of writ-\nten records, al-Sadu weavings become, thus, re-\ncords of memories embodied in a thing.", + "text": "objects such as kilims, clothes, bags, blankets,\nand tablecloths- -were in other parts of the\nworld. Therefore, although the weaving practice\nand the symbols used may have changed, they\ndid not change as much as in other textiles, so\nexamining the symbols embedded in these weav-\nings may yield a wealth of information about the\nlife of local populations. In the absence of writ-\nten records, al-Sadu weavings become, thus, re-\ncords of memories embodied in a thing." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5089, + "y": 0.3009 + }, + { + "x": 0.9003, + "y": 0.3009 + }, + { + "x": 0.9003, + "y": 0.4814 + }, + { + "x": 0.5089, + "y": 0.4814 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The natural environment of the nomadic tribe
can be seen in al-Sadu designs, which contain
symbols that reflect astronomical elements and
the desert environment. 24 Quite frequently, al-
Sadu symbols indicate constellations and stars
(fig. 8.8). 25 In the vast sky of the pre-electric desert,
the stars, the moon, and the sun had a great signifi-
cance, being the main sources of orientation. It is
important to note that, currently, the weavers in
Kuwait explain these symbols simply as \"stars,\"

", + "markdown": "The natural environment of the nomadic tribe\ncan be seen in al-Sadu designs, which contain\nsymbols that reflect astronomical elements and\nthe desert environment. 24 Quite frequently, al-\nSadu symbols indicate constellations and stars\n(fig. 8.8). 25 In the vast sky of the pre-electric desert,\nthe stars, the moon, and the sun had a great signifi-\ncance, being the main sources of orientation. It is\nimportant to note that, currently, the weavers in\nKuwait explain these symbols simply as \"stars,\"", + "text": "The natural environment of the nomadic tribe\ncan be seen in al-Sadu designs, which contain\nsymbols that reflect astronomical elements and\nthe desert environment. 24 Quite frequently, al-\nSadu symbols indicate constellations and stars\n(fig. 8.8). 25 In the vast sky of the pre-electric desert,\nthe stars, the moon, and the sun had a great signifi-\ncance, being the main sources of orientation. It is\nimportant to note that, currently, the weavers in\nKuwait explain these symbols simply as \"stars,\"" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5091, + "y": 0.483 + }, + { + "x": 0.9, + "y": 0.483 + }, + { + "x": 0.9, + "y": 0.6653 + }, + { + "x": 0.5091, + "y": 0.6653 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

24 For more details on the symbols that appear in al-Sadu
weavings, see also Altaf Salem Al-Ali Al-Sabah, Ibjad:
Ornate Tent Dividers and Weavings of the Kuwait Desert
(Kuwait: Al Sadu Society, 2006); Khawla Mohamed Ab-
del and Aziez Al Manai, Al Sadu (Doha: National Mu-
seum of Qatar, 2013); and Ali S. Alnajadah, \"The Picto-
graphic Codes in Al-Sadu Weavings of Kuwait,\"
International Design Journal 8, no. 3 (2018): 63-74 In
this latter study, Alnajadah tracks changes in the mean-
ings of some al-Sadu symbols.
25 Khawlah M. Manna, Al-Sadu in Qatar: Traditional Tech-
nical Values and Techniques (Doha: Qatar Museums
Authority, Qatar National Museum, 2013), 99-100.

", + "markdown": "24 For more details on the symbols that appear in al-Sadu\nweavings, see also Altaf Salem Al-Ali Al-Sabah, Ibjad:\nOrnate Tent Dividers and Weavings of the Kuwait Desert\n(Kuwait: Al Sadu Society, 2006); Khawla Mohamed Ab-\ndel and Aziez Al Manai, Al Sadu (Doha: National Mu-\nseum of Qatar, 2013); and Ali S. Alnajadah, \"The Picto-\ngraphic Codes in Al-Sadu Weavings of Kuwait,\"\nInternational Design Journal 8, no. 3 (2018): 63-74 In\nthis latter study, Alnajadah tracks changes in the mean-\nings of some al-Sadu symbols.\n25 Khawlah M. Manna, Al-Sadu in Qatar: Traditional Tech-\nnical Values and Techniques (Doha: Qatar Museums\nAuthority, Qatar National Museum, 2013), 99-100.", + "text": "24 For more details on the symbols that appear in al-Sadu\nweavings, see also Altaf Salem Al-Ali Al-Sabah, Ibjad:\nOrnate Tent Dividers and Weavings of the Kuwait Desert\n(Kuwait: Al Sadu Society, 2006); Khawla Mohamed Ab-\ndel and Aziez Al Manai, Al Sadu (Doha: National Mu-\nseum of Qatar, 2013); and Ali S. Alnajadah, \"The Picto-\ngraphic Codes in Al-Sadu Weavings of Kuwait,\"\nInternational Design Journal 8, no. 3 (2018): 63-74 In\nthis latter study, Alnajadah tracks changes in the mean-\nings of some al-Sadu symbols.\n25 Khawlah M. Manna, Al-Sadu in Qatar: Traditional Tech-\nnical Values and Techniques (Doha: Qatar Museums\nAuthority, Qatar National Museum, 2013), 99-100." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5126, + "y": 0.6917 + }, + { + "x": 0.902, + "y": 0.6917 + }, + { + "x": 0.902, + "y": 0.903 + }, + { + "x": 0.5126, + "y": 0.903 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000057.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
\"MW\n400\nWaste
Figure 4.2. Operating Capacity under the FIT Scheme
\n

FIT = feed-in-tariff.
Source: METI (2021a).

\n

The newly approved capacity has stagnated lately because some strict measures reduced
the accumulated idle capacity in the revised FIT Act of 2017. For instance, developers are
required to have entered into the grid connection agreement with a utility company for
an FIT approval and to submit a business plan for assessment of feasibility and
sustainability. As a result, the approved biomass power capacity is about 160MW on
average in FY2018 and FY2019.

\n

A recent change in the FIT scheme is that new projects of biomass co-firing with coal in
the category of unutilised wood, general wood, and construction wood waste are no
longer eligible for the FIT scheme from FY2019.4 The data collected after implementation
of the FIT scheme revealed that the generation costs of these biomass co-firing with coal
are lower than the estimated costs of conventional biomass power plants in terms of
capital expenditures, operation and maintenance, and fuels. Hence, biomass co-firing
with coal does not have a rationale to receive support through the FIT scheme since it
could make profits without it. For reference, Figure 4.3 illustrates a biomass co-firing ratio
of the major power utilities' coal-fired power plants. Nearly half of the coal-fired power
plants co-combusted biomass in FY2019 and most of them are less than 1% ratio of
biomass.

\n

4 Biomass of waste materials co-firing with coal is not eligible for the FIT scheme from FY2021.

\n
31
", + "markdown": "Figure 4.2. Operating Capacity under the FIT Scheme\n\nMW\n400\nWaste materials\n350\n■ Biogas\n300\n250 ■ Construction wood waste\n200\n■ General wood (10MW≤)\n150\n■ General wood (<10MW)\n100\n50 ■ Unutilised wood (2MW≤)\n0\nUnutilised wood (<2MW)\n12-13 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020\n\nFIT = feed-in-tariff.\nSource: METI (2021a).\n\nThe newly approved capacity has stagnated lately because some strict measures reduced\nthe accumulated idle capacity in the revised FIT Act of 2017. For instance, developers are\nrequired to have entered into the grid connection agreement with a utility company for\nan FIT approval and to submit a business plan for assessment of feasibility and\nsustainability. As a result, the approved biomass power capacity is about 160MW on\naverage in FY2018 and FY2019.\n\nA recent change in the FIT scheme is that new projects of biomass co-firing with coal in\nthe category of unutilised wood, general wood, and construction wood waste are no\nlonger eligible for the FIT scheme from FY2019.4 The data collected after implementation\nof the FIT scheme revealed that the generation costs of these biomass co-firing with coal\nare lower than the estimated costs of conventional biomass power plants in terms of\ncapital expenditures, operation and maintenance, and fuels. Hence, biomass co-firing\nwith coal does not have a rationale to receive support through the FIT scheme since it\ncould make profits without it. For reference, Figure 4.3 illustrates a biomass co-firing ratio\nof the major power utilities' coal-fired power plants. Nearly half of the coal-fired power\nplants co-combusted biomass in FY2019 and most of them are less than 1% ratio of\nbiomass.\n\n4 Biomass of waste materials co-firing with coal is not eligible for the FIT scheme from FY2021.\n\n31", + "text": "Figure 4.2. Operating Capacity under the FIT Scheme\nMW\n400\nWaste materials\n350\n■ Biogas\n300\n250 ■ Construction wood waste\n200\n■ General wood (10MW≤)\n150\n■ General wood (<10MW)\n100\n50 ■ Unutilised wood (2MW≤)\n0\nUnutilised wood (<2MW)\n12-13 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020\nFIT = feed-in-tariff.\nSource: METI (2021a).\nThe newly approved capacity has stagnated lately because some strict measures reduced\nthe accumulated idle capacity in the revised FIT Act of 2017. For instance, developers are\nrequired to have entered into the grid connection agreement with a utility company for\nan FIT approval and to submit a business plan for assessment of feasibility and\nsustainability. As a result, the approved biomass power capacity is about 160MW on\naverage in FY2018 and FY2019.\nA recent change in the FIT scheme is that new projects of biomass co-firing with coal in\nthe category of unutilised wood, general wood, and construction wood waste are no\nlonger eligible for the FIT scheme from FY2019.4 The data collected after implementation\nof the FIT scheme revealed that the generation costs of these biomass co-firing with coal\nare lower than the estimated costs of conventional biomass power plants in terms of\ncapital expenditures, operation and maintenance, and fuels. Hence, biomass co-firing\nwith coal does not have a rationale to receive support through the FIT scheme since it\ncould make profits without it. For reference, Figure 4.3 illustrates a biomass co-firing ratio\nof the major power utilities' coal-fired power plants. Nearly half of the coal-fired power\nplants co-combusted biomass in FY2019 and most of them are less than 1% ratio of\nbiomass.\n4 Biomass of waste materials co-firing with coal is not eligible for the FIT scheme from FY2021.\n31" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "Figure 4.2. Operating Capacity under the FIT Scheme", + "markdown": "Figure 4.2. Operating Capacity under the FIT Scheme", + "text": "Figure 4.2. Operating Capacity under the FIT Scheme" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.272, + "y": 0.1022 + }, + { + "x": 0.6804, + "y": 0.1022 + }, + { + "x": 0.6804, + "y": 0.1177 + }, + { + "x": 0.272, + "y": 0.1177 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"MW\n400\nWaste
", + "markdown": "MW\n400\nWaste materials\n350\n■ Biogas\n300\n250 ■ Construction wood waste\n200\n■ General wood (10MW≤)\n150\n■ General wood (<10MW)\n100\n50 ■ Unutilised wood (2MW≤)\n0\nUnutilised wood (<2MW)\n12-13 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020", + "text": "MW\n400\nWaste materials\n350\n■ Biogas\n300\n250 ■ Construction wood waste\n200\n■ General wood (10MW≤)\n150\n■ General wood (<10MW)\n100\n50 ■ Unutilised wood (2MW≤)\n0\nUnutilised wood (<2MW)\n12-13 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1441, + "y": 0.1177 + }, + { + "x": 0.8146, + "y": 0.1177 + }, + { + "x": 0.8146, + "y": 0.3109 + }, + { + "x": 0.1441, + "y": 0.3109 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

FIT = feed-in-tariff.
Source: METI (2021a).

", + "markdown": "FIT = feed-in-tariff.\nSource: METI (2021a).", + "text": "FIT = feed-in-tariff.\nSource: METI (2021a)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1401, + "y": 0.3185 + }, + { + "x": 0.2793, + "y": 0.3185 + }, + { + "x": 0.2793, + "y": 0.3467 + }, + { + "x": 0.1401, + "y": 0.3467 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The newly approved capacity has stagnated lately because some strict measures reduced
the accumulated idle capacity in the revised FIT Act of 2017. For instance, developers are
required to have entered into the grid connection agreement with a utility company for
an FIT approval and to submit a business plan for assessment of feasibility and
sustainability. As a result, the approved biomass power capacity is about 160MW on
average in FY2018 and FY2019.

", + "markdown": "The newly approved capacity has stagnated lately because some strict measures reduced\nthe accumulated idle capacity in the revised FIT Act of 2017. For instance, developers are\nrequired to have entered into the grid connection agreement with a utility company for\nan FIT approval and to submit a business plan for assessment of feasibility and\nsustainability. As a result, the approved biomass power capacity is about 160MW on\naverage in FY2018 and FY2019.", + "text": "The newly approved capacity has stagnated lately because some strict measures reduced\nthe accumulated idle capacity in the revised FIT Act of 2017. For instance, developers are\nrequired to have entered into the grid connection agreement with a utility company for\nan FIT approval and to submit a business plan for assessment of feasibility and\nsustainability. As a result, the approved biomass power capacity is about 160MW on\naverage in FY2018 and FY2019." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1383, + "y": 0.3759 + }, + { + "x": 0.8129, + "y": 0.3759 + }, + { + "x": 0.8129, + "y": 0.4829 + }, + { + "x": 0.1383, + "y": 0.4829 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

A recent change in the FIT scheme is that new projects of biomass co-firing with coal in
the category of unutilised wood, general wood, and construction wood waste are no
longer eligible for the FIT scheme from FY2019.4 The data collected after implementation
of the FIT scheme revealed that the generation costs of these biomass co-firing with coal
are lower than the estimated costs of conventional biomass power plants in terms of
capital expenditures, operation and maintenance, and fuels. Hence, biomass co-firing
with coal does not have a rationale to receive support through the FIT scheme since it
could make profits without it. For reference, Figure 4.3 illustrates a biomass co-firing ratio
of the major power utilities' coal-fired power plants. Nearly half of the coal-fired power
plants co-combusted biomass in FY2019 and most of them are less than 1% ratio of
biomass.

", + "markdown": "A recent change in the FIT scheme is that new projects of biomass co-firing with coal in\nthe category of unutilised wood, general wood, and construction wood waste are no\nlonger eligible for the FIT scheme from FY2019.4 The data collected after implementation\nof the FIT scheme revealed that the generation costs of these biomass co-firing with coal\nare lower than the estimated costs of conventional biomass power plants in terms of\ncapital expenditures, operation and maintenance, and fuels. Hence, biomass co-firing\nwith coal does not have a rationale to receive support through the FIT scheme since it\ncould make profits without it. For reference, Figure 4.3 illustrates a biomass co-firing ratio\nof the major power utilities' coal-fired power plants. Nearly half of the coal-fired power\nplants co-combusted biomass in FY2019 and most of them are less than 1% ratio of\nbiomass.", + "text": "A recent change in the FIT scheme is that new projects of biomass co-firing with coal in\nthe category of unutilised wood, general wood, and construction wood waste are no\nlonger eligible for the FIT scheme from FY2019.4 The data collected after implementation\nof the FIT scheme revealed that the generation costs of these biomass co-firing with coal\nare lower than the estimated costs of conventional biomass power plants in terms of\ncapital expenditures, operation and maintenance, and fuels. Hence, biomass co-firing\nwith coal does not have a rationale to receive support through the FIT scheme since it\ncould make profits without it. For reference, Figure 4.3 illustrates a biomass co-firing ratio\nof the major power utilities' coal-fired power plants. Nearly half of the coal-fired power\nplants co-combusted biomass in FY2019 and most of them are less than 1% ratio of\nbiomass." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1395, + "y": 0.4931 + }, + { + "x": 0.8136, + "y": 0.4931 + }, + { + "x": 0.8136, + "y": 0.6916 + }, + { + "x": 0.1395, + "y": 0.6916 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

4 Biomass of waste materials co-firing with coal is not eligible for the FIT scheme from FY2021.

", + "markdown": "4 Biomass of waste materials co-firing with coal is not eligible for the FIT scheme from FY2021.", + "text": "4 Biomass of waste materials co-firing with coal is not eligible for the FIT scheme from FY2021." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.139, + "y": 0.8839 + }, + { + "x": 0.7844, + "y": 0.8839 + }, + { + "x": 0.7844, + "y": 0.8999 + }, + { + "x": 0.139, + "y": 0.8999 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
31
", + "markdown": "31", + "text": "31" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4642, + "y": 0.9434 + }, + { + "x": 0.4868, + "y": 0.9434 + }, + { + "x": 0.4868, + "y": 0.9565 + }, + { + "x": 0.4642, + "y": 0.9565 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000122.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

\n

BIO181

\n

For use with CarolinaBLUTM stain:

\n
TubeBamHI-Hindlll restriction enzyme mixtureRestriction Buffer-RNaseSuspect 1 DNASuspect 2 DNAEvidence A or BH2O
S13 �L3 �L10 �L2�L
S23 �L3 �L10 �L2�L
EA or EB3 �L3 �L10 �L2�L
\n

3. Mix reagents by pipetting gently up and down.

\n

4. Incubate all of the reaction tubes for 1 hour at 37 °C.

\n

NOTE: Your instructor will freeze your completed restriction digests at -20 °C until the next lab period.

\n

III. Electrophorese Digests

\n

Reagents:

\n

Restriction digests from Part II, on ice
10x loading dye, 10 uL

\n

Supplies and Equipment

\n

· Gel electrophoresis chamber with agarose gel in gel tray, power supply
· 1-20 uL Micropipette and pipet tips

\n

Load the Gel

\n

1. Use a micropipette to add 2 uL of 10x loading dye to a reaction tube. Use the pipet tip and gently pipet up
and down a couple of times to mix the 10x loading dye with the digested DNA. Use a new pipet tip and repeat
for each digest.

\n

2. Use a micropipette to load the contents of each reaction tube (20 uL total) into a separate well in the gel.
Use a fresh pipet tip for each reaction tube and write down the order in which the samples are loaded.

\n

NOTE: Be careful not to punch the tip of the pipet through the bottom or side of the well.

\n

While loading,

\n

· steady the pipet over the well using two hands. You may wish to place one or both elbows on
the lab bench to steady your hands.
· be careful to expel any air in the pipet tip end before loading the gel. Ifan air bubble forms a
cap over the well, the sample will flow into the buffer around the edges of the well.

\n
133
", + "markdown": "# MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE\n\nBIO181\n\nFor use with CarolinaBLUTM stain:\n\n| Tube | BamHI-Hindlll restriction enzyme mixture | Restriction Buffer-RNase | Suspect 1 DNA | Suspect 2 DNA | Evidence A or B | H2O |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| S1 | 3 �L | 3 �L | 10 �L | | | 2�L |\n| S2 | 3 �L | 3 �L | | 10 �L | | 2�L |\n| EA or EB | 3 �L | 3 �L | | | 10 �L | 2�L |\n\n\n3. Mix reagents by pipetting gently up and down.\n\n4. Incubate all of the reaction tubes for 1 hour at 37 °C.\n\nNOTE: Your instructor will freeze your completed restriction digests at -20 °C until the next lab period.\n\n# III. Electrophorese Digests\n\n# Reagents:\n\n- Restriction digests from Part II, on ice\n- 10x loading dye, 10 uL\n\n\n# Supplies and Equipment\n\n- · Gel electrophoresis chamber with agarose gel in gel tray, power supply\n- · 1-20 uL Micropipette and pipet tips\n\n\n# Load the Gel\n\n1. Use a micropipette to add 2 uL of 10x loading dye to a reaction tube. Use the pipet tip and gently pipet up\nand down a couple of times to mix the 10x loading dye with the digested DNA. Use a new pipet tip and repeat\nfor each digest.\n\n2. Use a micropipette to load the contents of each reaction tube (20 uL total) into a separate well in the gel.\nUse a fresh pipet tip for each reaction tube and write down the order in which the samples are loaded.\n\nNOTE: Be careful not to punch the tip of the pipet through the bottom or side of the well.\n\n# While loading,\n\n- · steady the pipet over the well using two hands. You may wish to place one or both elbows on\n- the lab bench to steady your hands.\n- · be careful to expel any air in the pipet tip end before loading the gel. Ifan air bubble forms a\n- cap over the well, the sample will flow into the buffer around the edges of the well.\n\n\n133", + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE\nBIO181\nFor use with CarolinaBLUTM stain:\nTube BamHI-Hindlll restriction enzyme mixture Restriction Buffer-RNase Suspect 1 DNA Suspect 2 DNA Evidence A or B H2O\n S1 3 �L 3 �L 10 �L 2�L\n S2 3 �L 3 �L 10 �L 2�L\n EA or EB 3 �L 3 �L 10 �L 2�L\n3. Mix reagents by pipetting gently up and down.\n4. Incubate all of the reaction tubes for 1 hour at 37 °C.\nNOTE: Your instructor will freeze your completed restriction digests at -20 °C until the next lab period.\nIII. Electrophorese Digests\nReagents:\nRestriction digests from Part II, on ice\n10x loading dye, 10 uL\nSupplies and Equipment\n· Gel electrophoresis chamber with agarose gel in gel tray, power supply\n· 1-20 uL Micropipette and pipet tips\nLoad the Gel\n1. Use a micropipette to add 2 uL of 10x loading dye to a reaction tube. Use the pipet tip and gently pipet up\nand down a couple of times to mix the 10x loading dye with the digested DNA. Use a new pipet tip and repeat\nfor each digest.\n2. Use a micropipette to load the contents of each reaction tube (20 uL total) into a separate well in the gel.\nUse a fresh pipet tip for each reaction tube and write down the order in which the samples are loaded.\nNOTE: Be careful not to punch the tip of the pipet through the bottom or side of the well.\nWhile loading,\n· steady the pipet over the well using two hands. You may wish to place one or both elbows on\nthe lab bench to steady your hands.\n· be careful to expel any air in the pipet tip end before loading the gel. Ifan air bubble forms a\ncap over the well, the sample will flow into the buffer around the edges of the well.\n133" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

", + "markdown": "# MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1129, + "y": 0.0462 + }, + { + "x": 0.3973, + "y": 0.0462 + }, + { + "x": 0.3973, + "y": 0.0675 + }, + { + "x": 0.1129, + "y": 0.0675 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

BIO181

", + "markdown": "BIO181", + "text": "BIO181" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7945, + "y": 0.0474 + }, + { + "x": 0.8706, + "y": 0.0474 + }, + { + "x": 0.8706, + "y": 0.0674 + }, + { + "x": 0.7945, + "y": 0.0674 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

For use with CarolinaBLUTM stain:

", + "markdown": "For use with CarolinaBLUTM stain:", + "text": "For use with CarolinaBLUTM stain:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3329, + "y": 0.098 + }, + { + "x": 0.6143, + "y": 0.098 + }, + { + "x": 0.6143, + "y": 0.1147 + }, + { + "x": 0.3329, + "y": 0.1147 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
TubeBamHI-Hindlll restriction enzyme mixtureRestriction Buffer-RNaseSuspect 1 DNASuspect 2 DNAEvidence A or BH2O
S13 �L3 �L10 �L2�L
S23 �L3 �L10 �L2�L
EA or EB3 �L3 �L10 �L2�L
", + "markdown": "| Tube | BamHI-Hindlll restriction enzyme mixture | Restriction Buffer-RNase | Suspect 1 DNA | Suspect 2 DNA | Evidence A or B | H2O |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| S1 | 3 �L | 3 �L | 10 �L | | | 2�L |\n| S2 | 3 �L | 3 �L | | 10 �L | | 2�L |\n| EA or EB | 3 �L | 3 �L | | | 10 �L | 2�L |\n", + "text": "Tube BamHI-Hindlll restriction enzyme mixture Restriction Buffer-RNase Suspect 1 DNA Suspect 2 DNA Evidence A or B H2O\n S1 3 �L 3 �L 10 �L 2�L\n S2 3 �L 3 �L 10 �L 2�L\n EA or EB 3 �L 3 �L 10 �L 2�L" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1346, + "y": 0.12 + }, + { + "x": 0.8467, + "y": 0.12 + }, + { + "x": 0.8467, + "y": 0.2408 + }, + { + "x": 0.1346, + "y": 0.2408 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

3. Mix reagents by pipetting gently up and down.

", + "markdown": "3. Mix reagents by pipetting gently up and down.", + "text": "3. Mix reagents by pipetting gently up and down." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1144, + "y": 0.2662 + }, + { + "x": 0.459, + "y": 0.2662 + }, + { + "x": 0.459, + "y": 0.2821 + }, + { + "x": 0.1144, + "y": 0.2821 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

4. Incubate all of the reaction tubes for 1 hour at 37 °C.

", + "markdown": "4. Incubate all of the reaction tubes for 1 hour at 37 °C.", + "text": "4. Incubate all of the reaction tubes for 1 hour at 37 °C." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1156, + "y": 0.2981 + }, + { + "x": 0.4985, + "y": 0.2981 + }, + { + "x": 0.4985, + "y": 0.3138 + }, + { + "x": 0.1156, + "y": 0.3138 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

NOTE: Your instructor will freeze your completed restriction digests at -20 °C until the next lab period.

", + "markdown": "NOTE: Your instructor will freeze your completed restriction digests at -20 °C until the next lab period.", + "text": "NOTE: Your instructor will freeze your completed restriction digests at -20 °C until the next lab period." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1153, + "y": 0.331 + }, + { + "x": 0.8331, + "y": 0.331 + }, + { + "x": 0.8331, + "y": 0.3468 + }, + { + "x": 0.1153, + "y": 0.3468 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

III. Electrophorese Digests

", + "markdown": "# III. Electrophorese Digests", + "text": "III. Electrophorese Digests" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1154, + "y": 0.3638 + }, + { + "x": 0.3581, + "y": 0.3638 + }, + { + "x": 0.3581, + "y": 0.3815 + }, + { + "x": 0.1154, + "y": 0.3815 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Reagents:

", + "markdown": "# Reagents:", + "text": "Reagents:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1147, + "y": 0.3991 + }, + { + "x": 0.1813, + "y": 0.3991 + }, + { + "x": 0.1813, + "y": 0.4127 + }, + { + "x": 0.1147, + "y": 0.4127 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

Restriction digests from Part II, on ice
10x loading dye, 10 uL

", + "markdown": "- Restriction digests from Part II, on ice\n- 10x loading dye, 10 uL\n", + "text": "Restriction digests from Part II, on ice\n10x loading dye, 10 uL" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1453, + "y": 0.4298 + }, + { + "x": 0.4157, + "y": 0.4298 + }, + { + "x": 0.4157, + "y": 0.459 + }, + { + "x": 0.1453, + "y": 0.459 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Supplies and Equipment

", + "markdown": "# Supplies and Equipment", + "text": "Supplies and Equipment" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.114, + "y": 0.4749 + }, + { + "x": 0.2737, + "y": 0.4749 + }, + { + "x": 0.2737, + "y": 0.4898 + }, + { + "x": 0.114, + "y": 0.4898 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Gel electrophoresis chamber with agarose gel in gel tray, power supply
· 1-20 uL Micropipette and pipet tips

", + "markdown": "- · Gel electrophoresis chamber with agarose gel in gel tray, power supply\n- · 1-20 uL Micropipette and pipet tips\n", + "text": "· Gel electrophoresis chamber with agarose gel in gel tray, power supply\n· 1-20 uL Micropipette and pipet tips" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1426, + "y": 0.5061 + }, + { + "x": 0.625, + "y": 0.5061 + }, + { + "x": 0.625, + "y": 0.5361 + }, + { + "x": 0.1426, + "y": 0.5361 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Load the Gel

", + "markdown": "# Load the Gel", + "text": "Load the Gel" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1155, + "y": 0.5528 + }, + { + "x": 0.2219, + "y": 0.5528 + }, + { + "x": 0.2219, + "y": 0.5665 + }, + { + "x": 0.1155, + "y": 0.5665 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

1. Use a micropipette to add 2 uL of 10x loading dye to a reaction tube. Use the pipet tip and gently pipet up
and down a couple of times to mix the 10x loading dye with the digested DNA. Use a new pipet tip and repeat
for each digest.

", + "markdown": "1. Use a micropipette to add 2 uL of 10x loading dye to a reaction tube. Use the pipet tip and gently pipet up\nand down a couple of times to mix the 10x loading dye with the digested DNA. Use a new pipet tip and repeat\nfor each digest.", + "text": "1. Use a micropipette to add 2 uL of 10x loading dye to a reaction tube. Use the pipet tip and gently pipet up\nand down a couple of times to mix the 10x loading dye with the digested DNA. Use a new pipet tip and repeat\nfor each digest." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1149, + "y": 0.5852 + }, + { + "x": 0.8794, + "y": 0.5852 + }, + { + "x": 0.8794, + "y": 0.6314 + }, + { + "x": 0.1149, + "y": 0.6314 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

2. Use a micropipette to load the contents of each reaction tube (20 uL total) into a separate well in the gel.
Use a fresh pipet tip for each reaction tube and write down the order in which the samples are loaded.

", + "markdown": "2. Use a micropipette to load the contents of each reaction tube (20 uL total) into a separate well in the gel.\nUse a fresh pipet tip for each reaction tube and write down the order in which the samples are loaded.", + "text": "2. Use a micropipette to load the contents of each reaction tube (20 uL total) into a separate well in the gel.\nUse a fresh pipet tip for each reaction tube and write down the order in which the samples are loaded." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1142, + "y": 0.6477 + }, + { + "x": 0.8633, + "y": 0.6477 + }, + { + "x": 0.8633, + "y": 0.6798 + }, + { + "x": 0.1142, + "y": 0.6798 + } + ], + "id": 14, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

NOTE: Be careful not to punch the tip of the pipet through the bottom or side of the well.

", + "markdown": "NOTE: Be careful not to punch the tip of the pipet through the bottom or side of the well.", + "text": "NOTE: Be careful not to punch the tip of the pipet through the bottom or side of the well." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1155, + "y": 0.7268 + }, + { + "x": 0.7349, + "y": 0.7268 + }, + { + "x": 0.7349, + "y": 0.7448 + }, + { + "x": 0.1155, + "y": 0.7448 + } + ], + "id": 15, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

While loading,

", + "markdown": "# While loading,", + "text": "While loading," + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1134, + "y": 0.7926 + }, + { + "x": 0.2204, + "y": 0.7926 + }, + { + "x": 0.2204, + "y": 0.8096 + }, + { + "x": 0.1134, + "y": 0.8096 + } + ], + "id": 16, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· steady the pipet over the well using two hands. You may wish to place one or both elbows on
the lab bench to steady your hands.
· be careful to expel any air in the pipet tip end before loading the gel. Ifan air bubble forms a
cap over the well, the sample will flow into the buffer around the edges of the well.

", + "markdown": "- · steady the pipet over the well using two hands. You may wish to place one or both elbows on\n- the lab bench to steady your hands.\n- · be careful to expel any air in the pipet tip end before loading the gel. Ifan air bubble forms a\n- cap over the well, the sample will flow into the buffer around the edges of the well.\n", + "text": "· steady the pipet over the well using two hands. You may wish to place one or both elbows on\nthe lab bench to steady your hands.\n· be careful to expel any air in the pipet tip end before loading the gel. Ifan air bubble forms a\ncap over the well, the sample will flow into the buffer around the edges of the well." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1993, + "y": 0.8256 + }, + { + "x": 0.8846, + "y": 0.8256 + }, + { + "x": 0.8846, + "y": 0.8868 + }, + { + "x": 0.1993, + "y": 0.8868 + } + ], + "id": 17, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
133
", + "markdown": "133", + "text": "133" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4837, + "y": 0.9231 + }, + { + "x": 0.5182, + "y": 0.9231 + }, + { + "x": 0.5182, + "y": 0.9391 + }, + { + "x": 0.4837, + "y": 0.9391 + } + ], + "id": 18, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000186.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Step
\n

Figure 1: Depth up-scaling for the case with n = 32, s = 48, and m = 8. Depth up-scaling is achieved through a
dual-stage process of depthwise scaling followed by continued pretraining.

\n

for wider access and application of these models
by researchers and developers globally.

\n

2 Depth Up-Scaling

\n

To efficiently scale-up LLMs, we aim to utilize pre-
trained weights of base models to scale up to larger
LLMs (Komatsuzaki et al., 2022). While exist-
ing methods such as Komatsuzaki et al. (2022) use
MoE (Shazeer et al., 2017) to scale-up the model ar-
chitecture, we opt for a different depthwise scaling
strategy inspired by Tan and Le (2019). We then
continually pretrain the scaled model as just scaling
the model without further pretraining degrades the
performance.

\n

Base model. Any n-layer transformer architec-
ture can be used but we select the 32-layer Llama
2 architecture as our base model. We initialize the
Llama 2 architecture with pretrained weights from
Mistral 7B, as it is one of the top performers com-
patible with the Llama 2 architecture. By adopting
the Llama 2 architecture for our base model, we
aim to leverage the vast pool of community re-
sources while introducing novel modifications to
further enhance its capabilities.

\n

Depthwise scaling. From the base model with n
layers, we set the target layer count s for the scaled
model, which is largely dictated by the available
hardware.

\n

With the above, the depthwise scaling process
is as follows. The base model with n layers is
duplicated for subsequent modification. Then, we
remove the final m layers from the original model
and the initial m layers from its duplicate, thus
forming two distinct models with n - m layers.
These two models are concatenated to form a scaled
model with s = 2·(n-m) layers. Note that n = 32
from our base model and we set s = 48 considering

\n

our hardware constraints and the efficiency of the
scaled model, i.e., fitting between 7 and 13 billion
parameters. Naturally, this leads to the removal of
m = 8 layers. The depthwise scaling process with
n = 32, s = 48, and m = 8 is depicted in 'Step 1:
Depthwise Scaling' of Fig. 1.

\n

We note that a method in the community that also
2
scale the model in the same manner as 'Step 1:
Depthwise Scaling' of Fig. 1 has been concurrently
developed.

\n

Continued pretraining. The performance of the
depthwise scaled model initially drops below that
of the base LLM. Thus, we additionally apply
the continued pretraining step as shown in 'Step
2: Continued Pretraining' of Fig. 1. Experimen-
tally, we observe rapid performance recovery of
the scaled model during continued pretraining, a
phenomenon also observed in Komatsuzaki et al.
(2022). We consider that the particular way of
depthwise scaling has isolated the heterogeneity
in the scaled model which allowed for this fast
performance recovery.

\n

Delving deeper into the heterogeneity of the
scaled model, a simpler alternative to depthwise
scaling could be to just repeat its layers once more,
i.e., from n to 2n layers. Then, the 'layer distance' ,
or the difference in the layer indices in the base
model, is only bigger than 1 where layers n and
n + 1 are connected, i.e., at the seam.

\n

However, this results in maximum layer distance
at the seam, which may be too significant of a
discrepancy for continued pretraining to quickly
resolve. Instead, depthwise scaling sacrifices the
2m middle layers, thereby reducing the discrep-
ancy at the seam and making it easier for continued

\n

2https : / /huggingface . co/ Undi 95 /
Mistral-11B-v0 · 1

", + "markdown": "Step 1-1 Step1-2\nOutput Output Output\nOutput Output Output 24Layers 24Layers\nMerge\n8Layers\n---- 48 Layers\nCopy 8 Layers Continued\n32Layers 32Layers Pretraining\n24Layers\n24Layers Input\nInput Input Input Input Input\nStep 1. Depthwise Scaling Step2. Continued Pretraining\n\nFigure 1: Depth up-scaling for the case with n = 32, s = 48, and m = 8. Depth up-scaling is achieved through a\ndual-stage process of depthwise scaling followed by continued pretraining.\n\nfor wider access and application of these models\nby researchers and developers globally.\n\n# 2 Depth Up-Scaling\n\nTo efficiently scale-up LLMs, we aim to utilize pre-\ntrained weights of base models to scale up to larger\nLLMs (Komatsuzaki et al., 2022). While exist-\ning methods such as Komatsuzaki et al. (2022) use\nMoE (Shazeer et al., 2017) to scale-up the model ar-\nchitecture, we opt for a different depthwise scaling\nstrategy inspired by Tan and Le (2019). We then\ncontinually pretrain the scaled model as just scaling\nthe model without further pretraining degrades the\nperformance.\n\nBase model. Any n-layer transformer architec-\nture can be used but we select the 32-layer Llama\n2 architecture as our base model. We initialize the\nLlama 2 architecture with pretrained weights from\nMistral 7B, as it is one of the top performers com-\npatible with the Llama 2 architecture. By adopting\nthe Llama 2 architecture for our base model, we\naim to leverage the vast pool of community re-\nsources while introducing novel modifications to\nfurther enhance its capabilities.\n\nDepthwise scaling. From the base model with n\nlayers, we set the target layer count s for the scaled\nmodel, which is largely dictated by the available\nhardware.\n\nWith the above, the depthwise scaling process\nis as follows. The base model with n layers is\nduplicated for subsequent modification. Then, we\nremove the final m layers from the original model\nand the initial m layers from its duplicate, thus\nforming two distinct models with n - m layers.\nThese two models are concatenated to form a scaled\nmodel with s = 2·(n-m) layers. Note that n = 32\nfrom our base model and we set s = 48 considering\n\nour hardware constraints and the efficiency of the\nscaled model, i.e., fitting between 7 and 13 billion\nparameters. Naturally, this leads to the removal of\nm = 8 layers. The depthwise scaling process with\nn = 32, s = 48, and m = 8 is depicted in 'Step 1:\nDepthwise Scaling' of Fig. 1.\n\nWe note that a method in the community that also\n2\nscale the model in the same manner as 'Step 1:\nDepthwise Scaling' of Fig. 1 has been concurrently\ndeveloped.\n\nContinued pretraining. The performance of the\ndepthwise scaled model initially drops below that\nof the base LLM. Thus, we additionally apply\nthe continued pretraining step as shown in 'Step\n2: Continued Pretraining' of Fig. 1. Experimen-\ntally, we observe rapid performance recovery of\nthe scaled model during continued pretraining, a\nphenomenon also observed in Komatsuzaki et al.\n(2022). We consider that the particular way of\ndepthwise scaling has isolated the heterogeneity\nin the scaled model which allowed for this fast\nperformance recovery.\n\nDelving deeper into the heterogeneity of the\nscaled model, a simpler alternative to depthwise\nscaling could be to just repeat its layers once more,\ni.e., from n to 2n layers. Then, the 'layer distance' ,\nor the difference in the layer indices in the base\nmodel, is only bigger than 1 where layers n and\nn + 1 are connected, i.e., at the seam.\n\nHowever, this results in maximum layer distance\nat the seam, which may be too significant of a\ndiscrepancy for continued pretraining to quickly\nresolve. Instead, depthwise scaling sacrifices the\n2m middle layers, thereby reducing the discrep-\nancy at the seam and making it easier for continued\n\n2https : / /huggingface . co/ Undi 95 /\nMistral-11B-v0 · 1", + "text": "Step 1-1 Step1-2\nOutput Output Output\nOutput Output Output 24Layers 24Layers\nMerge\n8Layers\n---- 48 Layers\nCopy 8 Layers Continued\n32Layers 32Layers Pretraining\n24Layers\n24Layers Input\nInput Input Input Input Input\nStep 1. Depthwise Scaling Step2. Continued Pretraining\nFigure 1: Depth up-scaling for the case with n = 32, s = 48, and m = 8. Depth up-scaling is achieved through a\ndual-stage process of depthwise scaling followed by continued pretraining.\nfor wider access and application of these models\nby researchers and developers globally.\n2 Depth Up-Scaling\nTo efficiently scale-up LLMs, we aim to utilize pre-\ntrained weights of base models to scale up to larger\nLLMs (Komatsuzaki et al., 2022). While exist-\ning methods such as Komatsuzaki et al. (2022) use\nMoE (Shazeer et al., 2017) to scale-up the model ar-\nchitecture, we opt for a different depthwise scaling\nstrategy inspired by Tan and Le (2019). We then\ncontinually pretrain the scaled model as just scaling\nthe model without further pretraining degrades the\nperformance.\nBase model. Any n-layer transformer architec-\nture can be used but we select the 32-layer Llama\n2 architecture as our base model. We initialize the\nLlama 2 architecture with pretrained weights from\nMistral 7B, as it is one of the top performers com-\npatible with the Llama 2 architecture. By adopting\nthe Llama 2 architecture for our base model, we\naim to leverage the vast pool of community re-\nsources while introducing novel modifications to\nfurther enhance its capabilities.\nDepthwise scaling. From the base model with n\nlayers, we set the target layer count s for the scaled\nmodel, which is largely dictated by the available\nhardware.\nWith the above, the depthwise scaling process\nis as follows. The base model with n layers is\nduplicated for subsequent modification. Then, we\nremove the final m layers from the original model\nand the initial m layers from its duplicate, thus\nforming two distinct models with n - m layers.\nThese two models are concatenated to form a scaled\nmodel with s = 2·(n-m) layers. Note that n = 32\nfrom our base model and we set s = 48 considering\nour hardware constraints and the efficiency of the\nscaled model, i.e., fitting between 7 and 13 billion\nparameters. Naturally, this leads to the removal of\nm = 8 layers. The depthwise scaling process with\nn = 32, s = 48, and m = 8 is depicted in 'Step 1:\nDepthwise Scaling' of Fig. 1.\nWe note that a method in the community that also\n2\nscale the model in the same manner as 'Step 1:\nDepthwise Scaling' of Fig. 1 has been concurrently\ndeveloped.\nContinued pretraining. The performance of the\ndepthwise scaled model initially drops below that\nof the base LLM. Thus, we additionally apply\nthe continued pretraining step as shown in 'Step\n2: Continued Pretraining' of Fig. 1. Experimen-\ntally, we observe rapid performance recovery of\nthe scaled model during continued pretraining, a\nphenomenon also observed in Komatsuzaki et al.\n(2022). We consider that the particular way of\ndepthwise scaling has isolated the heterogeneity\nin the scaled model which allowed for this fast\nperformance recovery.\nDelving deeper into the heterogeneity of the\nscaled model, a simpler alternative to depthwise\nscaling could be to just repeat its layers once more,\ni.e., from n to 2n layers. Then, the 'layer distance' ,\nor the difference in the layer indices in the base\nmodel, is only bigger than 1 where layers n and\nn + 1 are connected, i.e., at the seam.\nHowever, this results in maximum layer distance\nat the seam, which may be too significant of a\ndiscrepancy for continued pretraining to quickly\nresolve. Instead, depthwise scaling sacrifices the\n2m middle layers, thereby reducing the discrep-\nancy at the seam and making it easier for continued\n2https : / /huggingface . co/ Undi 95 /\nMistral-11B-v0 · 1" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Step
", + "markdown": "Step 1-1 Step1-2\nOutput Output Output\nOutput Output Output 24Layers 24Layers\nMerge\n8Layers\n---- 48 Layers\nCopy 8 Layers Continued\n32Layers 32Layers Pretraining\n24Layers\n24Layers Input\nInput Input Input Input Input\nStep 1. Depthwise Scaling Step2. Continued Pretraining", + "text": "Step 1-1 Step1-2\nOutput Output Output\nOutput Output Output 24Layers 24Layers\nMerge\n8Layers\n---- 48 Layers\nCopy 8 Layers Continued\n32Layers 32Layers Pretraining\n24Layers\n24Layers Input\nInput Input Input Input Input\nStep 1. Depthwise Scaling Step2. Continued Pretraining" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1949, + "y": 0.0827 + }, + { + "x": 0.8044, + "y": 0.0827 + }, + { + "x": 0.8044, + "y": 0.2402 + }, + { + "x": 0.1949, + "y": 0.2402 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 1: Depth up-scaling for the case with n = 32, s = 48, and m = 8. Depth up-scaling is achieved through a
dual-stage process of depthwise scaling followed by continued pretraining.

", + "markdown": "Figure 1: Depth up-scaling for the case with n = 32, s = 48, and m = 8. Depth up-scaling is achieved through a\ndual-stage process of depthwise scaling followed by continued pretraining.", + "text": "Figure 1: Depth up-scaling for the case with n = 32, s = 48, and m = 8. Depth up-scaling is achieved through a\ndual-stage process of depthwise scaling followed by continued pretraining." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1148, + "y": 0.2514 + }, + { + "x": 0.8838, + "y": 0.2514 + }, + { + "x": 0.8838, + "y": 0.281 + }, + { + "x": 0.1148, + "y": 0.281 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

for wider access and application of these models
by researchers and developers globally.

", + "markdown": "for wider access and application of these models\nby researchers and developers globally.", + "text": "for wider access and application of these models\nby researchers and developers globally." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1155, + "y": 0.306 + }, + { + "x": 0.4883, + "y": 0.306 + }, + { + "x": 0.4883, + "y": 0.3388 + }, + { + "x": 0.1155, + "y": 0.3388 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

2 Depth Up-Scaling

", + "markdown": "# 2 Depth Up-Scaling", + "text": "2 Depth Up-Scaling" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1145, + "y": 0.3482 + }, + { + "x": 0.305, + "y": 0.3482 + }, + { + "x": 0.305, + "y": 0.3657 + }, + { + "x": 0.1145, + "y": 0.3657 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

To efficiently scale-up LLMs, we aim to utilize pre-
trained weights of base models to scale up to larger
LLMs (Komatsuzaki et al., 2022). While exist-
ing methods such as Komatsuzaki et al. (2022) use
MoE (Shazeer et al., 2017) to scale-up the model ar-
chitecture, we opt for a different depthwise scaling
strategy inspired by Tan and Le (2019). We then
continually pretrain the scaled model as just scaling
the model without further pretraining degrades the
performance.

", + "markdown": "To efficiently scale-up LLMs, we aim to utilize pre-\ntrained weights of base models to scale up to larger\nLLMs (Komatsuzaki et al., 2022). While exist-\ning methods such as Komatsuzaki et al. (2022) use\nMoE (Shazeer et al., 2017) to scale-up the model ar-\nchitecture, we opt for a different depthwise scaling\nstrategy inspired by Tan and Le (2019). We then\ncontinually pretrain the scaled model as just scaling\nthe model without further pretraining degrades the\nperformance.", + "text": "To efficiently scale-up LLMs, we aim to utilize pre-\ntrained weights of base models to scale up to larger\nLLMs (Komatsuzaki et al., 2022). While exist-\ning methods such as Komatsuzaki et al. (2022) use\nMoE (Shazeer et al., 2017) to scale-up the model ar-\nchitecture, we opt for a different depthwise scaling\nstrategy inspired by Tan and Le (2019). We then\ncontinually pretrain the scaled model as just scaling\nthe model without further pretraining degrades the\nperformance." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.116, + "y": 0.3736 + }, + { + "x": 0.4892, + "y": 0.3736 + }, + { + "x": 0.4892, + "y": 0.533 + }, + { + "x": 0.116, + "y": 0.533 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Base model. Any n-layer transformer architec-
ture can be used but we select the 32-layer Llama
2 architecture as our base model. We initialize the
Llama 2 architecture with pretrained weights from
Mistral 7B, as it is one of the top performers com-
patible with the Llama 2 architecture. By adopting
the Llama 2 architecture for our base model, we
aim to leverage the vast pool of community re-
sources while introducing novel modifications to
further enhance its capabilities.

", + "markdown": "Base model. Any n-layer transformer architec-\nture can be used but we select the 32-layer Llama\n2 architecture as our base model. We initialize the\nLlama 2 architecture with pretrained weights from\nMistral 7B, as it is one of the top performers com-\npatible with the Llama 2 architecture. By adopting\nthe Llama 2 architecture for our base model, we\naim to leverage the vast pool of community re-\nsources while introducing novel modifications to\nfurther enhance its capabilities.", + "text": "Base model. Any n-layer transformer architec-\nture can be used but we select the 32-layer Llama\n2 architecture as our base model. We initialize the\nLlama 2 architecture with pretrained weights from\nMistral 7B, as it is one of the top performers com-\npatible with the Llama 2 architecture. By adopting\nthe Llama 2 architecture for our base model, we\naim to leverage the vast pool of community re-\nsources while introducing novel modifications to\nfurther enhance its capabilities." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1159, + "y": 0.5423 + }, + { + "x": 0.4899, + "y": 0.5423 + }, + { + "x": 0.4899, + "y": 0.7026 + }, + { + "x": 0.1159, + "y": 0.7026 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Depthwise scaling. From the base model with n
layers, we set the target layer count s for the scaled
model, which is largely dictated by the available
hardware.

", + "markdown": "Depthwise scaling. From the base model with n\nlayers, we set the target layer count s for the scaled\nmodel, which is largely dictated by the available\nhardware.", + "text": "Depthwise scaling. From the base model with n\nlayers, we set the target layer count s for the scaled\nmodel, which is largely dictated by the available\nhardware." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1158, + "y": 0.711 + }, + { + "x": 0.4888, + "y": 0.711 + }, + { + "x": 0.4888, + "y": 0.7733 + }, + { + "x": 0.1158, + "y": 0.7733 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

With the above, the depthwise scaling process
is as follows. The base model with n layers is
duplicated for subsequent modification. Then, we
remove the final m layers from the original model
and the initial m layers from its duplicate, thus
forming two distinct models with n - m layers.
These two models are concatenated to form a scaled
model with s = 2·(n-m) layers. Note that n = 32
from our base model and we set s = 48 considering

", + "markdown": "With the above, the depthwise scaling process\nis as follows. The base model with n layers is\nduplicated for subsequent modification. Then, we\nremove the final m layers from the original model\nand the initial m layers from its duplicate, thus\nforming two distinct models with n - m layers.\nThese two models are concatenated to form a scaled\nmodel with s = 2·(n-m) layers. Note that n = 32\nfrom our base model and we set s = 48 considering", + "text": "With the above, the depthwise scaling process\nis as follows. The base model with n layers is\nduplicated for subsequent modification. Then, we\nremove the final m layers from the original model\nand the initial m layers from its duplicate, thus\nforming two distinct models with n - m layers.\nThese two models are concatenated to form a scaled\nmodel with s = 2·(n-m) layers. Note that n = 32\nfrom our base model and we set s = 48 considering" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1157, + "y": 0.776 + }, + { + "x": 0.4902, + "y": 0.776 + }, + { + "x": 0.4902, + "y": 0.9205 + }, + { + "x": 0.1157, + "y": 0.9205 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

our hardware constraints and the efficiency of the
scaled model, i.e., fitting between 7 and 13 billion
parameters. Naturally, this leads to the removal of
m = 8 layers. The depthwise scaling process with
n = 32, s = 48, and m = 8 is depicted in 'Step 1:
Depthwise Scaling' of Fig. 1.

", + "markdown": "our hardware constraints and the efficiency of the\nscaled model, i.e., fitting between 7 and 13 billion\nparameters. Naturally, this leads to the removal of\nm = 8 layers. The depthwise scaling process with\nn = 32, s = 48, and m = 8 is depicted in 'Step 1:\nDepthwise Scaling' of Fig. 1.", + "text": "our hardware constraints and the efficiency of the\nscaled model, i.e., fitting between 7 and 13 billion\nparameters. Naturally, this leads to the removal of\nm = 8 layers. The depthwise scaling process with\nn = 32, s = 48, and m = 8 is depicted in 'Step 1:\nDepthwise Scaling' of Fig. 1." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5101, + "y": 0.3061 + }, + { + "x": 0.8843, + "y": 0.3061 + }, + { + "x": 0.8843, + "y": 0.4017 + }, + { + "x": 0.5101, + "y": 0.4017 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

We note that a method in the community that also
2
scale the model in the same manner as 'Step 1:
Depthwise Scaling' of Fig. 1 has been concurrently
developed.

", + "markdown": "We note that a method in the community that also\n2\nscale the model in the same manner as 'Step 1:\nDepthwise Scaling' of Fig. 1 has been concurrently\ndeveloped.", + "text": "We note that a method in the community that also\n2\nscale the model in the same manner as 'Step 1:\nDepthwise Scaling' of Fig. 1 has been concurrently\ndeveloped." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.511, + "y": 0.4036 + }, + { + "x": 0.8857, + "y": 0.4036 + }, + { + "x": 0.8857, + "y": 0.4671 + }, + { + "x": 0.511, + "y": 0.4671 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Continued pretraining. The performance of the
depthwise scaled model initially drops below that
of the base LLM. Thus, we additionally apply
the continued pretraining step as shown in 'Step
2: Continued Pretraining' of Fig. 1. Experimen-
tally, we observe rapid performance recovery of
the scaled model during continued pretraining, a
phenomenon also observed in Komatsuzaki et al.
(2022). We consider that the particular way of
depthwise scaling has isolated the heterogeneity
in the scaled model which allowed for this fast
performance recovery.

", + "markdown": "Continued pretraining. The performance of the\ndepthwise scaled model initially drops below that\nof the base LLM. Thus, we additionally apply\nthe continued pretraining step as shown in 'Step\n2: Continued Pretraining' of Fig. 1. Experimen-\ntally, we observe rapid performance recovery of\nthe scaled model during continued pretraining, a\nphenomenon also observed in Komatsuzaki et al.\n(2022). We consider that the particular way of\ndepthwise scaling has isolated the heterogeneity\nin the scaled model which allowed for this fast\nperformance recovery.", + "text": "Continued pretraining. The performance of the\ndepthwise scaled model initially drops below that\nof the base LLM. Thus, we additionally apply\nthe continued pretraining step as shown in 'Step\n2: Continued Pretraining' of Fig. 1. Experimen-\ntally, we observe rapid performance recovery of\nthe scaled model during continued pretraining, a\nphenomenon also observed in Komatsuzaki et al.\n(2022). We consider that the particular way of\ndepthwise scaling has isolated the heterogeneity\nin the scaled model which allowed for this fast\nperformance recovery." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5106, + "y": 0.4786 + }, + { + "x": 0.8849, + "y": 0.4786 + }, + { + "x": 0.8849, + "y": 0.6717 + }, + { + "x": 0.5106, + "y": 0.6717 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Delving deeper into the heterogeneity of the
scaled model, a simpler alternative to depthwise
scaling could be to just repeat its layers once more,
i.e., from n to 2n layers. Then, the 'layer distance' ,
or the difference in the layer indices in the base
model, is only bigger than 1 where layers n and
n + 1 are connected, i.e., at the seam.

", + "markdown": "Delving deeper into the heterogeneity of the\nscaled model, a simpler alternative to depthwise\nscaling could be to just repeat its layers once more,\ni.e., from n to 2n layers. Then, the 'layer distance' ,\nor the difference in the layer indices in the base\nmodel, is only bigger than 1 where layers n and\nn + 1 are connected, i.e., at the seam.", + "text": "Delving deeper into the heterogeneity of the\nscaled model, a simpler alternative to depthwise\nscaling could be to just repeat its layers once more,\ni.e., from n to 2n layers. Then, the 'layer distance' ,\nor the difference in the layer indices in the base\nmodel, is only bigger than 1 where layers n and\nn + 1 are connected, i.e., at the seam." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5105, + "y": 0.673 + }, + { + "x": 0.8852, + "y": 0.673 + }, + { + "x": 0.8852, + "y": 0.7844 + }, + { + "x": 0.5105, + "y": 0.7844 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

However, this results in maximum layer distance
at the seam, which may be too significant of a
discrepancy for continued pretraining to quickly
resolve. Instead, depthwise scaling sacrifices the
2m middle layers, thereby reducing the discrep-
ancy at the seam and making it easier for continued

", + "markdown": "However, this results in maximum layer distance\nat the seam, which may be too significant of a\ndiscrepancy for continued pretraining to quickly\nresolve. Instead, depthwise scaling sacrifices the\n2m middle layers, thereby reducing the discrep-\nancy at the seam and making it easier for continued", + "text": "However, this results in maximum layer distance\nat the seam, which may be too significant of a\ndiscrepancy for continued pretraining to quickly\nresolve. Instead, depthwise scaling sacrifices the\n2m middle layers, thereby reducing the discrep-\nancy at the seam and making it easier for continued" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5098, + "y": 0.7873 + }, + { + "x": 0.8851, + "y": 0.7873 + }, + { + "x": 0.8851, + "y": 0.8831 + }, + { + "x": 0.5098, + "y": 0.8831 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

2https : / /huggingface . co/ Undi 95 /
Mistral-11B-v0 · 1

", + "markdown": "2https : / /huggingface . co/ Undi 95 /\nMistral-11B-v0 · 1", + "text": "2https : / /huggingface . co/ Undi 95 /\nMistral-11B-v0 · 1" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5127, + "y": 0.8947 + }, + { + "x": 0.8146, + "y": 0.8947 + }, + { + "x": 0.8146, + "y": 0.9188 + }, + { + "x": 0.5127, + "y": 0.9188 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000200.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Introduction of product services and key features

\n

Key Functions by Main Service Flow

\n
Service StageFunction NameExplanationExpected Benefit
1. Project creationProject creation and managementSelect document type to automatically run project creation, Pipeline configuration with recommended Modelset and Endpoint deploymentThe intuitive UI environment allows the the person in charge to quickly proceed with the entire process from project creation to deployment, improving work efficiency
2. Data labeling and fine-tuningData storage managementProvides convenient functions for uploading raw data, viewer, and data management (search using image metadata, sorting, filtering, hashtags settings on image data) Image data bookmark for Qualitative EvaluationConveniently manage raw data to be used for OCR Pack and actual date from live service
Create and manage Labeling SpaceCreating a Labeling Space to manage raw data annotation, managing labeling resources (Ontology, Characters to be Recognized), data set dump, data set version management 3Labeling work can be outsourced within the pack. Labeled data is continuously supplied from which data sets can be created with ease. The Auto Labeling function increases both efficiency and convenience.
Model trainingVarious basic models for each selected document, information comparison between models, basic model training, training pause function, re-training, cancel function, and configuration support for Characters to be Recognized and Ontology that is frequently modified while developing specialized modelsProviding a foundation for customers to implement, manage, and upgrade their own OCR model specialized to the customers' needs
3. Pipeline configuration and deploymentPipeline, Endpoint Creation and managementDetector, Recognizer, or Parser to create a Pipeline or an Endpoint Choose Connect Pipelines to Endpoints, perform tasks such as deployment controllers, deployment recovery, and moreProviding a foundation for customers to implement, manage, and upgrade their own OCR model specialized to the customers' needs
4. Monitoring and evaluationProject monitoringMonitoring of deployed Pipelines and Endpoints, notifying the customer of important issues such as suspicion of model performance degradation, and Qualitative Evaluation of actual incoming customer dataMonitor important indicators for each project and quickly identify and respond to issues
Full Pack MonitoringMonitoring traffic of all deployed Endpoints, quality monitoring of all deployed models, and monitoring of resources (GPU, CPU, Storage) connected to the PackMonitoring useful information about the overall OCR Pack at a glance
Quantitative / Qualitative EvaluationQuantitative evaluation leaderboard / Qualitative EvaluationViewing the model's performance to help the customer choose the appropriate model
Guide and helpProvides context-specific guides to help you troubleshoot yourself, download terminal logs for error situations and Pack documentationThe customer can diagnose, respond to, and solve problems occurring in the Pack on their own without external help
\n
upstage
", + "markdown": "# Introduction of product services and key features\n\n# Key Functions by Main Service Flow\n\n| Service Stage | Function Name | Explanation | Expected Benefit |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1. Project creation | Project creation and management | Select document type to automatically run project creation, Pipeline configuration with recommended Modelset and Endpoint deployment | The intuitive UI environment allows the the person in charge to quickly proceed with the entire process from project creation to deployment, improving work efficiency |\n| 2. Data labeling and fine-tuning | Data storage management | Provides convenient functions for uploading raw data, viewer, and data management (search using image metadata, sorting, filtering, hashtags settings on image data) Image data bookmark for Qualitative Evaluation | Conveniently manage raw data to be used for OCR Pack and actual date from live service |\n| | Create and manage Labeling Space | Creating a Labeling Space to manage raw data annotation, managing labeling resources (Ontology, Characters to be Recognized), data set dump, data set version management 3 | Labeling work can be outsourced within the pack. Labeled data is continuously supplied from which data sets can be created with ease. The Auto Labeling function increases both efficiency and convenience. |\n| Model training | Various basic models for each selected document, information comparison between models, basic model training, training pause function, re-training, cancel function, and configuration support for Characters to be Recognized and Ontology that is frequently modified while developing specialized models | Providing a foundation for customers to implement, manage, and upgrade their own OCR model specialized to the customers' needs | |\n| 3. Pipeline configuration and deployment | Pipeline, Endpoint Creation and management | Detector, Recognizer, or Parser to create a Pipeline or an Endpoint Choose Connect Pipelines to Endpoints, perform tasks such as deployment controllers, deployment recovery, and more | Providing a foundation for customers to implement, manage, and upgrade their own OCR model specialized to the customers' needs |\n| 4. Monitoring and evaluation | Project monitoring | Monitoring of deployed Pipelines and Endpoints, notifying the customer of important issues such as suspicion of model performance degradation, and Qualitative Evaluation of actual incoming customer data | Monitor important indicators for each project and quickly identify and respond to issues |\n| | Full Pack Monitoring | Monitoring traffic of all deployed Endpoints, quality monitoring of all deployed models, and monitoring of resources (GPU, CPU, Storage) connected to the Pack | Monitoring useful information about the overall OCR Pack at a glance |\n| | Quantitative / Qualitative Evaluation | Quantitative evaluation leaderboard / Qualitative Evaluation | Viewing the model's performance to help the customer choose the appropriate model |\n| Guide and help | Provides context-specific guides to help you troubleshoot yourself, download terminal logs for error situations and Pack documentation | The customer can diagnose, respond to, and solve problems occurring in the Pack on their own without external help | |\n\n\nupstage", + "text": "Introduction of product services and key features\nKey Functions by Main Service Flow\nService Stage Function Name Explanation Expected Benefit\n 1. Project creation Project creation and management Select document type to automatically run project creation, Pipeline configuration with recommended Modelset and Endpoint deployment The intuitive UI environment allows the the person in charge to quickly proceed with the entire process from project creation to deployment, improving work efficiency\n 2. Data labeling and fine-tuning Data storage management Provides convenient functions for uploading raw data, viewer, and data management (search using image metadata, sorting, filtering, hashtags settings on image data) Image data bookmark for Qualitative Evaluation Conveniently manage raw data to be used for OCR Pack and actual date from live service\n Create and manage Labeling Space Creating a Labeling Space to manage raw data annotation, managing labeling resources (Ontology, Characters to be Recognized), data set dump, data set version management 3 Labeling work can be outsourced within the pack. Labeled data is continuously supplied from which data sets can be created with ease. The Auto Labeling function increases both efficiency and convenience.\n Model training Various basic models for each selected document, information comparison between models, basic model training, training pause function, re-training, cancel function, and configuration support for Characters to be Recognized and Ontology that is frequently modified while developing specialized models Providing a foundation for customers to implement, manage, and upgrade their own OCR model specialized to the customers' needs\n 3. Pipeline configuration and deployment Pipeline, Endpoint Creation and management Detector, Recognizer, or Parser to create a Pipeline or an Endpoint Choose Connect Pipelines to Endpoints, perform tasks such as deployment controllers, deployment recovery, and more Providing a foundation for customers to implement, manage, and upgrade their own OCR model specialized to the customers' needs\n 4. Monitoring and evaluation Project monitoring Monitoring of deployed Pipelines and Endpoints, notifying the customer of important issues such as suspicion of model performance degradation, and Qualitative Evaluation of actual incoming customer data Monitor important indicators for each project and quickly identify and respond to issues\n Full Pack Monitoring Monitoring traffic of all deployed Endpoints, quality monitoring of all deployed models, and monitoring of resources (GPU, CPU, Storage) connected to the Pack Monitoring useful information about the overall OCR Pack at a glance\n Quantitative / Qualitative Evaluation Quantitative evaluation leaderboard / Qualitative Evaluation Viewing the model's performance to help the customer choose the appropriate model\n Guide and help Provides context-specific guides to help you troubleshoot yourself, download terminal logs for error situations and Pack documentation The customer can diagnose, respond to, and solve problems occurring in the Pack on their own without external help\nupstage" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Introduction of product services and key features

", + "markdown": "# Introduction of product services and key features", + "text": "Introduction of product services and key features" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0449, + "y": 0.0655 + }, + { + "x": 0.4102, + "y": 0.0655 + }, + { + "x": 0.4102, + "y": 0.1002 + }, + { + "x": 0.0449, + "y": 0.1002 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Key Functions by Main Service Flow

", + "markdown": "# Key Functions by Main Service Flow", + "text": "Key Functions by Main Service Flow" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.044, + "y": 0.1186 + }, + { + "x": 0.4611, + "y": 0.1186 + }, + { + "x": 0.4611, + "y": 0.1671 + }, + { + "x": 0.044, + "y": 0.1671 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
Service StageFunction NameExplanationExpected Benefit
1. Project creationProject creation and managementSelect document type to automatically run project creation, Pipeline configuration with recommended Modelset and Endpoint deploymentThe intuitive UI environment allows the the person in charge to quickly proceed with the entire process from project creation to deployment, improving work efficiency
2. Data labeling and fine-tuningData storage managementProvides convenient functions for uploading raw data, viewer, and data management (search using image metadata, sorting, filtering, hashtags settings on image data) Image data bookmark for Qualitative EvaluationConveniently manage raw data to be used for OCR Pack and actual date from live service
Create and manage Labeling SpaceCreating a Labeling Space to manage raw data annotation, managing labeling resources (Ontology, Characters to be Recognized), data set dump, data set version management 3Labeling work can be outsourced within the pack. Labeled data is continuously supplied from which data sets can be created with ease. The Auto Labeling function increases both efficiency and convenience.
Model trainingVarious basic models for each selected document, information comparison between models, basic model training, training pause function, re-training, cancel function, and configuration support for Characters to be Recognized and Ontology that is frequently modified while developing specialized modelsProviding a foundation for customers to implement, manage, and upgrade their own OCR model specialized to the customers' needs
3. Pipeline configuration and deploymentPipeline, Endpoint Creation and managementDetector, Recognizer, or Parser to create a Pipeline or an Endpoint Choose Connect Pipelines to Endpoints, perform tasks such as deployment controllers, deployment recovery, and moreProviding a foundation for customers to implement, manage, and upgrade their own OCR model specialized to the customers' needs
4. Monitoring and evaluationProject monitoringMonitoring of deployed Pipelines and Endpoints, notifying the customer of important issues such as suspicion of model performance degradation, and Qualitative Evaluation of actual incoming customer dataMonitor important indicators for each project and quickly identify and respond to issues
Full Pack MonitoringMonitoring traffic of all deployed Endpoints, quality monitoring of all deployed models, and monitoring of resources (GPU, CPU, Storage) connected to the PackMonitoring useful information about the overall OCR Pack at a glance
Quantitative / Qualitative EvaluationQuantitative evaluation leaderboard / Qualitative EvaluationViewing the model's performance to help the customer choose the appropriate model
Guide and helpProvides context-specific guides to help you troubleshoot yourself, download terminal logs for error situations and Pack documentationThe customer can diagnose, respond to, and solve problems occurring in the Pack on their own without external help
", + "markdown": "| Service Stage | Function Name | Explanation | Expected Benefit |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1. Project creation | Project creation and management | Select document type to automatically run project creation, Pipeline configuration with recommended Modelset and Endpoint deployment | The intuitive UI environment allows the the person in charge to quickly proceed with the entire process from project creation to deployment, improving work efficiency |\n| 2. Data labeling and fine-tuning | Data storage management | Provides convenient functions for uploading raw data, viewer, and data management (search using image metadata, sorting, filtering, hashtags settings on image data) Image data bookmark for Qualitative Evaluation | Conveniently manage raw data to be used for OCR Pack and actual date from live service |\n| | Create and manage Labeling Space | Creating a Labeling Space to manage raw data annotation, managing labeling resources (Ontology, Characters to be Recognized), data set dump, data set version management 3 | Labeling work can be outsourced within the pack. Labeled data is continuously supplied from which data sets can be created with ease. The Auto Labeling function increases both efficiency and convenience. |\n| Model training | Various basic models for each selected document, information comparison between models, basic model training, training pause function, re-training, cancel function, and configuration support for Characters to be Recognized and Ontology that is frequently modified while developing specialized models | Providing a foundation for customers to implement, manage, and upgrade their own OCR model specialized to the customers' needs | |\n| 3. Pipeline configuration and deployment | Pipeline, Endpoint Creation and management | Detector, Recognizer, or Parser to create a Pipeline or an Endpoint Choose Connect Pipelines to Endpoints, perform tasks such as deployment controllers, deployment recovery, and more | Providing a foundation for customers to implement, manage, and upgrade their own OCR model specialized to the customers' needs |\n| 4. Monitoring and evaluation | Project monitoring | Monitoring of deployed Pipelines and Endpoints, notifying the customer of important issues such as suspicion of model performance degradation, and Qualitative Evaluation of actual incoming customer data | Monitor important indicators for each project and quickly identify and respond to issues |\n| | Full Pack Monitoring | Monitoring traffic of all deployed Endpoints, quality monitoring of all deployed models, and monitoring of resources (GPU, CPU, Storage) connected to the Pack | Monitoring useful information about the overall OCR Pack at a glance |\n| | Quantitative / Qualitative Evaluation | Quantitative evaluation leaderboard / Qualitative Evaluation | Viewing the model's performance to help the customer choose the appropriate model |\n| Guide and help | Provides context-specific guides to help you troubleshoot yourself, download terminal logs for error situations and Pack documentation | The customer can diagnose, respond to, and solve problems occurring in the Pack on their own without external help | |\n", + "text": "Service Stage Function Name Explanation Expected Benefit\n 1. Project creation Project creation and management Select document type to automatically run project creation, Pipeline configuration with recommended Modelset and Endpoint deployment The intuitive UI environment allows the the person in charge to quickly proceed with the entire process from project creation to deployment, improving work efficiency\n 2. Data labeling and fine-tuning Data storage management Provides convenient functions for uploading raw data, viewer, and data management (search using image metadata, sorting, filtering, hashtags settings on image data) Image data bookmark for Qualitative Evaluation Conveniently manage raw data to be used for OCR Pack and actual date from live service\n Create and manage Labeling Space Creating a Labeling Space to manage raw data annotation, managing labeling resources (Ontology, Characters to be Recognized), data set dump, data set version management 3 Labeling work can be outsourced within the pack. Labeled data is continuously supplied from which data sets can be created with ease. The Auto Labeling function increases both efficiency and convenience.\n Model training Various basic models for each selected document, information comparison between models, basic model training, training pause function, re-training, cancel function, and configuration support for Characters to be Recognized and Ontology that is frequently modified while developing specialized models Providing a foundation for customers to implement, manage, and upgrade their own OCR model specialized to the customers' needs\n 3. Pipeline configuration and deployment Pipeline, Endpoint Creation and management Detector, Recognizer, or Parser to create a Pipeline or an Endpoint Choose Connect Pipelines to Endpoints, perform tasks such as deployment controllers, deployment recovery, and more Providing a foundation for customers to implement, manage, and upgrade their own OCR model specialized to the customers' needs\n 4. Monitoring and evaluation Project monitoring Monitoring of deployed Pipelines and Endpoints, notifying the customer of important issues such as suspicion of model performance degradation, and Qualitative Evaluation of actual incoming customer data Monitor important indicators for each project and quickly identify and respond to issues\n Full Pack Monitoring Monitoring traffic of all deployed Endpoints, quality monitoring of all deployed models, and monitoring of resources (GPU, CPU, Storage) connected to the Pack Monitoring useful information about the overall OCR Pack at a glance\n Quantitative / Qualitative Evaluation Quantitative evaluation leaderboard / Qualitative Evaluation Viewing the model's performance to help the customer choose the appropriate model\n Guide and help Provides context-specific guides to help you troubleshoot yourself, download terminal logs for error situations and Pack documentation The customer can diagnose, respond to, and solve problems occurring in the Pack on their own without external help" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0461, + "y": 0.227 + }, + { + "x": 0.9564, + "y": 0.227 + }, + { + "x": 0.9564, + "y": 0.9421 + }, + { + "x": 0.0461, + "y": 0.9421 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
upstage
", + "markdown": "upstage", + "text": "upstage" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.9237, + "y": 0.948 + }, + { + "x": 0.9696, + "y": 0.948 + }, + { + "x": 0.9696, + "y": 0.9713 + }, + { + "x": 0.9237, + "y": 0.9713 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000009.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
74
\n
BAIRD
\n
\"The
\n

this list, Richard Walker, apothecary to the Prince
of Wales, adds Arabic henna, manna, and rhu-
barb.34 The influence of the Arabian medicine first
on the Greek, then on the French and English phy-
sicians, although often decried, brought an influx
of medicinal plants from or through the Arabian

\n

FIGURE 4.3
The Honey-Moon [graphic]. Mezzotint,
hand-colored.
PRINTED FOR CARINGTON BOWLES,
LONDON, JUNE 1777

\n

34

\n

Book. Interspersed with Some Occasional Observations
on Some of the Most Celebrated Modern Dispensatories,
and the Present State of Pharmacy (London: Printed
and Sold by R. Willock, 1744). This volume contains a
wealth of detailed recipes for various afflictions, albeit
providing few specifics as to what was treated by using
them.
Richard Walker, Memoirs of Medicine; Including a
Sketch of Medical History from the Earliest Accounts to
the Eighteenth Century (London: Printed for J. Johnson,
1799).

\n

Peninsula to Europe, where they were customarily
used in tinctures, purges, and other more or less
effective elixirs.35 Alternately, incense was used for
its love-inducing and rejuvenating properties, as
seen in an 1787 etching by James Gillray represent-
ing a group of five elderly women of fashion at-
tending an altar of Love (fig. 4.5).36

\n

35 For the influence of the Arabian medicine on Western
Europe, see volume 3 of John Astruc's Treatise on the
Diseases of Women, in Which Is Attempted to Join a Just
Theory to the Most Safe and Approved Practice... (Lon-
don: Printed for J. Nourse, 1767). For detailed recipes of
medicines containing ingredients of Arabic origin, see
Pharmacopoia Reformata cited above.
36 Arabian incense is made by using frankincense or gum
Arabic resin mixed with sweet-smelling essential oils,
such as myrrh and oud.

", + "markdown": "74\n\nBAIRD\n\nThe H 0 N E Y - M O O N\nPriosidio Caingon Botelra. of Aur Map APrint Mirehand an aanGhand of Hand Ind Landm Publohotat\n351\n\nthis list, Richard Walker, apothecary to the Prince\nof Wales, adds Arabic henna, manna, and rhu-\nbarb.34 The influence of the Arabian medicine first\non the Greek, then on the French and English phy-\nsicians, although often decried, brought an influx\nof medicinal plants from or through the Arabian\n\nFIGURE 4.3\nThe Honey-Moon [graphic]. Mezzotint,\nhand-colored.\nPRINTED FOR CARINGTON BOWLES,\nLONDON, JUNE 1777\n\n34\n\n- Book. Interspersed with Some Occasional Observations\n- on Some of the Most Celebrated Modern Dispensatories,\n- and the Present State of Pharmacy (London: Printed\n- and Sold by R. Willock, 1744). This volume contains a\n- wealth of detailed recipes for various afflictions, albeit\n- providing few specifics as to what was treated by using\n- them.\n- Richard Walker, Memoirs of Medicine; Including a\n- Sketch of Medical History from the Earliest Accounts to\n- the Eighteenth Century (London: Printed for J. Johnson,\n- 1799).\n\n\nPeninsula to Europe, where they were customarily\nused in tinctures, purges, and other more or less\neffective elixirs.35 Alternately, incense was used for\nits love-inducing and rejuvenating properties, as\nseen in an 1787 etching by James Gillray represent-\ning a group of five elderly women of fashion at-\ntending an altar of Love (fig. 4.5).36\n\n- 35 For the influence of the Arabian medicine on Western\n- Europe, see volume 3 of John Astruc's Treatise on the\n- Diseases of Women, in Which Is Attempted to Join a Just\n- Theory to the Most Safe and Approved Practice... (Lon-\n- don: Printed for J. Nourse, 1767). For detailed recipes of\n- medicines containing ingredients of Arabic origin, see\n- Pharmacopoia Reformata cited above.\n- 36 Arabian incense is made by using frankincense or gum\n- Arabic resin mixed with sweet-smelling essential oils,\n- such as myrrh and oud.", + "text": "74\nBAIRD\nThe H 0 N E Y - M O O N\nPriosidio Caingon Botelra. of Aur Map APrint Mirehand an aanGhand of Hand Ind Landm Publohotat\n351\nthis list, Richard Walker, apothecary to the Prince\nof Wales, adds Arabic henna, manna, and rhu-\nbarb.34 The influence of the Arabian medicine first\non the Greek, then on the French and English phy-\nsicians, although often decried, brought an influx\nof medicinal plants from or through the Arabian\nFIGURE 4.3\nThe Honey-Moon [graphic]. Mezzotint,\nhand-colored.\nPRINTED FOR CARINGTON BOWLES,\nLONDON, JUNE 1777\n34\nBook. Interspersed with Some Occasional Observations\non Some of the Most Celebrated Modern Dispensatories,\nand the Present State of Pharmacy (London: Printed\nand Sold by R. Willock, 1744). This volume contains a\nwealth of detailed recipes for various afflictions, albeit\nproviding few specifics as to what was treated by using\nthem.\nRichard Walker, Memoirs of Medicine; Including a\nSketch of Medical History from the Earliest Accounts to\nthe Eighteenth Century (London: Printed for J. Johnson,\n1799).\nPeninsula to Europe, where they were customarily\nused in tinctures, purges, and other more or less\neffective elixirs.35 Alternately, incense was used for\nits love-inducing and rejuvenating properties, as\nseen in an 1787 etching by James Gillray represent-\ning a group of five elderly women of fashion at-\ntending an altar of Love (fig. 4.5).36\n35 For the influence of the Arabian medicine on Western\nEurope, see volume 3 of John Astruc's Treatise on the\nDiseases of Women, in Which Is Attempted to Join a Just\nTheory to the Most Safe and Approved Practice... (Lon-\ndon: Printed for J. Nourse, 1767). For detailed recipes of\nmedicines containing ingredients of Arabic origin, see\nPharmacopoia Reformata cited above.\n36 Arabian incense is made by using frankincense or gum\nArabic resin mixed with sweet-smelling essential oils,\nsuch as myrrh and oud." + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
74
", + "markdown": "74", + "text": "74" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1004, + "y": 0.0483 + }, + { + "x": 0.123, + "y": 0.0483 + }, + { + "x": 0.123, + "y": 0.061 + }, + { + "x": 0.1004, + "y": 0.061 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
BAIRD
", + "markdown": "BAIRD", + "text": "BAIRD" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8479, + "y": 0.049 + }, + { + "x": 0.899, + "y": 0.049 + }, + { + "x": 0.899, + "y": 0.0609 + }, + { + "x": 0.8479, + "y": 0.0609 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"The
", + "markdown": "The H 0 N E Y - M O O N\nPriosidio Caingon Botelra. of Aur Map APrint Mirehand an aanGhand of Hand Ind Landm Publohotat\n351", + "text": "The H 0 N E Y - M O O N\nPriosidio Caingon Botelra. of Aur Map APrint Mirehand an aanGhand of Hand Ind Landm Publohotat\n351" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1155, + "y": 0.0848 + }, + { + "x": 0.5931, + "y": 0.0848 + }, + { + "x": 0.5931, + "y": 0.5819 + }, + { + "x": 0.1155, + "y": 0.5819 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

this list, Richard Walker, apothecary to the Prince
of Wales, adds Arabic henna, manna, and rhu-
barb.34 The influence of the Arabian medicine first
on the Greek, then on the French and English phy-
sicians, although often decried, brought an influx
of medicinal plants from or through the Arabian

", + "markdown": "this list, Richard Walker, apothecary to the Prince\nof Wales, adds Arabic henna, manna, and rhu-\nbarb.34 The influence of the Arabian medicine first\non the Greek, then on the French and English phy-\nsicians, although often decried, brought an influx\nof medicinal plants from or through the Arabian", + "text": "this list, Richard Walker, apothecary to the Prince\nof Wales, adds Arabic henna, manna, and rhu-\nbarb.34 The influence of the Arabian medicine first\non the Greek, then on the French and English phy-\nsicians, although often decried, brought an influx\nof medicinal plants from or through the Arabian" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1004, + "y": 0.611 + }, + { + "x": 0.4912, + "y": 0.611 + }, + { + "x": 0.4912, + "y": 0.7201 + }, + { + "x": 0.1004, + "y": 0.7201 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

FIGURE 4.3
The Honey-Moon [graphic]. Mezzotint,
hand-colored.
PRINTED FOR CARINGTON BOWLES,
LONDON, JUNE 1777

", + "markdown": "FIGURE 4.3\nThe Honey-Moon [graphic]. Mezzotint,\nhand-colored.\nPRINTED FOR CARINGTON BOWLES,\nLONDON, JUNE 1777", + "text": "FIGURE 4.3\nThe Honey-Moon [graphic]. Mezzotint,\nhand-colored.\nPRINTED FOR CARINGTON BOWLES,\nLONDON, JUNE 1777" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.621, + "y": 0.5174 + }, + { + "x": 0.8704, + "y": 0.5174 + }, + { + "x": 0.8704, + "y": 0.5902 + }, + { + "x": 0.621, + "y": 0.5902 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

34

", + "markdown": "34", + "text": "34" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1009, + "y": 0.8597 + }, + { + "x": 0.1228, + "y": 0.8597 + }, + { + "x": 0.1228, + "y": 0.8719 + }, + { + "x": 0.1009, + "y": 0.8719 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

Book. Interspersed with Some Occasional Observations
on Some of the Most Celebrated Modern Dispensatories,
and the Present State of Pharmacy (London: Printed
and Sold by R. Willock, 1744). This volume contains a
wealth of detailed recipes for various afflictions, albeit
providing few specifics as to what was treated by using
them.
Richard Walker, Memoirs of Medicine; Including a
Sketch of Medical History from the Earliest Accounts to
the Eighteenth Century (London: Printed for J. Johnson,
1799).

", + "markdown": "- Book. Interspersed with Some Occasional Observations\n- on Some of the Most Celebrated Modern Dispensatories,\n- and the Present State of Pharmacy (London: Printed\n- and Sold by R. Willock, 1744). This volume contains a\n- wealth of detailed recipes for various afflictions, albeit\n- providing few specifics as to what was treated by using\n- them.\n- Richard Walker, Memoirs of Medicine; Including a\n- Sketch of Medical History from the Earliest Accounts to\n- the Eighteenth Century (London: Printed for J. Johnson,\n- 1799).\n", + "text": "Book. Interspersed with Some Occasional Observations\non Some of the Most Celebrated Modern Dispensatories,\nand the Present State of Pharmacy (London: Printed\nand Sold by R. Willock, 1744). This volume contains a\nwealth of detailed recipes for various afflictions, albeit\nproviding few specifics as to what was treated by using\nthem.\nRichard Walker, Memoirs of Medicine; Including a\nSketch of Medical History from the Earliest Accounts to\nthe Eighteenth Century (London: Printed for J. Johnson,\n1799)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1215, + "y": 0.742 + }, + { + "x": 0.4909, + "y": 0.742 + }, + { + "x": 0.4909, + "y": 0.9209 + }, + { + "x": 0.1215, + "y": 0.9209 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Peninsula to Europe, where they were customarily
used in tinctures, purges, and other more or less
effective elixirs.35 Alternately, incense was used for
its love-inducing and rejuvenating properties, as
seen in an 1787 etching by James Gillray represent-
ing a group of five elderly women of fashion at-
tending an altar of Love (fig. 4.5).36

", + "markdown": "Peninsula to Europe, where they were customarily\nused in tinctures, purges, and other more or less\neffective elixirs.35 Alternately, incense was used for\nits love-inducing and rejuvenating properties, as\nseen in an 1787 etching by James Gillray represent-\ning a group of five elderly women of fashion at-\ntending an altar of Love (fig. 4.5).36", + "text": "Peninsula to Europe, where they were customarily\nused in tinctures, purges, and other more or less\neffective elixirs.35 Alternately, incense was used for\nits love-inducing and rejuvenating properties, as\nseen in an 1787 etching by James Gillray represent-\ning a group of five elderly women of fashion at-\ntending an altar of Love (fig. 4.5).36" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5085, + "y": 0.6106 + }, + { + "x": 0.9007, + "y": 0.6106 + }, + { + "x": 0.9007, + "y": 0.7386 + }, + { + "x": 0.5085, + "y": 0.7386 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

35 For the influence of the Arabian medicine on Western
Europe, see volume 3 of John Astruc's Treatise on the
Diseases of Women, in Which Is Attempted to Join a Just
Theory to the Most Safe and Approved Practice... (Lon-
don: Printed for J. Nourse, 1767). For detailed recipes of
medicines containing ingredients of Arabic origin, see
Pharmacopoia Reformata cited above.
36 Arabian incense is made by using frankincense or gum
Arabic resin mixed with sweet-smelling essential oils,
such as myrrh and oud.

", + "markdown": "- 35 For the influence of the Arabian medicine on Western\n- Europe, see volume 3 of John Astruc's Treatise on the\n- Diseases of Women, in Which Is Attempted to Join a Just\n- Theory to the Most Safe and Approved Practice... (Lon-\n- don: Printed for J. Nourse, 1767). For detailed recipes of\n- medicines containing ingredients of Arabic origin, see\n- Pharmacopoia Reformata cited above.\n- 36 Arabian incense is made by using frankincense or gum\n- Arabic resin mixed with sweet-smelling essential oils,\n- such as myrrh and oud.\n", + "text": "35 For the influence of the Arabian medicine on Western\nEurope, see volume 3 of John Astruc's Treatise on the\nDiseases of Women, in Which Is Attempted to Join a Just\nTheory to the Most Safe and Approved Practice... (Lon-\ndon: Printed for J. Nourse, 1767). For detailed recipes of\nmedicines containing ingredients of Arabic origin, see\nPharmacopoia Reformata cited above.\n36 Arabian incense is made by using frankincense or gum\nArabic resin mixed with sweet-smelling essential oils,\nsuch as myrrh and oud." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5152, + "y": 0.7592 + }, + { + "x": 0.901, + "y": 0.7592 + }, + { + "x": 0.901, + "y": 0.9198 + }, + { + "x": 0.5152, + "y": 0.9198 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000027.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
Probability, Combinatorics and Control
\n
\"single-frequence
Figure 7·
Estimated cumulative damage for impeller blades.
\n\n
\"sirgle-frequ
Figure 7·
Estimated cumulative damage for impeller blades.
\n\n
\"single-frequ
Figure 8.
Estimated residual life of impeller blades by the criterion of cracking.
\n

Figure 9.
Estimated residual life of impeller blades at the stage of crack development.

\n
48
", + "markdown": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control\n\nsingle-frequence mu ti-frec U ence\n0,3\n0.25\ndamage\n0,2\n0.15\nLevelaf\n0,1\n0.05\n0\n1 2 3 4 5 5\nNumber of impellers\n\nFigure 7·\nEstimated cumulative damage for impeller blades.\n\nsirgle-frequ ency multi-frequency\n8\n7\n6\nyears\nS\nResource,\n4\n3\n7\n1\n0\n1 2 3 4 5 6\nNumber of impe llers\n\nFigure 8.\nEstimated residual life of impeller blades by the criterion of cracking.\n\nsingle-frequ ence multi-frequence\n12\n10\nyeaf\nCO\nResource,\n6\n4\n2\n0\n1 2 3 4 5 6\nNumber of impellers\n\nFigure 9.\nEstimated residual life of impeller blades at the stage of crack development.\n\n48", + "text": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control\nsingle-frequence mu ti-frec U ence\n0,3\n0.25\ndamage\n0,2\n0.15\nLevelaf\n0,1\n0.05\n0\n1 2 3 4 5 5\nNumber of impellers\nFigure 7·\nEstimated cumulative damage for impeller blades.\nsirgle-frequ ency multi-frequency\n8\n7\n6\nyears\nS\nResource,\n4\n3\n7\n1\n0\n1 2 3 4 5 6\nNumber of impe llers\nFigure 8.\nEstimated residual life of impeller blades by the criterion of cracking.\nsingle-frequ ence multi-frequence\n12\n10\nyeaf\nCO\nResource,\n6\n4\n2\n0\n1 2 3 4 5 6\nNumber of impellers\nFigure 9.\nEstimated residual life of impeller blades at the stage of crack development.\n48" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Probability, Combinatorics and Control
", + "markdown": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control", + "text": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1423, + "y": 0.0258 + }, + { + "x": 0.4383, + "y": 0.0258 + }, + { + "x": 0.4383, + "y": 0.0414 + }, + { + "x": 0.1423, + "y": 0.0414 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"single-frequence
", + "markdown": "single-frequence mu ti-frec U ence\n0,3\n0.25\ndamage\n0,2\n0.15\nLevelaf\n0,1\n0.05\n0\n1 2 3 4 5 5\nNumber of impellers", + "text": "single-frequence mu ti-frec U ence\n0,3\n0.25\ndamage\n0,2\n0.15\nLevelaf\n0,1\n0.05\n0\n1 2 3 4 5 5\nNumber of impellers" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2038, + "y": 0.07 + }, + { + "x": 0.788, + "y": 0.07 + }, + { + "x": 0.788, + "y": 0.2946 + }, + { + "x": 0.2038, + "y": 0.2946 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 7·
Estimated cumulative damage for impeller blades.

", + "markdown": "Figure 7·\nEstimated cumulative damage for impeller blades.", + "text": "Figure 7·\nEstimated cumulative damage for impeller blades." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1442, + "y": 0.3122 + }, + { + "x": 0.4678, + "y": 0.3122 + }, + { + "x": 0.4678, + "y": 0.3385 + }, + { + "x": 0.1442, + "y": 0.3385 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"sirgle-frequ
", + "markdown": "sirgle-frequ ency multi-frequency\n8\n7\n6\nyears\nS\nResource,\n4\n3\n7\n1\n0\n1 2 3 4 5 6\nNumber of impe llers", + "text": "sirgle-frequ ency multi-frequency\n8\n7\n6\nyears\nS\nResource,\n4\n3\n7\n1\n0\n1 2 3 4 5 6\nNumber of impe llers" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2063, + "y": 0.362 + }, + { + "x": 0.784, + "y": 0.362 + }, + { + "x": 0.784, + "y": 0.5865 + }, + { + "x": 0.2063, + "y": 0.5865 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 8.
Estimated residual life of impeller blades by the criterion of cracking.

", + "markdown": "Figure 8.\nEstimated residual life of impeller blades by the criterion of cracking.", + "text": "Figure 8.\nEstimated residual life of impeller blades by the criterion of cracking." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1424, + "y": 0.6011 + }, + { + "x": 0.5874, + "y": 0.6011 + }, + { + "x": 0.5874, + "y": 0.6289 + }, + { + "x": 0.1424, + "y": 0.6289 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"single-frequ
", + "markdown": "single-frequ ence multi-frequence\n12\n10\nyeaf\nCO\nResource,\n6\n4\n2\n0\n1 2 3 4 5 6\nNumber of impellers", + "text": "single-frequ ence multi-frequence\n12\n10\nyeaf\nCO\nResource,\n6\n4\n2\n0\n1 2 3 4 5 6\nNumber of impellers" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2092, + "y": 0.6693 + }, + { + "x": 0.7852, + "y": 0.6693 + }, + { + "x": 0.7852, + "y": 0.8904 + }, + { + "x": 0.2092, + "y": 0.8904 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 9.
Estimated residual life of impeller blades at the stage of crack development.

", + "markdown": "Figure 9.\nEstimated residual life of impeller blades at the stage of crack development.", + "text": "Figure 9.\nEstimated residual life of impeller blades at the stage of crack development." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1418, + "y": 0.9062 + }, + { + "x": 0.6237, + "y": 0.9062 + }, + { + "x": 0.6237, + "y": 0.9337 + }, + { + "x": 0.1418, + "y": 0.9337 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
48
", + "markdown": "48", + "text": "48" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1449, + "y": 0.9576 + }, + { + "x": 0.168, + "y": 0.9576 + }, + { + "x": 0.168, + "y": 0.9698 + }, + { + "x": 0.1449, + "y": 0.9698 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000080.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

III.
Regulatory
cholesterol

\n

n 'regulatory cholesterol'
his report defines
as the policy actions of
the three arms of the State, i.e. the
executive, the legislature, and the
judiciary, using the instruments of
legislations, rules, regulations or
orders, to create or raise barriers to
a smooth flow of ideas, organisation,
money and most importantly, the flow
of the entrepreneurial spirit. In India,
a wrong political choice in the early
decades of Independence has created a
policy fraternity that shuns data and
causalities and leans on rhetoric and
ideologies to frame economic policies.
Inflation in the 1970s, for instance, was
not caused by hoarders and speculators;
it was a matter of supply and demand.
\"Excoriating, coercing, or imprisoning
the hoarders and speculators changes
nothing in terms of creating new
supply,\" write Vijay Kelkar and Ajay
Shah.28 \"The economic theory of people
hostile to economic forces is wrong.\"

\n

By taking one policy tool
imprisonment this report highlights
the excesses of overregulation and
the resultant regulatory cholesterol
while doing business in India.
Although the biggest constituency
at the receiving end of these laws
is that of entrepreneurs running for-
profit firms and corporations, this
regulatory overreach also impacts
not-for-profits such as schools and
hospitals-both necessary institutions
for India with a huge demand. Step

", + "markdown": "# III.\nRegulatory\ncholesterol\n\nn 'regulatory cholesterol'\nhis report defines\nas the policy actions of\nthe three arms of the State, i.e. the\nexecutive, the legislature, and the\njudiciary, using the instruments of\nlegislations, rules, regulations or\norders, to create or raise barriers to\na smooth flow of ideas, organisation,\nmoney and most importantly, the flow\nof the entrepreneurial spirit. In India,\na wrong political choice in the early\ndecades of Independence has created a\npolicy fraternity that shuns data and\ncausalities and leans on rhetoric and\nideologies to frame economic policies.\nInflation in the 1970s, for instance, was\nnot caused by hoarders and speculators;\nit was a matter of supply and demand.\n\"Excoriating, coercing, or imprisoning\nthe hoarders and speculators changes\nnothing in terms of creating new\nsupply,\" write Vijay Kelkar and Ajay\nShah.28 \"The economic theory of people\nhostile to economic forces is wrong.\"\n\nBy taking one policy tool\nimprisonment this report highlights\nthe excesses of overregulation and\nthe resultant regulatory cholesterol\nwhile doing business in India.\nAlthough the biggest constituency\nat the receiving end of these laws\nis that of entrepreneurs running for-\nprofit firms and corporations, this\nregulatory overreach also impacts\nnot-for-profits such as schools and\nhospitals-both necessary institutions\nfor India with a huge demand. Step", + "text": "III.\nRegulatory\ncholesterol\nn 'regulatory cholesterol'\nhis report defines\nas the policy actions of\nthe three arms of the State, i.e. the\nexecutive, the legislature, and the\njudiciary, using the instruments of\nlegislations, rules, regulations or\norders, to create or raise barriers to\na smooth flow of ideas, organisation,\nmoney and most importantly, the flow\nof the entrepreneurial spirit. In India,\na wrong political choice in the early\ndecades of Independence has created a\npolicy fraternity that shuns data and\ncausalities and leans on rhetoric and\nideologies to frame economic policies.\nInflation in the 1970s, for instance, was\nnot caused by hoarders and speculators;\nit was a matter of supply and demand.\n\"Excoriating, coercing, or imprisoning\nthe hoarders and speculators changes\nnothing in terms of creating new\nsupply,\" write Vijay Kelkar and Ajay\nShah.28 \"The economic theory of people\nhostile to economic forces is wrong.\"\nBy taking one policy tool\nimprisonment this report highlights\nthe excesses of overregulation and\nthe resultant regulatory cholesterol\nwhile doing business in India.\nAlthough the biggest constituency\nat the receiving end of these laws\nis that of entrepreneurs running for-\nprofit firms and corporations, this\nregulatory overreach also impacts\nnot-for-profits such as schools and\nhospitals-both necessary institutions\nfor India with a huge demand. Step" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

III.
Regulatory
cholesterol

", + "markdown": "# III.\nRegulatory\ncholesterol", + "text": "III.\nRegulatory\ncholesterol" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.16, + "y": 0.1143 + }, + { + "x": 0.4574, + "y": 0.1143 + }, + { + "x": 0.4574, + "y": 0.2593 + }, + { + "x": 0.16, + "y": 0.2593 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

n 'regulatory cholesterol'
his report defines
as the policy actions of
the three arms of the State, i.e. the
executive, the legislature, and the
judiciary, using the instruments of
legislations, rules, regulations or
orders, to create or raise barriers to
a smooth flow of ideas, organisation,
money and most importantly, the flow
of the entrepreneurial spirit. In India,
a wrong political choice in the early
decades of Independence has created a
policy fraternity that shuns data and
causalities and leans on rhetoric and
ideologies to frame economic policies.
Inflation in the 1970s, for instance, was
not caused by hoarders and speculators;
it was a matter of supply and demand.
\"Excoriating, coercing, or imprisoning
the hoarders and speculators changes
nothing in terms of creating new
supply,\" write Vijay Kelkar and Ajay
Shah.28 \"The economic theory of people
hostile to economic forces is wrong.\"

", + "markdown": "n 'regulatory cholesterol'\nhis report defines\nas the policy actions of\nthe three arms of the State, i.e. the\nexecutive, the legislature, and the\njudiciary, using the instruments of\nlegislations, rules, regulations or\norders, to create or raise barriers to\na smooth flow of ideas, organisation,\nmoney and most importantly, the flow\nof the entrepreneurial spirit. In India,\na wrong political choice in the early\ndecades of Independence has created a\npolicy fraternity that shuns data and\ncausalities and leans on rhetoric and\nideologies to frame economic policies.\nInflation in the 1970s, for instance, was\nnot caused by hoarders and speculators;\nit was a matter of supply and demand.\n\"Excoriating, coercing, or imprisoning\nthe hoarders and speculators changes\nnothing in terms of creating new\nsupply,\" write Vijay Kelkar and Ajay\nShah.28 \"The economic theory of people\nhostile to economic forces is wrong.\"", + "text": "n 'regulatory cholesterol'\nhis report defines\nas the policy actions of\nthe three arms of the State, i.e. the\nexecutive, the legislature, and the\njudiciary, using the instruments of\nlegislations, rules, regulations or\norders, to create or raise barriers to\na smooth flow of ideas, organisation,\nmoney and most importantly, the flow\nof the entrepreneurial spirit. In India,\na wrong political choice in the early\ndecades of Independence has created a\npolicy fraternity that shuns data and\ncausalities and leans on rhetoric and\nideologies to frame economic policies.\nInflation in the 1970s, for instance, was\nnot caused by hoarders and speculators;\nit was a matter of supply and demand.\n\"Excoriating, coercing, or imprisoning\nthe hoarders and speculators changes\nnothing in terms of creating new\nsupply,\" write Vijay Kelkar and Ajay\nShah.28 \"The economic theory of people\nhostile to economic forces is wrong.\"" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5099, + "y": 0.1281 + }, + { + "x": 0.8403, + "y": 0.1281 + }, + { + "x": 0.8403, + "y": 0.6099 + }, + { + "x": 0.5099, + "y": 0.6099 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

By taking one policy tool
imprisonment this report highlights
the excesses of overregulation and
the resultant regulatory cholesterol
while doing business in India.
Although the biggest constituency
at the receiving end of these laws
is that of entrepreneurs running for-
profit firms and corporations, this
regulatory overreach also impacts
not-for-profits such as schools and
hospitals-both necessary institutions
for India with a huge demand. Step

", + "markdown": "By taking one policy tool\nimprisonment this report highlights\nthe excesses of overregulation and\nthe resultant regulatory cholesterol\nwhile doing business in India.\nAlthough the biggest constituency\nat the receiving end of these laws\nis that of entrepreneurs running for-\nprofit firms and corporations, this\nregulatory overreach also impacts\nnot-for-profits such as schools and\nhospitals-both necessary institutions\nfor India with a huge demand. Step", + "text": "By taking one policy tool\nimprisonment this report highlights\nthe excesses of overregulation and\nthe resultant regulatory cholesterol\nwhile doing business in India.\nAlthough the biggest constituency\nat the receiving end of these laws\nis that of entrepreneurs running for-\nprofit firms and corporations, this\nregulatory overreach also impacts\nnot-for-profits such as schools and\nhospitals-both necessary institutions\nfor India with a huge demand. Step" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5086, + "y": 0.6281 + }, + { + "x": 0.8391, + "y": 0.6281 + }, + { + "x": 0.8391, + "y": 0.8752 + }, + { + "x": 0.5086, + "y": 0.8752 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000054.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

EFB = empty fruit bunch.
Source: Murdiyatmo (2021).
However, the main obstacle with producing second-generation bioethanol is the cost of
enzymes. Murdiyatmo (2021) stated that, at the pilot scale, the cost of enzymes is very
high, i.e. Rp18,000 per litre of ethanol produced. Some studies provided the cost of
enzymes in the US. NREL (2011), for instance, estimated that the cost of enzymes to
produce second-generation bioethanol in the US was equivalent to around $0.34 per
gallon or Rp1,5292 per litre of ethanol produced, i.e. less than one-tenth of the cost of
enzymes in Indonesia.

\n

In the next sub-sections, we analyse biodiesel and bioethanol introduction in Indonesia.
In each sub-section, we first discuss the current supply and demand of the biofuels and
the related conventional transport fuel. Second, we estimate the conventional transport
fuel, i.e. gasoline and diesel fuel demand in road transportation during the period of
2020-50. Third, we estimate the volume of pure biofuel (fatty acid methyl ester
[FAME]/biodiesel and bioethanol) needs in scenarios, and in the amount of feedstock, i.e.
CPO in biodiesel and molasses in bioethanol needed to meet the demand required in each
scenario.

\n

2.1. Diesel and biodiesel use

\n

The consumption of diesel fuel in Indonesia, used primarily for road freight transport,
fluctuated between 2010 and 2019 as it correlated with the economic condition (Table
2.8). Diesel consumption in the industry sector decreased significantly, around 10% per
year between 2010 and 2019, resulting from the shift to another energy type. During the
same period, with some fluctuations, diesel production increased at 3.6% annual growth
rate, while imports were cut by half from nearly 13 billion litres in 2010 to nearly 6.5 billion
litres in 2018. The biodiesel blending rate increased from only 1% in 2010 to nearly 20%
in 2019, representing a growing level of mandatory biodiesel programmes. Apparently,
diesel imports dropped with the increase of the biodiesel (B100) blending rate.

\n

2 Assuming average inflation rate of 2% between 2011 and 2021 and an exchange rate of $1 =
Rp14,131.

\n
11
", + "markdown": "EFB = empty fruit bunch.\nSource: Murdiyatmo (2021).\nHowever, the main obstacle with producing second-generation bioethanol is the cost of\nenzymes. Murdiyatmo (2021) stated that, at the pilot scale, the cost of enzymes is very\nhigh, i.e. Rp18,000 per litre of ethanol produced. Some studies provided the cost of\nenzymes in the US. NREL (2011), for instance, estimated that the cost of enzymes to\nproduce second-generation bioethanol in the US was equivalent to around $0.34 per\ngallon or Rp1,5292 per litre of ethanol produced, i.e. less than one-tenth of the cost of\nenzymes in Indonesia.\n\nIn the next sub-sections, we analyse biodiesel and bioethanol introduction in Indonesia.\nIn each sub-section, we first discuss the current supply and demand of the biofuels and\nthe related conventional transport fuel. Second, we estimate the conventional transport\nfuel, i.e. gasoline and diesel fuel demand in road transportation during the period of\n2020-50. Third, we estimate the volume of pure biofuel (fatty acid methyl ester\n[FAME]/biodiesel and bioethanol) needs in scenarios, and in the amount of feedstock, i.e.\nCPO in biodiesel and molasses in bioethanol needed to meet the demand required in each\nscenario.\n\n2.1. Diesel and biodiesel use\n\nThe consumption of diesel fuel in Indonesia, used primarily for road freight transport,\nfluctuated between 2010 and 2019 as it correlated with the economic condition (Table\n2.8). Diesel consumption in the industry sector decreased significantly, around 10% per\nyear between 2010 and 2019, resulting from the shift to another energy type. During the\nsame period, with some fluctuations, diesel production increased at 3.6% annual growth\nrate, while imports were cut by half from nearly 13 billion litres in 2010 to nearly 6.5 billion\nlitres in 2018. The biodiesel blending rate increased from only 1% in 2010 to nearly 20%\nin 2019, representing a growing level of mandatory biodiesel programmes. Apparently,\ndiesel imports dropped with the increase of the biodiesel (B100) blending rate.\n\n2 Assuming average inflation rate of 2% between 2011 and 2021 and an exchange rate of $1 =\nRp14,131.\n\n11", + "text": "EFB = empty fruit bunch.\nSource: Murdiyatmo (2021).\nHowever, the main obstacle with producing second-generation bioethanol is the cost of\nenzymes. Murdiyatmo (2021) stated that, at the pilot scale, the cost of enzymes is very\nhigh, i.e. Rp18,000 per litre of ethanol produced. Some studies provided the cost of\nenzymes in the US. NREL (2011), for instance, estimated that the cost of enzymes to\nproduce second-generation bioethanol in the US was equivalent to around $0.34 per\ngallon or Rp1,5292 per litre of ethanol produced, i.e. less than one-tenth of the cost of\nenzymes in Indonesia.\nIn the next sub-sections, we analyse biodiesel and bioethanol introduction in Indonesia.\nIn each sub-section, we first discuss the current supply and demand of the biofuels and\nthe related conventional transport fuel. Second, we estimate the conventional transport\nfuel, i.e. gasoline and diesel fuel demand in road transportation during the period of\n2020-50. Third, we estimate the volume of pure biofuel (fatty acid methyl ester\n[FAME]/biodiesel and bioethanol) needs in scenarios, and in the amount of feedstock, i.e.\nCPO in biodiesel and molasses in bioethanol needed to meet the demand required in each\nscenario.\n2.1. Diesel and biodiesel use\nThe consumption of diesel fuel in Indonesia, used primarily for road freight transport,\nfluctuated between 2010 and 2019 as it correlated with the economic condition (Table\n2.8). Diesel consumption in the industry sector decreased significantly, around 10% per\nyear between 2010 and 2019, resulting from the shift to another energy type. During the\nsame period, with some fluctuations, diesel production increased at 3.6% annual growth\nrate, while imports were cut by half from nearly 13 billion litres in 2010 to nearly 6.5 billion\nlitres in 2018. The biodiesel blending rate increased from only 1% in 2010 to nearly 20%\nin 2019, representing a growing level of mandatory biodiesel programmes. Apparently,\ndiesel imports dropped with the increase of the biodiesel (B100) blending rate.\n2 Assuming average inflation rate of 2% between 2011 and 2021 and an exchange rate of $1 =\nRp14,131.\n11" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

EFB = empty fruit bunch.
Source: Murdiyatmo (2021).
However, the main obstacle with producing second-generation bioethanol is the cost of
enzymes. Murdiyatmo (2021) stated that, at the pilot scale, the cost of enzymes is very
high, i.e. Rp18,000 per litre of ethanol produced. Some studies provided the cost of
enzymes in the US. NREL (2011), for instance, estimated that the cost of enzymes to
produce second-generation bioethanol in the US was equivalent to around $0.34 per
gallon or Rp1,5292 per litre of ethanol produced, i.e. less than one-tenth of the cost of
enzymes in Indonesia.

", + "markdown": "EFB = empty fruit bunch.\nSource: Murdiyatmo (2021).\nHowever, the main obstacle with producing second-generation bioethanol is the cost of\nenzymes. Murdiyatmo (2021) stated that, at the pilot scale, the cost of enzymes is very\nhigh, i.e. Rp18,000 per litre of ethanol produced. Some studies provided the cost of\nenzymes in the US. NREL (2011), for instance, estimated that the cost of enzymes to\nproduce second-generation bioethanol in the US was equivalent to around $0.34 per\ngallon or Rp1,5292 per litre of ethanol produced, i.e. less than one-tenth of the cost of\nenzymes in Indonesia.", + "text": "EFB = empty fruit bunch.\nSource: Murdiyatmo (2021).\nHowever, the main obstacle with producing second-generation bioethanol is the cost of\nenzymes. Murdiyatmo (2021) stated that, at the pilot scale, the cost of enzymes is very\nhigh, i.e. Rp18,000 per litre of ethanol produced. Some studies provided the cost of\nenzymes in the US. NREL (2011), for instance, estimated that the cost of enzymes to\nproduce second-generation bioethanol in the US was equivalent to around $0.34 per\ngallon or Rp1,5292 per litre of ethanol produced, i.e. less than one-tenth of the cost of\nenzymes in Indonesia." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1388, + "y": 0.1029 + }, + { + "x": 0.8138, + "y": 0.1029 + }, + { + "x": 0.8138, + "y": 0.2542 + }, + { + "x": 0.1388, + "y": 0.2542 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

In the next sub-sections, we analyse biodiesel and bioethanol introduction in Indonesia.
In each sub-section, we first discuss the current supply and demand of the biofuels and
the related conventional transport fuel. Second, we estimate the conventional transport
fuel, i.e. gasoline and diesel fuel demand in road transportation during the period of
2020-50. Third, we estimate the volume of pure biofuel (fatty acid methyl ester
[FAME]/biodiesel and bioethanol) needs in scenarios, and in the amount of feedstock, i.e.
CPO in biodiesel and molasses in bioethanol needed to meet the demand required in each
scenario.

", + "markdown": "In the next sub-sections, we analyse biodiesel and bioethanol introduction in Indonesia.\nIn each sub-section, we first discuss the current supply and demand of the biofuels and\nthe related conventional transport fuel. Second, we estimate the conventional transport\nfuel, i.e. gasoline and diesel fuel demand in road transportation during the period of\n2020-50. Third, we estimate the volume of pure biofuel (fatty acid methyl ester\n[FAME]/biodiesel and bioethanol) needs in scenarios, and in the amount of feedstock, i.e.\nCPO in biodiesel and molasses in bioethanol needed to meet the demand required in each\nscenario.", + "text": "In the next sub-sections, we analyse biodiesel and bioethanol introduction in Indonesia.\nIn each sub-section, we first discuss the current supply and demand of the biofuels and\nthe related conventional transport fuel. Second, we estimate the conventional transport\nfuel, i.e. gasoline and diesel fuel demand in road transportation during the period of\n2020-50. Third, we estimate the volume of pure biofuel (fatty acid methyl ester\n[FAME]/biodiesel and bioethanol) needs in scenarios, and in the amount of feedstock, i.e.\nCPO in biodiesel and molasses in bioethanol needed to meet the demand required in each\nscenario." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1398, + "y": 0.2642 + }, + { + "x": 0.8131, + "y": 0.2642 + }, + { + "x": 0.8131, + "y": 0.4068 + }, + { + "x": 0.1398, + "y": 0.4068 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

2.1. Diesel and biodiesel use

", + "markdown": "2.1. Diesel and biodiesel use", + "text": "2.1. Diesel and biodiesel use" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1383, + "y": 0.4178 + }, + { + "x": 0.3779, + "y": 0.4178 + }, + { + "x": 0.3779, + "y": 0.4336 + }, + { + "x": 0.1383, + "y": 0.4336 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The consumption of diesel fuel in Indonesia, used primarily for road freight transport,
fluctuated between 2010 and 2019 as it correlated with the economic condition (Table
2.8). Diesel consumption in the industry sector decreased significantly, around 10% per
year between 2010 and 2019, resulting from the shift to another energy type. During the
same period, with some fluctuations, diesel production increased at 3.6% annual growth
rate, while imports were cut by half from nearly 13 billion litres in 2010 to nearly 6.5 billion
litres in 2018. The biodiesel blending rate increased from only 1% in 2010 to nearly 20%
in 2019, representing a growing level of mandatory biodiesel programmes. Apparently,
diesel imports dropped with the increase of the biodiesel (B100) blending rate.

", + "markdown": "The consumption of diesel fuel in Indonesia, used primarily for road freight transport,\nfluctuated between 2010 and 2019 as it correlated with the economic condition (Table\n2.8). Diesel consumption in the industry sector decreased significantly, around 10% per\nyear between 2010 and 2019, resulting from the shift to another energy type. During the\nsame period, with some fluctuations, diesel production increased at 3.6% annual growth\nrate, while imports were cut by half from nearly 13 billion litres in 2010 to nearly 6.5 billion\nlitres in 2018. The biodiesel blending rate increased from only 1% in 2010 to nearly 20%\nin 2019, representing a growing level of mandatory biodiesel programmes. Apparently,\ndiesel imports dropped with the increase of the biodiesel (B100) blending rate.", + "text": "The consumption of diesel fuel in Indonesia, used primarily for road freight transport,\nfluctuated between 2010 and 2019 as it correlated with the economic condition (Table\n2.8). Diesel consumption in the industry sector decreased significantly, around 10% per\nyear between 2010 and 2019, resulting from the shift to another energy type. During the\nsame period, with some fluctuations, diesel production increased at 3.6% annual growth\nrate, while imports were cut by half from nearly 13 billion litres in 2010 to nearly 6.5 billion\nlitres in 2018. The biodiesel blending rate increased from only 1% in 2010 to nearly 20%\nin 2019, representing a growing level of mandatory biodiesel programmes. Apparently,\ndiesel imports dropped with the increase of the biodiesel (B100) blending rate." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.139, + "y": 0.4442 + }, + { + "x": 0.8135, + "y": 0.4442 + }, + { + "x": 0.8135, + "y": 0.607 + }, + { + "x": 0.139, + "y": 0.607 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

2 Assuming average inflation rate of 2% between 2011 and 2021 and an exchange rate of $1 =
Rp14,131.

", + "markdown": "2 Assuming average inflation rate of 2% between 2011 and 2021 and an exchange rate of $1 =\nRp14,131.", + "text": "2 Assuming average inflation rate of 2% between 2011 and 2021 and an exchange rate of $1 =\nRp14,131." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1382, + "y": 0.8705 + }, + { + "x": 0.7805, + "y": 0.8705 + }, + { + "x": 0.7805, + "y": 0.8997 + }, + { + "x": 0.1382, + "y": 0.8997 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
11
", + "markdown": "11", + "text": "11" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4646, + "y": 0.9431 + }, + { + "x": 0.4871, + "y": 0.9431 + }, + { + "x": 0.4871, + "y": 0.9571 + }, + { + "x": 0.4646, + "y": 0.9571 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000091.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

THIS BOOK'S APPROACH

\n

This book's approach is premised on a simple assumption: because behavioral economics is foremost
a \"test-and-learn\" field of scientific inquiry that evolves according to experimental outcomes and
practical, policy-orientated applications of the knowledge garnered from these outcomes, so too
should students test-and-learn. Studying and practicing behavioral economics should occur
simultaneously, which, in turn, suggests a course taught more according to a practicum approach than
in a traditionally styled lecture format. As such, the book's information and lessons are presented in a
succinct and precise format.

\n

The goal of this textbook is to help students experience behavioral economics through actual
participation in the same experiments and economic games that have served as the foundations for,
and shaped the contours of, the field. With the help of this book, students have the opportunity to
learn behavioral economics firsthand and, in the process, create their own data and experiences. They
will learn about themselves-about how they make private and public choices under experimental
conditions-at the same time as they learn about the field of behavioral economics itself. They will be
both the subjects and students of behavioral economics. What better way to learn?

\n

HOMO ECONOMICUS VS. HOMO SAPIENS

\n

For ease of reference and exposition, we henceforth refer to the type of individual construed by the
traditional rational-choice model as Homo economicus, a peculiar subspecies of human beings that is
unfailingly omniscient, dispassionate, and self-interested when it comes to making choices. Homo
sapiens, on the other hand, represents the rest of us-the often-flawed reasoners and sometimes-
altruistic competitors who are prone to making decisions based primarily on emotion and
1 2
heuristics. ,

\n

THE TEXTBOOK'S DIFFERENT SECTIONS

\n

The textbook consists of four sections that, taken together, portray in full the eclectic methodologies
comprising the field of behavioral economics. Sections 1 and 2 present the thought and actual

\n

1. Homo economicus is Latin for \"economic man.\" Persky (1995) traces its use back to the late 1800s when it was used by critics
ofJohn Stuart Mill's work on political economy. In contrast (and, as we will see, with no small touch of irony) Homo sapiens
is Latin for \"wise man.\" For a deep dive into evolution of Homo sapiens, particularly from the start of the Cognitive
Revolution 70,000 years ago, see Harari (2015).

\n

2. We have all heard the saying that \"words matter.\" The titles and descriptions we use to distinguish people and their
behaviors (e.g., Homo economicus vs. Homo sapiens) can reinforce or diminish behaviors such as pride in cultural heritage,
respect for the living world, and trust in community, a process known as \"crowding out\" of \"intrinsic motivation and
commitment.\" As an example of this phenomenon, Bauer et al. (2012) asked participants in an online survey to imagine
themselves as one of four households facing a water shortage due to a drought affecting their shared well. The survey
assigned the label \"consumers\" to half of the participants and \"individuals\" to the other half. Those imagining themselves as
consumers reported feeling less personal responsibility to reduce their water demand, and less trust in others to do the
same, than did those referred to as individuals. As we are about to learn, behavioral economics is all about exposing these
types of \"framing effects\" existing in the \"real world\" inhabited by Homo sapiens.

\n
BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM XIX
", + "markdown": "# THIS BOOK'S APPROACH\n\nThis book's approach is premised on a simple assumption: because behavioral economics is foremost\na \"test-and-learn\" field of scientific inquiry that evolves according to experimental outcomes and\npractical, policy-orientated applications of the knowledge garnered from these outcomes, so too\nshould students test-and-learn. Studying and practicing behavioral economics should occur\nsimultaneously, which, in turn, suggests a course taught more according to a practicum approach than\nin a traditionally styled lecture format. As such, the book's information and lessons are presented in a\nsuccinct and precise format.\n\nThe goal of this textbook is to help students experience behavioral economics through actual\nparticipation in the same experiments and economic games that have served as the foundations for,\nand shaped the contours of, the field. With the help of this book, students have the opportunity to\nlearn behavioral economics firsthand and, in the process, create their own data and experiences. They\nwill learn about themselves-about how they make private and public choices under experimental\nconditions-at the same time as they learn about the field of behavioral economics itself. They will be\nboth the subjects and students of behavioral economics. What better way to learn?\n\n# HOMO ECONOMICUS VS. HOMO SAPIENS\n\nFor ease of reference and exposition, we henceforth refer to the type of individual construed by the\ntraditional rational-choice model as Homo economicus, a peculiar subspecies of human beings that is\nunfailingly omniscient, dispassionate, and self-interested when it comes to making choices. Homo\nsapiens, on the other hand, represents the rest of us-the often-flawed reasoners and sometimes-\naltruistic competitors who are prone to making decisions based primarily on emotion and\n1 2\nheuristics. ,\n\n# THE TEXTBOOK'S DIFFERENT SECTIONS\n\nThe textbook consists of four sections that, taken together, portray in full the eclectic methodologies\ncomprising the field of behavioral economics. Sections 1 and 2 present the thought and actual\n\n- 1. Homo economicus is Latin for \"economic man.\" Persky (1995) traces its use back to the late 1800s when it was used by critics\n- ofJohn Stuart Mill's work on political economy. In contrast (and, as we will see, with no small touch of irony) Homo sapiens\n- is Latin for \"wise man.\" For a deep dive into evolution of Homo sapiens, particularly from the start of the Cognitive\n- Revolution 70,000 years ago, see Harari (2015).\n\n\n2. We have all heard the saying that \"words matter.\" The titles and descriptions we use to distinguish people and their\nbehaviors (e.g., Homo economicus vs. Homo sapiens) can reinforce or diminish behaviors such as pride in cultural heritage,\nrespect for the living world, and trust in community, a process known as \"crowding out\" of \"intrinsic motivation and\ncommitment.\" As an example of this phenomenon, Bauer et al. (2012) asked participants in an online survey to imagine\nthemselves as one of four households facing a water shortage due to a drought affecting their shared well. The survey\nassigned the label \"consumers\" to half of the participants and \"individuals\" to the other half. Those imagining themselves as\nconsumers reported feeling less personal responsibility to reduce their water demand, and less trust in others to do the\nsame, than did those referred to as individuals. As we are about to learn, behavioral economics is all about exposing these\ntypes of \"framing effects\" existing in the \"real world\" inhabited by Homo sapiens.\n\nBEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM XIX", + "text": "THIS BOOK'S APPROACH\nThis book's approach is premised on a simple assumption: because behavioral economics is foremost\na \"test-and-learn\" field of scientific inquiry that evolves according to experimental outcomes and\npractical, policy-orientated applications of the knowledge garnered from these outcomes, so too\nshould students test-and-learn. Studying and practicing behavioral economics should occur\nsimultaneously, which, in turn, suggests a course taught more according to a practicum approach than\nin a traditionally styled lecture format. As such, the book's information and lessons are presented in a\nsuccinct and precise format.\nThe goal of this textbook is to help students experience behavioral economics through actual\nparticipation in the same experiments and economic games that have served as the foundations for,\nand shaped the contours of, the field. With the help of this book, students have the opportunity to\nlearn behavioral economics firsthand and, in the process, create their own data and experiences. They\nwill learn about themselves-about how they make private and public choices under experimental\nconditions-at the same time as they learn about the field of behavioral economics itself. They will be\nboth the subjects and students of behavioral economics. What better way to learn?\nHOMO ECONOMICUS VS. HOMO SAPIENS\nFor ease of reference and exposition, we henceforth refer to the type of individual construed by the\ntraditional rational-choice model as Homo economicus, a peculiar subspecies of human beings that is\nunfailingly omniscient, dispassionate, and self-interested when it comes to making choices. Homo\nsapiens, on the other hand, represents the rest of us-the often-flawed reasoners and sometimes-\naltruistic competitors who are prone to making decisions based primarily on emotion and\n1 2\nheuristics. ,\nTHE TEXTBOOK'S DIFFERENT SECTIONS\nThe textbook consists of four sections that, taken together, portray in full the eclectic methodologies\ncomprising the field of behavioral economics. Sections 1 and 2 present the thought and actual\n1. Homo economicus is Latin for \"economic man.\" Persky (1995) traces its use back to the late 1800s when it was used by critics\nofJohn Stuart Mill's work on political economy. In contrast (and, as we will see, with no small touch of irony) Homo sapiens\nis Latin for \"wise man.\" For a deep dive into evolution of Homo sapiens, particularly from the start of the Cognitive\nRevolution 70,000 years ago, see Harari (2015).\n2. We have all heard the saying that \"words matter.\" The titles and descriptions we use to distinguish people and their\nbehaviors (e.g., Homo economicus vs. Homo sapiens) can reinforce or diminish behaviors such as pride in cultural heritage,\nrespect for the living world, and trust in community, a process known as \"crowding out\" of \"intrinsic motivation and\ncommitment.\" As an example of this phenomenon, Bauer et al. (2012) asked participants in an online survey to imagine\nthemselves as one of four households facing a water shortage due to a drought affecting their shared well. The survey\nassigned the label \"consumers\" to half of the participants and \"individuals\" to the other half. Those imagining themselves as\nconsumers reported feeling less personal responsibility to reduce their water demand, and less trust in others to do the\nsame, than did those referred to as individuals. As we are about to learn, behavioral economics is all about exposing these\ntypes of \"framing effects\" existing in the \"real world\" inhabited by Homo sapiens.\nBEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM XIX" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

THIS BOOK'S APPROACH

", + "markdown": "# THIS BOOK'S APPROACH", + "text": "THIS BOOK'S APPROACH" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0893, + "y": 0.0735 + }, + { + "x": 0.3585, + "y": 0.0735 + }, + { + "x": 0.3585, + "y": 0.0924 + }, + { + "x": 0.0893, + "y": 0.0924 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

This book's approach is premised on a simple assumption: because behavioral economics is foremost
a \"test-and-learn\" field of scientific inquiry that evolves according to experimental outcomes and
practical, policy-orientated applications of the knowledge garnered from these outcomes, so too
should students test-and-learn. Studying and practicing behavioral economics should occur
simultaneously, which, in turn, suggests a course taught more according to a practicum approach than
in a traditionally styled lecture format. As such, the book's information and lessons are presented in a
succinct and precise format.

", + "markdown": "This book's approach is premised on a simple assumption: because behavioral economics is foremost\na \"test-and-learn\" field of scientific inquiry that evolves according to experimental outcomes and\npractical, policy-orientated applications of the knowledge garnered from these outcomes, so too\nshould students test-and-learn. Studying and practicing behavioral economics should occur\nsimultaneously, which, in turn, suggests a course taught more according to a practicum approach than\nin a traditionally styled lecture format. As such, the book's information and lessons are presented in a\nsuccinct and precise format.", + "text": "This book's approach is premised on a simple assumption: because behavioral economics is foremost\na \"test-and-learn\" field of scientific inquiry that evolves according to experimental outcomes and\npractical, policy-orientated applications of the knowledge garnered from these outcomes, so too\nshould students test-and-learn. Studying and practicing behavioral economics should occur\nsimultaneously, which, in turn, suggests a course taught more according to a practicum approach than\nin a traditionally styled lecture format. As such, the book's information and lessons are presented in a\nsuccinct and precise format." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.087, + "y": 0.1867 + }, + { + "x": 0.9129, + "y": 0.1867 + }, + { + "x": 0.9129, + "y": 0.3215 + }, + { + "x": 0.087, + "y": 0.3215 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The goal of this textbook is to help students experience behavioral economics through actual
participation in the same experiments and economic games that have served as the foundations for,
and shaped the contours of, the field. With the help of this book, students have the opportunity to
learn behavioral economics firsthand and, in the process, create their own data and experiences. They
will learn about themselves-about how they make private and public choices under experimental
conditions-at the same time as they learn about the field of behavioral economics itself. They will be
both the subjects and students of behavioral economics. What better way to learn?

", + "markdown": "The goal of this textbook is to help students experience behavioral economics through actual\nparticipation in the same experiments and economic games that have served as the foundations for,\nand shaped the contours of, the field. With the help of this book, students have the opportunity to\nlearn behavioral economics firsthand and, in the process, create their own data and experiences. They\nwill learn about themselves-about how they make private and public choices under experimental\nconditions-at the same time as they learn about the field of behavioral economics itself. They will be\nboth the subjects and students of behavioral economics. What better way to learn?", + "text": "The goal of this textbook is to help students experience behavioral economics through actual\nparticipation in the same experiments and economic games that have served as the foundations for,\nand shaped the contours of, the field. With the help of this book, students have the opportunity to\nlearn behavioral economics firsthand and, in the process, create their own data and experiences. They\nwill learn about themselves-about how they make private and public choices under experimental\nconditions-at the same time as they learn about the field of behavioral economics itself. They will be\nboth the subjects and students of behavioral economics. What better way to learn?" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0877, + "y": 0.3243 + }, + { + "x": 0.9134, + "y": 0.3243 + }, + { + "x": 0.9134, + "y": 0.4582 + }, + { + "x": 0.0877, + "y": 0.4582 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

HOMO ECONOMICUS VS. HOMO SAPIENS

", + "markdown": "# HOMO ECONOMICUS VS. HOMO SAPIENS", + "text": "HOMO ECONOMICUS VS. HOMO SAPIENS" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0891, + "y": 0.4753 + }, + { + "x": 0.4725, + "y": 0.4753 + }, + { + "x": 0.4725, + "y": 0.4929 + }, + { + "x": 0.0891, + "y": 0.4929 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

For ease of reference and exposition, we henceforth refer to the type of individual construed by the
traditional rational-choice model as Homo economicus, a peculiar subspecies of human beings that is
unfailingly omniscient, dispassionate, and self-interested when it comes to making choices. Homo
sapiens, on the other hand, represents the rest of us-the often-flawed reasoners and sometimes-
altruistic competitors who are prone to making decisions based primarily on emotion and
1 2
heuristics. ,

", + "markdown": "For ease of reference and exposition, we henceforth refer to the type of individual construed by the\ntraditional rational-choice model as Homo economicus, a peculiar subspecies of human beings that is\nunfailingly omniscient, dispassionate, and self-interested when it comes to making choices. Homo\nsapiens, on the other hand, represents the rest of us-the often-flawed reasoners and sometimes-\naltruistic competitors who are prone to making decisions based primarily on emotion and\n1 2\nheuristics. ,", + "text": "For ease of reference and exposition, we henceforth refer to the type of individual construed by the\ntraditional rational-choice model as Homo economicus, a peculiar subspecies of human beings that is\nunfailingly omniscient, dispassionate, and self-interested when it comes to making choices. Homo\nsapiens, on the other hand, represents the rest of us-the often-flawed reasoners and sometimes-\naltruistic competitors who are prone to making decisions based primarily on emotion and\n1 2\nheuristics. ," + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0883, + "y": 0.5059 + }, + { + "x": 0.9124, + "y": 0.5059 + }, + { + "x": 0.9124, + "y": 0.621 + }, + { + "x": 0.0883, + "y": 0.621 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

THE TEXTBOOK'S DIFFERENT SECTIONS

", + "markdown": "# THE TEXTBOOK'S DIFFERENT SECTIONS", + "text": "THE TEXTBOOK'S DIFFERENT SECTIONS" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.089, + "y": 0.6397 + }, + { + "x": 0.4804, + "y": 0.6397 + }, + { + "x": 0.4804, + "y": 0.6567 + }, + { + "x": 0.089, + "y": 0.6567 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The textbook consists of four sections that, taken together, portray in full the eclectic methodologies
comprising the field of behavioral economics. Sections 1 and 2 present the thought and actual

", + "markdown": "The textbook consists of four sections that, taken together, portray in full the eclectic methodologies\ncomprising the field of behavioral economics. Sections 1 and 2 present the thought and actual", + "text": "The textbook consists of four sections that, taken together, portray in full the eclectic methodologies\ncomprising the field of behavioral economics. Sections 1 and 2 present the thought and actual" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0883, + "y": 0.6701 + }, + { + "x": 0.9121, + "y": 0.6701 + }, + { + "x": 0.9121, + "y": 0.7118 + }, + { + "x": 0.0883, + "y": 0.7118 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

1. Homo economicus is Latin for \"economic man.\" Persky (1995) traces its use back to the late 1800s when it was used by critics
ofJohn Stuart Mill's work on political economy. In contrast (and, as we will see, with no small touch of irony) Homo sapiens
is Latin for \"wise man.\" For a deep dive into evolution of Homo sapiens, particularly from the start of the Cognitive
Revolution 70,000 years ago, see Harari (2015).

", + "markdown": "- 1. Homo economicus is Latin for \"economic man.\" Persky (1995) traces its use back to the late 1800s when it was used by critics\n- ofJohn Stuart Mill's work on political economy. In contrast (and, as we will see, with no small touch of irony) Homo sapiens\n- is Latin for \"wise man.\" For a deep dive into evolution of Homo sapiens, particularly from the start of the Cognitive\n- Revolution 70,000 years ago, see Harari (2015).\n", + "text": "1. Homo economicus is Latin for \"economic man.\" Persky (1995) traces its use back to the late 1800s when it was used by critics\nofJohn Stuart Mill's work on political economy. In contrast (and, as we will see, with no small touch of irony) Homo sapiens\nis Latin for \"wise man.\" For a deep dive into evolution of Homo sapiens, particularly from the start of the Cognitive\nRevolution 70,000 years ago, see Harari (2015)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0748, + "y": 0.7331 + }, + { + "x": 0.9039, + "y": 0.7331 + }, + { + "x": 0.9039, + "y": 0.797 + }, + { + "x": 0.0748, + "y": 0.797 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

2. We have all heard the saying that \"words matter.\" The titles and descriptions we use to distinguish people and their
behaviors (e.g., Homo economicus vs. Homo sapiens) can reinforce or diminish behaviors such as pride in cultural heritage,
respect for the living world, and trust in community, a process known as \"crowding out\" of \"intrinsic motivation and
commitment.\" As an example of this phenomenon, Bauer et al. (2012) asked participants in an online survey to imagine
themselves as one of four households facing a water shortage due to a drought affecting their shared well. The survey
assigned the label \"consumers\" to half of the participants and \"individuals\" to the other half. Those imagining themselves as
consumers reported feeling less personal responsibility to reduce their water demand, and less trust in others to do the
same, than did those referred to as individuals. As we are about to learn, behavioral economics is all about exposing these
types of \"framing effects\" existing in the \"real world\" inhabited by Homo sapiens.

", + "markdown": "2. We have all heard the saying that \"words matter.\" The titles and descriptions we use to distinguish people and their\nbehaviors (e.g., Homo economicus vs. Homo sapiens) can reinforce or diminish behaviors such as pride in cultural heritage,\nrespect for the living world, and trust in community, a process known as \"crowding out\" of \"intrinsic motivation and\ncommitment.\" As an example of this phenomenon, Bauer et al. (2012) asked participants in an online survey to imagine\nthemselves as one of four households facing a water shortage due to a drought affecting their shared well. The survey\nassigned the label \"consumers\" to half of the participants and \"individuals\" to the other half. Those imagining themselves as\nconsumers reported feeling less personal responsibility to reduce their water demand, and less trust in others to do the\nsame, than did those referred to as individuals. As we are about to learn, behavioral economics is all about exposing these\ntypes of \"framing effects\" existing in the \"real world\" inhabited by Homo sapiens.", + "text": "2. We have all heard the saying that \"words matter.\" The titles and descriptions we use to distinguish people and their\nbehaviors (e.g., Homo economicus vs. Homo sapiens) can reinforce or diminish behaviors such as pride in cultural heritage,\nrespect for the living world, and trust in community, a process known as \"crowding out\" of \"intrinsic motivation and\ncommitment.\" As an example of this phenomenon, Bauer et al. (2012) asked participants in an online survey to imagine\nthemselves as one of four households facing a water shortage due to a drought affecting their shared well. The survey\nassigned the label \"consumers\" to half of the participants and \"individuals\" to the other half. Those imagining themselves as\nconsumers reported feeling less personal responsibility to reduce their water demand, and less trust in others to do the\nsame, than did those referred to as individuals. As we are about to learn, behavioral economics is all about exposing these\ntypes of \"framing effects\" existing in the \"real world\" inhabited by Homo sapiens." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0738, + "y": 0.7773 + }, + { + "x": 0.9079, + "y": 0.7773 + }, + { + "x": 0.9079, + "y": 0.9437 + }, + { + "x": 0.0738, + "y": 0.9437 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM XIX
", + "markdown": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM XIX", + "text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM XIX" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6396, + "y": 0.9491 + }, + { + "x": 0.9106, + "y": 0.9491 + }, + { + "x": 0.9106, + "y": 0.9622 + }, + { + "x": 0.6396, + "y": 0.9622 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000168.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Soils with the same pH may require different amounts of limestone due to differences in CEC, which would imply
differences in buffering capacities. For example, consider the amount of limestone necessary to raise the base saturation
of two soils from 70% to 90% when one soil has a CEC of15 cmolc/kg, and the other has a CEC of 40 cmolc/kg.

\n

$$\\begin{array}{c}{{\\mathrm{15\\,{\\frac{\\mathrm{cmol}}{\\mathrm{kg}}}\\times20^{9}\\mathrm{o}\\,\\mathrm{~increase}=3\\,{\\frac{\\ c m o l_{c}}{\\mathrm{kg}}}\\,\\,b a s i c\\,\\,c a t i o n s\\,\\,r e q u i r e d~f r o m\\:\\mathrm{lime}}}\\\\ {{\\mathrm{40\\,{\\frac{\\cmol_{c}}{\\mathrm{kg}}}\\times20^{9}\\mathrm{~basic\\,\\,cations\\,required~from\\:lime}}}\\end{array}$$

\n

Lastly, soil pH is governed by base saturation. If other factors are constant, the lower the pH, the more lime that is
required to achieve a desired pH. This is because at a low pH, a larger percentage of the CEC is occupied by acid cations,
which requires larger amounts of lime to neutralize.

\n

Activity I: Determining pH With Indicator Strips (Field Method)

\n

Of the several techniques available for determining pH, one that can be used easily in the field is the indicator strip
method. This technique uses the principle of pH sensitivity of certain dyes, which cause differences in color across a
range in pH. With the soils provided, complete the following pH determination:

\n

Weigh 10.0 g of soil into a small plastic cup. Add 20 ml of distilled water and stir. Allow to stand for 5 minutes,
occasionally stirring.

\n

Using the pH indicator strips provided, dip the strip into the cup until the tip is wetted. Determine the pH by comparing
the color change of the pH test strip to the color chart.

\n

Record the soil pH in Table 14.1.

\n

Activity 2: Determining Soil pH with a pH Meter

\n

Laboratory pH meters are more accurate than pH dyes and strips. The pH meter measures the hydrogen ion activity [H*]
by measuring the electric potential across a thin, porous glass membrane at the base of the electrode. This potential
changes in response to [H*], and by standardizing the instrument with buffers of known pH, we can measure the pH of
any solution, including soil solutions.

\n

Using the samples prepared in Activity 1, carefully place the electrode in the suspension. Gently swirl the electrode in
the solution, and note the pH reading. Wait for the pH meter to reach a steady reading, indicated by the word \"ready\"
on the screen.

\n

Record the value for this 1:2 soil-water suspension in Table 14.1.

\n
Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH I 127
", + "markdown": "Soils with the same pH may require different amounts of limestone due to differences in CEC, which would imply\ndifferences in buffering capacities. For example, consider the amount of limestone necessary to raise the base saturation\nof two soils from 70% to 90% when one soil has a CEC of15 cmolc/kg, and the other has a CEC of 40 cmolc/kg.\n\n$$\\begin{array}{c}{{\\mathrm{15\\,{\\frac{\\mathrm{cmol}}{\\mathrm{kg}}}\\times20^{9}\\mathrm{o}\\,\\mathrm{~increase}=3\\,{\\frac{\\ c m o l_{c}}{\\mathrm{kg}}}\\,\\,b a s i c\\,\\,c a t i o n s\\,\\,r e q u i r e d~f r o m\\:\\mathrm{lime}}}\\\\ {{\\mathrm{40\\,{\\frac{\\cmol_{c}}{\\mathrm{kg}}}\\times20^{9}\\mathrm{~basic\\,\\,cations\\,required~from\\:lime}}}\\end{array}$$\n\nLastly, soil pH is governed by base saturation. If other factors are constant, the lower the pH, the more lime that is\nrequired to achieve a desired pH. This is because at a low pH, a larger percentage of the CEC is occupied by acid cations,\nwhich requires larger amounts of lime to neutralize.\n\nActivity I: Determining pH With Indicator Strips (Field Method)\n\nOf the several techniques available for determining pH, one that can be used easily in the field is the indicator strip\nmethod. This technique uses the principle of pH sensitivity of certain dyes, which cause differences in color across a\nrange in pH. With the soils provided, complete the following pH determination:\n\nWeigh 10.0 g of soil into a small plastic cup. Add 20 ml of distilled water and stir. Allow to stand for 5 minutes,\noccasionally stirring.\n\nUsing the pH indicator strips provided, dip the strip into the cup until the tip is wetted. Determine the pH by comparing\nthe color change of the pH test strip to the color chart.\n\nRecord the soil pH in Table 14.1.\n\nActivity 2: Determining Soil pH with a pH Meter\n\nLaboratory pH meters are more accurate than pH dyes and strips. The pH meter measures the hydrogen ion activity [H*]\nby measuring the electric potential across a thin, porous glass membrane at the base of the electrode. This potential\nchanges in response to [H*], and by standardizing the instrument with buffers of known pH, we can measure the pH of\nany solution, including soil solutions.\n\nUsing the samples prepared in Activity 1, carefully place the electrode in the suspension. Gently swirl the electrode in\nthe solution, and note the pH reading. Wait for the pH meter to reach a steady reading, indicated by the word \"ready\"\non the screen.\n\nRecord the value for this 1:2 soil-water suspension in Table 14.1.\n\nSoil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH I 127", + "text": "Soils with the same pH may require different amounts of limestone due to differences in CEC, which would imply\ndifferences in buffering capacities. For example, consider the amount of limestone necessary to raise the base saturation\nof two soils from 70% to 90% when one soil has a CEC of15 cmolc/kg, and the other has a CEC of 40 cmolc/kg.\ncmolc cmolc \n15 x 20% increase = 3 basic cations required from lime \nkg kg \ncmolc cmolc \n40 x 20% increase = 8 basic cations required from lime \nkg kg\nLastly, soil pH is governed by base saturation. If other factors are constant, the lower the pH, the more lime that is\nrequired to achieve a desired pH. This is because at a low pH, a larger percentage of the CEC is occupied by acid cations,\nwhich requires larger amounts of lime to neutralize.\nActivity I: Determining pH With Indicator Strips (Field Method)\nOf the several techniques available for determining pH, one that can be used easily in the field is the indicator strip\nmethod. This technique uses the principle of pH sensitivity of certain dyes, which cause differences in color across a\nrange in pH. With the soils provided, complete the following pH determination:\nWeigh 10.0 g of soil into a small plastic cup. Add 20 ml of distilled water and stir. Allow to stand for 5 minutes,\noccasionally stirring.\nUsing the pH indicator strips provided, dip the strip into the cup until the tip is wetted. Determine the pH by comparing\nthe color change of the pH test strip to the color chart.\nRecord the soil pH in Table 14.1.\nActivity 2: Determining Soil pH with a pH Meter\nLaboratory pH meters are more accurate than pH dyes and strips. The pH meter measures the hydrogen ion activity [H*]\nby measuring the electric potential across a thin, porous glass membrane at the base of the electrode. This potential\nchanges in response to [H*], and by standardizing the instrument with buffers of known pH, we can measure the pH of\nany solution, including soil solutions.\nUsing the samples prepared in Activity 1, carefully place the electrode in the suspension. Gently swirl the electrode in\nthe solution, and note the pH reading. Wait for the pH meter to reach a steady reading, indicated by the word \"ready\"\non the screen.\nRecord the value for this 1:2 soil-water suspension in Table 14.1.\nSoil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH I 127" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Soils with the same pH may require different amounts of limestone due to differences in CEC, which would imply
differences in buffering capacities. For example, consider the amount of limestone necessary to raise the base saturation
of two soils from 70% to 90% when one soil has a CEC of15 cmolc/kg, and the other has a CEC of 40 cmolc/kg.

", + "markdown": "Soils with the same pH may require different amounts of limestone due to differences in CEC, which would imply\ndifferences in buffering capacities. For example, consider the amount of limestone necessary to raise the base saturation\nof two soils from 70% to 90% when one soil has a CEC of15 cmolc/kg, and the other has a CEC of 40 cmolc/kg.", + "text": "Soils with the same pH may require different amounts of limestone due to differences in CEC, which would imply\ndifferences in buffering capacities. For example, consider the amount of limestone necessary to raise the base saturation\nof two soils from 70% to 90% when one soil has a CEC of15 cmolc/kg, and the other has a CEC of 40 cmolc/kg." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0874, + "y": 0.0727 + }, + { + "x": 0.9137, + "y": 0.0727 + }, + { + "x": 0.9137, + "y": 0.1249 + }, + { + "x": 0.0874, + "y": 0.1249 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$\\begin{array}{c}{{\\mathrm{15\\,{\\frac{\\mathrm{cmol}}{\\mathrm{kg}}}\\times20^{9}\\mathrm{o}\\,\\mathrm{~increase}=3\\,{\\frac{\\ c m o l_{c}}{\\mathrm{kg}}}\\,\\,b a s i c\\,\\,c a t i o n s\\,\\,r e q u i r e d~f r o m\\:\\mathrm{lime}}}\\\\ {{\\mathrm{40\\,{\\frac{\\cmol_{c}}{\\mathrm{kg}}}\\times20^{9}\\mathrm{~basic\\,\\,cations\\,required~from\\:lime}}}\\end{array}$$

", + "markdown": "$$\\begin{array}{c}{{\\mathrm{15\\,{\\frac{\\mathrm{cmol}}{\\mathrm{kg}}}\\times20^{9}\\mathrm{o}\\,\\mathrm{~increase}=3\\,{\\frac{\\ c m o l_{c}}{\\mathrm{kg}}}\\,\\,b a s i c\\,\\,c a t i o n s\\,\\,r e q u i r e d~f r o m\\:\\mathrm{lime}}}\\\\ {{\\mathrm{40\\,{\\frac{\\cmol_{c}}{\\mathrm{kg}}}\\times20^{9}\\mathrm{~basic\\,\\,cations\\,required~from\\:lime}}}\\end{array}$$", + "text": "cmolc cmolc \n15 x 20% increase = 3 basic cations required from lime \nkg kg \ncmolc cmolc \n40 x 20% increase = 8 basic cations required from lime \nkg kg" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1569, + "y": 0.1349 + }, + { + "x": 0.8485, + "y": 0.1349 + }, + { + "x": 0.8485, + "y": 0.2388 + }, + { + "x": 0.1569, + "y": 0.2388 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Lastly, soil pH is governed by base saturation. If other factors are constant, the lower the pH, the more lime that is
required to achieve a desired pH. This is because at a low pH, a larger percentage of the CEC is occupied by acid cations,
which requires larger amounts of lime to neutralize.

", + "markdown": "Lastly, soil pH is governed by base saturation. If other factors are constant, the lower the pH, the more lime that is\nrequired to achieve a desired pH. This is because at a low pH, a larger percentage of the CEC is occupied by acid cations,\nwhich requires larger amounts of lime to neutralize.", + "text": "Lastly, soil pH is governed by base saturation. If other factors are constant, the lower the pH, the more lime that is\nrequired to achieve a desired pH. This is because at a low pH, a larger percentage of the CEC is occupied by acid cations,\nwhich requires larger amounts of lime to neutralize." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0881, + "y": 0.2481 + }, + { + "x": 0.9129, + "y": 0.2481 + }, + { + "x": 0.9129, + "y": 0.301 + }, + { + "x": 0.0881, + "y": 0.301 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Activity I: Determining pH With Indicator Strips (Field Method)

", + "markdown": "Activity I: Determining pH With Indicator Strips (Field Method)", + "text": "Activity I: Determining pH With Indicator Strips (Field Method)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0895, + "y": 0.341 + }, + { + "x": 0.7016, + "y": 0.341 + }, + { + "x": 0.7016, + "y": 0.3618 + }, + { + "x": 0.0895, + "y": 0.3618 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Of the several techniques available for determining pH, one that can be used easily in the field is the indicator strip
method. This technique uses the principle of pH sensitivity of certain dyes, which cause differences in color across a
range in pH. With the soils provided, complete the following pH determination:

", + "markdown": "Of the several techniques available for determining pH, one that can be used easily in the field is the indicator strip\nmethod. This technique uses the principle of pH sensitivity of certain dyes, which cause differences in color across a\nrange in pH. With the soils provided, complete the following pH determination:", + "text": "Of the several techniques available for determining pH, one that can be used easily in the field is the indicator strip\nmethod. This technique uses the principle of pH sensitivity of certain dyes, which cause differences in color across a\nrange in pH. With the soils provided, complete the following pH determination:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.088, + "y": 0.3881 + }, + { + "x": 0.9124, + "y": 0.3881 + }, + { + "x": 0.9124, + "y": 0.4408 + }, + { + "x": 0.088, + "y": 0.4408 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Weigh 10.0 g of soil into a small plastic cup. Add 20 ml of distilled water and stir. Allow to stand for 5 minutes,
occasionally stirring.

", + "markdown": "Weigh 10.0 g of soil into a small plastic cup. Add 20 ml of distilled water and stir. Allow to stand for 5 minutes,\noccasionally stirring.", + "text": "Weigh 10.0 g of soil into a small plastic cup. Add 20 ml of distilled water and stir. Allow to stand for 5 minutes,\noccasionally stirring." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09, + "y": 0.4528 + }, + { + "x": 0.91, + "y": 0.4528 + }, + { + "x": 0.91, + "y": 0.487 + }, + { + "x": 0.09, + "y": 0.487 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Using the pH indicator strips provided, dip the strip into the cup until the tip is wetted. Determine the pH by comparing
the color change of the pH test strip to the color chart.

", + "markdown": "Using the pH indicator strips provided, dip the strip into the cup until the tip is wetted. Determine the pH by comparing\nthe color change of the pH test strip to the color chart.", + "text": "Using the pH indicator strips provided, dip the strip into the cup until the tip is wetted. Determine the pH by comparing\nthe color change of the pH test strip to the color chart." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0891, + "y": 0.4996 + }, + { + "x": 0.9104, + "y": 0.4996 + }, + { + "x": 0.9104, + "y": 0.534 + }, + { + "x": 0.0891, + "y": 0.534 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Record the soil pH in Table 14.1.

", + "markdown": "Record the soil pH in Table 14.1.", + "text": "Record the soil pH in Table 14.1." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1441, + "y": 0.5472 + }, + { + "x": 0.362, + "y": 0.5472 + }, + { + "x": 0.362, + "y": 0.5629 + }, + { + "x": 0.1441, + "y": 0.5629 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Activity 2: Determining Soil pH with a pH Meter

", + "markdown": "Activity 2: Determining Soil pH with a pH Meter", + "text": "Activity 2: Determining Soil pH with a pH Meter" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0904, + "y": 0.6037 + }, + { + "x": 0.5535, + "y": 0.6037 + }, + { + "x": 0.5535, + "y": 0.6241 + }, + { + "x": 0.0904, + "y": 0.6241 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Laboratory pH meters are more accurate than pH dyes and strips. The pH meter measures the hydrogen ion activity [H*]
by measuring the electric potential across a thin, porous glass membrane at the base of the electrode. This potential
changes in response to [H*], and by standardizing the instrument with buffers of known pH, we can measure the pH of
any solution, including soil solutions.

", + "markdown": "Laboratory pH meters are more accurate than pH dyes and strips. The pH meter measures the hydrogen ion activity [H*]\nby measuring the electric potential across a thin, porous glass membrane at the base of the electrode. This potential\nchanges in response to [H*], and by standardizing the instrument with buffers of known pH, we can measure the pH of\nany solution, including soil solutions.", + "text": "Laboratory pH meters are more accurate than pH dyes and strips. The pH meter measures the hydrogen ion activity [H*]\nby measuring the electric potential across a thin, porous glass membrane at the base of the electrode. This potential\nchanges in response to [H*], and by standardizing the instrument with buffers of known pH, we can measure the pH of\nany solution, including soil solutions." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0878, + "y": 0.6509 + }, + { + "x": 0.9125, + "y": 0.6509 + }, + { + "x": 0.9125, + "y": 0.7204 + }, + { + "x": 0.0878, + "y": 0.7204 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Using the samples prepared in Activity 1, carefully place the electrode in the suspension. Gently swirl the electrode in
the solution, and note the pH reading. Wait for the pH meter to reach a steady reading, indicated by the word \"ready\"
on the screen.

", + "markdown": "Using the samples prepared in Activity 1, carefully place the electrode in the suspension. Gently swirl the electrode in\nthe solution, and note the pH reading. Wait for the pH meter to reach a steady reading, indicated by the word \"ready\"\non the screen.", + "text": "Using the samples prepared in Activity 1, carefully place the electrode in the suspension. Gently swirl the electrode in\nthe solution, and note the pH reading. Wait for the pH meter to reach a steady reading, indicated by the word \"ready\"\non the screen." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0888, + "y": 0.7333 + }, + { + "x": 0.9106, + "y": 0.7333 + }, + { + "x": 0.9106, + "y": 0.7836 + }, + { + "x": 0.0888, + "y": 0.7836 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Record the value for this 1:2 soil-water suspension in Table 14.1.

", + "markdown": "Record the value for this 1:2 soil-water suspension in Table 14.1.", + "text": "Record the value for this 1:2 soil-water suspension in Table 14.1." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1343, + "y": 0.7981 + }, + { + "x": 0.5787, + "y": 0.7981 + }, + { + "x": 0.5787, + "y": 0.8138 + }, + { + "x": 0.1343, + "y": 0.8138 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH I 127
", + "markdown": "Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH I 127", + "text": "Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH I 127" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6677, + "y": 0.9392 + }, + { + "x": 0.9111, + "y": 0.9392 + }, + { + "x": 0.9111, + "y": 0.9542 + }, + { + "x": 0.6677, + "y": 0.9542 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000042.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

this content \"very often\", 71% were from
Indonesia and 28.6% were from Thailand.
When asked about how often participants
had heard of groups expressing the
importanceofimenaccompanying women
when travelling to conflict zones, more
respondents had heard this message
with a higher frequency (\"always\" or \"very
often\", 37.1%) than those who had rarely or
never heard it (34%). Forty-six per cent of
respondents from Indonesia heard this
messagewitha higherfrequency, followed
by the Philippines (38%) and Thailand
(15%). When grouping the answer options
of \"always\", \"very often\" and \"sometimes\",
66% of respondents said they had heard
groups stress the importance of women
being accompanied by men when
travelling to conflict areas.

\n

Figure 5: Importance of a male
guardian accompanying women when
travelling to conflict zones

\n
\"34,3%\n65,7%\nYes\nNo\"
\n

In the second part of the survey, using
a five-point Likert scale from \"strong-
ly agree\" to \"strongly disagree\", partic-
ipants were presented with a series of
statements regarding how worried they
were about intolerant content being es-
poused in the offline space by violent ex-

\n

tremist groups. Most respondents (77%)
agreed (combining both \"strongly agree\"
and \"agree\") that they were worried about
intolerance in their communities, partic-
ularly respondents from Indonesia and
the Philippines. Almost all respondents in
the sample (93%) agreed that they were
worried about violent extremism in their
countries. This appeared to be a general
concern among both men and women
as 85% of men and 95% of women agreed
that they were concerned.

\n

Significantly, 89% of respondents agreed
that religious extremism would impede
women's rights. Half of the participants
in Indonesia agreed they were concerned
that religious extremism would hamper
women's rights, 27% in Philippines and 16%
in Thailand. Both men (84.6%) and women
(89.2%) expressed their concerns on this
issue. Furthermore, 91% of respondents
agreed that religious extremism prioritizes
men's rights over women's rights - 93.1%
of women strongly agreed with the
statement compared to 6.90% of men.

\n

For example, one interviewee from
Indonesia observed that the teachings
of extremism have entered schools, such
as high schools, and have also begun to
penetrate student organizations. She
observed that the teachings \"spread from
the Middle East, bringing misogynistic
teachings towards women as part of their
subjugation strategy\". She acknowledged
that it was part of the organizational
strategy where women appeared to look
empowered:

\n

' '

\n

\"However, this is just
manipulation; behind it is the
practice of misogyny, women's
consciousness, their bodies and
minds are controlled, even though

\n
Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN
\n

31

", + "markdown": "this content \"very often\", 71% were from\nIndonesia and 28.6% were from Thailand.\nWhen asked about how often participants\nhad heard of groups expressing the\nimportanceofimenaccompanying women\nwhen travelling to conflict zones, more\nrespondents had heard this message\nwith a higher frequency (\"always\" or \"very\noften\", 37.1%) than those who had rarely or\nnever heard it (34%). Forty-six per cent of\nrespondents from Indonesia heard this\nmessagewitha higherfrequency, followed\nby the Philippines (38%) and Thailand\n(15%). When grouping the answer options\nof \"always\", \"very often\" and \"sometimes\",\n66% of respondents said they had heard\ngroups stress the importance of women\nbeing accompanied by men when\ntravelling to conflict areas.\n\nFigure 5: Importance of a male\nguardian accompanying women when\ntravelling to conflict zones\n\n34,3%\n65,7%\nYes\nNo\n\nIn the second part of the survey, using\na five-point Likert scale from \"strong-\nly agree\" to \"strongly disagree\", partic-\nipants were presented with a series of\nstatements regarding how worried they\nwere about intolerant content being es-\npoused in the offline space by violent ex-\n\ntremist groups. Most respondents (77%)\nagreed (combining both \"strongly agree\"\nand \"agree\") that they were worried about\nintolerance in their communities, partic-\nularly respondents from Indonesia and\nthe Philippines. Almost all respondents in\nthe sample (93%) agreed that they were\nworried about violent extremism in their\ncountries. This appeared to be a general\nconcern among both men and women\nas 85% of men and 95% of women agreed\nthat they were concerned.\n\nSignificantly, 89% of respondents agreed\nthat religious extremism would impede\nwomen's rights. Half of the participants\nin Indonesia agreed they were concerned\nthat religious extremism would hamper\nwomen's rights, 27% in Philippines and 16%\nin Thailand. Both men (84.6%) and women\n(89.2%) expressed their concerns on this\nissue. Furthermore, 91% of respondents\nagreed that religious extremism prioritizes\nmen's rights over women's rights - 93.1%\nof women strongly agreed with the\nstatement compared to 6.90% of men.\n\nFor example, one interviewee from\nIndonesia observed that the teachings\nof extremism have entered schools, such\nas high schools, and have also begun to\npenetrate student organizations. She\nobserved that the teachings \"spread from\nthe Middle East, bringing misogynistic\nteachings towards women as part of their\nsubjugation strategy\". She acknowledged\nthat it was part of the organizational\nstrategy where women appeared to look\nempowered:\n\n' '\n\n\"However, this is just\nmanipulation; behind it is the\npractice of misogyny, women's\nconsciousness, their bodies and\nminds are controlled, even though\n\nGender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN\n\n31", + "text": "this content \"very often\", 71% were from\nIndonesia and 28.6% were from Thailand.\nWhen asked about how often participants\nhad heard of groups expressing the\nimportanceofimenaccompanying women\nwhen travelling to conflict zones, more\nrespondents had heard this message\nwith a higher frequency (\"always\" or \"very\noften\", 37.1%) than those who had rarely or\nnever heard it (34%). Forty-six per cent of\nrespondents from Indonesia heard this\nmessagewitha higherfrequency, followed\nby the Philippines (38%) and Thailand\n(15%). When grouping the answer options\nof \"always\", \"very often\" and \"sometimes\",\n66% of respondents said they had heard\ngroups stress the importance of women\nbeing accompanied by men when\ntravelling to conflict areas.\nFigure 5: Importance of a male\nguardian accompanying women when\ntravelling to conflict zones\n34,3%\n65,7%\nYes\nNo\nIn the second part of the survey, using\na five-point Likert scale from \"strong-\nly agree\" to \"strongly disagree\", partic-\nipants were presented with a series of\nstatements regarding how worried they\nwere about intolerant content being es-\npoused in the offline space by violent ex-\ntremist groups. Most respondents (77%)\nagreed (combining both \"strongly agree\"\nand \"agree\") that they were worried about\nintolerance in their communities, partic-\nularly respondents from Indonesia and\nthe Philippines. Almost all respondents in\nthe sample (93%) agreed that they were\nworried about violent extremism in their\ncountries. This appeared to be a general\nconcern among both men and women\nas 85% of men and 95% of women agreed\nthat they were concerned.\nSignificantly, 89% of respondents agreed\nthat religious extremism would impede\nwomen's rights. Half of the participants\nin Indonesia agreed they were concerned\nthat religious extremism would hamper\nwomen's rights, 27% in Philippines and 16%\nin Thailand. Both men (84.6%) and women\n(89.2%) expressed their concerns on this\nissue. Furthermore, 91% of respondents\nagreed that religious extremism prioritizes\nmen's rights over women's rights - 93.1%\nof women strongly agreed with the\nstatement compared to 6.90% of men.\nFor example, one interviewee from\nIndonesia observed that the teachings\nof extremism have entered schools, such\nas high schools, and have also begun to\npenetrate student organizations. She\nobserved that the teachings \"spread from\nthe Middle East, bringing misogynistic\nteachings towards women as part of their\nsubjugation strategy\". She acknowledged\nthat it was part of the organizational\nstrategy where women appeared to look\nempowered:\n' '\n\"However, this is just\nmanipulation; behind it is the\npractice of misogyny, women's\nconsciousness, their bodies and\nminds are controlled, even though\nGender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN\n31" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

this content \"very often\", 71% were from
Indonesia and 28.6% were from Thailand.
When asked about how often participants
had heard of groups expressing the
importanceofimenaccompanying women
when travelling to conflict zones, more
respondents had heard this message
with a higher frequency (\"always\" or \"very
often\", 37.1%) than those who had rarely or
never heard it (34%). Forty-six per cent of
respondents from Indonesia heard this
messagewitha higherfrequency, followed
by the Philippines (38%) and Thailand
(15%). When grouping the answer options
of \"always\", \"very often\" and \"sometimes\",
66% of respondents said they had heard
groups stress the importance of women
being accompanied by men when
travelling to conflict areas.

", + "markdown": "this content \"very often\", 71% were from\nIndonesia and 28.6% were from Thailand.\nWhen asked about how often participants\nhad heard of groups expressing the\nimportanceofimenaccompanying women\nwhen travelling to conflict zones, more\nrespondents had heard this message\nwith a higher frequency (\"always\" or \"very\noften\", 37.1%) than those who had rarely or\nnever heard it (34%). Forty-six per cent of\nrespondents from Indonesia heard this\nmessagewitha higherfrequency, followed\nby the Philippines (38%) and Thailand\n(15%). When grouping the answer options\nof \"always\", \"very often\" and \"sometimes\",\n66% of respondents said they had heard\ngroups stress the importance of women\nbeing accompanied by men when\ntravelling to conflict areas.", + "text": "this content \"very often\", 71% were from\nIndonesia and 28.6% were from Thailand.\nWhen asked about how often participants\nhad heard of groups expressing the\nimportanceofimenaccompanying women\nwhen travelling to conflict zones, more\nrespondents had heard this message\nwith a higher frequency (\"always\" or \"very\noften\", 37.1%) than those who had rarely or\nnever heard it (34%). Forty-six per cent of\nrespondents from Indonesia heard this\nmessagewitha higherfrequency, followed\nby the Philippines (38%) and Thailand\n(15%). When grouping the answer options\nof \"always\", \"very often\" and \"sometimes\",\n66% of respondents said they had heard\ngroups stress the importance of women\nbeing accompanied by men when\ntravelling to conflict areas." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1155, + "y": 0.0834 + }, + { + "x": 0.4759, + "y": 0.0834 + }, + { + "x": 0.4759, + "y": 0.4212 + }, + { + "x": 0.1155, + "y": 0.4212 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 5: Importance of a male
guardian accompanying women when
travelling to conflict zones

", + "markdown": "Figure 5: Importance of a male\nguardian accompanying women when\ntravelling to conflict zones", + "text": "Figure 5: Importance of a male\nguardian accompanying women when\ntravelling to conflict zones" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1149, + "y": 0.456 + }, + { + "x": 0.4622, + "y": 0.456 + }, + { + "x": 0.4622, + "y": 0.5078 + }, + { + "x": 0.1149, + "y": 0.5078 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"34,3%\n65,7%\nYes\nNo\"
", + "markdown": "34,3%\n65,7%\nYes\nNo", + "text": "34,3%\n65,7%\nYes\nNo" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1184, + "y": 0.527 + }, + { + "x": 0.4668, + "y": 0.527 + }, + { + "x": 0.4668, + "y": 0.7643 + }, + { + "x": 0.1184, + "y": 0.7643 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

In the second part of the survey, using
a five-point Likert scale from \"strong-
ly agree\" to \"strongly disagree\", partic-
ipants were presented with a series of
statements regarding how worried they
were about intolerant content being es-
poused in the offline space by violent ex-

", + "markdown": "In the second part of the survey, using\na five-point Likert scale from \"strong-\nly agree\" to \"strongly disagree\", partic-\nipants were presented with a series of\nstatements regarding how worried they\nwere about intolerant content being es-\npoused in the offline space by violent ex-", + "text": "In the second part of the survey, using\na five-point Likert scale from \"strong-\nly agree\" to \"strongly disagree\", partic-\nipants were presented with a series of\nstatements regarding how worried they\nwere about intolerant content being es-\npoused in the offline space by violent ex-" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1171, + "y": 0.7959 + }, + { + "x": 0.4734, + "y": 0.7959 + }, + { + "x": 0.4734, + "y": 0.9198 + }, + { + "x": 0.1171, + "y": 0.9198 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

tremist groups. Most respondents (77%)
agreed (combining both \"strongly agree\"
and \"agree\") that they were worried about
intolerance in their communities, partic-
ularly respondents from Indonesia and
the Philippines. Almost all respondents in
the sample (93%) agreed that they were
worried about violent extremism in their
countries. This appeared to be a general
concern among both men and women
as 85% of men and 95% of women agreed
that they were concerned.

", + "markdown": "tremist groups. Most respondents (77%)\nagreed (combining both \"strongly agree\"\nand \"agree\") that they were worried about\nintolerance in their communities, partic-\nularly respondents from Indonesia and\nthe Philippines. Almost all respondents in\nthe sample (93%) agreed that they were\nworried about violent extremism in their\ncountries. This appeared to be a general\nconcern among both men and women\nas 85% of men and 95% of women agreed\nthat they were concerned.", + "text": "tremist groups. Most respondents (77%)\nagreed (combining both \"strongly agree\"\nand \"agree\") that they were worried about\nintolerance in their communities, partic-\nularly respondents from Indonesia and\nthe Philippines. Almost all respondents in\nthe sample (93%) agreed that they were\nworried about violent extremism in their\ncountries. This appeared to be a general\nconcern among both men and women\nas 85% of men and 95% of women agreed\nthat they were concerned." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5265, + "y": 0.0854 + }, + { + "x": 0.8851, + "y": 0.0854 + }, + { + "x": 0.8851, + "y": 0.2968 + }, + { + "x": 0.5265, + "y": 0.2968 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Significantly, 89% of respondents agreed
that religious extremism would impede
women's rights. Half of the participants
in Indonesia agreed they were concerned
that religious extremism would hamper
women's rights, 27% in Philippines and 16%
in Thailand. Both men (84.6%) and women
(89.2%) expressed their concerns on this
issue. Furthermore, 91% of respondents
agreed that religious extremism prioritizes
men's rights over women's rights - 93.1%
of women strongly agreed with the
statement compared to 6.90% of men.

", + "markdown": "Significantly, 89% of respondents agreed\nthat religious extremism would impede\nwomen's rights. Half of the participants\nin Indonesia agreed they were concerned\nthat religious extremism would hamper\nwomen's rights, 27% in Philippines and 16%\nin Thailand. Both men (84.6%) and women\n(89.2%) expressed their concerns on this\nissue. Furthermore, 91% of respondents\nagreed that religious extremism prioritizes\nmen's rights over women's rights - 93.1%\nof women strongly agreed with the\nstatement compared to 6.90% of men.", + "text": "Significantly, 89% of respondents agreed\nthat religious extremism would impede\nwomen's rights. Half of the participants\nin Indonesia agreed they were concerned\nthat religious extremism would hamper\nwomen's rights, 27% in Philippines and 16%\nin Thailand. Both men (84.6%) and women\n(89.2%) expressed their concerns on this\nissue. Furthermore, 91% of respondents\nagreed that religious extremism prioritizes\nmen's rights over women's rights - 93.1%\nof women strongly agreed with the\nstatement compared to 6.90% of men." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5259, + "y": 0.3223 + }, + { + "x": 0.8853, + "y": 0.3223 + }, + { + "x": 0.8853, + "y": 0.5526 + }, + { + "x": 0.5259, + "y": 0.5526 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

For example, one interviewee from
Indonesia observed that the teachings
of extremism have entered schools, such
as high schools, and have also begun to
penetrate student organizations. She
observed that the teachings \"spread from
the Middle East, bringing misogynistic
teachings towards women as part of their
subjugation strategy\". She acknowledged
that it was part of the organizational
strategy where women appeared to look
empowered:

", + "markdown": "For example, one interviewee from\nIndonesia observed that the teachings\nof extremism have entered schools, such\nas high schools, and have also begun to\npenetrate student organizations. She\nobserved that the teachings \"spread from\nthe Middle East, bringing misogynistic\nteachings towards women as part of their\nsubjugation strategy\". She acknowledged\nthat it was part of the organizational\nstrategy where women appeared to look\nempowered:", + "text": "For example, one interviewee from\nIndonesia observed that the teachings\nof extremism have entered schools, such\nas high schools, and have also begun to\npenetrate student organizations. She\nobserved that the teachings \"spread from\nthe Middle East, bringing misogynistic\nteachings towards women as part of their\nsubjugation strategy\". She acknowledged\nthat it was part of the organizational\nstrategy where women appeared to look\nempowered:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5255, + "y": 0.5779 + }, + { + "x": 0.8855, + "y": 0.5779 + }, + { + "x": 0.8855, + "y": 0.7905 + }, + { + "x": 0.5255, + "y": 0.7905 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

' '

", + "markdown": "' '", + "text": "' '" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5387, + "y": 0.8177 + }, + { + "x": 0.5744, + "y": 0.8177 + }, + { + "x": 0.5744, + "y": 0.8396 + }, + { + "x": 0.5387, + "y": 0.8396 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

\"However, this is just
manipulation; behind it is the
practice of misogyny, women's
consciousness, their bodies and
minds are controlled, even though

", + "markdown": "\"However, this is just\nmanipulation; behind it is the\npractice of misogyny, women's\nconsciousness, their bodies and\nminds are controlled, even though", + "text": "\"However, this is just\nmanipulation; behind it is the\npractice of misogyny, women's\nconsciousness, their bodies and\nminds are controlled, even though" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5827, + "y": 0.831 + }, + { + "x": 0.8805, + "y": 0.831 + }, + { + "x": 0.8805, + "y": 0.9199 + }, + { + "x": 0.5827, + "y": 0.9199 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN
", + "markdown": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN", + "text": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.024, + "y": 0.9739 + }, + { + "x": 0.7211, + "y": 0.9739 + }, + { + "x": 0.7211, + "y": 0.9876 + }, + { + "x": 0.024, + "y": 0.9876 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

31

", + "markdown": "31", + "text": "31" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.9265, + "y": 0.9748 + }, + { + "x": 0.9447, + "y": 0.9748 + }, + { + "x": 0.9447, + "y": 0.9857 + }, + { + "x": 0.9265, + "y": 0.9857 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000099.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
\"0.8\nmade\nputts\nPutt
\n

(Popeand Schweitzer 2011)

\n

To reiterate, this study's main econometric results reveal a negative effect on sinking a putt when
the typical golfer is putting for birdie, and a positive effect on putting for bogey. Consistent with the
previous graphs, these numerical results suggest that the typical professional golfer is more likely to
sink a put for bogey and less likely to sink the putt for birdie (i.e., the typical golfer is indeed loss
10
averse).

\n

ARE CIGARETTE SMOKERS HYPERBOLIC TIME DISCOUNTERS?

\n

Recall from Chapter 4 the distinction between time-consistent exponential time discounters (Homo
economicus) and potentially time-inconsistent hyperbolic discounters (Homo sapiens). The discounting
time paths for exponential versus hyperbolic discounting looked like this:

\n

10. A negative effect associated with putting for double bogey suggests that the typical golfer suppresses his inclination for loss
aversion when putting for a score worse than bogey.

\n
BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 193
", + "markdown": "0.8\nmade\nputts\nPutt for par\n0.6\nPutt for birdie\njo\nFraction\n0.4\n0.2\n0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200\nDistance to hole (inches)\n\n(Popeand Schweitzer 2011)\n\nTo reiterate, this study's main econometric results reveal a negative effect on sinking a putt when\nthe typical golfer is putting for birdie, and a positive effect on putting for bogey. Consistent with the\nprevious graphs, these numerical results suggest that the typical professional golfer is more likely to\nsink a put for bogey and less likely to sink the putt for birdie (i.e., the typical golfer is indeed loss\n10\naverse).\n\nARE CIGARETTE SMOKERS HYPERBOLIC TIME DISCOUNTERS?\n\nRecall from Chapter 4 the distinction between time-consistent exponential time discounters (Homo\neconomicus) and potentially time-inconsistent hyperbolic discounters (Homo sapiens). The discounting\ntime paths for exponential versus hyperbolic discounting looked like this:\n\n10. A negative effect associated with putting for double bogey suggests that the typical golfer suppresses his inclination for loss\naversion when putting for a score worse than bogey.\n\nBEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 193", + "text": "0.8\nmade\nputts\nPutt for par\n0.6\nPutt for birdie\njo\nFraction\n0.4\n0.2\n0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200\nDistance to hole (inches)\n(Popeand Schweitzer 2011)\nTo reiterate, this study's main econometric results reveal a negative effect on sinking a putt when\nthe typical golfer is putting for birdie, and a positive effect on putting for bogey. Consistent with the\nprevious graphs, these numerical results suggest that the typical professional golfer is more likely to\nsink a put for bogey and less likely to sink the putt for birdie (i.e., the typical golfer is indeed loss\n10\naverse).\nARE CIGARETTE SMOKERS HYPERBOLIC TIME DISCOUNTERS?\nRecall from Chapter 4 the distinction between time-consistent exponential time discounters (Homo\neconomicus) and potentially time-inconsistent hyperbolic discounters (Homo sapiens). The discounting\ntime paths for exponential versus hyperbolic discounting looked like this:\n10. A negative effect associated with putting for double bogey suggests that the typical golfer suppresses his inclination for loss\naversion when putting for a score worse than bogey.\nBEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 193" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"0.8\nmade\nputts\nPutt
", + "markdown": "0.8\nmade\nputts\nPutt for par\n0.6\nPutt for birdie\njo\nFraction\n0.4\n0.2\n0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200\nDistance to hole (inches)", + "text": "0.8\nmade\nputts\nPutt for par\n0.6\nPutt for birdie\njo\nFraction\n0.4\n0.2\n0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200\nDistance to hole (inches)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2193, + "y": 0.0791 + }, + { + "x": 0.7847, + "y": 0.0791 + }, + { + "x": 0.7847, + "y": 0.5131 + }, + { + "x": 0.2193, + "y": 0.5131 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

(Popeand Schweitzer 2011)

", + "markdown": "(Popeand Schweitzer 2011)", + "text": "(Popeand Schweitzer 2011)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2087, + "y": 0.5171 + }, + { + "x": 0.38, + "y": 0.5171 + }, + { + "x": 0.38, + "y": 0.5326 + }, + { + "x": 0.2087, + "y": 0.5326 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

To reiterate, this study's main econometric results reveal a negative effect on sinking a putt when
the typical golfer is putting for birdie, and a positive effect on putting for bogey. Consistent with the
previous graphs, these numerical results suggest that the typical professional golfer is more likely to
sink a put for bogey and less likely to sink the putt for birdie (i.e., the typical golfer is indeed loss
10
averse).

", + "markdown": "To reiterate, this study's main econometric results reveal a negative effect on sinking a putt when\nthe typical golfer is putting for birdie, and a positive effect on putting for bogey. Consistent with the\nprevious graphs, these numerical results suggest that the typical professional golfer is more likely to\nsink a put for bogey and less likely to sink the putt for birdie (i.e., the typical golfer is indeed loss\n10\naverse).", + "text": "To reiterate, this study's main econometric results reveal a negative effect on sinking a putt when\nthe typical golfer is putting for birdie, and a positive effect on putting for bogey. Consistent with the\nprevious graphs, these numerical results suggest that the typical professional golfer is more likely to\nsink a put for bogey and less likely to sink the putt for birdie (i.e., the typical golfer is indeed loss\n10\naverse)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0879, + "y": 0.5437 + }, + { + "x": 0.9119, + "y": 0.5437 + }, + { + "x": 0.9119, + "y": 0.6387 + }, + { + "x": 0.0879, + "y": 0.6387 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

ARE CIGARETTE SMOKERS HYPERBOLIC TIME DISCOUNTERS?

", + "markdown": "ARE CIGARETTE SMOKERS HYPERBOLIC TIME DISCOUNTERS?", + "text": "ARE CIGARETTE SMOKERS HYPERBOLIC TIME DISCOUNTERS?" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0888, + "y": 0.6572 + }, + { + "x": 0.6898, + "y": 0.6572 + }, + { + "x": 0.6898, + "y": 0.6755 + }, + { + "x": 0.0888, + "y": 0.6755 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Recall from Chapter 4 the distinction between time-consistent exponential time discounters (Homo
economicus) and potentially time-inconsistent hyperbolic discounters (Homo sapiens). The discounting
time paths for exponential versus hyperbolic discounting looked like this:

", + "markdown": "Recall from Chapter 4 the distinction between time-consistent exponential time discounters (Homo\neconomicus) and potentially time-inconsistent hyperbolic discounters (Homo sapiens). The discounting\ntime paths for exponential versus hyperbolic discounting looked like this:", + "text": "Recall from Chapter 4 the distinction between time-consistent exponential time discounters (Homo\neconomicus) and potentially time-inconsistent hyperbolic discounters (Homo sapiens). The discounting\ntime paths for exponential versus hyperbolic discounting looked like this:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0883, + "y": 0.6882 + }, + { + "x": 0.9129, + "y": 0.6882 + }, + { + "x": 0.9129, + "y": 0.7463 + }, + { + "x": 0.0883, + "y": 0.7463 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

10. A negative effect associated with putting for double bogey suggests that the typical golfer suppresses his inclination for loss
aversion when putting for a score worse than bogey.

", + "markdown": "10. A negative effect associated with putting for double bogey suggests that the typical golfer suppresses his inclination for loss\naversion when putting for a score worse than bogey.", + "text": "10. A negative effect associated with putting for double bogey suggests that the typical golfer suppresses his inclination for loss\naversion when putting for a score worse than bogey." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0674, + "y": 0.9136 + }, + { + "x": 0.9075, + "y": 0.9136 + }, + { + "x": 0.9075, + "y": 0.9458 + }, + { + "x": 0.0674, + "y": 0.9458 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 193
", + "markdown": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 193", + "text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 193" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6374, + "y": 0.949 + }, + { + "x": 0.9096, + "y": 0.949 + }, + { + "x": 0.9096, + "y": 0.9625 + }, + { + "x": 0.6374, + "y": 0.9625 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000164.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

3Btg2-26 to 31 in; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) crushed, silty clay; common coarse prominent dark yellowish brown
(10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate coarse
subangular blocky; extremely hard, very firm; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine moderate
continuity tubular pores; common distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), moist, clay films on vertical
and horizontal faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 15 in thick)

\n

3Btg3-31 to 35 in; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) crushed, silty clay; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR
4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, friable; common
very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint continuous dark
grayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; common medium rounded very dark
grayish brown (10YR 3/2) soft clay bodies pedogenic throughout and few medium rounded white (10YR 8/1) soft nests
of gypsum pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 10 in thick)

\n

3Btg4-35 to 42 in; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) crushed, silty clay loam; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown
(10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) moist irregular
mottles throughout; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; very hard, friable;
common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint
discontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous very
dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/ or pores; few medium rounded white (10YR 8/1)
soft nests of gypsum pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 10 in thick)

\n

3Btg5/E-42 to 54 in; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common fine prominent dark yellowish
brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate
medium subangular blocky; hard, friable; common very and fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine moderate
continuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist clay films on vertical faces of peds
and few distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/or pores; strongly
acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 15 in thick)

\n

3Btg6/E-54 to 69 in; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common coarse prominent dark yellowish
brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common coarse prominent dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)
moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky;
slightly hard, very friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine moderate continuity
tubular pores; few faint continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct
continuous dark grayish brown(10YR 4/2) moist silt coats in root channels and/ or pores; common fine rounded black (N
2/0) soft iron/ manganese concretions pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 20 in thick)

\n

3Btg7/E-69 to 86 in; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common coarse prominent dark yellowish
brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common fine prominent dark brown (7.5YR 3/4.) moist
irregular mottles throughout; weak coarse prismatic structure; slightly hard, very friable; few very fine roots
throughout; common very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown
(10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist, silt
coats in root channels and/ or pores; common fine rounded black (N 2/0) soft iron/ manganese concretions pedogenic
throughout and few medium irregular brown (10YR 5/3) soft clay bodies pedogenic in cracks; very strongly acid; clear
smooth boundary. (0 to 20 in thick)

\n

3Btg8/E-86 to 97 in; 80% light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) exterior, and 15% yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), exterior, and
5% strong brown (7.5 YR 4/6), exterior, silty clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse

\n
Soil Formation I 27
", + "markdown": "3Btg2-26 to 31 in; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) crushed, silty clay; common coarse prominent dark yellowish brown\n(10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate coarse\nsubangular blocky; extremely hard, very firm; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine moderate\ncontinuity tubular pores; common distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), moist, clay films on vertical\nand horizontal faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 15 in thick)\n\n3Btg3-31 to 35 in; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) crushed, silty clay; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR\n4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, friable; common\nvery fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint continuous dark\ngrayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; common medium rounded very dark\ngrayish brown (10YR 3/2) soft clay bodies pedogenic throughout and few medium rounded white (10YR 8/1) soft nests\nof gypsum pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 10 in thick)\n\n3Btg4-35 to 42 in; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) crushed, silty clay loam; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown\n(10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) moist irregular\nmottles throughout; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; very hard, friable;\ncommon very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint\ndiscontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous very\ndark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/ or pores; few medium rounded white (10YR 8/1)\nsoft nests of gypsum pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 10 in thick)\n\n3Btg5/E-42 to 54 in; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common fine prominent dark yellowish\nbrown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate\nmedium subangular blocky; hard, friable; common very and fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine moderate\ncontinuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist clay films on vertical faces of peds\nand few distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/or pores; strongly\nacid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 15 in thick)\n\n3Btg6/E-54 to 69 in; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common coarse prominent dark yellowish\nbrown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common coarse prominent dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)\nmoist irregular mottles throughout; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky;\nslightly hard, very friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine moderate continuity\ntubular pores; few faint continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct\ncontinuous dark grayish brown(10YR 4/2) moist silt coats in root channels and/ or pores; common fine rounded black (N\n2/0) soft iron/ manganese concretions pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 20 in thick)\n\n3Btg7/E-69 to 86 in; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common coarse prominent dark yellowish\nbrown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common fine prominent dark brown (7.5YR 3/4.) moist\nirregular mottles throughout; weak coarse prismatic structure; slightly hard, very friable; few very fine roots\nthroughout; common very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown\n(10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist, silt\ncoats in root channels and/ or pores; common fine rounded black (N 2/0) soft iron/ manganese concretions pedogenic\nthroughout and few medium irregular brown (10YR 5/3) soft clay bodies pedogenic in cracks; very strongly acid; clear\nsmooth boundary. (0 to 20 in thick)\n\n3Btg8/E-86 to 97 in; 80% light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) exterior, and 15% yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), exterior, and\n5% strong brown (7.5 YR 4/6), exterior, silty clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse\n\nSoil Formation I 27", + "text": "3Btg2-26 to 31 in; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) crushed, silty clay; common coarse prominent dark yellowish brown\n(10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate coarse\nsubangular blocky; extremely hard, very firm; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine moderate\ncontinuity tubular pores; common distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), moist, clay films on vertical\nand horizontal faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 15 in thick)\n3Btg3-31 to 35 in; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) crushed, silty clay; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR\n4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, friable; common\nvery fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint continuous dark\ngrayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; common medium rounded very dark\ngrayish brown (10YR 3/2) soft clay bodies pedogenic throughout and few medium rounded white (10YR 8/1) soft nests\nof gypsum pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 10 in thick)\n3Btg4-35 to 42 in; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) crushed, silty clay loam; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown\n(10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) moist irregular\nmottles throughout; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; very hard, friable;\ncommon very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint\ndiscontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous very\ndark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/ or pores; few medium rounded white (10YR 8/1)\nsoft nests of gypsum pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 10 in thick)\n3Btg5/E-42 to 54 in; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common fine prominent dark yellowish\nbrown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate\nmedium subangular blocky; hard, friable; common very and fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine moderate\ncontinuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist clay films on vertical faces of peds\nand few distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/or pores; strongly\nacid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 15 in thick)\n3Btg6/E-54 to 69 in; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common coarse prominent dark yellowish\nbrown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common coarse prominent dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)\nmoist irregular mottles throughout; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky;\nslightly hard, very friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine moderate continuity\ntubular pores; few faint continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct\ncontinuous dark grayish brown(10YR 4/2) moist silt coats in root channels and/ or pores; common fine rounded black (N\n2/0) soft iron/ manganese concretions pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 20 in thick)\n3Btg7/E-69 to 86 in; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common coarse prominent dark yellowish\nbrown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common fine prominent dark brown (7.5YR 3/4.) moist\nirregular mottles throughout; weak coarse prismatic structure; slightly hard, very friable; few very fine roots\nthroughout; common very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown\n(10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist, silt\ncoats in root channels and/ or pores; common fine rounded black (N 2/0) soft iron/ manganese concretions pedogenic\nthroughout and few medium irregular brown (10YR 5/3) soft clay bodies pedogenic in cracks; very strongly acid; clear\nsmooth boundary. (0 to 20 in thick)\n3Btg8/E-86 to 97 in; 80% light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) exterior, and 15% yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), exterior, and\n5% strong brown (7.5 YR 4/6), exterior, silty clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse\nSoil Formation I 27" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

3Btg2-26 to 31 in; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) crushed, silty clay; common coarse prominent dark yellowish brown
(10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate coarse
subangular blocky; extremely hard, very firm; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine moderate
continuity tubular pores; common distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), moist, clay films on vertical
and horizontal faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 15 in thick)

", + "markdown": "3Btg2-26 to 31 in; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) crushed, silty clay; common coarse prominent dark yellowish brown\n(10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate coarse\nsubangular blocky; extremely hard, very firm; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine moderate\ncontinuity tubular pores; common distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), moist, clay films on vertical\nand horizontal faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 15 in thick)", + "text": "3Btg2-26 to 31 in; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) crushed, silty clay; common coarse prominent dark yellowish brown\n(10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate coarse\nsubangular blocky; extremely hard, very firm; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine moderate\ncontinuity tubular pores; common distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), moist, clay films on vertical\nand horizontal faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 15 in thick)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0883, + "y": 0.0905 + }, + { + "x": 0.9135, + "y": 0.0905 + }, + { + "x": 0.9135, + "y": 0.178 + }, + { + "x": 0.0883, + "y": 0.178 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

3Btg3-31 to 35 in; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) crushed, silty clay; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR
4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, friable; common
very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint continuous dark
grayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; common medium rounded very dark
grayish brown (10YR 3/2) soft clay bodies pedogenic throughout and few medium rounded white (10YR 8/1) soft nests
of gypsum pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 10 in thick)

", + "markdown": "3Btg3-31 to 35 in; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) crushed, silty clay; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR\n4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, friable; common\nvery fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint continuous dark\ngrayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; common medium rounded very dark\ngrayish brown (10YR 3/2) soft clay bodies pedogenic throughout and few medium rounded white (10YR 8/1) soft nests\nof gypsum pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 10 in thick)", + "text": "3Btg3-31 to 35 in; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) crushed, silty clay; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR\n4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, friable; common\nvery fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint continuous dark\ngrayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; common medium rounded very dark\ngrayish brown (10YR 3/2) soft clay bodies pedogenic throughout and few medium rounded white (10YR 8/1) soft nests\nof gypsum pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 10 in thick)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0883, + "y": 0.1962 + }, + { + "x": 0.9136, + "y": 0.1962 + }, + { + "x": 0.9136, + "y": 0.3023 + }, + { + "x": 0.0883, + "y": 0.3023 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

3Btg4-35 to 42 in; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) crushed, silty clay loam; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown
(10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) moist irregular
mottles throughout; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; very hard, friable;
common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint
discontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous very
dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/ or pores; few medium rounded white (10YR 8/1)
soft nests of gypsum pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 10 in thick)

", + "markdown": "3Btg4-35 to 42 in; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) crushed, silty clay loam; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown\n(10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) moist irregular\nmottles throughout; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; very hard, friable;\ncommon very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint\ndiscontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous very\ndark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/ or pores; few medium rounded white (10YR 8/1)\nsoft nests of gypsum pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 10 in thick)", + "text": "3Btg4-35 to 42 in; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) crushed, silty clay loam; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown\n(10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) moist irregular\nmottles throughout; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; very hard, friable;\ncommon very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint\ndiscontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous very\ndark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/ or pores; few medium rounded white (10YR 8/1)\nsoft nests of gypsum pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 10 in thick)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0881, + "y": 0.3206 + }, + { + "x": 0.9135, + "y": 0.3206 + }, + { + "x": 0.9135, + "y": 0.4436 + }, + { + "x": 0.0881, + "y": 0.4436 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

3Btg5/E-42 to 54 in; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common fine prominent dark yellowish
brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate
medium subangular blocky; hard, friable; common very and fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine moderate
continuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist clay films on vertical faces of peds
and few distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/or pores; strongly
acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 15 in thick)

", + "markdown": "3Btg5/E-42 to 54 in; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common fine prominent dark yellowish\nbrown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate\nmedium subangular blocky; hard, friable; common very and fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine moderate\ncontinuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist clay films on vertical faces of peds\nand few distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/or pores; strongly\nacid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 15 in thick)", + "text": "3Btg5/E-42 to 54 in; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common fine prominent dark yellowish\nbrown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate\nmedium subangular blocky; hard, friable; common very and fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine moderate\ncontinuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist clay films on vertical faces of peds\nand few distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/or pores; strongly\nacid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 15 in thick)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0886, + "y": 0.4616 + }, + { + "x": 0.9116, + "y": 0.4616 + }, + { + "x": 0.9116, + "y": 0.567 + }, + { + "x": 0.0886, + "y": 0.567 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

3Btg6/E-54 to 69 in; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common coarse prominent dark yellowish
brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common coarse prominent dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)
moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky;
slightly hard, very friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine moderate continuity
tubular pores; few faint continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct
continuous dark grayish brown(10YR 4/2) moist silt coats in root channels and/ or pores; common fine rounded black (N
2/0) soft iron/ manganese concretions pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 20 in thick)

", + "markdown": "3Btg6/E-54 to 69 in; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common coarse prominent dark yellowish\nbrown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common coarse prominent dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)\nmoist irregular mottles throughout; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky;\nslightly hard, very friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine moderate continuity\ntubular pores; few faint continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct\ncontinuous dark grayish brown(10YR 4/2) moist silt coats in root channels and/ or pores; common fine rounded black (N\n2/0) soft iron/ manganese concretions pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 20 in thick)", + "text": "3Btg6/E-54 to 69 in; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common coarse prominent dark yellowish\nbrown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common coarse prominent dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)\nmoist irregular mottles throughout; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky;\nslightly hard, very friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine moderate continuity\ntubular pores; few faint continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct\ncontinuous dark grayish brown(10YR 4/2) moist silt coats in root channels and/ or pores; common fine rounded black (N\n2/0) soft iron/ manganese concretions pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 20 in thick)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.088, + "y": 0.5857 + }, + { + "x": 0.9128, + "y": 0.5857 + }, + { + "x": 0.9128, + "y": 0.7094 + }, + { + "x": 0.088, + "y": 0.7094 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

3Btg7/E-69 to 86 in; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common coarse prominent dark yellowish
brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common fine prominent dark brown (7.5YR 3/4.) moist
irregular mottles throughout; weak coarse prismatic structure; slightly hard, very friable; few very fine roots
throughout; common very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown
(10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist, silt
coats in root channels and/ or pores; common fine rounded black (N 2/0) soft iron/ manganese concretions pedogenic
throughout and few medium irregular brown (10YR 5/3) soft clay bodies pedogenic in cracks; very strongly acid; clear
smooth boundary. (0 to 20 in thick)

", + "markdown": "3Btg7/E-69 to 86 in; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common coarse prominent dark yellowish\nbrown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common fine prominent dark brown (7.5YR 3/4.) moist\nirregular mottles throughout; weak coarse prismatic structure; slightly hard, very friable; few very fine roots\nthroughout; common very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown\n(10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist, silt\ncoats in root channels and/ or pores; common fine rounded black (N 2/0) soft iron/ manganese concretions pedogenic\nthroughout and few medium irregular brown (10YR 5/3) soft clay bodies pedogenic in cracks; very strongly acid; clear\nsmooth boundary. (0 to 20 in thick)", + "text": "3Btg7/E-69 to 86 in; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common coarse prominent dark yellowish\nbrown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common fine prominent dark brown (7.5YR 3/4.) moist\nirregular mottles throughout; weak coarse prismatic structure; slightly hard, very friable; few very fine roots\nthroughout; common very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown\n(10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist, silt\ncoats in root channels and/ or pores; common fine rounded black (N 2/0) soft iron/ manganese concretions pedogenic\nthroughout and few medium irregular brown (10YR 5/3) soft clay bodies pedogenic in cracks; very strongly acid; clear\nsmooth boundary. (0 to 20 in thick)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.088, + "y": 0.7271 + }, + { + "x": 0.9125, + "y": 0.7271 + }, + { + "x": 0.9125, + "y": 0.8671 + }, + { + "x": 0.088, + "y": 0.8671 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

3Btg8/E-86 to 97 in; 80% light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) exterior, and 15% yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), exterior, and
5% strong brown (7.5 YR 4/6), exterior, silty clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse

", + "markdown": "3Btg8/E-86 to 97 in; 80% light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) exterior, and 15% yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), exterior, and\n5% strong brown (7.5 YR 4/6), exterior, silty clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse", + "text": "3Btg8/E-86 to 97 in; 80% light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) exterior, and 15% yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), exterior, and\n5% strong brown (7.5 YR 4/6), exterior, silty clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0885, + "y": 0.8859 + }, + { + "x": 0.9112, + "y": 0.8859 + }, + { + "x": 0.9112, + "y": 0.9211 + }, + { + "x": 0.0885, + "y": 0.9211 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
Soil Formation I 27
", + "markdown": "Soil Formation I 27", + "text": "Soil Formation I 27" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7863, + "y": 0.9402 + }, + { + "x": 0.9111, + "y": 0.9402 + }, + { + "x": 0.9111, + "y": 0.953 + }, + { + "x": 0.7863, + "y": 0.953 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000059.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
\"100%
Figure 4.6. Input Biomass Fuel for Each Type of Biomass Power Generation
\n

PKS = palm kernel shell.
Heat value used: Domestic logs and wood chips: 19.4 MJ/kg; Domestic wood pellets, Import pellets, chips:
15.5 MJ/kg; PKS: 18 MJ/kg; Construction wood waste, Other waste, and Others: assuming the same with wood
pellets.
Source: Depicted by IEEJ based on Japan Woody Bioenergy Association, 2020.

\n

According to Japan's trade statistics, its import of wood pellets has increased around 16
times from 2014 to 2019. Viet Nam and Canada are the largest suppliers of Japan's wood
pellet imports (Figure 4.7). On the other hand, domestic wood pellet production stayed
almost the same over the same period (Figure 4.8).

\n\n
\"1,800\n1,614\n1,600\n1,400\n1,200\n1,000tonne\n1,060\n1,000\n800\n600
Figure 4.7. Wood Pellets Import
\n

Source: Trade Statistics of Japan.

\n
39
", + "markdown": "Figure 4.6. Input Biomass Fuel for Each Type of Biomass Power Generation\n\n100% 2%\n8%\n90%\n80% 27%\n70%\n60%\n50% 98% 33% 100% 100%\n40%\n30%\n20%\n31%\n10%\n0%\nBiogas Unutilised wood General wood Construction Waste materials\nwood waste and other\nbiomass\nDomestic logs and wood chips Domestic wood pellets\nImport pellets, chips PKS\nConstruction wood waste Other waste\nOthers\n\nPKS = palm kernel shell.\nHeat value used: Domestic logs and wood chips: 19.4 MJ/kg; Domestic wood pellets, Import pellets, chips:\n15.5 MJ/kg; PKS: 18 MJ/kg; Construction wood waste, Other waste, and Others: assuming the same with wood\npellets.\nSource: Depicted by IEEJ based on Japan Woody Bioenergy Association, 2020.\n\nAccording to Japan's trade statistics, its import of wood pellets has increased around 16\ntimes from 2014 to 2019. Viet Nam and Canada are the largest suppliers of Japan's wood\npellet imports (Figure 4.7). On the other hand, domestic wood pellet production stayed\nalmost the same over the same period (Figure 4.8).\n\nFigure 4.7. Wood Pellets Import\n\n1,800\n1,614\n1,600\n1,400\n1,200\n1,000tonne\n1,060\n1,000\n800\n600 506\n347\n400\n232\n200\n97\n0\n2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019\nChina Viet Nam ■ Malaysia Indonesia\nCanada US Australia Others\n\n# Source: Trade Statistics of Japan.\n\n39", + "text": "Figure 4.6. Input Biomass Fuel for Each Type of Biomass Power Generation\n100% 2%\n8%\n90%\n80% 27%\n70%\n60%\n50% 98% 33% 100% 100%\n40%\n30%\n20%\n31%\n10%\n0%\nBiogas Unutilised wood General wood Construction Waste materials\nwood waste and other\nbiomass\nDomestic logs and wood chips Domestic wood pellets\nImport pellets, chips PKS\nConstruction wood waste Other waste\nOthers\nPKS = palm kernel shell.\nHeat value used: Domestic logs and wood chips: 19.4 MJ/kg; Domestic wood pellets, Import pellets, chips:\n15.5 MJ/kg; PKS: 18 MJ/kg; Construction wood waste, Other waste, and Others: assuming the same with wood\npellets.\nSource: Depicted by IEEJ based on Japan Woody Bioenergy Association, 2020.\nAccording to Japan's trade statistics, its import of wood pellets has increased around 16\ntimes from 2014 to 2019. Viet Nam and Canada are the largest suppliers of Japan's wood\npellet imports (Figure 4.7). On the other hand, domestic wood pellet production stayed\nalmost the same over the same period (Figure 4.8).\nFigure 4.7. Wood Pellets Import\n1,800\n1,614\n1,600\n1,400\n1,200\n1,000tonne\n1,060\n1,000\n800\n600 506\n347\n400\n232\n200\n97\n0\n2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019\nChina Viet Nam ■ Malaysia Indonesia\nCanada US Australia Others\nSource: Trade Statistics of Japan.\n39" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 4.6. Input Biomass Fuel for Each Type of Biomass Power Generation

", + "markdown": "Figure 4.6. Input Biomass Fuel for Each Type of Biomass Power Generation", + "text": "Figure 4.6. Input Biomass Fuel for Each Type of Biomass Power Generation" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1871, + "y": 0.1019 + }, + { + "x": 0.7649, + "y": 0.1019 + }, + { + "x": 0.7649, + "y": 0.1178 + }, + { + "x": 0.1871, + "y": 0.1178 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"100%
", + "markdown": "100% 2%\n8%\n90%\n80% 27%\n70%\n60%\n50% 98% 33% 100% 100%\n40%\n30%\n20%\n31%\n10%\n0%\nBiogas Unutilised wood General wood Construction Waste materials\nwood waste and other\nbiomass\nDomestic logs and wood chips Domestic wood pellets\nImport pellets, chips PKS\nConstruction wood waste Other waste\nOthers", + "text": "100% 2%\n8%\n90%\n80% 27%\n70%\n60%\n50% 98% 33% 100% 100%\n40%\n30%\n20%\n31%\n10%\n0%\nBiogas Unutilised wood General wood Construction Waste materials\nwood waste and other\nbiomass\nDomestic logs and wood chips Domestic wood pellets\nImport pellets, chips PKS\nConstruction wood waste Other waste\nOthers" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2066, + "y": 0.1275 + }, + { + "x": 0.7476, + "y": 0.1275 + }, + { + "x": 0.7476, + "y": 0.3548 + }, + { + "x": 0.2066, + "y": 0.3548 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

PKS = palm kernel shell.
Heat value used: Domestic logs and wood chips: 19.4 MJ/kg; Domestic wood pellets, Import pellets, chips:
15.5 MJ/kg; PKS: 18 MJ/kg; Construction wood waste, Other waste, and Others: assuming the same with wood
pellets.
Source: Depicted by IEEJ based on Japan Woody Bioenergy Association, 2020.

", + "markdown": "PKS = palm kernel shell.\nHeat value used: Domestic logs and wood chips: 19.4 MJ/kg; Domestic wood pellets, Import pellets, chips:\n15.5 MJ/kg; PKS: 18 MJ/kg; Construction wood waste, Other waste, and Others: assuming the same with wood\npellets.\nSource: Depicted by IEEJ based on Japan Woody Bioenergy Association, 2020.", + "text": "PKS = palm kernel shell.\nHeat value used: Domestic logs and wood chips: 19.4 MJ/kg; Domestic wood pellets, Import pellets, chips:\n15.5 MJ/kg; PKS: 18 MJ/kg; Construction wood waste, Other waste, and Others: assuming the same with wood\npellets.\nSource: Depicted by IEEJ based on Japan Woody Bioenergy Association, 2020." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1389, + "y": 0.3693 + }, + { + "x": 0.8127, + "y": 0.3693 + }, + { + "x": 0.8127, + "y": 0.4363 + }, + { + "x": 0.1389, + "y": 0.4363 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

According to Japan's trade statistics, its import of wood pellets has increased around 16
times from 2014 to 2019. Viet Nam and Canada are the largest suppliers of Japan's wood
pellet imports (Figure 4.7). On the other hand, domestic wood pellet production stayed
almost the same over the same period (Figure 4.8).

", + "markdown": "According to Japan's trade statistics, its import of wood pellets has increased around 16\ntimes from 2014 to 2019. Viet Nam and Canada are the largest suppliers of Japan's wood\npellet imports (Figure 4.7). On the other hand, domestic wood pellet production stayed\nalmost the same over the same period (Figure 4.8).", + "text": "According to Japan's trade statistics, its import of wood pellets has increased around 16\ntimes from 2014 to 2019. Viet Nam and Canada are the largest suppliers of Japan's wood\npellet imports (Figure 4.7). On the other hand, domestic wood pellet production stayed\nalmost the same over the same period (Figure 4.8)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1392, + "y": 0.4616 + }, + { + "x": 0.8133, + "y": 0.4616 + }, + { + "x": 0.8133, + "y": 0.5327 + }, + { + "x": 0.1392, + "y": 0.5327 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "Figure 4.7. Wood Pellets Import", + "markdown": "Figure 4.7. Wood Pellets Import", + "text": "Figure 4.7. Wood Pellets Import" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3497, + "y": 0.562 + }, + { + "x": 0.6028, + "y": 0.562 + }, + { + "x": 0.6028, + "y": 0.5781 + }, + { + "x": 0.3497, + "y": 0.5781 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"1,800\n1,614\n1,600\n1,400\n1,200\n1,000tonne\n1,060\n1,000\n800\n600
", + "markdown": "1,800\n1,614\n1,600\n1,400\n1,200\n1,000tonne\n1,060\n1,000\n800\n600 506\n347\n400\n232\n200\n97\n0\n2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019\nChina Viet Nam ■ Malaysia Indonesia\nCanada US Australia Others", + "text": "1,800\n1,614\n1,600\n1,400\n1,200\n1,000tonne\n1,060\n1,000\n800\n600 506\n347\n400\n232\n200\n97\n0\n2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019\nChina Viet Nam ■ Malaysia Indonesia\nCanada US Australia Others" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2139, + "y": 0.5881 + }, + { + "x": 0.7386, + "y": 0.5881 + }, + { + "x": 0.7386, + "y": 0.812 + }, + { + "x": 0.2139, + "y": 0.812 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Source: Trade Statistics of Japan.

", + "markdown": "# Source: Trade Statistics of Japan.", + "text": "Source: Trade Statistics of Japan." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1394, + "y": 0.8287 + }, + { + "x": 0.3639, + "y": 0.8287 + }, + { + "x": 0.3639, + "y": 0.8436 + }, + { + "x": 0.1394, + "y": 0.8436 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
39
", + "markdown": "39", + "text": "39" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4647, + "y": 0.9434 + }, + { + "x": 0.4874, + "y": 0.9434 + }, + { + "x": 0.4874, + "y": 0.9565 + }, + { + "x": 0.4647, + "y": 0.9565 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000159.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

be a starting point for asking questions too, but I would recommend
against brainstorming as the only strategy towards topic and
question identification since it does not enable students to get to
topics they didn't know existed.

\n

I struggle with getting students to actually read the sources we
find together in our research consultations. They seem to want
to do all the searching first and all the reading later. No matter
how I tell them it's iterative and you need to go back and forth
between reading and searching many many times, the messages
wasn't landing. This chapter is my next iteration in how to talk
about the research process, but I really don't now what the secret
recipe is yet. Let me know if you think this one lands.

\n

Types of Sources

\n

I am a big fan of Mike Caulfield's information literacy work (see
the next chapter, SIFTing Information.) Sometimes I have found
my attempts to use his strategies in the classroom were hard for
students. For example, when I've tried the exercise about the
American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of
Pediatricians (Reflection & Discussion Question 1) without first
talking about professional organizations, students rarely got how
they were different, and it did not build their confidence.

\n

It's hard to identify a legitimate professional association if you've
never heard of the concept of professional associations. This
chapter may be long, but I felt it was important to enumerate at
least some of the dimensions of the sources they may find, so that
when we get to Caulfield's SIFT method they are set up for success.

\n
102 I Instructor Resources
", + "markdown": "be a starting point for asking questions too, but I would recommend\nagainst brainstorming as the only strategy towards topic and\nquestion identification since it does not enable students to get to\ntopics they didn't know existed.\n\nI struggle with getting students to actually read the sources we\nfind together in our research consultations. They seem to want\nto do all the searching first and all the reading later. No matter\nhow I tell them it's iterative and you need to go back and forth\nbetween reading and searching many many times, the messages\nwasn't landing. This chapter is my next iteration in how to talk\nabout the research process, but I really don't now what the secret\nrecipe is yet. Let me know if you think this one lands.\n\n# Types of Sources\n\nI am a big fan of Mike Caulfield's information literacy work (see\nthe next chapter, SIFTing Information.) Sometimes I have found\nmy attempts to use his strategies in the classroom were hard for\nstudents. For example, when I've tried the exercise about the\nAmerican Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of\nPediatricians (Reflection & Discussion Question 1) without first\ntalking about professional organizations, students rarely got how\nthey were different, and it did not build their confidence.\n\nIt's hard to identify a legitimate professional association if you've\nnever heard of the concept of professional associations. This\nchapter may be long, but I felt it was important to enumerate at\nleast some of the dimensions of the sources they may find, so that\nwhen we get to Caulfield's SIFT method they are set up for success.\n\n102 I Instructor Resources", + "text": "be a starting point for asking questions too, but I would recommend\nagainst brainstorming as the only strategy towards topic and\nquestion identification since it does not enable students to get to\ntopics they didn't know existed.\nI struggle with getting students to actually read the sources we\nfind together in our research consultations. They seem to want\nto do all the searching first and all the reading later. No matter\nhow I tell them it's iterative and you need to go back and forth\nbetween reading and searching many many times, the messages\nwasn't landing. This chapter is my next iteration in how to talk\nabout the research process, but I really don't now what the secret\nrecipe is yet. Let me know if you think this one lands.\nTypes of Sources\nI am a big fan of Mike Caulfield's information literacy work (see\nthe next chapter, SIFTing Information.) Sometimes I have found\nmy attempts to use his strategies in the classroom were hard for\nstudents. For example, when I've tried the exercise about the\nAmerican Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of\nPediatricians (Reflection & Discussion Question 1) without first\ntalking about professional organizations, students rarely got how\nthey were different, and it did not build their confidence.\nIt's hard to identify a legitimate professional association if you've\nnever heard of the concept of professional associations. This\nchapter may be long, but I felt it was important to enumerate at\nleast some of the dimensions of the sources they may find, so that\nwhen we get to Caulfield's SIFT method they are set up for success.\n102 I Instructor Resources" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

be a starting point for asking questions too, but I would recommend
against brainstorming as the only strategy towards topic and
question identification since it does not enable students to get to
topics they didn't know existed.

", + "markdown": "be a starting point for asking questions too, but I would recommend\nagainst brainstorming as the only strategy towards topic and\nquestion identification since it does not enable students to get to\ntopics they didn't know existed.", + "text": "be a starting point for asking questions too, but I would recommend\nagainst brainstorming as the only strategy towards topic and\nquestion identification since it does not enable students to get to\ntopics they didn't know existed." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1381, + "y": 0.095 + }, + { + "x": 0.8623, + "y": 0.095 + }, + { + "x": 0.8623, + "y": 0.1829 + }, + { + "x": 0.1381, + "y": 0.1829 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

I struggle with getting students to actually read the sources we
find together in our research consultations. They seem to want
to do all the searching first and all the reading later. No matter
how I tell them it's iterative and you need to go back and forth
between reading and searching many many times, the messages
wasn't landing. This chapter is my next iteration in how to talk
about the research process, but I really don't now what the secret
recipe is yet. Let me know if you think this one lands.

", + "markdown": "I struggle with getting students to actually read the sources we\nfind together in our research consultations. They seem to want\nto do all the searching first and all the reading later. No matter\nhow I tell them it's iterative and you need to go back and forth\nbetween reading and searching many many times, the messages\nwasn't landing. This chapter is my next iteration in how to talk\nabout the research process, but I really don't now what the secret\nrecipe is yet. Let me know if you think this one lands.", + "text": "I struggle with getting students to actually read the sources we\nfind together in our research consultations. They seem to want\nto do all the searching first and all the reading later. No matter\nhow I tell them it's iterative and you need to go back and forth\nbetween reading and searching many many times, the messages\nwasn't landing. This chapter is my next iteration in how to talk\nabout the research process, but I really don't now what the secret\nrecipe is yet. Let me know if you think this one lands." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1379, + "y": 0.1869 + }, + { + "x": 0.8623, + "y": 0.1869 + }, + { + "x": 0.8623, + "y": 0.3664 + }, + { + "x": 0.1379, + "y": 0.3664 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Types of Sources

", + "markdown": "# Types of Sources", + "text": "Types of Sources" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1388, + "y": 0.4257 + }, + { + "x": 0.4177, + "y": 0.4257 + }, + { + "x": 0.4177, + "y": 0.4588 + }, + { + "x": 0.1388, + "y": 0.4588 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

I am a big fan of Mike Caulfield's information literacy work (see
the next chapter, SIFTing Information.) Sometimes I have found
my attempts to use his strategies in the classroom were hard for
students. For example, when I've tried the exercise about the
American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of
Pediatricians (Reflection & Discussion Question 1) without first
talking about professional organizations, students rarely got how
they were different, and it did not build their confidence.

", + "markdown": "I am a big fan of Mike Caulfield's information literacy work (see\nthe next chapter, SIFTing Information.) Sometimes I have found\nmy attempts to use his strategies in the classroom were hard for\nstudents. For example, when I've tried the exercise about the\nAmerican Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of\nPediatricians (Reflection & Discussion Question 1) without first\ntalking about professional organizations, students rarely got how\nthey were different, and it did not build their confidence.", + "text": "I am a big fan of Mike Caulfield's information literacy work (see\nthe next chapter, SIFTing Information.) Sometimes I have found\nmy attempts to use his strategies in the classroom were hard for\nstudents. For example, when I've tried the exercise about the\nAmerican Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of\nPediatricians (Reflection & Discussion Question 1) without first\ntalking about professional organizations, students rarely got how\nthey were different, and it did not build their confidence." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1378, + "y": 0.4951 + }, + { + "x": 0.8633, + "y": 0.4951 + }, + { + "x": 0.8633, + "y": 0.6748 + }, + { + "x": 0.1378, + "y": 0.6748 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

It's hard to identify a legitimate professional association if you've
never heard of the concept of professional associations. This
chapter may be long, but I felt it was important to enumerate at
least some of the dimensions of the sources they may find, so that
when we get to Caulfield's SIFT method they are set up for success.

", + "markdown": "It's hard to identify a legitimate professional association if you've\nnever heard of the concept of professional associations. This\nchapter may be long, but I felt it was important to enumerate at\nleast some of the dimensions of the sources they may find, so that\nwhen we get to Caulfield's SIFT method they are set up for success.", + "text": "It's hard to identify a legitimate professional association if you've\nnever heard of the concept of professional associations. This\nchapter may be long, but I felt it was important to enumerate at\nleast some of the dimensions of the sources they may find, so that\nwhen we get to Caulfield's SIFT method they are set up for success." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1376, + "y": 0.6793 + }, + { + "x": 0.8616, + "y": 0.6793 + }, + { + "x": 0.8616, + "y": 0.7908 + }, + { + "x": 0.1376, + "y": 0.7908 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
102 I Instructor Resources
", + "markdown": "102 I Instructor Resources", + "text": "102 I Instructor Resources" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1376, + "y": 0.9221 + }, + { + "x": 0.4032, + "y": 0.9221 + }, + { + "x": 0.4032, + "y": 0.9407 + }, + { + "x": 0.1376, + "y": 0.9407 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000154.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
\"66%\n24%\n18%\n12%\n8%\n6%\nNo
Figure 7.1: Texas OER landscape survey results show terms used in course schedules
\n\n

IMPLEMENTATION

\n

Locally, we implemented a quick and free solution that reflects the constraints of system capabilities,
no financial support, and a local directive to vet every course to be tagged. Based on what was
feasible in the short term and conversations with key stakeholders (i.e., registrar, early OER adopters,
curriculum coordinators, student representatives, and the campus store), we incorporated an
\"educational resources cost\" option into an existing \"course attribute\" drop-down menu under the
system's advanced search options.

\n
18 BOYOUNG CHAE, KEVIN CORCORAN, MICHAEL DALY, ANN FIDDLER, JEFF GALLANT, JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG, AMY HOFER, AND
", + "markdown": "66%\n24%\n18%\n12%\n8%\n6%\nNo textbook Affordable Zero cost Free Low cost OER\nrequired\n\nFigure 7.1: Texas OER landscape survey results show terms used in course schedules\n\nIMPLEMENTATION\n\nLocally, we implemented a quick and free solution that reflects the constraints of system capabilities,\nno financial support, and a local directive to vet every course to be tagged. Based on what was\nfeasible in the short term and conversations with key stakeholders (i.e., registrar, early OER adopters,\ncurriculum coordinators, student representatives, and the campus store), we incorporated an\n\"educational resources cost\" option into an existing \"course attribute\" drop-down menu under the\nsystem's advanced search options.\n\n18 BOYOUNG CHAE, KEVIN CORCORAN, MICHAEL DALY, ANN FIDDLER, JEFF GALLANT, JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG, AMY HOFER, AND", + "text": "66%\n24%\n18%\n12%\n8%\n6%\nNo textbook Affordable Zero cost Free Low cost OER\nrequired\nFigure 7.1: Texas OER landscape survey results show terms used in course schedules\nIMPLEMENTATION\nLocally, we implemented a quick and free solution that reflects the constraints of system capabilities,\nno financial support, and a local directive to vet every course to be tagged. Based on what was\nfeasible in the short term and conversations with key stakeholders (i.e., registrar, early OER adopters,\ncurriculum coordinators, student representatives, and the campus store), we incorporated an\n\"educational resources cost\" option into an existing \"course attribute\" drop-down menu under the\nsystem's advanced search options.\n18 BOYOUNG CHAE, KEVIN CORCORAN, MICHAEL DALY, ANN FIDDLER, JEFF GALLANT, JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG, AMY HOFER, AND" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"66%\n24%\n18%\n12%\n8%\n6%\nNo
", + "markdown": "66%\n24%\n18%\n12%\n8%\n6%\nNo textbook Affordable Zero cost Free Low cost OER\nrequired", + "text": "66%\n24%\n18%\n12%\n8%\n6%\nNo textbook Affordable Zero cost Free Low cost OER\nrequired" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0976, + "y": 0.0706 + }, + { + "x": 0.9035, + "y": 0.0706 + }, + { + "x": 0.9035, + "y": 0.4035 + }, + { + "x": 0.0976, + "y": 0.4035 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "Figure 7.1: Texas OER landscape survey results show terms used in course schedules", + "markdown": "Figure 7.1: Texas OER landscape survey results show terms used in course schedules", + "text": "Figure 7.1: Texas OER landscape survey results show terms used in course schedules" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0883, + "y": 0.4228 + }, + { + "x": 0.5814, + "y": 0.4228 + }, + { + "x": 0.5814, + "y": 0.4388 + }, + { + "x": 0.0883, + "y": 0.4388 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

IMPLEMENTATION

", + "markdown": "IMPLEMENTATION", + "text": "IMPLEMENTATION" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0896, + "y": 0.459 + }, + { + "x": 0.2704, + "y": 0.459 + }, + { + "x": 0.2704, + "y": 0.4758 + }, + { + "x": 0.0896, + "y": 0.4758 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Locally, we implemented a quick and free solution that reflects the constraints of system capabilities,
no financial support, and a local directive to vet every course to be tagged. Based on what was
feasible in the short term and conversations with key stakeholders (i.e., registrar, early OER adopters,
curriculum coordinators, student representatives, and the campus store), we incorporated an
\"educational resources cost\" option into an existing \"course attribute\" drop-down menu under the
system's advanced search options.

", + "markdown": "Locally, we implemented a quick and free solution that reflects the constraints of system capabilities,\nno financial support, and a local directive to vet every course to be tagged. Based on what was\nfeasible in the short term and conversations with key stakeholders (i.e., registrar, early OER adopters,\ncurriculum coordinators, student representatives, and the campus store), we incorporated an\n\"educational resources cost\" option into an existing \"course attribute\" drop-down menu under the\nsystem's advanced search options.", + "text": "Locally, we implemented a quick and free solution that reflects the constraints of system capabilities,\nno financial support, and a local directive to vet every course to be tagged. Based on what was\nfeasible in the short term and conversations with key stakeholders (i.e., registrar, early OER adopters,\ncurriculum coordinators, student representatives, and the campus store), we incorporated an\n\"educational resources cost\" option into an existing \"course attribute\" drop-down menu under the\nsystem's advanced search options." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0877, + "y": 0.4903 + }, + { + "x": 0.9118, + "y": 0.4903 + }, + { + "x": 0.9118, + "y": 0.6059 + }, + { + "x": 0.0877, + "y": 0.6059 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
18 BOYOUNG CHAE, KEVIN CORCORAN, MICHAEL DALY, ANN FIDDLER, JEFF GALLANT, JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG, AMY HOFER, AND
", + "markdown": "18 BOYOUNG CHAE, KEVIN CORCORAN, MICHAEL DALY, ANN FIDDLER, JEFF GALLANT, JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG, AMY HOFER, AND", + "text": "18 BOYOUNG CHAE, KEVIN CORCORAN, MICHAEL DALY, ANN FIDDLER, JEFF GALLANT, JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG, AMY HOFER, AND" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0871, + "y": 0.9489 + }, + { + "x": 0.9114, + "y": 0.9489 + }, + { + "x": 0.9114, + "y": 0.9631 + }, + { + "x": 0.0871, + "y": 0.9631 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000156.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

2
Fact-Checking

\n
\"In
\n

Fact checkers verify that the names,
dates, and facts in a work (usually an
article or book) are correct. For
example, they may contact a person
who is quoted in a proposed news
article and ask the person whether
this quotation is correct, or how to
spell the person's name. Fact-
checkers are primarily useful in
catching accidental mistakes.

\n

The number of people employed in
fact-checking varies by publication.
Some organizations have substantial
fact-checking departments. Others
may hire freelancers per piece, or
may combine fact-checking with
other duties. Magazines are more
likely to use fact checkers than
newspapers. Television and radio
programs rarely employ dedicated
fact checkers, and instead expect
others, including senior staff, to
engage in fact-checking in addition to
their other duties.

\n

2. Content in this section is adapted from the Wikipedia
entry \"Fact-checking\" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Fact-checking) and is used under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license.

\n

48 I Types of Sources

", + "markdown": "# 2\nFact-Checking\n\nIn this\ncontext, we are\ntalking about\nfact-checking\nthat is done\nbefore a source\nis published.\nOver the last\ntwo decades\nthere has been\nan increase in\nfact checking as\nan activity that\ntakes place after\na source has\nbeen published,\na practice\ndiscussed in\nmore detail in\nthe chapter,\nSIFTing\nInformation.\n\nFact checkers verify that the names,\ndates, and facts in a work (usually an\narticle or book) are correct. For\nexample, they may contact a person\nwho is quoted in a proposed news\narticle and ask the person whether\nthis quotation is correct, or how to\nspell the person's name. Fact-\ncheckers are primarily useful in\ncatching accidental mistakes.\n\nThe number of people employed in\nfact-checking varies by publication.\nSome organizations have substantial\nfact-checking departments. Others\nmay hire freelancers per piece, or\nmay combine fact-checking with\nother duties. Magazines are more\nlikely to use fact checkers than\nnewspapers. Television and radio\nprograms rarely employ dedicated\nfact checkers, and instead expect\nothers, including senior staff, to\nengage in fact-checking in addition to\ntheir other duties.\n\n2. Content in this section is adapted from the Wikipedia\nentry \"Fact-checking\" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/\nFact-checking) and is used under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license.\n\n- 48 I Types of Sources", + "text": "2\nFact-Checking\nIn this\ncontext, we are\ntalking about\nfact-checking\nthat is done\nbefore a source\nis published.\nOver the last\ntwo decades\nthere has been\nan increase in\nfact checking as\nan activity that\ntakes place after\na source has\nbeen published,\na practice\ndiscussed in\nmore detail in\nthe chapter,\nSIFTing\nInformation.\nFact checkers verify that the names,\ndates, and facts in a work (usually an\narticle or book) are correct. For\nexample, they may contact a person\nwho is quoted in a proposed news\narticle and ask the person whether\nthis quotation is correct, or how to\nspell the person's name. Fact-\ncheckers are primarily useful in\ncatching accidental mistakes.\nThe number of people employed in\nfact-checking varies by publication.\nSome organizations have substantial\nfact-checking departments. Others\nmay hire freelancers per piece, or\nmay combine fact-checking with\nother duties. Magazines are more\nlikely to use fact checkers than\nnewspapers. Television and radio\nprograms rarely employ dedicated\nfact checkers, and instead expect\nothers, including senior staff, to\nengage in fact-checking in addition to\ntheir other duties.\n2. Content in this section is adapted from the Wikipedia\nentry \"Fact-checking\" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/\nFact-checking) and is used under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license.\n48 I Types of Sources" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

2
Fact-Checking

", + "markdown": "# 2\nFact-Checking", + "text": "2\nFact-Checking" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1364, + "y": 0.0903 + }, + { + "x": 0.3744, + "y": 0.0903 + }, + { + "x": 0.3744, + "y": 0.1238 + }, + { + "x": 0.1364, + "y": 0.1238 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"In
", + "markdown": "In this\ncontext, we are\ntalking about\nfact-checking\nthat is done\nbefore a source\nis published.\nOver the last\ntwo decades\nthere has been\nan increase in\nfact checking as\nan activity that\ntakes place after\na source has\nbeen published,\na practice\ndiscussed in\nmore detail in\nthe chapter,\nSIFTing\nInformation.", + "text": "In this\ncontext, we are\ntalking about\nfact-checking\nthat is done\nbefore a source\nis published.\nOver the last\ntwo decades\nthere has been\nan increase in\nfact checking as\nan activity that\ntakes place after\na source has\nbeen published,\na practice\ndiscussed in\nmore detail in\nthe chapter,\nSIFTing\nInformation." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1696, + "y": 0.1842 + }, + { + "x": 0.4068, + "y": 0.1842 + }, + { + "x": 0.4068, + "y": 0.7299 + }, + { + "x": 0.1696, + "y": 0.7299 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Fact checkers verify that the names,
dates, and facts in a work (usually an
article or book) are correct. For
example, they may contact a person
who is quoted in a proposed news
article and ask the person whether
this quotation is correct, or how to
spell the person's name. Fact-
checkers are primarily useful in
catching accidental mistakes.

", + "markdown": "Fact checkers verify that the names,\ndates, and facts in a work (usually an\narticle or book) are correct. For\nexample, they may contact a person\nwho is quoted in a proposed news\narticle and ask the person whether\nthis quotation is correct, or how to\nspell the person's name. Fact-\ncheckers are primarily useful in\ncatching accidental mistakes.", + "text": "Fact checkers verify that the names,\ndates, and facts in a work (usually an\narticle or book) are correct. For\nexample, they may contact a person\nwho is quoted in a proposed news\narticle and ask the person whether\nthis quotation is correct, or how to\nspell the person's name. Fact-\ncheckers are primarily useful in\ncatching accidental mistakes." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4562, + "y": 0.1571 + }, + { + "x": 0.861, + "y": 0.1571 + }, + { + "x": 0.861, + "y": 0.3814 + }, + { + "x": 0.4562, + "y": 0.3814 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The number of people employed in
fact-checking varies by publication.
Some organizations have substantial
fact-checking departments. Others
may hire freelancers per piece, or
may combine fact-checking with
other duties. Magazines are more
likely to use fact checkers than
newspapers. Television and radio
programs rarely employ dedicated
fact checkers, and instead expect
others, including senior staff, to
engage in fact-checking in addition to
their other duties.

", + "markdown": "The number of people employed in\nfact-checking varies by publication.\nSome organizations have substantial\nfact-checking departments. Others\nmay hire freelancers per piece, or\nmay combine fact-checking with\nother duties. Magazines are more\nlikely to use fact checkers than\nnewspapers. Television and radio\nprograms rarely employ dedicated\nfact checkers, and instead expect\nothers, including senior staff, to\nengage in fact-checking in addition to\ntheir other duties.", + "text": "The number of people employed in\nfact-checking varies by publication.\nSome organizations have substantial\nfact-checking departments. Others\nmay hire freelancers per piece, or\nmay combine fact-checking with\nother duties. Magazines are more\nlikely to use fact checkers than\nnewspapers. Television and radio\nprograms rarely employ dedicated\nfact checkers, and instead expect\nothers, including senior staff, to\nengage in fact-checking in addition to\ntheir other duties." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4572, + "y": 0.3871 + }, + { + "x": 0.8628, + "y": 0.3871 + }, + { + "x": 0.8628, + "y": 0.7023 + }, + { + "x": 0.4572, + "y": 0.7023 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

2. Content in this section is adapted from the Wikipedia
entry \"Fact-checking\" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Fact-checking) and is used under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license.

", + "markdown": "2. Content in this section is adapted from the Wikipedia\nentry \"Fact-checking\" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/\nFact-checking) and is used under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license.", + "text": "2. Content in this section is adapted from the Wikipedia\nentry \"Fact-checking\" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/\nFact-checking) and is used under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.107, + "y": 0.8285 + }, + { + "x": 0.8563, + "y": 0.8285 + }, + { + "x": 0.8563, + "y": 0.9065 + }, + { + "x": 0.107, + "y": 0.9065 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

48 I Types of Sources

", + "markdown": "- 48 I Types of Sources\n", + "text": "48 I Types of Sources" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1375, + "y": 0.9214 + }, + { + "x": 0.3582, + "y": 0.9214 + }, + { + "x": 0.3582, + "y": 0.9413 + }, + { + "x": 0.1375, + "y": 0.9413 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000083.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
Appendices
\n\n
CategoryNumber of clauses in Union lawsIn percentNumber of clauses in State lawsIn percent
Commercial52910.1%8173.9%
Environment, Health and Safety83415.9%3451.7%
Finance & Taxation410.8%8884.2%
General751.4%3601.7%
Industry Specific297956.9%12005.7%
Labour53410.2%1728582.7%
Secretarial2474.7%00.0%
TABLE 35: UNION-STATE BREAKDOWN OF
IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES BY CATEGORIES
\n\n
SmallMediumLarge
Total Applicable Compliances6693,1095,796
Compliances with imprisonment4612,1724,085
Percentage of imprisonment clauses69%70%70%
TABLE 36: THREE CASE STUDIES ON MANUFACTURING
COMPLIANCES*
\n

* These are real data from three companies operating in the automotive components
business

\n\n
SmallMediumLarge
Less than 3 months2582185
3 months to less than 1 year1876991,220
1 year to less than 3 years1781,0701,964
3 years to less than 5 years59245505
5 years to 10 years1276211
TABLE 37: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN
MANUFACTURING CASE STUDIES*
\n

* In Table 36

\n
85
", + "markdown": "Appendices\n\nTABLE 35: UNION-STATE BREAKDOWN OF\nIMPRISONMENT CLAUSES BY CATEGORIES\n\n| Category | Number of clauses in Union laws | In percent | Number of clauses in State laws | In percent |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Commercial | 529 | 10.1% | 817 | 3.9% |\n| Environment, Health and Safety | 834 | 15.9% | 345 | 1.7% |\n| Finance & Taxation | 41 | 0.8% | 888 | 4.2% |\n| General | 75 | 1.4% | 360 | 1.7% |\n| Industry Specific | 2979 | 56.9% | 1200 | 5.7% |\n| Labour | 534 | 10.2% | 17285 | 82.7% |\n| Secretarial | 247 | 4.7% | 0 | 0.0% |\n\n\nTABLE 36: THREE CASE STUDIES ON MANUFACTURING\nCOMPLIANCES*\n\n| | Small | Medium | Large |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Total Applicable Compliances | 669 | 3,109 | 5,796 |\n| Compliances with imprisonment | 461 | 2,172 | 4,085 |\n| Percentage of imprisonment clauses | 69% | 70% | 70% |\n\n\n* These are real data from three companies operating in the automotive components\nbusiness\n\nTABLE 37: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN\nMANUFACTURING CASE STUDIES*\n\n| | Small | Medium | Large |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Less than 3 months | 25 | 82 | 185 |\n| 3 months to less than 1 year | 187 | 699 | 1,220 |\n| 1 year to less than 3 years | 178 | 1,070 | 1,964 |\n| 3 years to less than 5 years | 59 | 245 | 505 |\n| 5 years to 10 years | 12 | 76 | 211 |\n\n\n* In Table 36\n\n85", + "text": "Appendices\nTABLE 35: UNION-STATE BREAKDOWN OF\nIMPRISONMENT CLAUSES BY CATEGORIES\nCategory Number of clauses in Union laws In percent Number of clauses in State laws In percent\n Commercial 529 10.1% 817 3.9%\n Environment, Health and Safety 834 15.9% 345 1.7%\n Finance & Taxation 41 0.8% 888 4.2%\n General 75 1.4% 360 1.7%\n Industry Specific 2979 56.9% 1200 5.7%\n Labour 534 10.2% 17285 82.7%\n Secretarial 247 4.7% 0 0.0%\nTABLE 36: THREE CASE STUDIES ON MANUFACTURING\nCOMPLIANCES*\nSmall Medium Large\n Total Applicable Compliances 669 3,109 5,796\n Compliances with imprisonment 461 2,172 4,085\n Percentage of imprisonment clauses 69% 70% 70%\n* These are real data from three companies operating in the automotive components\nbusiness\nTABLE 37: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN\nMANUFACTURING CASE STUDIES*\nSmall Medium Large\n Less than 3 months 25 82 185\n 3 months to less than 1 year 187 699 1,220\n 1 year to less than 3 years 178 1,070 1,964\n 3 years to less than 5 years 59 245 505\n 5 years to 10 years 12 76 211\n* In Table 36\n85" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Appendices
", + "markdown": "Appendices", + "text": "Appendices" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7304, + "y": 0.0409 + }, + { + "x": 0.8369, + "y": 0.0409 + }, + { + "x": 0.8369, + "y": 0.0557 + }, + { + "x": 0.7304, + "y": 0.0557 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

TABLE 35: UNION-STATE BREAKDOWN OF
IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES BY CATEGORIES

", + "markdown": "TABLE 35: UNION-STATE BREAKDOWN OF\nIMPRISONMENT CLAUSES BY CATEGORIES", + "text": "TABLE 35: UNION-STATE BREAKDOWN OF\nIMPRISONMENT CLAUSES BY CATEGORIES" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1625, + "y": 0.1145 + }, + { + "x": 0.6665, + "y": 0.1145 + }, + { + "x": 0.6665, + "y": 0.1515 + }, + { + "x": 0.1625, + "y": 0.1515 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
CategoryNumber of clauses in Union lawsIn percentNumber of clauses in State lawsIn percent
Commercial52910.1%8173.9%
Environment, Health and Safety83415.9%3451.7%
Finance & Taxation410.8%8884.2%
General751.4%3601.7%
Industry Specific297956.9%12005.7%
Labour53410.2%1728582.7%
Secretarial2474.7%00.0%
", + "markdown": "| Category | Number of clauses in Union laws | In percent | Number of clauses in State laws | In percent |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Commercial | 529 | 10.1% | 817 | 3.9% |\n| Environment, Health and Safety | 834 | 15.9% | 345 | 1.7% |\n| Finance & Taxation | 41 | 0.8% | 888 | 4.2% |\n| General | 75 | 1.4% | 360 | 1.7% |\n| Industry Specific | 2979 | 56.9% | 1200 | 5.7% |\n| Labour | 534 | 10.2% | 17285 | 82.7% |\n| Secretarial | 247 | 4.7% | 0 | 0.0% |\n", + "text": "Category Number of clauses in Union laws In percent Number of clauses in State laws In percent\n Commercial 529 10.1% 817 3.9%\n Environment, Health and Safety 834 15.9% 345 1.7%\n Finance & Taxation 41 0.8% 888 4.2%\n General 75 1.4% 360 1.7%\n Industry Specific 2979 56.9% 1200 5.7%\n Labour 534 10.2% 17285 82.7%\n Secretarial 247 4.7% 0 0.0%" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1662, + "y": 0.172 + }, + { + "x": 0.8319, + "y": 0.172 + }, + { + "x": 0.8319, + "y": 0.4094 + }, + { + "x": 0.1662, + "y": 0.4094 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

TABLE 36: THREE CASE STUDIES ON MANUFACTURING
COMPLIANCES*

", + "markdown": "TABLE 36: THREE CASE STUDIES ON MANUFACTURING\nCOMPLIANCES*", + "text": "TABLE 36: THREE CASE STUDIES ON MANUFACTURING\nCOMPLIANCES*" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1623, + "y": 0.4284 + }, + { + "x": 0.8011, + "y": 0.4284 + }, + { + "x": 0.8011, + "y": 0.4664 + }, + { + "x": 0.1623, + "y": 0.4664 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
SmallMediumLarge
Total Applicable Compliances6693,1095,796
Compliances with imprisonment4612,1724,085
Percentage of imprisonment clauses69%70%70%
", + "markdown": "| | Small | Medium | Large |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Total Applicable Compliances | 669 | 3,109 | 5,796 |\n| Compliances with imprisonment | 461 | 2,172 | 4,085 |\n| Percentage of imprisonment clauses | 69% | 70% | 70% |\n", + "text": "Small Medium Large\n Total Applicable Compliances 669 3,109 5,796\n Compliances with imprisonment 461 2,172 4,085\n Percentage of imprisonment clauses 69% 70% 70%" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1661, + "y": 0.4849 + }, + { + "x": 0.8314, + "y": 0.4849 + }, + { + "x": 0.8314, + "y": 0.6108 + }, + { + "x": 0.1661, + "y": 0.6108 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

* These are real data from three companies operating in the automotive components
business

", + "markdown": "* These are real data from three companies operating in the automotive components\nbusiness", + "text": "* These are real data from three companies operating in the automotive components\nbusiness" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1627, + "y": 0.6151 + }, + { + "x": 0.8367, + "y": 0.6151 + }, + { + "x": 0.8367, + "y": 0.6491 + }, + { + "x": 0.1627, + "y": 0.6491 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

TABLE 37: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN
MANUFACTURING CASE STUDIES*

", + "markdown": "TABLE 37: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN\nMANUFACTURING CASE STUDIES*", + "text": "TABLE 37: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN\nMANUFACTURING CASE STUDIES*" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1617, + "y": 0.6688 + }, + { + "x": 0.8197, + "y": 0.6688 + }, + { + "x": 0.8197, + "y": 0.7059 + }, + { + "x": 0.1617, + "y": 0.7059 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
SmallMediumLarge
Less than 3 months2582185
3 months to less than 1 year1876991,220
1 year to less than 3 years1781,0701,964
3 years to less than 5 years59245505
5 years to 10 years1276211
", + "markdown": "| | Small | Medium | Large |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Less than 3 months | 25 | 82 | 185 |\n| 3 months to less than 1 year | 187 | 699 | 1,220 |\n| 1 year to less than 3 years | 178 | 1,070 | 1,964 |\n| 3 years to less than 5 years | 59 | 245 | 505 |\n| 5 years to 10 years | 12 | 76 | 211 |\n", + "text": "Small Medium Large\n Less than 3 months 25 82 185\n 3 months to less than 1 year 187 699 1,220\n 1 year to less than 3 years 178 1,070 1,964\n 3 years to less than 5 years 59 245 505\n 5 years to 10 years 12 76 211" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1667, + "y": 0.7264 + }, + { + "x": 0.8305, + "y": 0.7264 + }, + { + "x": 0.8305, + "y": 0.873 + }, + { + "x": 0.1667, + "y": 0.873 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

* In Table 36

", + "markdown": "* In Table 36", + "text": "* In Table 36" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.163, + "y": 0.8762 + }, + { + "x": 0.2746, + "y": 0.8762 + }, + { + "x": 0.2746, + "y": 0.8912 + }, + { + "x": 0.163, + "y": 0.8912 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
85
", + "markdown": "85", + "text": "85" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4823, + "y": 0.9487 + }, + { + "x": 0.5169, + "y": 0.9487 + }, + { + "x": 0.5169, + "y": 0.9684 + }, + { + "x": 0.4823, + "y": 0.9684 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000187.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
PropertiesInstructionTraining Datasets Alignment
Alpaca-GPT4OpenOrcaSynth. Math-InstructOrca DPO PairsUltrafeedback CleanedSynth. Math-Alignment
Total # Samples52K2.91M126K12.9K60.8K126K
Maximum # Samples Used52K100K52K12.9K60.8K20.1K
Open SourceOOX0OX
\n

Table 1: Training datasets used for the instruction and alignment tuning stages, respectively. For the instruction
tuning process, we utilized the Alpaca-GPT4 (Peng et al., 2023), OpenOrca (Mukherjee et al., 2023), and Synth.
Math-Instruct datasets, while for the alignment tuning, we employed the Orca DPO Pairs (Intel, 2023), Ultrafeedback
Cleaned (Cui et al., 2023; Ivison et al., 2023), and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets. The 'Total # Samples · indicates
the total number of samples in the entire dataset. The 'Maximum # Samples Used' indicates the actual maximum
number of samples that were used in training, which could be lower than the total number of samples in a given
dataset. 'Open Source' indicates whether the dataset is open-sourced.

\n

pretraining to quickly recover performance. We
attribute the success of DUS to reducing such dis-
crepancies in both the depthwise scaling and the
continued pretraining steps. We also hypothesize
that other methods of depthwise scaling could also
work for DUS, as long as the discrepancy in the
scaled model is sufficiently contained before the
continued pretraining step.

\n

Comparison to other up-scaling methods. Un-
like Komatsuzaki et al. (2022), depthwise scaled
models do not require additional modules like gat-
ing networks or dynamic expert selection. Conse-
quently, scaled models in DUS do not necessitate
a distinct training framework for optimal training
efficiency, nor do they require specialized CUDA
kernels for fast inference. A DUS model can seam-
lessly integrate into existing training and inference
frameworks while maintaining high efficiency.

\n

3 Training Details

\n

After DUS, including continued pretraining, we
perform fine-tuning of SOLAR 10.7B in two stages:
1) instruction tuning and 2) alignment tuning.

\n

Instruction tuning. In the instruction tuning
stage, the model is trained to follow instructions in
a QA format (Zhang et al., 2023). We mostly use
open-source datasets but also synthesize a math QA
dataset to enhance the model's mathematical capa-
bilities. A rundown of how we crafted the dataset is
as follows. First, seed math data are collected from
the Math (Hendrycks et al., 2021) dataset only, to
avoid contamination with commonly used bench-
mark datasets such as GSM8K (Cobbe et al., 2021).
Then, using a process similar to MetaMath (Yu
et al., 2023), we rephrase the questions and an-
swers of the seed math data. We use the resulting
rephrased question-answer pairs as a QA dataset

\n

and call it 'Synth. Math-Instruct'.

\n

Alignment tuning. In the alignment tuning stage,
the instruction-tuned model is further fine-tuned
to be more aligned with human or strong AI
(e.g., GPT4 (OpenAI, 2023)) preferences using
sDPO (Kim et al., 2024a), an improved version
of direct preference optimization (DPO) (Rafailov
et al., 2023). Similar to the instruction tuning stage,
we use mostly open-source datasets but also syn-
thesize a math-focused alignment dataset utilizing
the 'Synth. Math-Instruct' dataset mentioned in the
instruction tuning stage.

\n

The alignment data synthesis process is as
follows. We take advantage of the fact that
the rephrased question-answer pairs in Synth.
Math-Instruct data are beneficial in enhancing the
model's mathematical capabilities (see Sec. 4.3.1).
Thus, we speculate that the rephrased answer to the
rephrased question is a better answer than the orig-
inal answer, possibly due to the interim rephrasing
step. Consequently, we set the rephrased question
as the prompt and use the rephrased answer as the
chosen response and the original answer as the re-
jected response and create the {prompt, chosen,
rejected} DPO tuple. We aggregate the tuples from
the rephrased question-answer pairs and call the
resulting dataset 'Synth. Math-Alignment*.

\n

4 Results

\n

4.1 Experimental Details

\n

Training datasets. We present details regarding
our training datasets for the instruction and align-
ment tuning stages in Tab. 1. We do not always
use the entire dataset and instead subsample a set
amount. Note that most of our training data is
open-source, and the undisclosed datasets can be
substituted for open-source alternatives such as the

", + "markdown": "| Properties | Instruction | Instruction | Instruction | Training Datasets Alignment | Training Datasets Alignment | Training Datasets Alignment |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Properties | Alpaca-GPT4 | OpenOrca | Synth. Math-Instruct | Orca DPO Pairs | Ultrafeedback Cleaned | Synth. Math-Alignment |\n| Total # Samples | 52K | 2.91M | 126K | 12.9K | 60.8K | 126K |\n| Maximum # Samples Used | 52K | 100K | 52K | 12.9K | 60.8K | 20.1K |\n| Open Source | O | O | X | 0 | O | X |\n\n\nTable 1: Training datasets used for the instruction and alignment tuning stages, respectively. For the instruction\ntuning process, we utilized the Alpaca-GPT4 (Peng et al., 2023), OpenOrca (Mukherjee et al., 2023), and Synth.\nMath-Instruct datasets, while for the alignment tuning, we employed the Orca DPO Pairs (Intel, 2023), Ultrafeedback\nCleaned (Cui et al., 2023; Ivison et al., 2023), and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets. The 'Total # Samples · indicates\nthe total number of samples in the entire dataset. The 'Maximum # Samples Used' indicates the actual maximum\nnumber of samples that were used in training, which could be lower than the total number of samples in a given\ndataset. 'Open Source' indicates whether the dataset is open-sourced.\n\npretraining to quickly recover performance. We\nattribute the success of DUS to reducing such dis-\ncrepancies in both the depthwise scaling and the\ncontinued pretraining steps. We also hypothesize\nthat other methods of depthwise scaling could also\nwork for DUS, as long as the discrepancy in the\nscaled model is sufficiently contained before the\ncontinued pretraining step.\n\nComparison to other up-scaling methods. Un-\nlike Komatsuzaki et al. (2022), depthwise scaled\nmodels do not require additional modules like gat-\ning networks or dynamic expert selection. Conse-\nquently, scaled models in DUS do not necessitate\na distinct training framework for optimal training\nefficiency, nor do they require specialized CUDA\nkernels for fast inference. A DUS model can seam-\nlessly integrate into existing training and inference\nframeworks while maintaining high efficiency.\n\n# 3 Training Details\n\nAfter DUS, including continued pretraining, we\nperform fine-tuning of SOLAR 10.7B in two stages:\n1) instruction tuning and 2) alignment tuning.\n\nInstruction tuning. In the instruction tuning\nstage, the model is trained to follow instructions in\na QA format (Zhang et al., 2023). We mostly use\nopen-source datasets but also synthesize a math QA\ndataset to enhance the model's mathematical capa-\nbilities. A rundown of how we crafted the dataset is\nas follows. First, seed math data are collected from\nthe Math (Hendrycks et al., 2021) dataset only, to\navoid contamination with commonly used bench-\nmark datasets such as GSM8K (Cobbe et al., 2021).\nThen, using a process similar to MetaMath (Yu\net al., 2023), we rephrase the questions and an-\nswers of the seed math data. We use the resulting\nrephrased question-answer pairs as a QA dataset\n\nand call it 'Synth. Math-Instruct'.\n\nAlignment tuning. In the alignment tuning stage,\nthe instruction-tuned model is further fine-tuned\nto be more aligned with human or strong AI\n(e.g., GPT4 (OpenAI, 2023)) preferences using\nsDPO (Kim et al., 2024a), an improved version\nof direct preference optimization (DPO) (Rafailov\net al., 2023). Similar to the instruction tuning stage,\nwe use mostly open-source datasets but also syn-\nthesize a math-focused alignment dataset utilizing\nthe 'Synth. Math-Instruct' dataset mentioned in the\ninstruction tuning stage.\n\nThe alignment data synthesis process is as\nfollows. We take advantage of the fact that\nthe rephrased question-answer pairs in Synth.\nMath-Instruct data are beneficial in enhancing the\nmodel's mathematical capabilities (see Sec. 4.3.1).\nThus, we speculate that the rephrased answer to the\nrephrased question is a better answer than the orig-\ninal answer, possibly due to the interim rephrasing\nstep. Consequently, we set the rephrased question\nas the prompt and use the rephrased answer as the\nchosen response and the original answer as the re-\njected response and create the {prompt, chosen,\nrejected} DPO tuple. We aggregate the tuples from\nthe rephrased question-answer pairs and call the\nresulting dataset 'Synth. Math-Alignment*.\n\n4 Results\n\n4.1 Experimental Details\n\nTraining datasets. We present details regarding\nour training datasets for the instruction and align-\nment tuning stages in Tab. 1. We do not always\nuse the entire dataset and instead subsample a set\namount. Note that most of our training data is\nopen-source, and the undisclosed datasets can be\nsubstituted for open-source alternatives such as the", + "text": "Properties Instruction Training Datasets Alignment\n Alpaca-GPT4 OpenOrca Synth. Math-Instruct Orca DPO Pairs Ultrafeedback Cleaned Synth. Math-Alignment\n Total # Samples 52K 2.91M 126K 12.9K 60.8K 126K\n Maximum # Samples Used 52K 100K 52K 12.9K 60.8K 20.1K\n Open Source O O X 0 O X\nTable 1: Training datasets used for the instruction and alignment tuning stages, respectively. For the instruction\ntuning process, we utilized the Alpaca-GPT4 (Peng et al., 2023), OpenOrca (Mukherjee et al., 2023), and Synth.\nMath-Instruct datasets, while for the alignment tuning, we employed the Orca DPO Pairs (Intel, 2023), Ultrafeedback\nCleaned (Cui et al., 2023; Ivison et al., 2023), and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets. The 'Total # Samples · indicates\nthe total number of samples in the entire dataset. The 'Maximum # Samples Used' indicates the actual maximum\nnumber of samples that were used in training, which could be lower than the total number of samples in a given\ndataset. 'Open Source' indicates whether the dataset is open-sourced.\npretraining to quickly recover performance. We\nattribute the success of DUS to reducing such dis-\ncrepancies in both the depthwise scaling and the\ncontinued pretraining steps. We also hypothesize\nthat other methods of depthwise scaling could also\nwork for DUS, as long as the discrepancy in the\nscaled model is sufficiently contained before the\ncontinued pretraining step.\nComparison to other up-scaling methods. Un-\nlike Komatsuzaki et al. (2022), depthwise scaled\nmodels do not require additional modules like gat-\ning networks or dynamic expert selection. Conse-\nquently, scaled models in DUS do not necessitate\na distinct training framework for optimal training\nefficiency, nor do they require specialized CUDA\nkernels for fast inference. A DUS model can seam-\nlessly integrate into existing training and inference\nframeworks while maintaining high efficiency.\n3 Training Details\nAfter DUS, including continued pretraining, we\nperform fine-tuning of SOLAR 10.7B in two stages:\n1) instruction tuning and 2) alignment tuning.\nInstruction tuning. In the instruction tuning\nstage, the model is trained to follow instructions in\na QA format (Zhang et al., 2023). We mostly use\nopen-source datasets but also synthesize a math QA\ndataset to enhance the model's mathematical capa-\nbilities. A rundown of how we crafted the dataset is\nas follows. First, seed math data are collected from\nthe Math (Hendrycks et al., 2021) dataset only, to\navoid contamination with commonly used bench-\nmark datasets such as GSM8K (Cobbe et al., 2021).\nThen, using a process similar to MetaMath (Yu\net al., 2023), we rephrase the questions and an-\nswers of the seed math data. We use the resulting\nrephrased question-answer pairs as a QA dataset\nand call it 'Synth. Math-Instruct'.\nAlignment tuning. In the alignment tuning stage,\nthe instruction-tuned model is further fine-tuned\nto be more aligned with human or strong AI\n(e.g., GPT4 (OpenAI, 2023)) preferences using\nsDPO (Kim et al., 2024a), an improved version\nof direct preference optimization (DPO) (Rafailov\net al., 2023). Similar to the instruction tuning stage,\nwe use mostly open-source datasets but also syn-\nthesize a math-focused alignment dataset utilizing\nthe 'Synth. Math-Instruct' dataset mentioned in the\ninstruction tuning stage.\nThe alignment data synthesis process is as\nfollows. We take advantage of the fact that\nthe rephrased question-answer pairs in Synth.\nMath-Instruct data are beneficial in enhancing the\nmodel's mathematical capabilities (see Sec. 4.3.1).\nThus, we speculate that the rephrased answer to the\nrephrased question is a better answer than the orig-\ninal answer, possibly due to the interim rephrasing\nstep. Consequently, we set the rephrased question\nas the prompt and use the rephrased answer as the\nchosen response and the original answer as the re-\njected response and create the {prompt, chosen,\nrejected} DPO tuple. We aggregate the tuples from\nthe rephrased question-answer pairs and call the\nresulting dataset 'Synth. Math-Alignment*.\n4 Results\n4.1 Experimental Details\nTraining datasets. We present details regarding\nour training datasets for the instruction and align-\nment tuning stages in Tab. 1. We do not always\nuse the entire dataset and instead subsample a set\namount. Note that most of our training data is\nopen-source, and the undisclosed datasets can be\nsubstituted for open-source alternatives such as the" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
PropertiesInstructionTraining Datasets Alignment
Alpaca-GPT4OpenOrcaSynth. Math-InstructOrca DPO PairsUltrafeedback CleanedSynth. Math-Alignment
Total # Samples52K2.91M126K12.9K60.8K126K
Maximum # Samples Used52K100K52K12.9K60.8K20.1K
Open SourceOOX0OX
", + "markdown": "| Properties | Instruction | Instruction | Instruction | Training Datasets Alignment | Training Datasets Alignment | Training Datasets Alignment |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Properties | Alpaca-GPT4 | OpenOrca | Synth. Math-Instruct | Orca DPO Pairs | Ultrafeedback Cleaned | Synth. Math-Alignment |\n| Total # Samples | 52K | 2.91M | 126K | 12.9K | 60.8K | 126K |\n| Maximum # Samples Used | 52K | 100K | 52K | 12.9K | 60.8K | 20.1K |\n| Open Source | O | O | X | 0 | O | X |\n", + "text": "Properties Instruction Training Datasets Alignment\n Alpaca-GPT4 OpenOrca Synth. Math-Instruct Orca DPO Pairs Ultrafeedback Cleaned Synth. Math-Alignment\n Total # Samples 52K 2.91M 126K 12.9K 60.8K 126K\n Maximum # Samples Used 52K 100K 52K 12.9K 60.8K 20.1K\n Open Source O O X 0 O X" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1265, + "y": 0.0837 + }, + { + "x": 0.8727, + "y": 0.0837 + }, + { + "x": 0.8727, + "y": 0.1628 + }, + { + "x": 0.1265, + "y": 0.1628 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Table 1: Training datasets used for the instruction and alignment tuning stages, respectively. For the instruction
tuning process, we utilized the Alpaca-GPT4 (Peng et al., 2023), OpenOrca (Mukherjee et al., 2023), and Synth.
Math-Instruct datasets, while for the alignment tuning, we employed the Orca DPO Pairs (Intel, 2023), Ultrafeedback
Cleaned (Cui et al., 2023; Ivison et al., 2023), and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets. The 'Total # Samples · indicates
the total number of samples in the entire dataset. The 'Maximum # Samples Used' indicates the actual maximum
number of samples that were used in training, which could be lower than the total number of samples in a given
dataset. 'Open Source' indicates whether the dataset is open-sourced.

", + "markdown": "Table 1: Training datasets used for the instruction and alignment tuning stages, respectively. For the instruction\ntuning process, we utilized the Alpaca-GPT4 (Peng et al., 2023), OpenOrca (Mukherjee et al., 2023), and Synth.\nMath-Instruct datasets, while for the alignment tuning, we employed the Orca DPO Pairs (Intel, 2023), Ultrafeedback\nCleaned (Cui et al., 2023; Ivison et al., 2023), and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets. The 'Total # Samples · indicates\nthe total number of samples in the entire dataset. The 'Maximum # Samples Used' indicates the actual maximum\nnumber of samples that were used in training, which could be lower than the total number of samples in a given\ndataset. 'Open Source' indicates whether the dataset is open-sourced.", + "text": "Table 1: Training datasets used for the instruction and alignment tuning stages, respectively. For the instruction\ntuning process, we utilized the Alpaca-GPT4 (Peng et al., 2023), OpenOrca (Mukherjee et al., 2023), and Synth.\nMath-Instruct datasets, while for the alignment tuning, we employed the Orca DPO Pairs (Intel, 2023), Ultrafeedback\nCleaned (Cui et al., 2023; Ivison et al., 2023), and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets. The 'Total # Samples · indicates\nthe total number of samples in the entire dataset. The 'Maximum # Samples Used' indicates the actual maximum\nnumber of samples that were used in training, which could be lower than the total number of samples in a given\ndataset. 'Open Source' indicates whether the dataset is open-sourced." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1156, + "y": 0.173 + }, + { + "x": 0.8842, + "y": 0.173 + }, + { + "x": 0.8842, + "y": 0.2734 + }, + { + "x": 0.1156, + "y": 0.2734 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

pretraining to quickly recover performance. We
attribute the success of DUS to reducing such dis-
crepancies in both the depthwise scaling and the
continued pretraining steps. We also hypothesize
that other methods of depthwise scaling could also
work for DUS, as long as the discrepancy in the
scaled model is sufficiently contained before the
continued pretraining step.

", + "markdown": "pretraining to quickly recover performance. We\nattribute the success of DUS to reducing such dis-\ncrepancies in both the depthwise scaling and the\ncontinued pretraining steps. We also hypothesize\nthat other methods of depthwise scaling could also\nwork for DUS, as long as the discrepancy in the\nscaled model is sufficiently contained before the\ncontinued pretraining step.", + "text": "pretraining to quickly recover performance. We\nattribute the success of DUS to reducing such dis-\ncrepancies in both the depthwise scaling and the\ncontinued pretraining steps. We also hypothesize\nthat other methods of depthwise scaling could also\nwork for DUS, as long as the discrepancy in the\nscaled model is sufficiently contained before the\ncontinued pretraining step." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1151, + "y": 0.2994 + }, + { + "x": 0.4895, + "y": 0.2994 + }, + { + "x": 0.4895, + "y": 0.4268 + }, + { + "x": 0.1151, + "y": 0.4268 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Comparison to other up-scaling methods. Un-
like Komatsuzaki et al. (2022), depthwise scaled
models do not require additional modules like gat-
ing networks or dynamic expert selection. Conse-
quently, scaled models in DUS do not necessitate
a distinct training framework for optimal training
efficiency, nor do they require specialized CUDA
kernels for fast inference. A DUS model can seam-
lessly integrate into existing training and inference
frameworks while maintaining high efficiency.

", + "markdown": "Comparison to other up-scaling methods. Un-\nlike Komatsuzaki et al. (2022), depthwise scaled\nmodels do not require additional modules like gat-\ning networks or dynamic expert selection. Conse-\nquently, scaled models in DUS do not necessitate\na distinct training framework for optimal training\nefficiency, nor do they require specialized CUDA\nkernels for fast inference. A DUS model can seam-\nlessly integrate into existing training and inference\nframeworks while maintaining high efficiency.", + "text": "Comparison to other up-scaling methods. Un-\nlike Komatsuzaki et al. (2022), depthwise scaled\nmodels do not require additional modules like gat-\ning networks or dynamic expert selection. Conse-\nquently, scaled models in DUS do not necessitate\na distinct training framework for optimal training\nefficiency, nor do they require specialized CUDA\nkernels for fast inference. A DUS model can seam-\nlessly integrate into existing training and inference\nframeworks while maintaining high efficiency." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1156, + "y": 0.4378 + }, + { + "x": 0.49, + "y": 0.4378 + }, + { + "x": 0.49, + "y": 0.5977 + }, + { + "x": 0.1156, + "y": 0.5977 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

3 Training Details

", + "markdown": "# 3 Training Details", + "text": "3 Training Details" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.115, + "y": 0.61 + }, + { + "x": 0.29, + "y": 0.61 + }, + { + "x": 0.29, + "y": 0.6268 + }, + { + "x": 0.115, + "y": 0.6268 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

After DUS, including continued pretraining, we
perform fine-tuning of SOLAR 10.7B in two stages:
1) instruction tuning and 2) alignment tuning.

", + "markdown": "After DUS, including continued pretraining, we\nperform fine-tuning of SOLAR 10.7B in two stages:\n1) instruction tuning and 2) alignment tuning.", + "text": "After DUS, including continued pretraining, we\nperform fine-tuning of SOLAR 10.7B in two stages:\n1) instruction tuning and 2) alignment tuning." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1165, + "y": 0.637 + }, + { + "x": 0.4887, + "y": 0.637 + }, + { + "x": 0.4887, + "y": 0.686 + }, + { + "x": 0.1165, + "y": 0.686 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Instruction tuning. In the instruction tuning
stage, the model is trained to follow instructions in
a QA format (Zhang et al., 2023). We mostly use
open-source datasets but also synthesize a math QA
dataset to enhance the model's mathematical capa-
bilities. A rundown of how we crafted the dataset is
as follows. First, seed math data are collected from
the Math (Hendrycks et al., 2021) dataset only, to
avoid contamination with commonly used bench-
mark datasets such as GSM8K (Cobbe et al., 2021).
Then, using a process similar to MetaMath (Yu
et al., 2023), we rephrase the questions and an-
swers of the seed math data. We use the resulting
rephrased question-answer pairs as a QA dataset

", + "markdown": "Instruction tuning. In the instruction tuning\nstage, the model is trained to follow instructions in\na QA format (Zhang et al., 2023). We mostly use\nopen-source datasets but also synthesize a math QA\ndataset to enhance the model's mathematical capa-\nbilities. A rundown of how we crafted the dataset is\nas follows. First, seed math data are collected from\nthe Math (Hendrycks et al., 2021) dataset only, to\navoid contamination with commonly used bench-\nmark datasets such as GSM8K (Cobbe et al., 2021).\nThen, using a process similar to MetaMath (Yu\net al., 2023), we rephrase the questions and an-\nswers of the seed math data. We use the resulting\nrephrased question-answer pairs as a QA dataset", + "text": "Instruction tuning. In the instruction tuning\nstage, the model is trained to follow instructions in\na QA format (Zhang et al., 2023). We mostly use\nopen-source datasets but also synthesize a math QA\ndataset to enhance the model's mathematical capa-\nbilities. A rundown of how we crafted the dataset is\nas follows. First, seed math data are collected from\nthe Math (Hendrycks et al., 2021) dataset only, to\navoid contamination with commonly used bench-\nmark datasets such as GSM8K (Cobbe et al., 2021).\nThen, using a process similar to MetaMath (Yu\net al., 2023), we rephrase the questions and an-\nswers of the seed math data. We use the resulting\nrephrased question-answer pairs as a QA dataset" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1157, + "y": 0.6957 + }, + { + "x": 0.4906, + "y": 0.6957 + }, + { + "x": 0.4906, + "y": 0.9216 + }, + { + "x": 0.1157, + "y": 0.9216 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

and call it 'Synth. Math-Instruct'.

", + "markdown": "and call it 'Synth. Math-Instruct'.", + "text": "and call it 'Synth. Math-Instruct'." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5113, + "y": 0.299 + }, + { + "x": 0.7633, + "y": 0.299 + }, + { + "x": 0.7633, + "y": 0.3144 + }, + { + "x": 0.5113, + "y": 0.3144 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Alignment tuning. In the alignment tuning stage,
the instruction-tuned model is further fine-tuned
to be more aligned with human or strong AI
(e.g., GPT4 (OpenAI, 2023)) preferences using
sDPO (Kim et al., 2024a), an improved version
of direct preference optimization (DPO) (Rafailov
et al., 2023). Similar to the instruction tuning stage,
we use mostly open-source datasets but also syn-
thesize a math-focused alignment dataset utilizing
the 'Synth. Math-Instruct' dataset mentioned in the
instruction tuning stage.

", + "markdown": "Alignment tuning. In the alignment tuning stage,\nthe instruction-tuned model is further fine-tuned\nto be more aligned with human or strong AI\n(e.g., GPT4 (OpenAI, 2023)) preferences using\nsDPO (Kim et al., 2024a), an improved version\nof direct preference optimization (DPO) (Rafailov\net al., 2023). Similar to the instruction tuning stage,\nwe use mostly open-source datasets but also syn-\nthesize a math-focused alignment dataset utilizing\nthe 'Synth. Math-Instruct' dataset mentioned in the\ninstruction tuning stage.", + "text": "Alignment tuning. In the alignment tuning stage,\nthe instruction-tuned model is further fine-tuned\nto be more aligned with human or strong AI\n(e.g., GPT4 (OpenAI, 2023)) preferences using\nsDPO (Kim et al., 2024a), an improved version\nof direct preference optimization (DPO) (Rafailov\net al., 2023). Similar to the instruction tuning stage,\nwe use mostly open-source datasets but also syn-\nthesize a math-focused alignment dataset utilizing\nthe 'Synth. Math-Instruct' dataset mentioned in the\ninstruction tuning stage." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5111, + "y": 0.3258 + }, + { + "x": 0.8855, + "y": 0.3258 + }, + { + "x": 0.8855, + "y": 0.5014 + }, + { + "x": 0.5111, + "y": 0.5014 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The alignment data synthesis process is as
follows. We take advantage of the fact that
the rephrased question-answer pairs in Synth.
Math-Instruct data are beneficial in enhancing the
model's mathematical capabilities (see Sec. 4.3.1).
Thus, we speculate that the rephrased answer to the
rephrased question is a better answer than the orig-
inal answer, possibly due to the interim rephrasing
step. Consequently, we set the rephrased question
as the prompt and use the rephrased answer as the
chosen response and the original answer as the re-
jected response and create the {prompt, chosen,
rejected} DPO tuple. We aggregate the tuples from
the rephrased question-answer pairs and call the
resulting dataset 'Synth. Math-Alignment*.

", + "markdown": "The alignment data synthesis process is as\nfollows. We take advantage of the fact that\nthe rephrased question-answer pairs in Synth.\nMath-Instruct data are beneficial in enhancing the\nmodel's mathematical capabilities (see Sec. 4.3.1).\nThus, we speculate that the rephrased answer to the\nrephrased question is a better answer than the orig-\ninal answer, possibly due to the interim rephrasing\nstep. Consequently, we set the rephrased question\nas the prompt and use the rephrased answer as the\nchosen response and the original answer as the re-\njected response and create the {prompt, chosen,\nrejected} DPO tuple. We aggregate the tuples from\nthe rephrased question-answer pairs and call the\nresulting dataset 'Synth. Math-Alignment*.", + "text": "The alignment data synthesis process is as\nfollows. We take advantage of the fact that\nthe rephrased question-answer pairs in Synth.\nMath-Instruct data are beneficial in enhancing the\nmodel's mathematical capabilities (see Sec. 4.3.1).\nThus, we speculate that the rephrased answer to the\nrephrased question is a better answer than the orig-\ninal answer, possibly due to the interim rephrasing\nstep. Consequently, we set the rephrased question\nas the prompt and use the rephrased answer as the\nchosen response and the original answer as the re-\njected response and create the {prompt, chosen,\nrejected} DPO tuple. We aggregate the tuples from\nthe rephrased question-answer pairs and call the\nresulting dataset 'Synth. Math-Alignment*." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5109, + "y": 0.5045 + }, + { + "x": 0.8849, + "y": 0.5045 + }, + { + "x": 0.8849, + "y": 0.7445 + }, + { + "x": 0.5109, + "y": 0.7445 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

4 Results

", + "markdown": "4 Results", + "text": "4 Results" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.511, + "y": 0.7587 + }, + { + "x": 0.6093, + "y": 0.7587 + }, + { + "x": 0.6093, + "y": 0.7744 + }, + { + "x": 0.511, + "y": 0.7744 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

4.1 Experimental Details

", + "markdown": "4.1 Experimental Details", + "text": "4.1 Experimental Details" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5108, + "y": 0.7853 + }, + { + "x": 0.7228, + "y": 0.7853 + }, + { + "x": 0.7228, + "y": 0.8009 + }, + { + "x": 0.5108, + "y": 0.8009 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Training datasets. We present details regarding
our training datasets for the instruction and align-
ment tuning stages in Tab. 1. We do not always
use the entire dataset and instead subsample a set
amount. Note that most of our training data is
open-source, and the undisclosed datasets can be
substituted for open-source alternatives such as the

", + "markdown": "Training datasets. We present details regarding\nour training datasets for the instruction and align-\nment tuning stages in Tab. 1. We do not always\nuse the entire dataset and instead subsample a set\namount. Note that most of our training data is\nopen-source, and the undisclosed datasets can be\nsubstituted for open-source alternatives such as the", + "text": "Training datasets. We present details regarding\nour training datasets for the instruction and align-\nment tuning stages in Tab. 1. We do not always\nuse the entire dataset and instead subsample a set\namount. Note that most of our training data is\nopen-source, and the undisclosed datasets can be\nsubstituted for open-source alternatives such as the" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5121, + "y": 0.8073 + }, + { + "x": 0.8838, + "y": 0.8073 + }, + { + "x": 0.8838, + "y": 0.9203 + }, + { + "x": 0.5121, + "y": 0.9203 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000198.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Contents

\n

1. Overview of OCR Pack

\n

2. Introduction of Product Services and Key Features

\n

3. Product - Detail Specification

\n

4. Integration Policy

\n

5. FAQ

\n
igostage
", + "markdown": "# Contents\n\n- 1. Overview of OCR Pack\n\n\n- 2. Introduction of Product Services and Key Features\n\n\n- 3. Product - Detail Specification\n\n\n- 4. Integration Policy\n\n\n- 5. FAQ\n\n\nigostage", + "text": "Contents\n1. Overview of OCR Pack\n2. Introduction of Product Services and Key Features\n3. Product - Detail Specification\n4. Integration Policy\n5. FAQ\nigostage" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Contents

", + "markdown": "# Contents", + "text": "Contents" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0582, + "y": 0.1236 + }, + { + "x": 0.2231, + "y": 0.1236 + }, + { + "x": 0.2231, + "y": 0.1884 + }, + { + "x": 0.0582, + "y": 0.1884 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

1. Overview of OCR Pack

", + "markdown": "- 1. Overview of OCR Pack\n", + "text": "1. Overview of OCR Pack" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3308, + "y": 0.3459 + }, + { + "x": 0.5661, + "y": 0.3459 + }, + { + "x": 0.5661, + "y": 0.3911 + }, + { + "x": 0.3308, + "y": 0.3911 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

2. Introduction of Product Services and Key Features

", + "markdown": "- 2. Introduction of Product Services and Key Features\n", + "text": "2. Introduction of Product Services and Key Features" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3295, + "y": 0.4292 + }, + { + "x": 0.8251, + "y": 0.4292 + }, + { + "x": 0.8251, + "y": 0.475 + }, + { + "x": 0.3295, + "y": 0.475 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

3. Product - Detail Specification

", + "markdown": "- 3. Product - Detail Specification\n", + "text": "3. Product - Detail Specification" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3303, + "y": 0.512 + }, + { + "x": 0.6306, + "y": 0.512 + }, + { + "x": 0.6306, + "y": 0.5576 + }, + { + "x": 0.3303, + "y": 0.5576 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

4. Integration Policy

", + "markdown": "- 4. Integration Policy\n", + "text": "4. Integration Policy" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3312, + "y": 0.5971 + }, + { + "x": 0.5205, + "y": 0.5971 + }, + { + "x": 0.5205, + "y": 0.6424 + }, + { + "x": 0.3312, + "y": 0.6424 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

5. FAQ

", + "markdown": "- 5. FAQ\n", + "text": "5. FAQ" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3318, + "y": 0.6785 + }, + { + "x": 0.3967, + "y": 0.6785 + }, + { + "x": 0.3967, + "y": 0.7219 + }, + { + "x": 0.3318, + "y": 0.7219 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
igostage
", + "markdown": "igostage", + "text": "igostage" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.9237, + "y": 0.9461 + }, + { + "x": 0.9735, + "y": 0.9461 + }, + { + "x": 0.9735, + "y": 0.9718 + }, + { + "x": 0.9237, + "y": 0.9718 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000018.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Contents

\n

Author's Note to the 2021 Edition · · · ix
Foreword to the 2021 Edition · · X1
Foreword and Acknowledgements · · XV

\n

1. A Fountain in the Square 1
2. The Lost Homeland 5
3. Steinkirche · 13
4. A Jewel in the Austrian Crown 19
5. Meeting the Relatives · 37
6. For the Love of Iran. 41
7. To the Bottom of the World 53
8. Das Lager ■ 65
9. His Majesty's Guests · 79
10. The Imaginary Homeland · 91
11. Shadows and Flames · · ■ 119
12. After the War · . · 123
13. Stranded in Exile. · · · 127
14. Swimming for the Eucharist · 139
15. Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam. · · 155
16. Mirror Without Identity · · · 173
17. The Wreck ofthe Deutschland 191
18. Intelligence Testing · 209
19. A Banquet of Life ■ 223
20. Marriage in Rome 249
21. Integration 257

", + "markdown": "# Contents\n\nAuthor's Note to the 2021 Edition · · · ix\nForeword to the 2021 Edition · · X1\nForeword and Acknowledgements · · XV\n\n- 1. A Fountain in the Square 1\n- 2. The Lost Homeland 5\n- 3. Steinkirche · 13\n- 4. A Jewel in the Austrian Crown 19\n- 5. Meeting the Relatives · 37\n- 6. For the Love of Iran. 41\n- 7. To the Bottom of the World 53\n- 8. Das Lager ■ 65\n- 9. His Majesty's Guests · 79\n- 10. The Imaginary Homeland · 91\n- 11. Shadows and Flames · · ■ 119\n- 12. After the War · . · 123\n- 13. Stranded in Exile. · · · 127\n- 14. Swimming for the Eucharist · 139\n- 15. Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam. · · 155\n- 16. Mirror Without Identity · · · 173\n- 17. The Wreck ofthe Deutschland 191\n- 18. Intelligence Testing · 209\n- 19. A Banquet of Life ■ 223\n- 20. Marriage in Rome 249\n- 21. Integration 257", + "text": "Contents\nAuthor's Note to the 2021 Edition · · · ix\nForeword to the 2021 Edition · · X1\nForeword and Acknowledgements · · XV\n1. A Fountain in the Square 1\n2. The Lost Homeland 5\n3. Steinkirche · 13\n4. A Jewel in the Austrian Crown 19\n5. Meeting the Relatives · 37\n6. For the Love of Iran. 41\n7. To the Bottom of the World 53\n8. Das Lager ■ 65\n9. His Majesty's Guests · 79\n10. The Imaginary Homeland · 91\n11. Shadows and Flames · · ■ 119\n12. After the War · . · 123\n13. Stranded in Exile. · · · 127\n14. Swimming for the Eucharist · 139\n15. Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam. · · 155\n16. Mirror Without Identity · · · 173\n17. The Wreck ofthe Deutschland 191\n18. Intelligence Testing · 209\n19. A Banquet of Life ■ 223\n20. Marriage in Rome 249\n21. Integration 257" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Contents

", + "markdown": "# Contents", + "text": "Contents" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.38, + "y": 0.2077 + }, + { + "x": 0.5932, + "y": 0.2077 + }, + { + "x": 0.5932, + "y": 0.2413 + }, + { + "x": 0.38, + "y": 0.2413 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Author's Note to the 2021 Edition · · · ix
Foreword to the 2021 Edition · · X1
Foreword and Acknowledgements · · XV

", + "markdown": "Author's Note to the 2021 Edition · · · ix\nForeword to the 2021 Edition · · X1\nForeword and Acknowledgements · · XV", + "text": "Author's Note to the 2021 Edition · · · ix\nForeword to the 2021 Edition · · X1\nForeword and Acknowledgements · · XV" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1252, + "y": 0.3084 + }, + { + "x": 0.8494, + "y": 0.3084 + }, + { + "x": 0.8494, + "y": 0.3768 + }, + { + "x": 0.1252, + "y": 0.3768 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

1. A Fountain in the Square 1
2. The Lost Homeland 5
3. Steinkirche · 13
4. A Jewel in the Austrian Crown 19
5. Meeting the Relatives · 37
6. For the Love of Iran. 41
7. To the Bottom of the World 53
8. Das Lager ■ 65
9. His Majesty's Guests · 79
10. The Imaginary Homeland · 91
11. Shadows and Flames · · ■ 119
12. After the War · . · 123
13. Stranded in Exile. · · · 127
14. Swimming for the Eucharist · 139
15. Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam. · · 155
16. Mirror Without Identity · · · 173
17. The Wreck ofthe Deutschland 191
18. Intelligence Testing · 209
19. A Banquet of Life ■ 223
20. Marriage in Rome 249
21. Integration 257

", + "markdown": "- 1. A Fountain in the Square 1\n- 2. The Lost Homeland 5\n- 3. Steinkirche · 13\n- 4. A Jewel in the Austrian Crown 19\n- 5. Meeting the Relatives · 37\n- 6. For the Love of Iran. 41\n- 7. To the Bottom of the World 53\n- 8. Das Lager ■ 65\n- 9. His Majesty's Guests · 79\n- 10. The Imaginary Homeland · 91\n- 11. Shadows and Flames · · ■ 119\n- 12. After the War · . · 123\n- 13. Stranded in Exile. · · · 127\n- 14. Swimming for the Eucharist · 139\n- 15. Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam. · · 155\n- 16. Mirror Without Identity · · · 173\n- 17. The Wreck ofthe Deutschland 191\n- 18. Intelligence Testing · 209\n- 19. A Banquet of Life ■ 223\n- 20. Marriage in Rome 249\n- 21. Integration 257\n", + "text": "1. A Fountain in the Square 1\n2. The Lost Homeland 5\n3. Steinkirche · 13\n4. A Jewel in the Austrian Crown 19\n5. Meeting the Relatives · 37\n6. For the Love of Iran. 41\n7. To the Bottom of the World 53\n8. Das Lager ■ 65\n9. His Majesty's Guests · 79\n10. The Imaginary Homeland · 91\n11. Shadows and Flames · · ■ 119\n12. After the War · . · 123\n13. Stranded in Exile. · · · 127\n14. Swimming for the Eucharist · 139\n15. Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam. · · 155\n16. Mirror Without Identity · · · 173\n17. The Wreck ofthe Deutschland 191\n18. Intelligence Testing · 209\n19. A Banquet of Life ■ 223\n20. Marriage in Rome 249\n21. Integration 257" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1276, + "y": 0.3795 + }, + { + "x": 0.85, + "y": 0.3795 + }, + { + "x": 0.85, + "y": 0.8922 + }, + { + "x": 0.1276, + "y": 0.8922 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000190.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
ModelH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
Cand. 173.7370.4887.4765.7370.6281.5366.57
Cand. 273.2871.5988.3966.1472.5081.9959.14
\n\n
ModelMerge MethodH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
Merge v1Average (0.5, 0.5)74.0071.1688.0166.1471.7182.0864.90
Merge v2Average (0.4, 0.6)73.9371.0888.0866.2771.8981.7764.52
Merge v3Average (0.6, 0.4)74.0571.0887.8866.1371.6182.0865.50
Merge v4SLERP73.9671.1688.0366.2571.7981.9364.59
Table 6: Performance comparison amongst the merge candidates. 'Cand. 1' and 'Cand. 2' are trained using the
same setting as 'DPO v2' and 'DPO v3' , respectively, but with slightly different hyper-parameters. The best scores
for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.
\n

Table 7: Ablation studies on the different merge methods used for obtaining the final model. We use 'Cand. 1'
and 'Cand. 2' from Tab. 6 as our two models for merging. We name the merged models with the 'Merge' prefix to
indicate they are merged. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.

\n

scores for tasks like ARC, HellaSwag, and Truth-
fulQA all improved by good margins, the score
for GSM8K is 58.83, which is lower than the
SFT base model score of 64.14. Adding Synth.
Math-Alignment to train 'DPO v2' , we see that
the GSM8k score improves to 60.27, which is
lower than the SFT base model but still higher
than 'DPO v1 · Other task scores are also not nega-
tively impacted by adding Synth. Math-Alignment.
Thus, we can conclude that adding Synth. Math-
Alignment is beneficial for H6.

\n

Then, we experiment whether merging 'DPO
v1' and 'DPO v2' is beneficial. Unfortunately,
'DPO v1+v2' scores 73.21 in H6, which is worse
than 'DPO v2'. More importantly, the gain in
the GSM8K score from adding Synth. Math-
Alignment is gone, which is undesirable. One
reason for this could be that 'DPO v2' is a strict
improvement over 'DPO v1' , unlike the case for
merging 'SFT v3' and 'SFT v4' where the models
had different strengths and weaknesses.

\n

Ablation on the SFT base models. When ap-
plying DPO, we start from a model that is already
instruction tuned ,i.e., the SFT base model and ab-
late on using different SFT base models. We use
Ultrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment
datasets for this ablation. Each of the ablated mod-
els is trained as follows. 'DPO v2' uses 'SFT v3'
as the base SFT model, while 'DPO v3' uses 'SFT
v3+v4' as the SFT base model instead.

\n

Note that 'SFT v3+v4' has higher scores on all
tasks compared to 'SFT v3' , and the gap is espe-
cially large for ARC (+1.45) and GSM8K (+2.43).
Surprisingly, the two models perform similarly in
terms of H6. A closer look at the scores for the

\n

individual tasks shows only a small margin in the
GSM8K scores, and other task scores show little
difference. Thus, the performance gaps in certain
tasks in the SFT base models do not always carry
over to the alignment-tuned models.

\n

Ablation on different merge methods. From
Tab. 3, we saw that merging two models that have
different strengths can be beneficial to performance.
To utilize this for the alignment-tuned model as
well, we train two models named 'Cand. 1' and
'Cand. 2' using the same training dataset and SFT
base model as 'DPO v2' and 'DPO v3' but with dif-
ferent hyper-parameters to maximize each model's
respective strengths. We compare 'Cand. 1 , and
'Cand. 2' in Tab. 6 where we can see that 'Cand. 1'
has high GSM8K scores but relatively low scores
for the other tasks, whereas 'Cand. 2' has low
scores for GSM8K but high scores for the other
tasks. We merge these two models using various
methods and ablate the results in Tab.. 7.

\n

We use two merge methods: 1) Average (a, b),
where a and b denote the weighting for 'Cand.
1' and 'Cand. 2' when averaging weights and 2)
SLERP (Shoemake, 1985). We use (0.5, 0.5), (0.4,
0.6), and (0.6, 0.4) for Average (a, b). From Tab. 7,
we can see that the different merge methods have
little effect on the H6 scores. The scores for the
individual tasks also do not differ by much, suggest-
ing that as long as the merge candidates have suffi-
ciently different strengths, the exact merge method
may not be as crucial. Thus, we chose 'Merge v1'
as our SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct model.

", + "markdown": "| Model | H6 (Avg.) | ARC | HellaSwag | MMLU | TruthfulQA | Winogrande | GSM8K |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Cand. 1 | 73.73 | 70.48 | 87.47 | 65.73 | 70.62 | 81.53 | 66.57 |\n| Cand. 2 | 73.28 | 71.59 | 88.39 | 66.14 | 72.50 | 81.99 | 59.14 |\n\n\nTable 6: Performance comparison amongst the merge candidates. 'Cand. 1' and 'Cand. 2' are trained using the\nsame setting as 'DPO v2' and 'DPO v3' , respectively, but with slightly different hyper-parameters. The best scores\nfor H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.\n\n| Model | Merge Method | H6 (Avg.) | ARC | HellaSwag | MMLU | TruthfulQA | Winogrande | GSM8K |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Merge v1 | Average (0.5, 0.5) | 74.00 | 71.16 | 88.01 | 66.14 | 71.71 | 82.08 | 64.90 |\n| Merge v2 | Average (0.4, 0.6) | 73.93 | 71.08 | 88.08 | 66.27 | 71.89 | 81.77 | 64.52 |\n| Merge v3 | Average (0.6, 0.4) | 74.05 | 71.08 | 87.88 | 66.13 | 71.61 | 82.08 | 65.50 |\n| Merge v4 | SLERP | 73.96 | 71.16 | 88.03 | 66.25 | 71.79 | 81.93 | 64.59 |\n\n\nTable 7: Ablation studies on the different merge methods used for obtaining the final model. We use 'Cand. 1'\nand 'Cand. 2' from Tab. 6 as our two models for merging. We name the merged models with the 'Merge' prefix to\nindicate they are merged. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.\n\nscores for tasks like ARC, HellaSwag, and Truth-\nfulQA all improved by good margins, the score\nfor GSM8K is 58.83, which is lower than the\nSFT base model score of 64.14. Adding Synth.\nMath-Alignment to train 'DPO v2' , we see that\nthe GSM8k score improves to 60.27, which is\nlower than the SFT base model but still higher\nthan 'DPO v1 · Other task scores are also not nega-\ntively impacted by adding Synth. Math-Alignment.\nThus, we can conclude that adding Synth. Math-\nAlignment is beneficial for H6.\n\nThen, we experiment whether merging 'DPO\nv1' and 'DPO v2' is beneficial. Unfortunately,\n'DPO v1+v2' scores 73.21 in H6, which is worse\nthan 'DPO v2'. More importantly, the gain in\nthe GSM8K score from adding Synth. Math-\nAlignment is gone, which is undesirable. One\nreason for this could be that 'DPO v2' is a strict\nimprovement over 'DPO v1' , unlike the case for\nmerging 'SFT v3' and 'SFT v4' where the models\nhad different strengths and weaknesses.\n\nAblation on the SFT base models. When ap-\nplying DPO, we start from a model that is already\ninstruction tuned ,i.e., the SFT base model and ab-\nlate on using different SFT base models. We use\nUltrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment\ndatasets for this ablation. Each of the ablated mod-\nels is trained as follows. 'DPO v2' uses 'SFT v3'\nas the base SFT model, while 'DPO v3' uses 'SFT\nv3+v4' as the SFT base model instead.\n\nNote that 'SFT v3+v4' has higher scores on all\ntasks compared to 'SFT v3' , and the gap is espe-\ncially large for ARC (+1.45) and GSM8K (+2.43).\nSurprisingly, the two models perform similarly in\nterms of H6. A closer look at the scores for the\n\nindividual tasks shows only a small margin in the\nGSM8K scores, and other task scores show little\ndifference. Thus, the performance gaps in certain\ntasks in the SFT base models do not always carry\nover to the alignment-tuned models.\n\nAblation on different merge methods. From\nTab. 3, we saw that merging two models that have\ndifferent strengths can be beneficial to performance.\nTo utilize this for the alignment-tuned model as\nwell, we train two models named 'Cand. 1' and\n'Cand. 2' using the same training dataset and SFT\nbase model as 'DPO v2' and 'DPO v3' but with dif-\nferent hyper-parameters to maximize each model's\nrespective strengths. We compare 'Cand. 1 , and\n'Cand. 2' in Tab. 6 where we can see that 'Cand. 1'\nhas high GSM8K scores but relatively low scores\nfor the other tasks, whereas 'Cand. 2' has low\nscores for GSM8K but high scores for the other\ntasks. We merge these two models using various\nmethods and ablate the results in Tab.. 7.\n\nWe use two merge methods: 1) Average (a, b),\nwhere a and b denote the weighting for 'Cand.\n1' and 'Cand. 2' when averaging weights and 2)\nSLERP (Shoemake, 1985). We use (0.5, 0.5), (0.4,\n0.6), and (0.6, 0.4) for Average (a, b). From Tab. 7,\nwe can see that the different merge methods have\nlittle effect on the H6 scores. The scores for the\nindividual tasks also do not differ by much, suggest-\ning that as long as the merge candidates have suffi-\nciently different strengths, the exact merge method\nmay not be as crucial. Thus, we chose 'Merge v1'\nas our SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct model.", + "text": "Model H6 (Avg.) ARC HellaSwag MMLU TruthfulQA Winogrande GSM8K\n Cand. 1 73.73 70.48 87.47 65.73 70.62 81.53 66.57\n Cand. 2 73.28 71.59 88.39 66.14 72.50 81.99 59.14\nTable 6: Performance comparison amongst the merge candidates. 'Cand. 1' and 'Cand. 2' are trained using the\nsame setting as 'DPO v2' and 'DPO v3' , respectively, but with slightly different hyper-parameters. The best scores\nfor H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.\nModel Merge Method H6 (Avg.) ARC HellaSwag MMLU TruthfulQA Winogrande GSM8K\n Merge v1 Average (0.5, 0.5) 74.00 71.16 88.01 66.14 71.71 82.08 64.90\n Merge v2 Average (0.4, 0.6) 73.93 71.08 88.08 66.27 71.89 81.77 64.52\n Merge v3 Average (0.6, 0.4) 74.05 71.08 87.88 66.13 71.61 82.08 65.50\n Merge v4 SLERP 73.96 71.16 88.03 66.25 71.79 81.93 64.59\nTable 7: Ablation studies on the different merge methods used for obtaining the final model. We use 'Cand. 1'\nand 'Cand. 2' from Tab. 6 as our two models for merging. We name the merged models with the 'Merge' prefix to\nindicate they are merged. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.\nscores for tasks like ARC, HellaSwag, and Truth-\nfulQA all improved by good margins, the score\nfor GSM8K is 58.83, which is lower than the\nSFT base model score of 64.14. Adding Synth.\nMath-Alignment to train 'DPO v2' , we see that\nthe GSM8k score improves to 60.27, which is\nlower than the SFT base model but still higher\nthan 'DPO v1 · Other task scores are also not nega-\ntively impacted by adding Synth. Math-Alignment.\nThus, we can conclude that adding Synth. Math-\nAlignment is beneficial for H6.\nThen, we experiment whether merging 'DPO\nv1' and 'DPO v2' is beneficial. Unfortunately,\n'DPO v1+v2' scores 73.21 in H6, which is worse\nthan 'DPO v2'. More importantly, the gain in\nthe GSM8K score from adding Synth. Math-\nAlignment is gone, which is undesirable. One\nreason for this could be that 'DPO v2' is a strict\nimprovement over 'DPO v1' , unlike the case for\nmerging 'SFT v3' and 'SFT v4' where the models\nhad different strengths and weaknesses.\nAblation on the SFT base models. When ap-\nplying DPO, we start from a model that is already\ninstruction tuned ,i.e., the SFT base model and ab-\nlate on using different SFT base models. We use\nUltrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment\ndatasets for this ablation. Each of the ablated mod-\nels is trained as follows. 'DPO v2' uses 'SFT v3'\nas the base SFT model, while 'DPO v3' uses 'SFT\nv3+v4' as the SFT base model instead.\nNote that 'SFT v3+v4' has higher scores on all\ntasks compared to 'SFT v3' , and the gap is espe-\ncially large for ARC (+1.45) and GSM8K (+2.43).\nSurprisingly, the two models perform similarly in\nterms of H6. A closer look at the scores for the\nindividual tasks shows only a small margin in the\nGSM8K scores, and other task scores show little\ndifference. Thus, the performance gaps in certain\ntasks in the SFT base models do not always carry\nover to the alignment-tuned models.\nAblation on different merge methods. From\nTab. 3, we saw that merging two models that have\ndifferent strengths can be beneficial to performance.\nTo utilize this for the alignment-tuned model as\nwell, we train two models named 'Cand. 1' and\n'Cand. 2' using the same training dataset and SFT\nbase model as 'DPO v2' and 'DPO v3' but with dif-\nferent hyper-parameters to maximize each model's\nrespective strengths. We compare 'Cand. 1 , and\n'Cand. 2' in Tab. 6 where we can see that 'Cand. 1'\nhas high GSM8K scores but relatively low scores\nfor the other tasks, whereas 'Cand. 2' has low\nscores for GSM8K but high scores for the other\ntasks. We merge these two models using various\nmethods and ablate the results in Tab.. 7.\nWe use two merge methods: 1) Average (a, b),\nwhere a and b denote the weighting for 'Cand.\n1' and 'Cand. 2' when averaging weights and 2)\nSLERP (Shoemake, 1985). We use (0.5, 0.5), (0.4,\n0.6), and (0.6, 0.4) for Average (a, b). From Tab. 7,\nwe can see that the different merge methods have\nlittle effect on the H6 scores. The scores for the\nindividual tasks also do not differ by much, suggest-\ning that as long as the merge candidates have suffi-\nciently different strengths, the exact merge method\nmay not be as crucial. Thus, we chose 'Merge v1'\nas our SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct model." + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
ModelH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
Cand. 173.7370.4887.4765.7370.6281.5366.57
Cand. 273.2871.5988.3966.1472.5081.9959.14
", + "markdown": "| Model | H6 (Avg.) | ARC | HellaSwag | MMLU | TruthfulQA | Winogrande | GSM8K |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Cand. 1 | 73.73 | 70.48 | 87.47 | 65.73 | 70.62 | 81.53 | 66.57 |\n| Cand. 2 | 73.28 | 71.59 | 88.39 | 66.14 | 72.50 | 81.99 | 59.14 |\n", + "text": "Model H6 (Avg.) ARC HellaSwag MMLU TruthfulQA Winogrande GSM8K\n Cand. 1 73.73 70.48 87.47 65.73 70.62 81.53 66.57\n Cand. 2 73.28 71.59 88.39 66.14 72.50 81.99 59.14" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2542, + "y": 0.0834 + }, + { + "x": 0.7471, + "y": 0.0834 + }, + { + "x": 0.7471, + "y": 0.1288 + }, + { + "x": 0.2542, + "y": 0.1288 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Table 6: Performance comparison amongst the merge candidates. 'Cand. 1' and 'Cand. 2' are trained using the
same setting as 'DPO v2' and 'DPO v3' , respectively, but with slightly different hyper-parameters. The best scores
for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.

", + "markdown": "Table 6: Performance comparison amongst the merge candidates. 'Cand. 1' and 'Cand. 2' are trained using the\nsame setting as 'DPO v2' and 'DPO v3' , respectively, but with slightly different hyper-parameters. The best scores\nfor H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", + "text": "Table 6: Performance comparison amongst the merge candidates. 'Cand. 1' and 'Cand. 2' are trained using the\nsame setting as 'DPO v2' and 'DPO v3' , respectively, but with slightly different hyper-parameters. The best scores\nfor H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1162, + "y": 0.1388 + }, + { + "x": 0.8849, + "y": 0.1388 + }, + { + "x": 0.8849, + "y": 0.1817 + }, + { + "x": 0.1162, + "y": 0.1817 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
ModelMerge MethodH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
Merge v1Average (0.5, 0.5)74.0071.1688.0166.1471.7182.0864.90
Merge v2Average (0.4, 0.6)73.9371.0888.0866.2771.8981.7764.52
Merge v3Average (0.6, 0.4)74.0571.0887.8866.1371.6182.0865.50
Merge v4SLERP73.9671.1688.0366.2571.7981.9364.59
", + "markdown": "| Model | Merge Method | H6 (Avg.) | ARC | HellaSwag | MMLU | TruthfulQA | Winogrande | GSM8K |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Merge v1 | Average (0.5, 0.5) | 74.00 | 71.16 | 88.01 | 66.14 | 71.71 | 82.08 | 64.90 |\n| Merge v2 | Average (0.4, 0.6) | 73.93 | 71.08 | 88.08 | 66.27 | 71.89 | 81.77 | 64.52 |\n| Merge v3 | Average (0.6, 0.4) | 74.05 | 71.08 | 87.88 | 66.13 | 71.61 | 82.08 | 65.50 |\n| Merge v4 | SLERP | 73.96 | 71.16 | 88.03 | 66.25 | 71.79 | 81.93 | 64.59 |\n", + "text": "Model Merge Method H6 (Avg.) ARC HellaSwag MMLU TruthfulQA Winogrande GSM8K\n Merge v1 Average (0.5, 0.5) 74.00 71.16 88.01 66.14 71.71 82.08 64.90\n Merge v2 Average (0.4, 0.6) 73.93 71.08 88.08 66.27 71.89 81.77 64.52\n Merge v3 Average (0.6, 0.4) 74.05 71.08 87.88 66.13 71.61 82.08 65.50\n Merge v4 SLERP 73.96 71.16 88.03 66.25 71.79 81.93 64.59" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2169, + "y": 0.1959 + }, + { + "x": 0.783, + "y": 0.1959 + }, + { + "x": 0.783, + "y": 0.2592 + }, + { + "x": 0.2169, + "y": 0.2592 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Table 7: Ablation studies on the different merge methods used for obtaining the final model. We use 'Cand. 1'
and 'Cand. 2' from Tab. 6 as our two models for merging. We name the merged models with the 'Merge' prefix to
indicate they are merged. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.

", + "markdown": "Table 7: Ablation studies on the different merge methods used for obtaining the final model. We use 'Cand. 1'\nand 'Cand. 2' from Tab. 6 as our two models for merging. We name the merged models with the 'Merge' prefix to\nindicate they are merged. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", + "text": "Table 7: Ablation studies on the different merge methods used for obtaining the final model. We use 'Cand. 1'\nand 'Cand. 2' from Tab. 6 as our two models for merging. We name the merged models with the 'Merge' prefix to\nindicate they are merged. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1169, + "y": 0.2691 + }, + { + "x": 0.8865, + "y": 0.2691 + }, + { + "x": 0.8865, + "y": 0.3129 + }, + { + "x": 0.1169, + "y": 0.3129 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

scores for tasks like ARC, HellaSwag, and Truth-
fulQA all improved by good margins, the score
for GSM8K is 58.83, which is lower than the
SFT base model score of 64.14. Adding Synth.
Math-Alignment to train 'DPO v2' , we see that
the GSM8k score improves to 60.27, which is
lower than the SFT base model but still higher
than 'DPO v1 · Other task scores are also not nega-
tively impacted by adding Synth. Math-Alignment.
Thus, we can conclude that adding Synth. Math-
Alignment is beneficial for H6.

", + "markdown": "scores for tasks like ARC, HellaSwag, and Truth-\nfulQA all improved by good margins, the score\nfor GSM8K is 58.83, which is lower than the\nSFT base model score of 64.14. Adding Synth.\nMath-Alignment to train 'DPO v2' , we see that\nthe GSM8k score improves to 60.27, which is\nlower than the SFT base model but still higher\nthan 'DPO v1 · Other task scores are also not nega-\ntively impacted by adding Synth. Math-Alignment.\nThus, we can conclude that adding Synth. Math-\nAlignment is beneficial for H6.", + "text": "scores for tasks like ARC, HellaSwag, and Truth-\nfulQA all improved by good margins, the score\nfor GSM8K is 58.83, which is lower than the\nSFT base model score of 64.14. Adding Synth.\nMath-Alignment to train 'DPO v2' , we see that\nthe GSM8k score improves to 60.27, which is\nlower than the SFT base model but still higher\nthan 'DPO v1 · Other task scores are also not nega-\ntively impacted by adding Synth. Math-Alignment.\nThus, we can conclude that adding Synth. Math-\nAlignment is beneficial for H6." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1155, + "y": 0.3375 + }, + { + "x": 0.491, + "y": 0.3375 + }, + { + "x": 0.491, + "y": 0.5141 + }, + { + "x": 0.1155, + "y": 0.5141 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Then, we experiment whether merging 'DPO
v1' and 'DPO v2' is beneficial. Unfortunately,
'DPO v1+v2' scores 73.21 in H6, which is worse
than 'DPO v2'. More importantly, the gain in
the GSM8K score from adding Synth. Math-
Alignment is gone, which is undesirable. One
reason for this could be that 'DPO v2' is a strict
improvement over 'DPO v1' , unlike the case for
merging 'SFT v3' and 'SFT v4' where the models
had different strengths and weaknesses.

", + "markdown": "Then, we experiment whether merging 'DPO\nv1' and 'DPO v2' is beneficial. Unfortunately,\n'DPO v1+v2' scores 73.21 in H6, which is worse\nthan 'DPO v2'. More importantly, the gain in\nthe GSM8K score from adding Synth. Math-\nAlignment is gone, which is undesirable. One\nreason for this could be that 'DPO v2' is a strict\nimprovement over 'DPO v1' , unlike the case for\nmerging 'SFT v3' and 'SFT v4' where the models\nhad different strengths and weaknesses.", + "text": "Then, we experiment whether merging 'DPO\nv1' and 'DPO v2' is beneficial. Unfortunately,\n'DPO v1+v2' scores 73.21 in H6, which is worse\nthan 'DPO v2'. More importantly, the gain in\nthe GSM8K score from adding Synth. Math-\nAlignment is gone, which is undesirable. One\nreason for this could be that 'DPO v2' is a strict\nimprovement over 'DPO v1' , unlike the case for\nmerging 'SFT v3' and 'SFT v4' where the models\nhad different strengths and weaknesses." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1153, + "y": 0.5167 + }, + { + "x": 0.4898, + "y": 0.5167 + }, + { + "x": 0.4898, + "y": 0.6774 + }, + { + "x": 0.1153, + "y": 0.6774 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Ablation on the SFT base models. When ap-
plying DPO, we start from a model that is already
instruction tuned ,i.e., the SFT base model and ab-
late on using different SFT base models. We use
Ultrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment
datasets for this ablation. Each of the ablated mod-
els is trained as follows. 'DPO v2' uses 'SFT v3'
as the base SFT model, while 'DPO v3' uses 'SFT
v3+v4' as the SFT base model instead.

", + "markdown": "Ablation on the SFT base models. When ap-\nplying DPO, we start from a model that is already\ninstruction tuned ,i.e., the SFT base model and ab-\nlate on using different SFT base models. We use\nUltrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment\ndatasets for this ablation. Each of the ablated mod-\nels is trained as follows. 'DPO v2' uses 'SFT v3'\nas the base SFT model, while 'DPO v3' uses 'SFT\nv3+v4' as the SFT base model instead.", + "text": "Ablation on the SFT base models. When ap-\nplying DPO, we start from a model that is already\ninstruction tuned ,i.e., the SFT base model and ab-\nlate on using different SFT base models. We use\nUltrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment\ndatasets for this ablation. Each of the ablated mod-\nels is trained as follows. 'DPO v2' uses 'SFT v3'\nas the base SFT model, while 'DPO v3' uses 'SFT\nv3+v4' as the SFT base model instead." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1154, + "y": 0.692 + }, + { + "x": 0.4894, + "y": 0.692 + }, + { + "x": 0.4894, + "y": 0.8369 + }, + { + "x": 0.1154, + "y": 0.8369 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Note that 'SFT v3+v4' has higher scores on all
tasks compared to 'SFT v3' , and the gap is espe-
cially large for ARC (+1.45) and GSM8K (+2.43).
Surprisingly, the two models perform similarly in
terms of H6. A closer look at the scores for the

", + "markdown": "Note that 'SFT v3+v4' has higher scores on all\ntasks compared to 'SFT v3' , and the gap is espe-\ncially large for ARC (+1.45) and GSM8K (+2.43).\nSurprisingly, the two models perform similarly in\nterms of H6. A closer look at the scores for the", + "text": "Note that 'SFT v3+v4' has higher scores on all\ntasks compared to 'SFT v3' , and the gap is espe-\ncially large for ARC (+1.45) and GSM8K (+2.43).\nSurprisingly, the two models perform similarly in\nterms of H6. A closer look at the scores for the" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.116, + "y": 0.8399 + }, + { + "x": 0.4892, + "y": 0.8399 + }, + { + "x": 0.4892, + "y": 0.9202 + }, + { + "x": 0.116, + "y": 0.9202 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

individual tasks shows only a small margin in the
GSM8K scores, and other task scores show little
difference. Thus, the performance gaps in certain
tasks in the SFT base models do not always carry
over to the alignment-tuned models.

", + "markdown": "individual tasks shows only a small margin in the\nGSM8K scores, and other task scores show little\ndifference. Thus, the performance gaps in certain\ntasks in the SFT base models do not always carry\nover to the alignment-tuned models.", + "text": "individual tasks shows only a small margin in the\nGSM8K scores, and other task scores show little\ndifference. Thus, the performance gaps in certain\ntasks in the SFT base models do not always carry\nover to the alignment-tuned models." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5097, + "y": 0.3376 + }, + { + "x": 0.8842, + "y": 0.3376 + }, + { + "x": 0.8842, + "y": 0.4176 + }, + { + "x": 0.5097, + "y": 0.4176 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Ablation on different merge methods. From
Tab. 3, we saw that merging two models that have
different strengths can be beneficial to performance.
To utilize this for the alignment-tuned model as
well, we train two models named 'Cand. 1' and
'Cand. 2' using the same training dataset and SFT
base model as 'DPO v2' and 'DPO v3' but with dif-
ferent hyper-parameters to maximize each model's
respective strengths. We compare 'Cand. 1 , and
'Cand. 2' in Tab. 6 where we can see that 'Cand. 1'
has high GSM8K scores but relatively low scores
for the other tasks, whereas 'Cand. 2' has low
scores for GSM8K but high scores for the other
tasks. We merge these two models using various
methods and ablate the results in Tab.. 7.

", + "markdown": "Ablation on different merge methods. From\nTab. 3, we saw that merging two models that have\ndifferent strengths can be beneficial to performance.\nTo utilize this for the alignment-tuned model as\nwell, we train two models named 'Cand. 1' and\n'Cand. 2' using the same training dataset and SFT\nbase model as 'DPO v2' and 'DPO v3' but with dif-\nferent hyper-parameters to maximize each model's\nrespective strengths. We compare 'Cand. 1 , and\n'Cand. 2' in Tab. 6 where we can see that 'Cand. 1'\nhas high GSM8K scores but relatively low scores\nfor the other tasks, whereas 'Cand. 2' has low\nscores for GSM8K but high scores for the other\ntasks. We merge these two models using various\nmethods and ablate the results in Tab.. 7.", + "text": "Ablation on different merge methods. From\nTab. 3, we saw that merging two models that have\ndifferent strengths can be beneficial to performance.\nTo utilize this for the alignment-tuned model as\nwell, we train two models named 'Cand. 1' and\n'Cand. 2' using the same training dataset and SFT\nbase model as 'DPO v2' and 'DPO v3' but with dif-\nferent hyper-parameters to maximize each model's\nrespective strengths. We compare 'Cand. 1 , and\n'Cand. 2' in Tab. 6 where we can see that 'Cand. 1'\nhas high GSM8K scores but relatively low scores\nfor the other tasks, whereas 'Cand. 2' has low\nscores for GSM8K but high scores for the other\ntasks. We merge these two models using various\nmethods and ablate the results in Tab.. 7." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5111, + "y": 0.4727 + }, + { + "x": 0.8847, + "y": 0.4727 + }, + { + "x": 0.8847, + "y": 0.7133 + }, + { + "x": 0.5111, + "y": 0.7133 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

We use two merge methods: 1) Average (a, b),
where a and b denote the weighting for 'Cand.
1' and 'Cand. 2' when averaging weights and 2)
SLERP (Shoemake, 1985). We use (0.5, 0.5), (0.4,
0.6), and (0.6, 0.4) for Average (a, b). From Tab. 7,
we can see that the different merge methods have
little effect on the H6 scores. The scores for the
individual tasks also do not differ by much, suggest-
ing that as long as the merge candidates have suffi-
ciently different strengths, the exact merge method
may not be as crucial. Thus, we chose 'Merge v1'
as our SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct model.

", + "markdown": "We use two merge methods: 1) Average (a, b),\nwhere a and b denote the weighting for 'Cand.\n1' and 'Cand. 2' when averaging weights and 2)\nSLERP (Shoemake, 1985). We use (0.5, 0.5), (0.4,\n0.6), and (0.6, 0.4) for Average (a, b). From Tab. 7,\nwe can see that the different merge methods have\nlittle effect on the H6 scores. The scores for the\nindividual tasks also do not differ by much, suggest-\ning that as long as the merge candidates have suffi-\nciently different strengths, the exact merge method\nmay not be as crucial. Thus, we chose 'Merge v1'\nas our SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct model.", + "text": "We use two merge methods: 1) Average (a, b),\nwhere a and b denote the weighting for 'Cand.\n1' and 'Cand. 2' when averaging weights and 2)\nSLERP (Shoemake, 1985). We use (0.5, 0.5), (0.4,\n0.6), and (0.6, 0.4) for Average (a, b). From Tab. 7,\nwe can see that the different merge methods have\nlittle effect on the H6 scores. The scores for the\nindividual tasks also do not differ by much, suggest-\ning that as long as the merge candidates have suffi-\nciently different strengths, the exact merge method\nmay not be as crucial. Thus, we chose 'Merge v1'\nas our SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct model." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5114, + "y": 0.7277 + }, + { + "x": 0.8858, + "y": 0.7277 + }, + { + "x": 0.8858, + "y": 0.9203 + }, + { + "x": 0.5114, + "y": 0.9203 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000120.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

\n

BIO181

\n

Sickle cell hemoglobin and normal hemoglobin differ in only a single amino acid out of more than 100
amino acids in the complete hemoglobin protein. This difference in a single amino acid results in the
different properties of sickle cell hemoglobin compared to normal hemoglobin.

\n

Hemoglobin is carried inside red blood cells. Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the watery cytosol of red
blood cells. Sickle cell hemoglobin is less soluble in the cytosol because:

\n\n
Genes in DNAProtein→Characteristics
2 copies of the allele that codes for normal hemoglobin (SS)→Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the cytosol of red blood cells.→Disk-shaped red blood cells can squeeze through the smallest blood vessels - → normal health
2 copies of the allele that codes for sickle cell hemoglobin (ss)→Sickle cell hemoglobin can clump in long rods in red blood cells.→If sickle cell hemoglobin clumps in long rods sickle-shaped red blood cells clogged small blood vessels + fragile red blood cells → pain, damage to body organs + anemia = sickle cell anemia
· Valine (Val) is much less water-soluble than glutamic acid (Glu).
· Amino acid 6 is in a crucial location on the outer surface of the hemoglobin protein.
The chart on the next page shows how the lower solubility of sickle cell hemoglobin results in the
symptoms of sickle cell anemia.
\n

29a. Circle the arrows in the chart that represent transcription + translation.

\n
115
", + "markdown": "# MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE\n\nBIO181\n\nSickle cell hemoglobin and normal hemoglobin differ in only a single amino acid out of more than 100\namino acids in the complete hemoglobin protein. This difference in a single amino acid results in the\ndifferent properties of sickle cell hemoglobin compared to normal hemoglobin.\n\nHemoglobin is carried inside red blood cells. Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the watery cytosol of red\nblood cells. Sickle cell hemoglobin is less soluble in the cytosol because:\n\n- · Valine (Val) is much less water-soluble than glutamic acid (Glu).\n- · Amino acid 6 is in a crucial location on the outer surface of the hemoglobin protein.\n- The chart on the next page shows how the lower solubility of sickle cell hemoglobin results in the\n- symptoms of sickle cell anemia.\n\n\n| Genes in DNA | | Protein | → | Characteristics |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2 copies of the allele that codes for normal hemoglobin (SS) | → | Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the cytosol of red blood cells. | → | Disk-shaped red blood cells can squeeze through the smallest blood vessels - → normal health |\n| 2 copies of the allele that codes for sickle cell hemoglobin (ss) | → | Sickle cell hemoglobin can clump in long rods in red blood cells. | → | If sickle cell hemoglobin clumps in long rods sickle-shaped red blood cells clogged small blood vessels + fragile red blood cells → pain, damage to body organs + anemia = sickle cell anemia |\n\n\n29a. Circle the arrows in the chart that represent transcription + translation.\n\n115", + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE\nBIO181\nSickle cell hemoglobin and normal hemoglobin differ in only a single amino acid out of more than 100\namino acids in the complete hemoglobin protein. This difference in a single amino acid results in the\ndifferent properties of sickle cell hemoglobin compared to normal hemoglobin.\nHemoglobin is carried inside red blood cells. Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the watery cytosol of red\nblood cells. Sickle cell hemoglobin is less soluble in the cytosol because:\n· Valine (Val) is much less water-soluble than glutamic acid (Glu).\n· Amino acid 6 is in a crucial location on the outer surface of the hemoglobin protein.\nThe chart on the next page shows how the lower solubility of sickle cell hemoglobin results in the\nsymptoms of sickle cell anemia.\nGenes in DNA Protein → Characteristics\n 2 copies of the allele that codes for normal hemoglobin (SS) → Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the cytosol of red blood cells. → Disk-shaped red blood cells can squeeze through the smallest blood vessels - → normal health\n 2 copies of the allele that codes for sickle cell hemoglobin (ss) → Sickle cell hemoglobin can clump in long rods in red blood cells. → If sickle cell hemoglobin clumps in long rods sickle-shaped red blood cells clogged small blood vessels + fragile red blood cells → pain, damage to body organs + anemia = sickle cell anemia\n29a. Circle the arrows in the chart that represent transcription + translation.\n115" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

", + "markdown": "# MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1125, + "y": 0.0453 + }, + { + "x": 0.3972, + "y": 0.0453 + }, + { + "x": 0.3972, + "y": 0.0681 + }, + { + "x": 0.1125, + "y": 0.0681 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

BIO181

", + "markdown": "BIO181", + "text": "BIO181" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7943, + "y": 0.0475 + }, + { + "x": 0.8705, + "y": 0.0475 + }, + { + "x": 0.8705, + "y": 0.0673 + }, + { + "x": 0.7943, + "y": 0.0673 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Sickle cell hemoglobin and normal hemoglobin differ in only a single amino acid out of more than 100
amino acids in the complete hemoglobin protein. This difference in a single amino acid results in the
different properties of sickle cell hemoglobin compared to normal hemoglobin.

", + "markdown": "Sickle cell hemoglobin and normal hemoglobin differ in only a single amino acid out of more than 100\namino acids in the complete hemoglobin protein. This difference in a single amino acid results in the\ndifferent properties of sickle cell hemoglobin compared to normal hemoglobin.", + "text": "Sickle cell hemoglobin and normal hemoglobin differ in only a single amino acid out of more than 100\namino acids in the complete hemoglobin protein. This difference in a single amino acid results in the\ndifferent properties of sickle cell hemoglobin compared to normal hemoglobin." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1141, + "y": 0.0916 + }, + { + "x": 0.8613, + "y": 0.0916 + }, + { + "x": 0.8613, + "y": 0.1454 + }, + { + "x": 0.1141, + "y": 0.1454 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Hemoglobin is carried inside red blood cells. Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the watery cytosol of red
blood cells. Sickle cell hemoglobin is less soluble in the cytosol because:

", + "markdown": "Hemoglobin is carried inside red blood cells. Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the watery cytosol of red\nblood cells. Sickle cell hemoglobin is less soluble in the cytosol because:", + "text": "Hemoglobin is carried inside red blood cells. Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the watery cytosol of red\nblood cells. Sickle cell hemoglobin is less soluble in the cytosol because:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.114, + "y": 0.1803 + }, + { + "x": 0.8673, + "y": 0.1803 + }, + { + "x": 0.8673, + "y": 0.2153 + }, + { + "x": 0.114, + "y": 0.2153 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Valine (Val) is much less water-soluble than glutamic acid (Glu).
· Amino acid 6 is in a crucial location on the outer surface of the hemoglobin protein.
The chart on the next page shows how the lower solubility of sickle cell hemoglobin results in the
symptoms of sickle cell anemia.

", + "markdown": "- · Valine (Val) is much less water-soluble than glutamic acid (Glu).\n- · Amino acid 6 is in a crucial location on the outer surface of the hemoglobin protein.\n- The chart on the next page shows how the lower solubility of sickle cell hemoglobin results in the\n- symptoms of sickle cell anemia.\n", + "text": "· Valine (Val) is much less water-soluble than glutamic acid (Glu).\n· Amino acid 6 is in a crucial location on the outer surface of the hemoglobin protein.\nThe chart on the next page shows how the lower solubility of sickle cell hemoglobin results in the\nsymptoms of sickle cell anemia." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1191, + "y": 0.2269 + }, + { + "x": 0.8331, + "y": 0.2269 + }, + { + "x": 0.8331, + "y": 0.2975 + }, + { + "x": 0.1191, + "y": 0.2975 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
Genes in DNAProtein→Characteristics
2 copies of the allele that codes for normal hemoglobin (SS)→Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the cytosol of red blood cells.→Disk-shaped red blood cells can squeeze through the smallest blood vessels - → normal health
2 copies of the allele that codes for sickle cell hemoglobin (ss)→Sickle cell hemoglobin can clump in long rods in red blood cells.→If sickle cell hemoglobin clumps in long rods sickle-shaped red blood cells clogged small blood vessels + fragile red blood cells → pain, damage to body organs + anemia = sickle cell anemia
", + "markdown": "| Genes in DNA | | Protein | → | Characteristics |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2 copies of the allele that codes for normal hemoglobin (SS) | → | Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the cytosol of red blood cells. | → | Disk-shaped red blood cells can squeeze through the smallest blood vessels - → normal health |\n| 2 copies of the allele that codes for sickle cell hemoglobin (ss) | → | Sickle cell hemoglobin can clump in long rods in red blood cells. | → | If sickle cell hemoglobin clumps in long rods sickle-shaped red blood cells clogged small blood vessels + fragile red blood cells → pain, damage to body organs + anemia = sickle cell anemia |\n", + "text": "Genes in DNA Protein → Characteristics\n 2 copies of the allele that codes for normal hemoglobin (SS) → Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the cytosol of red blood cells. → Disk-shaped red blood cells can squeeze through the smallest blood vessels - → normal health\n 2 copies of the allele that codes for sickle cell hemoglobin (ss) → Sickle cell hemoglobin can clump in long rods in red blood cells. → If sickle cell hemoglobin clumps in long rods sickle-shaped red blood cells clogged small blood vessels + fragile red blood cells → pain, damage to body organs + anemia = sickle cell anemia" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0791, + "y": 0.3341 + }, + { + "x": 0.9199, + "y": 0.3341 + }, + { + "x": 0.9199, + "y": 0.8288 + }, + { + "x": 0.0791, + "y": 0.8288 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

29a. Circle the arrows in the chart that represent transcription + translation.

", + "markdown": "29a. Circle the arrows in the chart that represent transcription + translation.", + "text": "29a. Circle the arrows in the chart that represent transcription + translation." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1127, + "y": 0.8517 + }, + { + "x": 0.7036, + "y": 0.8517 + }, + { + "x": 0.7036, + "y": 0.8693 + }, + { + "x": 0.1127, + "y": 0.8693 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
115
", + "markdown": "115", + "text": "115" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4836, + "y": 0.923 + }, + { + "x": 0.5187, + "y": 0.923 + }, + { + "x": 0.5187, + "y": 0.9391 + }, + { + "x": 0.4836, + "y": 0.9391 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000039.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
\"100\n22\n32
Figure 9.4. 1: Challenges in importing amongst tourism MSMEs who import - all survey phases (%)
\n

There were very few tourism MSMEs that exported
in each survey round. The base is too small for any
conclusive analysis.

\n

9.5. Adapting to the New Normal: Changing
Business Models

\n

Devising new ways to reach customers through
online markets or social media;

\n

In all survey phases, several MSMEs in the tourism
sector reported changing their business models. In
July 2020, 167 tourism MSMEs mentioned that they
changed their business model, in October 2020, 223
mentioned the same, and in January 2021, it was 183
MSMEs. Some changed models in more ways than
one. The main ways across all phases that MSMEs
made changes were:

\n

· Moving into new products and services in high
demand during COVID-19;

\n

Adapting to social distancing;

\n

· Reducing employee salaries.

\n

Compared to previous survey round results, in
January 2021, tourism MSMEs had increasingly
shifted towards adapting to social distancing to
operate (57%).6 Starting online marketing remained a
popular choice, as nearly a quarter (24%) mentioned
it in January 2021, compared to 28% in July 2020 and
31 % in October 2020. Reducing employee salaries as
an approach reduced considerably in January 2021 at
8% of responses compared to 21 % in July 2020 and
24% in October 2020.

\n

6. Compared to 38% in July 2020 and 22% in October 2020.

\n
39
", + "markdown": "Figure 9.4. 1: Challenges in importing amongst tourism MSMEs who import - all survey phases (%)\n\n100\n22\n32 37\n80\n20\n60\n17\n30\n40\n57\n46\n20 38\n0\nJuly 2020 October 2020 January 2021\nBig Challenge Small Challenge No Challenge\n\nThere were very few tourism MSMEs that exported\nin each survey round. The base is too small for any\nconclusive analysis.\n\n9.5. Adapting to the New Normal: Changing\nBusiness Models\n\n- Devising new ways to reach customers through\n- online markets or social media;\n\n\nIn all survey phases, several MSMEs in the tourism\nsector reported changing their business models. In\nJuly 2020, 167 tourism MSMEs mentioned that they\nchanged their business model, in October 2020, 223\nmentioned the same, and in January 2021, it was 183\nMSMEs. Some changed models in more ways than\none. The main ways across all phases that MSMEs\nmade changes were:\n\n- · Moving into new products and services in high\n- demand during COVID-19;\n\n\nAdapting to social distancing;\n\n- · Reducing employee salaries.\n\n\nCompared to previous survey round results, in\nJanuary 2021, tourism MSMEs had increasingly\nshifted towards adapting to social distancing to\noperate (57%).6 Starting online marketing remained a\npopular choice, as nearly a quarter (24%) mentioned\nit in January 2021, compared to 28% in July 2020 and\n31 % in October 2020. Reducing employee salaries as\nan approach reduced considerably in January 2021 at\n8% of responses compared to 21 % in July 2020 and\n24% in October 2020.\n\n6. Compared to 38% in July 2020 and 22% in October 2020.\n\n39", + "text": "Figure 9.4. 1: Challenges in importing amongst tourism MSMEs who import - all survey phases (%)\n100\n22\n32 37\n80\n20\n60\n17\n30\n40\n57\n46\n20 38\n0\nJuly 2020 October 2020 January 2021\nBig Challenge Small Challenge No Challenge\nThere were very few tourism MSMEs that exported\nin each survey round. The base is too small for any\nconclusive analysis.\n9.5. Adapting to the New Normal: Changing\nBusiness Models\nDevising new ways to reach customers through\nonline markets or social media;\nIn all survey phases, several MSMEs in the tourism\nsector reported changing their business models. In\nJuly 2020, 167 tourism MSMEs mentioned that they\nchanged their business model, in October 2020, 223\nmentioned the same, and in January 2021, it was 183\nMSMEs. Some changed models in more ways than\none. The main ways across all phases that MSMEs\nmade changes were:\n· Moving into new products and services in high\ndemand during COVID-19;\nAdapting to social distancing;\n· Reducing employee salaries.\nCompared to previous survey round results, in\nJanuary 2021, tourism MSMEs had increasingly\nshifted towards adapting to social distancing to\noperate (57%).6 Starting online marketing remained a\npopular choice, as nearly a quarter (24%) mentioned\nit in January 2021, compared to 28% in July 2020 and\n31 % in October 2020. Reducing employee salaries as\nan approach reduced considerably in January 2021 at\n8% of responses compared to 21 % in July 2020 and\n24% in October 2020.\n6. Compared to 38% in July 2020 and 22% in October 2020.\n39" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 9.4. 1: Challenges in importing amongst tourism MSMEs who import - all survey phases (%)

", + "markdown": "Figure 9.4. 1: Challenges in importing amongst tourism MSMEs who import - all survey phases (%)", + "text": "Figure 9.4. 1: Challenges in importing amongst tourism MSMEs who import - all survey phases (%)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1538, + "y": 0.0741 + }, + { + "x": 0.9064, + "y": 0.0741 + }, + { + "x": 0.9064, + "y": 0.09 + }, + { + "x": 0.1538, + "y": 0.09 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"100\n22\n32
", + "markdown": "100\n22\n32 37\n80\n20\n60\n17\n30\n40\n57\n46\n20 38\n0\nJuly 2020 October 2020 January 2021\nBig Challenge Small Challenge No Challenge", + "text": "100\n22\n32 37\n80\n20\n60\n17\n30\n40\n57\n46\n20 38\n0\nJuly 2020 October 2020 January 2021\nBig Challenge Small Challenge No Challenge" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2153, + "y": 0.0954 + }, + { + "x": 0.8815, + "y": 0.0954 + }, + { + "x": 0.8815, + "y": 0.3383 + }, + { + "x": 0.2153, + "y": 0.3383 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

There were very few tourism MSMEs that exported
in each survey round. The base is too small for any
conclusive analysis.

", + "markdown": "There were very few tourism MSMEs that exported\nin each survey round. The base is too small for any\nconclusive analysis.", + "text": "There were very few tourism MSMEs that exported\nin each survey round. The base is too small for any\nconclusive analysis." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1551, + "y": 0.3597 + }, + { + "x": 0.5422, + "y": 0.3597 + }, + { + "x": 0.5422, + "y": 0.4032 + }, + { + "x": 0.1551, + "y": 0.4032 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

9.5. Adapting to the New Normal: Changing
Business Models

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Devising new ways to reach customers through
online markets or social media;

", + "markdown": "- Devising new ways to reach customers through\n- online markets or social media;\n", + "text": "Devising new ways to reach customers through\nonline markets or social media;" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5718, + "y": 0.3597 + }, + { + "x": 0.9331, + "y": 0.3597 + }, + { + "x": 0.9331, + "y": 0.3882 + }, + { + "x": 0.5718, + "y": 0.3882 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

In all survey phases, several MSMEs in the tourism
sector reported changing their business models. In
July 2020, 167 tourism MSMEs mentioned that they
changed their business model, in October 2020, 223
mentioned the same, and in January 2021, it was 183
MSMEs. Some changed models in more ways than
one. The main ways across all phases that MSMEs
made changes were:

", + "markdown": "In all survey phases, several MSMEs in the tourism\nsector reported changing their business models. In\nJuly 2020, 167 tourism MSMEs mentioned that they\nchanged their business model, in October 2020, 223\nmentioned the same, and in January 2021, it was 183\nMSMEs. Some changed models in more ways than\none. The main ways across all phases that MSMEs\nmade changes were:", + "text": "In all survey phases, several MSMEs in the tourism\nsector reported changing their business models. In\nJuly 2020, 167 tourism MSMEs mentioned that they\nchanged their business model, in October 2020, 223\nmentioned the same, and in January 2021, it was 183\nMSMEs. Some changed models in more ways than\none. The main ways across all phases that MSMEs\nmade changes were:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1564, + "y": 0.4596 + }, + { + "x": 0.5427, + "y": 0.4596 + }, + { + "x": 0.5427, + "y": 0.5737 + }, + { + "x": 0.1564, + "y": 0.5737 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Moving into new products and services in high
demand during COVID-19;

", + "markdown": "- · Moving into new products and services in high\n- demand during COVID-19;\n", + "text": "· Moving into new products and services in high\ndemand during COVID-19;" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5724, + "y": 0.4032 + }, + { + "x": 0.9322, + "y": 0.4032 + }, + { + "x": 0.9322, + "y": 0.4311 + }, + { + "x": 0.5724, + "y": 0.4311 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Adapting to social distancing;

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· Reducing employee salaries.

", + "markdown": "- · Reducing employee salaries.\n", + "text": "· Reducing employee salaries." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5736, + "y": 0.446 + }, + { + "x": 0.7996, + "y": 0.446 + }, + { + "x": 0.7996, + "y": 0.4599 + }, + { + "x": 0.5736, + "y": 0.4599 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Compared to previous survey round results, in
January 2021, tourism MSMEs had increasingly
shifted towards adapting to social distancing to
operate (57%).6 Starting online marketing remained a
popular choice, as nearly a quarter (24%) mentioned
it in January 2021, compared to 28% in July 2020 and
31 % in October 2020. Reducing employee salaries as
an approach reduced considerably in January 2021 at
8% of responses compared to 21 % in July 2020 and
24% in October 2020.

", + "markdown": "Compared to previous survey round results, in\nJanuary 2021, tourism MSMEs had increasingly\nshifted towards adapting to social distancing to\noperate (57%).6 Starting online marketing remained a\npopular choice, as nearly a quarter (24%) mentioned\nit in January 2021, compared to 28% in July 2020 and\n31 % in October 2020. Reducing employee salaries as\nan approach reduced considerably in January 2021 at\n8% of responses compared to 21 % in July 2020 and\n24% in October 2020.", + "text": "Compared to previous survey round results, in\nJanuary 2021, tourism MSMEs had increasingly\nshifted towards adapting to social distancing to\noperate (57%).6 Starting online marketing remained a\npopular choice, as nearly a quarter (24%) mentioned\nit in January 2021, compared to 28% in July 2020 and\n31 % in October 2020. Reducing employee salaries as\nan approach reduced considerably in January 2021 at\n8% of responses compared to 21 % in July 2020 and\n24% in October 2020." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5496, + "y": 0.4741 + }, + { + "x": 0.9364, + "y": 0.4741 + }, + { + "x": 0.9364, + "y": 0.6171 + }, + { + "x": 0.5496, + "y": 0.6171 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

6. Compared to 38% in July 2020 and 22% in October 2020.

", + "markdown": "6. Compared to 38% in July 2020 and 22% in October 2020.", + "text": "6. Compared to 38% in July 2020 and 22% in October 2020." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1529, + "y": 0.8574 + }, + { + "x": 0.5275, + "y": 0.8574 + }, + { + "x": 0.5275, + "y": 0.8732 + }, + { + "x": 0.1529, + "y": 0.8732 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
39
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Civil Society Engagement
\n\n

Table: The number of accredited observers as of 28 April
202215

\n
No.Name of organizationNumber of accredited observers
1Union of Youth Federations of Cambodia (UYFC)17,266
2Cambodian Women for Peace and Development9,835
3Association of Democratic Students of Cambodia711
4Association of Intellectual and Youth Volunteer46
5Our Friends Association27
6COMFREL26
7Traditional and Modern Mental Health Organization15
Total27,926
election integrity. The registration of local election observers runs until
25 May, and the NEC is still reviewing the application of nearly 5,000
observers.
\n

15 https://www.nec.gov.kh/khnmer/content/5524

\n
17
", + "markdown": "Civil Society Engagement\n\nelection integrity. The registration of local election observers runs until\n25 May, and the NEC is still reviewing the application of nearly 5,000\nobservers.\n\nTable: The number of accredited observers as of 28 April\n202215\n\n| No. | Name of organization | Number of accredited observers |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | Union of Youth Federations of Cambodia (UYFC) | 17,266 |\n| 2 | Cambodian Women for Peace and Development | 9,835 |\n| 3 | Association of Democratic Students of Cambodia | 711 |\n| 4 | Association of Intellectual and Youth Volunteer | 46 |\n| 5 | Our Friends Association | 27 |\n| 6 | COMFREL | 26 |\n| 7 | Traditional and Modern Mental Health Organization | 15 |\n| | Total | 27,926 |\n\n\n15 https://www.nec.gov.kh/khnmer/content/5524\n\n17", + "text": "Civil Society Engagement\nelection integrity. The registration of local election observers runs until\n25 May, and the NEC is still reviewing the application of nearly 5,000\nobservers.\nTable: The number of accredited observers as of 28 April\n202215\nNo. Name of organization Number of accredited observers\n 1 Union of Youth Federations of Cambodia (UYFC) 17,266\n 2 Cambodian Women for Peace and Development 9,835\n 3 Association of Democratic Students of Cambodia 711\n 4 Association of Intellectual and Youth Volunteer 46\n 5 Our Friends Association 27\n 6 COMFREL 26\n 7 Traditional and Modern Mental Health Organization 15\n Total 27,926\n15 https://www.nec.gov.kh/khnmer/content/5524\n17" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Civil Society Engagement
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election integrity. The registration of local election observers runs until
25 May, and the NEC is still reviewing the application of nearly 5,000
observers.

", + "markdown": "election integrity. The registration of local election observers runs until\n25 May, and the NEC is still reviewing the application of nearly 5,000\nobservers.", + "text": "election integrity. The registration of local election observers runs until\n25 May, and the NEC is still reviewing the application of nearly 5,000\nobservers." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1236, + "y": 0.0937 + }, + { + "x": 0.8927, + "y": 0.0937 + }, + { + "x": 0.8927, + "y": 0.1612 + }, + { + "x": 0.1236, + "y": 0.1612 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Table: The number of accredited observers as of 28 April
202215

", + "markdown": "Table: The number of accredited observers as of 28 April\n202215", + "text": "Table: The number of accredited observers as of 28 April\n202215" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1242, + "y": 0.1915 + }, + { + "x": 0.8397, + "y": 0.1915 + }, + { + "x": 0.8397, + "y": 0.2351 + }, + { + "x": 0.1242, + "y": 0.2351 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
No.Name of organizationNumber of accredited observers
1Union of Youth Federations of Cambodia (UYFC)17,266
2Cambodian Women for Peace and Development9,835
3Association of Democratic Students of Cambodia711
4Association of Intellectual and Youth Volunteer46
5Our Friends Association27
6COMFREL26
7Traditional and Modern Mental Health Organization15
Total27,926
", + "markdown": "| No. | Name of organization | Number of accredited observers |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | Union of Youth Federations of Cambodia (UYFC) | 17,266 |\n| 2 | Cambodian Women for Peace and Development | 9,835 |\n| 3 | Association of Democratic Students of Cambodia | 711 |\n| 4 | Association of Intellectual and Youth Volunteer | 46 |\n| 5 | Our Friends Association | 27 |\n| 6 | COMFREL | 26 |\n| 7 | Traditional and Modern Mental Health Organization | 15 |\n| | Total | 27,926 |\n", + "text": "No. Name of organization Number of accredited observers\n 1 Union of Youth Federations of Cambodia (UYFC) 17,266\n 2 Cambodian Women for Peace and Development 9,835\n 3 Association of Democratic Students of Cambodia 711\n 4 Association of Intellectual and Youth Volunteer 46\n 5 Our Friends Association 27\n 6 COMFREL 26\n 7 Traditional and Modern Mental Health Organization 15\n Total 27,926" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1276, + "y": 0.2584 + }, + { + "x": 0.8907, + "y": 0.2584 + }, + { + "x": 0.8907, + "y": 0.6081 + }, + { + "x": 0.1276, + "y": 0.6081 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

15 https://www.nec.gov.kh/khnmer/content/5524

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17
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Promotional Materials

\n\n

Table 7.1. Types of promotional materials

\n
Communication ChannelMediumExamples
Direct communicationsPhysical or digitalmeetings, consultations, listening sessions, email lists
Indirect communicationsPrimarily digitalwebsites, videos, news articles, newsletters, social media posts,
MessagingPhysical or digitalbrochures, posters, signs, booklets
EventsPhysical or digitalpresentations, webinars, seminars, panels, training sessions
InteractivePhysical or digitalOER \"petting zoos,\" games, exhibits, surveys
GoodiesPrimarily physicalpens, notepads, bookmarks, stickers, buttons, etc
A good promotional strategy should include multiple facets, from physical materials to digital
communications. Below, we've compiled a table of promotional materials you might use on
campus, and examples of each type.
\n

Get in contact with partners at your institution to learn more about the processes and options
available to you and how you can best leverage the support at your disposal. If you have a
marketing team available to you that orders pens and other materials for campus events, get in
contact with them about their vendors and how you can leverage their existing workflows for
ordering materials to support your OER Program. This might be as simple as ordering buttons and
posters through your University Printing Office, or it may require you to browse a third party's
marketing catalog or to create materials yourself, if you lack funding for your work.

\n

Annual Events

\n

Creating promotional materials and graphics can make your OER program recognizable on your
college's campus, but just because you've created materials doesn't mean that people will find or
learn from them. As a program manager, you will need to find ways to implement your messaging
and events on campus. Leveraging annual events like Open Education Week in March and
International Open Access Week in October can ground your work in a given time of year and
focus your programming around a topic or theme (Open Education Global, n.d.; SPARC, n.d.).
The Open Education Week website lists past events and provides downloadable promotional
materials to help you kickstart your event planning and coordination. If these weeks regularly
conflict with other events at your institution, that's okay. You can celebrate Open Education Week
the week before or after it falls. So long as you are consistent in the general time you hold these
events, they will still gain recognition at your institution and faculty will come to expect them.

\n
92 I PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
", + "markdown": "# Promotional Materials\n\nA good promotional strategy should include multiple facets, from physical materials to digital\ncommunications. Below, we've compiled a table of promotional materials you might use on\ncampus, and examples of each type.\n\nTable 7.1. Types of promotional materials\n\n| Communication Channel | Medium | Examples |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Direct communications | Physical or digital | meetings, consultations, listening sessions, email lists |\n| Indirect communications | Primarily digital | websites, videos, news articles, newsletters, social media posts, |\n| Messaging | Physical or digital | brochures, posters, signs, booklets |\n| Events | Physical or digital | presentations, webinars, seminars, panels, training sessions |\n| Interactive | Physical or digital | OER \"petting zoos,\" games, exhibits, surveys |\n| Goodies | Primarily physical | pens, notepads, bookmarks, stickers, buttons, etc |\n\n\nGet in contact with partners at your institution to learn more about the processes and options\navailable to you and how you can best leverage the support at your disposal. If you have a\nmarketing team available to you that orders pens and other materials for campus events, get in\ncontact with them about their vendors and how you can leverage their existing workflows for\nordering materials to support your OER Program. This might be as simple as ordering buttons and\nposters through your University Printing Office, or it may require you to browse a third party's\nmarketing catalog or to create materials yourself, if you lack funding for your work.\n\n# Annual Events\n\nCreating promotional materials and graphics can make your OER program recognizable on your\ncollege's campus, but just because you've created materials doesn't mean that people will find or\nlearn from them. As a program manager, you will need to find ways to implement your messaging\nand events on campus. Leveraging annual events like Open Education Week in March and\nInternational Open Access Week in October can ground your work in a given time of year and\nfocus your programming around a topic or theme (Open Education Global, n.d.; SPARC, n.d.).\nThe Open Education Week website lists past events and provides downloadable promotional\nmaterials to help you kickstart your event planning and coordination. If these weeks regularly\nconflict with other events at your institution, that's okay. You can celebrate Open Education Week\nthe week before or after it falls. So long as you are consistent in the general time you hold these\nevents, they will still gain recognition at your institution and faculty will come to expect them.\n\n92 I PROGRAM MANAGEMENT", + "text": "Promotional Materials\nA good promotional strategy should include multiple facets, from physical materials to digital\ncommunications. Below, we've compiled a table of promotional materials you might use on\ncampus, and examples of each type.\nTable 7.1. Types of promotional materials\nCommunication Channel Medium Examples\n Direct communications Physical or digital meetings, consultations, listening sessions, email lists\n Indirect communications Primarily digital websites, videos, news articles, newsletters, social media posts,\n Messaging Physical or digital brochures, posters, signs, booklets\n Events Physical or digital presentations, webinars, seminars, panels, training sessions\n Interactive Physical or digital OER \"petting zoos,\" games, exhibits, surveys\n Goodies Primarily physical pens, notepads, bookmarks, stickers, buttons, etc\nGet in contact with partners at your institution to learn more about the processes and options\navailable to you and how you can best leverage the support at your disposal. If you have a\nmarketing team available to you that orders pens and other materials for campus events, get in\ncontact with them about their vendors and how you can leverage their existing workflows for\nordering materials to support your OER Program. This might be as simple as ordering buttons and\nposters through your University Printing Office, or it may require you to browse a third party's\nmarketing catalog or to create materials yourself, if you lack funding for your work.\nAnnual Events\nCreating promotional materials and graphics can make your OER program recognizable on your\ncollege's campus, but just because you've created materials doesn't mean that people will find or\nlearn from them. As a program manager, you will need to find ways to implement your messaging\nand events on campus. Leveraging annual events like Open Education Week in March and\nInternational Open Access Week in October can ground your work in a given time of year and\nfocus your programming around a topic or theme (Open Education Global, n.d.; SPARC, n.d.).\nThe Open Education Week website lists past events and provides downloadable promotional\nmaterials to help you kickstart your event planning and coordination. If these weeks regularly\nconflict with other events at your institution, that's okay. You can celebrate Open Education Week\nthe week before or after it falls. So long as you are consistent in the general time you hold these\nevents, they will still gain recognition at your institution and faculty will come to expect them.\n92 I PROGRAM MANAGEMENT" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Promotional Materials

", + "markdown": "# Promotional Materials", + "text": "Promotional Materials" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1133, + "y": 0.0743 + }, + { + "x": 0.3857, + "y": 0.0743 + }, + { + "x": 0.3857, + "y": 0.0958 + }, + { + "x": 0.1133, + "y": 0.0958 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

A good promotional strategy should include multiple facets, from physical materials to digital
communications. Below, we've compiled a table of promotional materials you might use on
campus, and examples of each type.

", + "markdown": "A good promotional strategy should include multiple facets, from physical materials to digital\ncommunications. Below, we've compiled a table of promotional materials you might use on\ncampus, and examples of each type.", + "text": "A good promotional strategy should include multiple facets, from physical materials to digital\ncommunications. Below, we've compiled a table of promotional materials you might use on\ncampus, and examples of each type." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1121, + "y": 0.1169 + }, + { + "x": 0.8905, + "y": 0.1169 + }, + { + "x": 0.8905, + "y": 0.1742 + }, + { + "x": 0.1121, + "y": 0.1742 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Table 7.1. Types of promotional materials

", + "markdown": "Table 7.1. Types of promotional materials", + "text": "Table 7.1. Types of promotional materials" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3469, + "y": 0.1914 + }, + { + "x": 0.6543, + "y": 0.1914 + }, + { + "x": 0.6543, + "y": 0.2079 + }, + { + "x": 0.3469, + "y": 0.2079 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
Communication ChannelMediumExamples
Direct communicationsPhysical or digitalmeetings, consultations, listening sessions, email lists
Indirect communicationsPrimarily digitalwebsites, videos, news articles, newsletters, social media posts,
MessagingPhysical or digitalbrochures, posters, signs, booklets
EventsPhysical or digitalpresentations, webinars, seminars, panels, training sessions
InteractivePhysical or digitalOER \"petting zoos,\" games, exhibits, surveys
GoodiesPrimarily physicalpens, notepads, bookmarks, stickers, buttons, etc
", + "markdown": "| Communication Channel | Medium | Examples |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Direct communications | Physical or digital | meetings, consultations, listening sessions, email lists |\n| Indirect communications | Primarily digital | websites, videos, news articles, newsletters, social media posts, |\n| Messaging | Physical or digital | brochures, posters, signs, booklets |\n| Events | Physical or digital | presentations, webinars, seminars, panels, training sessions |\n| Interactive | Physical or digital | OER \"petting zoos,\" games, exhibits, surveys |\n| Goodies | Primarily physical | pens, notepads, bookmarks, stickers, buttons, etc |\n", + "text": "Communication Channel Medium Examples\n Direct communications Physical or digital meetings, consultations, listening sessions, email lists\n Indirect communications Primarily digital websites, videos, news articles, newsletters, social media posts,\n Messaging Physical or digital brochures, posters, signs, booklets\n Events Physical or digital presentations, webinars, seminars, panels, training sessions\n Interactive Physical or digital OER \"petting zoos,\" games, exhibits, surveys\n Goodies Primarily physical pens, notepads, bookmarks, stickers, buttons, etc" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1156, + "y": 0.2106 + }, + { + "x": 0.886, + "y": 0.2106 + }, + { + "x": 0.886, + "y": 0.48 + }, + { + "x": 0.1156, + "y": 0.48 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Get in contact with partners at your institution to learn more about the processes and options
available to you and how you can best leverage the support at your disposal. If you have a
marketing team available to you that orders pens and other materials for campus events, get in
contact with them about their vendors and how you can leverage their existing workflows for
ordering materials to support your OER Program. This might be as simple as ordering buttons and
posters through your University Printing Office, or it may require you to browse a third party's
marketing catalog or to create materials yourself, if you lack funding for your work.

", + "markdown": "Get in contact with partners at your institution to learn more about the processes and options\navailable to you and how you can best leverage the support at your disposal. If you have a\nmarketing team available to you that orders pens and other materials for campus events, get in\ncontact with them about their vendors and how you can leverage their existing workflows for\nordering materials to support your OER Program. This might be as simple as ordering buttons and\nposters through your University Printing Office, or it may require you to browse a third party's\nmarketing catalog or to create materials yourself, if you lack funding for your work.", + "text": "Get in contact with partners at your institution to learn more about the processes and options\navailable to you and how you can best leverage the support at your disposal. If you have a\nmarketing team available to you that orders pens and other materials for campus events, get in\ncontact with them about their vendors and how you can leverage their existing workflows for\nordering materials to support your OER Program. This might be as simple as ordering buttons and\nposters through your University Printing Office, or it may require you to browse a third party's\nmarketing catalog or to create materials yourself, if you lack funding for your work." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1117, + "y": 0.498 + }, + { + "x": 0.89, + "y": 0.498 + }, + { + "x": 0.89, + "y": 0.6356 + }, + { + "x": 0.1117, + "y": 0.6356 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Annual Events

", + "markdown": "# Annual Events", + "text": "Annual Events" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1121, + "y": 0.6599 + }, + { + "x": 0.2697, + "y": 0.6599 + }, + { + "x": 0.2697, + "y": 0.6791 + }, + { + "x": 0.1121, + "y": 0.6791 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Creating promotional materials and graphics can make your OER program recognizable on your
college's campus, but just because you've created materials doesn't mean that people will find or
learn from them. As a program manager, you will need to find ways to implement your messaging
and events on campus. Leveraging annual events like Open Education Week in March and
International Open Access Week in October can ground your work in a given time of year and
focus your programming around a topic or theme (Open Education Global, n.d.; SPARC, n.d.).
The Open Education Week website lists past events and provides downloadable promotional
materials to help you kickstart your event planning and coordination. If these weeks regularly
conflict with other events at your institution, that's okay. You can celebrate Open Education Week
the week before or after it falls. So long as you are consistent in the general time you hold these
events, they will still gain recognition at your institution and faculty will come to expect them.

", + "markdown": "Creating promotional materials and graphics can make your OER program recognizable on your\ncollege's campus, but just because you've created materials doesn't mean that people will find or\nlearn from them. As a program manager, you will need to find ways to implement your messaging\nand events on campus. Leveraging annual events like Open Education Week in March and\nInternational Open Access Week in October can ground your work in a given time of year and\nfocus your programming around a topic or theme (Open Education Global, n.d.; SPARC, n.d.).\nThe Open Education Week website lists past events and provides downloadable promotional\nmaterials to help you kickstart your event planning and coordination. If these weeks regularly\nconflict with other events at your institution, that's okay. You can celebrate Open Education Week\nthe week before or after it falls. So long as you are consistent in the general time you hold these\nevents, they will still gain recognition at your institution and faculty will come to expect them.", + "text": "Creating promotional materials and graphics can make your OER program recognizable on your\ncollege's campus, but just because you've created materials doesn't mean that people will find or\nlearn from them. As a program manager, you will need to find ways to implement your messaging\nand events on campus. Leveraging annual events like Open Education Week in March and\nInternational Open Access Week in October can ground your work in a given time of year and\nfocus your programming around a topic or theme (Open Education Global, n.d.; SPARC, n.d.).\nThe Open Education Week website lists past events and provides downloadable promotional\nmaterials to help you kickstart your event planning and coordination. If these weeks regularly\nconflict with other events at your institution, that's okay. You can celebrate Open Education Week\nthe week before or after it falls. So long as you are consistent in the general time you hold these\nevents, they will still gain recognition at your institution and faculty will come to expect them." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1127, + "y": 0.6975 + }, + { + "x": 0.8884, + "y": 0.6975 + }, + { + "x": 0.8884, + "y": 0.9164 + }, + { + "x": 0.1127, + "y": 0.9164 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
92 I PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
", + "markdown": "92 I PROGRAM MANAGEMENT", + "text": "92 I PROGRAM MANAGEMENT" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1119, + "y": 0.9386 + }, + { + "x": 0.3376, + "y": 0.9386 + }, + { + "x": 0.3376, + "y": 0.9547 + }, + { + "x": 0.1119, + "y": 0.9547 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000069.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Replace

\n

1.

\n

Replace Plastics with Recyclable Materials. Plastics can be replaced by material
made from polypropylene, a material type that is 100% recyclable. However, recyclable
materials should have a forward linkage - link to a recycler who is willing to take on
the recyclables. Paper-based wrappers are another alternative for bagels and sandwich
papers. Containers and packaging can use plastics with a certain percentage of recycled
content and designed to be recyclable or reusable. Highly recyclable packaging is of
little benefit if it is not disposed of correctly. The success of a recyclable package is an
equal demand from recycling companies through improved recyclability of packaging
and investments in efficient recycling facilities and systems. This requires investment and
innovation since quality and availability are still often a stumbling block for companies
to use recycled plastic. The recyclability of plastic packaging can often be improved by:

\n

· choosing a common type of plastic (such as PE, PP or PET);
· choosing a common color (white or transparent); and
· avoiding combinations of materials, such as plastic windows in cardboard
packaging. Watermarking technology is also being developed so that packaging
can be more easily recognized by sorters.

\n

Trash

\n

m. Waste Segregation and Segregated Bins. Shakey's Philippines implementation of
waste segregation and 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) in its corporate office is one good
testament of compliance to RA 9003. The country's premier pizza restaurant has installed
\"Stop Before You Drop\" trash bins for the implementation of company-wide proper
waste management. The bins are labeled to indicate the different types of waste to aid in
proper disposal and culture development of its employees. Waste collected are weighed
on a daily basis to aid in monitoring wastages and to map out more waste management
initiatives.56

\n

n. In-store Sorting and Recycling Bins.

\n

McDonalds has installed sorting and
recycling points in select restaurants in
its markets. It also improved its recycling
bin signage to make the recycling process
easier to understand. McDonald's Germany,
Austria, Czech Republic and Slovakia on the
other hand, collect customer waste to sort for
recycling. initiatives.57

\n
\"하\"
Figure 32. In-store Sorting and Recycling Bins,
McDonalds
\n\n

56 http://www.fajics.compgstami/O2NHEM_MEM_COM/phot/
57 Inyopreverovetowrowuyeakrafuistactakingrovern

\n

76

\n
Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry
", + "markdown": "# Replace\n\n1.\n\nReplace Plastics with Recyclable Materials. Plastics can be replaced by material\nmade from polypropylene, a material type that is 100% recyclable. However, recyclable\nmaterials should have a forward linkage - link to a recycler who is willing to take on\nthe recyclables. Paper-based wrappers are another alternative for bagels and sandwich\npapers. Containers and packaging can use plastics with a certain percentage of recycled\ncontent and designed to be recyclable or reusable. Highly recyclable packaging is of\nlittle benefit if it is not disposed of correctly. The success of a recyclable package is an\nequal demand from recycling companies through improved recyclability of packaging\nand investments in efficient recycling facilities and systems. This requires investment and\ninnovation since quality and availability are still often a stumbling block for companies\nto use recycled plastic. The recyclability of plastic packaging can often be improved by:\n\n- · choosing a common type of plastic (such as PE, PP or PET);\n- · choosing a common color (white or transparent); and\n- · avoiding combinations of materials, such as plastic windows in cardboard\n- packaging. Watermarking technology is also being developed so that packaging\n- can be more easily recognized by sorters.\n\n\n# Trash\n\nm. Waste Segregation and Segregated Bins. Shakey's Philippines implementation of\nwaste segregation and 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) in its corporate office is one good\ntestament of compliance to RA 9003. The country's premier pizza restaurant has installed\n\"Stop Before You Drop\" trash bins for the implementation of company-wide proper\nwaste management. The bins are labeled to indicate the different types of waste to aid in\nproper disposal and culture development of its employees. Waste collected are weighed\non a daily basis to aid in monitoring wastages and to map out more waste management\ninitiatives.56\n\n# n. In-store Sorting and Recycling Bins.\n\nMcDonalds has installed sorting and\nrecycling points in select restaurants in\nits markets. It also improved its recycling\nbin signage to make the recycling process\neasier to understand. McDonald's Germany,\nAustria, Czech Republic and Slovakia on the\nother hand, collect customer waste to sort for\nrecycling. initiatives.57\n\n하\n\nFigure 32. In-store Sorting and Recycling Bins,\nMcDonalds\n\n56 http://www.fajics.compgstami/O2NHEM_MEM_COM/phot/\n57 Inyopreverovetowrowuyeakrafuistactakingrovern\n\n76\n\nStudy on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", + "text": "Replace\n1.\nReplace Plastics with Recyclable Materials. Plastics can be replaced by material\nmade from polypropylene, a material type that is 100% recyclable. However, recyclable\nmaterials should have a forward linkage - link to a recycler who is willing to take on\nthe recyclables. Paper-based wrappers are another alternative for bagels and sandwich\npapers. Containers and packaging can use plastics with a certain percentage of recycled\ncontent and designed to be recyclable or reusable. Highly recyclable packaging is of\nlittle benefit if it is not disposed of correctly. The success of a recyclable package is an\nequal demand from recycling companies through improved recyclability of packaging\nand investments in efficient recycling facilities and systems. This requires investment and\ninnovation since quality and availability are still often a stumbling block for companies\nto use recycled plastic. The recyclability of plastic packaging can often be improved by:\n· choosing a common type of plastic (such as PE, PP or PET);\n· choosing a common color (white or transparent); and\n· avoiding combinations of materials, such as plastic windows in cardboard\npackaging. Watermarking technology is also being developed so that packaging\ncan be more easily recognized by sorters.\nTrash\nm. Waste Segregation and Segregated Bins. Shakey's Philippines implementation of\nwaste segregation and 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) in its corporate office is one good\ntestament of compliance to RA 9003. The country's premier pizza restaurant has installed\n\"Stop Before You Drop\" trash bins for the implementation of company-wide proper\nwaste management. The bins are labeled to indicate the different types of waste to aid in\nproper disposal and culture development of its employees. Waste collected are weighed\non a daily basis to aid in monitoring wastages and to map out more waste management\ninitiatives.56\nn. In-store Sorting and Recycling Bins.\nMcDonalds has installed sorting and\nrecycling points in select restaurants in\nits markets. It also improved its recycling\nbin signage to make the recycling process\neasier to understand. McDonald's Germany,\nAustria, Czech Republic and Slovakia on the\nother hand, collect customer waste to sort for\nrecycling. initiatives.57\n하\nFigure 32. In-store Sorting and Recycling Bins,\nMcDonalds\n56 http://www.fajics.compgstami/O2NHEM_MEM_COM/phot/\n57 Inyopreverovetowrowuyeakrafuistactakingrovern\n76\nStudy on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Replace

", + "markdown": "# Replace", + "text": "Replace" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1146, + "y": 0.0891 + }, + { + "x": 0.1828, + "y": 0.0891 + }, + { + "x": 0.1828, + "y": 0.1048 + }, + { + "x": 0.1146, + "y": 0.1048 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

1.

", + "markdown": "1.", + "text": "1." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1151, + "y": 0.1108 + }, + { + "x": 0.1292, + "y": 0.1108 + }, + { + "x": 0.1292, + "y": 0.1236 + }, + { + "x": 0.1151, + "y": 0.1236 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Replace Plastics with Recyclable Materials. Plastics can be replaced by material
made from polypropylene, a material type that is 100% recyclable. However, recyclable
materials should have a forward linkage - link to a recycler who is willing to take on
the recyclables. Paper-based wrappers are another alternative for bagels and sandwich
papers. Containers and packaging can use plastics with a certain percentage of recycled
content and designed to be recyclable or reusable. Highly recyclable packaging is of
little benefit if it is not disposed of correctly. The success of a recyclable package is an
equal demand from recycling companies through improved recyclability of packaging
and investments in efficient recycling facilities and systems. This requires investment and
innovation since quality and availability are still often a stumbling block for companies
to use recycled plastic. The recyclability of plastic packaging can often be improved by:

", + "markdown": "Replace Plastics with Recyclable Materials. Plastics can be replaced by material\nmade from polypropylene, a material type that is 100% recyclable. However, recyclable\nmaterials should have a forward linkage - link to a recycler who is willing to take on\nthe recyclables. Paper-based wrappers are another alternative for bagels and sandwich\npapers. Containers and packaging can use plastics with a certain percentage of recycled\ncontent and designed to be recyclable or reusable. Highly recyclable packaging is of\nlittle benefit if it is not disposed of correctly. The success of a recyclable package is an\nequal demand from recycling companies through improved recyclability of packaging\nand investments in efficient recycling facilities and systems. This requires investment and\ninnovation since quality and availability are still often a stumbling block for companies\nto use recycled plastic. The recyclability of plastic packaging can often be improved by:", + "text": "Replace Plastics with Recyclable Materials. Plastics can be replaced by material\nmade from polypropylene, a material type that is 100% recyclable. However, recyclable\nmaterials should have a forward linkage - link to a recycler who is willing to take on\nthe recyclables. Paper-based wrappers are another alternative for bagels and sandwich\npapers. Containers and packaging can use plastics with a certain percentage of recycled\ncontent and designed to be recyclable or reusable. Highly recyclable packaging is of\nlittle benefit if it is not disposed of correctly. The success of a recyclable package is an\nequal demand from recycling companies through improved recyclability of packaging\nand investments in efficient recycling facilities and systems. This requires investment and\ninnovation since quality and availability are still often a stumbling block for companies\nto use recycled plastic. The recyclability of plastic packaging can often be improved by:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1247, + "y": 0.1081 + }, + { + "x": 0.8259, + "y": 0.1081 + }, + { + "x": 0.8259, + "y": 0.332 + }, + { + "x": 0.1247, + "y": 0.332 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· choosing a common type of plastic (such as PE, PP or PET);
· choosing a common color (white or transparent); and
· avoiding combinations of materials, such as plastic windows in cardboard
packaging. Watermarking technology is also being developed so that packaging
can be more easily recognized by sorters.

", + "markdown": "- · choosing a common type of plastic (such as PE, PP or PET);\n- · choosing a common color (white or transparent); and\n- · avoiding combinations of materials, such as plastic windows in cardboard\n- packaging. Watermarking technology is also being developed so that packaging\n- can be more easily recognized by sorters.\n", + "text": "· choosing a common type of plastic (such as PE, PP or PET);\n· choosing a common color (white or transparent); and\n· avoiding combinations of materials, such as plastic windows in cardboard\npackaging. Watermarking technology is also being developed so that packaging\ncan be more easily recognized by sorters." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.161, + "y": 0.3329 + }, + { + "x": 0.8107, + "y": 0.3329 + }, + { + "x": 0.8107, + "y": 0.4295 + }, + { + "x": 0.161, + "y": 0.4295 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Trash

", + "markdown": "# Trash", + "text": "Trash" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.114, + "y": 0.452 + }, + { + "x": 0.1633, + "y": 0.452 + }, + { + "x": 0.1633, + "y": 0.4681 + }, + { + "x": 0.114, + "y": 0.4681 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

m. Waste Segregation and Segregated Bins. Shakey's Philippines implementation of
waste segregation and 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) in its corporate office is one good
testament of compliance to RA 9003. The country's premier pizza restaurant has installed
\"Stop Before You Drop\" trash bins for the implementation of company-wide proper
waste management. The bins are labeled to indicate the different types of waste to aid in
proper disposal and culture development of its employees. Waste collected are weighed
on a daily basis to aid in monitoring wastages and to map out more waste management
initiatives.56

", + "markdown": "m. Waste Segregation and Segregated Bins. Shakey's Philippines implementation of\nwaste segregation and 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) in its corporate office is one good\ntestament of compliance to RA 9003. The country's premier pizza restaurant has installed\n\"Stop Before You Drop\" trash bins for the implementation of company-wide proper\nwaste management. The bins are labeled to indicate the different types of waste to aid in\nproper disposal and culture development of its employees. Waste collected are weighed\non a daily basis to aid in monitoring wastages and to map out more waste management\ninitiatives.56", + "text": "m. Waste Segregation and Segregated Bins. Shakey's Philippines implementation of\nwaste segregation and 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) in its corporate office is one good\ntestament of compliance to RA 9003. The country's premier pizza restaurant has installed\n\"Stop Before You Drop\" trash bins for the implementation of company-wide proper\nwaste management. The bins are labeled to indicate the different types of waste to aid in\nproper disposal and culture development of its employees. Waste collected are weighed\non a daily basis to aid in monitoring wastages and to map out more waste management\ninitiatives.56" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1201, + "y": 0.4721 + }, + { + "x": 0.828, + "y": 0.4721 + }, + { + "x": 0.828, + "y": 0.6299 + }, + { + "x": 0.1201, + "y": 0.6299 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

n. In-store Sorting and Recycling Bins.

", + "markdown": "# n. In-store Sorting and Recycling Bins.", + "text": "n. In-store Sorting and Recycling Bins." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1133, + "y": 0.6556 + }, + { + "x": 0.4479, + "y": 0.6556 + }, + { + "x": 0.4479, + "y": 0.672 + }, + { + "x": 0.1133, + "y": 0.672 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

McDonalds has installed sorting and
recycling points in select restaurants in
its markets. It also improved its recycling
bin signage to make the recycling process
easier to understand. McDonald's Germany,
Austria, Czech Republic and Slovakia on the
other hand, collect customer waste to sort for
recycling. initiatives.57

", + "markdown": "McDonalds has installed sorting and\nrecycling points in select restaurants in\nits markets. It also improved its recycling\nbin signage to make the recycling process\neasier to understand. McDonald's Germany,\nAustria, Czech Republic and Slovakia on the\nother hand, collect customer waste to sort for\nrecycling. initiatives.57", + "text": "McDonalds has installed sorting and\nrecycling points in select restaurants in\nits markets. It also improved its recycling\nbin signage to make the recycling process\neasier to understand. McDonald's Germany,\nAustria, Czech Republic and Slovakia on the\nother hand, collect customer waste to sort for\nrecycling. initiatives.57" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1581, + "y": 0.6737 + }, + { + "x": 0.506, + "y": 0.6737 + }, + { + "x": 0.506, + "y": 0.8333 + }, + { + "x": 0.1581, + "y": 0.8333 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"하\"
", + "markdown": "하", + "text": "하" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5356, + "y": 0.6548 + }, + { + "x": 0.8137, + "y": 0.6548 + }, + { + "x": 0.8137, + "y": 0.7757 + }, + { + "x": 0.5356, + "y": 0.7757 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 32. In-store Sorting and Recycling Bins,
McDonalds

", + "markdown": "Figure 32. In-store Sorting and Recycling Bins,\nMcDonalds", + "text": "Figure 32. In-store Sorting and Recycling Bins,\nMcDonalds" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5379, + "y": 0.7787 + }, + { + "x": 0.8132, + "y": 0.7787 + }, + { + "x": 0.8132, + "y": 0.8067 + }, + { + "x": 0.5379, + "y": 0.8067 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

56 http://www.fajics.compgstami/O2NHEM_MEM_COM/phot/
57 Inyopreverovetowrowuyeakrafuistactakingrovern

", + "markdown": "56 http://www.fajics.compgstami/O2NHEM_MEM_COM/phot/\n57 Inyopreverovetowrowuyeakrafuistactakingrovern", + "text": "56 http://www.fajics.compgstami/O2NHEM_MEM_COM/phot/\n57 Inyopreverovetowrowuyeakrafuistactakingrovern" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.112, + "y": 0.8703 + }, + { + "x": 0.6957, + "y": 0.8703 + }, + { + "x": 0.6957, + "y": 0.9019 + }, + { + "x": 0.112, + "y": 0.9019 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

76

", + "markdown": "76", + "text": "76" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.029, + "y": 0.9438 + }, + { + "x": 0.0576, + "y": 0.9438 + }, + { + "x": 0.0576, + "y": 0.9616 + }, + { + "x": 0.029, + "y": 0.9616 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry
", + "markdown": "Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", + "text": "Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0774, + "y": 0.9462 + }, + { + "x": 0.5683, + "y": 0.9462 + }, + { + "x": 0.5683, + "y": 0.9623 + }, + { + "x": 0.0774, + "y": 0.9623 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000109.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

the jet velocity can be assumed to remain constant. Therefore, the horizontal distance traveled by jet
(x) in time (t) is equal to:

\n

$$x=\\,v.t\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;(7)$$

\n

The vertical component of the trajectory of the jet will have a constant acceleration downward due to
the force of gravity. Therefore, at any time, t, the y-position of the jet may be calculated as:

\n

$$y=\\textstyle{\\frac{1}{2}}g t^{2}\\phantom{\\frac{\\mathrm{a}}{}}\\quad\\quad(8)$$

\n

Rearranging Equation (8) gives:

\n

$$\\ t\\implies\\left(\\frac{2y}{g}\\right)^{0.5}\\qquad\\quad\\left(\\mathrm{G}\\right)$$

\n

Substitution of t and V from Equations 9 and 2 into Equation 7 results in:

\n

$$x=C_{v}\\sqrt{2g h}(\\frac{2y}{g})^{0.5}~~~~~~~(10)$$

\n

Equations (10) can be rearranged to find Cv:

\n

$$C_{v}=\\,{\\frac{x}{2\\sqrt{y\\hbar}}}\\qquad\\big(11\\big)$$

\n

Therefore, for steady flow conditions (i.e., constant h in the head tank), the value of Cv can be
determined from the x, y coordinates of the jet trajectory. A graph of x plotted against Vyh will have
a slope of 2Cv.

\n

7.2. DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE

\n

If Cd is assumed to be constant, then a graph of Q plotted against Vh (Equation 6) will be linear, and
the slope of this graph will be:

\n

s = CdAoV2g (12)

\n
EXPERIMENT #6: ORIFICE AND FREE JET FLOW 53
", + "markdown": "the jet velocity can be assumed to remain constant. Therefore, the horizontal distance traveled by jet\n(x) in time (t) is equal to:\n\n$$x=\\,v.t\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;(7)$$\n\nThe vertical component of the trajectory of the jet will have a constant acceleration downward due to\nthe force of gravity. Therefore, at any time, t, the y-position of the jet may be calculated as:\n\n$$y=\\textstyle{\\frac{1}{2}}g t^{2}\\phantom{\\frac{\\mathrm{a}}{}}\\quad\\quad(8)$$\n\n# Rearranging Equation (8) gives:\n\n$$\\ t\\implies\\left(\\frac{2y}{g}\\right)^{0.5}\\qquad\\quad\\left(\\mathrm{G}\\right)$$\n\nSubstitution of t and V from Equations 9 and 2 into Equation 7 results in:\n\n$$x=C_{v}\\sqrt{2g h}(\\frac{2y}{g})^{0.5}~~~~~~~(10)$$\n\n# Equations (10) can be rearranged to find Cv:\n\n$$C_{v}=\\,{\\frac{x}{2\\sqrt{y\\hbar}}}\\qquad\\big(11\\big)$$\n\nTherefore, for steady flow conditions (i.e., constant h in the head tank), the value of Cv can be\ndetermined from the x, y coordinates of the jet trajectory. A graph of x plotted against Vyh will have\na slope of 2Cv.\n\n7.2. DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE\n\nIf Cd is assumed to be constant, then a graph of Q plotted against Vh (Equation 6) will be linear, and\nthe slope of this graph will be:\n\n# s = CdAoV2g (12)\n\nEXPERIMENT #6: ORIFICE AND FREE JET FLOW 53", + "text": "the jet velocity can be assumed to remain constant. Therefore, the horizontal distance traveled by jet\n(x) in time (t) is equal to:\nx = v.t (7)\nThe vertical component of the trajectory of the jet will have a constant acceleration downward due to\nthe force of gravity. Therefore, at any time, t, the y-position of the jet may be calculated as:\ny = 12gt2 (8)\nRearranging Equation (8) gives:\nt = ( 2y ) 0.5 (9) \ng\nSubstitution of t and V from Equations 9 and 2 into Equation 7 results in:\nx = Cv V2gh( 2y )0.5 (10) \ng\nEquations (10) can be rearranged to find Cv:\nx (11) \nCv = \n2 V yh\nTherefore, for steady flow conditions (i.e., constant h in the head tank), the value of Cv can be\ndetermined from the x, y coordinates of the jet trajectory. A graph of x plotted against Vyh will have\na slope of 2Cv.\n7.2. DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE\nIf Cd is assumed to be constant, then a graph of Q plotted against Vh (Equation 6) will be linear, and\nthe slope of this graph will be:\ns = CdAoV2g (12)\nEXPERIMENT #6: ORIFICE AND FREE JET FLOW 53" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

the jet velocity can be assumed to remain constant. Therefore, the horizontal distance traveled by jet
(x) in time (t) is equal to:

", + "markdown": "the jet velocity can be assumed to remain constant. Therefore, the horizontal distance traveled by jet\n(x) in time (t) is equal to:", + "text": "the jet velocity can be assumed to remain constant. Therefore, the horizontal distance traveled by jet\n(x) in time (t) is equal to:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0873, + "y": 0.0697 + }, + { + "x": 0.9131, + "y": 0.0697 + }, + { + "x": 0.9131, + "y": 0.1095 + }, + { + "x": 0.0873, + "y": 0.1095 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$x=\\,v.t\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;(7)$$

", + "markdown": "$$x=\\,v.t\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;(7)$$", + "text": "x = v.t (7)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0865, + "y": 0.1217 + }, + { + "x": 0.2341, + "y": 0.1217 + }, + { + "x": 0.2341, + "y": 0.1439 + }, + { + "x": 0.0865, + "y": 0.1439 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The vertical component of the trajectory of the jet will have a constant acceleration downward due to
the force of gravity. Therefore, at any time, t, the y-position of the jet may be calculated as:

", + "markdown": "The vertical component of the trajectory of the jet will have a constant acceleration downward due to\nthe force of gravity. Therefore, at any time, t, the y-position of the jet may be calculated as:", + "text": "The vertical component of the trajectory of the jet will have a constant acceleration downward due to\nthe force of gravity. Therefore, at any time, t, the y-position of the jet may be calculated as:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0878, + "y": 0.1561 + }, + { + "x": 0.9107, + "y": 0.1561 + }, + { + "x": 0.9107, + "y": 0.1968 + }, + { + "x": 0.0878, + "y": 0.1968 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$y=\\textstyle{\\frac{1}{2}}g t^{2}\\phantom{\\frac{\\mathrm{a}}{}}\\quad\\quad(8)$$

", + "markdown": "$$y=\\textstyle{\\frac{1}{2}}g t^{2}\\phantom{\\frac{\\mathrm{a}}{}}\\quad\\quad(8)$$", + "text": "y = 12gt2 (8)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0874, + "y": 0.2073 + }, + { + "x": 0.2493, + "y": 0.2073 + }, + { + "x": 0.2493, + "y": 0.2331 + }, + { + "x": 0.0874, + "y": 0.2331 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Rearranging Equation (8) gives:

", + "markdown": "# Rearranging Equation (8) gives:", + "text": "Rearranging Equation (8) gives:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0885, + "y": 0.245 + }, + { + "x": 0.3513, + "y": 0.245 + }, + { + "x": 0.3513, + "y": 0.2639 + }, + { + "x": 0.0885, + "y": 0.2639 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$\\ t\\implies\\left(\\frac{2y}{g}\\right)^{0.5}\\qquad\\quad\\left(\\mathrm{G}\\right)$$

", + "markdown": "$$\\ t\\implies\\left(\\frac{2y}{g}\\right)^{0.5}\\qquad\\quad\\left(\\mathrm{G}\\right)$$", + "text": "t = ( 2y ) 0.5 (9) \ng" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0881, + "y": 0.2756 + }, + { + "x": 0.2666, + "y": 0.2756 + }, + { + "x": 0.2666, + "y": 0.3028 + }, + { + "x": 0.0881, + "y": 0.3028 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Substitution of t and V from Equations 9 and 2 into Equation 7 results in:

", + "markdown": "Substitution of t and V from Equations 9 and 2 into Equation 7 results in:", + "text": "Substitution of t and V from Equations 9 and 2 into Equation 7 results in:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0883, + "y": 0.3151 + }, + { + "x": 0.6844, + "y": 0.3151 + }, + { + "x": 0.6844, + "y": 0.335 + }, + { + "x": 0.0883, + "y": 0.335 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$x=C_{v}\\sqrt{2g h}(\\frac{2y}{g})^{0.5}~~~~~~~(10)$$

", + "markdown": "$$x=C_{v}\\sqrt{2g h}(\\frac{2y}{g})^{0.5}~~~~~~~(10)$$", + "text": "x = Cv V2gh( 2y )0.5 (10) \ng" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0889, + "y": 0.3467 + }, + { + "x": 0.3592, + "y": 0.3467 + }, + { + "x": 0.3592, + "y": 0.3741 + }, + { + "x": 0.0889, + "y": 0.3741 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Equations (10) can be rearranged to find Cv:

", + "markdown": "# Equations (10) can be rearranged to find Cv:", + "text": "Equations (10) can be rearranged to find Cv:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0883, + "y": 0.3863 + }, + { + "x": 0.4497, + "y": 0.3863 + }, + { + "x": 0.4497, + "y": 0.4053 + }, + { + "x": 0.0883, + "y": 0.4053 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$C_{v}=\\,{\\frac{x}{2\\sqrt{y\\hbar}}}\\qquad\\big(11\\big)$$

", + "markdown": "$$C_{v}=\\,{\\frac{x}{2\\sqrt{y\\hbar}}}\\qquad\\big(11\\big)$$", + "text": "x (11) \nCv = \n2 V yh" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.088, + "y": 0.4166 + }, + { + "x": 0.2814, + "y": 0.4166 + }, + { + "x": 0.2814, + "y": 0.4464 + }, + { + "x": 0.088, + "y": 0.4464 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Therefore, for steady flow conditions (i.e., constant h in the head tank), the value of Cv can be
determined from the x, y coordinates of the jet trajectory. A graph of x plotted against Vyh will have
a slope of 2Cv.

", + "markdown": "Therefore, for steady flow conditions (i.e., constant h in the head tank), the value of Cv can be\ndetermined from the x, y coordinates of the jet trajectory. A graph of x plotted against Vyh will have\na slope of 2Cv.", + "text": "Therefore, for steady flow conditions (i.e., constant h in the head tank), the value of Cv can be\ndetermined from the x, y coordinates of the jet trajectory. A graph of x plotted against Vyh will have\na slope of 2Cv." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0879, + "y": 0.4561 + }, + { + "x": 0.9124, + "y": 0.4561 + }, + { + "x": 0.9124, + "y": 0.5139 + }, + { + "x": 0.0879, + "y": 0.5139 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

7.2. DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE

", + "markdown": "7.2. DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE", + "text": "7.2. DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0872, + "y": 0.5304 + }, + { + "x": 0.6743, + "y": 0.5304 + }, + { + "x": 0.6743, + "y": 0.5492 + }, + { + "x": 0.0872, + "y": 0.5492 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

If Cd is assumed to be constant, then a graph of Q plotted against Vh (Equation 6) will be linear, and
the slope of this graph will be:

", + "markdown": "If Cd is assumed to be constant, then a graph of Q plotted against Vh (Equation 6) will be linear, and\nthe slope of this graph will be:", + "text": "If Cd is assumed to be constant, then a graph of Q plotted against Vh (Equation 6) will be linear, and\nthe slope of this graph will be:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0879, + "y": 0.563 + }, + { + "x": 0.9107, + "y": 0.563 + }, + { + "x": 0.9107, + "y": 0.6027 + }, + { + "x": 0.0879, + "y": 0.6027 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

s = CdAoV2g (12)

", + "markdown": "# s = CdAoV2g (12)", + "text": "s = CdAoV2g (12)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0873, + "y": 0.6147 + }, + { + "x": 0.3088, + "y": 0.6147 + }, + { + "x": 0.3088, + "y": 0.6382 + }, + { + "x": 0.0873, + "y": 0.6382 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
EXPERIMENT #6: ORIFICE AND FREE JET FLOW 53
", + "markdown": "EXPERIMENT #6: ORIFICE AND FREE JET FLOW 53", + "text": "EXPERIMENT #6: ORIFICE AND FREE JET FLOW 53" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.596, + "y": 0.9397 + }, + { + "x": 0.9101, + "y": 0.9397 + }, + { + "x": 0.9101, + "y": 0.9532 + }, + { + "x": 0.596, + "y": 0.9532 + } + ], + "id": 14, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000005.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
6
\n

CHAPTER I

\n
\"\"
\n\n
\"\"
FIGURE 1.5. The San Mateo Ixtatan men's jacket, lopil
(Spanish capixay). Photo by Elizabeth Purdum.
\n

FIGURE 1.6. Vegetation along the trail from San Mateo
Ixtatan to Bulej, May 1965. Photo by author.

", + "markdown": "6\n\n# CHAPTER I\n\n\n\nFIGURE 1.5. The San Mateo Ixtatan men's jacket, lopil\n(Spanish capixay). Photo by Elizabeth Purdum.\n\n\n\nFIGURE 1.6. Vegetation along the trail from San Mateo\nIxtatan to Bulej, May 1965. Photo by author.", + "text": "6\nCHAPTER I\n\nFIGURE 1.5. The San Mateo Ixtatan men's jacket, lopil\n(Spanish capixay). Photo by Elizabeth Purdum.\n\nFIGURE 1.6. Vegetation along the trail from San Mateo\nIxtatan to Bulej, May 1965. Photo by author." + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
6
", + "markdown": "6", + "text": "6" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.149, + "y": 0.0633 + }, + { + "x": 0.1673, + "y": 0.0633 + }, + { + "x": 0.1673, + "y": 0.0771 + }, + { + "x": 0.149, + "y": 0.0771 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

CHAPTER I

", + "markdown": "# CHAPTER I", + "text": "CHAPTER I" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4558, + "y": 0.0635 + }, + { + "x": 0.5703, + "y": 0.0635 + }, + { + "x": 0.5703, + "y": 0.0777 + }, + { + "x": 0.4558, + "y": 0.0777 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"\"
", + "markdown": "", + "text": "" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1517, + "y": 0.1091 + }, + { + "x": 0.8768, + "y": 0.1091 + }, + { + "x": 0.8768, + "y": 0.4378 + }, + { + "x": 0.1517, + "y": 0.4378 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

FIGURE 1.5. The San Mateo Ixtatan men's jacket, lopil
(Spanish capixay). Photo by Elizabeth Purdum.

", + "markdown": "FIGURE 1.5. The San Mateo Ixtatan men's jacket, lopil\n(Spanish capixay). Photo by Elizabeth Purdum.", + "text": "FIGURE 1.5. The San Mateo Ixtatan men's jacket, lopil\n(Spanish capixay). Photo by Elizabeth Purdum." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2874, + "y": 0.4483 + }, + { + "x": 0.7408, + "y": 0.4483 + }, + { + "x": 0.7408, + "y": 0.4822 + }, + { + "x": 0.2874, + "y": 0.4822 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"\"
", + "markdown": "", + "text": "" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1502, + "y": 0.5389 + }, + { + "x": 0.8783, + "y": 0.5389 + }, + { + "x": 0.8783, + "y": 0.8501 + }, + { + "x": 0.1502, + "y": 0.8501 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

FIGURE 1.6. Vegetation along the trail from San Mateo
Ixtatan to Bulej, May 1965. Photo by author.

", + "markdown": "FIGURE 1.6. Vegetation along the trail from San Mateo\nIxtatan to Bulej, May 1965. Photo by author.", + "text": "FIGURE 1.6. Vegetation along the trail from San Mateo\nIxtatan to Bulej, May 1965. Photo by author." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2821, + "y": 0.8593 + }, + { + "x": 0.7456, + "y": 0.8593 + }, + { + "x": 0.7456, + "y": 0.8934 + }, + { + "x": 0.2821, + "y": 0.8934 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000058.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

3. Perspective of supply and demand balance of wood pellets and cost
structure in Japan

\n

According to a survey taken by the Japan Woody Bioenergy Association in FY2018 (from
April 2018 to March 2019) with 55 biomass power generators, more than half of fuel for
biomass power generation is domestically produced wood biomass at present in Japan in
terms of weight (Figure 4.5).

\n\n
\"Waste\nmaterials
Figure 4.5. Breakdown of Biomass Power Generation Fuel in Japan
\n

PKS = palm kernel shell.
Note: The share of fuel calculated in terms of biomass fuel weight ('Wood pellets', 'Construction wood waste',
'Waste materials', 'Others': tonne; others: dry tonne).
Source: Depicted by IEEJ based on Japan Woody Bioenergy Association (JWBA), 2020.

\n

When translating the survey result into energy form, it is estimated that, within biomass
power generation using wood biomass (`Unutilised wood', 'General wood', and
'Construction wood waste'), around 30% of input fuel is met by import biomass fuel
(Figure 4.6).

\n
38
", + "markdown": "3. Perspective of supply and demand balance of wood pellets and cost\nstructure in Japan\n\nAccording to a survey taken by the Japan Woody Bioenergy Association in FY2018 (from\nApril 2018 to March 2019) with 55 biomass power generators, more than half of fuel for\nbiomass power generation is domestically produced wood biomass at present in Japan in\nterms of weight (Figure 4.5).\n\nFigure 4.5. Breakdown of Biomass Power Generation Fuel in Japan\n\nWaste\nmaterials Others\nConstruction\nwood waste\nPKS\nDomestic logs\nImport pellets, and wood\nchips chips\nDomestic\nwood pellets\n\nPKS = palm kernel shell.\nNote: The share of fuel calculated in terms of biomass fuel weight ('Wood pellets', 'Construction wood waste',\n'Waste materials', 'Others': tonne; others: dry tonne).\nSource: Depicted by IEEJ based on Japan Woody Bioenergy Association (JWBA), 2020.\n\nWhen translating the survey result into energy form, it is estimated that, within biomass\npower generation using wood biomass (`Unutilised wood', 'General wood', and\n'Construction wood waste'), around 30% of input fuel is met by import biomass fuel\n(Figure 4.6).\n\n38", + "text": "3. Perspective of supply and demand balance of wood pellets and cost\nstructure in Japan\nAccording to a survey taken by the Japan Woody Bioenergy Association in FY2018 (from\nApril 2018 to March 2019) with 55 biomass power generators, more than half of fuel for\nbiomass power generation is domestically produced wood biomass at present in Japan in\nterms of weight (Figure 4.5).\nFigure 4.5. Breakdown of Biomass Power Generation Fuel in Japan\nWaste\nmaterials Others\nConstruction\nwood waste\nPKS\nDomestic logs\nImport pellets, and wood\nchips chips\nDomestic\nwood pellets\nPKS = palm kernel shell.\nNote: The share of fuel calculated in terms of biomass fuel weight ('Wood pellets', 'Construction wood waste',\n'Waste materials', 'Others': tonne; others: dry tonne).\nSource: Depicted by IEEJ based on Japan Woody Bioenergy Association (JWBA), 2020.\nWhen translating the survey result into energy form, it is estimated that, within biomass\npower generation using wood biomass (`Unutilised wood', 'General wood', and\n'Construction wood waste'), around 30% of input fuel is met by import biomass fuel\n(Figure 4.6).\n38" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

3. Perspective of supply and demand balance of wood pellets and cost
structure in Japan

", + "markdown": "3. Perspective of supply and demand balance of wood pellets and cost\nstructure in Japan", + "text": "3. Perspective of supply and demand balance of wood pellets and cost\nstructure in Japan" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1376, + "y": 0.102 + }, + { + "x": 0.8109, + "y": 0.102 + }, + { + "x": 0.8109, + "y": 0.142 + }, + { + "x": 0.1376, + "y": 0.142 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

According to a survey taken by the Japan Woody Bioenergy Association in FY2018 (from
April 2018 to March 2019) with 55 biomass power generators, more than half of fuel for
biomass power generation is domestically produced wood biomass at present in Japan in
terms of weight (Figure 4.5).

", + "markdown": "According to a survey taken by the Japan Woody Bioenergy Association in FY2018 (from\nApril 2018 to March 2019) with 55 biomass power generators, more than half of fuel for\nbiomass power generation is domestically produced wood biomass at present in Japan in\nterms of weight (Figure 4.5).", + "text": "According to a survey taken by the Japan Woody Bioenergy Association in FY2018 (from\nApril 2018 to March 2019) with 55 biomass power generators, more than half of fuel for\nbiomass power generation is domestically produced wood biomass at present in Japan in\nterms of weight (Figure 4.5)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1398, + "y": 0.1526 + }, + { + "x": 0.8129, + "y": 0.1526 + }, + { + "x": 0.8129, + "y": 0.2237 + }, + { + "x": 0.1398, + "y": 0.2237 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "Figure 4.5. Breakdown of Biomass Power Generation Fuel in Japan", + "markdown": "Figure 4.5. Breakdown of Biomass Power Generation Fuel in Japan", + "text": "Figure 4.5. Breakdown of Biomass Power Generation Fuel in Japan" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2191, + "y": 0.252 + }, + { + "x": 0.7324, + "y": 0.252 + }, + { + "x": 0.7324, + "y": 0.2669 + }, + { + "x": 0.2191, + "y": 0.2669 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Waste\nmaterials
", + "markdown": "Waste\nmaterials Others\nConstruction\nwood waste\nPKS\nDomestic logs\nImport pellets, and wood\nchips chips\nDomestic\nwood pellets", + "text": "Waste\nmaterials Others\nConstruction\nwood waste\nPKS\nDomestic logs\nImport pellets, and wood\nchips chips\nDomestic\nwood pellets" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2818, + "y": 0.2766 + }, + { + "x": 0.6217, + "y": 0.2766 + }, + { + "x": 0.6217, + "y": 0.4723 + }, + { + "x": 0.2818, + "y": 0.4723 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

PKS = palm kernel shell.
Note: The share of fuel calculated in terms of biomass fuel weight ('Wood pellets', 'Construction wood waste',
'Waste materials', 'Others': tonne; others: dry tonne).
Source: Depicted by IEEJ based on Japan Woody Bioenergy Association (JWBA), 2020.

", + "markdown": "PKS = palm kernel shell.\nNote: The share of fuel calculated in terms of biomass fuel weight ('Wood pellets', 'Construction wood waste',\n'Waste materials', 'Others': tonne; others: dry tonne).\nSource: Depicted by IEEJ based on Japan Woody Bioenergy Association (JWBA), 2020.", + "text": "PKS = palm kernel shell.\nNote: The share of fuel calculated in terms of biomass fuel weight ('Wood pellets', 'Construction wood waste',\n'Waste materials', 'Others': tonne; others: dry tonne).\nSource: Depicted by IEEJ based on Japan Woody Bioenergy Association (JWBA), 2020." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1392, + "y": 0.4844 + }, + { + "x": 0.81, + "y": 0.4844 + }, + { + "x": 0.81, + "y": 0.5447 + }, + { + "x": 0.1392, + "y": 0.5447 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

When translating the survey result into energy form, it is estimated that, within biomass
power generation using wood biomass (`Unutilised wood', 'General wood', and
'Construction wood waste'), around 30% of input fuel is met by import biomass fuel
(Figure 4.6).

", + "markdown": "When translating the survey result into energy form, it is estimated that, within biomass\npower generation using wood biomass (`Unutilised wood', 'General wood', and\n'Construction wood waste'), around 30% of input fuel is met by import biomass fuel\n(Figure 4.6).", + "text": "When translating the survey result into energy form, it is estimated that, within biomass\npower generation using wood biomass (`Unutilised wood', 'General wood', and\n'Construction wood waste'), around 30% of input fuel is met by import biomass fuel\n(Figure 4.6)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1396, + "y": 0.5707 + }, + { + "x": 0.8121, + "y": 0.5707 + }, + { + "x": 0.8121, + "y": 0.6412 + }, + { + "x": 0.1396, + "y": 0.6412 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
38
", + "markdown": "38", + "text": "38" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4647, + "y": 0.9432 + }, + { + "x": 0.4877, + "y": 0.9432 + }, + { + "x": 0.4877, + "y": 0.956 + }, + { + "x": 0.4647, + "y": 0.956 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000019.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Author's Note to the
2021 Edition

\n

This book is a minimally amended, reprinted version of Sing me that
lovely song again (Pandanus Press, 2006). The title was chosen by Ian
Templeman, the publisher, because he was more interested in its literary
merits than in academic history. For that reason, many of my dates were
removed from the original manuscript during editing.

\n

My original intention was to get my parents and the elder of my two
brothers to write their own memories of how they experienced their
internment in Persia and five behind barbed wire in Australia
years
during World War II, focusing on individual memory by gender and age.
It seemed a remarkable opportunity to make this anecdotal and analytical
contribution to social science: they had each lived in the same space with
the same people for the same period. It was to be an experiment made in
heaven, that is, within an impeccable laboratory. But my parents had been
pressured
too distressed by their loss of freedom and the congested and
atmosphere of life in camp to collaborate.

\n

Because I wanted to keep the focus on my own memories, and the tone
of voice my own, I wrote my own book with only minimal research in
various archives in Australia and abroad. I did some research as a check on
some important facts.

\n

Asked to speak about my book at an academic conference at the
University of Queensland in 2006, I did some further research to validate
my contribution. My speech was then published in National Socialism in
Oceania (edited by Emily Turner-Graham and Christine Winter, Peter
Lang, 2010) with the title I had originally suggested to Pandanus Press,
'At Home in Exile: Ambiguities of wartime patriotism`. When in 2015
I was asked by Japanese scholars to speak at Cowra, NSW, at a conference
on internment, I suggested that my younger brother, Peter, also be invited

\n
ix
", + "markdown": "# Author's Note to the\n2021 Edition\n\nThis book is a minimally amended, reprinted version of Sing me that\nlovely song again (Pandanus Press, 2006). The title was chosen by Ian\nTempleman, the publisher, because he was more interested in its literary\nmerits than in academic history. For that reason, many of my dates were\nremoved from the original manuscript during editing.\n\nMy original intention was to get my parents and the elder of my two\nbrothers to write their own memories of how they experienced their\ninternment in Persia and five behind barbed wire in Australia\nyears\nduring World War II, focusing on individual memory by gender and age.\nIt seemed a remarkable opportunity to make this anecdotal and analytical\ncontribution to social science: they had each lived in the same space with\nthe same people for the same period. It was to be an experiment made in\nheaven, that is, within an impeccable laboratory. But my parents had been\npressured\ntoo distressed by their loss of freedom and the congested and\natmosphere of life in camp to collaborate.\n\nBecause I wanted to keep the focus on my own memories, and the tone\nof voice my own, I wrote my own book with only minimal research in\nvarious archives in Australia and abroad. I did some research as a check on\nsome important facts.\n\nAsked to speak about my book at an academic conference at the\nUniversity of Queensland in 2006, I did some further research to validate\nmy contribution. My speech was then published in National Socialism in\nOceania (edited by Emily Turner-Graham and Christine Winter, Peter\nLang, 2010) with the title I had originally suggested to Pandanus Press,\n'At Home in Exile: Ambiguities of wartime patriotism`. When in 2015\nI was asked by Japanese scholars to speak at Cowra, NSW, at a conference\non internment, I suggested that my younger brother, Peter, also be invited\n\nix", + "text": "Author's Note to the\n2021 Edition\nThis book is a minimally amended, reprinted version of Sing me that\nlovely song again (Pandanus Press, 2006). The title was chosen by Ian\nTempleman, the publisher, because he was more interested in its literary\nmerits than in academic history. For that reason, many of my dates were\nremoved from the original manuscript during editing.\nMy original intention was to get my parents and the elder of my two\nbrothers to write their own memories of how they experienced their\ninternment in Persia and five behind barbed wire in Australia\nyears\nduring World War II, focusing on individual memory by gender and age.\nIt seemed a remarkable opportunity to make this anecdotal and analytical\ncontribution to social science: they had each lived in the same space with\nthe same people for the same period. It was to be an experiment made in\nheaven, that is, within an impeccable laboratory. But my parents had been\npressured\ntoo distressed by their loss of freedom and the congested and\natmosphere of life in camp to collaborate.\nBecause I wanted to keep the focus on my own memories, and the tone\nof voice my own, I wrote my own book with only minimal research in\nvarious archives in Australia and abroad. I did some research as a check on\nsome important facts.\nAsked to speak about my book at an academic conference at the\nUniversity of Queensland in 2006, I did some further research to validate\nmy contribution. My speech was then published in National Socialism in\nOceania (edited by Emily Turner-Graham and Christine Winter, Peter\nLang, 2010) with the title I had originally suggested to Pandanus Press,\n'At Home in Exile: Ambiguities of wartime patriotism`. When in 2015\nI was asked by Japanese scholars to speak at Cowra, NSW, at a conference\non internment, I suggested that my younger brother, Peter, also be invited\nix" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Author's Note to the
2021 Edition

", + "markdown": "# Author's Note to the\n2021 Edition", + "text": "Author's Note to the\n2021 Edition" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.249, + "y": 0.2059 + }, + { + "x": 0.7234, + "y": 0.2059 + }, + { + "x": 0.7234, + "y": 0.2822 + }, + { + "x": 0.249, + "y": 0.2822 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

This book is a minimally amended, reprinted version of Sing me that
lovely song again (Pandanus Press, 2006). The title was chosen by Ian
Templeman, the publisher, because he was more interested in its literary
merits than in academic history. For that reason, many of my dates were
removed from the original manuscript during editing.

", + "markdown": "This book is a minimally amended, reprinted version of Sing me that\nlovely song again (Pandanus Press, 2006). The title was chosen by Ian\nTempleman, the publisher, because he was more interested in its literary\nmerits than in academic history. For that reason, many of my dates were\nremoved from the original manuscript during editing.", + "text": "This book is a minimally amended, reprinted version of Sing me that\nlovely song again (Pandanus Press, 2006). The title was chosen by Ian\nTempleman, the publisher, because he was more interested in its literary\nmerits than in academic history. For that reason, many of my dates were\nremoved from the original manuscript during editing." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1258, + "y": 0.3437 + }, + { + "x": 0.8482, + "y": 0.3437 + }, + { + "x": 0.8482, + "y": 0.4457 + }, + { + "x": 0.1258, + "y": 0.4457 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

My original intention was to get my parents and the elder of my two
brothers to write their own memories of how they experienced their
internment in Persia and five behind barbed wire in Australia
years
during World War II, focusing on individual memory by gender and age.
It seemed a remarkable opportunity to make this anecdotal and analytical
contribution to social science: they had each lived in the same space with
the same people for the same period. It was to be an experiment made in
heaven, that is, within an impeccable laboratory. But my parents had been
pressured
too distressed by their loss of freedom and the congested and
atmosphere of life in camp to collaborate.

", + "markdown": "My original intention was to get my parents and the elder of my two\nbrothers to write their own memories of how they experienced their\ninternment in Persia and five behind barbed wire in Australia\nyears\nduring World War II, focusing on individual memory by gender and age.\nIt seemed a remarkable opportunity to make this anecdotal and analytical\ncontribution to social science: they had each lived in the same space with\nthe same people for the same period. It was to be an experiment made in\nheaven, that is, within an impeccable laboratory. But my parents had been\npressured\ntoo distressed by their loss of freedom and the congested and\natmosphere of life in camp to collaborate.", + "text": "My original intention was to get my parents and the elder of my two\nbrothers to write their own memories of how they experienced their\ninternment in Persia and five behind barbed wire in Australia\nyears\nduring World War II, focusing on individual memory by gender and age.\nIt seemed a remarkable opportunity to make this anecdotal and analytical\ncontribution to social science: they had each lived in the same space with\nthe same people for the same period. It was to be an experiment made in\nheaven, that is, within an impeccable laboratory. But my parents had been\npressured\ntoo distressed by their loss of freedom and the congested and\natmosphere of life in camp to collaborate." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1259, + "y": 0.4569 + }, + { + "x": 0.8475, + "y": 0.4569 + }, + { + "x": 0.8475, + "y": 0.6566 + }, + { + "x": 0.1259, + "y": 0.6566 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Because I wanted to keep the focus on my own memories, and the tone
of voice my own, I wrote my own book with only minimal research in
various archives in Australia and abroad. I did some research as a check on
some important facts.

", + "markdown": "Because I wanted to keep the focus on my own memories, and the tone\nof voice my own, I wrote my own book with only minimal research in\nvarious archives in Australia and abroad. I did some research as a check on\nsome important facts.", + "text": "Because I wanted to keep the focus on my own memories, and the tone\nof voice my own, I wrote my own book with only minimal research in\nvarious archives in Australia and abroad. I did some research as a check on\nsome important facts." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1263, + "y": 0.6686 + }, + { + "x": 0.8477, + "y": 0.6686 + }, + { + "x": 0.8477, + "y": 0.7485 + }, + { + "x": 0.1263, + "y": 0.7485 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Asked to speak about my book at an academic conference at the
University of Queensland in 2006, I did some further research to validate
my contribution. My speech was then published in National Socialism in
Oceania (edited by Emily Turner-Graham and Christine Winter, Peter
Lang, 2010) with the title I had originally suggested to Pandanus Press,
'At Home in Exile: Ambiguities of wartime patriotism`. When in 2015
I was asked by Japanese scholars to speak at Cowra, NSW, at a conference
on internment, I suggested that my younger brother, Peter, also be invited

", + "markdown": "Asked to speak about my book at an academic conference at the\nUniversity of Queensland in 2006, I did some further research to validate\nmy contribution. My speech was then published in National Socialism in\nOceania (edited by Emily Turner-Graham and Christine Winter, Peter\nLang, 2010) with the title I had originally suggested to Pandanus Press,\n'At Home in Exile: Ambiguities of wartime patriotism`. When in 2015\nI was asked by Japanese scholars to speak at Cowra, NSW, at a conference\non internment, I suggested that my younger brother, Peter, also be invited", + "text": "Asked to speak about my book at an academic conference at the\nUniversity of Queensland in 2006, I did some further research to validate\nmy contribution. My speech was then published in National Socialism in\nOceania (edited by Emily Turner-Graham and Christine Winter, Peter\nLang, 2010) with the title I had originally suggested to Pandanus Press,\n'At Home in Exile: Ambiguities of wartime patriotism`. When in 2015\nI was asked by Japanese scholars to speak at Cowra, NSW, at a conference\non internment, I suggested that my younger brother, Peter, also be invited" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1261, + "y": 0.7612 + }, + { + "x": 0.8478, + "y": 0.7612 + }, + { + "x": 0.8478, + "y": 0.9222 + }, + { + "x": 0.1261, + "y": 0.9222 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
ix
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A Contributions

\n

The contributions of this study are as follows:

\n

· Introduction of the SOLAR 10.7 Billion-
Parameter Model: We have released the SO-
LAR 10.7B model, which is not only depth-
wise scaled but also continually pretrained.
The availability of SOLAR 10.7B under the
Apache 2.0 license permits commercial us-
age, enabling the integration of this advanced
model into a diverse range of products and ser-
vices. This bridges the gap between academic
research and practical applications, fostering
wider accessibility and utility in various fields.

\n

· Superior Performance Across Diverse
Benchmarks: SOLAR 10.7B excels in var-
ious benchmarks, outperforming established
models like Llama 2 and Mistral 7B in reason-
ing, mathematics, and the MMLU framework.

\n

· Advancement in Instruction-Following Ca-
pabilities: The introduction of SOLAR 10.7B-
Instruct, a variant fine-tuned for enhanced
instruction-following abilities, marks a sig-
nificant improvement in the model's ability to
understand and execute complex instructions.

\n

Sanghoon Kim, Dahyun Kim, Chanjun Park,
Wonsung Lee, Wonho Song, Yunsu Kim and
Hyeonwoo Kim contributed equally to this paper.
Sanghoon Kim led the Foundation Model part,
with Dahyun Kim, Wonho Song, Yunsu Kim, and
Hyeonwoo Kim. Chanjun Park led the Data and
Evaluation (Data-Centric LLM) part, with Yungi
Kim, Jihoo Kim, Changbae Ahn, Seonghoon Yang,
Sukyung Lee, and Hyunbyung Park. Wonsung Lee
led the Adaptation Modeling part, with Gyoungjin
Gim, Hyeonju Lee, and Mikyoung Cha. Hwalsuk
Lee performed the role of the overall project opera-
tion. Dahyun Kim and Chanjun Park were the main
technical writers. All these individuals contributed
to the creation of SOLAR 10.7B.

\n

B Related Works and Background

\n

B.1 Large Language Models

\n

Following the advent of context-based language
models, various studies have revealed a \"scaling
law\" (Kaplan et al., 2020; Hernandez et al., 2021;
Anil et al., 2023), demonstrating a positive corre-
lation between the size of model and training data

\n

and model performance. This has led to the emer-
gence of Large Language Models (LLMs). Un-
like previous language models, LLMs possess the
ability for In-context learning, including Zero-shot
learning (Radford et al., 2019) and Few-shot learn-
ing (Brown et al., 2020), allowing them to perform
new tasks without updating model weights. These
capabilities of LLMs, not evident in smaller mod-
els, are referred to as Emergent abilities (Wei et al.,
2022a).

\n

B.2 Mixture of Experts

\n

In the landscape of machine learning architectures,
the Mixture of Experts (MoE) models like (Shazeer
et al., 2017; Shen et al., 2019; Komatsuzaki et al.,
2022) has gained attention for its capability to ad-
dress the challenges posed by complex and hetero-
geneous data. MoE models offer notable benefits,
including enhanced output diversity, allowing for
the capture of intricate patterns within the input
space. Moreover, their computational efficiency,
especially when implemented in a sparse form, has
made them valuable in scenarios where resource
constraints are a consideration (Shazeer et al., 2017;
Komatsuzaki et al., 2022).

\n

However, efficient implementation of MoE mod-
els poses a considerable challenge, primarily due to
the intricacies associated with dynamic routing and
load-imbalanced computation (Gale et al., 2023).
Existing hardware and software for deep learning,
such as TPUs and XLA compilers, often demand
static knowledge of tensor shapes, making MoE
implementation on TPU challenging.

\n

While GPU implementation offers more flexi-
bility, sparse computation compatibility becomes
a hurdle. Striking the right balance between fix-
ing the size of each expert to facilitate efficient
computation and maintaining model quality creates
a tradeoff between information preservation and
hardware efficiency. This tradeoff, in turn, necessi-
tates careful consideration during hyperparameter
tuning, adding a layer of complexity to the imple-
mentation of MoE models, potentially offsetting
their advantages. Given the formidable challenges
in MoE model implementation, it becomes almost
inevitable for researchers and practitioners to re-
sort to specialized tools and frameworks, such as
Tutel (Hwang et al., 2023) or Megablocks (Gale
et al., 2023).

\n

Departing from the horizontal expansion char-
acteristic of MoE models, the DUS method intro-

", + "markdown": "A Contributions\n\nThe contributions of this study are as follows:\n\n· Introduction of the SOLAR 10.7 Billion-\nParameter Model: We have released the SO-\nLAR 10.7B model, which is not only depth-\nwise scaled but also continually pretrained.\nThe availability of SOLAR 10.7B under the\nApache 2.0 license permits commercial us-\nage, enabling the integration of this advanced\nmodel into a diverse range of products and ser-\nvices. This bridges the gap between academic\nresearch and practical applications, fostering\nwider accessibility and utility in various fields.\n\n- · Superior Performance Across Diverse\n- Benchmarks: SOLAR 10.7B excels in var-\n- ious benchmarks, outperforming established\n- models like Llama 2 and Mistral 7B in reason-\n- ing, mathematics, and the MMLU framework.\n\n\n- · Advancement in Instruction-Following Ca-\n- pabilities: The introduction of SOLAR 10.7B-\n- Instruct, a variant fine-tuned for enhanced\n- instruction-following abilities, marks a sig-\n- nificant improvement in the model's ability to\n- understand and execute complex instructions.\n\n\nSanghoon Kim, Dahyun Kim, Chanjun Park,\nWonsung Lee, Wonho Song, Yunsu Kim and\nHyeonwoo Kim contributed equally to this paper.\nSanghoon Kim led the Foundation Model part,\nwith Dahyun Kim, Wonho Song, Yunsu Kim, and\nHyeonwoo Kim. Chanjun Park led the Data and\nEvaluation (Data-Centric LLM) part, with Yungi\nKim, Jihoo Kim, Changbae Ahn, Seonghoon Yang,\nSukyung Lee, and Hyunbyung Park. Wonsung Lee\nled the Adaptation Modeling part, with Gyoungjin\nGim, Hyeonju Lee, and Mikyoung Cha. Hwalsuk\nLee performed the role of the overall project opera-\ntion. Dahyun Kim and Chanjun Park were the main\ntechnical writers. All these individuals contributed\nto the creation of SOLAR 10.7B.\n\n# B Related Works and Background\n\n# B.1 Large Language Models\n\nFollowing the advent of context-based language\nmodels, various studies have revealed a \"scaling\nlaw\" (Kaplan et al., 2020; Hernandez et al., 2021;\nAnil et al., 2023), demonstrating a positive corre-\nlation between the size of model and training data\n\nand model performance. This has led to the emer-\ngence of Large Language Models (LLMs). Un-\nlike previous language models, LLMs possess the\nability for In-context learning, including Zero-shot\nlearning (Radford et al., 2019) and Few-shot learn-\ning (Brown et al., 2020), allowing them to perform\nnew tasks without updating model weights. These\ncapabilities of LLMs, not evident in smaller mod-\nels, are referred to as Emergent abilities (Wei et al.,\n2022a).\n\nB.2 Mixture of Experts\n\nIn the landscape of machine learning architectures,\nthe Mixture of Experts (MoE) models like (Shazeer\net al., 2017; Shen et al., 2019; Komatsuzaki et al.,\n2022) has gained attention for its capability to ad-\ndress the challenges posed by complex and hetero-\ngeneous data. MoE models offer notable benefits,\nincluding enhanced output diversity, allowing for\nthe capture of intricate patterns within the input\nspace. Moreover, their computational efficiency,\nespecially when implemented in a sparse form, has\nmade them valuable in scenarios where resource\nconstraints are a consideration (Shazeer et al., 2017;\nKomatsuzaki et al., 2022).\n\nHowever, efficient implementation of MoE mod-\nels poses a considerable challenge, primarily due to\nthe intricacies associated with dynamic routing and\nload-imbalanced computation (Gale et al., 2023).\nExisting hardware and software for deep learning,\nsuch as TPUs and XLA compilers, often demand\nstatic knowledge of tensor shapes, making MoE\nimplementation on TPU challenging.\n\nWhile GPU implementation offers more flexi-\nbility, sparse computation compatibility becomes\na hurdle. Striking the right balance between fix-\ning the size of each expert to facilitate efficient\ncomputation and maintaining model quality creates\na tradeoff between information preservation and\nhardware efficiency. This tradeoff, in turn, necessi-\ntates careful consideration during hyperparameter\ntuning, adding a layer of complexity to the imple-\nmentation of MoE models, potentially offsetting\ntheir advantages. Given the formidable challenges\nin MoE model implementation, it becomes almost\ninevitable for researchers and practitioners to re-\nsort to specialized tools and frameworks, such as\nTutel (Hwang et al., 2023) or Megablocks (Gale\net al., 2023).\n\nDeparting from the horizontal expansion char-\nacteristic of MoE models, the DUS method intro-", + "text": "A Contributions\nThe contributions of this study are as follows:\n· Introduction of the SOLAR 10.7 Billion-\nParameter Model: We have released the SO-\nLAR 10.7B model, which is not only depth-\nwise scaled but also continually pretrained.\nThe availability of SOLAR 10.7B under the\nApache 2.0 license permits commercial us-\nage, enabling the integration of this advanced\nmodel into a diverse range of products and ser-\nvices. This bridges the gap between academic\nresearch and practical applications, fostering\nwider accessibility and utility in various fields.\n· Superior Performance Across Diverse\nBenchmarks: SOLAR 10.7B excels in var-\nious benchmarks, outperforming established\nmodels like Llama 2 and Mistral 7B in reason-\ning, mathematics, and the MMLU framework.\n· Advancement in Instruction-Following Ca-\npabilities: The introduction of SOLAR 10.7B-\nInstruct, a variant fine-tuned for enhanced\ninstruction-following abilities, marks a sig-\nnificant improvement in the model's ability to\nunderstand and execute complex instructions.\nSanghoon Kim, Dahyun Kim, Chanjun Park,\nWonsung Lee, Wonho Song, Yunsu Kim and\nHyeonwoo Kim contributed equally to this paper.\nSanghoon Kim led the Foundation Model part,\nwith Dahyun Kim, Wonho Song, Yunsu Kim, and\nHyeonwoo Kim. Chanjun Park led the Data and\nEvaluation (Data-Centric LLM) part, with Yungi\nKim, Jihoo Kim, Changbae Ahn, Seonghoon Yang,\nSukyung Lee, and Hyunbyung Park. Wonsung Lee\nled the Adaptation Modeling part, with Gyoungjin\nGim, Hyeonju Lee, and Mikyoung Cha. Hwalsuk\nLee performed the role of the overall project opera-\ntion. Dahyun Kim and Chanjun Park were the main\ntechnical writers. All these individuals contributed\nto the creation of SOLAR 10.7B.\nB Related Works and Background\nB.1 Large Language Models\nFollowing the advent of context-based language\nmodels, various studies have revealed a \"scaling\nlaw\" (Kaplan et al., 2020; Hernandez et al., 2021;\nAnil et al., 2023), demonstrating a positive corre-\nlation between the size of model and training data\nand model performance. This has led to the emer-\ngence of Large Language Models (LLMs). Un-\nlike previous language models, LLMs possess the\nability for In-context learning, including Zero-shot\nlearning (Radford et al., 2019) and Few-shot learn-\ning (Brown et al., 2020), allowing them to perform\nnew tasks without updating model weights. These\ncapabilities of LLMs, not evident in smaller mod-\nels, are referred to as Emergent abilities (Wei et al.,\n2022a).\nB.2 Mixture of Experts\nIn the landscape of machine learning architectures,\nthe Mixture of Experts (MoE) models like (Shazeer\net al., 2017; Shen et al., 2019; Komatsuzaki et al.,\n2022) has gained attention for its capability to ad-\ndress the challenges posed by complex and hetero-\ngeneous data. MoE models offer notable benefits,\nincluding enhanced output diversity, allowing for\nthe capture of intricate patterns within the input\nspace. Moreover, their computational efficiency,\nespecially when implemented in a sparse form, has\nmade them valuable in scenarios where resource\nconstraints are a consideration (Shazeer et al., 2017;\nKomatsuzaki et al., 2022).\nHowever, efficient implementation of MoE mod-\nels poses a considerable challenge, primarily due to\nthe intricacies associated with dynamic routing and\nload-imbalanced computation (Gale et al., 2023).\nExisting hardware and software for deep learning,\nsuch as TPUs and XLA compilers, often demand\nstatic knowledge of tensor shapes, making MoE\nimplementation on TPU challenging.\nWhile GPU implementation offers more flexi-\nbility, sparse computation compatibility becomes\na hurdle. Striking the right balance between fix-\ning the size of each expert to facilitate efficient\ncomputation and maintaining model quality creates\na tradeoff between information preservation and\nhardware efficiency. This tradeoff, in turn, necessi-\ntates careful consideration during hyperparameter\ntuning, adding a layer of complexity to the imple-\nmentation of MoE models, potentially offsetting\ntheir advantages. Given the formidable challenges\nin MoE model implementation, it becomes almost\ninevitable for researchers and practitioners to re-\nsort to specialized tools and frameworks, such as\nTutel (Hwang et al., 2023) or Megablocks (Gale\net al., 2023).\nDeparting from the horizontal expansion char-\nacteristic of MoE models, the DUS method intro-" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

A Contributions

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The contributions of this study are as follows:

", + "markdown": "The contributions of this study are as follows:", + "text": "The contributions of this study are as follows:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1154, + "y": 0.1122 + }, + { + "x": 0.4572, + "y": 0.1122 + }, + { + "x": 0.4572, + "y": 0.1281 + }, + { + "x": 0.1154, + "y": 0.1281 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

· Introduction of the SOLAR 10.7 Billion-
Parameter Model: We have released the SO-
LAR 10.7B model, which is not only depth-
wise scaled but also continually pretrained.
The availability of SOLAR 10.7B under the
Apache 2.0 license permits commercial us-
age, enabling the integration of this advanced
model into a diverse range of products and ser-
vices. This bridges the gap between academic
research and practical applications, fostering
wider accessibility and utility in various fields.

", + "markdown": "· Introduction of the SOLAR 10.7 Billion-\nParameter Model: We have released the SO-\nLAR 10.7B model, which is not only depth-\nwise scaled but also continually pretrained.\nThe availability of SOLAR 10.7B under the\nApache 2.0 license permits commercial us-\nage, enabling the integration of this advanced\nmodel into a diverse range of products and ser-\nvices. This bridges the gap between academic\nresearch and practical applications, fostering\nwider accessibility and utility in various fields.", + "text": "· Introduction of the SOLAR 10.7 Billion-\nParameter Model: We have released the SO-\nLAR 10.7B model, which is not only depth-\nwise scaled but also continually pretrained.\nThe availability of SOLAR 10.7B under the\nApache 2.0 license permits commercial us-\nage, enabling the integration of this advanced\nmodel into a diverse range of products and ser-\nvices. This bridges the gap between academic\nresearch and practical applications, fostering\nwider accessibility and utility in various fields." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1405, + "y": 0.1397 + }, + { + "x": 0.4914, + "y": 0.1397 + }, + { + "x": 0.4914, + "y": 0.3185 + }, + { + "x": 0.1405, + "y": 0.3185 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Superior Performance Across Diverse
Benchmarks: SOLAR 10.7B excels in var-
ious benchmarks, outperforming established
models like Llama 2 and Mistral 7B in reason-
ing, mathematics, and the MMLU framework.

", + "markdown": "- · Superior Performance Across Diverse\n- Benchmarks: SOLAR 10.7B excels in var-\n- ious benchmarks, outperforming established\n- models like Llama 2 and Mistral 7B in reason-\n- ing, mathematics, and the MMLU framework.\n", + "text": "· Superior Performance Across Diverse\nBenchmarks: SOLAR 10.7B excels in var-\nious benchmarks, outperforming established\nmodels like Llama 2 and Mistral 7B in reason-\ning, mathematics, and the MMLU framework." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1372, + "y": 0.3315 + }, + { + "x": 0.4894, + "y": 0.3315 + }, + { + "x": 0.4894, + "y": 0.4123 + }, + { + "x": 0.1372, + "y": 0.4123 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Advancement in Instruction-Following Ca-
pabilities: The introduction of SOLAR 10.7B-
Instruct, a variant fine-tuned for enhanced
instruction-following abilities, marks a sig-
nificant improvement in the model's ability to
understand and execute complex instructions.

", + "markdown": "- · Advancement in Instruction-Following Ca-\n- pabilities: The introduction of SOLAR 10.7B-\n- Instruct, a variant fine-tuned for enhanced\n- instruction-following abilities, marks a sig-\n- nificant improvement in the model's ability to\n- understand and execute complex instructions.\n", + "text": "· Advancement in Instruction-Following Ca-\npabilities: The introduction of SOLAR 10.7B-\nInstruct, a variant fine-tuned for enhanced\ninstruction-following abilities, marks a sig-\nnificant improvement in the model's ability to\nunderstand and execute complex instructions." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1354, + "y": 0.4252 + }, + { + "x": 0.4898, + "y": 0.4252 + }, + { + "x": 0.4898, + "y": 0.5229 + }, + { + "x": 0.1354, + "y": 0.5229 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Sanghoon Kim, Dahyun Kim, Chanjun Park,
Wonsung Lee, Wonho Song, Yunsu Kim and
Hyeonwoo Kim contributed equally to this paper.
Sanghoon Kim led the Foundation Model part,
with Dahyun Kim, Wonho Song, Yunsu Kim, and
Hyeonwoo Kim. Chanjun Park led the Data and
Evaluation (Data-Centric LLM) part, with Yungi
Kim, Jihoo Kim, Changbae Ahn, Seonghoon Yang,
Sukyung Lee, and Hyunbyung Park. Wonsung Lee
led the Adaptation Modeling part, with Gyoungjin
Gim, Hyeonju Lee, and Mikyoung Cha. Hwalsuk
Lee performed the role of the overall project opera-
tion. Dahyun Kim and Chanjun Park were the main
technical writers. All these individuals contributed
to the creation of SOLAR 10.7B.

", + "markdown": "Sanghoon Kim, Dahyun Kim, Chanjun Park,\nWonsung Lee, Wonho Song, Yunsu Kim and\nHyeonwoo Kim contributed equally to this paper.\nSanghoon Kim led the Foundation Model part,\nwith Dahyun Kim, Wonho Song, Yunsu Kim, and\nHyeonwoo Kim. Chanjun Park led the Data and\nEvaluation (Data-Centric LLM) part, with Yungi\nKim, Jihoo Kim, Changbae Ahn, Seonghoon Yang,\nSukyung Lee, and Hyunbyung Park. Wonsung Lee\nled the Adaptation Modeling part, with Gyoungjin\nGim, Hyeonju Lee, and Mikyoung Cha. Hwalsuk\nLee performed the role of the overall project opera-\ntion. Dahyun Kim and Chanjun Park were the main\ntechnical writers. All these individuals contributed\nto the creation of SOLAR 10.7B.", + "text": "Sanghoon Kim, Dahyun Kim, Chanjun Park,\nWonsung Lee, Wonho Song, Yunsu Kim and\nHyeonwoo Kim contributed equally to this paper.\nSanghoon Kim led the Foundation Model part,\nwith Dahyun Kim, Wonho Song, Yunsu Kim, and\nHyeonwoo Kim. Chanjun Park led the Data and\nEvaluation (Data-Centric LLM) part, with Yungi\nKim, Jihoo Kim, Changbae Ahn, Seonghoon Yang,\nSukyung Lee, and Hyunbyung Park. Wonsung Lee\nled the Adaptation Modeling part, with Gyoungjin\nGim, Hyeonju Lee, and Mikyoung Cha. Hwalsuk\nLee performed the role of the overall project opera-\ntion. Dahyun Kim and Chanjun Park were the main\ntechnical writers. All these individuals contributed\nto the creation of SOLAR 10.7B." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1154, + "y": 0.5347 + }, + { + "x": 0.4906, + "y": 0.5347 + }, + { + "x": 0.4906, + "y": 0.7762 + }, + { + "x": 0.1154, + "y": 0.7762 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

B Related Works and Background

", + "markdown": "# B Related Works and Background", + "text": "B Related Works and Background" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1163, + "y": 0.7904 + }, + { + "x": 0.4308, + "y": 0.7904 + }, + { + "x": 0.4308, + "y": 0.8071 + }, + { + "x": 0.1163, + "y": 0.8071 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

B.1 Large Language Models

", + "markdown": "# B.1 Large Language Models", + "text": "B.1 Large Language Models" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1148, + "y": 0.8179 + }, + { + "x": 0.3567, + "y": 0.8179 + }, + { + "x": 0.3567, + "y": 0.8339 + }, + { + "x": 0.1148, + "y": 0.8339 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Following the advent of context-based language
models, various studies have revealed a \"scaling
law\" (Kaplan et al., 2020; Hernandez et al., 2021;
Anil et al., 2023), demonstrating a positive corre-
lation between the size of model and training data

", + "markdown": "Following the advent of context-based language\nmodels, various studies have revealed a \"scaling\nlaw\" (Kaplan et al., 2020; Hernandez et al., 2021;\nAnil et al., 2023), demonstrating a positive corre-\nlation between the size of model and training data", + "text": "Following the advent of context-based language\nmodels, various studies have revealed a \"scaling\nlaw\" (Kaplan et al., 2020; Hernandez et al., 2021;\nAnil et al., 2023), demonstrating a positive corre-\nlation between the size of model and training data" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1157, + "y": 0.8396 + }, + { + "x": 0.4891, + "y": 0.8396 + }, + { + "x": 0.4891, + "y": 0.9199 + }, + { + "x": 0.1157, + "y": 0.9199 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

and model performance. This has led to the emer-
gence of Large Language Models (LLMs). Un-
like previous language models, LLMs possess the
ability for In-context learning, including Zero-shot
learning (Radford et al., 2019) and Few-shot learn-
ing (Brown et al., 2020), allowing them to perform
new tasks without updating model weights. These
capabilities of LLMs, not evident in smaller mod-
els, are referred to as Emergent abilities (Wei et al.,
2022a).

", + "markdown": "and model performance. This has led to the emer-\ngence of Large Language Models (LLMs). Un-\nlike previous language models, LLMs possess the\nability for In-context learning, including Zero-shot\nlearning (Radford et al., 2019) and Few-shot learn-\ning (Brown et al., 2020), allowing them to perform\nnew tasks without updating model weights. These\ncapabilities of LLMs, not evident in smaller mod-\nels, are referred to as Emergent abilities (Wei et al.,\n2022a).", + "text": "and model performance. This has led to the emer-\ngence of Large Language Models (LLMs). Un-\nlike previous language models, LLMs possess the\nability for In-context learning, including Zero-shot\nlearning (Radford et al., 2019) and Few-shot learn-\ning (Brown et al., 2020), allowing them to perform\nnew tasks without updating model weights. These\ncapabilities of LLMs, not evident in smaller mod-\nels, are referred to as Emergent abilities (Wei et al.,\n2022a)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5104, + "y": 0.0852 + }, + { + "x": 0.8861, + "y": 0.0852 + }, + { + "x": 0.8861, + "y": 0.2455 + }, + { + "x": 0.5104, + "y": 0.2455 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

B.2 Mixture of Experts

", + "markdown": "B.2 Mixture of Experts", + "text": "B.2 Mixture of Experts" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.511, + "y": 0.2631 + }, + { + "x": 0.7105, + "y": 0.2631 + }, + { + "x": 0.7105, + "y": 0.2792 + }, + { + "x": 0.511, + "y": 0.2792 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

In the landscape of machine learning architectures,
the Mixture of Experts (MoE) models like (Shazeer
et al., 2017; Shen et al., 2019; Komatsuzaki et al.,
2022) has gained attention for its capability to ad-
dress the challenges posed by complex and hetero-
geneous data. MoE models offer notable benefits,
including enhanced output diversity, allowing for
the capture of intricate patterns within the input
space. Moreover, their computational efficiency,
especially when implemented in a sparse form, has
made them valuable in scenarios where resource
constraints are a consideration (Shazeer et al., 2017;
Komatsuzaki et al., 2022).

", + "markdown": "In the landscape of machine learning architectures,\nthe Mixture of Experts (MoE) models like (Shazeer\net al., 2017; Shen et al., 2019; Komatsuzaki et al.,\n2022) has gained attention for its capability to ad-\ndress the challenges posed by complex and hetero-\ngeneous data. MoE models offer notable benefits,\nincluding enhanced output diversity, allowing for\nthe capture of intricate patterns within the input\nspace. Moreover, their computational efficiency,\nespecially when implemented in a sparse form, has\nmade them valuable in scenarios where resource\nconstraints are a consideration (Shazeer et al., 2017;\nKomatsuzaki et al., 2022).", + "text": "In the landscape of machine learning architectures,\nthe Mixture of Experts (MoE) models like (Shazeer\net al., 2017; Shen et al., 2019; Komatsuzaki et al.,\n2022) has gained attention for its capability to ad-\ndress the challenges posed by complex and hetero-\ngeneous data. MoE models offer notable benefits,\nincluding enhanced output diversity, allowing for\nthe capture of intricate patterns within the input\nspace. Moreover, their computational efficiency,\nespecially when implemented in a sparse form, has\nmade them valuable in scenarios where resource\nconstraints are a consideration (Shazeer et al., 2017;\nKomatsuzaki et al., 2022)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5114, + "y": 0.2872 + }, + { + "x": 0.8859, + "y": 0.2872 + }, + { + "x": 0.8859, + "y": 0.4955 + }, + { + "x": 0.5114, + "y": 0.4955 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

However, efficient implementation of MoE mod-
els poses a considerable challenge, primarily due to
the intricacies associated with dynamic routing and
load-imbalanced computation (Gale et al., 2023).
Existing hardware and software for deep learning,
such as TPUs and XLA compilers, often demand
static knowledge of tensor shapes, making MoE
implementation on TPU challenging.

", + "markdown": "However, efficient implementation of MoE mod-\nels poses a considerable challenge, primarily due to\nthe intricacies associated with dynamic routing and\nload-imbalanced computation (Gale et al., 2023).\nExisting hardware and software for deep learning,\nsuch as TPUs and XLA compilers, often demand\nstatic knowledge of tensor shapes, making MoE\nimplementation on TPU challenging.", + "text": "However, efficient implementation of MoE mod-\nels poses a considerable challenge, primarily due to\nthe intricacies associated with dynamic routing and\nload-imbalanced computation (Gale et al., 2023).\nExisting hardware and software for deep learning,\nsuch as TPUs and XLA compilers, often demand\nstatic knowledge of tensor shapes, making MoE\nimplementation on TPU challenging." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5114, + "y": 0.4993 + }, + { + "x": 0.8849, + "y": 0.4993 + }, + { + "x": 0.8849, + "y": 0.6263 + }, + { + "x": 0.5114, + "y": 0.6263 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

While GPU implementation offers more flexi-
bility, sparse computation compatibility becomes
a hurdle. Striking the right balance between fix-
ing the size of each expert to facilitate efficient
computation and maintaining model quality creates
a tradeoff between information preservation and
hardware efficiency. This tradeoff, in turn, necessi-
tates careful consideration during hyperparameter
tuning, adding a layer of complexity to the imple-
mentation of MoE models, potentially offsetting
their advantages. Given the formidable challenges
in MoE model implementation, it becomes almost
inevitable for researchers and practitioners to re-
sort to specialized tools and frameworks, such as
Tutel (Hwang et al., 2023) or Megablocks (Gale
et al., 2023).

", + "markdown": "While GPU implementation offers more flexi-\nbility, sparse computation compatibility becomes\na hurdle. Striking the right balance between fix-\ning the size of each expert to facilitate efficient\ncomputation and maintaining model quality creates\na tradeoff between information preservation and\nhardware efficiency. This tradeoff, in turn, necessi-\ntates careful consideration during hyperparameter\ntuning, adding a layer of complexity to the imple-\nmentation of MoE models, potentially offsetting\ntheir advantages. Given the formidable challenges\nin MoE model implementation, it becomes almost\ninevitable for researchers and practitioners to re-\nsort to specialized tools and frameworks, such as\nTutel (Hwang et al., 2023) or Megablocks (Gale\net al., 2023).", + "text": "While GPU implementation offers more flexi-\nbility, sparse computation compatibility becomes\na hurdle. Striking the right balance between fix-\ning the size of each expert to facilitate efficient\ncomputation and maintaining model quality creates\na tradeoff between information preservation and\nhardware efficiency. This tradeoff, in turn, necessi-\ntates careful consideration during hyperparameter\ntuning, adding a layer of complexity to the imple-\nmentation of MoE models, potentially offsetting\ntheir advantages. Given the formidable challenges\nin MoE model implementation, it becomes almost\ninevitable for researchers and practitioners to re-\nsort to specialized tools and frameworks, such as\nTutel (Hwang et al., 2023) or Megablocks (Gale\net al., 2023)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5109, + "y": 0.6288 + }, + { + "x": 0.8846, + "y": 0.6288 + }, + { + "x": 0.8846, + "y": 0.8853 + }, + { + "x": 0.5109, + "y": 0.8853 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Departing from the horizontal expansion char-
acteristic of MoE models, the DUS method intro-

", + "markdown": "Departing from the horizontal expansion char-\nacteristic of MoE models, the DUS method intro-", + "text": "Departing from the horizontal expansion char-\nacteristic of MoE models, the DUS method intro-" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5118, + "y": 0.8888 + }, + { + "x": 0.8853, + "y": 0.8888 + }, + { + "x": 0.8853, + "y": 0.9203 + }, + { + "x": 0.5118, + "y": 0.9203 + } + ], + "id": 14, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000189.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
ModelAlpaca-GPT4OpenOrcaSynth. Math-InstructH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
SFT v10Xx69.1567.6686.0365.8860.1282.9552.24
SFT v2Ox69.2165.3685.3965.9358.4782.7957.32
SFT v3OOO70.0365.8785.5565.3157.9381.3764.14
SFT v40XO70.8867.3285.8765.8758.9782.4864.75
SFT v3+ v4OOO71.1167.3285.9665.9558.8082.0866.57
\n\n
ModelUltrafeedback CleanSynth. Math-AlignmentH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
DPO v173.0671.4288.4966.1472.0481.4558.83
DPO v273.4271.5088.2865.9771.7182.7960.27
DPO v1 + v273.2171.3388.3665.9272.6582.7958.23
Table 3: Ablation studies on the different datasets used for instruction tuning. 'SFT v3+v4' indicates that the model
is merged from 'SFT v3' and 'SFT v4' by simply averaging the model weights. The best scores for H6 and the
individual tasks are shown in bold.
\n\n
ModelBase SFT ModelH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
DPO v2SFT v373.4271.5088.2865.9771.7182.7960.27
DPO v3SFT v3 + v473.5871.3388.0865.3972.4581.9362.32
Table 4: Ablation studies on the different datasets used during the direct preference optimization (DPO) stage.
'SFT v3' is used as the SFT base model for DPO. We name ablated models with the 'DPO' prefix to indicate the
alignment tuning stage. 'DPO v1+v2' indicates that the model is merged from 'DPO v1' and 'DPO v2' by simply
averaging the model weights. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.
\n

Table 5: Ablation studies on the different SFT base models used during the direct preference optimization (DPO)
stage. Ultrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets are used. We name ablated models with the 'DPO'
prefix to indicate the alignment tuning stage. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.

\n

When we add the OpenOrca dataset to train the
second ablated model, 'SFT v2', the resulting H6
score is 69.21, which is little change from 69.15 of
'SFT v1' However, the task scores vary more as
'SFT v2' gets a substantially higher GSM8K score
of 57.32 compared to 52.24 of 'SFT v1' but also
gets noticeably lower scores across the board for
ARC, HellaS wag, and TruthfulQA. This seems to
indicate that using OpenOrca results in a model that
behaves differently from using only Alpaca-GPT4.

\n

Second, we investigate whether Synth. Math-
Instruct dataset is beneficial. For 'SFT v3' , we
add the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset, which boosts
GSM8K scores to 64.14 and achieves comparable
scores for the other tasks. Interestingly, when we
add the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset to 'SFT v1'
to train 'SFT v4' , we get our highest H6 score of
70.88 with higher scores than 'SFT v3' for all tasks.
From the above, we can see that adding the Synth.
Math-Instruct dataset is helpful.

\n

Lastly, we see whether merging models trained
with and without OpenOrca can boost performance.
In the first analysis, we saw that using OpenOrca re-
sulted in a model that behaved differently from the
model that was trained without OpenOrca. Build-
ing on this intuition, we merge 'SFT v3' and 'SFT
v4' as they are the best-performing models with

\n

and without OpenOrca. To our surprise, the result-
ing merged model 'SFT v3+v4' retains the high
scores for non-GSM8K tasks from 'SFT v4' but
also achieves a higher GSM8K score than 'SFT v3'
or 'SFT v4' · Thus, we see that merging models
that specialize in different tasks is a promising way
to obtain a model that performs well generally.

\n

4.3.2 Alignment Tuning

\n

As we utilize sDPO for practical alignment tun-
ing, there are additional aspects to ablate such as
the SFT base models used. Thus, we present ab-
lations for the different training datasets used for
training, the different SFT base models to initialize
the sDPO training, and finally, the model merging
strategy to obtain the final alignment-tuned model.

\n

Ablation on the training datasets. We ablate on
the different alignment datasets used during DPO
in Tab. 4. We use 'SFT v3' as the SFT base model
for DPO. 'DPO v1' only uses the Ultrafeedback
Clean dataset while 'DPO v2' also used the Synth.
Math-Alignment dataset.

\n

First, we test how Ultrafeedback Clean and
Synth. Math-Alignment impacts model perfor-
mance. For 'DPO v1 , it achieves 73.06 in H6,
,
which is a substantial boost from the SFT base
model score of 70.03. However, we note that while

", + "markdown": "| Model | Alpaca-GPT4 | OpenOrca | Synth. Math-Instruct | H6 (Avg.) | ARC | HellaSwag | MMLU | TruthfulQA | Winogrande | GSM8K |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| SFT v1 | 0 | X | x | 69.15 | 67.66 | 86.03 | 65.88 | 60.12 | 82.95 | 52.24 |\n| SFT v2 | | O | x | 69.21 | 65.36 | 85.39 | 65.93 | 58.47 | 82.79 | 57.32 |\n| SFT v3 | O | O | O | 70.03 | 65.87 | 85.55 | 65.31 | 57.93 | 81.37 | 64.14 |\n| SFT v4 | 0 | X | O | 70.88 | 67.32 | 85.87 | 65.87 | 58.97 | 82.48 | 64.75 |\n| SFT v3+ v4 | O | O | O | 71.11 | 67.32 | 85.96 | 65.95 | 58.80 | 82.08 | 66.57 |\n\n\nTable 3: Ablation studies on the different datasets used for instruction tuning. 'SFT v3+v4' indicates that the model\nis merged from 'SFT v3' and 'SFT v4' by simply averaging the model weights. The best scores for H6 and the\nindividual tasks are shown in bold.\n\n| Model | Ultrafeedback Clean | Synth. Math-Alignment | H6 (Avg.) | ARC | HellaSwag | MMLU | TruthfulQA | Winogrande | GSM8K |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| DPO v1 | | | 73.06 | 71.42 | 88.49 | 66.14 | 72.04 | 81.45 | 58.83 |\n| DPO v2 | | | 73.42 | 71.50 | 88.28 | 65.97 | 71.71 | 82.79 | 60.27 |\n| DPO v1 + v2 | | | 73.21 | 71.33 | 88.36 | 65.92 | 72.65 | 82.79 | 58.23 |\n\n\nTable 4: Ablation studies on the different datasets used during the direct preference optimization (DPO) stage.\n'SFT v3' is used as the SFT base model for DPO. We name ablated models with the 'DPO' prefix to indicate the\nalignment tuning stage. 'DPO v1+v2' indicates that the model is merged from 'DPO v1' and 'DPO v2' by simply\naveraging the model weights. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.\n\n| Model | Base SFT Model | H6 (Avg.) | ARC | HellaSwag | MMLU | TruthfulQA | Winogrande | GSM8K |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| DPO v2 | SFT v3 | 73.42 | 71.50 | 88.28 | 65.97 | 71.71 | 82.79 | 60.27 |\n| DPO v3 | SFT v3 + v4 | 73.58 | 71.33 | 88.08 | 65.39 | 72.45 | 81.93 | 62.32 |\n\n\nTable 5: Ablation studies on the different SFT base models used during the direct preference optimization (DPO)\nstage. Ultrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets are used. We name ablated models with the 'DPO'\nprefix to indicate the alignment tuning stage. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.\n\nWhen we add the OpenOrca dataset to train the\nsecond ablated model, 'SFT v2', the resulting H6\nscore is 69.21, which is little change from 69.15 of\n'SFT v1' However, the task scores vary more as\n'SFT v2' gets a substantially higher GSM8K score\nof 57.32 compared to 52.24 of 'SFT v1' but also\ngets noticeably lower scores across the board for\nARC, HellaS wag, and TruthfulQA. This seems to\nindicate that using OpenOrca results in a model that\nbehaves differently from using only Alpaca-GPT4.\n\nSecond, we investigate whether Synth. Math-\nInstruct dataset is beneficial. For 'SFT v3' , we\nadd the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset, which boosts\nGSM8K scores to 64.14 and achieves comparable\nscores for the other tasks. Interestingly, when we\nadd the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset to 'SFT v1'\nto train 'SFT v4' , we get our highest H6 score of\n70.88 with higher scores than 'SFT v3' for all tasks.\nFrom the above, we can see that adding the Synth.\nMath-Instruct dataset is helpful.\n\nLastly, we see whether merging models trained\nwith and without OpenOrca can boost performance.\nIn the first analysis, we saw that using OpenOrca re-\nsulted in a model that behaved differently from the\nmodel that was trained without OpenOrca. Build-\ning on this intuition, we merge 'SFT v3' and 'SFT\nv4' as they are the best-performing models with\n\nand without OpenOrca. To our surprise, the result-\ning merged model 'SFT v3+v4' retains the high\nscores for non-GSM8K tasks from 'SFT v4' but\nalso achieves a higher GSM8K score than 'SFT v3'\nor 'SFT v4' · Thus, we see that merging models\nthat specialize in different tasks is a promising way\nto obtain a model that performs well generally.\n\n4.3.2 Alignment Tuning\n\nAs we utilize sDPO for practical alignment tun-\ning, there are additional aspects to ablate such as\nthe SFT base models used. Thus, we present ab-\nlations for the different training datasets used for\ntraining, the different SFT base models to initialize\nthe sDPO training, and finally, the model merging\nstrategy to obtain the final alignment-tuned model.\n\nAblation on the training datasets. We ablate on\nthe different alignment datasets used during DPO\nin Tab. 4. We use 'SFT v3' as the SFT base model\nfor DPO. 'DPO v1' only uses the Ultrafeedback\nClean dataset while 'DPO v2' also used the Synth.\nMath-Alignment dataset.\n\nFirst, we test how Ultrafeedback Clean and\nSynth. Math-Alignment impacts model perfor-\nmance. For 'DPO v1 , it achieves 73.06 in H6,\n,\nwhich is a substantial boost from the SFT base\nmodel score of 70.03. However, we note that while", + "text": "Model Alpaca-GPT4 OpenOrca Synth. Math-Instruct H6 (Avg.) ARC HellaSwag MMLU TruthfulQA Winogrande GSM8K\n SFT v1 0 X x 69.15 67.66 86.03 65.88 60.12 82.95 52.24\n SFT v2 O x 69.21 65.36 85.39 65.93 58.47 82.79 57.32\n SFT v3 O O O 70.03 65.87 85.55 65.31 57.93 81.37 64.14\n SFT v4 0 X O 70.88 67.32 85.87 65.87 58.97 82.48 64.75\n SFT v3+ v4 O O O 71.11 67.32 85.96 65.95 58.80 82.08 66.57\nTable 3: Ablation studies on the different datasets used for instruction tuning. 'SFT v3+v4' indicates that the model\nis merged from 'SFT v3' and 'SFT v4' by simply averaging the model weights. The best scores for H6 and the\nindividual tasks are shown in bold.\nModel Ultrafeedback Clean Synth. Math-Alignment H6 (Avg.) ARC HellaSwag MMLU TruthfulQA Winogrande GSM8K\n DPO v1 73.06 71.42 88.49 66.14 72.04 81.45 58.83\n DPO v2 73.42 71.50 88.28 65.97 71.71 82.79 60.27\n DPO v1 + v2 73.21 71.33 88.36 65.92 72.65 82.79 58.23\nTable 4: Ablation studies on the different datasets used during the direct preference optimization (DPO) stage.\n'SFT v3' is used as the SFT base model for DPO. We name ablated models with the 'DPO' prefix to indicate the\nalignment tuning stage. 'DPO v1+v2' indicates that the model is merged from 'DPO v1' and 'DPO v2' by simply\naveraging the model weights. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.\nModel Base SFT Model H6 (Avg.) ARC HellaSwag MMLU TruthfulQA Winogrande GSM8K\n DPO v2 SFT v3 73.42 71.50 88.28 65.97 71.71 82.79 60.27\n DPO v3 SFT v3 + v4 73.58 71.33 88.08 65.39 72.45 81.93 62.32\nTable 5: Ablation studies on the different SFT base models used during the direct preference optimization (DPO)\nstage. Ultrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets are used. We name ablated models with the 'DPO'\nprefix to indicate the alignment tuning stage. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.\nWhen we add the OpenOrca dataset to train the\nsecond ablated model, 'SFT v2', the resulting H6\nscore is 69.21, which is little change from 69.15 of\n'SFT v1' However, the task scores vary more as\n'SFT v2' gets a substantially higher GSM8K score\nof 57.32 compared to 52.24 of 'SFT v1' but also\ngets noticeably lower scores across the board for\nARC, HellaS wag, and TruthfulQA. This seems to\nindicate that using OpenOrca results in a model that\nbehaves differently from using only Alpaca-GPT4.\nSecond, we investigate whether Synth. Math-\nInstruct dataset is beneficial. For 'SFT v3' , we\nadd the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset, which boosts\nGSM8K scores to 64.14 and achieves comparable\nscores for the other tasks. Interestingly, when we\nadd the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset to 'SFT v1'\nto train 'SFT v4' , we get our highest H6 score of\n70.88 with higher scores than 'SFT v3' for all tasks.\nFrom the above, we can see that adding the Synth.\nMath-Instruct dataset is helpful.\nLastly, we see whether merging models trained\nwith and without OpenOrca can boost performance.\nIn the first analysis, we saw that using OpenOrca re-\nsulted in a model that behaved differently from the\nmodel that was trained without OpenOrca. Build-\ning on this intuition, we merge 'SFT v3' and 'SFT\nv4' as they are the best-performing models with\nand without OpenOrca. To our surprise, the result-\ning merged model 'SFT v3+v4' retains the high\nscores for non-GSM8K tasks from 'SFT v4' but\nalso achieves a higher GSM8K score than 'SFT v3'\nor 'SFT v4' · Thus, we see that merging models\nthat specialize in different tasks is a promising way\nto obtain a model that performs well generally.\n4.3.2 Alignment Tuning\nAs we utilize sDPO for practical alignment tun-\ning, there are additional aspects to ablate such as\nthe SFT base models used. Thus, we present ab-\nlations for the different training datasets used for\ntraining, the different SFT base models to initialize\nthe sDPO training, and finally, the model merging\nstrategy to obtain the final alignment-tuned model.\nAblation on the training datasets. We ablate on\nthe different alignment datasets used during DPO\nin Tab. 4. We use 'SFT v3' as the SFT base model\nfor DPO. 'DPO v1' only uses the Ultrafeedback\nClean dataset while 'DPO v2' also used the Synth.\nMath-Alignment dataset.\nFirst, we test how Ultrafeedback Clean and\nSynth. Math-Alignment impacts model perfor-\nmance. For 'DPO v1 , it achieves 73.06 in H6,\n,\nwhich is a substantial boost from the SFT base\nmodel score of 70.03. However, we note that while" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
ModelAlpaca-GPT4OpenOrcaSynth. Math-InstructH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
SFT v10Xx69.1567.6686.0365.8860.1282.9552.24
SFT v2Ox69.2165.3685.3965.9358.4782.7957.32
SFT v3OOO70.0365.8785.5565.3157.9381.3764.14
SFT v40XO70.8867.3285.8765.8758.9782.4864.75
SFT v3+ v4OOO71.1167.3285.9665.9558.8082.0866.57
", + "markdown": "| Model | Alpaca-GPT4 | OpenOrca | Synth. Math-Instruct | H6 (Avg.) | ARC | HellaSwag | MMLU | TruthfulQA | Winogrande | GSM8K |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| SFT v1 | 0 | X | x | 69.15 | 67.66 | 86.03 | 65.88 | 60.12 | 82.95 | 52.24 |\n| SFT v2 | | O | x | 69.21 | 65.36 | 85.39 | 65.93 | 58.47 | 82.79 | 57.32 |\n| SFT v3 | O | O | O | 70.03 | 65.87 | 85.55 | 65.31 | 57.93 | 81.37 | 64.14 |\n| SFT v4 | 0 | X | O | 70.88 | 67.32 | 85.87 | 65.87 | 58.97 | 82.48 | 64.75 |\n| SFT v3+ v4 | O | O | O | 71.11 | 67.32 | 85.96 | 65.95 | 58.80 | 82.08 | 66.57 |\n", + "text": "Model Alpaca-GPT4 OpenOrca Synth. Math-Instruct H6 (Avg.) ARC HellaSwag MMLU TruthfulQA Winogrande GSM8K\n SFT v1 0 X x 69.15 67.66 86.03 65.88 60.12 82.95 52.24\n SFT v2 O x 69.21 65.36 85.39 65.93 58.47 82.79 57.32\n SFT v3 O O O 70.03 65.87 85.55 65.31 57.93 81.37 64.14\n SFT v4 0 X O 70.88 67.32 85.87 65.87 58.97 82.48 64.75\n SFT v3+ v4 O O O 71.11 67.32 85.96 65.95 58.80 82.08 66.57" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1599, + "y": 0.0828 + }, + { + "x": 0.8414, + "y": 0.0828 + }, + { + "x": 0.8414, + "y": 0.1518 + }, + { + "x": 0.1599, + "y": 0.1518 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Table 3: Ablation studies on the different datasets used for instruction tuning. 'SFT v3+v4' indicates that the model
is merged from 'SFT v3' and 'SFT v4' by simply averaging the model weights. The best scores for H6 and the
individual tasks are shown in bold.

", + "markdown": "Table 3: Ablation studies on the different datasets used for instruction tuning. 'SFT v3+v4' indicates that the model\nis merged from 'SFT v3' and 'SFT v4' by simply averaging the model weights. The best scores for H6 and the\nindividual tasks are shown in bold.", + "text": "Table 3: Ablation studies on the different datasets used for instruction tuning. 'SFT v3+v4' indicates that the model\nis merged from 'SFT v3' and 'SFT v4' by simply averaging the model weights. The best scores for H6 and the\nindividual tasks are shown in bold." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.117, + "y": 0.1622 + }, + { + "x": 0.8833, + "y": 0.1622 + }, + { + "x": 0.8833, + "y": 0.205 + }, + { + "x": 0.117, + "y": 0.205 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
ModelUltrafeedback CleanSynth. Math-AlignmentH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
DPO v173.0671.4288.4966.1472.0481.4558.83
DPO v273.4271.5088.2865.9771.7182.7960.27
DPO v1 + v273.2171.3388.3665.9272.6582.7958.23
", + "markdown": "| Model | Ultrafeedback Clean | Synth. Math-Alignment | H6 (Avg.) | ARC | HellaSwag | MMLU | TruthfulQA | Winogrande | GSM8K |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| DPO v1 | | | 73.06 | 71.42 | 88.49 | 66.14 | 72.04 | 81.45 | 58.83 |\n| DPO v2 | | | 73.42 | 71.50 | 88.28 | 65.97 | 71.71 | 82.79 | 60.27 |\n| DPO v1 + v2 | | | 73.21 | 71.33 | 88.36 | 65.92 | 72.65 | 82.79 | 58.23 |\n", + "text": "Model Ultrafeedback Clean Synth. Math-Alignment H6 (Avg.) ARC HellaSwag MMLU TruthfulQA Winogrande GSM8K\n DPO v1 73.06 71.42 88.49 66.14 72.04 81.45 58.83\n DPO v2 73.42 71.50 88.28 65.97 71.71 82.79 60.27\n DPO v1 + v2 73.21 71.33 88.36 65.92 72.65 82.79 58.23" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1606, + "y": 0.2184 + }, + { + "x": 0.842, + "y": 0.2184 + }, + { + "x": 0.842, + "y": 0.2687 + }, + { + "x": 0.1606, + "y": 0.2687 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Table 4: Ablation studies on the different datasets used during the direct preference optimization (DPO) stage.
'SFT v3' is used as the SFT base model for DPO. We name ablated models with the 'DPO' prefix to indicate the
alignment tuning stage. 'DPO v1+v2' indicates that the model is merged from 'DPO v1' and 'DPO v2' by simply
averaging the model weights. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.

", + "markdown": "Table 4: Ablation studies on the different datasets used during the direct preference optimization (DPO) stage.\n'SFT v3' is used as the SFT base model for DPO. We name ablated models with the 'DPO' prefix to indicate the\nalignment tuning stage. 'DPO v1+v2' indicates that the model is merged from 'DPO v1' and 'DPO v2' by simply\naveraging the model weights. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", + "text": "Table 4: Ablation studies on the different datasets used during the direct preference optimization (DPO) stage.\n'SFT v3' is used as the SFT base model for DPO. We name ablated models with the 'DPO' prefix to indicate the\nalignment tuning stage. 'DPO v1+v2' indicates that the model is merged from 'DPO v1' and 'DPO v2' by simply\naveraging the model weights. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1161, + "y": 0.2788 + }, + { + "x": 0.8847, + "y": 0.2788 + }, + { + "x": 0.8847, + "y": 0.3367 + }, + { + "x": 0.1161, + "y": 0.3367 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
ModelBase SFT ModelH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
DPO v2SFT v373.4271.5088.2865.9771.7182.7960.27
DPO v3SFT v3 + v473.5871.3388.0865.3972.4581.9362.32
", + "markdown": "| Model | Base SFT Model | H6 (Avg.) | ARC | HellaSwag | MMLU | TruthfulQA | Winogrande | GSM8K |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| DPO v2 | SFT v3 | 73.42 | 71.50 | 88.28 | 65.97 | 71.71 | 82.79 | 60.27 |\n| DPO v3 | SFT v3 + v4 | 73.58 | 71.33 | 88.08 | 65.39 | 72.45 | 81.93 | 62.32 |\n", + "text": "Model Base SFT Model H6 (Avg.) ARC HellaSwag MMLU TruthfulQA Winogrande GSM8K\n DPO v2 SFT v3 73.42 71.50 88.28 65.97 71.71 82.79 60.27\n DPO v3 SFT v3 + v4 73.58 71.33 88.08 65.39 72.45 81.93 62.32" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2162, + "y": 0.35 + }, + { + "x": 0.7823, + "y": 0.35 + }, + { + "x": 0.7823, + "y": 0.3925 + }, + { + "x": 0.2162, + "y": 0.3925 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Table 5: Ablation studies on the different SFT base models used during the direct preference optimization (DPO)
stage. Ultrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets are used. We name ablated models with the 'DPO'
prefix to indicate the alignment tuning stage. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.

", + "markdown": "Table 5: Ablation studies on the different SFT base models used during the direct preference optimization (DPO)\nstage. Ultrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets are used. We name ablated models with the 'DPO'\nprefix to indicate the alignment tuning stage. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", + "text": "Table 5: Ablation studies on the different SFT base models used during the direct preference optimization (DPO)\nstage. Ultrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets are used. We name ablated models with the 'DPO'\nprefix to indicate the alignment tuning stage. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1162, + "y": 0.4039 + }, + { + "x": 0.8851, + "y": 0.4039 + }, + { + "x": 0.8851, + "y": 0.4479 + }, + { + "x": 0.1162, + "y": 0.4479 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

When we add the OpenOrca dataset to train the
second ablated model, 'SFT v2', the resulting H6
score is 69.21, which is little change from 69.15 of
'SFT v1' However, the task scores vary more as
'SFT v2' gets a substantially higher GSM8K score
of 57.32 compared to 52.24 of 'SFT v1' but also
gets noticeably lower scores across the board for
ARC, HellaS wag, and TruthfulQA. This seems to
indicate that using OpenOrca results in a model that
behaves differently from using only Alpaca-GPT4.

", + "markdown": "When we add the OpenOrca dataset to train the\nsecond ablated model, 'SFT v2', the resulting H6\nscore is 69.21, which is little change from 69.15 of\n'SFT v1' However, the task scores vary more as\n'SFT v2' gets a substantially higher GSM8K score\nof 57.32 compared to 52.24 of 'SFT v1' but also\ngets noticeably lower scores across the board for\nARC, HellaS wag, and TruthfulQA. This seems to\nindicate that using OpenOrca results in a model that\nbehaves differently from using only Alpaca-GPT4.", + "text": "When we add the OpenOrca dataset to train the\nsecond ablated model, 'SFT v2', the resulting H6\nscore is 69.21, which is little change from 69.15 of\n'SFT v1' However, the task scores vary more as\n'SFT v2' gets a substantially higher GSM8K score\nof 57.32 compared to 52.24 of 'SFT v1' but also\ngets noticeably lower scores across the board for\nARC, HellaS wag, and TruthfulQA. This seems to\nindicate that using OpenOrca results in a model that\nbehaves differently from using only Alpaca-GPT4." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1159, + "y": 0.4718 + }, + { + "x": 0.49, + "y": 0.4718 + }, + { + "x": 0.49, + "y": 0.6326 + }, + { + "x": 0.1159, + "y": 0.6326 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Second, we investigate whether Synth. Math-
Instruct dataset is beneficial. For 'SFT v3' , we
add the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset, which boosts
GSM8K scores to 64.14 and achieves comparable
scores for the other tasks. Interestingly, when we
add the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset to 'SFT v1'
to train 'SFT v4' , we get our highest H6 score of
70.88 with higher scores than 'SFT v3' for all tasks.
From the above, we can see that adding the Synth.
Math-Instruct dataset is helpful.

", + "markdown": "Second, we investigate whether Synth. Math-\nInstruct dataset is beneficial. For 'SFT v3' , we\nadd the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset, which boosts\nGSM8K scores to 64.14 and achieves comparable\nscores for the other tasks. Interestingly, when we\nadd the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset to 'SFT v1'\nto train 'SFT v4' , we get our highest H6 score of\n70.88 with higher scores than 'SFT v3' for all tasks.\nFrom the above, we can see that adding the Synth.\nMath-Instruct dataset is helpful.", + "text": "Second, we investigate whether Synth. Math-\nInstruct dataset is beneficial. For 'SFT v3' , we\nadd the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset, which boosts\nGSM8K scores to 64.14 and achieves comparable\nscores for the other tasks. Interestingly, when we\nadd the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset to 'SFT v1'\nto train 'SFT v4' , we get our highest H6 score of\n70.88 with higher scores than 'SFT v3' for all tasks.\nFrom the above, we can see that adding the Synth.\nMath-Instruct dataset is helpful." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1153, + "y": 0.6403 + }, + { + "x": 0.4903, + "y": 0.6403 + }, + { + "x": 0.4903, + "y": 0.8004 + }, + { + "x": 0.1153, + "y": 0.8004 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Lastly, we see whether merging models trained
with and without OpenOrca can boost performance.
In the first analysis, we saw that using OpenOrca re-
sulted in a model that behaved differently from the
model that was trained without OpenOrca. Build-
ing on this intuition, we merge 'SFT v3' and 'SFT
v4' as they are the best-performing models with

", + "markdown": "Lastly, we see whether merging models trained\nwith and without OpenOrca can boost performance.\nIn the first analysis, we saw that using OpenOrca re-\nsulted in a model that behaved differently from the\nmodel that was trained without OpenOrca. Build-\ning on this intuition, we merge 'SFT v3' and 'SFT\nv4' as they are the best-performing models with", + "text": "Lastly, we see whether merging models trained\nwith and without OpenOrca can boost performance.\nIn the first analysis, we saw that using OpenOrca re-\nsulted in a model that behaved differently from the\nmodel that was trained without OpenOrca. Build-\ning on this intuition, we merge 'SFT v3' and 'SFT\nv4' as they are the best-performing models with" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1145, + "y": 0.8081 + }, + { + "x": 0.49, + "y": 0.8081 + }, + { + "x": 0.49, + "y": 0.9212 + }, + { + "x": 0.1145, + "y": 0.9212 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

and without OpenOrca. To our surprise, the result-
ing merged model 'SFT v3+v4' retains the high
scores for non-GSM8K tasks from 'SFT v4' but
also achieves a higher GSM8K score than 'SFT v3'
or 'SFT v4' · Thus, we see that merging models
that specialize in different tasks is a promising way
to obtain a model that performs well generally.

", + "markdown": "and without OpenOrca. To our surprise, the result-\ning merged model 'SFT v3+v4' retains the high\nscores for non-GSM8K tasks from 'SFT v4' but\nalso achieves a higher GSM8K score than 'SFT v3'\nor 'SFT v4' · Thus, we see that merging models\nthat specialize in different tasks is a promising way\nto obtain a model that performs well generally.", + "text": "and without OpenOrca. To our surprise, the result-\ning merged model 'SFT v3+v4' retains the high\nscores for non-GSM8K tasks from 'SFT v4' but\nalso achieves a higher GSM8K score than 'SFT v3'\nor 'SFT v4' · Thus, we see that merging models\nthat specialize in different tasks is a promising way\nto obtain a model that performs well generally." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5116, + "y": 0.472 + }, + { + "x": 0.8839, + "y": 0.472 + }, + { + "x": 0.8839, + "y": 0.5849 + }, + { + "x": 0.5116, + "y": 0.5849 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

4.3.2 Alignment Tuning

", + "markdown": "4.3.2 Alignment Tuning", + "text": "4.3.2 Alignment Tuning" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5119, + "y": 0.5969 + }, + { + "x": 0.7155, + "y": 0.5969 + }, + { + "x": 0.7155, + "y": 0.6135 + }, + { + "x": 0.5119, + "y": 0.6135 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

As we utilize sDPO for practical alignment tun-
ing, there are additional aspects to ablate such as
the SFT base models used. Thus, we present ab-
lations for the different training datasets used for
training, the different SFT base models to initialize
the sDPO training, and finally, the model merging
strategy to obtain the final alignment-tuned model.

", + "markdown": "As we utilize sDPO for practical alignment tun-\ning, there are additional aspects to ablate such as\nthe SFT base models used. Thus, we present ab-\nlations for the different training datasets used for\ntraining, the different SFT base models to initialize\nthe sDPO training, and finally, the model merging\nstrategy to obtain the final alignment-tuned model.", + "text": "As we utilize sDPO for practical alignment tun-\ning, there are additional aspects to ablate such as\nthe SFT base models used. Thus, we present ab-\nlations for the different training datasets used for\ntraining, the different SFT base models to initialize\nthe sDPO training, and finally, the model merging\nstrategy to obtain the final alignment-tuned model." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5119, + "y": 0.6187 + }, + { + "x": 0.8849, + "y": 0.6187 + }, + { + "x": 0.8849, + "y": 0.7301 + }, + { + "x": 0.5119, + "y": 0.7301 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Ablation on the training datasets. We ablate on
the different alignment datasets used during DPO
in Tab. 4. We use 'SFT v3' as the SFT base model
for DPO. 'DPO v1' only uses the Ultrafeedback
Clean dataset while 'DPO v2' also used the Synth.
Math-Alignment dataset.

", + "markdown": "Ablation on the training datasets. We ablate on\nthe different alignment datasets used during DPO\nin Tab. 4. We use 'SFT v3' as the SFT base model\nfor DPO. 'DPO v1' only uses the Ultrafeedback\nClean dataset while 'DPO v2' also used the Synth.\nMath-Alignment dataset.", + "text": "Ablation on the training datasets. We ablate on\nthe different alignment datasets used during DPO\nin Tab. 4. We use 'SFT v3' as the SFT base model\nfor DPO. 'DPO v1' only uses the Ultrafeedback\nClean dataset while 'DPO v2' also used the Synth.\nMath-Alignment dataset." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5115, + "y": 0.7417 + }, + { + "x": 0.884, + "y": 0.7417 + }, + { + "x": 0.884, + "y": 0.8378 + }, + { + "x": 0.5115, + "y": 0.8378 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

First, we test how Ultrafeedback Clean and
Synth. Math-Alignment impacts model perfor-
mance. For 'DPO v1 , it achieves 73.06 in H6,
,
which is a substantial boost from the SFT base
model score of 70.03. However, we note that while

", + "markdown": "First, we test how Ultrafeedback Clean and\nSynth. Math-Alignment impacts model perfor-\nmance. For 'DPO v1 , it achieves 73.06 in H6,\n,\nwhich is a substantial boost from the SFT base\nmodel score of 70.03. However, we note that while", + "text": "First, we test how Ultrafeedback Clean and\nSynth. Math-Alignment impacts model perfor-\nmance. For 'DPO v1 , it achieves 73.06 in H6,\n,\nwhich is a substantial boost from the SFT base\nmodel score of 70.03. However, we note that while" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5106, + "y": 0.8401 + }, + { + "x": 0.8854, + "y": 0.8401 + }, + { + "x": 0.8854, + "y": 0.9201 + }, + { + "x": 0.5106, + "y": 0.9201 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000128.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
ABCE
1timeobservedForecast(observed)Lower Confidence Bound(observed)Upper Confidence Bound(observed)
2O13
3112
4213.5
5315
6416
7518
8617.5
9717.917.9017.9017.90
10819.7321445817.9921.47
11921.5996299819.8123.39
121021.6264585719.7823.47
131122.8599311620.9624.76
141224.7274165622.7826.68
151324.7542451522.7526.75
\n

Figure 13.3. Graph of Projection Estimates
Open Template in Microsoft Excel

\n
\"30\n25\n20\n15\n10\nobserved\n5\nForecast(observed)\n0
Having obtained price forecasts, our next step would be to re-estimate CR for GCS based on the
forecasted prices. In addition, we may use the confidence interval forecasts to find a most optimistic
forecast using the upper confidence interval forecasts and a pessimistic forecast using the lower
bound forecasts.
\n\n
298 I Ch. 13. Homogeneous Investment Types
", + "markdown": "| | A | B | C | | E |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | time | observed | Forecast(observed) | Lower Confidence Bound(observed) | Upper Confidence Bound(observed) |\n| 2 | O | 13 | | | |\n| 3 | 1 | 12 | | | |\n| 4 | 2 | 13.5 | | | |\n| 5 | 3 | 15 | | | |\n| 6 | 4 | 16 | | | |\n| 7 | 5 | 18 | | | |\n| 8 | 6 | 17.5 | | | |\n| 9 | 7 | 17.9 | 17.90 | 17.90 | 17.90 |\n| 10 | 8 | | 19.73214458 | 17.99 | 21.47 |\n| 11 | 9 | | 21.59962998 | 19.81 | 23.39 |\n| 12 | 10 | | 21.62645857 | 19.78 | 23.47 |\n| 13 | 11 | | 22.85993116 | 20.96 | 24.76 |\n| 14 | 12 | | 24.72741656 | 22.78 | 26.68 |\n| 15 | 13 | | 24.75424515 | 22.75 | 26.75 |\n\n\nFigure 13.3. Graph of Projection Estimates\nOpen Template in Microsoft Excel\n\n30\n25\n20\n15\n10\nobserved\n5\nForecast(observed)\n0 Lower Confidence Bound(observed)\n0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13\n\nHaving obtained price forecasts, our next step would be to re-estimate CR for GCS based on the\nforecasted prices. In addition, we may use the confidence interval forecasts to find a most optimistic\nforecast using the upper confidence interval forecasts and a pessimistic forecast using the lower\nbound forecasts.\n\n298 I Ch. 13. Homogeneous Investment Types", + "text": "A B C E\n 1 time observed Forecast(observed) Lower Confidence Bound(observed) Upper Confidence Bound(observed)\n 2 O 13 \n 3 1 12 \n 4 2 13.5 \n 5 3 15 \n 6 4 16 \n 7 5 18 \n 8 6 17.5 \n 9 7 17.9 17.90 17.90 17.90\n 10 8 19.73214458 17.99 21.47\n 11 9 21.59962998 19.81 23.39\n 12 10 21.62645857 19.78 23.47\n 13 11 22.85993116 20.96 24.76\n 14 12 24.72741656 22.78 26.68\n 15 13 24.75424515 22.75 26.75\nFigure 13.3. Graph of Projection Estimates\nOpen Template in Microsoft Excel\n30\n25\n20\n15\n10\nobserved\n5\nForecast(observed)\n0 Lower Confidence Bound(observed)\n0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13\nHaving obtained price forecasts, our next step would be to re-estimate CR for GCS based on the\nforecasted prices. In addition, we may use the confidence interval forecasts to find a most optimistic\nforecast using the upper confidence interval forecasts and a pessimistic forecast using the lower\nbound forecasts.\n298 I Ch. 13. Homogeneous Investment Types" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
ABCE
1timeobservedForecast(observed)Lower Confidence Bound(observed)Upper Confidence Bound(observed)
2O13
3112
4213.5
5315
6416
7518
8617.5
9717.917.9017.9017.90
10819.7321445817.9921.47
11921.5996299819.8123.39
121021.6264585719.7823.47
131122.8599311620.9624.76
141224.7274165622.7826.68
151324.7542451522.7526.75
", + "markdown": "| | A | B | C | | E |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | time | observed | Forecast(observed) | Lower Confidence Bound(observed) | Upper Confidence Bound(observed) |\n| 2 | O | 13 | | | |\n| 3 | 1 | 12 | | | |\n| 4 | 2 | 13.5 | | | |\n| 5 | 3 | 15 | | | |\n| 6 | 4 | 16 | | | |\n| 7 | 5 | 18 | | | |\n| 8 | 6 | 17.5 | | | |\n| 9 | 7 | 17.9 | 17.90 | 17.90 | 17.90 |\n| 10 | 8 | | 19.73214458 | 17.99 | 21.47 |\n| 11 | 9 | | 21.59962998 | 19.81 | 23.39 |\n| 12 | 10 | | 21.62645857 | 19.78 | 23.47 |\n| 13 | 11 | | 22.85993116 | 20.96 | 24.76 |\n| 14 | 12 | | 24.72741656 | 22.78 | 26.68 |\n| 15 | 13 | | 24.75424515 | 22.75 | 26.75 |\n", + "text": "A B C E\n 1 time observed Forecast(observed) Lower Confidence Bound(observed) Upper Confidence Bound(observed)\n 2 O 13 \n 3 1 12 \n 4 2 13.5 \n 5 3 15 \n 6 4 16 \n 7 5 18 \n 8 6 17.5 \n 9 7 17.9 17.90 17.90 17.90\n 10 8 19.73214458 17.99 21.47\n 11 9 21.59962998 19.81 23.39\n 12 10 21.62645857 19.78 23.47\n 13 11 22.85993116 20.96 24.76\n 14 12 24.72741656 22.78 26.68\n 15 13 24.75424515 22.75 26.75" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0874, + "y": 0.0657 + }, + { + "x": 0.8073, + "y": 0.0657 + }, + { + "x": 0.8073, + "y": 0.4652 + }, + { + "x": 0.0874, + "y": 0.4652 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 13.3. Graph of Projection Estimates
Open Template in Microsoft Excel

", + "markdown": "Figure 13.3. Graph of Projection Estimates\nOpen Template in Microsoft Excel", + "text": "Figure 13.3. Graph of Projection Estimates\nOpen Template in Microsoft Excel" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3213, + "y": 0.5193 + }, + { + "x": 0.6812, + "y": 0.5193 + }, + { + "x": 0.6812, + "y": 0.5567 + }, + { + "x": 0.3213, + "y": 0.5567 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"30\n25\n20\n15\n10\nobserved\n5\nForecast(observed)\n0
", + "markdown": "30\n25\n20\n15\n10\nobserved\n5\nForecast(observed)\n0 Lower Confidence Bound(observed)\n0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13", + "text": "30\n25\n20\n15\n10\nobserved\n5\nForecast(observed)\n0 Lower Confidence Bound(observed)\n0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0859, + "y": 0.599 + }, + { + "x": 0.8232, + "y": 0.599 + }, + { + "x": 0.8232, + "y": 0.8052 + }, + { + "x": 0.0859, + "y": 0.8052 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Having obtained price forecasts, our next step would be to re-estimate CR for GCS based on the
forecasted prices. In addition, we may use the confidence interval forecasts to find a most optimistic
forecast using the upper confidence interval forecasts and a pessimistic forecast using the lower
bound forecasts.

", + "markdown": "Having obtained price forecasts, our next step would be to re-estimate CR for GCS based on the\nforecasted prices. In addition, we may use the confidence interval forecasts to find a most optimistic\nforecast using the upper confidence interval forecasts and a pessimistic forecast using the lower\nbound forecasts.", + "text": "Having obtained price forecasts, our next step would be to re-estimate CR for GCS based on the\nforecasted prices. In addition, we may use the confidence interval forecasts to find a most optimistic\nforecast using the upper confidence interval forecasts and a pessimistic forecast using the lower\nbound forecasts." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0841, + "y": 0.836 + }, + { + "x": 0.9168, + "y": 0.836 + }, + { + "x": 0.9168, + "y": 0.9119 + }, + { + "x": 0.0841, + "y": 0.9119 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
298 I Ch. 13. Homogeneous Investment Types
", + "markdown": "298 I Ch. 13. Homogeneous Investment Types", + "text": "298 I Ch. 13. Homogeneous Investment Types" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0838, + "y": 0.9491 + }, + { + "x": 0.3923, + "y": 0.9491 + }, + { + "x": 0.3923, + "y": 0.9638 + }, + { + "x": 0.0838, + "y": 0.9638 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000106.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
����� 삼 .. 0000
RC APT/SCI
ASHATER BoDlesUKS
MeTHODS
AGP e88...................... PeRFOR
ay eeveNe unes a ctivaillo aftLeeps Dentrad
partic pant & de.under valued epistenus
math &-engagesque Bles (antolo
audion campbody) the Run
integRation. (on eatpluk making OR
나 to thRuprod
aftscientre thrirk cambinatoRyknaw
SAVEquelectivities Remar
what what UFOR? ING
eND potentialdistinct.
Role exploration asdaes
(scal ?)
an InteRventrai.4aw the
oreator
perpen?
\n

An example of a conceptual map created by one of our interviewees

\n

It seemed at times that the remarkable freedom of writing freeform allowed these
languages to form, but it was difficult, if not impossible, to replicate that freedom on
available digital tools. Printing out articles or chapters of interest and annotating them
with pen or pencil is still seen as the way to go by many. Having physical copies on hand
also means easier management as this benefits from the very natural use of space for
arranging things, e.g.: \"The pile on the right contains my primary sources; on the left are
things I've flagged as potentially interesting and to revisit.\" Often mentioned was the
use of digital editions for quick consultation and search, but print versions for in-depth
reading and annotation. Most collect important works in print.

\n

While some note taking did take place alongside annotation, each of our researchers
would reach a point where they needed to take the texts they had read and turn the
notes, quotes, and other takeaways into something they could then begin to incorporate
into their writing. Again, the approaches to this varied widely, and depended on the
tools used initially. Some would take handwritten annotations and highlighting and type
them into a word processor. Others would export annotations from tools in whatever

\n
32 I Considering Scholarly Readers
", + "markdown": "| | ����� 삼 .. 0000 | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| RC APT/SCI | | |\n| RC APT/SCI | ASHATER BoDles | UKS |\n| MeTHODS | | |\n| MeTHODS | AGP e88 | ...................... PeRFOR |\n| ay eeveNe unes a ctivaillo aft | Leeps Den | trad |\n| ay eeveNe unes a ctivaillo aft | partic pant & de | .under valued epistenus |\n| math &-engages | que Bles (antolo | |\n| math &-engages | audion camp | body) the Run |\n| integRation. (on eat | pluk making OR | |\n| integRation. (on eat | 나 to thRu | prod |\n| aftscientre thrirk cambinatoRy | knaw | |\n| aftscientre thrirk cambinatoRy | SAVE | quelectivities Remar |\n| what what U | FOR? ING | |\n| what what U | eND potential | distinct. |\n| Role exploration as | | daes |\n| Role exploration as | (scal ?) | |\n| an InteRventrai. | 4aw the | |\n| an InteRventrai. | oreator | |\n| | perpen? | |\n| | | |\n\n\nAn example of a conceptual map created by one of our interviewees\n\nIt seemed at times that the remarkable freedom of writing freeform allowed these\nlanguages to form, but it was difficult, if not impossible, to replicate that freedom on\navailable digital tools. Printing out articles or chapters of interest and annotating them\nwith pen or pencil is still seen as the way to go by many. Having physical copies on hand\nalso means easier management as this benefits from the very natural use of space for\narranging things, e.g.: \"The pile on the right contains my primary sources; on the left are\nthings I've flagged as potentially interesting and to revisit.\" Often mentioned was the\nuse of digital editions for quick consultation and search, but print versions for in-depth\nreading and annotation. Most collect important works in print.\n\nWhile some note taking did take place alongside annotation, each of our researchers\nwould reach a point where they needed to take the texts they had read and turn the\nnotes, quotes, and other takeaways into something they could then begin to incorporate\ninto their writing. Again, the approaches to this varied widely, and depended on the\ntools used initially. Some would take handwritten annotations and highlighting and type\nthem into a word processor. Others would export annotations from tools in whatever\n\n32 I Considering Scholarly Readers", + "text": "����� 삼 .. 0000\n RC APT/SCI \n ASHATER BoDles UKS\n MeTHODS \n AGP e88 ...................... PeRFOR\n ay eeveNe unes a ctivaillo aft Leeps Den trad\n partic pant & de .under valued epistenus\n math &-engages que Bles (antolo \n audion camp body) the Run\n integRation. (on eat pluk making OR \n 나 to thRu prod\n aftscientre thrirk cambinatoRy knaw \n SAVE quelectivities Remar\n what what U FOR? ING \n eND potential distinct.\n Role exploration as daes\n (scal ?) \n an InteRventrai. 4aw the \n oreator\n perpen?\nAn example of a conceptual map created by one of our interviewees\nIt seemed at times that the remarkable freedom of writing freeform allowed these\nlanguages to form, but it was difficult, if not impossible, to replicate that freedom on\navailable digital tools. Printing out articles or chapters of interest and annotating them\nwith pen or pencil is still seen as the way to go by many. Having physical copies on hand\nalso means easier management as this benefits from the very natural use of space for\narranging things, e.g.: \"The pile on the right contains my primary sources; on the left are\nthings I've flagged as potentially interesting and to revisit.\" Often mentioned was the\nuse of digital editions for quick consultation and search, but print versions for in-depth\nreading and annotation. Most collect important works in print.\nWhile some note taking did take place alongside annotation, each of our researchers\nwould reach a point where they needed to take the texts they had read and turn the\nnotes, quotes, and other takeaways into something they could then begin to incorporate\ninto their writing. Again, the approaches to this varied widely, and depended on the\ntools used initially. Some would take handwritten annotations and highlighting and type\nthem into a word processor. Others would export annotations from tools in whatever\n32 I Considering Scholarly Readers" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
����� 삼 .. 0000
RC APT/SCI
ASHATER BoDlesUKS
MeTHODS
AGP e88...................... PeRFOR
ay eeveNe unes a ctivaillo aftLeeps Dentrad
partic pant & de.under valued epistenus
math &-engagesque Bles (antolo
audion campbody) the Run
integRation. (on eatpluk making OR
나 to thRuprod
aftscientre thrirk cambinatoRyknaw
SAVEquelectivities Remar
what what UFOR? ING
eND potentialdistinct.
Role exploration asdaes
(scal ?)
an InteRventrai.4aw the
oreator
perpen?
", + "markdown": "| | ����� 삼 .. 0000 | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| RC APT/SCI | | |\n| RC APT/SCI | ASHATER BoDles | UKS |\n| MeTHODS | | |\n| MeTHODS | AGP e88 | ...................... PeRFOR |\n| ay eeveNe unes a ctivaillo aft | Leeps Den | trad |\n| ay eeveNe unes a ctivaillo aft | partic pant & de | .under valued epistenus |\n| math &-engages | que Bles (antolo | |\n| math &-engages | audion camp | body) the Run |\n| integRation. (on eat | pluk making OR | |\n| integRation. (on eat | 나 to thRu | prod |\n| aftscientre thrirk cambinatoRy | knaw | |\n| aftscientre thrirk cambinatoRy | SAVE | quelectivities Remar |\n| what what U | FOR? ING | |\n| what what U | eND potential | distinct. |\n| Role exploration as | | daes |\n| Role exploration as | (scal ?) | |\n| an InteRventrai. | 4aw the | |\n| an InteRventrai. | oreator | |\n| | perpen? | |\n| | | |\n", + "text": "����� 삼 .. 0000\n RC APT/SCI \n ASHATER BoDles UKS\n MeTHODS \n AGP e88 ...................... PeRFOR\n ay eeveNe unes a ctivaillo aft Leeps Den trad\n partic pant & de .under valued epistenus\n math &-engages que Bles (antolo \n audion camp body) the Run\n integRation. (on eat pluk making OR \n 나 to thRu prod\n aftscientre thrirk cambinatoRy knaw \n SAVE quelectivities Remar\n what what U FOR? ING \n eND potential distinct.\n Role exploration as daes\n (scal ?) \n an InteRventrai. 4aw the \n oreator\n perpen?" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0852, + "y": 0.0731 + }, + { + "x": 0.912, + "y": 0.0731 + }, + { + "x": 0.912, + "y": 0.4416 + }, + { + "x": 0.0852, + "y": 0.4416 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

An example of a conceptual map created by one of our interviewees

", + "markdown": "An example of a conceptual map created by one of our interviewees", + "text": "An example of a conceptual map created by one of our interviewees" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0834, + "y": 0.4464 + }, + { + "x": 0.6685, + "y": 0.4464 + }, + { + "x": 0.6685, + "y": 0.4642 + }, + { + "x": 0.0834, + "y": 0.4642 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

It seemed at times that the remarkable freedom of writing freeform allowed these
languages to form, but it was difficult, if not impossible, to replicate that freedom on
available digital tools. Printing out articles or chapters of interest and annotating them
with pen or pencil is still seen as the way to go by many. Having physical copies on hand
also means easier management as this benefits from the very natural use of space for
arranging things, e.g.: \"The pile on the right contains my primary sources; on the left are
things I've flagged as potentially interesting and to revisit.\" Often mentioned was the
use of digital editions for quick consultation and search, but print versions for in-depth
reading and annotation. Most collect important works in print.

", + "markdown": "It seemed at times that the remarkable freedom of writing freeform allowed these\nlanguages to form, but it was difficult, if not impossible, to replicate that freedom on\navailable digital tools. Printing out articles or chapters of interest and annotating them\nwith pen or pencil is still seen as the way to go by many. Having physical copies on hand\nalso means easier management as this benefits from the very natural use of space for\narranging things, e.g.: \"The pile on the right contains my primary sources; on the left are\nthings I've flagged as potentially interesting and to revisit.\" Often mentioned was the\nuse of digital editions for quick consultation and search, but print versions for in-depth\nreading and annotation. Most collect important works in print.", + "text": "It seemed at times that the remarkable freedom of writing freeform allowed these\nlanguages to form, but it was difficult, if not impossible, to replicate that freedom on\navailable digital tools. Printing out articles or chapters of interest and annotating them\nwith pen or pencil is still seen as the way to go by many. Having physical copies on hand\nalso means easier management as this benefits from the very natural use of space for\narranging things, e.g.: \"The pile on the right contains my primary sources; on the left are\nthings I've flagged as potentially interesting and to revisit.\" Often mentioned was the\nuse of digital editions for quick consultation and search, but print versions for in-depth\nreading and annotation. Most collect important works in print." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0845, + "y": 0.5333 + }, + { + "x": 0.9168, + "y": 0.5333 + }, + { + "x": 0.9168, + "y": 0.7283 + }, + { + "x": 0.0845, + "y": 0.7283 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

While some note taking did take place alongside annotation, each of our researchers
would reach a point where they needed to take the texts they had read and turn the
notes, quotes, and other takeaways into something they could then begin to incorporate
into their writing. Again, the approaches to this varied widely, and depended on the
tools used initially. Some would take handwritten annotations and highlighting and type
them into a word processor. Others would export annotations from tools in whatever

", + "markdown": "While some note taking did take place alongside annotation, each of our researchers\nwould reach a point where they needed to take the texts they had read and turn the\nnotes, quotes, and other takeaways into something they could then begin to incorporate\ninto their writing. Again, the approaches to this varied widely, and depended on the\ntools used initially. Some would take handwritten annotations and highlighting and type\nthem into a word processor. Others would export annotations from tools in whatever", + "text": "While some note taking did take place alongside annotation, each of our researchers\nwould reach a point where they needed to take the texts they had read and turn the\nnotes, quotes, and other takeaways into something they could then begin to incorporate\ninto their writing. Again, the approaches to this varied widely, and depended on the\ntools used initially. Some would take handwritten annotations and highlighting and type\nthem into a word processor. Others would export annotations from tools in whatever" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0834, + "y": 0.745 + }, + { + "x": 0.9184, + "y": 0.745 + }, + { + "x": 0.9184, + "y": 0.8738 + }, + { + "x": 0.0834, + "y": 0.8738 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
32 I Considering Scholarly Readers
", + "markdown": "32 I Considering Scholarly Readers", + "text": "32 I Considering Scholarly Readers" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0844, + "y": 0.9354 + }, + { + "x": 0.3234, + "y": 0.9354 + }, + { + "x": 0.3234, + "y": 0.9505 + }, + { + "x": 0.0844, + "y": 0.9505 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000116.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
BIO181
\n

MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

\n

· Transfer pipettes
Test tube rack
· 4 large (20 ml) test tubes or small Erlenmeyer flasks for larger volumes
· Large plastic tray
· Masking tape or lab tape
· Large weigh boat (4/group)
· Metric ruler
· Electronic balance
· Spatula
· Weigh paper
· Red food coloring (optional)

\n
\"\"
\n

Figure 3. Saccharometer

\n\n
SaccharometerDI WaterGlucose SolutionYeast Suspension
1*8 ml*6 ml0 ml
2*12 ml0 ml*2 ml
3*6 ml*6 ml*2 ml
4*2 ml*6 ml*6 ml
Table 2. Contents of Saccharometers when testing fermentation with various yeast
concentrations.
\n

*Double these amounts if using saccharometers that have a 15-cm vertical tube. See table
below

\n

Saccharometer DI Water Glucose Solution Yeast Suspension
1 16 ml 12 ml 0 ml

\n
58
", + "markdown": "BIO181\n\n# MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE\n\n- · Transfer pipettes\n- Test tube rack\n- · 4 large (20 ml) test tubes or small Erlenmeyer flasks for larger volumes\n- · Large plastic tray\n- · Masking tape or lab tape\n- · Large weigh boat (4/group)\n- · Metric ruler\n- · Electronic balance\n- · Spatula\n- · Weigh paper\n- · Red food coloring (optional)\n\n\n\n\nFigure 3. Saccharometer\n\nTable 2. Contents of Saccharometers when testing fermentation with various yeast\nconcentrations.\n\n| Saccharometer | DI Water | Glucose Solution | Yeast Suspension |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | *8 ml | *6 ml | 0 ml |\n| 2 | *12 ml | 0 ml | *2 ml |\n| 3 | *6 ml | *6 ml | *2 ml |\n| 4 | *2 ml | *6 ml | *6 ml |\n\n\n*Double these amounts if using saccharometers that have a 15-cm vertical tube. See table\nbelow\n\nSaccharometer DI Water Glucose Solution Yeast Suspension\n1 16 ml 12 ml 0 ml\n\n58", + "text": "BIO181\nMOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE\n· Transfer pipettes\nTest tube rack\n· 4 large (20 ml) test tubes or small Erlenmeyer flasks for larger volumes\n· Large plastic tray\n· Masking tape or lab tape\n· Large weigh boat (4/group)\n· Metric ruler\n· Electronic balance\n· Spatula\n· Weigh paper\n· Red food coloring (optional)\n\nFigure 3. Saccharometer\nTable 2. Contents of Saccharometers when testing fermentation with various yeast\nconcentrations.\nSaccharometer DI Water Glucose Solution Yeast Suspension\n 1 *8 ml *6 ml 0 ml\n 2 *12 ml 0 ml *2 ml\n 3 *6 ml *6 ml *2 ml\n 4 *2 ml *6 ml *6 ml\n*Double these amounts if using saccharometers that have a 15-cm vertical tube. See table\nbelow\nSaccharometer DI Water Glucose Solution Yeast Suspension\n1 16 ml 12 ml 0 ml\n58" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
BIO181
", + "markdown": "BIO181", + "text": "BIO181" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8093, + "y": 0.0496 + }, + { + "x": 0.8847, + "y": 0.0496 + }, + { + "x": 0.8847, + "y": 0.0684 + }, + { + "x": 0.8093, + "y": 0.0684 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

", + "markdown": "# MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1265, + "y": 0.0475 + }, + { + "x": 0.4099, + "y": 0.0475 + }, + { + "x": 0.4099, + "y": 0.0696 + }, + { + "x": 0.1265, + "y": 0.0696 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Transfer pipettes
Test tube rack
· 4 large (20 ml) test tubes or small Erlenmeyer flasks for larger volumes
· Large plastic tray
· Masking tape or lab tape
· Large weigh boat (4/group)
· Metric ruler
· Electronic balance
· Spatula
· Weigh paper
· Red food coloring (optional)

", + "markdown": "- · Transfer pipettes\n- Test tube rack\n- · 4 large (20 ml) test tubes or small Erlenmeyer flasks for larger volumes\n- · Large plastic tray\n- · Masking tape or lab tape\n- · Large weigh boat (4/group)\n- · Metric ruler\n- · Electronic balance\n- · Spatula\n- · Weigh paper\n- · Red food coloring (optional)\n", + "text": "· Transfer pipettes\nTest tube rack\n· 4 large (20 ml) test tubes or small Erlenmeyer flasks for larger volumes\n· Large plastic tray\n· Masking tape or lab tape\n· Large weigh boat (4/group)\n· Metric ruler\n· Electronic balance\n· Spatula\n· Weigh paper\n· Red food coloring (optional)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1411, + "y": 0.0902 + }, + { + "x": 0.7436, + "y": 0.0902 + }, + { + "x": 0.7436, + "y": 0.2841 + }, + { + "x": 0.1411, + "y": 0.2841 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"\"
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Figure 3. Saccharometer

", + "markdown": "Figure 3. Saccharometer", + "text": "Figure 3. Saccharometer" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3932, + "y": 0.575 + }, + { + "x": 0.5926, + "y": 0.575 + }, + { + "x": 0.5926, + "y": 0.5924 + }, + { + "x": 0.3932, + "y": 0.5924 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Table 2. Contents of Saccharometers when testing fermentation with various yeast
concentrations.

", + "markdown": "Table 2. Contents of Saccharometers when testing fermentation with various yeast\nconcentrations.", + "text": "Table 2. Contents of Saccharometers when testing fermentation with various yeast\nconcentrations." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1733, + "y": 0.6464 + }, + { + "x": 0.8269, + "y": 0.6464 + }, + { + "x": 0.8269, + "y": 0.6816 + }, + { + "x": 0.1733, + "y": 0.6816 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
SaccharometerDI WaterGlucose SolutionYeast Suspension
1*8 ml*6 ml0 ml
2*12 ml0 ml*2 ml
3*6 ml*6 ml*2 ml
4*2 ml*6 ml*6 ml
", + "markdown": "| Saccharometer | DI Water | Glucose Solution | Yeast Suspension |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | *8 ml | *6 ml | 0 ml |\n| 2 | *12 ml | 0 ml | *2 ml |\n| 3 | *6 ml | *6 ml | *2 ml |\n| 4 | *2 ml | *6 ml | *6 ml |\n", + "text": "Saccharometer DI Water Glucose Solution Yeast Suspension\n 1 *8 ml *6 ml 0 ml\n 2 *12 ml 0 ml *2 ml\n 3 *6 ml *6 ml *2 ml\n 4 *2 ml *6 ml *6 ml" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1255, + "y": 0.6825 + }, + { + "x": 0.8557, + "y": 0.6825 + }, + { + "x": 0.8557, + "y": 0.7901 + }, + { + "x": 0.1255, + "y": 0.7901 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

*Double these amounts if using saccharometers that have a 15-cm vertical tube. See table
below

", + "markdown": "*Double these amounts if using saccharometers that have a 15-cm vertical tube. See table\nbelow", + "text": "*Double these amounts if using saccharometers that have a 15-cm vertical tube. See table\nbelow" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1141, + "y": 0.809 + }, + { + "x": 0.8661, + "y": 0.809 + }, + { + "x": 0.8661, + "y": 0.8447 + }, + { + "x": 0.1141, + "y": 0.8447 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Saccharometer DI Water Glucose Solution Yeast Suspension
1 16 ml 12 ml 0 ml

", + "markdown": "Saccharometer DI Water Glucose Solution Yeast Suspension\n1 16 ml 12 ml 0 ml", + "text": "Saccharometer DI Water Glucose Solution Yeast Suspension\n1 16 ml 12 ml 0 ml" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1192, + "y": 0.8646 + }, + { + "x": 0.6338, + "y": 0.8646 + }, + { + "x": 0.6338, + "y": 0.9027 + }, + { + "x": 0.1192, + "y": 0.9027 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
58
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Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore. In these three countries, per capita GDP
fell between 4 percent to 7 percent.3

\n

Figure 1.2. Per capita GDP growth in 2020

\n
\"4.0%\n2.5%\n2.0%\n2.0%\n0.2%\n0.0%\n-2.0%
\n

Source: World Bank (2022a)

\n

It is also noteworthy that in two of these major destination countries - Thailand
and Malaysia - the most-affected sectors were also ones heavily reliant
on migrant workers. In Thailand, affected sectors include manufacturing,
construction, agriculture, fishing, seafood processing, domestic work, and
hospitality (United Nations Thematic Working Group, 2019; ILO, 2020). In
Malaysia, migrant workers were, in 2019, especially prevalent in manufacturing
(705,000), construction (435,000), services (306,000), plantation (282,000),
agriculture (160,000), and domestic work (127,000) (Wahab, 2020a; Theng,
Noor and Khalidi, 2020).

\n

The construction sector in Malaysia crashed in the second quarter of 2020
and did not experience growth again until the second quarter of 2021,
before suffering negative growth again the next quarter after a COVID-19
resurgence. Accommodation and dining establishments which includes many
tourism-related jobs, fared even worse. Furthermore, wholesale trade and
related activities in Malaysia have not recovered to pre-pandemic levels, even
after growing in the first two quarters of 2021. In Thailand, the construction
sector avoided a massive output decline similar to Malaysia's, although it did
decline in the first quarter of 2020. However, manufacturing, accommodation,
and wholesale trade in Thailand all suffered large contractions due to travel
restrictions, supply chain disruptions, and weak aggregate demand, and,
despite some recovery in the second quarter of 2021, remain well below pre-
pandemic levels (Table 1.1).

\n

3 The Philippine economy was hit hardest because of the length and severity of the movement restrictions
imposed in the country (Olanday and Rigby, 2020).

\n
ASEAN Migration Outlook
\n
13
", + "markdown": "Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore. In these three countries, per capita GDP\nfell between 4 percent to 7 percent.3\n\n# Figure 1.2. Per capita GDP growth in 2020\n\n4.0%\n2.5%\n2.0%\n2.0%\n0.2%\n0.0%\n-2.0% 1.0%\n-4.0% -3.1%\n-3.8%\n-4.4%\n-6.0%\n-6.4%\n-8.0% -6.9%\n-10.0%\n-12.0% -10.7%\nIndonesia\nThailand\nPhilippines\nCambodia\nMyanmar\nSingapore\nPDR\nMalaysia\nLao Nam\nViet\nBrunei Darussalam\n\n# Source: World Bank (2022a)\n\nIt is also noteworthy that in two of these major destination countries - Thailand\nand Malaysia - the most-affected sectors were also ones heavily reliant\non migrant workers. In Thailand, affected sectors include manufacturing,\nconstruction, agriculture, fishing, seafood processing, domestic work, and\nhospitality (United Nations Thematic Working Group, 2019; ILO, 2020). In\nMalaysia, migrant workers were, in 2019, especially prevalent in manufacturing\n(705,000), construction (435,000), services (306,000), plantation (282,000),\nagriculture (160,000), and domestic work (127,000) (Wahab, 2020a; Theng,\nNoor and Khalidi, 2020).\n\nThe construction sector in Malaysia crashed in the second quarter of 2020\nand did not experience growth again until the second quarter of 2021,\nbefore suffering negative growth again the next quarter after a COVID-19\nresurgence. Accommodation and dining establishments which includes many\ntourism-related jobs, fared even worse. Furthermore, wholesale trade and\nrelated activities in Malaysia have not recovered to pre-pandemic levels, even\nafter growing in the first two quarters of 2021. In Thailand, the construction\nsector avoided a massive output decline similar to Malaysia's, although it did\ndecline in the first quarter of 2020. However, manufacturing, accommodation,\nand wholesale trade in Thailand all suffered large contractions due to travel\nrestrictions, supply chain disruptions, and weak aggregate demand, and,\ndespite some recovery in the second quarter of 2021, remain well below pre-\npandemic levels (Table 1.1).\n\n3 The Philippine economy was hit hardest because of the length and severity of the movement restrictions\nimposed in the country (Olanday and Rigby, 2020).\n\nASEAN Migration Outlook\n\n13", + "text": "Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore. In these three countries, per capita GDP\nfell between 4 percent to 7 percent.3\nFigure 1.2. Per capita GDP growth in 2020\n4.0%\n2.5%\n2.0%\n2.0%\n0.2%\n0.0%\n-2.0% 1.0%\n-4.0% -3.1%\n-3.8%\n-4.4%\n-6.0%\n-6.4%\n-8.0% -6.9%\n-10.0%\n-12.0% -10.7%\nIndonesia\nThailand\nPhilippines\nCambodia\nMyanmar\nSingapore\nPDR\nMalaysia\nLao Nam\nViet\nBrunei Darussalam\nSource: World Bank (2022a)\nIt is also noteworthy that in two of these major destination countries - Thailand\nand Malaysia - the most-affected sectors were also ones heavily reliant\non migrant workers. In Thailand, affected sectors include manufacturing,\nconstruction, agriculture, fishing, seafood processing, domestic work, and\nhospitality (United Nations Thematic Working Group, 2019; ILO, 2020). In\nMalaysia, migrant workers were, in 2019, especially prevalent in manufacturing\n(705,000), construction (435,000), services (306,000), plantation (282,000),\nagriculture (160,000), and domestic work (127,000) (Wahab, 2020a; Theng,\nNoor and Khalidi, 2020).\nThe construction sector in Malaysia crashed in the second quarter of 2020\nand did not experience growth again until the second quarter of 2021,\nbefore suffering negative growth again the next quarter after a COVID-19\nresurgence. Accommodation and dining establishments which includes many\ntourism-related jobs, fared even worse. Furthermore, wholesale trade and\nrelated activities in Malaysia have not recovered to pre-pandemic levels, even\nafter growing in the first two quarters of 2021. In Thailand, the construction\nsector avoided a massive output decline similar to Malaysia's, although it did\ndecline in the first quarter of 2020. However, manufacturing, accommodation,\nand wholesale trade in Thailand all suffered large contractions due to travel\nrestrictions, supply chain disruptions, and weak aggregate demand, and,\ndespite some recovery in the second quarter of 2021, remain well below pre-\npandemic levels (Table 1.1).\n3 The Philippine economy was hit hardest because of the length and severity of the movement restrictions\nimposed in the country (Olanday and Rigby, 2020).\nASEAN Migration Outlook\n13" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore. In these three countries, per capita GDP
fell between 4 percent to 7 percent.3

", + "markdown": "Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore. In these three countries, per capita GDP\nfell between 4 percent to 7 percent.3", + "text": "Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore. In these three countries, per capita GDP\nfell between 4 percent to 7 percent.3" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1853, + "y": 0.0815 + }, + { + "x": 0.8844, + "y": 0.0815 + }, + { + "x": 0.8844, + "y": 0.1167 + }, + { + "x": 0.1853, + "y": 0.1167 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 1.2. Per capita GDP growth in 2020

", + "markdown": "# Figure 1.2. Per capita GDP growth in 2020", + "text": "Figure 1.2. Per capita GDP growth in 2020" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1868, + "y": 0.1292 + }, + { + "x": 0.5889, + "y": 0.1292 + }, + { + "x": 0.5889, + "y": 0.1482 + }, + { + "x": 0.1868, + "y": 0.1482 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"4.0%\n2.5%\n2.0%\n2.0%\n0.2%\n0.0%\n-2.0%
", + "markdown": "4.0%\n2.5%\n2.0%\n2.0%\n0.2%\n0.0%\n-2.0% 1.0%\n-4.0% -3.1%\n-3.8%\n-4.4%\n-6.0%\n-6.4%\n-8.0% -6.9%\n-10.0%\n-12.0% -10.7%\nIndonesia\nThailand\nPhilippines\nCambodia\nMyanmar\nSingapore\nPDR\nMalaysia\nLao Nam\nViet\nBrunei Darussalam", + "text": "4.0%\n2.5%\n2.0%\n2.0%\n0.2%\n0.0%\n-2.0% 1.0%\n-4.0% -3.1%\n-3.8%\n-4.4%\n-6.0%\n-6.4%\n-8.0% -6.9%\n-10.0%\n-12.0% -10.7%\nIndonesia\nThailand\nPhilippines\nCambodia\nMyanmar\nSingapore\nPDR\nMalaysia\nLao Nam\nViet\nBrunei Darussalam" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1858, + "y": 0.1541 + }, + { + "x": 0.8879, + "y": 0.1541 + }, + { + "x": 0.8879, + "y": 0.4441 + }, + { + "x": 0.1858, + "y": 0.4441 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Source: World Bank (2022a)

", + "markdown": "# Source: World Bank (2022a)", + "text": "Source: World Bank (2022a)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1865, + "y": 0.4457 + }, + { + "x": 0.4146, + "y": 0.4457 + }, + { + "x": 0.4146, + "y": 0.4611 + }, + { + "x": 0.1865, + "y": 0.4611 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

It is also noteworthy that in two of these major destination countries - Thailand
and Malaysia - the most-affected sectors were also ones heavily reliant
on migrant workers. In Thailand, affected sectors include manufacturing,
construction, agriculture, fishing, seafood processing, domestic work, and
hospitality (United Nations Thematic Working Group, 2019; ILO, 2020). In
Malaysia, migrant workers were, in 2019, especially prevalent in manufacturing
(705,000), construction (435,000), services (306,000), plantation (282,000),
agriculture (160,000), and domestic work (127,000) (Wahab, 2020a; Theng,
Noor and Khalidi, 2020).

", + "markdown": "It is also noteworthy that in two of these major destination countries - Thailand\nand Malaysia - the most-affected sectors were also ones heavily reliant\non migrant workers. In Thailand, affected sectors include manufacturing,\nconstruction, agriculture, fishing, seafood processing, domestic work, and\nhospitality (United Nations Thematic Working Group, 2019; ILO, 2020). In\nMalaysia, migrant workers were, in 2019, especially prevalent in manufacturing\n(705,000), construction (435,000), services (306,000), plantation (282,000),\nagriculture (160,000), and domestic work (127,000) (Wahab, 2020a; Theng,\nNoor and Khalidi, 2020).", + "text": "It is also noteworthy that in two of these major destination countries - Thailand\nand Malaysia - the most-affected sectors were also ones heavily reliant\non migrant workers. In Thailand, affected sectors include manufacturing,\nconstruction, agriculture, fishing, seafood processing, domestic work, and\nhospitality (United Nations Thematic Working Group, 2019; ILO, 2020). In\nMalaysia, migrant workers were, in 2019, especially prevalent in manufacturing\n(705,000), construction (435,000), services (306,000), plantation (282,000),\nagriculture (160,000), and domestic work (127,000) (Wahab, 2020a; Theng,\nNoor and Khalidi, 2020)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1858, + "y": 0.4737 + }, + { + "x": 0.8846, + "y": 0.4737 + }, + { + "x": 0.8846, + "y": 0.6281 + }, + { + "x": 0.1858, + "y": 0.6281 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The construction sector in Malaysia crashed in the second quarter of 2020
and did not experience growth again until the second quarter of 2021,
before suffering negative growth again the next quarter after a COVID-19
resurgence. Accommodation and dining establishments which includes many
tourism-related jobs, fared even worse. Furthermore, wholesale trade and
related activities in Malaysia have not recovered to pre-pandemic levels, even
after growing in the first two quarters of 2021. In Thailand, the construction
sector avoided a massive output decline similar to Malaysia's, although it did
decline in the first quarter of 2020. However, manufacturing, accommodation,
and wholesale trade in Thailand all suffered large contractions due to travel
restrictions, supply chain disruptions, and weak aggregate demand, and,
despite some recovery in the second quarter of 2021, remain well below pre-
pandemic levels (Table 1.1).

", + "markdown": "The construction sector in Malaysia crashed in the second quarter of 2020\nand did not experience growth again until the second quarter of 2021,\nbefore suffering negative growth again the next quarter after a COVID-19\nresurgence. Accommodation and dining establishments which includes many\ntourism-related jobs, fared even worse. Furthermore, wholesale trade and\nrelated activities in Malaysia have not recovered to pre-pandemic levels, even\nafter growing in the first two quarters of 2021. In Thailand, the construction\nsector avoided a massive output decline similar to Malaysia's, although it did\ndecline in the first quarter of 2020. However, manufacturing, accommodation,\nand wholesale trade in Thailand all suffered large contractions due to travel\nrestrictions, supply chain disruptions, and weak aggregate demand, and,\ndespite some recovery in the second quarter of 2021, remain well below pre-\npandemic levels (Table 1.1).", + "text": "The construction sector in Malaysia crashed in the second quarter of 2020\nand did not experience growth again until the second quarter of 2021,\nbefore suffering negative growth again the next quarter after a COVID-19\nresurgence. Accommodation and dining establishments which includes many\ntourism-related jobs, fared even worse. Furthermore, wholesale trade and\nrelated activities in Malaysia have not recovered to pre-pandemic levels, even\nafter growing in the first two quarters of 2021. In Thailand, the construction\nsector avoided a massive output decline similar to Malaysia's, although it did\ndecline in the first quarter of 2020. However, manufacturing, accommodation,\nand wholesale trade in Thailand all suffered large contractions due to travel\nrestrictions, supply chain disruptions, and weak aggregate demand, and,\ndespite some recovery in the second quarter of 2021, remain well below pre-\npandemic levels (Table 1.1)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1863, + "y": 0.6416 + }, + { + "x": 0.8855, + "y": 0.6416 + }, + { + "x": 0.8855, + "y": 0.8656 + }, + { + "x": 0.1863, + "y": 0.8656 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

3 The Philippine economy was hit hardest because of the length and severity of the movement restrictions
imposed in the country (Olanday and Rigby, 2020).

", + "markdown": "3 The Philippine economy was hit hardest because of the length and severity of the movement restrictions\nimposed in the country (Olanday and Rigby, 2020).", + "text": "3 The Philippine economy was hit hardest because of the length and severity of the movement restrictions\nimposed in the country (Olanday and Rigby, 2020)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1408, + "y": 0.8939 + }, + { + "x": 0.8846, + "y": 0.8939 + }, + { + "x": 0.8846, + "y": 0.92 + }, + { + "x": 0.1408, + "y": 0.92 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
ASEAN Migration Outlook
", + "markdown": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", + "text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.138, + "y": 0.9506 + }, + { + "x": 0.4278, + "y": 0.9506 + }, + { + "x": 0.4278, + "y": 0.9684 + }, + { + "x": 0.138, + "y": 0.9684 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
13
", + "markdown": "13", + "text": "13" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.9272, + "y": 0.951 + }, + { + "x": 0.9548, + "y": 0.951 + }, + { + "x": 0.9548, + "y": 0.9668 + }, + { + "x": 0.9272, + "y": 0.9668 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000191.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

5 Conclusion

\n

We introduce SOLAR 10.7B and its fine-tuned vari-
ant SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, which are depth up-
scaled (DUS) models with 10.7 billion parameters . ·
They show superior performance over models like
Llama 2, Mistral 7B, and Mixtral-7B-Instruct in es-
sential NLP tasks while maintaining computational
efficiency. Thus, DUS is effective in scaling-up
highly performant LLMs from smaller ones. With
more exploration, DUS could be further improved,
paving a new path to efficiently scaling LLMs.

\n

Acknowledgements

\n

We would like to extend our gratitude to the teams
at Hugging Face, particularly Clementine Four-
rier, Lewis Tunstall, Omar Sanseviero, and Philipp
Schmid. Our appreciation also extends to the
teams at AWS, notably Rahul Sharma, Jeongwon
Yoon, Nieves Garcia, Ritesh Vajaria, Gal Oshri, Jay
Kwon, Brandon Lee and Effie Bae. We are grateful
to the teams at Korea Telecom (KT), especially Jin
Hyoung Lee, Jungsuk Park, Sungjoon Park, Hong-
rae Wang, Kyeongsoo Jung, and Sunyoong Yoon,
whose significant support has been instrumental in
ensuring the broad compatibility of our model. Ad-
ditionally, we would like to extend our thanks to the
open community for their invaluable contributions
and feedback.

\n

Limitations

\n

Our study on the Depth Up-Scaling (DUS) has im-
portant limitations and considerations. One key
limitation is the need for more thorough explo-
rations of hyperparameters used in the DUS ap-
proach. Namely, we removed m = 8 layers from
both ends of our base model, primarily due to hard-
ware limitations. However, we have not yet deter-
mined if this value is optimal for enhancing perfor-
mance. The extended time and cost of continued
pretraining made it challenging to conduct more
comprehensive experiments, which we aim to ad-
dress in future work through various comparative
analyses.

\n

In terms of the model's broader implications,
there are several points to note. The model's sig-
nificant computational demands for training and
inference might limit its use, especially for those
with restricted computational resources. Addition-

\n

4Preprint version is available on https : / / arxiv.
org/ abs / 2312 · 15166.

\n

ally, like all machine learning models, it is vulnera-
ble to biases in its training data, which could lead
to skewed outcomes in certain situations. Further-
more, the substantial energy consumption required
for training and operating the model raises environ-
mental concerns, which are critical in the pursuit
of sustainable AI development.

\n

Lastly, while the fine-tuned variant of the model
shows improved performance in following instruc-
tions, it still requires task-specific fine-tuning for
optimal performance in specialized applications.
This fine-tuning process can be resource-intensive
and not always effective. Recognizing and address-
ing these limitations is essential for a comprehen-
sive understanding of the proposed Large Language
Model's capabilities and for guiding future research
and development in the field of LLMs.

\n

Ethics Statement

\n

We conscientiously address and emphasize the
commitment of SOLAR 10.7B in maintaining the
highest ethical standards. First, we highlight that
SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct has shown low levels of
data contamination in our evaluations, a testament
to our rigorous data handling and processing pro-
tocols. This aspect is crucial, as it underpins the
reliability and integrity of the results obtained from
SOLAR.

\n

Furthermore, during the course of our experi-
ments, we ensured that all setups and methodolo-
gies employed steer clear of any potential ethical
pitfalls. This preemptive consideration and avoid-
ance of ethically questionable practices underscore
our dedication to conducting research that is not
only innovative but also responsible.

\n

Additionally, we ensure that SOLAR complies
with general ethical considerations in all aspects
of its operation. This includes adherence to pri-
vacy norms, respect for intellectual property, and
ensuring the absence of bias in our algorithms. Our
commitment to these ethical principles is unwaver-
ing, and we believe it significantly contributes to
the credibility and societal acceptance of SOLAR.

\n

In conclusion, the ethical framework within
which SOLAR operates is robust and comprehen-
sive, ensuring that our advancements in this field
are not only scientifically sound but also ethically
responsible.

", + "markdown": "5 Conclusion\n\nWe introduce SOLAR 10.7B and its fine-tuned vari-\nant SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, which are depth up-\nscaled (DUS) models with 10.7 billion parameters . ·\nThey show superior performance over models like\nLlama 2, Mistral 7B, and Mixtral-7B-Instruct in es-\nsential NLP tasks while maintaining computational\nefficiency. Thus, DUS is effective in scaling-up\nhighly performant LLMs from smaller ones. With\nmore exploration, DUS could be further improved,\npaving a new path to efficiently scaling LLMs.\n\n# Acknowledgements\n\nWe would like to extend our gratitude to the teams\nat Hugging Face, particularly Clementine Four-\nrier, Lewis Tunstall, Omar Sanseviero, and Philipp\nSchmid. Our appreciation also extends to the\nteams at AWS, notably Rahul Sharma, Jeongwon\nYoon, Nieves Garcia, Ritesh Vajaria, Gal Oshri, Jay\nKwon, Brandon Lee and Effie Bae. We are grateful\nto the teams at Korea Telecom (KT), especially Jin\nHyoung Lee, Jungsuk Park, Sungjoon Park, Hong-\nrae Wang, Kyeongsoo Jung, and Sunyoong Yoon,\nwhose significant support has been instrumental in\nensuring the broad compatibility of our model. Ad-\nditionally, we would like to extend our thanks to the\nopen community for their invaluable contributions\nand feedback.\n\n# Limitations\n\nOur study on the Depth Up-Scaling (DUS) has im-\nportant limitations and considerations. One key\nlimitation is the need for more thorough explo-\nrations of hyperparameters used in the DUS ap-\nproach. Namely, we removed m = 8 layers from\nboth ends of our base model, primarily due to hard-\nware limitations. However, we have not yet deter-\nmined if this value is optimal for enhancing perfor-\nmance. The extended time and cost of continued\npretraining made it challenging to conduct more\ncomprehensive experiments, which we aim to ad-\ndress in future work through various comparative\nanalyses.\n\nIn terms of the model's broader implications,\nthere are several points to note. The model's sig-\nnificant computational demands for training and\ninference might limit its use, especially for those\nwith restricted computational resources. Addition-\n\n4Preprint version is available on https : / / arxiv.\norg/ abs / 2312 · 15166.\n\nally, like all machine learning models, it is vulnera-\nble to biases in its training data, which could lead\nto skewed outcomes in certain situations. Further-\nmore, the substantial energy consumption required\nfor training and operating the model raises environ-\nmental concerns, which are critical in the pursuit\nof sustainable AI development.\n\nLastly, while the fine-tuned variant of the model\nshows improved performance in following instruc-\ntions, it still requires task-specific fine-tuning for\noptimal performance in specialized applications.\nThis fine-tuning process can be resource-intensive\nand not always effective. Recognizing and address-\ning these limitations is essential for a comprehen-\nsive understanding of the proposed Large Language\nModel's capabilities and for guiding future research\nand development in the field of LLMs.\n\nEthics Statement\n\nWe conscientiously address and emphasize the\ncommitment of SOLAR 10.7B in maintaining the\nhighest ethical standards. First, we highlight that\nSOLAR 10.7B-Instruct has shown low levels of\ndata contamination in our evaluations, a testament\nto our rigorous data handling and processing pro-\ntocols. This aspect is crucial, as it underpins the\nreliability and integrity of the results obtained from\nSOLAR.\n\nFurthermore, during the course of our experi-\nments, we ensured that all setups and methodolo-\ngies employed steer clear of any potential ethical\npitfalls. This preemptive consideration and avoid-\nance of ethically questionable practices underscore\nour dedication to conducting research that is not\nonly innovative but also responsible.\n\nAdditionally, we ensure that SOLAR complies\nwith general ethical considerations in all aspects\nof its operation. This includes adherence to pri-\nvacy norms, respect for intellectual property, and\nensuring the absence of bias in our algorithms. Our\ncommitment to these ethical principles is unwaver-\ning, and we believe it significantly contributes to\nthe credibility and societal acceptance of SOLAR.\n\nIn conclusion, the ethical framework within\nwhich SOLAR operates is robust and comprehen-\nsive, ensuring that our advancements in this field\nare not only scientifically sound but also ethically\nresponsible.", + "text": "5 Conclusion\nWe introduce SOLAR 10.7B and its fine-tuned vari-\nant SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, which are depth up-\nscaled (DUS) models with 10.7 billion parameters . ·\nThey show superior performance over models like\nLlama 2, Mistral 7B, and Mixtral-7B-Instruct in es-\nsential NLP tasks while maintaining computational\nefficiency. Thus, DUS is effective in scaling-up\nhighly performant LLMs from smaller ones. With\nmore exploration, DUS could be further improved,\npaving a new path to efficiently scaling LLMs.\nAcknowledgements\nWe would like to extend our gratitude to the teams\nat Hugging Face, particularly Clementine Four-\nrier, Lewis Tunstall, Omar Sanseviero, and Philipp\nSchmid. Our appreciation also extends to the\nteams at AWS, notably Rahul Sharma, Jeongwon\nYoon, Nieves Garcia, Ritesh Vajaria, Gal Oshri, Jay\nKwon, Brandon Lee and Effie Bae. We are grateful\nto the teams at Korea Telecom (KT), especially Jin\nHyoung Lee, Jungsuk Park, Sungjoon Park, Hong-\nrae Wang, Kyeongsoo Jung, and Sunyoong Yoon,\nwhose significant support has been instrumental in\nensuring the broad compatibility of our model. Ad-\nditionally, we would like to extend our thanks to the\nopen community for their invaluable contributions\nand feedback.\nLimitations\nOur study on the Depth Up-Scaling (DUS) has im-\nportant limitations and considerations. One key\nlimitation is the need for more thorough explo-\nrations of hyperparameters used in the DUS ap-\nproach. Namely, we removed m = 8 layers from\nboth ends of our base model, primarily due to hard-\nware limitations. However, we have not yet deter-\nmined if this value is optimal for enhancing perfor-\nmance. The extended time and cost of continued\npretraining made it challenging to conduct more\ncomprehensive experiments, which we aim to ad-\ndress in future work through various comparative\nanalyses.\nIn terms of the model's broader implications,\nthere are several points to note. The model's sig-\nnificant computational demands for training and\ninference might limit its use, especially for those\nwith restricted computational resources. Addition-\n4Preprint version is available on https : / / arxiv.\norg/ abs / 2312 · 15166.\nally, like all machine learning models, it is vulnera-\nble to biases in its training data, which could lead\nto skewed outcomes in certain situations. Further-\nmore, the substantial energy consumption required\nfor training and operating the model raises environ-\nmental concerns, which are critical in the pursuit\nof sustainable AI development.\nLastly, while the fine-tuned variant of the model\nshows improved performance in following instruc-\ntions, it still requires task-specific fine-tuning for\noptimal performance in specialized applications.\nThis fine-tuning process can be resource-intensive\nand not always effective. Recognizing and address-\ning these limitations is essential for a comprehen-\nsive understanding of the proposed Large Language\nModel's capabilities and for guiding future research\nand development in the field of LLMs.\nEthics Statement\nWe conscientiously address and emphasize the\ncommitment of SOLAR 10.7B in maintaining the\nhighest ethical standards. First, we highlight that\nSOLAR 10.7B-Instruct has shown low levels of\ndata contamination in our evaluations, a testament\nto our rigorous data handling and processing pro-\ntocols. This aspect is crucial, as it underpins the\nreliability and integrity of the results obtained from\nSOLAR.\nFurthermore, during the course of our experi-\nments, we ensured that all setups and methodolo-\ngies employed steer clear of any potential ethical\npitfalls. This preemptive consideration and avoid-\nance of ethically questionable practices underscore\nour dedication to conducting research that is not\nonly innovative but also responsible.\nAdditionally, we ensure that SOLAR complies\nwith general ethical considerations in all aspects\nof its operation. This includes adherence to pri-\nvacy norms, respect for intellectual property, and\nensuring the absence of bias in our algorithms. Our\ncommitment to these ethical principles is unwaver-\ning, and we believe it significantly contributes to\nthe credibility and societal acceptance of SOLAR.\nIn conclusion, the ethical framework within\nwhich SOLAR operates is robust and comprehen-\nsive, ensuring that our advancements in this field\nare not only scientifically sound but also ethically\nresponsible." + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

5 Conclusion

", + "markdown": "5 Conclusion", + "text": "5 Conclusion" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1152, + "y": 0.0843 + }, + { + "x": 0.2477, + "y": 0.0843 + }, + { + "x": 0.2477, + "y": 0.1004 + }, + { + "x": 0.1152, + "y": 0.1004 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

We introduce SOLAR 10.7B and its fine-tuned vari-
ant SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, which are depth up-
scaled (DUS) models with 10.7 billion parameters . ·
They show superior performance over models like
Llama 2, Mistral 7B, and Mixtral-7B-Instruct in es-
sential NLP tasks while maintaining computational
efficiency. Thus, DUS is effective in scaling-up
highly performant LLMs from smaller ones. With
more exploration, DUS could be further improved,
paving a new path to efficiently scaling LLMs.

", + "markdown": "We introduce SOLAR 10.7B and its fine-tuned vari-\nant SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, which are depth up-\nscaled (DUS) models with 10.7 billion parameters . ·\nThey show superior performance over models like\nLlama 2, Mistral 7B, and Mixtral-7B-Instruct in es-\nsential NLP tasks while maintaining computational\nefficiency. Thus, DUS is effective in scaling-up\nhighly performant LLMs from smaller ones. With\nmore exploration, DUS could be further improved,\npaving a new path to efficiently scaling LLMs.", + "text": "We introduce SOLAR 10.7B and its fine-tuned vari-\nant SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, which are depth up-\nscaled (DUS) models with 10.7 billion parameters . ·\nThey show superior performance over models like\nLlama 2, Mistral 7B, and Mixtral-7B-Instruct in es-\nsential NLP tasks while maintaining computational\nefficiency. Thus, DUS is effective in scaling-up\nhighly performant LLMs from smaller ones. With\nmore exploration, DUS could be further improved,\npaving a new path to efficiently scaling LLMs." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1159, + "y": 0.1121 + }, + { + "x": 0.4904, + "y": 0.1121 + }, + { + "x": 0.4904, + "y": 0.2731 + }, + { + "x": 0.1159, + "y": 0.2731 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Acknowledgements

", + "markdown": "# Acknowledgements", + "text": "Acknowledgements" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1159, + "y": 0.2861 + }, + { + "x": 0.2882, + "y": 0.2861 + }, + { + "x": 0.2882, + "y": 0.3023 + }, + { + "x": 0.1159, + "y": 0.3023 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

We would like to extend our gratitude to the teams
at Hugging Face, particularly Clementine Four-
rier, Lewis Tunstall, Omar Sanseviero, and Philipp
Schmid. Our appreciation also extends to the
teams at AWS, notably Rahul Sharma, Jeongwon
Yoon, Nieves Garcia, Ritesh Vajaria, Gal Oshri, Jay
Kwon, Brandon Lee and Effie Bae. We are grateful
to the teams at Korea Telecom (KT), especially Jin
Hyoung Lee, Jungsuk Park, Sungjoon Park, Hong-
rae Wang, Kyeongsoo Jung, and Sunyoong Yoon,
whose significant support has been instrumental in
ensuring the broad compatibility of our model. Ad-
ditionally, we would like to extend our thanks to the
open community for their invaluable contributions
and feedback.

", + "markdown": "We would like to extend our gratitude to the teams\nat Hugging Face, particularly Clementine Four-\nrier, Lewis Tunstall, Omar Sanseviero, and Philipp\nSchmid. Our appreciation also extends to the\nteams at AWS, notably Rahul Sharma, Jeongwon\nYoon, Nieves Garcia, Ritesh Vajaria, Gal Oshri, Jay\nKwon, Brandon Lee and Effie Bae. We are grateful\nto the teams at Korea Telecom (KT), especially Jin\nHyoung Lee, Jungsuk Park, Sungjoon Park, Hong-\nrae Wang, Kyeongsoo Jung, and Sunyoong Yoon,\nwhose significant support has been instrumental in\nensuring the broad compatibility of our model. Ad-\nditionally, we would like to extend our thanks to the\nopen community for their invaluable contributions\nand feedback.", + "text": "We would like to extend our gratitude to the teams\nat Hugging Face, particularly Clementine Four-\nrier, Lewis Tunstall, Omar Sanseviero, and Philipp\nSchmid. Our appreciation also extends to the\nteams at AWS, notably Rahul Sharma, Jeongwon\nYoon, Nieves Garcia, Ritesh Vajaria, Gal Oshri, Jay\nKwon, Brandon Lee and Effie Bae. We are grateful\nto the teams at Korea Telecom (KT), especially Jin\nHyoung Lee, Jungsuk Park, Sungjoon Park, Hong-\nrae Wang, Kyeongsoo Jung, and Sunyoong Yoon,\nwhose significant support has been instrumental in\nensuring the broad compatibility of our model. Ad-\nditionally, we would like to extend our thanks to the\nopen community for their invaluable contributions\nand feedback." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.116, + "y": 0.3129 + }, + { + "x": 0.4904, + "y": 0.3129 + }, + { + "x": 0.4904, + "y": 0.5522 + }, + { + "x": 0.116, + "y": 0.5522 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Limitations

", + "markdown": "# Limitations", + "text": "Limitations" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1158, + "y": 0.5669 + }, + { + "x": 0.2213, + "y": 0.5669 + }, + { + "x": 0.2213, + "y": 0.5836 + }, + { + "x": 0.1158, + "y": 0.5836 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Our study on the Depth Up-Scaling (DUS) has im-
portant limitations and considerations. One key
limitation is the need for more thorough explo-
rations of hyperparameters used in the DUS ap-
proach. Namely, we removed m = 8 layers from
both ends of our base model, primarily due to hard-
ware limitations. However, we have not yet deter-
mined if this value is optimal for enhancing perfor-
mance. The extended time and cost of continued
pretraining made it challenging to conduct more
comprehensive experiments, which we aim to ad-
dress in future work through various comparative
analyses.

", + "markdown": "Our study on the Depth Up-Scaling (DUS) has im-\nportant limitations and considerations. One key\nlimitation is the need for more thorough explo-\nrations of hyperparameters used in the DUS ap-\nproach. Namely, we removed m = 8 layers from\nboth ends of our base model, primarily due to hard-\nware limitations. However, we have not yet deter-\nmined if this value is optimal for enhancing perfor-\nmance. The extended time and cost of continued\npretraining made it challenging to conduct more\ncomprehensive experiments, which we aim to ad-\ndress in future work through various comparative\nanalyses.", + "text": "Our study on the Depth Up-Scaling (DUS) has im-\nportant limitations and considerations. One key\nlimitation is the need for more thorough explo-\nrations of hyperparameters used in the DUS ap-\nproach. Namely, we removed m = 8 layers from\nboth ends of our base model, primarily due to hard-\nware limitations. However, we have not yet deter-\nmined if this value is optimal for enhancing perfor-\nmance. The extended time and cost of continued\npretraining made it challenging to conduct more\ncomprehensive experiments, which we aim to ad-\ndress in future work through various comparative\nanalyses." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1157, + "y": 0.593 + }, + { + "x": 0.4908, + "y": 0.593 + }, + { + "x": 0.4908, + "y": 0.8009 + }, + { + "x": 0.1157, + "y": 0.8009 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

In terms of the model's broader implications,
there are several points to note. The model's sig-
nificant computational demands for training and
inference might limit its use, especially for those
with restricted computational resources. Addition-

", + "markdown": "In terms of the model's broader implications,\nthere are several points to note. The model's sig-\nnificant computational demands for training and\ninference might limit its use, especially for those\nwith restricted computational resources. Addition-", + "text": "In terms of the model's broader implications,\nthere are several points to note. The model's sig-\nnificant computational demands for training and\ninference might limit its use, especially for those\nwith restricted computational resources. Addition-" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1163, + "y": 0.8034 + }, + { + "x": 0.4891, + "y": 0.8034 + }, + { + "x": 0.4891, + "y": 0.8838 + }, + { + "x": 0.1163, + "y": 0.8838 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

4Preprint version is available on https : / / arxiv.
org/ abs / 2312 · 15166.

", + "markdown": "4Preprint version is available on https : / / arxiv.\norg/ abs / 2312 · 15166.", + "text": "4Preprint version is available on https : / / arxiv.\norg/ abs / 2312 · 15166." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.12, + "y": 0.8939 + }, + { + "x": 0.4888, + "y": 0.8939 + }, + { + "x": 0.4888, + "y": 0.9192 + }, + { + "x": 0.12, + "y": 0.9192 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

ally, like all machine learning models, it is vulnera-
ble to biases in its training data, which could lead
to skewed outcomes in certain situations. Further-
more, the substantial energy consumption required
for training and operating the model raises environ-
mental concerns, which are critical in the pursuit
of sustainable AI development.

", + "markdown": "ally, like all machine learning models, it is vulnera-\nble to biases in its training data, which could lead\nto skewed outcomes in certain situations. Further-\nmore, the substantial energy consumption required\nfor training and operating the model raises environ-\nmental concerns, which are critical in the pursuit\nof sustainable AI development.", + "text": "ally, like all machine learning models, it is vulnera-\nble to biases in its training data, which could lead\nto skewed outcomes in certain situations. Further-\nmore, the substantial energy consumption required\nfor training and operating the model raises environ-\nmental concerns, which are critical in the pursuit\nof sustainable AI development." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5108, + "y": 0.0858 + }, + { + "x": 0.8853, + "y": 0.0858 + }, + { + "x": 0.8853, + "y": 0.1972 + }, + { + "x": 0.5108, + "y": 0.1972 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Lastly, while the fine-tuned variant of the model
shows improved performance in following instruc-
tions, it still requires task-specific fine-tuning for
optimal performance in specialized applications.
This fine-tuning process can be resource-intensive
and not always effective. Recognizing and address-
ing these limitations is essential for a comprehen-
sive understanding of the proposed Large Language
Model's capabilities and for guiding future research
and development in the field of LLMs.

", + "markdown": "Lastly, while the fine-tuned variant of the model\nshows improved performance in following instruc-\ntions, it still requires task-specific fine-tuning for\noptimal performance in specialized applications.\nThis fine-tuning process can be resource-intensive\nand not always effective. Recognizing and address-\ning these limitations is essential for a comprehen-\nsive understanding of the proposed Large Language\nModel's capabilities and for guiding future research\nand development in the field of LLMs.", + "text": "Lastly, while the fine-tuned variant of the model\nshows improved performance in following instruc-\ntions, it still requires task-specific fine-tuning for\noptimal performance in specialized applications.\nThis fine-tuning process can be resource-intensive\nand not always effective. Recognizing and address-\ning these limitations is essential for a comprehen-\nsive understanding of the proposed Large Language\nModel's capabilities and for guiding future research\nand development in the field of LLMs." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5105, + "y": 0.2022 + }, + { + "x": 0.8857, + "y": 0.2022 + }, + { + "x": 0.8857, + "y": 0.3622 + }, + { + "x": 0.5105, + "y": 0.3622 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Ethics Statement

", + "markdown": "Ethics Statement", + "text": "Ethics Statement" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5122, + "y": 0.3889 + }, + { + "x": 0.6628, + "y": 0.3889 + }, + { + "x": 0.6628, + "y": 0.4053 + }, + { + "x": 0.5122, + "y": 0.4053 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

We conscientiously address and emphasize the
commitment of SOLAR 10.7B in maintaining the
highest ethical standards. First, we highlight that
SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct has shown low levels of
data contamination in our evaluations, a testament
to our rigorous data handling and processing pro-
tocols. This aspect is crucial, as it underpins the
reliability and integrity of the results obtained from
SOLAR.

", + "markdown": "We conscientiously address and emphasize the\ncommitment of SOLAR 10.7B in maintaining the\nhighest ethical standards. First, we highlight that\nSOLAR 10.7B-Instruct has shown low levels of\ndata contamination in our evaluations, a testament\nto our rigorous data handling and processing pro-\ntocols. This aspect is crucial, as it underpins the\nreliability and integrity of the results obtained from\nSOLAR.", + "text": "We conscientiously address and emphasize the\ncommitment of SOLAR 10.7B in maintaining the\nhighest ethical standards. First, we highlight that\nSOLAR 10.7B-Instruct has shown low levels of\ndata contamination in our evaluations, a testament\nto our rigorous data handling and processing pro-\ntocols. This aspect is crucial, as it underpins the\nreliability and integrity of the results obtained from\nSOLAR." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5108, + "y": 0.4253 + }, + { + "x": 0.8842, + "y": 0.4253 + }, + { + "x": 0.8842, + "y": 0.5686 + }, + { + "x": 0.5108, + "y": 0.5686 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Furthermore, during the course of our experi-
ments, we ensured that all setups and methodolo-
gies employed steer clear of any potential ethical
pitfalls. This preemptive consideration and avoid-
ance of ethically questionable practices underscore
our dedication to conducting research that is not
only innovative but also responsible.

", + "markdown": "Furthermore, during the course of our experi-\nments, we ensured that all setups and methodolo-\ngies employed steer clear of any potential ethical\npitfalls. This preemptive consideration and avoid-\nance of ethically questionable practices underscore\nour dedication to conducting research that is not\nonly innovative but also responsible.", + "text": "Furthermore, during the course of our experi-\nments, we ensured that all setups and methodolo-\ngies employed steer clear of any potential ethical\npitfalls. This preemptive consideration and avoid-\nance of ethically questionable practices underscore\nour dedication to conducting research that is not\nonly innovative but also responsible." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5109, + "y": 0.5745 + }, + { + "x": 0.8848, + "y": 0.5745 + }, + { + "x": 0.8848, + "y": 0.6863 + }, + { + "x": 0.5109, + "y": 0.6863 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Additionally, we ensure that SOLAR complies
with general ethical considerations in all aspects
of its operation. This includes adherence to pri-
vacy norms, respect for intellectual property, and
ensuring the absence of bias in our algorithms. Our
commitment to these ethical principles is unwaver-
ing, and we believe it significantly contributes to
the credibility and societal acceptance of SOLAR.

", + "markdown": "Additionally, we ensure that SOLAR complies\nwith general ethical considerations in all aspects\nof its operation. This includes adherence to pri-\nvacy norms, respect for intellectual property, and\nensuring the absence of bias in our algorithms. Our\ncommitment to these ethical principles is unwaver-\ning, and we believe it significantly contributes to\nthe credibility and societal acceptance of SOLAR.", + "text": "Additionally, we ensure that SOLAR complies\nwith general ethical considerations in all aspects\nof its operation. This includes adherence to pri-\nvacy norms, respect for intellectual property, and\nensuring the absence of bias in our algorithms. Our\ncommitment to these ethical principles is unwaver-\ning, and we believe it significantly contributes to\nthe credibility and societal acceptance of SOLAR." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5116, + "y": 0.6912 + }, + { + "x": 0.8847, + "y": 0.6912 + }, + { + "x": 0.8847, + "y": 0.819 + }, + { + "x": 0.5116, + "y": 0.819 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

In conclusion, the ethical framework within
which SOLAR operates is robust and comprehen-
sive, ensuring that our advancements in this field
are not only scientifically sound but also ethically
responsible.

", + "markdown": "In conclusion, the ethical framework within\nwhich SOLAR operates is robust and comprehen-\nsive, ensuring that our advancements in this field\nare not only scientifically sound but also ethically\nresponsible.", + "text": "In conclusion, the ethical framework within\nwhich SOLAR operates is robust and comprehen-\nsive, ensuring that our advancements in this field\nare not only scientifically sound but also ethically\nresponsible." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.511, + "y": 0.8238 + }, + { + "x": 0.8849, + "y": 0.8238 + }, + { + "x": 0.8849, + "y": 0.9037 + }, + { + "x": 0.511, + "y": 0.9037 + } + ], + "id": 14, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000022.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

At Home in Exile

\n

home in Canberra, Australia,
To prepare myself for the journey from my
I visited the National Library's vast collection of maps. But I could not
find Steinkirche, even in old German records of Silesia. The Polish-
German Gazeteer, which has a remarkable list of old German place-names
in relation to their Polish replacements, and vice versa, gave the names
for many places, including M�rzdorf where my mother had worked as
a young woman, on an estate near the Oder River. But there was nothing
for Steinkirche. The people assembling the directory must have thought it
simply the description of a stone church, as the name suggests, rather than
the actual name for the place where the church stood.

\n

Obviously it was not an important village. No one in our extended family
could give me the Polish names for rural Steinkirche or of Neumarkt Platz
in the Silesian metropolis. Had Steinkirche been north, east, west or south
of Breslau? In mind's eye assumed it to be east-towards Posen-
I
my
mistakenly, so I was to discover. In answer to one of many questions,
my
I recalled that my mother had once told me that it had taken her about an
hour by train to travel to the school she attended briefly in Breslau. It was
an important clue.

\n

I then rang my cousin, Peter Erlanger, but neither he nor his older sister
could help me. Peter advised me to try to find Steinkirche using my
computer's Internet search engine. It was enlightened advice, and was to
provide me with a key clue. The website yielded a huge list of entries,
mostly concerning stone churches in present-day Germany. But there was
also a reference to a 1928 visit by a church official inspecting a number of
communities overseen by the Lutheran Church at Strehlen. I had often
heard my mother and her sister refer to acquaintances in Strehlen.

\n

The article about Steinkirche described it as having a 1264 Polish Catholic
foundation, on a site where sacrifices had taken place. This
pagan
seemed to have the ring of truth. The description offered a brief history
of the church and gave illustrations of it in various stages of alteration.
By the seventeenth century, the place had become Lutheran and in the
following 200 years the community's religious confidence itself
expressed
architecturally, through continual improvements. A church tower with
baroque spire was raised and the interior refurbished with an upper-storey
balcony with on three sides.
pews

\n
8
", + "markdown": "# At Home in Exile\n\nhome in Canberra, Australia,\nTo prepare myself for the journey from my\nI visited the National Library's vast collection of maps. But I could not\nfind Steinkirche, even in old German records of Silesia. The Polish-\nGerman Gazeteer, which has a remarkable list of old German place-names\nin relation to their Polish replacements, and vice versa, gave the names\nfor many places, including M�rzdorf where my mother had worked as\na young woman, on an estate near the Oder River. But there was nothing\nfor Steinkirche. The people assembling the directory must have thought it\nsimply the description of a stone church, as the name suggests, rather than\nthe actual name for the place where the church stood.\n\nObviously it was not an important village. No one in our extended family\ncould give me the Polish names for rural Steinkirche or of Neumarkt Platz\nin the Silesian metropolis. Had Steinkirche been north, east, west or south\nof Breslau? In mind's eye assumed it to be east-towards Posen-\nI\nmy\nmistakenly, so I was to discover. In answer to one of many questions,\nmy\nI recalled that my mother had once told me that it had taken her about an\nhour by train to travel to the school she attended briefly in Breslau. It was\nan important clue.\n\nI then rang my cousin, Peter Erlanger, but neither he nor his older sister\ncould help me. Peter advised me to try to find Steinkirche using my\ncomputer's Internet search engine. It was enlightened advice, and was to\nprovide me with a key clue. The website yielded a huge list of entries,\nmostly concerning stone churches in present-day Germany. But there was\nalso a reference to a 1928 visit by a church official inspecting a number of\ncommunities overseen by the Lutheran Church at Strehlen. I had often\nheard my mother and her sister refer to acquaintances in Strehlen.\n\nThe article about Steinkirche described it as having a 1264 Polish Catholic\nfoundation, on a site where sacrifices had taken place. This\npagan\nseemed to have the ring of truth. The description offered a brief history\nof the church and gave illustrations of it in various stages of alteration.\nBy the seventeenth century, the place had become Lutheran and in the\nfollowing 200 years the community's religious confidence itself\nexpressed\narchitecturally, through continual improvements. A church tower with\nbaroque spire was raised and the interior refurbished with an upper-storey\nbalcony with on three sides.\npews\n\n8", + "text": "At Home in Exile\nhome in Canberra, Australia,\nTo prepare myself for the journey from my\nI visited the National Library's vast collection of maps. But I could not\nfind Steinkirche, even in old German records of Silesia. The Polish-\nGerman Gazeteer, which has a remarkable list of old German place-names\nin relation to their Polish replacements, and vice versa, gave the names\nfor many places, including M�rzdorf where my mother had worked as\na young woman, on an estate near the Oder River. But there was nothing\nfor Steinkirche. The people assembling the directory must have thought it\nsimply the description of a stone church, as the name suggests, rather than\nthe actual name for the place where the church stood.\nObviously it was not an important village. No one in our extended family\ncould give me the Polish names for rural Steinkirche or of Neumarkt Platz\nin the Silesian metropolis. Had Steinkirche been north, east, west or south\nof Breslau? In mind's eye assumed it to be east-towards Posen-\nI\nmy\nmistakenly, so I was to discover. In answer to one of many questions,\nmy\nI recalled that my mother had once told me that it had taken her about an\nhour by train to travel to the school she attended briefly in Breslau. It was\nan important clue.\nI then rang my cousin, Peter Erlanger, but neither he nor his older sister\ncould help me. Peter advised me to try to find Steinkirche using my\ncomputer's Internet search engine. It was enlightened advice, and was to\nprovide me with a key clue. The website yielded a huge list of entries,\nmostly concerning stone churches in present-day Germany. But there was\nalso a reference to a 1928 visit by a church official inspecting a number of\ncommunities overseen by the Lutheran Church at Strehlen. I had often\nheard my mother and her sister refer to acquaintances in Strehlen.\nThe article about Steinkirche described it as having a 1264 Polish Catholic\nfoundation, on a site where sacrifices had taken place. This\npagan\nseemed to have the ring of truth. The description offered a brief history\nof the church and gave illustrations of it in various stages of alteration.\nBy the seventeenth century, the place had become Lutheran and in the\nfollowing 200 years the community's religious confidence itself\nexpressed\narchitecturally, through continual improvements. A church tower with\nbaroque spire was raised and the interior refurbished with an upper-storey\nbalcony with on three sides.\npews\n8" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

At Home in Exile

", + "markdown": "# At Home in Exile", + "text": "At Home in Exile" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1524, + "y": 0.0851 + }, + { + "x": 0.287, + "y": 0.0851 + }, + { + "x": 0.287, + "y": 0.0997 + }, + { + "x": 0.1524, + "y": 0.0997 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

home in Canberra, Australia,
To prepare myself for the journey from my
I visited the National Library's vast collection of maps. But I could not
find Steinkirche, even in old German records of Silesia. The Polish-
German Gazeteer, which has a remarkable list of old German place-names
in relation to their Polish replacements, and vice versa, gave the names
for many places, including M�rzdorf where my mother had worked as
a young woman, on an estate near the Oder River. But there was nothing
for Steinkirche. The people assembling the directory must have thought it
simply the description of a stone church, as the name suggests, rather than
the actual name for the place where the church stood.

", + "markdown": "home in Canberra, Australia,\nTo prepare myself for the journey from my\nI visited the National Library's vast collection of maps. But I could not\nfind Steinkirche, even in old German records of Silesia. The Polish-\nGerman Gazeteer, which has a remarkable list of old German place-names\nin relation to their Polish replacements, and vice versa, gave the names\nfor many places, including M�rzdorf where my mother had worked as\na young woman, on an estate near the Oder River. But there was nothing\nfor Steinkirche. The people assembling the directory must have thought it\nsimply the description of a stone church, as the name suggests, rather than\nthe actual name for the place where the church stood.", + "text": "home in Canberra, Australia,\nTo prepare myself for the journey from my\nI visited the National Library's vast collection of maps. But I could not\nfind Steinkirche, even in old German records of Silesia. The Polish-\nGerman Gazeteer, which has a remarkable list of old German place-names\nin relation to their Polish replacements, and vice versa, gave the names\nfor many places, including M�rzdorf where my mother had worked as\na young woman, on an estate near the Oder River. But there was nothing\nfor Steinkirche. The people assembling the directory must have thought it\nsimply the description of a stone church, as the name suggests, rather than\nthe actual name for the place where the church stood." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1522, + "y": 0.1158 + }, + { + "x": 0.8746, + "y": 0.1158 + }, + { + "x": 0.8746, + "y": 0.3164 + }, + { + "x": 0.1522, + "y": 0.3164 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Obviously it was not an important village. No one in our extended family
could give me the Polish names for rural Steinkirche or of Neumarkt Platz
in the Silesian metropolis. Had Steinkirche been north, east, west or south
of Breslau? In mind's eye assumed it to be east-towards Posen-
I
my
mistakenly, so I was to discover. In answer to one of many questions,
my
I recalled that my mother had once told me that it had taken her about an
hour by train to travel to the school she attended briefly in Breslau. It was
an important clue.

", + "markdown": "Obviously it was not an important village. No one in our extended family\ncould give me the Polish names for rural Steinkirche or of Neumarkt Platz\nin the Silesian metropolis. Had Steinkirche been north, east, west or south\nof Breslau? In mind's eye assumed it to be east-towards Posen-\nI\nmy\nmistakenly, so I was to discover. In answer to one of many questions,\nmy\nI recalled that my mother had once told me that it had taken her about an\nhour by train to travel to the school she attended briefly in Breslau. It was\nan important clue.", + "text": "Obviously it was not an important village. No one in our extended family\ncould give me the Polish names for rural Steinkirche or of Neumarkt Platz\nin the Silesian metropolis. Had Steinkirche been north, east, west or south\nof Breslau? In mind's eye assumed it to be east-towards Posen-\nI\nmy\nmistakenly, so I was to discover. In answer to one of many questions,\nmy\nI recalled that my mother had once told me that it had taken her about an\nhour by train to travel to the school she attended briefly in Breslau. It was\nan important clue." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1521, + "y": 0.3289 + }, + { + "x": 0.8743, + "y": 0.3289 + }, + { + "x": 0.8743, + "y": 0.4883 + }, + { + "x": 0.1521, + "y": 0.4883 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

I then rang my cousin, Peter Erlanger, but neither he nor his older sister
could help me. Peter advised me to try to find Steinkirche using my
computer's Internet search engine. It was enlightened advice, and was to
provide me with a key clue. The website yielded a huge list of entries,
mostly concerning stone churches in present-day Germany. But there was
also a reference to a 1928 visit by a church official inspecting a number of
communities overseen by the Lutheran Church at Strehlen. I had often
heard my mother and her sister refer to acquaintances in Strehlen.

", + "markdown": "I then rang my cousin, Peter Erlanger, but neither he nor his older sister\ncould help me. Peter advised me to try to find Steinkirche using my\ncomputer's Internet search engine. It was enlightened advice, and was to\nprovide me with a key clue. The website yielded a huge list of entries,\nmostly concerning stone churches in present-day Germany. But there was\nalso a reference to a 1928 visit by a church official inspecting a number of\ncommunities overseen by the Lutheran Church at Strehlen. I had often\nheard my mother and her sister refer to acquaintances in Strehlen.", + "text": "I then rang my cousin, Peter Erlanger, but neither he nor his older sister\ncould help me. Peter advised me to try to find Steinkirche using my\ncomputer's Internet search engine. It was enlightened advice, and was to\nprovide me with a key clue. The website yielded a huge list of entries,\nmostly concerning stone churches in present-day Germany. But there was\nalso a reference to a 1928 visit by a church official inspecting a number of\ncommunities overseen by the Lutheran Church at Strehlen. I had often\nheard my mother and her sister refer to acquaintances in Strehlen." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1519, + "y": 0.4998 + }, + { + "x": 0.875, + "y": 0.4998 + }, + { + "x": 0.875, + "y": 0.6604 + }, + { + "x": 0.1519, + "y": 0.6604 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The article about Steinkirche described it as having a 1264 Polish Catholic
foundation, on a site where sacrifices had taken place. This
pagan
seemed to have the ring of truth. The description offered a brief history
of the church and gave illustrations of it in various stages of alteration.
By the seventeenth century, the place had become Lutheran and in the
following 200 years the community's religious confidence itself
expressed
architecturally, through continual improvements. A church tower with
baroque spire was raised and the interior refurbished with an upper-storey
balcony with on three sides.
pews

", + "markdown": "The article about Steinkirche described it as having a 1264 Polish Catholic\nfoundation, on a site where sacrifices had taken place. This\npagan\nseemed to have the ring of truth. The description offered a brief history\nof the church and gave illustrations of it in various stages of alteration.\nBy the seventeenth century, the place had become Lutheran and in the\nfollowing 200 years the community's religious confidence itself\nexpressed\narchitecturally, through continual improvements. A church tower with\nbaroque spire was raised and the interior refurbished with an upper-storey\nbalcony with on three sides.\npews", + "text": "The article about Steinkirche described it as having a 1264 Polish Catholic\nfoundation, on a site where sacrifices had taken place. This\npagan\nseemed to have the ring of truth. The description offered a brief history\nof the church and gave illustrations of it in various stages of alteration.\nBy the seventeenth century, the place had become Lutheran and in the\nfollowing 200 years the community's religious confidence itself\nexpressed\narchitecturally, through continual improvements. A church tower with\nbaroque spire was raised and the interior refurbished with an upper-storey\nbalcony with on three sides.\npews" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1528, + "y": 0.6724 + }, + { + "x": 0.8757, + "y": 0.6724 + }, + { + "x": 0.8757, + "y": 0.8529 + }, + { + "x": 0.1528, + "y": 0.8529 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
8
", + "markdown": "8", + "text": "8" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0885, + "y": 0.9304 + }, + { + "x": 0.1034, + "y": 0.9304 + }, + { + "x": 0.1034, + "y": 0.9417 + }, + { + "x": 0.0885, + "y": 0.9417 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000049.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 9
\n

The post-World War II period saw women participating in formal
politics and even attempting to form a political party and an alliance
supporting President Ramon Magsaysay's candidacy for the presidency
(He served as president from 1953 to 1957), while the advent of the
martial law period in 1972 witnessed feminist movements. Roces (2012,
6) attributes this to the burgeoning student movement and activism, so
much so that by the time Marcos declared martial law, women were
prepared to take on the resistance. Though inspired by North America's
second-wave feminists, Filipino women were also drawn to the era's
discourses and contexts, such as the Vietnam War and the civil rights
movement.

\n

The women's movement continued to flourish in the Cory Aquino
regime (1986-1992). The democratic transition provided political
opportunity structures and venues ensuring women's access to the
state and nonstate spheres. The drafting of the 1987 Constitution
was one such opportunity. The movement managed to advocate for
important provisions paving the way for women's rights legislation
from the 1980s to the present. The provision in the 1987 Constitution
mandates the state to recognize \"the role of women in nation building
and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of men and
women\" (Article 2, Section 14). This provision is said to be unique and
is not even found in other countries' charters (Masilungan n.d.).

\n

The post-Marcos period advanced the participation of women
not only in civil society and nongovernment organizations but also in
formal politics and bureaucracy. Several women from the movement
joined formal politics, while others were invited by the Aquino and
Ramos governments (1992-1998) to executive posts. The entry of
women activists, NGO leaders, and those from the academe ensured that
the new democracy would significantly help push measures promoting
women's rights and gender equality. The House of Representative
(HOR) and Philippine Commission on Women (PCW)'s \"How to Be
a Gender-Responsive Legislator\" (2021, 52) listed several recent laws
responding to women's empowerment and gender equality.

\n

· Republic Act No. 11313: Safe Spaces Act (April 17, 2019)

\n

· Republic Act No. 11210: 105-Day Expanded Maternity Leave
Law (March 11, 2019)

", + "markdown": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 9\n\nThe post-World War II period saw women participating in formal\npolitics and even attempting to form a political party and an alliance\nsupporting President Ramon Magsaysay's candidacy for the presidency\n(He served as president from 1953 to 1957), while the advent of the\nmartial law period in 1972 witnessed feminist movements. Roces (2012,\n6) attributes this to the burgeoning student movement and activism, so\nmuch so that by the time Marcos declared martial law, women were\nprepared to take on the resistance. Though inspired by North America's\nsecond-wave feminists, Filipino women were also drawn to the era's\ndiscourses and contexts, such as the Vietnam War and the civil rights\nmovement.\n\nThe women's movement continued to flourish in the Cory Aquino\nregime (1986-1992). The democratic transition provided political\nopportunity structures and venues ensuring women's access to the\nstate and nonstate spheres. The drafting of the 1987 Constitution\nwas one such opportunity. The movement managed to advocate for\nimportant provisions paving the way for women's rights legislation\nfrom the 1980s to the present. The provision in the 1987 Constitution\nmandates the state to recognize \"the role of women in nation building\nand shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of men and\nwomen\" (Article 2, Section 14). This provision is said to be unique and\nis not even found in other countries' charters (Masilungan n.d.).\n\nThe post-Marcos period advanced the participation of women\nnot only in civil society and nongovernment organizations but also in\nformal politics and bureaucracy. Several women from the movement\njoined formal politics, while others were invited by the Aquino and\nRamos governments (1992-1998) to executive posts. The entry of\nwomen activists, NGO leaders, and those from the academe ensured that\nthe new democracy would significantly help push measures promoting\nwomen's rights and gender equality. The House of Representative\n(HOR) and Philippine Commission on Women (PCW)'s \"How to Be\na Gender-Responsive Legislator\" (2021, 52) listed several recent laws\nresponding to women's empowerment and gender equality.\n\n- · Republic Act No. 11313: Safe Spaces Act (April 17, 2019)\n\n\n- · Republic Act No. 11210: 105-Day Expanded Maternity Leave\n- Law (March 11, 2019)", + "text": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 9\nThe post-World War II period saw women participating in formal\npolitics and even attempting to form a political party and an alliance\nsupporting President Ramon Magsaysay's candidacy for the presidency\n(He served as president from 1953 to 1957), while the advent of the\nmartial law period in 1972 witnessed feminist movements. Roces (2012,\n6) attributes this to the burgeoning student movement and activism, so\nmuch so that by the time Marcos declared martial law, women were\nprepared to take on the resistance. Though inspired by North America's\nsecond-wave feminists, Filipino women were also drawn to the era's\ndiscourses and contexts, such as the Vietnam War and the civil rights\nmovement.\nThe women's movement continued to flourish in the Cory Aquino\nregime (1986-1992). The democratic transition provided political\nopportunity structures and venues ensuring women's access to the\nstate and nonstate spheres. The drafting of the 1987 Constitution\nwas one such opportunity. The movement managed to advocate for\nimportant provisions paving the way for women's rights legislation\nfrom the 1980s to the present. The provision in the 1987 Constitution\nmandates the state to recognize \"the role of women in nation building\nand shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of men and\nwomen\" (Article 2, Section 14). This provision is said to be unique and\nis not even found in other countries' charters (Masilungan n.d.).\nThe post-Marcos period advanced the participation of women\nnot only in civil society and nongovernment organizations but also in\nformal politics and bureaucracy. Several women from the movement\njoined formal politics, while others were invited by the Aquino and\nRamos governments (1992-1998) to executive posts. The entry of\nwomen activists, NGO leaders, and those from the academe ensured that\nthe new democracy would significantly help push measures promoting\nwomen's rights and gender equality. The House of Representative\n(HOR) and Philippine Commission on Women (PCW)'s \"How to Be\na Gender-Responsive Legislator\" (2021, 52) listed several recent laws\nresponding to women's empowerment and gender equality.\n· Republic Act No. 11313: Safe Spaces Act (April 17, 2019)\n· Republic Act No. 11210: 105-Day Expanded Maternity Leave\nLaw (March 11, 2019)" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 9
", + "markdown": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 9", + "text": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 9" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2375, + "y": 0.0556 + }, + { + "x": 0.8993, + "y": 0.0556 + }, + { + "x": 0.8993, + "y": 0.0735 + }, + { + "x": 0.2375, + "y": 0.0735 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The post-World War II period saw women participating in formal
politics and even attempting to form a political party and an alliance
supporting President Ramon Magsaysay's candidacy for the presidency
(He served as president from 1953 to 1957), while the advent of the
martial law period in 1972 witnessed feminist movements. Roces (2012,
6) attributes this to the burgeoning student movement and activism, so
much so that by the time Marcos declared martial law, women were
prepared to take on the resistance. Though inspired by North America's
second-wave feminists, Filipino women were also drawn to the era's
discourses and contexts, such as the Vietnam War and the civil rights
movement.

", + "markdown": "The post-World War II period saw women participating in formal\npolitics and even attempting to form a political party and an alliance\nsupporting President Ramon Magsaysay's candidacy for the presidency\n(He served as president from 1953 to 1957), while the advent of the\nmartial law period in 1972 witnessed feminist movements. Roces (2012,\n6) attributes this to the burgeoning student movement and activism, so\nmuch so that by the time Marcos declared martial law, women were\nprepared to take on the resistance. Though inspired by North America's\nsecond-wave feminists, Filipino women were also drawn to the era's\ndiscourses and contexts, such as the Vietnam War and the civil rights\nmovement.", + "text": "The post-World War II period saw women participating in formal\npolitics and even attempting to form a political party and an alliance\nsupporting President Ramon Magsaysay's candidacy for the presidency\n(He served as president from 1953 to 1957), while the advent of the\nmartial law period in 1972 witnessed feminist movements. Roces (2012,\n6) attributes this to the burgeoning student movement and activism, so\nmuch so that by the time Marcos declared martial law, women were\nprepared to take on the resistance. Though inspired by North America's\nsecond-wave feminists, Filipino women were also drawn to the era's\ndiscourses and contexts, such as the Vietnam War and the civil rights\nmovement." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1403, + "y": 0.1073 + }, + { + "x": 0.9023, + "y": 0.1073 + }, + { + "x": 0.9023, + "y": 0.3435 + }, + { + "x": 0.1403, + "y": 0.3435 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The women's movement continued to flourish in the Cory Aquino
regime (1986-1992). The democratic transition provided political
opportunity structures and venues ensuring women's access to the
state and nonstate spheres. The drafting of the 1987 Constitution
was one such opportunity. The movement managed to advocate for
important provisions paving the way for women's rights legislation
from the 1980s to the present. The provision in the 1987 Constitution
mandates the state to recognize \"the role of women in nation building
and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of men and
women\" (Article 2, Section 14). This provision is said to be unique and
is not even found in other countries' charters (Masilungan n.d.).

", + "markdown": "The women's movement continued to flourish in the Cory Aquino\nregime (1986-1992). The democratic transition provided political\nopportunity structures and venues ensuring women's access to the\nstate and nonstate spheres. The drafting of the 1987 Constitution\nwas one such opportunity. The movement managed to advocate for\nimportant provisions paving the way for women's rights legislation\nfrom the 1980s to the present. The provision in the 1987 Constitution\nmandates the state to recognize \"the role of women in nation building\nand shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of men and\nwomen\" (Article 2, Section 14). This provision is said to be unique and\nis not even found in other countries' charters (Masilungan n.d.).", + "text": "The women's movement continued to flourish in the Cory Aquino\nregime (1986-1992). The democratic transition provided political\nopportunity structures and venues ensuring women's access to the\nstate and nonstate spheres. The drafting of the 1987 Constitution\nwas one such opportunity. The movement managed to advocate for\nimportant provisions paving the way for women's rights legislation\nfrom the 1980s to the present. The provision in the 1987 Constitution\nmandates the state to recognize \"the role of women in nation building\nand shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of men and\nwomen\" (Article 2, Section 14). This provision is said to be unique and\nis not even found in other countries' charters (Masilungan n.d.)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1413, + "y": 0.3592 + }, + { + "x": 0.9012, + "y": 0.3592 + }, + { + "x": 0.9012, + "y": 0.5966 + }, + { + "x": 0.1413, + "y": 0.5966 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The post-Marcos period advanced the participation of women
not only in civil society and nongovernment organizations but also in
formal politics and bureaucracy. Several women from the movement
joined formal politics, while others were invited by the Aquino and
Ramos governments (1992-1998) to executive posts. The entry of
women activists, NGO leaders, and those from the academe ensured that
the new democracy would significantly help push measures promoting
women's rights and gender equality. The House of Representative
(HOR) and Philippine Commission on Women (PCW)'s \"How to Be
a Gender-Responsive Legislator\" (2021, 52) listed several recent laws
responding to women's empowerment and gender equality.

", + "markdown": "The post-Marcos period advanced the participation of women\nnot only in civil society and nongovernment organizations but also in\nformal politics and bureaucracy. Several women from the movement\njoined formal politics, while others were invited by the Aquino and\nRamos governments (1992-1998) to executive posts. The entry of\nwomen activists, NGO leaders, and those from the academe ensured that\nthe new democracy would significantly help push measures promoting\nwomen's rights and gender equality. The House of Representative\n(HOR) and Philippine Commission on Women (PCW)'s \"How to Be\na Gender-Responsive Legislator\" (2021, 52) listed several recent laws\nresponding to women's empowerment and gender equality.", + "text": "The post-Marcos period advanced the participation of women\nnot only in civil society and nongovernment organizations but also in\nformal politics and bureaucracy. Several women from the movement\njoined formal politics, while others were invited by the Aquino and\nRamos governments (1992-1998) to executive posts. The entry of\nwomen activists, NGO leaders, and those from the academe ensured that\nthe new democracy would significantly help push measures promoting\nwomen's rights and gender equality. The House of Representative\n(HOR) and Philippine Commission on Women (PCW)'s \"How to Be\na Gender-Responsive Legislator\" (2021, 52) listed several recent laws\nresponding to women's empowerment and gender equality." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.141, + "y": 0.6107 + }, + { + "x": 0.9027, + "y": 0.6107 + }, + { + "x": 0.9027, + "y": 0.8478 + }, + { + "x": 0.141, + "y": 0.8478 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Republic Act No. 11313: Safe Spaces Act (April 17, 2019)

", + "markdown": "- · Republic Act No. 11313: Safe Spaces Act (April 17, 2019)\n", + "text": "· Republic Act No. 11313: Safe Spaces Act (April 17, 2019)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1935, + "y": 0.8619 + }, + { + "x": 0.833, + "y": 0.8619 + }, + { + "x": 0.833, + "y": 0.8827 + }, + { + "x": 0.1935, + "y": 0.8827 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Republic Act No. 11210: 105-Day Expanded Maternity Leave
Law (March 11, 2019)

", + "markdown": "- · Republic Act No. 11210: 105-Day Expanded Maternity Leave\n- Law (March 11, 2019)\n", + "text": "· Republic Act No. 11210: 105-Day Expanded Maternity Leave\nLaw (March 11, 2019)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1927, + "y": 0.8986 + }, + { + "x": 0.8985, + "y": 0.8986 + }, + { + "x": 0.8985, + "y": 0.9393 + }, + { + "x": 0.1927, + "y": 0.9393 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000063.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

The other potentially invasive fouler is the tropical American Mytilopsis sallei and M. adamsi
which has been recorded invasive in Singapore, Australia, Thailand among other regions. While
they are recorded from the Manila South Harbor, there is no evidence that it is invasive as it exists
in low abundances.

\n
\"A
Figure 3. Non-indigenous macrofoulers from Manila Bay with IAS, Mytilopsis sallei and Mytella strigata
(=charruana). (From Trinidad et aL 2019)
\n\n

Newer estimates (2021) on the number of possible IAS in Manila Bay is likely more than 30
species based on more intensive biofouling ecological monitoring and the use environmental
DNA in detecting species. When research started in 2006 on IAS in Manila Bay, 3 species were
initially observed.

\n
7
", + "markdown": "The other potentially invasive fouler is the tropical American Mytilopsis sallei and M. adamsi\nwhich has been recorded invasive in Singapore, Australia, Thailand among other regions. While\nthey are recorded from the Manila South Harbor, there is no evidence that it is invasive as it exists\nin low abundances.\n\nA B D E\nI J K L\n�\n\nFigure 3. Non-indigenous macrofoulers from Manila Bay with IAS, Mytilopsis sallei and Mytella strigata\n(=charruana). (From Trinidad et aL 2019)\n\nNewer estimates (2021) on the number of possible IAS in Manila Bay is likely more than 30\nspecies based on more intensive biofouling ecological monitoring and the use environmental\nDNA in detecting species. When research started in 2006 on IAS in Manila Bay, 3 species were\ninitially observed.\n\n7", + "text": "The other potentially invasive fouler is the tropical American Mytilopsis sallei and M. adamsi\nwhich has been recorded invasive in Singapore, Australia, Thailand among other regions. While\nthey are recorded from the Manila South Harbor, there is no evidence that it is invasive as it exists\nin low abundances.\nA B D E\nI J K L\n�\nFigure 3. Non-indigenous macrofoulers from Manila Bay with IAS, Mytilopsis sallei and Mytella strigata\n(=charruana). (From Trinidad et aL 2019)\nNewer estimates (2021) on the number of possible IAS in Manila Bay is likely more than 30\nspecies based on more intensive biofouling ecological monitoring and the use environmental\nDNA in detecting species. When research started in 2006 on IAS in Manila Bay, 3 species were\ninitially observed.\n7" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The other potentially invasive fouler is the tropical American Mytilopsis sallei and M. adamsi
which has been recorded invasive in Singapore, Australia, Thailand among other regions. While
they are recorded from the Manila South Harbor, there is no evidence that it is invasive as it exists
in low abundances.

", + "markdown": "The other potentially invasive fouler is the tropical American Mytilopsis sallei and M. adamsi\nwhich has been recorded invasive in Singapore, Australia, Thailand among other regions. While\nthey are recorded from the Manila South Harbor, there is no evidence that it is invasive as it exists\nin low abundances.", + "text": "The other potentially invasive fouler is the tropical American Mytilopsis sallei and M. adamsi\nwhich has been recorded invasive in Singapore, Australia, Thailand among other regions. While\nthey are recorded from the Manila South Harbor, there is no evidence that it is invasive as it exists\nin low abundances." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1128, + "y": 0.0913 + }, + { + "x": 0.8884, + "y": 0.0913 + }, + { + "x": 0.8884, + "y": 0.194 + }, + { + "x": 0.1128, + "y": 0.194 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"A
", + "markdown": "A B D E\nI J K L\n�", + "text": "A B D E\nI J K L\n�" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1384, + "y": 0.2435 + }, + { + "x": 0.848, + "y": 0.2435 + }, + { + "x": 0.848, + "y": 0.4216 + }, + { + "x": 0.1384, + "y": 0.4216 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "Figure 3. Non-indigenous macrofoulers from Manila Bay with IAS, Mytilopsis sallei and Mytella strigata
(=charruana). (From Trinidad et aL 2019)", + "markdown": "Figure 3. Non-indigenous macrofoulers from Manila Bay with IAS, Mytilopsis sallei and Mytella strigata\n(=charruana). (From Trinidad et aL 2019)", + "text": "Figure 3. Non-indigenous macrofoulers from Manila Bay with IAS, Mytilopsis sallei and Mytella strigata\n(=charruana). (From Trinidad et aL 2019)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1125, + "y": 0.4362 + }, + { + "x": 0.872, + "y": 0.4362 + }, + { + "x": 0.872, + "y": 0.4803 + }, + { + "x": 0.1125, + "y": 0.4803 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Newer estimates (2021) on the number of possible IAS in Manila Bay is likely more than 30
species based on more intensive biofouling ecological monitoring and the use environmental
DNA in detecting species. When research started in 2006 on IAS in Manila Bay, 3 species were
initially observed.

", + "markdown": "Newer estimates (2021) on the number of possible IAS in Manila Bay is likely more than 30\nspecies based on more intensive biofouling ecological monitoring and the use environmental\nDNA in detecting species. When research started in 2006 on IAS in Manila Bay, 3 species were\ninitially observed.", + "text": "Newer estimates (2021) on the number of possible IAS in Manila Bay is likely more than 30\nspecies based on more intensive biofouling ecological monitoring and the use environmental\nDNA in detecting species. When research started in 2006 on IAS in Manila Bay, 3 species were\ninitially observed." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1126, + "y": 0.5154 + }, + { + "x": 0.8681, + "y": 0.5154 + }, + { + "x": 0.8681, + "y": 0.6174 + }, + { + "x": 0.1126, + "y": 0.6174 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
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LAW
LIBRARY
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
\n

Restrictions on Land Ownership
by Foreigners in Selected
Jurisdictions

\n

June 2023

\n

LL File No. 2023-022255
LRA-D-PUB-002612

\n
The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate
(202) 707-5080 · law@loc.gov · http:/ / www.law.gov
", + "markdown": "LAW\nLIBRARY\nLIBRARY OF CONGRESS\n\n# Restrictions on Land Ownership\nby Foreigners in Selected\nJurisdictions\n\n# June 2023\n\nLL File No. 2023-022255\nLRA-D-PUB-002612\n\nThe Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate\n(202) 707-5080 · law@loc.gov · http:/ / www.law.gov", + "text": "LAW\nLIBRARY\nLIBRARY OF CONGRESS\nRestrictions on Land Ownership\nby Foreigners in Selected\nJurisdictions\nJune 2023\nLL File No. 2023-022255\nLRA-D-PUB-002612\nThe Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate\n(202) 707-5080 · law@loc.gov · http:/ / www.law.gov" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
LAW
LIBRARY
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
", + "markdown": "LAW\nLIBRARY\nLIBRARY OF CONGRESS", + "text": "LAW\nLIBRARY\nLIBRARY OF CONGRESS" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1103, + "y": 0.0942 + }, + { + "x": 0.29, + "y": 0.0942 + }, + { + "x": 0.29, + "y": 0.2191 + }, + { + "x": 0.1103, + "y": 0.2191 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Restrictions on Land Ownership
by Foreigners in Selected
Jurisdictions

", + "markdown": "# Restrictions on Land Ownership\nby Foreigners in Selected\nJurisdictions", + "text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership\nby Foreigners in Selected\nJurisdictions" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1757, + "y": 0.3418 + }, + { + "x": 0.8197, + "y": 0.3418 + }, + { + "x": 0.8197, + "y": 0.458 + }, + { + "x": 0.1757, + "y": 0.458 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

June 2023

", + "markdown": "# June 2023", + "text": "June 2023" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.443, + "y": 0.4954 + }, + { + "x": 0.5565, + "y": 0.4954 + }, + { + "x": 0.5565, + "y": 0.5202 + }, + { + "x": 0.443, + "y": 0.5202 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

LL File No. 2023-022255
LRA-D-PUB-002612

", + "markdown": "LL File No. 2023-022255\nLRA-D-PUB-002612", + "text": "LL File No. 2023-022255\nLRA-D-PUB-002612" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4009, + "y": 0.783 + }, + { + "x": 0.5991, + "y": 0.783 + }, + { + "x": 0.5991, + "y": 0.8172 + }, + { + "x": 0.4009, + "y": 0.8172 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate
(202) 707-5080 · law@loc.gov · http:/ / www.law.gov
", + "markdown": "The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate\n(202) 707-5080 · law@loc.gov · http:/ / www.law.gov", + "text": "The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate\n(202) 707-5080 · law@loc.gov · http:/ / www.law.gov" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2512, + "y": 0.9214 + }, + { + "x": 0.7489, + "y": 0.9214 + }, + { + "x": 0.7489, + "y": 0.9572 + }, + { + "x": 0.2512, + "y": 0.9572 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000181.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Upstage aims to enrich your business by providing
Easy-to-Apply AI solutions

\n
Our PurposeOur MissionWhat We Do
Making AI BeneficialEasy-to-apply AI,Providing the world's best and easy-to-use
EverywhereAI solutions for everyone
\n

· Plug-and-play to cross/multi-cloud system
· Ensuring performance tailored to customer data via retraining
· Providing a platform that allows easy distribution and management of
AI solutions
AI consulting service to help AI transformation

\n
3
", + "markdown": "# Upstage aims to enrich your business by providing\nEasy-to-Apply AI solutions\n\n| Our Purpose | Our Mission | What We Do |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Making AI Beneficial | Easy-to-apply AI, | Providing the world's best and easy-to-use |\n| | Everywhere | AI solutions for everyone |\n\n\n- · Plug-and-play to cross/multi-cloud system\n- · Ensuring performance tailored to customer data via retraining\n- · Providing a platform that allows easy distribution and management of\n- AI solutions\n- AI consulting service to help AI transformation\n\n\n3", + "text": "Upstage aims to enrich your business by providing\nEasy-to-Apply AI solutions\nOur Purpose Our Mission What We Do\n Making AI Beneficial Easy-to-apply AI, Providing the world's best and easy-to-use\n Everywhere AI solutions for everyone\n· Plug-and-play to cross/multi-cloud system\n· Ensuring performance tailored to customer data via retraining\n· Providing a platform that allows easy distribution and management of\nAI solutions\nAI consulting service to help AI transformation\n3" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Upstage aims to enrich your business by providing
Easy-to-Apply AI solutions

", + "markdown": "# Upstage aims to enrich your business by providing\nEasy-to-Apply AI solutions", + "text": "Upstage aims to enrich your business by providing\nEasy-to-Apply AI solutions" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0707, + "y": 0.0927 + }, + { + "x": 0.544, + "y": 0.0927 + }, + { + "x": 0.544, + "y": 0.1987 + }, + { + "x": 0.0707, + "y": 0.1987 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
Our PurposeOur MissionWhat We Do
Making AI BeneficialEasy-to-apply AI,Providing the world's best and easy-to-use
EverywhereAI solutions for everyone
", + "markdown": "| Our Purpose | Our Mission | What We Do |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Making AI Beneficial | Easy-to-apply AI, | Providing the world's best and easy-to-use |\n| | Everywhere | AI solutions for everyone |\n", + "text": "Our Purpose Our Mission What We Do\n Making AI Beneficial Easy-to-apply AI, Providing the world's best and easy-to-use\n Everywhere AI solutions for everyone" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0627, + "y": 0.4136 + }, + { + "x": 0.9052, + "y": 0.4136 + }, + { + "x": 0.9052, + "y": 0.5822 + }, + { + "x": 0.0627, + "y": 0.5822 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Plug-and-play to cross/multi-cloud system
· Ensuring performance tailored to customer data via retraining
· Providing a platform that allows easy distribution and management of
AI solutions
AI consulting service to help AI transformation

", + "markdown": "- · Plug-and-play to cross/multi-cloud system\n- · Ensuring performance tailored to customer data via retraining\n- · Providing a platform that allows easy distribution and management of\n- AI solutions\n- AI consulting service to help AI transformation\n", + "text": "· Plug-and-play to cross/multi-cloud system\n· Ensuring performance tailored to customer data via retraining\n· Providing a platform that allows easy distribution and management of\nAI solutions\nAI consulting service to help AI transformation" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5643, + "y": 0.6245 + }, + { + "x": 0.9062, + "y": 0.6245 + }, + { + "x": 0.9062, + "y": 0.7765 + }, + { + "x": 0.5643, + "y": 0.7765 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
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duces model scaling in the vertical dimension. No-
tably, DUS does not introduce dynamism in the
scaled model, which significantly reduces the com-
plexity when compared to MoE. This shift in ap-
proach offers a unique and more straightforward
way of working, moving away from conventional
MoE challenges. Not only that, DUS also under-
goes continued pretraining to quickly recover per-
formance of the scaled model.

\n

B.3 Prompt Engineering

\n

A key research area to harness the emergent abil-
ities of LLMs is prompt engineering. Prompt en-
gineering is the study of how to design inputs
(prompts) that enable LLMs to better perform spe-
cific tasks. A prime example of this research
is Chain-of-Thought (CoT) (Wei et al., 2022b),
which proposes CoT prompting that decomposes
multi-step problems into a series of intermedi-
ate reasoning steps. Moreover, efforts are under-
way to replace even such prompt engineering with
LLMs (Yang et al., 2023).

\n

B.4 Instruction Tuning

\n

To enhance the steerability of LLMs, instruction
tuning (Wei et al., 2021) has emerged as a learning
technique. This involves fine-tuning LLMs using
data formatted as (instruction, input, output) for
various tasks ( Wang et al., 2022). Instruction tuning
allows for targeted adjustments, providing a more
controlled and task-oriented improvement to the
model's capabilities.

\n

Before instruction tuning, existing methods
faced challenges in effectively guiding and control-
ling the behavior of large language models (Zhang
et al., 2023). The sheer complexity of these models
made it difficult to ensure precise and task-oriented
responses. The need for a more targeted approach
arose from the limitations of existing methods, lead-
ing to the development of instruction tuning. This
targeted approach enables better control over the
model's behavior, making it more suitable for spe-
cific tasks and improving its overall performance in
alignment with user-defined objectives. Therefore,
instruction tuning is computationally efficient and
facilitates the rapid adaptation of LLMs to a spe-
cific domain without requiring extensive retraining
or architectural changes.

\n

B.5 Alignment Tuning

\n

LLM has been observed to generate sentences that
may be perceived as linguistically incongruent by

\n

human readers since they learned not human inten-
tion, but only vast knowledge across various do-
mains in the pretraining step (Ziegler et al., 2019).
To overcome this limitation and align with human
intentions, previous research (Ziegler et al., 2019)
have proposed Reinforcement Learning with Hu-
man Feedback (RLHF). RLHF operates by learning
a reward model based on human preferences, em-
ploying reinforcement learning to guide the LLM
towards prioritizing answers with the highest re-
ward scores. This process enhances the safety,
propriety, and overall quality of the generated re-
sponses. Despite demonstrating satisfactory per-
formance, RLHF encounters challenges such as
managing numerous hyperparameters and necessi-
tating the incorporation of multiple models (policy,
value, reward, and reference models).

\n

In response to these challenges, the supervised
fine-tuning based approaches have proposed, such
as Rank Responses to align Human Feedback
(RRHF) (Yuan et al., 2023), Reward rAnked Fine-
Tuning (RAFT) (Dong et al., 2023), and Direct
Policy Optimization (DPO) (Intel, 2023). They
avoid the complexities associated with reinforce-
ment learning while achieving empirical perfor-
mance comparable to RLHF. Among them, DPO
that we used directly guides the LLM to increase
the probability of positive responses and decrease
the probability of negative responses through a \"di-
rect\" approach. Interestingly, DPO demonstrates
more stable learning results compared to RLHF,
despite its simple training approach.

\n

B.6 Data Contamination

\n

Recent researches (Zhou et al., 2023; Sainz et al.,
2023; Golchin and Surdeanu, 2023; Deng et al.,
2023) emphasize the need to measure whether a
specific benchmark was used to train the large lan-
guage models. There are three types of the data
contamination: guideline, raw text and annota-
tion (Sainz et al., 2023). Guideline contamination
occurs when a model accesses detailed annotation
guidelines for a dataset, providing advantages in
specific tasks, and its impact should be considered,
especially in zero and few-shot evaluations. Raw
text contamination occurs when a model has ac-
cess to the original text. Wikipedia is widely used
as a pretraining data, but also as a source for cre-
ating new datasets. The caution is advised in the
development of automatically annotated datasets
sourced from the web. Annotation contamina-

", + "markdown": "duces model scaling in the vertical dimension. No-\ntably, DUS does not introduce dynamism in the\nscaled model, which significantly reduces the com-\nplexity when compared to MoE. This shift in ap-\nproach offers a unique and more straightforward\nway of working, moving away from conventional\nMoE challenges. Not only that, DUS also under-\ngoes continued pretraining to quickly recover per-\nformance of the scaled model.\n\n# B.3 Prompt Engineering\n\nA key research area to harness the emergent abil-\nities of LLMs is prompt engineering. Prompt en-\ngineering is the study of how to design inputs\n(prompts) that enable LLMs to better perform spe-\ncific tasks. A prime example of this research\nis Chain-of-Thought (CoT) (Wei et al., 2022b),\nwhich proposes CoT prompting that decomposes\nmulti-step problems into a series of intermedi-\nate reasoning steps. Moreover, efforts are under-\nway to replace even such prompt engineering with\nLLMs (Yang et al., 2023).\n\n# B.4 Instruction Tuning\n\nTo enhance the steerability of LLMs, instruction\ntuning (Wei et al., 2021) has emerged as a learning\ntechnique. This involves fine-tuning LLMs using\ndata formatted as (instruction, input, output) for\nvarious tasks ( Wang et al., 2022). Instruction tuning\nallows for targeted adjustments, providing a more\ncontrolled and task-oriented improvement to the\nmodel's capabilities.\n\nBefore instruction tuning, existing methods\nfaced challenges in effectively guiding and control-\nling the behavior of large language models (Zhang\net al., 2023). The sheer complexity of these models\nmade it difficult to ensure precise and task-oriented\nresponses. The need for a more targeted approach\narose from the limitations of existing methods, lead-\ning to the development of instruction tuning. This\ntargeted approach enables better control over the\nmodel's behavior, making it more suitable for spe-\ncific tasks and improving its overall performance in\nalignment with user-defined objectives. Therefore,\ninstruction tuning is computationally efficient and\nfacilitates the rapid adaptation of LLMs to a spe-\ncific domain without requiring extensive retraining\nor architectural changes.\n\n# B.5 Alignment Tuning\n\nLLM has been observed to generate sentences that\nmay be perceived as linguistically incongruent by\n\nhuman readers since they learned not human inten-\ntion, but only vast knowledge across various do-\nmains in the pretraining step (Ziegler et al., 2019).\nTo overcome this limitation and align with human\nintentions, previous research (Ziegler et al., 2019)\nhave proposed Reinforcement Learning with Hu-\nman Feedback (RLHF). RLHF operates by learning\na reward model based on human preferences, em-\nploying reinforcement learning to guide the LLM\ntowards prioritizing answers with the highest re-\nward scores. This process enhances the safety,\npropriety, and overall quality of the generated re-\nsponses. Despite demonstrating satisfactory per-\nformance, RLHF encounters challenges such as\nmanaging numerous hyperparameters and necessi-\ntating the incorporation of multiple models (policy,\nvalue, reward, and reference models).\n\nIn response to these challenges, the supervised\nfine-tuning based approaches have proposed, such\nas Rank Responses to align Human Feedback\n(RRHF) (Yuan et al., 2023), Reward rAnked Fine-\nTuning (RAFT) (Dong et al., 2023), and Direct\nPolicy Optimization (DPO) (Intel, 2023). They\navoid the complexities associated with reinforce-\nment learning while achieving empirical perfor-\nmance comparable to RLHF. Among them, DPO\nthat we used directly guides the LLM to increase\nthe probability of positive responses and decrease\nthe probability of negative responses through a \"di-\nrect\" approach. Interestingly, DPO demonstrates\nmore stable learning results compared to RLHF,\ndespite its simple training approach.\n\nB.6 Data Contamination\n\nRecent researches (Zhou et al., 2023; Sainz et al.,\n2023; Golchin and Surdeanu, 2023; Deng et al.,\n2023) emphasize the need to measure whether a\nspecific benchmark was used to train the large lan-\nguage models. There are three types of the data\ncontamination: guideline, raw text and annota-\ntion (Sainz et al., 2023). Guideline contamination\noccurs when a model accesses detailed annotation\nguidelines for a dataset, providing advantages in\nspecific tasks, and its impact should be considered,\nespecially in zero and few-shot evaluations. Raw\ntext contamination occurs when a model has ac-\ncess to the original text. Wikipedia is widely used\nas a pretraining data, but also as a source for cre-\nating new datasets. The caution is advised in the\ndevelopment of automatically annotated datasets\nsourced from the web. Annotation contamina-", + "text": "duces model scaling in the vertical dimension. No-\ntably, DUS does not introduce dynamism in the\nscaled model, which significantly reduces the com-\nplexity when compared to MoE. This shift in ap-\nproach offers a unique and more straightforward\nway of working, moving away from conventional\nMoE challenges. Not only that, DUS also under-\ngoes continued pretraining to quickly recover per-\nformance of the scaled model.\nB.3 Prompt Engineering\nA key research area to harness the emergent abil-\nities of LLMs is prompt engineering. Prompt en-\ngineering is the study of how to design inputs\n(prompts) that enable LLMs to better perform spe-\ncific tasks. A prime example of this research\nis Chain-of-Thought (CoT) (Wei et al., 2022b),\nwhich proposes CoT prompting that decomposes\nmulti-step problems into a series of intermedi-\nate reasoning steps. Moreover, efforts are under-\nway to replace even such prompt engineering with\nLLMs (Yang et al., 2023).\nB.4 Instruction Tuning\nTo enhance the steerability of LLMs, instruction\ntuning (Wei et al., 2021) has emerged as a learning\ntechnique. This involves fine-tuning LLMs using\ndata formatted as (instruction, input, output) for\nvarious tasks ( Wang et al., 2022). Instruction tuning\nallows for targeted adjustments, providing a more\ncontrolled and task-oriented improvement to the\nmodel's capabilities.\nBefore instruction tuning, existing methods\nfaced challenges in effectively guiding and control-\nling the behavior of large language models (Zhang\net al., 2023). The sheer complexity of these models\nmade it difficult to ensure precise and task-oriented\nresponses. The need for a more targeted approach\narose from the limitations of existing methods, lead-\ning to the development of instruction tuning. This\ntargeted approach enables better control over the\nmodel's behavior, making it more suitable for spe-\ncific tasks and improving its overall performance in\nalignment with user-defined objectives. Therefore,\ninstruction tuning is computationally efficient and\nfacilitates the rapid adaptation of LLMs to a spe-\ncific domain without requiring extensive retraining\nor architectural changes.\nB.5 Alignment Tuning\nLLM has been observed to generate sentences that\nmay be perceived as linguistically incongruent by\nhuman readers since they learned not human inten-\ntion, but only vast knowledge across various do-\nmains in the pretraining step (Ziegler et al., 2019).\nTo overcome this limitation and align with human\nintentions, previous research (Ziegler et al., 2019)\nhave proposed Reinforcement Learning with Hu-\nman Feedback (RLHF). RLHF operates by learning\na reward model based on human preferences, em-\nploying reinforcement learning to guide the LLM\ntowards prioritizing answers with the highest re-\nward scores. This process enhances the safety,\npropriety, and overall quality of the generated re-\nsponses. Despite demonstrating satisfactory per-\nformance, RLHF encounters challenges such as\nmanaging numerous hyperparameters and necessi-\ntating the incorporation of multiple models (policy,\nvalue, reward, and reference models).\nIn response to these challenges, the supervised\nfine-tuning based approaches have proposed, such\nas Rank Responses to align Human Feedback\n(RRHF) (Yuan et al., 2023), Reward rAnked Fine-\nTuning (RAFT) (Dong et al., 2023), and Direct\nPolicy Optimization (DPO) (Intel, 2023). They\navoid the complexities associated with reinforce-\nment learning while achieving empirical perfor-\nmance comparable to RLHF. Among them, DPO\nthat we used directly guides the LLM to increase\nthe probability of positive responses and decrease\nthe probability of negative responses through a \"di-\nrect\" approach. Interestingly, DPO demonstrates\nmore stable learning results compared to RLHF,\ndespite its simple training approach.\nB.6 Data Contamination\nRecent researches (Zhou et al., 2023; Sainz et al.,\n2023; Golchin and Surdeanu, 2023; Deng et al.,\n2023) emphasize the need to measure whether a\nspecific benchmark was used to train the large lan-\nguage models. There are three types of the data\ncontamination: guideline, raw text and annota-\ntion (Sainz et al., 2023). Guideline contamination\noccurs when a model accesses detailed annotation\nguidelines for a dataset, providing advantages in\nspecific tasks, and its impact should be considered,\nespecially in zero and few-shot evaluations. Raw\ntext contamination occurs when a model has ac-\ncess to the original text. Wikipedia is widely used\nas a pretraining data, but also as a source for cre-\nating new datasets. The caution is advised in the\ndevelopment of automatically annotated datasets\nsourced from the web. Annotation contamina-" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

duces model scaling in the vertical dimension. No-
tably, DUS does not introduce dynamism in the
scaled model, which significantly reduces the com-
plexity when compared to MoE. This shift in ap-
proach offers a unique and more straightforward
way of working, moving away from conventional
MoE challenges. Not only that, DUS also under-
goes continued pretraining to quickly recover per-
formance of the scaled model.

", + "markdown": "duces model scaling in the vertical dimension. No-\ntably, DUS does not introduce dynamism in the\nscaled model, which significantly reduces the com-\nplexity when compared to MoE. This shift in ap-\nproach offers a unique and more straightforward\nway of working, moving away from conventional\nMoE challenges. Not only that, DUS also under-\ngoes continued pretraining to quickly recover per-\nformance of the scaled model.", + "text": "duces model scaling in the vertical dimension. No-\ntably, DUS does not introduce dynamism in the\nscaled model, which significantly reduces the com-\nplexity when compared to MoE. This shift in ap-\nproach offers a unique and more straightforward\nway of working, moving away from conventional\nMoE challenges. Not only that, DUS also under-\ngoes continued pretraining to quickly recover per-\nformance of the scaled model." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1154, + "y": 0.0852 + }, + { + "x": 0.4911, + "y": 0.0852 + }, + { + "x": 0.4911, + "y": 0.2286 + }, + { + "x": 0.1154, + "y": 0.2286 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

B.3 Prompt Engineering

", + "markdown": "# B.3 Prompt Engineering", + "text": "B.3 Prompt Engineering" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1158, + "y": 0.2411 + }, + { + "x": 0.3268, + "y": 0.2411 + }, + { + "x": 0.3268, + "y": 0.2572 + }, + { + "x": 0.1158, + "y": 0.2572 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

A key research area to harness the emergent abil-
ities of LLMs is prompt engineering. Prompt en-
gineering is the study of how to design inputs
(prompts) that enable LLMs to better perform spe-
cific tasks. A prime example of this research
is Chain-of-Thought (CoT) (Wei et al., 2022b),
which proposes CoT prompting that decomposes
multi-step problems into a series of intermedi-
ate reasoning steps. Moreover, efforts are under-
way to replace even such prompt engineering with
LLMs (Yang et al., 2023).

", + "markdown": "A key research area to harness the emergent abil-\nities of LLMs is prompt engineering. Prompt en-\ngineering is the study of how to design inputs\n(prompts) that enable LLMs to better perform spe-\ncific tasks. A prime example of this research\nis Chain-of-Thought (CoT) (Wei et al., 2022b),\nwhich proposes CoT prompting that decomposes\nmulti-step problems into a series of intermedi-\nate reasoning steps. Moreover, efforts are under-\nway to replace even such prompt engineering with\nLLMs (Yang et al., 2023).", + "text": "A key research area to harness the emergent abil-\nities of LLMs is prompt engineering. Prompt en-\ngineering is the study of how to design inputs\n(prompts) that enable LLMs to better perform spe-\ncific tasks. A prime example of this research\nis Chain-of-Thought (CoT) (Wei et al., 2022b),\nwhich proposes CoT prompting that decomposes\nmulti-step problems into a series of intermedi-\nate reasoning steps. Moreover, efforts are under-\nway to replace even such prompt engineering with\nLLMs (Yang et al., 2023)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1162, + "y": 0.2627 + }, + { + "x": 0.4902, + "y": 0.2627 + }, + { + "x": 0.4902, + "y": 0.4385 + }, + { + "x": 0.1162, + "y": 0.4385 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

B.4 Instruction Tuning

", + "markdown": "# B.4 Instruction Tuning", + "text": "B.4 Instruction Tuning" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1158, + "y": 0.4498 + }, + { + "x": 0.314, + "y": 0.4498 + }, + { + "x": 0.314, + "y": 0.4654 + }, + { + "x": 0.1158, + "y": 0.4654 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

To enhance the steerability of LLMs, instruction
tuning (Wei et al., 2021) has emerged as a learning
technique. This involves fine-tuning LLMs using
data formatted as (instruction, input, output) for
various tasks ( Wang et al., 2022). Instruction tuning
allows for targeted adjustments, providing a more
controlled and task-oriented improvement to the
model's capabilities.

", + "markdown": "To enhance the steerability of LLMs, instruction\ntuning (Wei et al., 2021) has emerged as a learning\ntechnique. This involves fine-tuning LLMs using\ndata formatted as (instruction, input, output) for\nvarious tasks ( Wang et al., 2022). Instruction tuning\nallows for targeted adjustments, providing a more\ncontrolled and task-oriented improvement to the\nmodel's capabilities.", + "text": "To enhance the steerability of LLMs, instruction\ntuning (Wei et al., 2021) has emerged as a learning\ntechnique. This involves fine-tuning LLMs using\ndata formatted as (instruction, input, output) for\nvarious tasks ( Wang et al., 2022). Instruction tuning\nallows for targeted adjustments, providing a more\ncontrolled and task-oriented improvement to the\nmodel's capabilities." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1161, + "y": 0.4704 + }, + { + "x": 0.4885, + "y": 0.4704 + }, + { + "x": 0.4885, + "y": 0.597 + }, + { + "x": 0.1161, + "y": 0.597 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Before instruction tuning, existing methods
faced challenges in effectively guiding and control-
ling the behavior of large language models (Zhang
et al., 2023). The sheer complexity of these models
made it difficult to ensure precise and task-oriented
responses. The need for a more targeted approach
arose from the limitations of existing methods, lead-
ing to the development of instruction tuning. This
targeted approach enables better control over the
model's behavior, making it more suitable for spe-
cific tasks and improving its overall performance in
alignment with user-defined objectives. Therefore,
instruction tuning is computationally efficient and
facilitates the rapid adaptation of LLMs to a spe-
cific domain without requiring extensive retraining
or architectural changes.

", + "markdown": "Before instruction tuning, existing methods\nfaced challenges in effectively guiding and control-\nling the behavior of large language models (Zhang\net al., 2023). The sheer complexity of these models\nmade it difficult to ensure precise and task-oriented\nresponses. The need for a more targeted approach\narose from the limitations of existing methods, lead-\ning to the development of instruction tuning. This\ntargeted approach enables better control over the\nmodel's behavior, making it more suitable for spe-\ncific tasks and improving its overall performance in\nalignment with user-defined objectives. Therefore,\ninstruction tuning is computationally efficient and\nfacilitates the rapid adaptation of LLMs to a spe-\ncific domain without requiring extensive retraining\nor architectural changes.", + "text": "Before instruction tuning, existing methods\nfaced challenges in effectively guiding and control-\nling the behavior of large language models (Zhang\net al., 2023). The sheer complexity of these models\nmade it difficult to ensure precise and task-oriented\nresponses. The need for a more targeted approach\narose from the limitations of existing methods, lead-\ning to the development of instruction tuning. This\ntargeted approach enables better control over the\nmodel's behavior, making it more suitable for spe-\ncific tasks and improving its overall performance in\nalignment with user-defined objectives. Therefore,\ninstruction tuning is computationally efficient and\nfacilitates the rapid adaptation of LLMs to a spe-\ncific domain without requiring extensive retraining\nor architectural changes." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1159, + "y": 0.5999 + }, + { + "x": 0.49, + "y": 0.5999 + }, + { + "x": 0.49, + "y": 0.8555 + }, + { + "x": 0.1159, + "y": 0.8555 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

B.5 Alignment Tuning

", + "markdown": "# B.5 Alignment Tuning", + "text": "B.5 Alignment Tuning" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1155, + "y": 0.8674 + }, + { + "x": 0.3097, + "y": 0.8674 + }, + { + "x": 0.3097, + "y": 0.8829 + }, + { + "x": 0.1155, + "y": 0.8829 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

LLM has been observed to generate sentences that
may be perceived as linguistically incongruent by

", + "markdown": "LLM has been observed to generate sentences that\nmay be perceived as linguistically incongruent by", + "text": "LLM has been observed to generate sentences that\nmay be perceived as linguistically incongruent by" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1151, + "y": 0.889 + }, + { + "x": 0.4878, + "y": 0.889 + }, + { + "x": 0.4878, + "y": 0.9207 + }, + { + "x": 0.1151, + "y": 0.9207 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

human readers since they learned not human inten-
tion, but only vast knowledge across various do-
mains in the pretraining step (Ziegler et al., 2019).
To overcome this limitation and align with human
intentions, previous research (Ziegler et al., 2019)
have proposed Reinforcement Learning with Hu-
man Feedback (RLHF). RLHF operates by learning
a reward model based on human preferences, em-
ploying reinforcement learning to guide the LLM
towards prioritizing answers with the highest re-
ward scores. This process enhances the safety,
propriety, and overall quality of the generated re-
sponses. Despite demonstrating satisfactory per-
formance, RLHF encounters challenges such as
managing numerous hyperparameters and necessi-
tating the incorporation of multiple models (policy,
value, reward, and reference models).

", + "markdown": "human readers since they learned not human inten-\ntion, but only vast knowledge across various do-\nmains in the pretraining step (Ziegler et al., 2019).\nTo overcome this limitation and align with human\nintentions, previous research (Ziegler et al., 2019)\nhave proposed Reinforcement Learning with Hu-\nman Feedback (RLHF). RLHF operates by learning\na reward model based on human preferences, em-\nploying reinforcement learning to guide the LLM\ntowards prioritizing answers with the highest re-\nward scores. This process enhances the safety,\npropriety, and overall quality of the generated re-\nsponses. Despite demonstrating satisfactory per-\nformance, RLHF encounters challenges such as\nmanaging numerous hyperparameters and necessi-\ntating the incorporation of multiple models (policy,\nvalue, reward, and reference models).", + "text": "human readers since they learned not human inten-\ntion, but only vast knowledge across various do-\nmains in the pretraining step (Ziegler et al., 2019).\nTo overcome this limitation and align with human\nintentions, previous research (Ziegler et al., 2019)\nhave proposed Reinforcement Learning with Hu-\nman Feedback (RLHF). RLHF operates by learning\na reward model based on human preferences, em-\nploying reinforcement learning to guide the LLM\ntowards prioritizing answers with the highest re-\nward scores. This process enhances the safety,\npropriety, and overall quality of the generated re-\nsponses. Despite demonstrating satisfactory per-\nformance, RLHF encounters challenges such as\nmanaging numerous hyperparameters and necessi-\ntating the incorporation of multiple models (policy,\nvalue, reward, and reference models)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.511, + "y": 0.0856 + }, + { + "x": 0.8853, + "y": 0.0856 + }, + { + "x": 0.8853, + "y": 0.3582 + }, + { + "x": 0.511, + "y": 0.3582 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

In response to these challenges, the supervised
fine-tuning based approaches have proposed, such
as Rank Responses to align Human Feedback
(RRHF) (Yuan et al., 2023), Reward rAnked Fine-
Tuning (RAFT) (Dong et al., 2023), and Direct
Policy Optimization (DPO) (Intel, 2023). They
avoid the complexities associated with reinforce-
ment learning while achieving empirical perfor-
mance comparable to RLHF. Among them, DPO
that we used directly guides the LLM to increase
the probability of positive responses and decrease
the probability of negative responses through a \"di-
rect\" approach. Interestingly, DPO demonstrates
more stable learning results compared to RLHF,
despite its simple training approach.

", + "markdown": "In response to these challenges, the supervised\nfine-tuning based approaches have proposed, such\nas Rank Responses to align Human Feedback\n(RRHF) (Yuan et al., 2023), Reward rAnked Fine-\nTuning (RAFT) (Dong et al., 2023), and Direct\nPolicy Optimization (DPO) (Intel, 2023). They\navoid the complexities associated with reinforce-\nment learning while achieving empirical perfor-\nmance comparable to RLHF. Among them, DPO\nthat we used directly guides the LLM to increase\nthe probability of positive responses and decrease\nthe probability of negative responses through a \"di-\nrect\" approach. Interestingly, DPO demonstrates\nmore stable learning results compared to RLHF,\ndespite its simple training approach.", + "text": "In response to these challenges, the supervised\nfine-tuning based approaches have proposed, such\nas Rank Responses to align Human Feedback\n(RRHF) (Yuan et al., 2023), Reward rAnked Fine-\nTuning (RAFT) (Dong et al., 2023), and Direct\nPolicy Optimization (DPO) (Intel, 2023). They\navoid the complexities associated with reinforce-\nment learning while achieving empirical perfor-\nmance comparable to RLHF. Among them, DPO\nthat we used directly guides the LLM to increase\nthe probability of positive responses and decrease\nthe probability of negative responses through a \"di-\nrect\" approach. Interestingly, DPO demonstrates\nmore stable learning results compared to RLHF,\ndespite its simple training approach." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5108, + "y": 0.3622 + }, + { + "x": 0.8847, + "y": 0.3622 + }, + { + "x": 0.8847, + "y": 0.6032 + }, + { + "x": 0.5108, + "y": 0.6032 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

B.6 Data Contamination

", + "markdown": "B.6 Data Contamination", + "text": "B.6 Data Contamination" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5114, + "y": 0.6207 + }, + { + "x": 0.7219, + "y": 0.6207 + }, + { + "x": 0.7219, + "y": 0.6368 + }, + { + "x": 0.5114, + "y": 0.6368 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Recent researches (Zhou et al., 2023; Sainz et al.,
2023; Golchin and Surdeanu, 2023; Deng et al.,
2023) emphasize the need to measure whether a
specific benchmark was used to train the large lan-
guage models. There are three types of the data
contamination: guideline, raw text and annota-
tion (Sainz et al., 2023). Guideline contamination
occurs when a model accesses detailed annotation
guidelines for a dataset, providing advantages in
specific tasks, and its impact should be considered,
especially in zero and few-shot evaluations. Raw
text contamination occurs when a model has ac-
cess to the original text. Wikipedia is widely used
as a pretraining data, but also as a source for cre-
ating new datasets. The caution is advised in the
development of automatically annotated datasets
sourced from the web. Annotation contamina-

", + "markdown": "Recent researches (Zhou et al., 2023; Sainz et al.,\n2023; Golchin and Surdeanu, 2023; Deng et al.,\n2023) emphasize the need to measure whether a\nspecific benchmark was used to train the large lan-\nguage models. There are three types of the data\ncontamination: guideline, raw text and annota-\ntion (Sainz et al., 2023). Guideline contamination\noccurs when a model accesses detailed annotation\nguidelines for a dataset, providing advantages in\nspecific tasks, and its impact should be considered,\nespecially in zero and few-shot evaluations. Raw\ntext contamination occurs when a model has ac-\ncess to the original text. Wikipedia is widely used\nas a pretraining data, but also as a source for cre-\nating new datasets. The caution is advised in the\ndevelopment of automatically annotated datasets\nsourced from the web. Annotation contamina-", + "text": "Recent researches (Zhou et al., 2023; Sainz et al.,\n2023; Golchin and Surdeanu, 2023; Deng et al.,\n2023) emphasize the need to measure whether a\nspecific benchmark was used to train the large lan-\nguage models. There are three types of the data\ncontamination: guideline, raw text and annota-\ntion (Sainz et al., 2023). Guideline contamination\noccurs when a model accesses detailed annotation\nguidelines for a dataset, providing advantages in\nspecific tasks, and its impact should be considered,\nespecially in zero and few-shot evaluations. Raw\ntext contamination occurs when a model has ac-\ncess to the original text. Wikipedia is widely used\nas a pretraining data, but also as a source for cre-\nating new datasets. The caution is advised in the\ndevelopment of automatically annotated datasets\nsourced from the web. Annotation contamina-" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5112, + "y": 0.6471 + }, + { + "x": 0.8857, + "y": 0.6471 + }, + { + "x": 0.8857, + "y": 0.9206 + }, + { + "x": 0.5112, + "y": 0.9206 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000107.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Print VS. Digital

\n

Why do some researchers abhor digital and favor print, or vice-versa? The classic print
VS. digital debate was necessary for us to understand readers' preferences with each

\n\n
\"Answered:
Q11 What factors influence your choice of print? (select all that apply)
\n

format.

\n

Q12 What factors influence your choice of digital? (select all that apply)

\n

Answered: 80 Skipped: 24

\n
\"Convenience\nReading\nexperience\nWorkflow\n(managing...\nHabit/personal\npreference\nAccess
\n
Online Survey I 39
", + "markdown": "# Print VS. Digital\n\nWhy do some researchers abhor digital and favor print, or vice-versa? The classic print\nVS. digital debate was necessary for us to understand readers' preferences with each\n\nQ11 What factors influence your choice of print? (select all that apply)\n\nAnswered: 80 Skipped: 24\nConvenience\nReading\nexperience\nWorkflow\n(managing...\nHabit/personal\npreference\nAccess options\nvia my library\nOther (please\nspecify)\n0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%\n\nformat.\n\nQ12 What factors influence your choice of digital? (select all that apply)\n\nAnswered: 80 Skipped: 24\n\nConvenience\nReading\nexperience\nWorkflow\n(managing...\nHabit/personal\npreference\nAccess options\nvia my library\nOther (please\nspecify)\n0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%\n\nOnline Survey I 39", + "text": "Print VS. Digital\nWhy do some researchers abhor digital and favor print, or vice-versa? The classic print\nVS. digital debate was necessary for us to understand readers' preferences with each\nQ11 What factors influence your choice of print? (select all that apply)\nAnswered: 80 Skipped: 24\nConvenience\nReading\nexperience\nWorkflow\n(managing...\nHabit/personal\npreference\nAccess options\nvia my library\nOther (please\nspecify)\n0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%\nformat.\nQ12 What factors influence your choice of digital? (select all that apply)\nAnswered: 80 Skipped: 24\nConvenience\nReading\nexperience\nWorkflow\n(managing...\nHabit/personal\npreference\nAccess options\nvia my library\nOther (please\nspecify)\n0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%\nOnline Survey I 39" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Print VS. Digital

", + "markdown": "# Print VS. Digital", + "text": "Print VS. Digital" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0849, + "y": 0.0826 + }, + { + "x": 0.2334, + "y": 0.0826 + }, + { + "x": 0.2334, + "y": 0.1011 + }, + { + "x": 0.0849, + "y": 0.1011 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Why do some researchers abhor digital and favor print, or vice-versa? The classic print
VS. digital debate was necessary for us to understand readers' preferences with each

", + "markdown": "Why do some researchers abhor digital and favor print, or vice-versa? The classic print\nVS. digital debate was necessary for us to understand readers' preferences with each", + "text": "Why do some researchers abhor digital and favor print, or vice-versa? The classic print\nVS. digital debate was necessary for us to understand readers' preferences with each" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0832, + "y": 0.1229 + }, + { + "x": 0.9185, + "y": 0.1229 + }, + { + "x": 0.9185, + "y": 0.1652 + }, + { + "x": 0.0832, + "y": 0.1652 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Q11 What factors influence your choice of print? (select all that apply)

", + "markdown": "Q11 What factors influence your choice of print? (select all that apply)", + "text": "Q11 What factors influence your choice of print? (select all that apply)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1656, + "y": 0.1751 + }, + { + "x": 0.8368, + "y": 0.1751 + }, + { + "x": 0.8368, + "y": 0.1969 + }, + { + "x": 0.1656, + "y": 0.1969 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Answered:
", + "markdown": "Answered: 80 Skipped: 24\nConvenience\nReading\nexperience\nWorkflow\n(managing...\nHabit/personal\npreference\nAccess options\nvia my library\nOther (please\nspecify)\n0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%", + "text": "Answered: 80 Skipped: 24\nConvenience\nReading\nexperience\nWorkflow\n(managing...\nHabit/personal\npreference\nAccess options\nvia my library\nOther (please\nspecify)\n0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2198, + "y": 0.2058 + }, + { + "x": 0.7446, + "y": 0.2058 + }, + { + "x": 0.7446, + "y": 0.4978 + }, + { + "x": 0.2198, + "y": 0.4978 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

format.

", + "markdown": "format.", + "text": "format." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0846, + "y": 0.4922 + }, + { + "x": 0.1588, + "y": 0.4922 + }, + { + "x": 0.1588, + "y": 0.5087 + }, + { + "x": 0.0846, + "y": 0.5087 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Q12 What factors influence your choice of digital? (select all that apply)

", + "markdown": "Q12 What factors influence your choice of digital? (select all that apply)", + "text": "Q12 What factors influence your choice of digital? (select all that apply)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0938, + "y": 0.5208 + }, + { + "x": 0.7865, + "y": 0.5208 + }, + { + "x": 0.7865, + "y": 0.5425 + }, + { + "x": 0.0938, + "y": 0.5425 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Answered: 80 Skipped: 24

", + "markdown": "Answered: 80 Skipped: 24", + "text": "Answered: 80 Skipped: 24" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3707, + "y": 0.5504 + }, + { + "x": 0.5222, + "y": 0.5504 + }, + { + "x": 0.5222, + "y": 0.5632 + }, + { + "x": 0.3707, + "y": 0.5632 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Convenience\nReading\nexperience\nWorkflow\n(managing...\nHabit/personal\npreference\nAccess
", + "markdown": "Convenience\nReading\nexperience\nWorkflow\n(managing...\nHabit/personal\npreference\nAccess options\nvia my library\nOther (please\nspecify)\n0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%", + "text": "Convenience\nReading\nexperience\nWorkflow\n(managing...\nHabit/personal\npreference\nAccess options\nvia my library\nOther (please\nspecify)\n0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1668, + "y": 0.5645 + }, + { + "x": 0.6812, + "y": 0.5645 + }, + { + "x": 0.6812, + "y": 0.8467 + }, + { + "x": 0.1668, + "y": 0.8467 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
Online Survey I 39
", + "markdown": "Online Survey I 39", + "text": "Online Survey I 39" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7842, + "y": 0.9352 + }, + { + "x": 0.9164, + "y": 0.9352 + }, + { + "x": 0.9164, + "y": 0.9504 + }, + { + "x": 0.7842, + "y": 0.9504 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000140.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

There is no question that fishing is the major factor driving
grouper stocks on the downward spiral, but those that have
large spawning aggregations are most vulnerable to declines
(Coleman et al. 1996; Asch and Erisman 2018; Sadovy de
Mitcheson et al. 2020). Because it takes a long time for
scientists to obtain needed life history information, fisheries-
independent survey data, and catch history, grouper
populations may be overfished long before data are even
available for a stock assessment. Without formal stock
assessments, general indicators of population status are
based on catch trends. Very few grouper stocks that have
spawning aggregations are managed sustainably. In a recent
global analysis of the status of populations that form
spawning aggregations, 45% were unknown, 33% were
decreasing, and 5% were already gone (Figure 13.5). Only 12%
had stable populations, and 5% were increasing.

\n
\"Gone\nIncreasing\n5%\n5%\nSame\n12%\nUnknown\n45%\nDecreasing\n33%\"
Figure 13.5: Current known status reflecting changes
of exploited grouper aggregations globally, as noted by
fisher interviews, monitoring, or underwater surveys
(N = 509). Long description.
\n\n

Of the 167 species of grouper, 9.6% are vulnerable, 4.8% are near threatened, 1.2% are endangered, and 0.6%
are critically endangered (Figure 13.6). The majority of species (68.9%) are classified as least concern and 15%
are data deficient, with insufficient data for classification. The larger (>50 cm total length) and long-lived (>20
years) species of grouper that also had smaller geographic ranges were most likely to be endangered or critically
endangered (Luiz et al. 2016). Market prices for grouper are escalating, and other lower-valued fish are often
mislabeled or substituted.

\n
\"Critically
\n

Figure 13.6: Categories of all grouper species (N = 167)
according to the IUCN Red List (IUCN Red List
Assessments, updated November 2018). Long description.

\n

To protect grouper from overfishing, many measures are
being implemented, such as minimum and slot-size
limits, recreational bag limits, commercial fishing quotas,
gear and seasonal controls, marine protected areas, and
limited entry (Rocklin et al. 2022). The effectiveness will
depend on traits of the species and the local context.
Regulations to prevent marketing of undersize fish will
mitigate growth overfishing. Allowing smaller fish to
reach maturity at least once before harvest will mitigate
recruitment overfishing. Size-limit regulations focused
on protecting spawning-size fish may be ineffective for
deepwater recreational fishing. Grouper have a
physoclistous (i.e., closed) swim bladder, making them
particularly susceptible to ruptured swim bladders,
bloating, stomach distention, and protruding eyes caused
by rapid decompression when hauled to the surface
(Brule et al. 2015). The proportion of grouper with
distended stomachs was 70% in one study of commercial
hook-and-line fishing and as high as 95% for Red

\n
312 I Grouper and Spawning Aggregations
", + "markdown": "There is no question that fishing is the major factor driving\ngrouper stocks on the downward spiral, but those that have\nlarge spawning aggregations are most vulnerable to declines\n(Coleman et al. 1996; Asch and Erisman 2018; Sadovy de\nMitcheson et al. 2020). Because it takes a long time for\nscientists to obtain needed life history information, fisheries-\nindependent survey data, and catch history, grouper\npopulations may be overfished long before data are even\navailable for a stock assessment. Without formal stock\nassessments, general indicators of population status are\nbased on catch trends. Very few grouper stocks that have\nspawning aggregations are managed sustainably. In a recent\nglobal analysis of the status of populations that form\nspawning aggregations, 45% were unknown, 33% were\ndecreasing, and 5% were already gone (Figure 13.5). Only 12%\nhad stable populations, and 5% were increasing.\n\nGone\nIncreasing\n5%\n5%\nSame\n12%\nUnknown\n45%\nDecreasing\n33%\n\nFigure 13.5: Current known status reflecting changes\nof exploited grouper aggregations globally, as noted by\nfisher interviews, monitoring, or underwater surveys\n(N = 509). Long description.\n\nOf the 167 species of grouper, 9.6% are vulnerable, 4.8% are near threatened, 1.2% are endangered, and 0.6%\nare critically endangered (Figure 13.6). The majority of species (68.9%) are classified as least concern and 15%\nare data deficient, with insufficient data for classification. The larger (>50 cm total length) and long-lived (>20\nyears) species of grouper that also had smaller geographic ranges were most likely to be endangered or critically\nendangered (Luiz et al. 2016). Market prices for grouper are escalating, and other lower-valued fish are often\nmislabeled or substituted.\n\nCritically Endangered\nendangered 1%\nVulnerable\n1%\nData deficient 9%\n15%\nNear\nthreatened\n5%\nLeast concern\n69%\n\nFigure 13.6: Categories of all grouper species (N = 167)\naccording to the IUCN Red List (IUCN Red List\nAssessments, updated November 2018). Long description.\n\nTo protect grouper from overfishing, many measures are\nbeing implemented, such as minimum and slot-size\nlimits, recreational bag limits, commercial fishing quotas,\ngear and seasonal controls, marine protected areas, and\nlimited entry (Rocklin et al. 2022). The effectiveness will\ndepend on traits of the species and the local context.\nRegulations to prevent marketing of undersize fish will\nmitigate growth overfishing. Allowing smaller fish to\nreach maturity at least once before harvest will mitigate\nrecruitment overfishing. Size-limit regulations focused\non protecting spawning-size fish may be ineffective for\ndeepwater recreational fishing. Grouper have a\nphysoclistous (i.e., closed) swim bladder, making them\nparticularly susceptible to ruptured swim bladders,\nbloating, stomach distention, and protruding eyes caused\nby rapid decompression when hauled to the surface\n(Brule et al. 2015). The proportion of grouper with\ndistended stomachs was 70% in one study of commercial\nhook-and-line fishing and as high as 95% for Red\n\n312 I Grouper and Spawning Aggregations", + "text": "There is no question that fishing is the major factor driving\ngrouper stocks on the downward spiral, but those that have\nlarge spawning aggregations are most vulnerable to declines\n(Coleman et al. 1996; Asch and Erisman 2018; Sadovy de\nMitcheson et al. 2020). Because it takes a long time for\nscientists to obtain needed life history information, fisheries-\nindependent survey data, and catch history, grouper\npopulations may be overfished long before data are even\navailable for a stock assessment. Without formal stock\nassessments, general indicators of population status are\nbased on catch trends. Very few grouper stocks that have\nspawning aggregations are managed sustainably. In a recent\nglobal analysis of the status of populations that form\nspawning aggregations, 45% were unknown, 33% were\ndecreasing, and 5% were already gone (Figure 13.5). Only 12%\nhad stable populations, and 5% were increasing.\nGone\nIncreasing\n5%\n5%\nSame\n12%\nUnknown\n45%\nDecreasing\n33%\nFigure 13.5: Current known status reflecting changes\nof exploited grouper aggregations globally, as noted by\nfisher interviews, monitoring, or underwater surveys\n(N = 509). Long description.\nOf the 167 species of grouper, 9.6% are vulnerable, 4.8% are near threatened, 1.2% are endangered, and 0.6%\nare critically endangered (Figure 13.6). The majority of species (68.9%) are classified as least concern and 15%\nare data deficient, with insufficient data for classification. The larger (>50 cm total length) and long-lived (>20\nyears) species of grouper that also had smaller geographic ranges were most likely to be endangered or critically\nendangered (Luiz et al. 2016). Market prices for grouper are escalating, and other lower-valued fish are often\nmislabeled or substituted.\nCritically Endangered\nendangered 1%\nVulnerable\n1%\nData deficient 9%\n15%\nNear\nthreatened\n5%\nLeast concern\n69%\nFigure 13.6: Categories of all grouper species (N = 167)\naccording to the IUCN Red List (IUCN Red List\nAssessments, updated November 2018). Long description.\nTo protect grouper from overfishing, many measures are\nbeing implemented, such as minimum and slot-size\nlimits, recreational bag limits, commercial fishing quotas,\ngear and seasonal controls, marine protected areas, and\nlimited entry (Rocklin et al. 2022). The effectiveness will\ndepend on traits of the species and the local context.\nRegulations to prevent marketing of undersize fish will\nmitigate growth overfishing. Allowing smaller fish to\nreach maturity at least once before harvest will mitigate\nrecruitment overfishing. Size-limit regulations focused\non protecting spawning-size fish may be ineffective for\ndeepwater recreational fishing. Grouper have a\nphysoclistous (i.e., closed) swim bladder, making them\nparticularly susceptible to ruptured swim bladders,\nbloating, stomach distention, and protruding eyes caused\nby rapid decompression when hauled to the surface\n(Brule et al. 2015). The proportion of grouper with\ndistended stomachs was 70% in one study of commercial\nhook-and-line fishing and as high as 95% for Red\n312 I Grouper and Spawning Aggregations" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

There is no question that fishing is the major factor driving
grouper stocks on the downward spiral, but those that have
large spawning aggregations are most vulnerable to declines
(Coleman et al. 1996; Asch and Erisman 2018; Sadovy de
Mitcheson et al. 2020). Because it takes a long time for
scientists to obtain needed life history information, fisheries-
independent survey data, and catch history, grouper
populations may be overfished long before data are even
available for a stock assessment. Without formal stock
assessments, general indicators of population status are
based on catch trends. Very few grouper stocks that have
spawning aggregations are managed sustainably. In a recent
global analysis of the status of populations that form
spawning aggregations, 45% were unknown, 33% were
decreasing, and 5% were already gone (Figure 13.5). Only 12%
had stable populations, and 5% were increasing.

", + "markdown": "There is no question that fishing is the major factor driving\ngrouper stocks on the downward spiral, but those that have\nlarge spawning aggregations are most vulnerable to declines\n(Coleman et al. 1996; Asch and Erisman 2018; Sadovy de\nMitcheson et al. 2020). Because it takes a long time for\nscientists to obtain needed life history information, fisheries-\nindependent survey data, and catch history, grouper\npopulations may be overfished long before data are even\navailable for a stock assessment. Without formal stock\nassessments, general indicators of population status are\nbased on catch trends. Very few grouper stocks that have\nspawning aggregations are managed sustainably. In a recent\nglobal analysis of the status of populations that form\nspawning aggregations, 45% were unknown, 33% were\ndecreasing, and 5% were already gone (Figure 13.5). Only 12%\nhad stable populations, and 5% were increasing.", + "text": "There is no question that fishing is the major factor driving\ngrouper stocks on the downward spiral, but those that have\nlarge spawning aggregations are most vulnerable to declines\n(Coleman et al. 1996; Asch and Erisman 2018; Sadovy de\nMitcheson et al. 2020). Because it takes a long time for\nscientists to obtain needed life history information, fisheries-\nindependent survey data, and catch history, grouper\npopulations may be overfished long before data are even\navailable for a stock assessment. Without formal stock\nassessments, general indicators of population status are\nbased on catch trends. Very few grouper stocks that have\nspawning aggregations are managed sustainably. In a recent\nglobal analysis of the status of populations that form\nspawning aggregations, 45% were unknown, 33% were\ndecreasing, and 5% were already gone (Figure 13.5). Only 12%\nhad stable populations, and 5% were increasing." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0965, + "y": 0.081 + }, + { + "x": 0.5493, + "y": 0.081 + }, + { + "x": 0.5493, + "y": 0.3904 + }, + { + "x": 0.0965, + "y": 0.3904 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Gone\nIncreasing\n5%\n5%\nSame\n12%\nUnknown\n45%\nDecreasing\n33%\"
", + "markdown": "Gone\nIncreasing\n5%\n5%\nSame\n12%\nUnknown\n45%\nDecreasing\n33%", + "text": "Gone\nIncreasing\n5%\n5%\nSame\n12%\nUnknown\n45%\nDecreasing\n33%" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5848, + "y": 0.089 + }, + { + "x": 0.8873, + "y": 0.089 + }, + { + "x": 0.8873, + "y": 0.2845 + }, + { + "x": 0.5848, + "y": 0.2845 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 13.5: Current known status reflecting changes
of exploited grouper aggregations globally, as noted by
fisher interviews, monitoring, or underwater surveys
(N = 509). Long description.

", + "markdown": "Figure 13.5: Current known status reflecting changes\nof exploited grouper aggregations globally, as noted by\nfisher interviews, monitoring, or underwater surveys\n(N = 509). Long description.", + "text": "Figure 13.5: Current known status reflecting changes\nof exploited grouper aggregations globally, as noted by\nfisher interviews, monitoring, or underwater surveys\n(N = 509). Long description." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5583, + "y": 0.3173 + }, + { + "x": 0.9011, + "y": 0.3173 + }, + { + "x": 0.9011, + "y": 0.3717 + }, + { + "x": 0.5583, + "y": 0.3717 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Of the 167 species of grouper, 9.6% are vulnerable, 4.8% are near threatened, 1.2% are endangered, and 0.6%
are critically endangered (Figure 13.6). The majority of species (68.9%) are classified as least concern and 15%
are data deficient, with insufficient data for classification. The larger (>50 cm total length) and long-lived (>20
years) species of grouper that also had smaller geographic ranges were most likely to be endangered or critically
endangered (Luiz et al. 2016). Market prices for grouper are escalating, and other lower-valued fish are often
mislabeled or substituted.

", + "markdown": "Of the 167 species of grouper, 9.6% are vulnerable, 4.8% are near threatened, 1.2% are endangered, and 0.6%\nare critically endangered (Figure 13.6). The majority of species (68.9%) are classified as least concern and 15%\nare data deficient, with insufficient data for classification. The larger (>50 cm total length) and long-lived (>20\nyears) species of grouper that also had smaller geographic ranges were most likely to be endangered or critically\nendangered (Luiz et al. 2016). Market prices for grouper are escalating, and other lower-valued fish are often\nmislabeled or substituted.", + "text": "Of the 167 species of grouper, 9.6% are vulnerable, 4.8% are near threatened, 1.2% are endangered, and 0.6%\nare critically endangered (Figure 13.6). The majority of species (68.9%) are classified as least concern and 15%\nare data deficient, with insufficient data for classification. The larger (>50 cm total length) and long-lived (>20\nyears) species of grouper that also had smaller geographic ranges were most likely to be endangered or critically\nendangered (Luiz et al. 2016). Market prices for grouper are escalating, and other lower-valued fish are often\nmislabeled or substituted." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0932, + "y": 0.4043 + }, + { + "x": 0.906, + "y": 0.4043 + }, + { + "x": 0.906, + "y": 0.5184 + }, + { + "x": 0.0932, + "y": 0.5184 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Critically
", + "markdown": "Critically Endangered\nendangered 1%\nVulnerable\n1%\nData deficient 9%\n15%\nNear\nthreatened\n5%\nLeast concern\n69%", + "text": "Critically Endangered\nendangered 1%\nVulnerable\n1%\nData deficient 9%\n15%\nNear\nthreatened\n5%\nLeast concern\n69%" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1112, + "y": 0.5313 + }, + { + "x": 0.4557, + "y": 0.5313 + }, + { + "x": 0.4557, + "y": 0.8371 + }, + { + "x": 0.1112, + "y": 0.8371 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 13.6: Categories of all grouper species (N = 167)
according to the IUCN Red List (IUCN Red List
Assessments, updated November 2018). Long description.

", + "markdown": "Figure 13.6: Categories of all grouper species (N = 167)\naccording to the IUCN Red List (IUCN Red List\nAssessments, updated November 2018). Long description.", + "text": "Figure 13.6: Categories of all grouper species (N = 167)\naccording to the IUCN Red List (IUCN Red List\nAssessments, updated November 2018). Long description." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0949, + "y": 0.8439 + }, + { + "x": 0.4552, + "y": 0.8439 + }, + { + "x": 0.4552, + "y": 0.8871 + }, + { + "x": 0.0949, + "y": 0.8871 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

To protect grouper from overfishing, many measures are
being implemented, such as minimum and slot-size
limits, recreational bag limits, commercial fishing quotas,
gear and seasonal controls, marine protected areas, and
limited entry (Rocklin et al. 2022). The effectiveness will
depend on traits of the species and the local context.
Regulations to prevent marketing of undersize fish will
mitigate growth overfishing. Allowing smaller fish to
reach maturity at least once before harvest will mitigate
recruitment overfishing. Size-limit regulations focused
on protecting spawning-size fish may be ineffective for
deepwater recreational fishing. Grouper have a
physoclistous (i.e., closed) swim bladder, making them
particularly susceptible to ruptured swim bladders,
bloating, stomach distention, and protruding eyes caused
by rapid decompression when hauled to the surface
(Brule et al. 2015). The proportion of grouper with
distended stomachs was 70% in one study of commercial
hook-and-line fishing and as high as 95% for Red

", + "markdown": "To protect grouper from overfishing, many measures are\nbeing implemented, such as minimum and slot-size\nlimits, recreational bag limits, commercial fishing quotas,\ngear and seasonal controls, marine protected areas, and\nlimited entry (Rocklin et al. 2022). The effectiveness will\ndepend on traits of the species and the local context.\nRegulations to prevent marketing of undersize fish will\nmitigate growth overfishing. Allowing smaller fish to\nreach maturity at least once before harvest will mitigate\nrecruitment overfishing. Size-limit regulations focused\non protecting spawning-size fish may be ineffective for\ndeepwater recreational fishing. Grouper have a\nphysoclistous (i.e., closed) swim bladder, making them\nparticularly susceptible to ruptured swim bladders,\nbloating, stomach distention, and protruding eyes caused\nby rapid decompression when hauled to the surface\n(Brule et al. 2015). The proportion of grouper with\ndistended stomachs was 70% in one study of commercial\nhook-and-line fishing and as high as 95% for Red", + "text": "To protect grouper from overfishing, many measures are\nbeing implemented, such as minimum and slot-size\nlimits, recreational bag limits, commercial fishing quotas,\ngear and seasonal controls, marine protected areas, and\nlimited entry (Rocklin et al. 2022). The effectiveness will\ndepend on traits of the species and the local context.\nRegulations to prevent marketing of undersize fish will\nmitigate growth overfishing. Allowing smaller fish to\nreach maturity at least once before harvest will mitigate\nrecruitment overfishing. Size-limit regulations focused\non protecting spawning-size fish may be ineffective for\ndeepwater recreational fishing. Grouper have a\nphysoclistous (i.e., closed) swim bladder, making them\nparticularly susceptible to ruptured swim bladders,\nbloating, stomach distention, and protruding eyes caused\nby rapid decompression when hauled to the surface\n(Brule et al. 2015). The proportion of grouper with\ndistended stomachs was 70% in one study of commercial\nhook-and-line fishing and as high as 95% for Red" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4849, + "y": 0.5349 + }, + { + "x": 0.9053, + "y": 0.5349 + }, + { + "x": 0.9053, + "y": 0.9005 + }, + { + "x": 0.4849, + "y": 0.9005 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
312 I Grouper and Spawning Aggregations
", + "markdown": "312 I Grouper and Spawning Aggregations", + "text": "312 I Grouper and Spawning Aggregations" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0957, + "y": 0.9336 + }, + { + "x": 0.3761, + "y": 0.9336 + }, + { + "x": 0.3761, + "y": 0.9497 + }, + { + "x": 0.0957, + "y": 0.9497 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000194.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

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Brown, Alec Radford, Dario Amodei, Paul Chris-
tiano, and Geoffrey Irving. 2019. Fine-tuning lan-
guage models from human preferences. arXiv
preprint arXiv:1909.08593.

", + "markdown": "Peihao Wang, Rameswar Panda, Lucas Torroba Hen-\nnigen, Philip Greengard, Leonid Karlinsky, Roge-\nrio Feris, David Daniel Cox, Zhangyang Wang, and\nYoon Kim. 2023. Learning to grow pretrained mod-\nels for efficient transformer training. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2303.00980.\n\nYizhong Wang, Yeganeh Kordi, Swaroop Mishra, Al-\nisa Liu, Noah A Smith, Daniel Khashabi, and Han-\nnaneh Hajishirzi. 2022. Self-instruct: Aligning lan-\nguage model with self generated instructions. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:2212.10560.\n\nJason Wei, Maarten Bosma, Vincent Y Zhao, Kelvin\nGuu, Adams Wei Yu, Brian Lester, Nan Du, An-\ndrew M Dai, and Quoc v Le. 2021. Finetuned lan-\nguage models are zero-shot learners. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2109.01652.\n\nJason Wei, Yi Tay, Rishi Bommasani, Colin Raffel,\nBarret Zoph, Sebastian Borgeaud, Dani Yogatama,\nMaarten Bosma, Denny Zhou, Donald Metzler, et al.\n2022a. Emergent abilities of large language models.\narXiv preprint arXiv:2206.07682.\n\nJason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten\nBosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc v Le, Denny Zhou,\net al. 2022b. Chain-of-thought prompting elicits rea-\nsoning in large language models. Advances in Neural\nInformation Processing Systems, 35:24824-24837.\n\nThomas Wolf, Lysandre Debut, Victor Sanh, Julien\nChaumond, Clement Delangue, Anthony Moi, Pier-\nric Cistac, Tim Rault, Remi Louf, Morgan Funtowicz,\net al. 2019. Huggingface's transformers: State-of-\nthe-art natural language processing. arXiv preprint\narXiv:1910.03771.\n\nPrateek Yadav, Derek Tam, Leshem Choshen, Colin\nRaffel, and Mohit Bansal. 2023. Ties-merging: Re-\nsolving interference when merging models. In Thirty-\nseventh Conference on Neural Information Process-\ning Systems.\n\nChengrun Yang, Xuezhi Wang, Yifeng Lu, Hanxiao Liu,\nQuoc V Le, Denny Zhou, and Xinyun Chen. 2023.\nLarge language models as optimizers. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2309.03409.\n\nYiqun Yao, Zheng Zhang, Jing Li, and Yequan\nWang. 2023. 2x faster language model pre-training\nvia masked structural growth. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2305.02869.\n\nLonghui Yu, Weisen Jiang, Han Shi, Jincheng Yu,\nZhengying Liu, Yu Zhang, James T Kwok, Zhen-\nguo Li, Adrian Weller, and Weiyang Liu. 2023.\nMetamath: Bootstrap your own mathematical ques-\ntions for large language models. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2309.12284.\n\nZheng Yuan, Hongyi Yuan, Chuanqi Tan, Wei Wang,\nSongfang Huang, and Fei Huang. 2023. Rrhf:\nRank responses to align language models with\nhuman feedback without tears. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2304.05302.\n\nRowan Zellers, Ari Holtzman, Yonatan Bisk, Ali\nFarhadi, and Yejin Choi. 2019. Hellaswag: Can a\nmachine really finish your sentence? In Proceedings\nof the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for\nComputational Linguistics, pages 4791-4800.\n\nShengyu Zhang, Linfeng Dong, Xiaoya Li, Sen Zhang,\nXiaofei Sun, Shuhe Wang, Jiwei Li, Runyi Hu, Tian-\nwei Zhang, Fei Wu, et al. 2023. Instruction tuning\nfor large language models: A survey. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2308.10792.\n\nWayne Xin Zhao, Kun Zhou, Junyi Li, Tianyi Tang,\nXiaolei Wang, Yupeng Hou, Yingqian Min, Beichen\nZhang, Junjie Zhang, Zican Dong, et al. 2023. A\nsurvey of large language models. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2303.18223.\n\nKun Zhou, Yutao Zhu, Zhipeng Chen, Wentong Chen,\nWayne Xin Zhao, Xu Chen, Yankai Lin, Ji-Rong\nWen, and Jiawei Han. 2023. Don't make your llm\nan evaluation benchmark cheater. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2311.01964.\n\nDaniel M Ziegler, Nisan Stiennon, Jeffrey Wu, Tom B\nBrown, Alec Radford, Dario Amodei, Paul Chris-\ntiano, and Geoffrey Irving. 2019. Fine-tuning lan-\nguage models from human preferences. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:1909.08593.", + "text": "Peihao Wang, Rameswar Panda, Lucas Torroba Hen-\nnigen, Philip Greengard, Leonid Karlinsky, Roge-\nrio Feris, David Daniel Cox, Zhangyang Wang, and\nYoon Kim. 2023. Learning to grow pretrained mod-\nels for efficient transformer training. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2303.00980.\nYizhong Wang, Yeganeh Kordi, Swaroop Mishra, Al-\nisa Liu, Noah A Smith, Daniel Khashabi, and Han-\nnaneh Hajishirzi. 2022. Self-instruct: Aligning lan-\nguage model with self generated instructions. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:2212.10560.\nJason Wei, Maarten Bosma, Vincent Y Zhao, Kelvin\nGuu, Adams Wei Yu, Brian Lester, Nan Du, An-\ndrew M Dai, and Quoc v Le. 2021. Finetuned lan-\nguage models are zero-shot learners. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2109.01652.\nJason Wei, Yi Tay, Rishi Bommasani, Colin Raffel,\nBarret Zoph, Sebastian Borgeaud, Dani Yogatama,\nMaarten Bosma, Denny Zhou, Donald Metzler, et al.\n2022a. Emergent abilities of large language models.\narXiv preprint arXiv:2206.07682.\nJason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten\nBosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc v Le, Denny Zhou,\net al. 2022b. Chain-of-thought prompting elicits rea-\nsoning in large language models. Advances in Neural\nInformation Processing Systems, 35:24824-24837.\nThomas Wolf, Lysandre Debut, Victor Sanh, Julien\nChaumond, Clement Delangue, Anthony Moi, Pier-\nric Cistac, Tim Rault, Remi Louf, Morgan Funtowicz,\net al. 2019. Huggingface's transformers: State-of-\nthe-art natural language processing. arXiv preprint\narXiv:1910.03771.\nPrateek Yadav, Derek Tam, Leshem Choshen, Colin\nRaffel, and Mohit Bansal. 2023. Ties-merging: Re-\nsolving interference when merging models. In Thirty-\nseventh Conference on Neural Information Process-\ning Systems.\nChengrun Yang, Xuezhi Wang, Yifeng Lu, Hanxiao Liu,\nQuoc V Le, Denny Zhou, and Xinyun Chen. 2023.\nLarge language models as optimizers. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2309.03409.\nYiqun Yao, Zheng Zhang, Jing Li, and Yequan\nWang. 2023. 2x faster language model pre-training\nvia masked structural growth. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2305.02869.\nLonghui Yu, Weisen Jiang, Han Shi, Jincheng Yu,\nZhengying Liu, Yu Zhang, James T Kwok, Zhen-\nguo Li, Adrian Weller, and Weiyang Liu. 2023.\nMetamath: Bootstrap your own mathematical ques-\ntions for large language models. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2309.12284.\nZheng Yuan, Hongyi Yuan, Chuanqi Tan, Wei Wang,\nSongfang Huang, and Fei Huang. 2023. Rrhf:\nRank responses to align language models with\nhuman feedback without tears. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2304.05302.\nRowan Zellers, Ari Holtzman, Yonatan Bisk, Ali\nFarhadi, and Yejin Choi. 2019. Hellaswag: Can a\nmachine really finish your sentence? In Proceedings\nof the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for\nComputational Linguistics, pages 4791-4800.\nShengyu Zhang, Linfeng Dong, Xiaoya Li, Sen Zhang,\nXiaofei Sun, Shuhe Wang, Jiwei Li, Runyi Hu, Tian-\nwei Zhang, Fei Wu, et al. 2023. Instruction tuning\nfor large language models: A survey. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2308.10792.\nWayne Xin Zhao, Kun Zhou, Junyi Li, Tianyi Tang,\nXiaolei Wang, Yupeng Hou, Yingqian Min, Beichen\nZhang, Junjie Zhang, Zican Dong, et al. 2023. A\nsurvey of large language models. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2303.18223.\nKun Zhou, Yutao Zhu, Zhipeng Chen, Wentong Chen,\nWayne Xin Zhao, Xu Chen, Yankai Lin, Ji-Rong\nWen, and Jiawei Han. 2023. Don't make your llm\nan evaluation benchmark cheater. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2311.01964.\nDaniel M Ziegler, Nisan Stiennon, Jeffrey Wu, Tom B\nBrown, Alec Radford, Dario Amodei, Paul Chris-\ntiano, and Geoffrey Irving. 2019. Fine-tuning lan-\nguage models from human preferences. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:1909.08593." + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Peihao Wang, Rameswar Panda, Lucas Torroba Hen-
nigen, Philip Greengard, Leonid Karlinsky, Roge-
rio Feris, David Daniel Cox, Zhangyang Wang, and
Yoon Kim. 2023. Learning to grow pretrained mod-
els for efficient transformer training. arXiv preprint
arXiv:2303.00980.

", + "markdown": "Peihao Wang, Rameswar Panda, Lucas Torroba Hen-\nnigen, Philip Greengard, Leonid Karlinsky, Roge-\nrio Feris, David Daniel Cox, Zhangyang Wang, and\nYoon Kim. 2023. Learning to grow pretrained mod-\nels for efficient transformer training. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2303.00980.", + "text": "Peihao Wang, Rameswar Panda, Lucas Torroba Hen-\nnigen, Philip Greengard, Leonid Karlinsky, Roge-\nrio Feris, David Daniel Cox, Zhangyang Wang, and\nYoon Kim. 2023. Learning to grow pretrained mod-\nels for efficient transformer training. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2303.00980." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1148, + "y": 0.0863 + }, + { + "x": 0.4895, + "y": 0.0863 + }, + { + "x": 0.4895, + "y": 0.1656 + }, + { + "x": 0.1148, + "y": 0.1656 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Yizhong Wang, Yeganeh Kordi, Swaroop Mishra, Al-
isa Liu, Noah A Smith, Daniel Khashabi, and Han-
naneh Hajishirzi. 2022. Self-instruct: Aligning lan-
guage model with self generated instructions. arXiv
preprint arXiv:2212.10560.

", + "markdown": "Yizhong Wang, Yeganeh Kordi, Swaroop Mishra, Al-\nisa Liu, Noah A Smith, Daniel Khashabi, and Han-\nnaneh Hajishirzi. 2022. Self-instruct: Aligning lan-\nguage model with self generated instructions. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:2212.10560.", + "text": "Yizhong Wang, Yeganeh Kordi, Swaroop Mishra, Al-\nisa Liu, Noah A Smith, Daniel Khashabi, and Han-\nnaneh Hajishirzi. 2022. Self-instruct: Aligning lan-\nguage model with self generated instructions. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:2212.10560." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1175, + "y": 0.1744 + }, + { + "x": 0.488, + "y": 0.1744 + }, + { + "x": 0.488, + "y": 0.2417 + }, + { + "x": 0.1175, + "y": 0.2417 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Jason Wei, Maarten Bosma, Vincent Y Zhao, Kelvin
Guu, Adams Wei Yu, Brian Lester, Nan Du, An-
drew M Dai, and Quoc v Le. 2021. Finetuned lan-
guage models are zero-shot learners. arXiv preprint
arXiv:2109.01652.

", + "markdown": "Jason Wei, Maarten Bosma, Vincent Y Zhao, Kelvin\nGuu, Adams Wei Yu, Brian Lester, Nan Du, An-\ndrew M Dai, and Quoc v Le. 2021. Finetuned lan-\nguage models are zero-shot learners. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2109.01652.", + "text": "Jason Wei, Maarten Bosma, Vincent Y Zhao, Kelvin\nGuu, Adams Wei Yu, Brian Lester, Nan Du, An-\ndrew M Dai, and Quoc v Le. 2021. Finetuned lan-\nguage models are zero-shot learners. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2109.01652." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1167, + "y": 0.251 + }, + { + "x": 0.4884, + "y": 0.251 + }, + { + "x": 0.4884, + "y": 0.3164 + }, + { + "x": 0.1167, + "y": 0.3164 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Jason Wei, Yi Tay, Rishi Bommasani, Colin Raffel,
Barret Zoph, Sebastian Borgeaud, Dani Yogatama,
Maarten Bosma, Denny Zhou, Donald Metzler, et al.
2022a. Emergent abilities of large language models.
arXiv preprint arXiv:2206.07682.

", + "markdown": "Jason Wei, Yi Tay, Rishi Bommasani, Colin Raffel,\nBarret Zoph, Sebastian Borgeaud, Dani Yogatama,\nMaarten Bosma, Denny Zhou, Donald Metzler, et al.\n2022a. Emergent abilities of large language models.\narXiv preprint arXiv:2206.07682.", + "text": "Jason Wei, Yi Tay, Rishi Bommasani, Colin Raffel,\nBarret Zoph, Sebastian Borgeaud, Dani Yogatama,\nMaarten Bosma, Denny Zhou, Donald Metzler, et al.\n2022a. Emergent abilities of large language models.\narXiv preprint arXiv:2206.07682." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1172, + "y": 0.3262 + }, + { + "x": 0.4887, + "y": 0.3262 + }, + { + "x": 0.4887, + "y": 0.392 + }, + { + "x": 0.1172, + "y": 0.392 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten
Bosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc v Le, Denny Zhou,
et al. 2022b. Chain-of-thought prompting elicits rea-
soning in large language models. Advances in Neural
Information Processing Systems, 35:24824-24837.

", + "markdown": "Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten\nBosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc v Le, Denny Zhou,\net al. 2022b. Chain-of-thought prompting elicits rea-\nsoning in large language models. Advances in Neural\nInformation Processing Systems, 35:24824-24837.", + "text": "Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten\nBosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc v Le, Denny Zhou,\net al. 2022b. Chain-of-thought prompting elicits rea-\nsoning in large language models. Advances in Neural\nInformation Processing Systems, 35:24824-24837." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1171, + "y": 0.4008 + }, + { + "x": 0.4884, + "y": 0.4008 + }, + { + "x": 0.4884, + "y": 0.4673 + }, + { + "x": 0.1171, + "y": 0.4673 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Thomas Wolf, Lysandre Debut, Victor Sanh, Julien
Chaumond, Clement Delangue, Anthony Moi, Pier-
ric Cistac, Tim Rault, Remi Louf, Morgan Funtowicz,
et al. 2019. Huggingface's transformers: State-of-
the-art natural language processing. arXiv preprint
arXiv:1910.03771.

", + "markdown": "Thomas Wolf, Lysandre Debut, Victor Sanh, Julien\nChaumond, Clement Delangue, Anthony Moi, Pier-\nric Cistac, Tim Rault, Remi Louf, Morgan Funtowicz,\net al. 2019. Huggingface's transformers: State-of-\nthe-art natural language processing. arXiv preprint\narXiv:1910.03771.", + "text": "Thomas Wolf, Lysandre Debut, Victor Sanh, Julien\nChaumond, Clement Delangue, Anthony Moi, Pier-\nric Cistac, Tim Rault, Remi Louf, Morgan Funtowicz,\net al. 2019. Huggingface's transformers: State-of-\nthe-art natural language processing. arXiv preprint\narXiv:1910.03771." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1179, + "y": 0.4755 + }, + { + "x": 0.4891, + "y": 0.4755 + }, + { + "x": 0.4891, + "y": 0.5554 + }, + { + "x": 0.1179, + "y": 0.5554 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Prateek Yadav, Derek Tam, Leshem Choshen, Colin
Raffel, and Mohit Bansal. 2023. Ties-merging: Re-
solving interference when merging models. In Thirty-
seventh Conference on Neural Information Process-
ing Systems.

", + "markdown": "Prateek Yadav, Derek Tam, Leshem Choshen, Colin\nRaffel, and Mohit Bansal. 2023. Ties-merging: Re-\nsolving interference when merging models. In Thirty-\nseventh Conference on Neural Information Process-\ning Systems.", + "text": "Prateek Yadav, Derek Tam, Leshem Choshen, Colin\nRaffel, and Mohit Bansal. 2023. Ties-merging: Re-\nsolving interference when merging models. In Thirty-\nseventh Conference on Neural Information Process-\ning Systems." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1168, + "y": 0.5648 + }, + { + "x": 0.4886, + "y": 0.5648 + }, + { + "x": 0.4886, + "y": 0.6303 + }, + { + "x": 0.1168, + "y": 0.6303 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Chengrun Yang, Xuezhi Wang, Yifeng Lu, Hanxiao Liu,
Quoc V Le, Denny Zhou, and Xinyun Chen. 2023.
Large language models as optimizers. arXiv preprint
arXiv:2309.03409.

", + "markdown": "Chengrun Yang, Xuezhi Wang, Yifeng Lu, Hanxiao Liu,\nQuoc V Le, Denny Zhou, and Xinyun Chen. 2023.\nLarge language models as optimizers. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2309.03409.", + "text": "Chengrun Yang, Xuezhi Wang, Yifeng Lu, Hanxiao Liu,\nQuoc V Le, Denny Zhou, and Xinyun Chen. 2023.\nLarge language models as optimizers. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2309.03409." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1163, + "y": 0.6393 + }, + { + "x": 0.4891, + "y": 0.6393 + }, + { + "x": 0.4891, + "y": 0.6927 + }, + { + "x": 0.1163, + "y": 0.6927 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Yiqun Yao, Zheng Zhang, Jing Li, and Yequan
Wang. 2023. 2x faster language model pre-training
via masked structural growth. arXiv preprint
arXiv:2305.02869.

", + "markdown": "Yiqun Yao, Zheng Zhang, Jing Li, and Yequan\nWang. 2023. 2x faster language model pre-training\nvia masked structural growth. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2305.02869.", + "text": "Yiqun Yao, Zheng Zhang, Jing Li, and Yequan\nWang. 2023. 2x faster language model pre-training\nvia masked structural growth. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2305.02869." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1167, + "y": 0.7025 + }, + { + "x": 0.4883, + "y": 0.7025 + }, + { + "x": 0.4883, + "y": 0.7542 + }, + { + "x": 0.1167, + "y": 0.7542 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Longhui Yu, Weisen Jiang, Han Shi, Jincheng Yu,
Zhengying Liu, Yu Zhang, James T Kwok, Zhen-
guo Li, Adrian Weller, and Weiyang Liu. 2023.
Metamath: Bootstrap your own mathematical ques-
tions for large language models. arXiv preprint
arXiv:2309.12284.

", + "markdown": "Longhui Yu, Weisen Jiang, Han Shi, Jincheng Yu,\nZhengying Liu, Yu Zhang, James T Kwok, Zhen-\nguo Li, Adrian Weller, and Weiyang Liu. 2023.\nMetamath: Bootstrap your own mathematical ques-\ntions for large language models. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2309.12284.", + "text": "Longhui Yu, Weisen Jiang, Han Shi, Jincheng Yu,\nZhengying Liu, Yu Zhang, James T Kwok, Zhen-\nguo Li, Adrian Weller, and Weiyang Liu. 2023.\nMetamath: Bootstrap your own mathematical ques-\ntions for large language models. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2309.12284." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1174, + "y": 0.7641 + }, + { + "x": 0.4891, + "y": 0.7641 + }, + { + "x": 0.4891, + "y": 0.8428 + }, + { + "x": 0.1174, + "y": 0.8428 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Zheng Yuan, Hongyi Yuan, Chuanqi Tan, Wei Wang,
Songfang Huang, and Fei Huang. 2023. Rrhf:
Rank responses to align language models with
human feedback without tears. arXiv preprint
arXiv:2304.05302.

", + "markdown": "Zheng Yuan, Hongyi Yuan, Chuanqi Tan, Wei Wang,\nSongfang Huang, and Fei Huang. 2023. Rrhf:\nRank responses to align language models with\nhuman feedback without tears. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2304.05302.", + "text": "Zheng Yuan, Hongyi Yuan, Chuanqi Tan, Wei Wang,\nSongfang Huang, and Fei Huang. 2023. Rrhf:\nRank responses to align language models with\nhuman feedback without tears. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2304.05302." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1134, + "y": 0.8528 + }, + { + "x": 0.4895, + "y": 0.8528 + }, + { + "x": 0.4895, + "y": 0.9189 + }, + { + "x": 0.1134, + "y": 0.9189 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Rowan Zellers, Ari Holtzman, Yonatan Bisk, Ali
Farhadi, and Yejin Choi. 2019. Hellaswag: Can a
machine really finish your sentence? In Proceedings
of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for
Computational Linguistics, pages 4791-4800.

", + "markdown": "Rowan Zellers, Ari Holtzman, Yonatan Bisk, Ali\nFarhadi, and Yejin Choi. 2019. Hellaswag: Can a\nmachine really finish your sentence? In Proceedings\nof the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for\nComputational Linguistics, pages 4791-4800.", + "text": "Rowan Zellers, Ari Holtzman, Yonatan Bisk, Ali\nFarhadi, and Yejin Choi. 2019. Hellaswag: Can a\nmachine really finish your sentence? In Proceedings\nof the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for\nComputational Linguistics, pages 4791-4800." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5124, + "y": 0.0871 + }, + { + "x": 0.8839, + "y": 0.0871 + }, + { + "x": 0.8839, + "y": 0.1535 + }, + { + "x": 0.5124, + "y": 0.1535 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Shengyu Zhang, Linfeng Dong, Xiaoya Li, Sen Zhang,
Xiaofei Sun, Shuhe Wang, Jiwei Li, Runyi Hu, Tian-
wei Zhang, Fei Wu, et al. 2023. Instruction tuning
for large language models: A survey. arXiv preprint
arXiv:2308.10792.

", + "markdown": "Shengyu Zhang, Linfeng Dong, Xiaoya Li, Sen Zhang,\nXiaofei Sun, Shuhe Wang, Jiwei Li, Runyi Hu, Tian-\nwei Zhang, Fei Wu, et al. 2023. Instruction tuning\nfor large language models: A survey. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2308.10792.", + "text": "Shengyu Zhang, Linfeng Dong, Xiaoya Li, Sen Zhang,\nXiaofei Sun, Shuhe Wang, Jiwei Li, Runyi Hu, Tian-\nwei Zhang, Fei Wu, et al. 2023. Instruction tuning\nfor large language models: A survey. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2308.10792." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5113, + "y": 0.1622 + }, + { + "x": 0.8844, + "y": 0.1622 + }, + { + "x": 0.8844, + "y": 0.2278 + }, + { + "x": 0.5113, + "y": 0.2278 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Wayne Xin Zhao, Kun Zhou, Junyi Li, Tianyi Tang,
Xiaolei Wang, Yupeng Hou, Yingqian Min, Beichen
Zhang, Junjie Zhang, Zican Dong, et al. 2023. A
survey of large language models. arXiv preprint
arXiv:2303.18223.

", + "markdown": "Wayne Xin Zhao, Kun Zhou, Junyi Li, Tianyi Tang,\nXiaolei Wang, Yupeng Hou, Yingqian Min, Beichen\nZhang, Junjie Zhang, Zican Dong, et al. 2023. A\nsurvey of large language models. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2303.18223.", + "text": "Wayne Xin Zhao, Kun Zhou, Junyi Li, Tianyi Tang,\nXiaolei Wang, Yupeng Hou, Yingqian Min, Beichen\nZhang, Junjie Zhang, Zican Dong, et al. 2023. A\nsurvey of large language models. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2303.18223." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5142, + "y": 0.2381 + }, + { + "x": 0.8842, + "y": 0.2381 + }, + { + "x": 0.8842, + "y": 0.3025 + }, + { + "x": 0.5142, + "y": 0.3025 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Kun Zhou, Yutao Zhu, Zhipeng Chen, Wentong Chen,
Wayne Xin Zhao, Xu Chen, Yankai Lin, Ji-Rong
Wen, and Jiawei Han. 2023. Don't make your llm
an evaluation benchmark cheater. arXiv preprint
arXiv:2311.01964.

", + "markdown": "Kun Zhou, Yutao Zhu, Zhipeng Chen, Wentong Chen,\nWayne Xin Zhao, Xu Chen, Yankai Lin, Ji-Rong\nWen, and Jiawei Han. 2023. Don't make your llm\nan evaluation benchmark cheater. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2311.01964.", + "text": "Kun Zhou, Yutao Zhu, Zhipeng Chen, Wentong Chen,\nWayne Xin Zhao, Xu Chen, Yankai Lin, Ji-Rong\nWen, and Jiawei Han. 2023. Don't make your llm\nan evaluation benchmark cheater. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2311.01964." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5118, + "y": 0.3142 + }, + { + "x": 0.8852, + "y": 0.3142 + }, + { + "x": 0.8852, + "y": 0.3791 + }, + { + "x": 0.5118, + "y": 0.3791 + } + ], + "id": 14, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Daniel M Ziegler, Nisan Stiennon, Jeffrey Wu, Tom B
Brown, Alec Radford, Dario Amodei, Paul Chris-
tiano, and Geoffrey Irving. 2019. Fine-tuning lan-
guage models from human preferences. arXiv
preprint arXiv:1909.08593.

", + "markdown": "Daniel M Ziegler, Nisan Stiennon, Jeffrey Wu, Tom B\nBrown, Alec Radford, Dario Amodei, Paul Chris-\ntiano, and Geoffrey Irving. 2019. Fine-tuning lan-\nguage models from human preferences. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:1909.08593.", + "text": "Daniel M Ziegler, Nisan Stiennon, Jeffrey Wu, Tom B\nBrown, Alec Radford, Dario Amodei, Paul Chris-\ntiano, and Geoffrey Irving. 2019. Fine-tuning lan-\nguage models from human preferences. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:1909.08593." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5122, + "y": 0.3899 + }, + { + "x": 0.8854, + "y": 0.3899 + }, + { + "x": 0.8854, + "y": 0.4558 + }, + { + "x": 0.5122, + "y": 0.4558 + } + ], + "id": 15, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000081.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
Jailed for Doing Business
\n\n
LawUnion/State ruleImprisonment clauses
Arms Act, 1959 and Arms Rules 2016Union152
Food Safety & Standards Act, 2006 & Food Safety and Standards (Licensing and Registration of Food Businesses) Regulations, 2011Union123
TABLE 22: COMMERCIAL LAWS WITH MORE THAN 100
IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES
\n

Source: TeamLease Regtech

\n\n
Imprisonment termNumber of clausesNumber of laws
Less than 3 months15035
3 months to less than 1 year19914
1 year to less than 3 years32616
3 years to less than 5 years35722
5 years to less than 10 years14727
More than 10 years00
TABLE 23: IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN ENVIRONMENT,
HEALTH AND SAFETY LAWS
\n

Source: TeamLease Regtech

\n

NOTE: The inconsistency in number of laws is because a single law could have
multiple clauses on criminality; it could have a few clauses of less than
three months and few of between three and five years.

\n
78
", + "markdown": "Jailed for Doing Business\n\nTABLE 22: COMMERCIAL LAWS WITH MORE THAN 100\nIMPRISONMENT CLAUSES\n\n| Law | Union/State rule | Imprisonment clauses |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Arms Act, 1959 and Arms Rules 2016 | Union | 152 |\n| Food Safety & Standards Act, 2006 & Food Safety and Standards (Licensing and Registration of Food Businesses) Regulations, 2011 | Union | 123 |\n\n\nSource: TeamLease Regtech\n\nTABLE 23: IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN ENVIRONMENT,\nHEALTH AND SAFETY LAWS\n\n| Imprisonment term | Number of clauses | Number of laws |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Less than 3 months | 150 | 35 |\n| 3 months to less than 1 year | 199 | 14 |\n| 1 year to less than 3 years | 326 | 16 |\n| 3 years to less than 5 years | 357 | 22 |\n| 5 years to less than 10 years | 147 | 27 |\n| More than 10 years | 0 | 0 |\n\n\nSource: TeamLease Regtech\n\nNOTE: The inconsistency in number of laws is because a single law could have\nmultiple clauses on criminality; it could have a few clauses of less than\nthree months and few of between three and five years.\n\n78", + "text": "Jailed for Doing Business\nTABLE 22: COMMERCIAL LAWS WITH MORE THAN 100\nIMPRISONMENT CLAUSES\nLaw Union/State rule Imprisonment clauses\n Arms Act, 1959 and Arms Rules 2016 Union 152\n Food Safety & Standards Act, 2006 & Food Safety and Standards (Licensing and Registration of Food Businesses) Regulations, 2011 Union 123\nSource: TeamLease Regtech\nTABLE 23: IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN ENVIRONMENT,\nHEALTH AND SAFETY LAWS\nImprisonment term Number of clauses Number of laws\n Less than 3 months 150 35\n 3 months to less than 1 year 199 14\n 1 year to less than 3 years 326 16\n 3 years to less than 5 years 357 22\n 5 years to less than 10 years 147 27\n More than 10 years 0 0\nSource: TeamLease Regtech\nNOTE: The inconsistency in number of laws is because a single law could have\nmultiple clauses on criminality; it could have a few clauses of less than\nthree months and few of between three and five years.\n78" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Jailed for Doing Business
", + "markdown": "Jailed for Doing Business", + "text": "Jailed for Doing Business" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1636, + "y": 0.0403 + }, + { + "x": 0.3876, + "y": 0.0403 + }, + { + "x": 0.3876, + "y": 0.0562 + }, + { + "x": 0.1636, + "y": 0.0562 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

TABLE 22: COMMERCIAL LAWS WITH MORE THAN 100
IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES

", + "markdown": "TABLE 22: COMMERCIAL LAWS WITH MORE THAN 100\nIMPRISONMENT CLAUSES", + "text": "TABLE 22: COMMERCIAL LAWS WITH MORE THAN 100\nIMPRISONMENT CLAUSES" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1622, + "y": 0.114 + }, + { + "x": 0.7783, + "y": 0.114 + }, + { + "x": 0.7783, + "y": 0.152 + }, + { + "x": 0.1622, + "y": 0.152 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
LawUnion/State ruleImprisonment clauses
Arms Act, 1959 and Arms Rules 2016Union152
Food Safety & Standards Act, 2006 & Food Safety and Standards (Licensing and Registration of Food Businesses) Regulations, 2011Union123
", + "markdown": "| Law | Union/State rule | Imprisonment clauses |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Arms Act, 1959 and Arms Rules 2016 | Union | 152 |\n| Food Safety & Standards Act, 2006 & Food Safety and Standards (Licensing and Registration of Food Businesses) Regulations, 2011 | Union | 123 |\n", + "text": "Law Union/State rule Imprisonment clauses\n Arms Act, 1959 and Arms Rules 2016 Union 152\n Food Safety & Standards Act, 2006 & Food Safety and Standards (Licensing and Registration of Food Businesses) Regulations, 2011 Union 123" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1653, + "y": 0.1705 + }, + { + "x": 0.8332, + "y": 0.1705 + }, + { + "x": 0.8332, + "y": 0.3141 + }, + { + "x": 0.1653, + "y": 0.3141 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Source: TeamLease Regtech

", + "markdown": "Source: TeamLease Regtech", + "text": "Source: TeamLease Regtech" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1637, + "y": 0.3182 + }, + { + "x": 0.3592, + "y": 0.3182 + }, + { + "x": 0.3592, + "y": 0.3324 + }, + { + "x": 0.1637, + "y": 0.3324 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

TABLE 23: IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN ENVIRONMENT,
HEALTH AND SAFETY LAWS

", + "markdown": "TABLE 23: IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN ENVIRONMENT,\nHEALTH AND SAFETY LAWS", + "text": "TABLE 23: IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN ENVIRONMENT,\nHEALTH AND SAFETY LAWS" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1623, + "y": 0.3894 + }, + { + "x": 0.8103, + "y": 0.3894 + }, + { + "x": 0.8103, + "y": 0.4271 + }, + { + "x": 0.1623, + "y": 0.4271 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
Imprisonment termNumber of clausesNumber of laws
Less than 3 months15035
3 months to less than 1 year19914
1 year to less than 3 years32616
3 years to less than 5 years35722
5 years to less than 10 years14727
More than 10 years00
", + "markdown": "| Imprisonment term | Number of clauses | Number of laws |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Less than 3 months | 150 | 35 |\n| 3 months to less than 1 year | 199 | 14 |\n| 1 year to less than 3 years | 326 | 16 |\n| 3 years to less than 5 years | 357 | 22 |\n| 5 years to less than 10 years | 147 | 27 |\n| More than 10 years | 0 | 0 |\n", + "text": "Imprisonment term Number of clauses Number of laws\n Less than 3 months 150 35\n 3 months to less than 1 year 199 14\n 1 year to less than 3 years 326 16\n 3 years to less than 5 years 357 22\n 5 years to less than 10 years 147 27\n More than 10 years 0 0" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1663, + "y": 0.4464 + }, + { + "x": 0.831, + "y": 0.4464 + }, + { + "x": 0.831, + "y": 0.6184 + }, + { + "x": 0.1663, + "y": 0.6184 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Source: TeamLease Regtech

", + "markdown": "Source: TeamLease Regtech", + "text": "Source: TeamLease Regtech" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1639, + "y": 0.6232 + }, + { + "x": 0.3577, + "y": 0.6232 + }, + { + "x": 0.3577, + "y": 0.6377 + }, + { + "x": 0.1639, + "y": 0.6377 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

NOTE: The inconsistency in number of laws is because a single law could have
multiple clauses on criminality; it could have a few clauses of less than
three months and few of between three and five years.

", + "markdown": "NOTE: The inconsistency in number of laws is because a single law could have\nmultiple clauses on criminality; it could have a few clauses of less than\nthree months and few of between three and five years.", + "text": "NOTE: The inconsistency in number of laws is because a single law could have\nmultiple clauses on criminality; it could have a few clauses of less than\nthree months and few of between three and five years." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1632, + "y": 0.6581 + }, + { + "x": 0.838, + "y": 0.6581 + }, + { + "x": 0.838, + "y": 0.7139 + }, + { + "x": 0.1632, + "y": 0.7139 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
78
", + "markdown": "78", + "text": "78" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4829, + "y": 0.948 + }, + { + "x": 0.5183, + "y": 0.948 + }, + { + "x": 0.5183, + "y": 0.9685 + }, + { + "x": 0.4829, + "y": 0.9685 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000197.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

tion occurs when the annotations of the specific
benchmark are exposed during model training.

\n

C Additional Information

\n\n

Filtered task names. We present task names
we use to filter FLAN dervied datasets such as
OpenOrca in Table 8.

\n
Filtered Task Name
task228_arc_answer_generation_easy
ai2_arcARCChallenge:1.0.0
ai2_arcARCEasy:1.0.0
task229_arc_answer_generation_hard
hellaswag:1.1.0
task1389_hellaswag_completion
cot_gsm8k
cot_gsm8k_ii
drop:2.0.0
winogrande:1.1.0
We present additional information for the sake of
space in the main paper.
\n\n
ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
0.06N/A0.150.28N/A0.70
Table 8: Task names that we use to filter data for FLAN
derived datasets such as OpenOrca.
\n

Table 9: Data contamination test results for SOLAR
10.7B-Instruct. We show 'result < 0.1, %' values where
a value higher than 0.9 indicates high probability of data
contamination. HellaSwag and Winogrande datasets are
not currently supported. We set SOLAR 10.7B as our
reference model when performing the data contamina-
tion tests.

\n

Results on data contamination. To show the in-
tegrity of SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, we also report
the data contamination test (Shi et al., 2023) results
in Table. 9. All four tested benchmark datasets
yield results well below the contamination thresh-
old, affirming the absence of data contamination
in our model. One interesting point is that the
value for GSM8K is noticeably higher than for
other datasets, even without contamination. One
potential reason for this is the stronger data similar-
ity in math-related instruction datasets.

", + "markdown": "tion occurs when the annotations of the specific\nbenchmark are exposed during model training.\n\n# C Additional Information\n\nWe present additional information for the sake of\nspace in the main paper.\n\nFiltered task names. We present task names\nwe use to filter FLAN dervied datasets such as\nOpenOrca in Table 8.\n\n| Filtered Task Name |\n| --- |\n| task228_arc_answer_generation_easy |\n| ai2_arcARCChallenge:1.0.0 |\n| ai2_arcARCEasy:1.0.0 |\n| task229_arc_answer_generation_hard |\n| hellaswag:1.1.0 |\n| task1389_hellaswag_completion |\n| cot_gsm8k |\n| cot_gsm8k_ii |\n| drop:2.0.0 |\n| winogrande:1.1.0 |\n\n\nTable 8: Task names that we use to filter data for FLAN\nderived datasets such as OpenOrca.\n\n| ARC | HellaSwag | MMLU | TruthfulQA | Winogrande | GSM8K |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 0.06 | N/A | 0.15 | 0.28 | N/A | 0.70 |\n\n\nTable 9: Data contamination test results for SOLAR\n10.7B-Instruct. We show 'result < 0.1, %' values where\na value higher than 0.9 indicates high probability of data\ncontamination. HellaSwag and Winogrande datasets are\nnot currently supported. We set SOLAR 10.7B as our\nreference model when performing the data contamina-\ntion tests.\n\nResults on data contamination. To show the in-\ntegrity of SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, we also report\nthe data contamination test (Shi et al., 2023) results\nin Table. 9. All four tested benchmark datasets\nyield results well below the contamination thresh-\nold, affirming the absence of data contamination\nin our model. One interesting point is that the\nvalue for GSM8K is noticeably higher than for\nother datasets, even without contamination. One\npotential reason for this is the stronger data similar-\nity in math-related instruction datasets.", + "text": "tion occurs when the annotations of the specific\nbenchmark are exposed during model training.\nC Additional Information\nWe present additional information for the sake of\nspace in the main paper.\nFiltered task names. We present task names\nwe use to filter FLAN dervied datasets such as\nOpenOrca in Table 8.\nFiltered Task Name\n task228_arc_answer_generation_easy\n ai2_arcARCChallenge:1.0.0\n ai2_arcARCEasy:1.0.0\n task229_arc_answer_generation_hard\n hellaswag:1.1.0\n task1389_hellaswag_completion\n cot_gsm8k\n cot_gsm8k_ii\n drop:2.0.0\n winogrande:1.1.0\nTable 8: Task names that we use to filter data for FLAN\nderived datasets such as OpenOrca.\nARC HellaSwag MMLU TruthfulQA Winogrande GSM8K\n 0.06 N/A 0.15 0.28 N/A 0.70\nTable 9: Data contamination test results for SOLAR\n10.7B-Instruct. We show 'result < 0.1, %' values where\na value higher than 0.9 indicates high probability of data\ncontamination. HellaSwag and Winogrande datasets are\nnot currently supported. We set SOLAR 10.7B as our\nreference model when performing the data contamina-\ntion tests.\nResults on data contamination. To show the in-\ntegrity of SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, we also report\nthe data contamination test (Shi et al., 2023) results\nin Table. 9. All four tested benchmark datasets\nyield results well below the contamination thresh-\nold, affirming the absence of data contamination\nin our model. One interesting point is that the\nvalue for GSM8K is noticeably higher than for\nother datasets, even without contamination. One\npotential reason for this is the stronger data similar-\nity in math-related instruction datasets." + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

tion occurs when the annotations of the specific
benchmark are exposed during model training.

", + "markdown": "tion occurs when the annotations of the specific\nbenchmark are exposed during model training.", + "text": "tion occurs when the annotations of the specific\nbenchmark are exposed during model training." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1147, + "y": 0.0854 + }, + { + "x": 0.4885, + "y": 0.0854 + }, + { + "x": 0.4885, + "y": 0.1176 + }, + { + "x": 0.1147, + "y": 0.1176 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

C Additional Information

", + "markdown": "# C Additional Information", + "text": "C Additional Information" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1146, + "y": 0.1284 + }, + { + "x": 0.3577, + "y": 0.1284 + }, + { + "x": 0.3577, + "y": 0.1454 + }, + { + "x": 0.1146, + "y": 0.1454 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

We present additional information for the sake of
space in the main paper.

", + "markdown": "We present additional information for the sake of\nspace in the main paper.", + "text": "We present additional information for the sake of\nspace in the main paper." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1161, + "y": 0.1552 + }, + { + "x": 0.489, + "y": 0.1552 + }, + { + "x": 0.489, + "y": 0.1862 + }, + { + "x": 0.1161, + "y": 0.1862 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Filtered task names. We present task names
we use to filter FLAN dervied datasets such as
OpenOrca in Table 8.

", + "markdown": "Filtered task names. We present task names\nwe use to filter FLAN dervied datasets such as\nOpenOrca in Table 8.", + "text": "Filtered task names. We present task names\nwe use to filter FLAN dervied datasets such as\nOpenOrca in Table 8." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1151, + "y": 0.1961 + }, + { + "x": 0.4894, + "y": 0.1961 + }, + { + "x": 0.4894, + "y": 0.243 + }, + { + "x": 0.1151, + "y": 0.243 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
Filtered Task Name
task228_arc_answer_generation_easy
ai2_arcARCChallenge:1.0.0
ai2_arcARCEasy:1.0.0
task229_arc_answer_generation_hard
hellaswag:1.1.0
task1389_hellaswag_completion
cot_gsm8k
cot_gsm8k_ii
drop:2.0.0
winogrande:1.1.0
", + "markdown": "| Filtered Task Name |\n| --- |\n| task228_arc_answer_generation_easy |\n| ai2_arcARCChallenge:1.0.0 |\n| ai2_arcARCEasy:1.0.0 |\n| task229_arc_answer_generation_hard |\n| hellaswag:1.1.0 |\n| task1389_hellaswag_completion |\n| cot_gsm8k |\n| cot_gsm8k_ii |\n| drop:2.0.0 |\n| winogrande:1.1.0 |\n", + "text": "Filtered Task Name\n task228_arc_answer_generation_easy\n ai2_arcARCChallenge:1.0.0\n ai2_arcARCEasy:1.0.0\n task229_arc_answer_generation_hard\n hellaswag:1.1.0\n task1389_hellaswag_completion\n cot_gsm8k\n cot_gsm8k_ii\n drop:2.0.0\n winogrande:1.1.0" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1251, + "y": 0.2588 + }, + { + "x": 0.4073, + "y": 0.2588 + }, + { + "x": 0.4073, + "y": 0.437 + }, + { + "x": 0.1251, + "y": 0.437 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Table 8: Task names that we use to filter data for FLAN
derived datasets such as OpenOrca.

", + "markdown": "Table 8: Task names that we use to filter data for FLAN\nderived datasets such as OpenOrca.", + "text": "Table 8: Task names that we use to filter data for FLAN\nderived datasets such as OpenOrca." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1161, + "y": 0.4513 + }, + { + "x": 0.4881, + "y": 0.4513 + }, + { + "x": 0.4881, + "y": 0.4797 + }, + { + "x": 0.1161, + "y": 0.4797 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
0.06N/A0.150.28N/A0.70
", + "markdown": "| ARC | HellaSwag | MMLU | TruthfulQA | Winogrande | GSM8K |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 0.06 | N/A | 0.15 | 0.28 | N/A | 0.70 |\n", + "text": "ARC HellaSwag MMLU TruthfulQA Winogrande GSM8K\n 0.06 N/A 0.15 0.28 N/A 0.70" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1197, + "y": 0.5086 + }, + { + "x": 0.4851, + "y": 0.5086 + }, + { + "x": 0.4851, + "y": 0.5407 + }, + { + "x": 0.1197, + "y": 0.5407 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Table 9: Data contamination test results for SOLAR
10.7B-Instruct. We show 'result < 0.1, %' values where
a value higher than 0.9 indicates high probability of data
contamination. HellaSwag and Winogrande datasets are
not currently supported. We set SOLAR 10.7B as our
reference model when performing the data contamina-
tion tests.

", + "markdown": "Table 9: Data contamination test results for SOLAR\n10.7B-Instruct. We show 'result < 0.1, %' values where\na value higher than 0.9 indicates high probability of data\ncontamination. HellaSwag and Winogrande datasets are\nnot currently supported. We set SOLAR 10.7B as our\nreference model when performing the data contamina-\ntion tests.", + "text": "Table 9: Data contamination test results for SOLAR\n10.7B-Instruct. We show 'result < 0.1, %' values where\na value higher than 0.9 indicates high probability of data\ncontamination. HellaSwag and Winogrande datasets are\nnot currently supported. We set SOLAR 10.7B as our\nreference model when performing the data contamina-\ntion tests." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1163, + "y": 0.5515 + }, + { + "x": 0.4883, + "y": 0.5515 + }, + { + "x": 0.4883, + "y": 0.6504 + }, + { + "x": 0.1163, + "y": 0.6504 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Results on data contamination. To show the in-
tegrity of SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, we also report
the data contamination test (Shi et al., 2023) results
in Table. 9. All four tested benchmark datasets
yield results well below the contamination thresh-
old, affirming the absence of data contamination
in our model. One interesting point is that the
value for GSM8K is noticeably higher than for
other datasets, even without contamination. One
potential reason for this is the stronger data similar-
ity in math-related instruction datasets.

", + "markdown": "Results on data contamination. To show the in-\ntegrity of SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, we also report\nthe data contamination test (Shi et al., 2023) results\nin Table. 9. All four tested benchmark datasets\nyield results well below the contamination thresh-\nold, affirming the absence of data contamination\nin our model. One interesting point is that the\nvalue for GSM8K is noticeably higher than for\nother datasets, even without contamination. One\npotential reason for this is the stronger data similar-\nity in math-related instruction datasets.", + "text": "Results on data contamination. To show the in-\ntegrity of SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, we also report\nthe data contamination test (Shi et al., 2023) results\nin Table. 9. All four tested benchmark datasets\nyield results well below the contamination thresh-\nold, affirming the absence of data contamination\nin our model. One interesting point is that the\nvalue for GSM8K is noticeably higher than for\nother datasets, even without contamination. One\npotential reason for this is the stronger data similar-\nity in math-related instruction datasets." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1156, + "y": 0.6754 + }, + { + "x": 0.4906, + "y": 0.6754 + }, + { + "x": 0.4906, + "y": 0.8532 + }, + { + "x": 0.1156, + "y": 0.8532 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000147.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
Circle
\n
Co-funded by
the European Union
\n

3. RECOLLECTION OF NATIONAL INITIATIVES

\n\n
Source (doc, report, etc.)YearDescription of the initiativeCircular Economy issues addressed
Eco-Ecole Program https://www.ec o-ecole.org/le- programme/2005Eco-Ecole is the French version of Eco-Schools, an international program for education in sustainable development (ESD), developed by the Foundation for Environmental Education. The Teragir association launched the Eco-School program in 2005. The program aims to help students better understand the world around them in order to flourish and participate in it.Eco-Ecole offers instructions for teaching teams to effectively deploy sustainable development from kindergarten to high school.
Horsnormes https://horsnor mes.co/2020Horsnormes is a website which provide baskets of fruits and vegetables that are directly collected from farmers. It helps farmers to gain money while the consumers pay a faire price in exchange of the product, which foster the reduction of food waste.Waste reduction of fruits and vegetables.
Fondation Terre Solidaire (Solidarity Earth Foundation) https://fondatio n- terresolidaire.o rg/quest-ce- que-2016The Terre Solidaire Foundation was created in 2016 by CCFD-Terre Solidaire to act, particularly in France, in the face of the two major challenges of our time: the massive degradation of our environment (including biodiversity and climate), and the need to building a fairer and more ecologically responsible society. The association remains mobilized on itsSupport and encourage initiatives carried out by citizen mobilizations and actors of the social and solidarity economy in the design, implementation, dissemination and experimentation of
Partners were also asked to recollect initiatives from their respective countries that represented
the core values and practices of a Circular Economy or Social Entrepreneurship:
\n

This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author
and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

\n
Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126
", + "markdown": "Circle\n\nCo-funded by\nthe European Union\n\n# 3. RECOLLECTION OF NATIONAL INITIATIVES\n\nPartners were also asked to recollect initiatives from their respective countries that represented\nthe core values and practices of a Circular Economy or Social Entrepreneurship:\n\n| Source (doc, report, etc.) | Year | Description of the initiative | Circular Economy issues addressed |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Eco-Ecole Program https://www.ec o-ecole.org/le- programme/ | 2005 | Eco-Ecole is the French version of Eco-Schools, an international program for education in sustainable development (ESD), developed by the Foundation for Environmental Education. The Teragir association launched the Eco-School program in 2005. The program aims to help students better understand the world around them in order to flourish and participate in it. | Eco-Ecole offers instructions for teaching teams to effectively deploy sustainable development from kindergarten to high school. |\n| Horsnormes https://horsnor mes.co/ | 2020 | Horsnormes is a website which provide baskets of fruits and vegetables that are directly collected from farmers. It helps farmers to gain money while the consumers pay a faire price in exchange of the product, which foster the reduction of food waste. | Waste reduction of fruits and vegetables. |\n| Fondation Terre Solidaire (Solidarity Earth Foundation) https://fondatio n- terresolidaire.o rg/quest-ce- que- | 2016 | The Terre Solidaire Foundation was created in 2016 by CCFD-Terre Solidaire to act, particularly in France, in the face of the two major challenges of our time: the massive degradation of our environment (including biodiversity and climate), and the need to building a fairer and more ecologically responsible society. The association remains mobilized on its | Support and encourage initiatives carried out by citizen mobilizations and actors of the social and solidarity economy in the design, implementation, dissemination and experimentation of |\n\n\nThis project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.\n\nProject No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", + "text": "Circle\nCo-funded by\nthe European Union\n3. RECOLLECTION OF NATIONAL INITIATIVES\nPartners were also asked to recollect initiatives from their respective countries that represented\nthe core values and practices of a Circular Economy or Social Entrepreneurship:\nSource (doc, report, etc.) Year Description of the initiative Circular Economy issues addressed\n Eco-Ecole Program https://www.ec o-ecole.org/le- programme/ 2005 Eco-Ecole is the French version of Eco-Schools, an international program for education in sustainable development (ESD), developed by the Foundation for Environmental Education. The Teragir association launched the Eco-School program in 2005. The program aims to help students better understand the world around them in order to flourish and participate in it. Eco-Ecole offers instructions for teaching teams to effectively deploy sustainable development from kindergarten to high school.\n Horsnormes https://horsnor mes.co/ 2020 Horsnormes is a website which provide baskets of fruits and vegetables that are directly collected from farmers. It helps farmers to gain money while the consumers pay a faire price in exchange of the product, which foster the reduction of food waste. Waste reduction of fruits and vegetables.\n Fondation Terre Solidaire (Solidarity Earth Foundation) https://fondatio n- terresolidaire.o rg/quest-ce- que- 2016 The Terre Solidaire Foundation was created in 2016 by CCFD-Terre Solidaire to act, particularly in France, in the face of the two major challenges of our time: the massive degradation of our environment (including biodiversity and climate), and the need to building a fairer and more ecologically responsible society. The association remains mobilized on its Support and encourage initiatives carried out by citizen mobilizations and actors of the social and solidarity economy in the design, implementation, dissemination and experimentation of\nThis project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.\nProject No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Circle
", + "markdown": "Circle", + "text": "Circle" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.037, + "y": 0.0283 + }, + { + "x": 0.1309, + "y": 0.0283 + }, + { + "x": 0.1309, + "y": 0.0738 + }, + { + "x": 0.037, + "y": 0.0738 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Co-funded by
the European Union
", + "markdown": "Co-funded by\nthe European Union", + "text": "Co-funded by\nthe European Union" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7598, + "y": 0.0292 + }, + { + "x": 0.9161, + "y": 0.0292 + }, + { + "x": 0.9161, + "y": 0.0576 + }, + { + "x": 0.7598, + "y": 0.0576 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

3. RECOLLECTION OF NATIONAL INITIATIVES

", + "markdown": "# 3. RECOLLECTION OF NATIONAL INITIATIVES", + "text": "3. RECOLLECTION OF NATIONAL INITIATIVES" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1956, + "y": 0.1029 + }, + { + "x": 0.5839, + "y": 0.1029 + }, + { + "x": 0.5839, + "y": 0.1211 + }, + { + "x": 0.1956, + "y": 0.1211 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Partners were also asked to recollect initiatives from their respective countries that represented
the core values and practices of a Circular Economy or Social Entrepreneurship:

", + "markdown": "Partners were also asked to recollect initiatives from their respective countries that represented\nthe core values and practices of a Circular Economy or Social Entrepreneurship:", + "text": "Partners were also asked to recollect initiatives from their respective countries that represented\nthe core values and practices of a Circular Economy or Social Entrepreneurship:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.139, + "y": 0.1245 + }, + { + "x": 0.8696, + "y": 0.1245 + }, + { + "x": 0.8696, + "y": 0.1569 + }, + { + "x": 0.139, + "y": 0.1569 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
Source (doc, report, etc.)YearDescription of the initiativeCircular Economy issues addressed
Eco-Ecole Program https://www.ec o-ecole.org/le- programme/2005Eco-Ecole is the French version of Eco-Schools, an international program for education in sustainable development (ESD), developed by the Foundation for Environmental Education. The Teragir association launched the Eco-School program in 2005. The program aims to help students better understand the world around them in order to flourish and participate in it.Eco-Ecole offers instructions for teaching teams to effectively deploy sustainable development from kindergarten to high school.
Horsnormes https://horsnor mes.co/2020Horsnormes is a website which provide baskets of fruits and vegetables that are directly collected from farmers. It helps farmers to gain money while the consumers pay a faire price in exchange of the product, which foster the reduction of food waste.Waste reduction of fruits and vegetables.
Fondation Terre Solidaire (Solidarity Earth Foundation) https://fondatio n- terresolidaire.o rg/quest-ce- que-2016The Terre Solidaire Foundation was created in 2016 by CCFD-Terre Solidaire to act, particularly in France, in the face of the two major challenges of our time: the massive degradation of our environment (including biodiversity and climate), and the need to building a fairer and more ecologically responsible society. The association remains mobilized on itsSupport and encourage initiatives carried out by citizen mobilizations and actors of the social and solidarity economy in the design, implementation, dissemination and experimentation of
", + "markdown": "| Source (doc, report, etc.) | Year | Description of the initiative | Circular Economy issues addressed |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Eco-Ecole Program https://www.ec o-ecole.org/le- programme/ | 2005 | Eco-Ecole is the French version of Eco-Schools, an international program for education in sustainable development (ESD), developed by the Foundation for Environmental Education. The Teragir association launched the Eco-School program in 2005. The program aims to help students better understand the world around them in order to flourish and participate in it. | Eco-Ecole offers instructions for teaching teams to effectively deploy sustainable development from kindergarten to high school. |\n| Horsnormes https://horsnor mes.co/ | 2020 | Horsnormes is a website which provide baskets of fruits and vegetables that are directly collected from farmers. It helps farmers to gain money while the consumers pay a faire price in exchange of the product, which foster the reduction of food waste. | Waste reduction of fruits and vegetables. |\n| Fondation Terre Solidaire (Solidarity Earth Foundation) https://fondatio n- terresolidaire.o rg/quest-ce- que- | 2016 | The Terre Solidaire Foundation was created in 2016 by CCFD-Terre Solidaire to act, particularly in France, in the face of the two major challenges of our time: the massive degradation of our environment (including biodiversity and climate), and the need to building a fairer and more ecologically responsible society. The association remains mobilized on its | Support and encourage initiatives carried out by citizen mobilizations and actors of the social and solidarity economy in the design, implementation, dissemination and experimentation of |\n", + "text": "Source (doc, report, etc.) Year Description of the initiative Circular Economy issues addressed\n Eco-Ecole Program https://www.ec o-ecole.org/le- programme/ 2005 Eco-Ecole is the French version of Eco-Schools, an international program for education in sustainable development (ESD), developed by the Foundation for Environmental Education. The Teragir association launched the Eco-School program in 2005. The program aims to help students better understand the world around them in order to flourish and participate in it. Eco-Ecole offers instructions for teaching teams to effectively deploy sustainable development from kindergarten to high school.\n Horsnormes https://horsnor mes.co/ 2020 Horsnormes is a website which provide baskets of fruits and vegetables that are directly collected from farmers. It helps farmers to gain money while the consumers pay a faire price in exchange of the product, which foster the reduction of food waste. Waste reduction of fruits and vegetables.\n Fondation Terre Solidaire (Solidarity Earth Foundation) https://fondatio n- terresolidaire.o rg/quest-ce- que- 2016 The Terre Solidaire Foundation was created in 2016 by CCFD-Terre Solidaire to act, particularly in France, in the face of the two major challenges of our time: the massive degradation of our environment (including biodiversity and climate), and the need to building a fairer and more ecologically responsible society. The association remains mobilized on its Support and encourage initiatives carried out by citizen mobilizations and actors of the social and solidarity economy in the design, implementation, dissemination and experimentation of" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1328, + "y": 0.2496 + }, + { + "x": 0.8595, + "y": 0.2496 + }, + { + "x": 0.8595, + "y": 0.8836 + }, + { + "x": 0.1328, + "y": 0.8836 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author
and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

", + "markdown": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", + "text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1482, + "y": 0.9029 + }, + { + "x": 0.8635, + "y": 0.9029 + }, + { + "x": 0.8635, + "y": 0.9286 + }, + { + "x": 0.1482, + "y": 0.9286 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126
", + "markdown": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", + "text": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3657, + "y": 0.9381 + }, + { + "x": 0.6483, + "y": 0.9381 + }, + { + "x": 0.6483, + "y": 0.9496 + }, + { + "x": 0.3657, + "y": 0.9496 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000110.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

in the flow. There is also a transitional stage between laminar and turbulent flows, in which the
dye stream will wander about and show intermittent bursts of mixing, followed by a more laminar
behavior.

\n

The Reynolds number (Re), provides a useful way of characterizing the flow. It is defined as:

\n

$$R e\\equiv{\\frac{v d}{v}}\\qquad(1)$$

\n

where (レ) is the kinematic viscosity of the water (Figure 7.2), V is the mean flow velocity and d is the
diameter of the pipe.

\n

The Reynolds number is a dimensionless parameter that is the ratio of the inertial (destabilizing) force
to the viscosity (stabilizing) force. As Re increases, the inertial force becomes relatively larger, and the
flow destabilizes and becomes fully turbulent.

\n

The Reynolds experiment determines the critical Reynolds number for pipe flow at which laminar
flow (Re<2000) becomes transitional (2000(Re>4000). The advantage of using a critical Reynolds number, instead of critical velocity, is that the
results of the experiments are applicable to all Newtonian fluid flows in pipes with a circular cross-
section.

\n
Temperature (degree C)Kinematic viscosity V (m2/s)Temperature (degree C)Kinematic viscosity V (m2/s)
01.793E-06258.930E-07
11.732E-06268.760E-07
21.674E-06278.540E-07
31.619E-06288.360E-07
41.522E-06298.180E-07
51.520E-06308.020E-07
61.474E-06317.850E-07
71.429E-06327.690E-07
81.386E-06337.530E-07
91.346E-06347.380E-07
101.307E-06357.240E-07
111.270E-06367.110E-07
121.235E-06376.970E-07
131.201E-06386.840E-07
141.169E-06396.710E-07
151.138E-06406.580E-07
161.108E-06456.020E-07
171.080E-06505.540E-07
181.053E-06555.110E-07
191.027E-06604.760E-07
201.002E-06654.430E-07
219.780E-07704.130E-07
229.550E-07753.860E-07
239.330E-07803.630E-07
249.110E-07853.420E-07
\nFigure 7.2: Kinematic Viscosity of Water at Atmospheric Pressure.\n
EXPERIMENT #7: OSBORNE REYNOLDS' DEMONSTRATION 61
", + "markdown": "in the flow. There is also a transitional stage between laminar and turbulent flows, in which the\ndye stream will wander about and show intermittent bursts of mixing, followed by a more laminar\nbehavior.\n\nThe Reynolds number (Re), provides a useful way of characterizing the flow. It is defined as:\n\n$$R e\\equiv{\\frac{v d}{v}}\\qquad(1)$$\n\nwhere (レ) is the kinematic viscosity of the water (Figure 7.2), V is the mean flow velocity and d is the\ndiameter of the pipe.\n\nThe Reynolds number is a dimensionless parameter that is the ratio of the inertial (destabilizing) force\nto the viscosity (stabilizing) force. As Re increases, the inertial force becomes relatively larger, and the\nflow destabilizes and becomes fully turbulent.\n\nThe Reynolds experiment determines the critical Reynolds number for pipe flow at which laminar\nflow (Re<2000) becomes transitional (20004000). The advantage of using a critical Reynolds number, instead of critical velocity, is that the\nresults of the experiments are applicable to all Newtonian fluid flows in pipes with a circular cross-\nsection.\n\n| Temperature (degree C) | Kinematic viscosity V (m2/s) | Temperature (degree C) | Kinematic viscosity V (m2/s) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 0 | 1.793E-06 | 25 | 8.930E-07 |\n| 1 | 1.732E-06 | 26 | 8.760E-07 |\n| 2 | 1.674E-06 | 27 | 8.540E-07 |\n| 3 | 1.619E-06 | 28 | 8.360E-07 |\n| 4 | 1.522E-06 | 29 | 8.180E-07 |\n| 5 | 1.520E-06 | 30 | 8.020E-07 |\n| 6 | 1.474E-06 | 31 | 7.850E-07 |\n| 7 | 1.429E-06 | 32 | 7.690E-07 |\n| 8 | 1.386E-06 | 33 | 7.530E-07 |\n| 9 | 1.346E-06 | 34 | 7.380E-07 |\n| 10 | 1.307E-06 | 35 | 7.240E-07 |\n| 11 | 1.270E-06 | 36 | 7.110E-07 |\n| 12 | 1.235E-06 | 37 | 6.970E-07 |\n| 13 | 1.201E-06 | 38 | 6.840E-07 |\n| 14 | 1.169E-06 | 39 | 6.710E-07 |\n| 15 | 1.138E-06 | 40 | 6.580E-07 |\n| 16 | 1.108E-06 | 45 | 6.020E-07 |\n| 17 | 1.080E-06 | 50 | 5.540E-07 |\n| 18 | 1.053E-06 | 55 | 5.110E-07 |\n| 19 | 1.027E-06 | 60 | 4.760E-07 |\n| 20 | 1.002E-06 | 65 | 4.430E-07 |\n| 21 | 9.780E-07 | 70 | 4.130E-07 |\n| 22 | 9.550E-07 | 75 | 3.860E-07 |\n| 23 | 9.330E-07 | 80 | 3.630E-07 |\n| 24 | 9.110E-07 | 85 | 3.420E-07 |\n\n\nFigure 7.2: Kinematic Viscosity of Water at Atmospheric Pressure.\n\nEXPERIMENT #7: OSBORNE REYNOLDS' DEMONSTRATION 61", + "text": "in the flow. There is also a transitional stage between laminar and turbulent flows, in which the\ndye stream will wander about and show intermittent bursts of mixing, followed by a more laminar\nbehavior.\nThe Reynolds number (Re), provides a useful way of characterizing the flow. It is defined as:\nvd (1) \nRe = \nレ\nwhere (レ) is the kinematic viscosity of the water (Figure 7.2), V is the mean flow velocity and d is the\ndiameter of the pipe.\nThe Reynolds number is a dimensionless parameter that is the ratio of the inertial (destabilizing) force\nto the viscosity (stabilizing) force. As Re increases, the inertial force becomes relatively larger, and the\nflow destabilizes and becomes fully turbulent.\nThe Reynolds experiment determines the critical Reynolds number for pipe flow at which laminar\nflow (Re<2000) becomes transitional (20004000). The advantage of using a critical Reynolds number, instead of critical velocity, is that the\nresults of the experiments are applicable to all Newtonian fluid flows in pipes with a circular cross-\nsection.\nTemperature (degree C) Kinematic viscosity V (m2/s) Temperature (degree C) Kinematic viscosity V (m2/s)\n 0 1.793E-06 25 8.930E-07\n 1 1.732E-06 26 8.760E-07\n 2 1.674E-06 27 8.540E-07\n 3 1.619E-06 28 8.360E-07\n 4 1.522E-06 29 8.180E-07\n 5 1.520E-06 30 8.020E-07\n 6 1.474E-06 31 7.850E-07\n 7 1.429E-06 32 7.690E-07\n 8 1.386E-06 33 7.530E-07\n 9 1.346E-06 34 7.380E-07\n 10 1.307E-06 35 7.240E-07\n 11 1.270E-06 36 7.110E-07\n 12 1.235E-06 37 6.970E-07\n 13 1.201E-06 38 6.840E-07\n 14 1.169E-06 39 6.710E-07\n 15 1.138E-06 40 6.580E-07\n 16 1.108E-06 45 6.020E-07\n 17 1.080E-06 50 5.540E-07\n 18 1.053E-06 55 5.110E-07\n 19 1.027E-06 60 4.760E-07\n 20 1.002E-06 65 4.430E-07\n 21 9.780E-07 70 4.130E-07\n 22 9.550E-07 75 3.860E-07\n 23 9.330E-07 80 3.630E-07\n 24 9.110E-07 85 3.420E-07\nFigure 7.2: Kinematic Viscosity of Water at Atmospheric Pressure.\nEXPERIMENT #7: OSBORNE REYNOLDS' DEMONSTRATION 61" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

in the flow. There is also a transitional stage between laminar and turbulent flows, in which the
dye stream will wander about and show intermittent bursts of mixing, followed by a more laminar
behavior.

", + "markdown": "in the flow. There is also a transitional stage between laminar and turbulent flows, in which the\ndye stream will wander about and show intermittent bursts of mixing, followed by a more laminar\nbehavior.", + "text": "in the flow. There is also a transitional stage between laminar and turbulent flows, in which the\ndye stream will wander about and show intermittent bursts of mixing, followed by a more laminar\nbehavior." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0871, + "y": 0.0696 + }, + { + "x": 0.9114, + "y": 0.0696 + }, + { + "x": 0.9114, + "y": 0.1272 + }, + { + "x": 0.0871, + "y": 0.1272 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The Reynolds number (Re), provides a useful way of characterizing the flow. It is defined as:

", + "markdown": "The Reynolds number (Re), provides a useful way of characterizing the flow. It is defined as:", + "text": "The Reynolds number (Re), provides a useful way of characterizing the flow. It is defined as:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0886, + "y": 0.1413 + }, + { + "x": 0.8382, + "y": 0.1413 + }, + { + "x": 0.8382, + "y": 0.1628 + }, + { + "x": 0.0886, + "y": 0.1628 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$R e\\equiv{\\frac{v d}{v}}\\qquad(1)$$

", + "markdown": "$$R e\\equiv{\\frac{v d}{v}}\\qquad(1)$$", + "text": "vd (1) \nRe = \nレ" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0885, + "y": 0.174 + }, + { + "x": 0.2451, + "y": 0.174 + }, + { + "x": 0.2451, + "y": 0.2004 + }, + { + "x": 0.0885, + "y": 0.2004 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

where (レ) is the kinematic viscosity of the water (Figure 7.2), V is the mean flow velocity and d is the
diameter of the pipe.

", + "markdown": "where (レ) is the kinematic viscosity of the water (Figure 7.2), V is the mean flow velocity and d is the\ndiameter of the pipe.", + "text": "where (レ) is the kinematic viscosity of the water (Figure 7.2), V is the mean flow velocity and d is the\ndiameter of the pipe." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0892, + "y": 0.2113 + }, + { + "x": 0.9112, + "y": 0.2113 + }, + { + "x": 0.9112, + "y": 0.2505 + }, + { + "x": 0.0892, + "y": 0.2505 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The Reynolds number is a dimensionless parameter that is the ratio of the inertial (destabilizing) force
to the viscosity (stabilizing) force. As Re increases, the inertial force becomes relatively larger, and the
flow destabilizes and becomes fully turbulent.

", + "markdown": "The Reynolds number is a dimensionless parameter that is the ratio of the inertial (destabilizing) force\nto the viscosity (stabilizing) force. As Re increases, the inertial force becomes relatively larger, and the\nflow destabilizes and becomes fully turbulent.", + "text": "The Reynolds number is a dimensionless parameter that is the ratio of the inertial (destabilizing) force\nto the viscosity (stabilizing) force. As Re increases, the inertial force becomes relatively larger, and the\nflow destabilizes and becomes fully turbulent." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0879, + "y": 0.2639 + }, + { + "x": 0.912, + "y": 0.2639 + }, + { + "x": 0.912, + "y": 0.3221 + }, + { + "x": 0.0879, + "y": 0.3221 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The Reynolds experiment determines the critical Reynolds number for pipe flow at which laminar
flow (Re<2000) becomes transitional (2000(Re>4000). The advantage of using a critical Reynolds number, instead of critical velocity, is that the
results of the experiments are applicable to all Newtonian fluid flows in pipes with a circular cross-
section.

", + "markdown": "The Reynolds experiment determines the critical Reynolds number for pipe flow at which laminar\nflow (Re<2000) becomes transitional (20004000). The advantage of using a critical Reynolds number, instead of critical velocity, is that the\nresults of the experiments are applicable to all Newtonian fluid flows in pipes with a circular cross-\nsection.", + "text": "The Reynolds experiment determines the critical Reynolds number for pipe flow at which laminar\nflow (Re<2000) becomes transitional (20004000). The advantage of using a critical Reynolds number, instead of critical velocity, is that the\nresults of the experiments are applicable to all Newtonian fluid flows in pipes with a circular cross-\nsection." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0886, + "y": 0.3361 + }, + { + "x": 0.9111, + "y": 0.3361 + }, + { + "x": 0.9111, + "y": 0.433 + }, + { + "x": 0.0886, + "y": 0.433 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
Temperature (degree C)Kinematic viscosity V (m2/s)Temperature (degree C)Kinematic viscosity V (m2/s)
01.793E-06258.930E-07
11.732E-06268.760E-07
21.674E-06278.540E-07
31.619E-06288.360E-07
41.522E-06298.180E-07
51.520E-06308.020E-07
61.474E-06317.850E-07
71.429E-06327.690E-07
81.386E-06337.530E-07
91.346E-06347.380E-07
101.307E-06357.240E-07
111.270E-06367.110E-07
121.235E-06376.970E-07
131.201E-06386.840E-07
141.169E-06396.710E-07
151.138E-06406.580E-07
161.108E-06456.020E-07
171.080E-06505.540E-07
181.053E-06555.110E-07
191.027E-06604.760E-07
201.002E-06654.430E-07
219.780E-07704.130E-07
229.550E-07753.860E-07
239.330E-07803.630E-07
249.110E-07853.420E-07
", + "markdown": "| Temperature (degree C) | Kinematic viscosity V (m2/s) | Temperature (degree C) | Kinematic viscosity V (m2/s) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 0 | 1.793E-06 | 25 | 8.930E-07 |\n| 1 | 1.732E-06 | 26 | 8.760E-07 |\n| 2 | 1.674E-06 | 27 | 8.540E-07 |\n| 3 | 1.619E-06 | 28 | 8.360E-07 |\n| 4 | 1.522E-06 | 29 | 8.180E-07 |\n| 5 | 1.520E-06 | 30 | 8.020E-07 |\n| 6 | 1.474E-06 | 31 | 7.850E-07 |\n| 7 | 1.429E-06 | 32 | 7.690E-07 |\n| 8 | 1.386E-06 | 33 | 7.530E-07 |\n| 9 | 1.346E-06 | 34 | 7.380E-07 |\n| 10 | 1.307E-06 | 35 | 7.240E-07 |\n| 11 | 1.270E-06 | 36 | 7.110E-07 |\n| 12 | 1.235E-06 | 37 | 6.970E-07 |\n| 13 | 1.201E-06 | 38 | 6.840E-07 |\n| 14 | 1.169E-06 | 39 | 6.710E-07 |\n| 15 | 1.138E-06 | 40 | 6.580E-07 |\n| 16 | 1.108E-06 | 45 | 6.020E-07 |\n| 17 | 1.080E-06 | 50 | 5.540E-07 |\n| 18 | 1.053E-06 | 55 | 5.110E-07 |\n| 19 | 1.027E-06 | 60 | 4.760E-07 |\n| 20 | 1.002E-06 | 65 | 4.430E-07 |\n| 21 | 9.780E-07 | 70 | 4.130E-07 |\n| 22 | 9.550E-07 | 75 | 3.860E-07 |\n| 23 | 9.330E-07 | 80 | 3.630E-07 |\n| 24 | 9.110E-07 | 85 | 3.420E-07 |\n", + "text": "Temperature (degree C) Kinematic viscosity V (m2/s) Temperature (degree C) Kinematic viscosity V (m2/s)\n 0 1.793E-06 25 8.930E-07\n 1 1.732E-06 26 8.760E-07\n 2 1.674E-06 27 8.540E-07\n 3 1.619E-06 28 8.360E-07\n 4 1.522E-06 29 8.180E-07\n 5 1.520E-06 30 8.020E-07\n 6 1.474E-06 31 7.850E-07\n 7 1.429E-06 32 7.690E-07\n 8 1.386E-06 33 7.530E-07\n 9 1.346E-06 34 7.380E-07\n 10 1.307E-06 35 7.240E-07\n 11 1.270E-06 36 7.110E-07\n 12 1.235E-06 37 6.970E-07\n 13 1.201E-06 38 6.840E-07\n 14 1.169E-06 39 6.710E-07\n 15 1.138E-06 40 6.580E-07\n 16 1.108E-06 45 6.020E-07\n 17 1.080E-06 50 5.540E-07\n 18 1.053E-06 55 5.110E-07\n 19 1.027E-06 60 4.760E-07\n 20 1.002E-06 65 4.430E-07\n 21 9.780E-07 70 4.130E-07\n 22 9.550E-07 75 3.860E-07\n 23 9.330E-07 80 3.630E-07\n 24 9.110E-07 85 3.420E-07" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.093, + "y": 0.4419 + }, + { + "x": 0.9067, + "y": 0.4419 + }, + { + "x": 0.9067, + "y": 0.7965 + }, + { + "x": 0.093, + "y": 0.7965 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "Figure 7.2: Kinematic Viscosity of Water at Atmospheric Pressure.", + "markdown": "Figure 7.2: Kinematic Viscosity of Water at Atmospheric Pressure.", + "text": "Figure 7.2: Kinematic Viscosity of Water at Atmospheric Pressure." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.089, + "y": 0.8068 + }, + { + "x": 0.477, + "y": 0.8068 + }, + { + "x": 0.477, + "y": 0.8222 + }, + { + "x": 0.089, + "y": 0.8222 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
EXPERIMENT #7: OSBORNE REYNOLDS' DEMONSTRATION 61
", + "markdown": "EXPERIMENT #7: OSBORNE REYNOLDS' DEMONSTRATION 61", + "text": "EXPERIMENT #7: OSBORNE REYNOLDS' DEMONSTRATION 61" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5299, + "y": 0.9398 + }, + { + "x": 0.9097, + "y": 0.9398 + }, + { + "x": 0.9097, + "y": 0.9531 + }, + { + "x": 0.5299, + "y": 0.9531 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000034.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
xvu
\n
Prologue
\n

So let's get rid of the expression derivative d/dt and replace it
with an appropriate functional derivative. If f is a function then
we will write Df as the new function that is the derivative of f:5

\n

$$({\\cal D}f)(t)=\\left.{\\frac{d}{d x}}f(x)\\right|_{x=t}.$$

\n

To do this for the Lagrange equation we need to construct a
function to take the derivative of.

\n

Given a configuration-space path w, there is a standard way
to make the state-space path. We can abstract this method as a
mathematical function T:

\n

$$\\begin{array}{l l}{{\\Gamma[w](t)=(t,w(t),{\\frac{d}{d t}}w(t)).}}\\\\ {{\\mathrm{Using~T~we~can~write{:}}}}\\\\ {{\\mathrm{U}_{t}((\\partial_{2}L)(\\Gamma[w](t)))-(\\partial_{1}L)(\\Gamma[w](t))=0.}}\\end{array}$$

\n

If we now define composition of functions (f 。 g)(x) = f(g(x)),
we can express the Lagrange equations entirely in terms of func-
tions:

\n

$$D\\bigl(\\bigl(\\partial_{2}L\\bigr)\\circ\\bigl(\\Gamma[u]\\bigr)\\bigr)-\\bigl(\\partial_{1}L\\bigr)\\circ\\bigl(\\Gamma[u]\\bigr)=0.$$

\n

The functions d1L and O2L are partial derivatives of the func-
tion L. Composition with F[w] evaluates these partials with coor-
dinates and velocites appropriate for the path w, making functions
of time. Applying D takes the time derivative. The Lagrange
equation states that the difference of the resulting functions of
time must be zero. This statement of the Lagrange equation is
complete, unambiguous, and functional. It is not encumbered
with the particular choices made in expressing the Lagrangian.
For example, it doesn't matter if the time is named t or T, and it
has an explicit place for the path to be tested.

\n

This expression is equivalent to a computer program:6

\n

5An explanation of functional derivatives is in Appendix B, page 202.

\n

6The programs in this book are written in Scheme, a dialect of Lisp. The
details of the language are not germane to the points being made. What is
important is that it is mechanically interpretable, and thus unambiguous. In
this book we require that the mathematical expressions be explicit enough

", + "markdown": "xvu\n\nPrologue\n\nSo let's get rid of the expression derivative d/dt and replace it\nwith an appropriate functional derivative. If f is a function then\nwe will write Df as the new function that is the derivative of f:5\n\n$$({\\cal D}f)(t)=\\left.{\\frac{d}{d x}}f(x)\\right|_{x=t}.$$\n\nTo do this for the Lagrange equation we need to construct a\nfunction to take the derivative of.\n\nGiven a configuration-space path w, there is a standard way\nto make the state-space path. We can abstract this method as a\nmathematical function T:\n\n$$\\begin{array}{l l}{{\\Gamma[w](t)=(t,w(t),{\\frac{d}{d t}}w(t)).}}\\\\ {{\\mathrm{Using~T~we~can~write{:}}}}\\\\ {{\\mathrm{U}_{t}((\\partial_{2}L)(\\Gamma[w](t)))-(\\partial_{1}L)(\\Gamma[w](t))=0.}}\\end{array}$$\n\nIf we now define composition of functions (f 。 g)(x) = f(g(x)),\nwe can express the Lagrange equations entirely in terms of func-\ntions:\n\n$$D\\bigl(\\bigl(\\partial_{2}L\\bigr)\\circ\\bigl(\\Gamma[u]\\bigr)\\bigr)-\\bigl(\\partial_{1}L\\bigr)\\circ\\bigl(\\Gamma[u]\\bigr)=0.$$\n\nThe functions d1L and O2L are partial derivatives of the func-\ntion L. Composition with F[w] evaluates these partials with coor-\ndinates and velocites appropriate for the path w, making functions\nof time. Applying D takes the time derivative. The Lagrange\nequation states that the difference of the resulting functions of\ntime must be zero. This statement of the Lagrange equation is\ncomplete, unambiguous, and functional. It is not encumbered\nwith the particular choices made in expressing the Lagrangian.\nFor example, it doesn't matter if the time is named t or T, and it\nhas an explicit place for the path to be tested.\n\nThis expression is equivalent to a computer program:6\n\n5An explanation of functional derivatives is in Appendix B, page 202.\n\n6The programs in this book are written in Scheme, a dialect of Lisp. The\ndetails of the language are not germane to the points being made. What is\nimportant is that it is mechanically interpretable, and thus unambiguous. In\nthis book we require that the mathematical expressions be explicit enough", + "text": "xvu\nPrologue\nSo let's get rid of the expression derivative d/dt and replace it\nwith an appropriate functional derivative. If f is a function then\nwe will write Df as the new function that is the derivative of f:5\nd \n(Df)(t) = dx f(x) \nx=t\nTo do this for the Lagrange equation we need to construct a\nfunction to take the derivative of.\nGiven a configuration-space path w, there is a standard way\nto make the state-space path. We can abstract this method as a\nmathematical function T:\nd \n�[w](t) = (t, w(t), w (t)). \ndt \nUsing T we can write: \nd \n((d2L)(�[w](t))) - (d1L)(�[w](t)) = 0. \ndt\nIf we now define composition of functions (f 。 g)(x) = f(g(x)),\nwe can express the Lagrange equations entirely in terms of func-\ntions:\nD((d2L) 。 (T[w])) - (d1L) ○ (�[w]) = 0.\nThe functions d1L and O2L are partial derivatives of the func-\ntion L. Composition with F[w] evaluates these partials with coor-\ndinates and velocites appropriate for the path w, making functions\nof time. Applying D takes the time derivative. The Lagrange\nequation states that the difference of the resulting functions of\ntime must be zero. This statement of the Lagrange equation is\ncomplete, unambiguous, and functional. It is not encumbered\nwith the particular choices made in expressing the Lagrangian.\nFor example, it doesn't matter if the time is named t or T, and it\nhas an explicit place for the path to be tested.\nThis expression is equivalent to a computer program:6\n5An explanation of functional derivatives is in Appendix B, page 202.\n6The programs in this book are written in Scheme, a dialect of Lisp. The\ndetails of the language are not germane to the points being made. What is\nimportant is that it is mechanically interpretable, and thus unambiguous. In\nthis book we require that the mathematical expressions be explicit enough" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
xvu
", + "markdown": "xvu", + "text": "xvu" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2318, + "y": 0.1045 + }, + { + "x": 0.2692, + "y": 0.1045 + }, + { + "x": 0.2692, + "y": 0.1172 + }, + { + "x": 0.2318, + "y": 0.1172 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Prologue
", + "markdown": "Prologue", + "text": "Prologue" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6805, + "y": 0.1022 + }, + { + "x": 0.7466, + "y": 0.1022 + }, + { + "x": 0.7466, + "y": 0.1194 + }, + { + "x": 0.6805, + "y": 0.1194 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

So let's get rid of the expression derivative d/dt and replace it
with an appropriate functional derivative. If f is a function then
we will write Df as the new function that is the derivative of f:5

", + "markdown": "So let's get rid of the expression derivative d/dt and replace it\nwith an appropriate functional derivative. If f is a function then\nwe will write Df as the new function that is the derivative of f:5", + "text": "So let's get rid of the expression derivative d/dt and replace it\nwith an appropriate functional derivative. If f is a function then\nwe will write Df as the new function that is the derivative of f:5" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2327, + "y": 0.1326 + }, + { + "x": 0.7485, + "y": 0.1326 + }, + { + "x": 0.7485, + "y": 0.1827 + }, + { + "x": 0.2327, + "y": 0.1827 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$({\\cal D}f)(t)=\\left.{\\frac{d}{d x}}f(x)\\right|_{x=t}.$$

", + "markdown": "$$({\\cal D}f)(t)=\\left.{\\frac{d}{d x}}f(x)\\right|_{x=t}.$$", + "text": "d \n(Df)(t) = dx f(x) \nx=t" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2304, + "y": 0.1904 + }, + { + "x": 0.4186, + "y": 0.1904 + }, + { + "x": 0.4186, + "y": 0.2313 + }, + { + "x": 0.2304, + "y": 0.2313 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

To do this for the Lagrange equation we need to construct a
function to take the derivative of.

", + "markdown": "To do this for the Lagrange equation we need to construct a\nfunction to take the derivative of.", + "text": "To do this for the Lagrange equation we need to construct a\nfunction to take the derivative of." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2303, + "y": 0.2382 + }, + { + "x": 0.7466, + "y": 0.2382 + }, + { + "x": 0.7466, + "y": 0.2708 + }, + { + "x": 0.2303, + "y": 0.2708 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Given a configuration-space path w, there is a standard way
to make the state-space path. We can abstract this method as a
mathematical function T:

", + "markdown": "Given a configuration-space path w, there is a standard way\nto make the state-space path. We can abstract this method as a\nmathematical function T:", + "text": "Given a configuration-space path w, there is a standard way\nto make the state-space path. We can abstract this method as a\nmathematical function T:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2319, + "y": 0.2711 + }, + { + "x": 0.7477, + "y": 0.2711 + }, + { + "x": 0.7477, + "y": 0.3194 + }, + { + "x": 0.2319, + "y": 0.3194 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$\\begin{array}{l l}{{\\Gamma[w](t)=(t,w(t),{\\frac{d}{d t}}w(t)).}}\\\\ {{\\mathrm{Using~T~we~can~write{:}}}}\\\\ {{\\mathrm{U}_{t}((\\partial_{2}L)(\\Gamma[w](t)))-(\\partial_{1}L)(\\Gamma[w](t))=0.}}\\end{array}$$

", + "markdown": "$$\\begin{array}{l l}{{\\Gamma[w](t)=(t,w(t),{\\frac{d}{d t}}w(t)).}}\\\\ {{\\mathrm{Using~T~we~can~write{:}}}}\\\\ {{\\mathrm{U}_{t}((\\partial_{2}L)(\\Gamma[w](t)))-(\\partial_{1}L)(\\Gamma[w](t))=0.}}\\end{array}$$", + "text": "d \n�[w](t) = (t, w(t), w (t)). \ndt \nUsing T we can write: \nd \n((d2L)(�[w](t))) - (d1L)(�[w](t)) = 0. \ndt" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.231, + "y": 0.3291 + }, + { + "x": 0.5574, + "y": 0.3291 + }, + { + "x": 0.5574, + "y": 0.4277 + }, + { + "x": 0.231, + "y": 0.4277 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

If we now define composition of functions (f 。 g)(x) = f(g(x)),
we can express the Lagrange equations entirely in terms of func-
tions:

", + "markdown": "If we now define composition of functions (f 。 g)(x) = f(g(x)),\nwe can express the Lagrange equations entirely in terms of func-\ntions:", + "text": "If we now define composition of functions (f 。 g)(x) = f(g(x)),\nwe can express the Lagrange equations entirely in terms of func-\ntions:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2315, + "y": 0.4368 + }, + { + "x": 0.7473, + "y": 0.4368 + }, + { + "x": 0.7473, + "y": 0.4865 + }, + { + "x": 0.2315, + "y": 0.4865 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$D\\bigl(\\bigl(\\partial_{2}L\\bigr)\\circ\\bigl(\\Gamma[u]\\bigr)\\bigr)-\\bigl(\\partial_{1}L\\bigr)\\circ\\bigl(\\Gamma[u]\\bigr)=0.$$

", + "markdown": "$$D\\bigl(\\bigl(\\partial_{2}L\\bigr)\\circ\\bigl(\\Gamma[u]\\bigr)\\bigr)-\\bigl(\\partial_{1}L\\bigr)\\circ\\bigl(\\Gamma[u]\\bigr)=0.$$", + "text": "D((d2L) 。 (T[w])) - (d1L) ○ (�[w]) = 0." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2318, + "y": 0.498 + }, + { + "x": 0.5406, + "y": 0.498 + }, + { + "x": 0.5406, + "y": 0.5183 + }, + { + "x": 0.2318, + "y": 0.5183 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The functions d1L and O2L are partial derivatives of the func-
tion L. Composition with F[w] evaluates these partials with coor-
dinates and velocites appropriate for the path w, making functions
of time. Applying D takes the time derivative. The Lagrange
equation states that the difference of the resulting functions of
time must be zero. This statement of the Lagrange equation is
complete, unambiguous, and functional. It is not encumbered
with the particular choices made in expressing the Lagrangian.
For example, it doesn't matter if the time is named t or T, and it
has an explicit place for the path to be tested.

", + "markdown": "The functions d1L and O2L are partial derivatives of the func-\ntion L. Composition with F[w] evaluates these partials with coor-\ndinates and velocites appropriate for the path w, making functions\nof time. Applying D takes the time derivative. The Lagrange\nequation states that the difference of the resulting functions of\ntime must be zero. This statement of the Lagrange equation is\ncomplete, unambiguous, and functional. It is not encumbered\nwith the particular choices made in expressing the Lagrangian.\nFor example, it doesn't matter if the time is named t or T, and it\nhas an explicit place for the path to be tested.", + "text": "The functions d1L and O2L are partial derivatives of the func-\ntion L. Composition with F[w] evaluates these partials with coor-\ndinates and velocites appropriate for the path w, making functions\nof time. Applying D takes the time derivative. The Lagrange\nequation states that the difference of the resulting functions of\ntime must be zero. This statement of the Lagrange equation is\ncomplete, unambiguous, and functional. It is not encumbered\nwith the particular choices made in expressing the Lagrangian.\nFor example, it doesn't matter if the time is named t or T, and it\nhas an explicit place for the path to be tested." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2309, + "y": 0.5286 + }, + { + "x": 0.7476, + "y": 0.5286 + }, + { + "x": 0.7476, + "y": 0.6952 + }, + { + "x": 0.2309, + "y": 0.6952 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

This expression is equivalent to a computer program:6

", + "markdown": "This expression is equivalent to a computer program:6", + "text": "This expression is equivalent to a computer program:6" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2528, + "y": 0.6935 + }, + { + "x": 0.6819, + "y": 0.6935 + }, + { + "x": 0.6819, + "y": 0.7097 + }, + { + "x": 0.2528, + "y": 0.7097 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

5An explanation of functional derivatives is in Appendix B, page 202.

", + "markdown": "5An explanation of functional derivatives is in Appendix B, page 202.", + "text": "5An explanation of functional derivatives is in Appendix B, page 202." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2327, + "y": 0.7292 + }, + { + "x": 0.6986, + "y": 0.7292 + }, + { + "x": 0.6986, + "y": 0.7452 + }, + { + "x": 0.2327, + "y": 0.7452 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

6The programs in this book are written in Scheme, a dialect of Lisp. The
details of the language are not germane to the points being made. What is
important is that it is mechanically interpretable, and thus unambiguous. In
this book we require that the mathematical expressions be explicit enough

", + "markdown": "6The programs in this book are written in Scheme, a dialect of Lisp. The\ndetails of the language are not germane to the points being made. What is\nimportant is that it is mechanically interpretable, and thus unambiguous. In\nthis book we require that the mathematical expressions be explicit enough", + "text": "6The programs in this book are written in Scheme, a dialect of Lisp. The\ndetails of the language are not germane to the points being made. What is\nimportant is that it is mechanically interpretable, and thus unambiguous. In\nthis book we require that the mathematical expressions be explicit enough" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2317, + "y": 0.7514 + }, + { + "x": 0.7491, + "y": 0.7514 + }, + { + "x": 0.7491, + "y": 0.8039 + }, + { + "x": 0.2317, + "y": 0.8039 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000142.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
2
\n
Numerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations
\n

also plays an important role in error analysis (investigating the difference between the numerical
approximation and the solution).

\n

Calculating with only a finite subset of the rational numbers has many consequences. For exam-
ple: a computer cannot distinguish between two polynomials of sufficiently high degree. Conse-
quently, methods based on the main theorem of algebra (i.e. that an nth degree polynomial has
exactly n complex zeros) cannot be trusted. Errors that follow from the use of finitely many digits
are called rounding errors (Section 1.4).

\n

An important aspect of numerical mathematics is the emphasis on efficiency. Contrary to or-
dinary mathematics, numerical mathematics considers an increase in efficiency, i.e. a decrease
of the number of operations and / or amount of storage required, as an essential improvement.
Progress in this aspect is of great practical importance and the end of this development has not
been reached yet. Here, the creative mind will meet many challenges. On top of that, revolutions
in computer architecture will overturn much conventional wisdom.

\n

1.3 Why numerical mathematics?

\n

A big advantage of numerical mathematics is that it can provide answers to problems that do not
admit closed-form solutions. Consider for example the integral

\n
\"元\n/
\n

This is an expression for the arc length of one arc of the curve y(x) = sin x, which does not have
a solution in closed form. A numerical method, however, can approximate this integral in a very
simple way (Chapter 5). An additional advantage is that a numerical method only uses stan-
dard function evaluations and the operations addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Because these are exactly the operations a computer can perform, numerical mathematics and
computers form a perfect combination.

\n

An advantage of analytical methods is that the solution is given by a mathematical formula.
From this, insight in the behavior and the properties of the solution can be gained. For numerical
approximations, however, this is not the case. In that case, visualization tools may be used to gain
insight in the behavior of the solution. Using a numerical method to draw a graph of a function
is usually a more useful tool than evaluating the solution at a large number of points.

\n

1.4 Rounding errors

\n

A computer uses a finite representation of the all numbers in R. These are stored in a computer
in the form

\n

±0.d1d2 · · · dn · Be,

\n
(1.1)\n

in which, by definition, d1 > 0 and 0 ≤ di < �. The normalization is needed in order to prevent a
waste of digits and to make the representation unambiguous. We call the value in equation (1.1)
a floating point number (representation) in which 0.d1d2 · · · dn is called the mantissa, � the base and
e (integer) the exponent, where L < e < u. Characteristic values for 미 and u are in the range
[100, 1000], often, B = 2 (binary representation) and n = 24 (single precision) or n = 53 (double
precision). Most computers and software packages (Matlab) satisfy the IEEE-754 standard, and
hence provide single-1 and double-precision2 computations.

\n

Let for x E R

\n

$$0.d_{1}\\dots\\partial_{n}\\cdot\\beta^{e}\\leq x<0.d_{1}d_{2}\\dots\\left(d_{n}+1\\right)\\cdot\\beta^{e},$$

\n

1http://en. wikipedia. org/nift/Shngie-prex.sun_floating-point_domat
2http://en. wikipedia. org/mid/Ootkle-prex.sun_floating-point_fomat

", + "markdown": "2\n\nNumerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations\n\nalso plays an important role in error analysis (investigating the difference between the numerical\napproximation and the solution).\n\nCalculating with only a finite subset of the rational numbers has many consequences. For exam-\nple: a computer cannot distinguish between two polynomials of sufficiently high degree. Conse-\nquently, methods based on the main theorem of algebra (i.e. that an nth degree polynomial has\nexactly n complex zeros) cannot be trusted. Errors that follow from the use of finitely many digits\nare called rounding errors (Section 1.4).\n\nAn important aspect of numerical mathematics is the emphasis on efficiency. Contrary to or-\ndinary mathematics, numerical mathematics considers an increase in efficiency, i.e. a decrease\nof the number of operations and / or amount of storage required, as an essential improvement.\nProgress in this aspect is of great practical importance and the end of this development has not\nbeen reached yet. Here, the creative mind will meet many challenges. On top of that, revolutions\nin computer architecture will overturn much conventional wisdom.\n\n# 1.3 Why numerical mathematics?\n\nA big advantage of numerical mathematics is that it can provide answers to problems that do not\nadmit closed-form solutions. Consider for example the integral\n\n元\n/ V1 + cos2 xdx.\n0\n\nThis is an expression for the arc length of one arc of the curve y(x) = sin x, which does not have\na solution in closed form. A numerical method, however, can approximate this integral in a very\nsimple way (Chapter 5). An additional advantage is that a numerical method only uses stan-\ndard function evaluations and the operations addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.\nBecause these are exactly the operations a computer can perform, numerical mathematics and\ncomputers form a perfect combination.\n\nAn advantage of analytical methods is that the solution is given by a mathematical formula.\nFrom this, insight in the behavior and the properties of the solution can be gained. For numerical\napproximations, however, this is not the case. In that case, visualization tools may be used to gain\ninsight in the behavior of the solution. Using a numerical method to draw a graph of a function\nis usually a more useful tool than evaluating the solution at a large number of points.\n\n# 1.4 Rounding errors\n\nA computer uses a finite representation of the all numbers in R. These are stored in a computer\nin the form\n\n±0.d1d2 · · · dn · Be,\n\n(1.1)\n\nin which, by definition, d1 > 0 and 0 ≤ di < �. The normalization is needed in order to prevent a\nwaste of digits and to make the representation unambiguous. We call the value in equation (1.1)\na floating point number (representation) in which 0.d1d2 · · · dn is called the mantissa, � the base and\ne (integer) the exponent, where L < e < u. Characteristic values for 미 and u are in the range\n[100, 1000], often, B = 2 (binary representation) and n = 24 (single precision) or n = 53 (double\nprecision). Most computers and software packages (Matlab) satisfy the IEEE-754 standard, and\nhence provide single-1 and double-precision2 computations.\n\nLet for x E R\n\n$$0.d_{1}\\dots\\partial_{n}\\cdot\\beta^{e}\\leq x<0.d_{1}d_{2}\\dots\\left(d_{n}+1\\right)\\cdot\\beta^{e},$$\n\n1http://en. wikipedia. org/nift/Shngie-prex.sun_floating-point_domat\n2http://en. wikipedia. org/mid/Ootkle-prex.sun_floating-point_fomat", + "text": "2\nNumerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations\nalso plays an important role in error analysis (investigating the difference between the numerical\napproximation and the solution).\nCalculating with only a finite subset of the rational numbers has many consequences. For exam-\nple: a computer cannot distinguish between two polynomials of sufficiently high degree. Conse-\nquently, methods based on the main theorem of algebra (i.e. that an nth degree polynomial has\nexactly n complex zeros) cannot be trusted. Errors that follow from the use of finitely many digits\nare called rounding errors (Section 1.4).\nAn important aspect of numerical mathematics is the emphasis on efficiency. Contrary to or-\ndinary mathematics, numerical mathematics considers an increase in efficiency, i.e. a decrease\nof the number of operations and / or amount of storage required, as an essential improvement.\nProgress in this aspect is of great practical importance and the end of this development has not\nbeen reached yet. Here, the creative mind will meet many challenges. On top of that, revolutions\nin computer architecture will overturn much conventional wisdom.\n1.3 Why numerical mathematics?\nA big advantage of numerical mathematics is that it can provide answers to problems that do not\nadmit closed-form solutions. Consider for example the integral\n元\n/ V1 + cos2 xdx.\n0\nThis is an expression for the arc length of one arc of the curve y(x) = sin x, which does not have\na solution in closed form. A numerical method, however, can approximate this integral in a very\nsimple way (Chapter 5). An additional advantage is that a numerical method only uses stan-\ndard function evaluations and the operations addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.\nBecause these are exactly the operations a computer can perform, numerical mathematics and\ncomputers form a perfect combination.\nAn advantage of analytical methods is that the solution is given by a mathematical formula.\nFrom this, insight in the behavior and the properties of the solution can be gained. For numerical\napproximations, however, this is not the case. In that case, visualization tools may be used to gain\ninsight in the behavior of the solution. Using a numerical method to draw a graph of a function\nis usually a more useful tool than evaluating the solution at a large number of points.\n1.4 Rounding errors\nA computer uses a finite representation of the all numbers in R. These are stored in a computer\nin the form\n±0.d1d2 · · · dn · Be,\n(1.1)\nin which, by definition, d1 > 0 and 0 ≤ di < �. The normalization is needed in order to prevent a\nwaste of digits and to make the representation unambiguous. We call the value in equation (1.1)\na floating point number (representation) in which 0.d1d2 · · · dn is called the mantissa, � the base and\ne (integer) the exponent, where L < e < u. Characteristic values for 미 and u are in the range\n[100, 1000], often, B = 2 (binary representation) and n = 24 (single precision) or n = 53 (double\nprecision). Most computers and software packages (Matlab) satisfy the IEEE-754 standard, and\nhence provide single-1 and double-precision2 computations.\nLet for x E R\n0.d1 · . · dn · Be ≤ x < 0.d1d2 · · . (dn + 1) .�e,\n1http://en. wikipedia. org/nift/Shngie-prex.sun_floating-point_domat\n2http://en. wikipedia. org/mid/Ootkle-prex.sun_floating-point_fomat" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
2
", + "markdown": "2", + "text": "2" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1479, + "y": 0.0847 + }, + { + "x": 0.1635, + "y": 0.0847 + }, + { + "x": 0.1635, + "y": 0.0987 + }, + { + "x": 0.1479, + "y": 0.0987 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Numerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations
", + "markdown": "Numerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations", + "text": "Numerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4769, + "y": 0.0843 + }, + { + "x": 0.8648, + "y": 0.0843 + }, + { + "x": 0.8648, + "y": 0.0999 + }, + { + "x": 0.4769, + "y": 0.0999 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

also plays an important role in error analysis (investigating the difference between the numerical
approximation and the solution).

", + "markdown": "also plays an important role in error analysis (investigating the difference between the numerical\napproximation and the solution).", + "text": "also plays an important role in error analysis (investigating the difference between the numerical\napproximation and the solution)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1481, + "y": 0.1219 + }, + { + "x": 0.865, + "y": 0.1219 + }, + { + "x": 0.865, + "y": 0.1514 + }, + { + "x": 0.1481, + "y": 0.1514 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Calculating with only a finite subset of the rational numbers has many consequences. For exam-
ple: a computer cannot distinguish between two polynomials of sufficiently high degree. Conse-
quently, methods based on the main theorem of algebra (i.e. that an nth degree polynomial has
exactly n complex zeros) cannot be trusted. Errors that follow from the use of finitely many digits
are called rounding errors (Section 1.4).

", + "markdown": "Calculating with only a finite subset of the rational numbers has many consequences. For exam-\nple: a computer cannot distinguish between two polynomials of sufficiently high degree. Conse-\nquently, methods based on the main theorem of algebra (i.e. that an nth degree polynomial has\nexactly n complex zeros) cannot be trusted. Errors that follow from the use of finitely many digits\nare called rounding errors (Section 1.4).", + "text": "Calculating with only a finite subset of the rational numbers has many consequences. For exam-\nple: a computer cannot distinguish between two polynomials of sufficiently high degree. Conse-\nquently, methods based on the main theorem of algebra (i.e. that an nth degree polynomial has\nexactly n complex zeros) cannot be trusted. Errors that follow from the use of finitely many digits\nare called rounding errors (Section 1.4)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1473, + "y": 0.157 + }, + { + "x": 0.8657, + "y": 0.157 + }, + { + "x": 0.8657, + "y": 0.2276 + }, + { + "x": 0.1473, + "y": 0.2276 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

An important aspect of numerical mathematics is the emphasis on efficiency. Contrary to or-
dinary mathematics, numerical mathematics considers an increase in efficiency, i.e. a decrease
of the number of operations and / or amount of storage required, as an essential improvement.
Progress in this aspect is of great practical importance and the end of this development has not
been reached yet. Here, the creative mind will meet many challenges. On top of that, revolutions
in computer architecture will overturn much conventional wisdom.

", + "markdown": "An important aspect of numerical mathematics is the emphasis on efficiency. Contrary to or-\ndinary mathematics, numerical mathematics considers an increase in efficiency, i.e. a decrease\nof the number of operations and / or amount of storage required, as an essential improvement.\nProgress in this aspect is of great practical importance and the end of this development has not\nbeen reached yet. Here, the creative mind will meet many challenges. On top of that, revolutions\nin computer architecture will overturn much conventional wisdom.", + "text": "An important aspect of numerical mathematics is the emphasis on efficiency. Contrary to or-\ndinary mathematics, numerical mathematics considers an increase in efficiency, i.e. a decrease\nof the number of operations and / or amount of storage required, as an essential improvement.\nProgress in this aspect is of great practical importance and the end of this development has not\nbeen reached yet. Here, the creative mind will meet many challenges. On top of that, revolutions\nin computer architecture will overturn much conventional wisdom." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.147, + "y": 0.2337 + }, + { + "x": 0.8654, + "y": 0.2337 + }, + { + "x": 0.8654, + "y": 0.3204 + }, + { + "x": 0.147, + "y": 0.3204 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

1.3 Why numerical mathematics?

", + "markdown": "# 1.3 Why numerical mathematics?", + "text": "1.3 Why numerical mathematics?" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.147, + "y": 0.3408 + }, + { + "x": 0.5345, + "y": 0.3408 + }, + { + "x": 0.5345, + "y": 0.3605 + }, + { + "x": 0.147, + "y": 0.3605 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

A big advantage of numerical mathematics is that it can provide answers to problems that do not
admit closed-form solutions. Consider for example the integral

", + "markdown": "A big advantage of numerical mathematics is that it can provide answers to problems that do not\nadmit closed-form solutions. Consider for example the integral", + "text": "A big advantage of numerical mathematics is that it can provide answers to problems that do not\nadmit closed-form solutions. Consider for example the integral" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1474, + "y": 0.3713 + }, + { + "x": 0.8667, + "y": 0.3713 + }, + { + "x": 0.8667, + "y": 0.4008 + }, + { + "x": 0.1474, + "y": 0.4008 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"元\n/
", + "markdown": "元\n/ V1 + cos2 xdx.\n0", + "text": "元\n/ V1 + cos2 xdx.\n0" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4401, + "y": 0.4101 + }, + { + "x": 0.5747, + "y": 0.4101 + }, + { + "x": 0.5747, + "y": 0.4545 + }, + { + "x": 0.4401, + "y": 0.4545 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

This is an expression for the arc length of one arc of the curve y(x) = sin x, which does not have
a solution in closed form. A numerical method, however, can approximate this integral in a very
simple way (Chapter 5). An additional advantage is that a numerical method only uses stan-
dard function evaluations and the operations addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Because these are exactly the operations a computer can perform, numerical mathematics and
computers form a perfect combination.

", + "markdown": "This is an expression for the arc length of one arc of the curve y(x) = sin x, which does not have\na solution in closed form. A numerical method, however, can approximate this integral in a very\nsimple way (Chapter 5). An additional advantage is that a numerical method only uses stan-\ndard function evaluations and the operations addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.\nBecause these are exactly the operations a computer can perform, numerical mathematics and\ncomputers form a perfect combination.", + "text": "This is an expression for the arc length of one arc of the curve y(x) = sin x, which does not have\na solution in closed form. A numerical method, however, can approximate this integral in a very\nsimple way (Chapter 5). An additional advantage is that a numerical method only uses stan-\ndard function evaluations and the operations addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.\nBecause these are exactly the operations a computer can perform, numerical mathematics and\ncomputers form a perfect combination." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1467, + "y": 0.4578 + }, + { + "x": 0.8663, + "y": 0.4578 + }, + { + "x": 0.8663, + "y": 0.544 + }, + { + "x": 0.1467, + "y": 0.544 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

An advantage of analytical methods is that the solution is given by a mathematical formula.
From this, insight in the behavior and the properties of the solution can be gained. For numerical
approximations, however, this is not the case. In that case, visualization tools may be used to gain
insight in the behavior of the solution. Using a numerical method to draw a graph of a function
is usually a more useful tool than evaluating the solution at a large number of points.

", + "markdown": "An advantage of analytical methods is that the solution is given by a mathematical formula.\nFrom this, insight in the behavior and the properties of the solution can be gained. For numerical\napproximations, however, this is not the case. In that case, visualization tools may be used to gain\ninsight in the behavior of the solution. Using a numerical method to draw a graph of a function\nis usually a more useful tool than evaluating the solution at a large number of points.", + "text": "An advantage of analytical methods is that the solution is given by a mathematical formula.\nFrom this, insight in the behavior and the properties of the solution can be gained. For numerical\napproximations, however, this is not the case. In that case, visualization tools may be used to gain\ninsight in the behavior of the solution. Using a numerical method to draw a graph of a function\nis usually a more useful tool than evaluating the solution at a large number of points." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1475, + "y": 0.5499 + }, + { + "x": 0.8666, + "y": 0.5499 + }, + { + "x": 0.8666, + "y": 0.6224 + }, + { + "x": 0.1475, + "y": 0.6224 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

1.4 Rounding errors

", + "markdown": "# 1.4 Rounding errors", + "text": "1.4 Rounding errors" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1483, + "y": 0.6428 + }, + { + "x": 0.389, + "y": 0.6428 + }, + { + "x": 0.389, + "y": 0.6624 + }, + { + "x": 0.1483, + "y": 0.6624 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

A computer uses a finite representation of the all numbers in R. These are stored in a computer
in the form

", + "markdown": "A computer uses a finite representation of the all numbers in R. These are stored in a computer\nin the form", + "text": "A computer uses a finite representation of the all numbers in R. These are stored in a computer\nin the form" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1474, + "y": 0.6736 + }, + { + "x": 0.8659, + "y": 0.6736 + }, + { + "x": 0.8659, + "y": 0.7017 + }, + { + "x": 0.1474, + "y": 0.7017 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

±0.d1d2 · · · dn · Be,

", + "markdown": "±0.d1d2 · · · dn · Be,", + "text": "±0.d1d2 · · · dn · Be," + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4386, + "y": 0.7012 + }, + { + "x": 0.5737, + "y": 0.7012 + }, + { + "x": 0.5737, + "y": 0.7175 + }, + { + "x": 0.4386, + "y": 0.7175 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "
(1.1)", + "markdown": "(1.1)", + "text": "(1.1)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8276, + "y": 0.7017 + }, + { + "x": 0.8653, + "y": 0.7017 + }, + { + "x": 0.8653, + "y": 0.7172 + }, + { + "x": 0.8276, + "y": 0.7172 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

in which, by definition, d1 > 0 and 0 ≤ di < �. The normalization is needed in order to prevent a
waste of digits and to make the representation unambiguous. We call the value in equation (1.1)
a floating point number (representation) in which 0.d1d2 · · · dn is called the mantissa, � the base and
e (integer) the exponent, where L < e < u. Characteristic values for 미 and u are in the range
[100, 1000], often, B = 2 (binary representation) and n = 24 (single precision) or n = 53 (double
precision). Most computers and software packages (Matlab) satisfy the IEEE-754 standard, and
hence provide single-1 and double-precision2 computations.

", + "markdown": "in which, by definition, d1 > 0 and 0 ≤ di < �. The normalization is needed in order to prevent a\nwaste of digits and to make the representation unambiguous. We call the value in equation (1.1)\na floating point number (representation) in which 0.d1d2 · · · dn is called the mantissa, � the base and\ne (integer) the exponent, where L < e < u. Characteristic values for 미 and u are in the range\n[100, 1000], often, B = 2 (binary representation) and n = 24 (single precision) or n = 53 (double\nprecision). Most computers and software packages (Matlab) satisfy the IEEE-754 standard, and\nhence provide single-1 and double-precision2 computations.", + "text": "in which, by definition, d1 > 0 and 0 ≤ di < �. The normalization is needed in order to prevent a\nwaste of digits and to make the representation unambiguous. We call the value in equation (1.1)\na floating point number (representation) in which 0.d1d2 · · · dn is called the mantissa, � the base and\ne (integer) the exponent, where L < e < u. Characteristic values for 미 and u are in the range\n[100, 1000], often, B = 2 (binary representation) and n = 24 (single precision) or n = 53 (double\nprecision). Most computers and software packages (Matlab) satisfy the IEEE-754 standard, and\nhence provide single-1 and double-precision2 computations." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1467, + "y": 0.721 + }, + { + "x": 0.8664, + "y": 0.721 + }, + { + "x": 0.8664, + "y": 0.8225 + }, + { + "x": 0.1467, + "y": 0.8225 + } + ], + "id": 14, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Let for x E R

", + "markdown": "Let for x E R", + "text": "Let for x E R" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1486, + "y": 0.828 + }, + { + "x": 0.2518, + "y": 0.828 + }, + { + "x": 0.2518, + "y": 0.8418 + }, + { + "x": 0.1486, + "y": 0.8418 + } + ], + "id": 15, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$0.d_{1}\\dots\\partial_{n}\\cdot\\beta^{e}\\leq x<0.d_{1}d_{2}\\dots\\left(d_{n}+1\\right)\\cdot\\beta^{e},$$

", + "markdown": "$$0.d_{1}\\dots\\partial_{n}\\cdot\\beta^{e}\\leq x<0.d_{1}d_{2}\\dots\\left(d_{n}+1\\right)\\cdot\\beta^{e},$$", + "text": "0.d1 · . · dn · Be ≤ x < 0.d1d2 · · . (dn + 1) .�e," + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3443, + "y": 0.8412 + }, + { + "x": 0.6659, + "y": 0.8412 + }, + { + "x": 0.6659, + "y": 0.8577 + }, + { + "x": 0.3443, + "y": 0.8577 + } + ], + "id": 16, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

1http://en. wikipedia. org/nift/Shngie-prex.sun_floating-point_domat
2http://en. wikipedia. org/mid/Ootkle-prex.sun_floating-point_fomat

", + "markdown": "1http://en. wikipedia. org/nift/Shngie-prex.sun_floating-point_domat\n2http://en. wikipedia. org/mid/Ootkle-prex.sun_floating-point_fomat", + "text": "1http://en. wikipedia. org/nift/Shngie-prex.sun_floating-point_domat\n2http://en. wikipedia. org/mid/Ootkle-prex.sun_floating-point_fomat" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1641, + "y": 0.8644 + }, + { + "x": 0.6578, + "y": 0.8644 + }, + { + "x": 0.6578, + "y": 0.8898 + }, + { + "x": 0.1641, + "y": 0.8898 + } + ], + "id": 17, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000111.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
\"b)\n24
\n

Figure 8.1:a) P6238 CUSSONS free and forced vortex apparatus, b) push-in orifices, c) free vortex measuring caliper, d) force vortex
measuring probes

\n

7. THEORY

\n

Two types of vortices are distinguished in the dynamics of the motion: forced and free vortices. The
forced vortex is caused by external forces on the fluid, such as the impeller of a pump, and the free
vortex naturally occurs in the flow and can be observed in a drain or in the atmosphere of a tornado.

\n

7.1. FREE VORTEX

\n

A free vortex is formed when water flows out of a vessel through a central hole in the base (Figure 8.2).
The degree of the rotation depends on the initial disturbance. In a free cylindrical vortex, the velocity
varies inversely with the distance from the axis of rotation (Figure 8.3).

\n

$$\\ v\\underline{{{}_{-}\\!\\underline{{{k}}}}}$$

\n

The equation governing the surface profile is derived from the Bernoulli's theorem:

\n

$$\\frac{v^{2}}{2g}+\\mathcal{Z}\\longrightarrow\\frac{}{}~\\qquad(2)$$

\n

Substituting Equation (1) into (2) will give a new expression:

\n

k2
+ 2 = C (3)
2gr2

\n

or:

\n
68 APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS LAB MANUAL
", + "markdown": "b)\n24 mm �\n8 mm 中 16 mm �\na)\nCylindrical vessel\n3-way valve\nOutlet valve\nc) d)\nInlet pipe\n030806 sicile\n9\n15-degree angled tubes 60-degree angled tubes\n\nFigure 8.1:a) P6238 CUSSONS free and forced vortex apparatus, b) push-in orifices, c) free vortex measuring caliper, d) force vortex\nmeasuring probes\n\n# 7. THEORY\n\nTwo types of vortices are distinguished in the dynamics of the motion: forced and free vortices. The\nforced vortex is caused by external forces on the fluid, such as the impeller of a pump, and the free\nvortex naturally occurs in the flow and can be observed in a drain or in the atmosphere of a tornado.\n\n# 7.1. FREE VORTEX\n\nA free vortex is formed when water flows out of a vessel through a central hole in the base (Figure 8.2).\nThe degree of the rotation depends on the initial disturbance. In a free cylindrical vortex, the velocity\nvaries inversely with the distance from the axis of rotation (Figure 8.3).\n\n$$\\ v\\underline{{{}_{-}\\!\\underline{{{k}}}}}$$\n\nThe equation governing the surface profile is derived from the Bernoulli's theorem:\n\n$$\\frac{v^{2}}{2g}+\\mathcal{Z}\\longrightarrow\\frac{}{}~\\qquad(2)$$\n\nSubstituting Equation (1) into (2) will give a new expression:\n\nk2\n+ 2 = C (3)\n2gr2\n\nor:\n\n68 APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS LAB MANUAL", + "text": "b)\n24 mm �\n8 mm 中 16 mm �\na)\nCylindrical vessel\n3-way valve\nOutlet valve\nc) d)\nInlet pipe\n030806 sicile\n9\n15-degree angled tubes 60-degree angled tubes\nFigure 8.1:a) P6238 CUSSONS free and forced vortex apparatus, b) push-in orifices, c) free vortex measuring caliper, d) force vortex\nmeasuring probes\n7. THEORY\nTwo types of vortices are distinguished in the dynamics of the motion: forced and free vortices. The\nforced vortex is caused by external forces on the fluid, such as the impeller of a pump, and the free\nvortex naturally occurs in the flow and can be observed in a drain or in the atmosphere of a tornado.\n7.1. FREE VORTEX\nA free vortex is formed when water flows out of a vessel through a central hole in the base (Figure 8.2).\nThe degree of the rotation depends on the initial disturbance. In a free cylindrical vortex, the velocity\nvaries inversely with the distance from the axis of rotation (Figure 8.3).\nv = kr (1)\nThe equation governing the surface profile is derived from the Bernoulli's theorem:\nv2 \n+ 2 = C (2) \n2g\nSubstituting Equation (1) into (2) will give a new expression:\nk2\n+ 2 = C (3)\n2gr2\nor:\n68 APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS LAB MANUAL" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"b)\n24
", + "markdown": "b)\n24 mm �\n8 mm 中 16 mm �\na)\nCylindrical vessel\n3-way valve\nOutlet valve\nc) d)\nInlet pipe\n030806 sicile\n9\n15-degree angled tubes 60-degree angled tubes", + "text": "b)\n24 mm �\n8 mm 中 16 mm �\na)\nCylindrical vessel\n3-way valve\nOutlet valve\nc) d)\nInlet pipe\n030806 sicile\n9\n15-degree angled tubes 60-degree angled tubes" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0886, + "y": 0.0721 + }, + { + "x": 0.9119, + "y": 0.0721 + }, + { + "x": 0.9119, + "y": 0.4185 + }, + { + "x": 0.0886, + "y": 0.4185 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 8.1:a) P6238 CUSSONS free and forced vortex apparatus, b) push-in orifices, c) free vortex measuring caliper, d) force vortex
measuring probes

", + "markdown": "Figure 8.1:a) P6238 CUSSONS free and forced vortex apparatus, b) push-in orifices, c) free vortex measuring caliper, d) force vortex\nmeasuring probes", + "text": "Figure 8.1:a) P6238 CUSSONS free and forced vortex apparatus, b) push-in orifices, c) free vortex measuring caliper, d) force vortex\nmeasuring probes" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0881, + "y": 0.4383 + }, + { + "x": 0.8569, + "y": 0.4383 + }, + { + "x": 0.8569, + "y": 0.4699 + }, + { + "x": 0.0881, + "y": 0.4699 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

7. THEORY

", + "markdown": "# 7. THEORY", + "text": "7. THEORY" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0894, + "y": 0.4899 + }, + { + "x": 0.1993, + "y": 0.4899 + }, + { + "x": 0.1993, + "y": 0.5072 + }, + { + "x": 0.0894, + "y": 0.5072 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Two types of vortices are distinguished in the dynamics of the motion: forced and free vortices. The
forced vortex is caused by external forces on the fluid, such as the impeller of a pump, and the free
vortex naturally occurs in the flow and can be observed in a drain or in the atmosphere of a tornado.

", + "markdown": "Two types of vortices are distinguished in the dynamics of the motion: forced and free vortices. The\nforced vortex is caused by external forces on the fluid, such as the impeller of a pump, and the free\nvortex naturally occurs in the flow and can be observed in a drain or in the atmosphere of a tornado.", + "text": "Two types of vortices are distinguished in the dynamics of the motion: forced and free vortices. The\nforced vortex is caused by external forces on the fluid, such as the impeller of a pump, and the free\nvortex naturally occurs in the flow and can be observed in a drain or in the atmosphere of a tornado." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0888, + "y": 0.5208 + }, + { + "x": 0.9119, + "y": 0.5208 + }, + { + "x": 0.9119, + "y": 0.5793 + }, + { + "x": 0.0888, + "y": 0.5793 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

7.1. FREE VORTEX

", + "markdown": "# 7.1. FREE VORTEX", + "text": "7.1. FREE VORTEX" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0889, + "y": 0.5949 + }, + { + "x": 0.2701, + "y": 0.5949 + }, + { + "x": 0.2701, + "y": 0.6128 + }, + { + "x": 0.0889, + "y": 0.6128 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

A free vortex is formed when water flows out of a vessel through a central hole in the base (Figure 8.2).
The degree of the rotation depends on the initial disturbance. In a free cylindrical vortex, the velocity
varies inversely with the distance from the axis of rotation (Figure 8.3).

", + "markdown": "A free vortex is formed when water flows out of a vessel through a central hole in the base (Figure 8.2).\nThe degree of the rotation depends on the initial disturbance. In a free cylindrical vortex, the velocity\nvaries inversely with the distance from the axis of rotation (Figure 8.3).", + "text": "A free vortex is formed when water flows out of a vessel through a central hole in the base (Figure 8.2).\nThe degree of the rotation depends on the initial disturbance. In a free cylindrical vortex, the velocity\nvaries inversely with the distance from the axis of rotation (Figure 8.3)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0877, + "y": 0.626 + }, + { + "x": 0.9124, + "y": 0.626 + }, + { + "x": 0.9124, + "y": 0.684 + }, + { + "x": 0.0877, + "y": 0.684 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$\\ v\\underline{{{}_{-}\\!\\underline{{{k}}}}}$$

", + "markdown": "$$\\ v\\underline{{{}_{-}\\!\\underline{{{k}}}}}$$", + "text": "v = kr (1)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0875, + "y": 0.6975 + }, + { + "x": 0.2224, + "y": 0.6975 + }, + { + "x": 0.2224, + "y": 0.7235 + }, + { + "x": 0.0875, + "y": 0.7235 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The equation governing the surface profile is derived from the Bernoulli's theorem:

", + "markdown": "The equation governing the surface profile is derived from the Bernoulli's theorem:", + "text": "The equation governing the surface profile is derived from the Bernoulli's theorem:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.088, + "y": 0.734 + }, + { + "x": 0.7686, + "y": 0.734 + }, + { + "x": 0.7686, + "y": 0.7538 + }, + { + "x": 0.088, + "y": 0.7538 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$\\frac{v^{2}}{2g}+\\mathcal{Z}\\longrightarrow\\frac{}{}~\\qquad(2)$$

", + "markdown": "$$\\frac{v^{2}}{2g}+\\mathcal{Z}\\longrightarrow\\frac{}{}~\\qquad(2)$$", + "text": "v2 \n+ 2 = C (2) \n2g" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0877, + "y": 0.7676 + }, + { + "x": 0.2715, + "y": 0.7676 + }, + { + "x": 0.2715, + "y": 0.7953 + }, + { + "x": 0.0877, + "y": 0.7953 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Substituting Equation (1) into (2) will give a new expression:

", + "markdown": "Substituting Equation (1) into (2) will give a new expression:", + "text": "Substituting Equation (1) into (2) will give a new expression:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0884, + "y": 0.8062 + }, + { + "x": 0.5812, + "y": 0.8062 + }, + { + "x": 0.5812, + "y": 0.8268 + }, + { + "x": 0.0884, + "y": 0.8268 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

k2
+ 2 = C (3)
2gr2

", + "markdown": "k2\n+ 2 = C (3)\n2gr2", + "text": "k2\n+ 2 = C (3)\n2gr2" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0892, + "y": 0.8385 + }, + { + "x": 0.2858, + "y": 0.8385 + }, + { + "x": 0.2858, + "y": 0.8677 + }, + { + "x": 0.0892, + "y": 0.8677 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

or:

", + "markdown": "or:", + "text": "or:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0897, + "y": 0.8823 + }, + { + "x": 0.1183, + "y": 0.8823 + }, + { + "x": 0.1183, + "y": 0.8953 + }, + { + "x": 0.0897, + "y": 0.8953 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
68 APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS LAB MANUAL
", + "markdown": "68 APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS LAB MANUAL", + "text": "68 APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS LAB MANUAL" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0886, + "y": 0.9399 + }, + { + "x": 0.3731, + "y": 0.9399 + }, + { + "x": 0.3731, + "y": 0.9534 + }, + { + "x": 0.0886, + "y": 0.9534 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000044.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Table of Contents

\n
Executive Summary4
Legal Framework6
Election Administration11
Civil Society Engagement15
Political Parties, Candidates Registration and Election Campaign18
Media Freedom and Access to Information25
Voter Education and Awareness29
Participation of Marginalized Sectors31
Recommendations39
", + "markdown": "# Table of Contents\n\n| Executive Summary | 4 |\n| --- | --- |\n| Legal Framework | 6 |\n| Election Administration | 11 |\n| Civil Society Engagement | 15 |\n| Political Parties, Candidates Registration and Election Campaign | 18 |\n| Media Freedom and Access to Information | 25 |\n| Voter Education and Awareness | 29 |\n| Participation of Marginalized Sectors | 31 |\n| Recommendations | 39 |", + "text": "Table of Contents\nExecutive Summary 4\n Legal Framework 6\n Election Administration 11\n Civil Society Engagement 15\n Political Parties, Candidates Registration and Election Campaign 18\n Media Freedom and Access to Information 25\n Voter Education and Awareness 29\n Participation of Marginalized Sectors 31\n Recommendations 39" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Table of Contents

", + "markdown": "# Table of Contents", + "text": "Table of Contents" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1584, + "y": 0.092 + }, + { + "x": 0.4467, + "y": 0.092 + }, + { + "x": 0.4467, + "y": 0.1197 + }, + { + "x": 0.1584, + "y": 0.1197 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
Executive Summary4
Legal Framework6
Election Administration11
Civil Society Engagement15
Political Parties, Candidates Registration and Election Campaign18
Media Freedom and Access to Information25
Voter Education and Awareness29
Participation of Marginalized Sectors31
Recommendations39
", + "markdown": "| Executive Summary | 4 |\n| --- | --- |\n| Legal Framework | 6 |\n| Election Administration | 11 |\n| Civil Society Engagement | 15 |\n| Political Parties, Candidates Registration and Election Campaign | 18 |\n| Media Freedom and Access to Information | 25 |\n| Voter Education and Awareness | 29 |\n| Participation of Marginalized Sectors | 31 |\n| Recommendations | 39 |\n", + "text": "Executive Summary 4\n Legal Framework 6\n Election Administration 11\n Civil Society Engagement 15\n Political Parties, Candidates Registration and Election Campaign 18\n Media Freedom and Access to Information 25\n Voter Education and Awareness 29\n Participation of Marginalized Sectors 31\n Recommendations 39" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1483, + "y": 0.18 + }, + { + "x": 0.8894, + "y": 0.18 + }, + { + "x": 0.8894, + "y": 0.5545 + }, + { + "x": 0.1483, + "y": 0.5545 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000066.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

consumption onsite or offsite. Food Service Establishments (FSE) refers to the business
engaged in the Food Service Industry. For purposes of the survey, the FSE is segmented
into:

\n

· full-service restaurants, with full menu and waiting service;
· limited-service restaurants or quick service restaurants (QSR), with full menu but
pay-as-you-order such as fast food or turo-turo type8;
· cafes/bars/pop-ups (selected menu with few chairs and tables);
· kiosks and stalls (purely retail, to be consumed elsewhere); and
· catering or 100% home delivery.

\n\n
\"Rad
Full-service restaurants, limited-service restaurants and cafes/bars/pop-ups may also
offer \"to go\" or\"take away\" services.
\n

Figure 1. FSI Segmentation

\n

b. Plastic. The Baseline Study looked into the extent of Plastic use of FSEs in Dasmarinas
City. Plastics are categorized by food grade.° The six food grades are 1) Polyethylene
Terephthalate: clear, tough plastic such as soft drinks, juice and water, (2) High Density
Polyethylene: white or colored plastic such as milk containers, (3) Polyvinyl Chloride:
hard rigid clear plastic such as cordial bottles; (4) Low Density Polyethylene: soft,
flexible such as squeezable bottles; 5) Polypropylene: hard but flexible plastics such as
microwave ware; takeaway containers, some yogurt or jam containers and hinged lunch
boxes, and (6) Polystyrene: rigid, brittle plastics such as small tubes and margarine or
butter container. See Figure 1. Plastic litter found in the rivers are of categories 1-6. There
are also other plastics that do not fall under food grade 1-6.

\n

8 Filipino word for restaurants where a menu of cooked or ready-to-eat food are on display and clients point to their choice of food and
pay as they take their food to their tables or ask for take-out packaging.
9 Food grade plastics refer to plastic containers, tools or other supplies made of plastics that are cleared to be used for food
preparation, handling, and service.

\n

18

\n
Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry
", + "markdown": "consumption onsite or offsite. Food Service Establishments (FSE) refers to the business\nengaged in the Food Service Industry. For purposes of the survey, the FSE is segmented\ninto:\n\n- · full-service restaurants, with full menu and waiting service;\n- · limited-service restaurants or quick service restaurants (QSR), with full menu but\n- pay-as-you-order such as fast food or turo-turo type8;\n- · cafes/bars/pop-ups (selected menu with few chairs and tables);\n- · kiosks and stalls (purely retail, to be consumed elsewhere); and\n- · catering or 100% home delivery.\n\n\nFull-service restaurants, limited-service restaurants and cafes/bars/pop-ups may also\noffer \"to go\" or\"take away\" services.\n\nRad Rebon\nJollibee\nMax's\nLimited Cafes, bars Kiosks and\nFull service catering\nService and Pop ups stalls\n\nFigure 1. FSI Segmentation\n\nb. Plastic. The Baseline Study looked into the extent of Plastic use of FSEs in Dasmarinas\nCity. Plastics are categorized by food grade.° The six food grades are 1) Polyethylene\nTerephthalate: clear, tough plastic such as soft drinks, juice and water, (2) High Density\nPolyethylene: white or colored plastic such as milk containers, (3) Polyvinyl Chloride:\nhard rigid clear plastic such as cordial bottles; (4) Low Density Polyethylene: soft,\nflexible such as squeezable bottles; 5) Polypropylene: hard but flexible plastics such as\nmicrowave ware; takeaway containers, some yogurt or jam containers and hinged lunch\nboxes, and (6) Polystyrene: rigid, brittle plastics such as small tubes and margarine or\nbutter container. See Figure 1. Plastic litter found in the rivers are of categories 1-6. There\nare also other plastics that do not fall under food grade 1-6.\n\n8 Filipino word for restaurants where a menu of cooked or ready-to-eat food are on display and clients point to their choice of food and\npay as they take their food to their tables or ask for take-out packaging.\n9 Food grade plastics refer to plastic containers, tools or other supplies made of plastics that are cleared to be used for food\npreparation, handling, and service.\n\n18\n\nStudy on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", + "text": "consumption onsite or offsite. Food Service Establishments (FSE) refers to the business\nengaged in the Food Service Industry. For purposes of the survey, the FSE is segmented\ninto:\n· full-service restaurants, with full menu and waiting service;\n· limited-service restaurants or quick service restaurants (QSR), with full menu but\npay-as-you-order such as fast food or turo-turo type8;\n· cafes/bars/pop-ups (selected menu with few chairs and tables);\n· kiosks and stalls (purely retail, to be consumed elsewhere); and\n· catering or 100% home delivery.\nFull-service restaurants, limited-service restaurants and cafes/bars/pop-ups may also\noffer \"to go\" or\"take away\" services.\nRad Rebon\nJollibee\nMax's\nLimited Cafes, bars Kiosks and\nFull service catering\nService and Pop ups stalls\nFigure 1. FSI Segmentation\nb. Plastic. The Baseline Study looked into the extent of Plastic use of FSEs in Dasmarinas\nCity. Plastics are categorized by food grade.° The six food grades are 1) Polyethylene\nTerephthalate: clear, tough plastic such as soft drinks, juice and water, (2) High Density\nPolyethylene: white or colored plastic such as milk containers, (3) Polyvinyl Chloride:\nhard rigid clear plastic such as cordial bottles; (4) Low Density Polyethylene: soft,\nflexible such as squeezable bottles; 5) Polypropylene: hard but flexible plastics such as\nmicrowave ware; takeaway containers, some yogurt or jam containers and hinged lunch\nboxes, and (6) Polystyrene: rigid, brittle plastics such as small tubes and margarine or\nbutter container. See Figure 1. Plastic litter found in the rivers are of categories 1-6. There\nare also other plastics that do not fall under food grade 1-6.\n8 Filipino word for restaurants where a menu of cooked or ready-to-eat food are on display and clients point to their choice of food and\npay as they take their food to their tables or ask for take-out packaging.\n9 Food grade plastics refer to plastic containers, tools or other supplies made of plastics that are cleared to be used for food\npreparation, handling, and service.\n18\nStudy on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

consumption onsite or offsite. Food Service Establishments (FSE) refers to the business
engaged in the Food Service Industry. For purposes of the survey, the FSE is segmented
into:

", + "markdown": "consumption onsite or offsite. Food Service Establishments (FSE) refers to the business\nengaged in the Food Service Industry. For purposes of the survey, the FSE is segmented\ninto:", + "text": "consumption onsite or offsite. Food Service Establishments (FSE) refers to the business\nengaged in the Food Service Industry. For purposes of the survey, the FSE is segmented\ninto:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.155, + "y": 0.1025 + }, + { + "x": 0.8119, + "y": 0.1025 + }, + { + "x": 0.8119, + "y": 0.1583 + }, + { + "x": 0.155, + "y": 0.1583 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· full-service restaurants, with full menu and waiting service;
· limited-service restaurants or quick service restaurants (QSR), with full menu but
pay-as-you-order such as fast food or turo-turo type8;
· cafes/bars/pop-ups (selected menu with few chairs and tables);
· kiosks and stalls (purely retail, to be consumed elsewhere); and
· catering or 100% home delivery.

", + "markdown": "- · full-service restaurants, with full menu and waiting service;\n- · limited-service restaurants or quick service restaurants (QSR), with full menu but\n- pay-as-you-order such as fast food or turo-turo type8;\n- · cafes/bars/pop-ups (selected menu with few chairs and tables);\n- · kiosks and stalls (purely retail, to be consumed elsewhere); and\n- · catering or 100% home delivery.\n", + "text": "· full-service restaurants, with full menu and waiting service;\n· limited-service restaurants or quick service restaurants (QSR), with full menu but\npay-as-you-order such as fast food or turo-turo type8;\n· cafes/bars/pop-ups (selected menu with few chairs and tables);\n· kiosks and stalls (purely retail, to be consumed elsewhere); and\n· catering or 100% home delivery." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.158, + "y": 0.1638 + }, + { + "x": 0.8023, + "y": 0.1638 + }, + { + "x": 0.8023, + "y": 0.2819 + }, + { + "x": 0.158, + "y": 0.2819 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Full-service restaurants, limited-service restaurants and cafes/bars/pop-ups may also
offer \"to go\" or\"take away\" services.

", + "markdown": "Full-service restaurants, limited-service restaurants and cafes/bars/pop-ups may also\noffer \"to go\" or\"take away\" services.", + "text": "Full-service restaurants, limited-service restaurants and cafes/bars/pop-ups may also\noffer \"to go\" or\"take away\" services." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1576, + "y": 0.3035 + }, + { + "x": 0.7928, + "y": 0.3035 + }, + { + "x": 0.7928, + "y": 0.3429 + }, + { + "x": 0.1576, + "y": 0.3429 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Rad
", + "markdown": "Rad Rebon\nJollibee\nMax's\nLimited Cafes, bars Kiosks and\nFull service catering\nService and Pop ups stalls", + "text": "Rad Rebon\nJollibee\nMax's\nLimited Cafes, bars Kiosks and\nFull service catering\nService and Pop ups stalls" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1502, + "y": 0.3766 + }, + { + "x": 0.8168, + "y": 0.3766 + }, + { + "x": 0.8168, + "y": 0.4774 + }, + { + "x": 0.1502, + "y": 0.4774 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 1. FSI Segmentation

", + "markdown": "Figure 1. FSI Segmentation", + "text": "Figure 1. FSI Segmentation" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3816, + "y": 0.4864 + }, + { + "x": 0.5486, + "y": 0.4864 + }, + { + "x": 0.5486, + "y": 0.5003 + }, + { + "x": 0.3816, + "y": 0.5003 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

b. Plastic. The Baseline Study looked into the extent of Plastic use of FSEs in Dasmarinas
City. Plastics are categorized by food grade.° The six food grades are 1) Polyethylene
Terephthalate: clear, tough plastic such as soft drinks, juice and water, (2) High Density
Polyethylene: white or colored plastic such as milk containers, (3) Polyvinyl Chloride:
hard rigid clear plastic such as cordial bottles; (4) Low Density Polyethylene: soft,
flexible such as squeezable bottles; 5) Polypropylene: hard but flexible plastics such as
microwave ware; takeaway containers, some yogurt or jam containers and hinged lunch
boxes, and (6) Polystyrene: rigid, brittle plastics such as small tubes and margarine or
butter container. See Figure 1. Plastic litter found in the rivers are of categories 1-6. There
are also other plastics that do not fall under food grade 1-6.

", + "markdown": "b. Plastic. The Baseline Study looked into the extent of Plastic use of FSEs in Dasmarinas\nCity. Plastics are categorized by food grade.° The six food grades are 1) Polyethylene\nTerephthalate: clear, tough plastic such as soft drinks, juice and water, (2) High Density\nPolyethylene: white or colored plastic such as milk containers, (3) Polyvinyl Chloride:\nhard rigid clear plastic such as cordial bottles; (4) Low Density Polyethylene: soft,\nflexible such as squeezable bottles; 5) Polypropylene: hard but flexible plastics such as\nmicrowave ware; takeaway containers, some yogurt or jam containers and hinged lunch\nboxes, and (6) Polystyrene: rigid, brittle plastics such as small tubes and margarine or\nbutter container. See Figure 1. Plastic litter found in the rivers are of categories 1-6. There\nare also other plastics that do not fall under food grade 1-6.", + "text": "b. Plastic. The Baseline Study looked into the extent of Plastic use of FSEs in Dasmarinas\nCity. Plastics are categorized by food grade.° The six food grades are 1) Polyethylene\nTerephthalate: clear, tough plastic such as soft drinks, juice and water, (2) High Density\nPolyethylene: white or colored plastic such as milk containers, (3) Polyvinyl Chloride:\nhard rigid clear plastic such as cordial bottles; (4) Low Density Polyethylene: soft,\nflexible such as squeezable bottles; 5) Polypropylene: hard but flexible plastics such as\nmicrowave ware; takeaway containers, some yogurt or jam containers and hinged lunch\nboxes, and (6) Polystyrene: rigid, brittle plastics such as small tubes and margarine or\nbutter container. See Figure 1. Plastic litter found in the rivers are of categories 1-6. There\nare also other plastics that do not fall under food grade 1-6." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1181, + "y": 0.537 + }, + { + "x": 0.8222, + "y": 0.537 + }, + { + "x": 0.8222, + "y": 0.7379 + }, + { + "x": 0.1181, + "y": 0.7379 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

8 Filipino word for restaurants where a menu of cooked or ready-to-eat food are on display and clients point to their choice of food and
pay as they take their food to their tables or ask for take-out packaging.
9 Food grade plastics refer to plastic containers, tools or other supplies made of plastics that are cleared to be used for food
preparation, handling, and service.

", + "markdown": "8 Filipino word for restaurants where a menu of cooked or ready-to-eat food are on display and clients point to their choice of food and\npay as they take their food to their tables or ask for take-out packaging.\n9 Food grade plastics refer to plastic containers, tools or other supplies made of plastics that are cleared to be used for food\npreparation, handling, and service.", + "text": "8 Filipino word for restaurants where a menu of cooked or ready-to-eat food are on display and clients point to their choice of food and\npay as they take their food to their tables or ask for take-out packaging.\n9 Food grade plastics refer to plastic containers, tools or other supplies made of plastics that are cleared to be used for food\npreparation, handling, and service." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1152, + "y": 0.8237 + }, + { + "x": 0.8282, + "y": 0.8237 + }, + { + "x": 0.8282, + "y": 0.8858 + }, + { + "x": 0.1152, + "y": 0.8858 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

18

", + "markdown": "18", + "text": "18" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0299, + "y": 0.9438 + }, + { + "x": 0.0576, + "y": 0.9438 + }, + { + "x": 0.0576, + "y": 0.9617 + }, + { + "x": 0.0299, + "y": 0.9617 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry
", + "markdown": "Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", + "text": "Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0687, + "y": 0.9464 + }, + { + "x": 0.5689, + "y": 0.9464 + }, + { + "x": 0.5689, + "y": 0.9623 + }, + { + "x": 0.0687, + "y": 0.9623 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000166.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Activity 5· Calculating versus estimating CEC

\n

There are two ways you can calculate the CEC: the sum of cations method and the mineralogy method.

\n

The Sum-of-Cations Method

\n

If you have a soil analysis where the quantities of all cations in the soil are listed, simply summing all those exchangeable
quantities will yield the CEC you found in the preceding problems.

\n

The \"Mineralogy\" Method

\n

As you know from your reading and class discussion, clay minerals have a range of values for CEC. If the mineralogy of
the clay fraction is known (that is, the type and amounts of each clay mineral), then the CEC can be approximated.

\n

To make these calculations easier, Table 13.4 contains representative values for CEC to use in all calculations for this
class unless otherwise noted. In nature, however, these soil colloids will have a range of values.

\n

Table Typical CEC of various soil colloids.
13.4.

\n
Mineral or colloid typeCEC of pure colloid
cmolc /kg
kaolinite10
illite30
montmorillonite/ smectite100
vermiculite150
humus200
\n

As an example of this mineralogy approach to CEC calculations, consider a soil having 100% clay where the clay is 100%
kaolinite. The CEC would then be 10 cmolc/kg. Ifa soil contains only 10% kaolinite (or 10 kg clay in 100 kg soil), however,
this clay would contribute

\n

$$\\mathrm{Total~CEC~of~the~soil}=\\frac{10~\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{\\mathrm{kg~clay}}\\times\\frac{10~\\mathrm{kg~clay}}{100~\\mathrm{kg~soil}}=\\frac{1.0~\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{\\mathrm{kg~soil}}$$

\n

A prairie soil contains 30% clay. This clay sized fraction is dominantly montmorillonite. The soil also contains 5% humus
(organic matter).

\n

Using the mineralogy method, what is the cation exchange capacity (CEC) contributed by the clay?

\n
120 I Soil Colloids
", + "markdown": "# Activity 5· Calculating versus estimating CEC\n\nThere are two ways you can calculate the CEC: the sum of cations method and the mineralogy method.\n\n# The Sum-of-Cations Method\n\nIf you have a soil analysis where the quantities of all cations in the soil are listed, simply summing all those exchangeable\nquantities will yield the CEC you found in the preceding problems.\n\n# The \"Mineralogy\" Method\n\nAs you know from your reading and class discussion, clay minerals have a range of values for CEC. If the mineralogy of\nthe clay fraction is known (that is, the type and amounts of each clay mineral), then the CEC can be approximated.\n\nTo make these calculations easier, Table 13.4 contains representative values for CEC to use in all calculations for this\nclass unless otherwise noted. In nature, however, these soil colloids will have a range of values.\n\n# Table Typical CEC of various soil colloids.\n13.4.\n\n| Mineral or colloid type | CEC of pure colloid |\n| --- | --- |\n| | cmolc /kg |\n| kaolinite | 10 |\n| illite | 30 |\n| montmorillonite/ smectite | 100 |\n| vermiculite | 150 |\n| humus | 200 |\n\n\nAs an example of this mineralogy approach to CEC calculations, consider a soil having 100% clay where the clay is 100%\nkaolinite. The CEC would then be 10 cmolc/kg. Ifa soil contains only 10% kaolinite (or 10 kg clay in 100 kg soil), however,\nthis clay would contribute\n\n$$\\mathrm{Total~CEC~of~the~soil}=\\frac{10~\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{\\mathrm{kg~clay}}\\times\\frac{10~\\mathrm{kg~clay}}{100~\\mathrm{kg~soil}}=\\frac{1.0~\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{\\mathrm{kg~soil}}$$\n\nA prairie soil contains 30% clay. This clay sized fraction is dominantly montmorillonite. The soil also contains 5% humus\n(organic matter).\n\nUsing the mineralogy method, what is the cation exchange capacity (CEC) contributed by the clay?\n\n120 I Soil Colloids", + "text": "Activity 5· Calculating versus estimating CEC\nThere are two ways you can calculate the CEC: the sum of cations method and the mineralogy method.\nThe Sum-of-Cations Method\nIf you have a soil analysis where the quantities of all cations in the soil are listed, simply summing all those exchangeable\nquantities will yield the CEC you found in the preceding problems.\nThe \"Mineralogy\" Method\nAs you know from your reading and class discussion, clay minerals have a range of values for CEC. If the mineralogy of\nthe clay fraction is known (that is, the type and amounts of each clay mineral), then the CEC can be approximated.\nTo make these calculations easier, Table 13.4 contains representative values for CEC to use in all calculations for this\nclass unless otherwise noted. In nature, however, these soil colloids will have a range of values.\nTable Typical CEC of various soil colloids.\n13.4.\nMineral or colloid type CEC of pure colloid\n cmolc /kg\n kaolinite 10\n illite 30\n montmorillonite/ smectite 100\n vermiculite 150\n humus 200\nAs an example of this mineralogy approach to CEC calculations, consider a soil having 100% clay where the clay is 100%\nkaolinite. The CEC would then be 10 cmolc/kg. Ifa soil contains only 10% kaolinite (or 10 kg clay in 100 kg soil), however,\nthis clay would contribute\n10 cmolc 10 kg clay 1.0 cmolc \nTotal CEC of the soil = x = \nkg clay 100 kg soil kg soil\nA prairie soil contains 30% clay. This clay sized fraction is dominantly montmorillonite. The soil also contains 5% humus\n(organic matter).\nUsing the mineralogy method, what is the cation exchange capacity (CEC) contributed by the clay?\n120 I Soil Colloids" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Activity 5· Calculating versus estimating CEC

", + "markdown": "# Activity 5· Calculating versus estimating CEC", + "text": "Activity 5· Calculating versus estimating CEC" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0893, + "y": 0.0727 + }, + { + "x": 0.5204, + "y": 0.0727 + }, + { + "x": 0.5204, + "y": 0.0954 + }, + { + "x": 0.0893, + "y": 0.0954 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

There are two ways you can calculate the CEC: the sum of cations method and the mineralogy method.

", + "markdown": "There are two ways you can calculate the CEC: the sum of cations method and the mineralogy method.", + "text": "There are two ways you can calculate the CEC: the sum of cations method and the mineralogy method." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0884, + "y": 0.121 + }, + { + "x": 0.7993, + "y": 0.121 + }, + { + "x": 0.7993, + "y": 0.1383 + }, + { + "x": 0.0884, + "y": 0.1383 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

The Sum-of-Cations Method

", + "markdown": "# The Sum-of-Cations Method", + "text": "The Sum-of-Cations Method" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0892, + "y": 0.1771 + }, + { + "x": 0.3628, + "y": 0.1771 + }, + { + "x": 0.3628, + "y": 0.1967 + }, + { + "x": 0.0892, + "y": 0.1967 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

If you have a soil analysis where the quantities of all cations in the soil are listed, simply summing all those exchangeable
quantities will yield the CEC you found in the preceding problems.

", + "markdown": "If you have a soil analysis where the quantities of all cations in the soil are listed, simply summing all those exchangeable\nquantities will yield the CEC you found in the preceding problems.", + "text": "If you have a soil analysis where the quantities of all cations in the soil are listed, simply summing all those exchangeable\nquantities will yield the CEC you found in the preceding problems." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.088, + "y": 0.2246 + }, + { + "x": 0.9104, + "y": 0.2246 + }, + { + "x": 0.9104, + "y": 0.2599 + }, + { + "x": 0.088, + "y": 0.2599 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

The \"Mineralogy\" Method

", + "markdown": "# The \"Mineralogy\" Method", + "text": "The \"Mineralogy\" Method" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0894, + "y": 0.2987 + }, + { + "x": 0.3377, + "y": 0.2987 + }, + { + "x": 0.3377, + "y": 0.3205 + }, + { + "x": 0.0894, + "y": 0.3205 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

As you know from your reading and class discussion, clay minerals have a range of values for CEC. If the mineralogy of
the clay fraction is known (that is, the type and amounts of each clay mineral), then the CEC can be approximated.

", + "markdown": "As you know from your reading and class discussion, clay minerals have a range of values for CEC. If the mineralogy of\nthe clay fraction is known (that is, the type and amounts of each clay mineral), then the CEC can be approximated.", + "text": "As you know from your reading and class discussion, clay minerals have a range of values for CEC. If the mineralogy of\nthe clay fraction is known (that is, the type and amounts of each clay mineral), then the CEC can be approximated." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0881, + "y": 0.3479 + }, + { + "x": 0.9124, + "y": 0.3479 + }, + { + "x": 0.9124, + "y": 0.3821 + }, + { + "x": 0.0881, + "y": 0.3821 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

To make these calculations easier, Table 13.4 contains representative values for CEC to use in all calculations for this
class unless otherwise noted. In nature, however, these soil colloids will have a range of values.

", + "markdown": "To make these calculations easier, Table 13.4 contains representative values for CEC to use in all calculations for this\nclass unless otherwise noted. In nature, however, these soil colloids will have a range of values.", + "text": "To make these calculations easier, Table 13.4 contains representative values for CEC to use in all calculations for this\nclass unless otherwise noted. In nature, however, these soil colloids will have a range of values." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0889, + "y": 0.3944 + }, + { + "x": 0.9101, + "y": 0.3944 + }, + { + "x": 0.9101, + "y": 0.4282 + }, + { + "x": 0.0889, + "y": 0.4282 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Table Typical CEC of various soil colloids.
13.4.

", + "markdown": "# Table Typical CEC of various soil colloids.\n13.4.", + "text": "Table Typical CEC of various soil colloids.\n13.4." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0892, + "y": 0.4676 + }, + { + "x": 0.5298, + "y": 0.4676 + }, + { + "x": 0.5298, + "y": 0.4894 + }, + { + "x": 0.0892, + "y": 0.4894 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
Mineral or colloid typeCEC of pure colloid
cmolc /kg
kaolinite10
illite30
montmorillonite/ smectite100
vermiculite150
humus200
", + "markdown": "| Mineral or colloid type | CEC of pure colloid |\n| --- | --- |\n| | cmolc /kg |\n| kaolinite | 10 |\n| illite | 30 |\n| montmorillonite/ smectite | 100 |\n| vermiculite | 150 |\n| humus | 200 |\n", + "text": "Mineral or colloid type CEC of pure colloid\n cmolc /kg\n kaolinite 10\n illite 30\n montmorillonite/ smectite 100\n vermiculite 150\n humus 200" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0923, + "y": 0.5156 + }, + { + "x": 0.4026, + "y": 0.5156 + }, + { + "x": 0.4026, + "y": 0.6599 + }, + { + "x": 0.0923, + "y": 0.6599 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

As an example of this mineralogy approach to CEC calculations, consider a soil having 100% clay where the clay is 100%
kaolinite. The CEC would then be 10 cmolc/kg. Ifa soil contains only 10% kaolinite (or 10 kg clay in 100 kg soil), however,
this clay would contribute

", + "markdown": "As an example of this mineralogy approach to CEC calculations, consider a soil having 100% clay where the clay is 100%\nkaolinite. The CEC would then be 10 cmolc/kg. Ifa soil contains only 10% kaolinite (or 10 kg clay in 100 kg soil), however,\nthis clay would contribute", + "text": "As an example of this mineralogy approach to CEC calculations, consider a soil having 100% clay where the clay is 100%\nkaolinite. The CEC would then be 10 cmolc/kg. Ifa soil contains only 10% kaolinite (or 10 kg clay in 100 kg soil), however,\nthis clay would contribute" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0888, + "y": 0.6768 + }, + { + "x": 0.9134, + "y": 0.6768 + }, + { + "x": 0.9134, + "y": 0.728 + }, + { + "x": 0.0888, + "y": 0.728 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$\\mathrm{Total~CEC~of~the~soil}=\\frac{10~\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{\\mathrm{kg~clay}}\\times\\frac{10~\\mathrm{kg~clay}}{100~\\mathrm{kg~soil}}=\\frac{1.0~\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{\\mathrm{kg~soil}}$$

", + "markdown": "$$\\mathrm{Total~CEC~of~the~soil}=\\frac{10~\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{\\mathrm{kg~clay}}\\times\\frac{10~\\mathrm{kg~clay}}{100~\\mathrm{kg~soil}}=\\frac{1.0~\\mathrm{cmol}_{\\mathrm{c}}}{\\mathrm{kg~soil}}$$", + "text": "10 cmolc 10 kg clay 1.0 cmolc \nTotal CEC of the soil = x = \nkg clay 100 kg soil kg soil" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1949, + "y": 0.738 + }, + { + "x": 0.803, + "y": 0.738 + }, + { + "x": 0.803, + "y": 0.7872 + }, + { + "x": 0.1949, + "y": 0.7872 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

A prairie soil contains 30% clay. This clay sized fraction is dominantly montmorillonite. The soil also contains 5% humus
(organic matter).

", + "markdown": "A prairie soil contains 30% clay. This clay sized fraction is dominantly montmorillonite. The soil also contains 5% humus\n(organic matter).", + "text": "A prairie soil contains 30% clay. This clay sized fraction is dominantly montmorillonite. The soil also contains 5% humus\n(organic matter)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0888, + "y": 0.7968 + }, + { + "x": 0.9107, + "y": 0.7968 + }, + { + "x": 0.9107, + "y": 0.8307 + }, + { + "x": 0.0888, + "y": 0.8307 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Using the mineralogy method, what is the cation exchange capacity (CEC) contributed by the clay?

", + "markdown": "Using the mineralogy method, what is the cation exchange capacity (CEC) contributed by the clay?", + "text": "Using the mineralogy method, what is the cation exchange capacity (CEC) contributed by the clay?" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.142, + "y": 0.8434 + }, + { + "x": 0.8235, + "y": 0.8434 + }, + { + "x": 0.8235, + "y": 0.8608 + }, + { + "x": 0.142, + "y": 0.8608 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
120 I Soil Colloids
", + "markdown": "120 I Soil Colloids", + "text": "120 I Soil Colloids" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.089, + "y": 0.9387 + }, + { + "x": 0.208, + "y": 0.9387 + }, + { + "x": 0.208, + "y": 0.9536 + }, + { + "x": 0.089, + "y": 0.9536 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000024.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

At Home in Exile

\n

We received the clear impression from grim customs officials and money-
changers at the border that we had entered a part of the world still not
entirely recovered from post-War economic depression. Roadside stands
sold plaster garden statues, especially gnomes, and other wares were also
for sale, judging by the surreptitious lifting of skirts to reveal totally bare
flesh, from women sheltering under their umbrellas. I wondered where
they would take their truck driver customers in a place where there seemed
to be only road and forest.

\n

Anthea's navigation skills took us promptly to the clean and pleasant
Tumski Hotel on the Sand Island near the oldest part of Wroclaw. I was
immensely moved when I found that my room overlooked a canal of the
Oder. This was a place of which mother had often spoken. Maria on the
Sand (die Sandkirche) is still there, one of the large old Gothic red-brick
churches that escaped bombing.

\n

That Saturday afternoon, too late for lunch, we sampled Polish beer and
vodka. We explored the famous Rynek, the central seventeenth-century
market square with its famed Gothic town hall where American soldiers
had stolen the gold from the astrological clock. The bombed-out buildings
had been restored, but they were too garishly painted to revive a sense
of their history. The adjoining salt square now mostly sells flowers.

\n

We wondered at how few smiling faces there were, and were puzzled
by how little German or English anyone spoke. Why was there so little
tourism? Only a pair of elegant teenagers had fluent German. We turned
down their offers of pornographic pictures and sexual experiences.

\n

We covered enough of the area to get a strong impression of a once-
lively city devastated by War and hastily repaired. These were convenient
reconstructions, done without an eye to matching styles.

\n

I was especially anxious to find out where Neumarkt Platz had been.
That evening at the hotel, I kept going to the window and trying to
imagine my mother as a young woman taking an evening stroll with
a companion along the banks of the Oder. But this was autumn. Thick
mists hung above the water. Few people were out walking.

\n

On Sunday we set out seriously to find the location of the old square.
We walked through once-stately streets, past the Metropole Hotel from
where Hitler had addressed the crowds, to the Ethnographic Museum.
This proved disappointing. The contents of two rooms were a mere

\n
10
", + "markdown": "# At Home in Exile\n\nWe received the clear impression from grim customs officials and money-\nchangers at the border that we had entered a part of the world still not\nentirely recovered from post-War economic depression. Roadside stands\nsold plaster garden statues, especially gnomes, and other wares were also\nfor sale, judging by the surreptitious lifting of skirts to reveal totally bare\nflesh, from women sheltering under their umbrellas. I wondered where\nthey would take their truck driver customers in a place where there seemed\nto be only road and forest.\n\nAnthea's navigation skills took us promptly to the clean and pleasant\nTumski Hotel on the Sand Island near the oldest part of Wroclaw. I was\nimmensely moved when I found that my room overlooked a canal of the\nOder. This was a place of which mother had often spoken. Maria on the\nSand (die Sandkirche) is still there, one of the large old Gothic red-brick\nchurches that escaped bombing.\n\nThat Saturday afternoon, too late for lunch, we sampled Polish beer and\nvodka. We explored the famous Rynek, the central seventeenth-century\nmarket square with its famed Gothic town hall where American soldiers\nhad stolen the gold from the astrological clock. The bombed-out buildings\nhad been restored, but they were too garishly painted to revive a sense\nof their history. The adjoining salt square now mostly sells flowers.\n\nWe wondered at how few smiling faces there were, and were puzzled\nby how little German or English anyone spoke. Why was there so little\ntourism? Only a pair of elegant teenagers had fluent German. We turned\ndown their offers of pornographic pictures and sexual experiences.\n\nWe covered enough of the area to get a strong impression of a once-\nlively city devastated by War and hastily repaired. These were convenient\nreconstructions, done without an eye to matching styles.\n\nI was especially anxious to find out where Neumarkt Platz had been.\nThat evening at the hotel, I kept going to the window and trying to\nimagine my mother as a young woman taking an evening stroll with\na companion along the banks of the Oder. But this was autumn. Thick\nmists hung above the water. Few people were out walking.\n\nOn Sunday we set out seriously to find the location of the old square.\nWe walked through once-stately streets, past the Metropole Hotel from\nwhere Hitler had addressed the crowds, to the Ethnographic Museum.\nThis proved disappointing. The contents of two rooms were a mere\n\n10", + "text": "At Home in Exile\nWe received the clear impression from grim customs officials and money-\nchangers at the border that we had entered a part of the world still not\nentirely recovered from post-War economic depression. Roadside stands\nsold plaster garden statues, especially gnomes, and other wares were also\nfor sale, judging by the surreptitious lifting of skirts to reveal totally bare\nflesh, from women sheltering under their umbrellas. I wondered where\nthey would take their truck driver customers in a place where there seemed\nto be only road and forest.\nAnthea's navigation skills took us promptly to the clean and pleasant\nTumski Hotel on the Sand Island near the oldest part of Wroclaw. I was\nimmensely moved when I found that my room overlooked a canal of the\nOder. This was a place of which mother had often spoken. Maria on the\nSand (die Sandkirche) is still there, one of the large old Gothic red-brick\nchurches that escaped bombing.\nThat Saturday afternoon, too late for lunch, we sampled Polish beer and\nvodka. We explored the famous Rynek, the central seventeenth-century\nmarket square with its famed Gothic town hall where American soldiers\nhad stolen the gold from the astrological clock. The bombed-out buildings\nhad been restored, but they were too garishly painted to revive a sense\nof their history. The adjoining salt square now mostly sells flowers.\nWe wondered at how few smiling faces there were, and were puzzled\nby how little German or English anyone spoke. Why was there so little\ntourism? Only a pair of elegant teenagers had fluent German. We turned\ndown their offers of pornographic pictures and sexual experiences.\nWe covered enough of the area to get a strong impression of a once-\nlively city devastated by War and hastily repaired. These were convenient\nreconstructions, done without an eye to matching styles.\nI was especially anxious to find out where Neumarkt Platz had been.\nThat evening at the hotel, I kept going to the window and trying to\nimagine my mother as a young woman taking an evening stroll with\na companion along the banks of the Oder. But this was autumn. Thick\nmists hung above the water. Few people were out walking.\nOn Sunday we set out seriously to find the location of the old square.\nWe walked through once-stately streets, past the Metropole Hotel from\nwhere Hitler had addressed the crowds, to the Ethnographic Museum.\nThis proved disappointing. The contents of two rooms were a mere\n10" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

At Home in Exile

", + "markdown": "# At Home in Exile", + "text": "At Home in Exile" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1525, + "y": 0.085 + }, + { + "x": 0.2868, + "y": 0.085 + }, + { + "x": 0.2868, + "y": 0.0997 + }, + { + "x": 0.1525, + "y": 0.0997 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

We received the clear impression from grim customs officials and money-
changers at the border that we had entered a part of the world still not
entirely recovered from post-War economic depression. Roadside stands
sold plaster garden statues, especially gnomes, and other wares were also
for sale, judging by the surreptitious lifting of skirts to reveal totally bare
flesh, from women sheltering under their umbrellas. I wondered where
they would take their truck driver customers in a place where there seemed
to be only road and forest.

", + "markdown": "We received the clear impression from grim customs officials and money-\nchangers at the border that we had entered a part of the world still not\nentirely recovered from post-War economic depression. Roadside stands\nsold plaster garden statues, especially gnomes, and other wares were also\nfor sale, judging by the surreptitious lifting of skirts to reveal totally bare\nflesh, from women sheltering under their umbrellas. I wondered where\nthey would take their truck driver customers in a place where there seemed\nto be only road and forest.", + "text": "We received the clear impression from grim customs officials and money-\nchangers at the border that we had entered a part of the world still not\nentirely recovered from post-War economic depression. Roadside stands\nsold plaster garden statues, especially gnomes, and other wares were also\nfor sale, judging by the surreptitious lifting of skirts to reveal totally bare\nflesh, from women sheltering under their umbrellas. I wondered where\nthey would take their truck driver customers in a place where there seemed\nto be only road and forest." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1526, + "y": 0.1168 + }, + { + "x": 0.8746, + "y": 0.1168 + }, + { + "x": 0.8746, + "y": 0.2761 + }, + { + "x": 0.1526, + "y": 0.2761 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Anthea's navigation skills took us promptly to the clean and pleasant
Tumski Hotel on the Sand Island near the oldest part of Wroclaw. I was
immensely moved when I found that my room overlooked a canal of the
Oder. This was a place of which mother had often spoken. Maria on the
Sand (die Sandkirche) is still there, one of the large old Gothic red-brick
churches that escaped bombing.

", + "markdown": "Anthea's navigation skills took us promptly to the clean and pleasant\nTumski Hotel on the Sand Island near the oldest part of Wroclaw. I was\nimmensely moved when I found that my room overlooked a canal of the\nOder. This was a place of which mother had often spoken. Maria on the\nSand (die Sandkirche) is still there, one of the large old Gothic red-brick\nchurches that escaped bombing.", + "text": "Anthea's navigation skills took us promptly to the clean and pleasant\nTumski Hotel on the Sand Island near the oldest part of Wroclaw. I was\nimmensely moved when I found that my room overlooked a canal of the\nOder. This was a place of which mother had often spoken. Maria on the\nSand (die Sandkirche) is still there, one of the large old Gothic red-brick\nchurches that escaped bombing." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1521, + "y": 0.2893 + }, + { + "x": 0.8745, + "y": 0.2893 + }, + { + "x": 0.8745, + "y": 0.4095 + }, + { + "x": 0.1521, + "y": 0.4095 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

That Saturday afternoon, too late for lunch, we sampled Polish beer and
vodka. We explored the famous Rynek, the central seventeenth-century
market square with its famed Gothic town hall where American soldiers
had stolen the gold from the astrological clock. The bombed-out buildings
had been restored, but they were too garishly painted to revive a sense
of their history. The adjoining salt square now mostly sells flowers.

", + "markdown": "That Saturday afternoon, too late for lunch, we sampled Polish beer and\nvodka. We explored the famous Rynek, the central seventeenth-century\nmarket square with its famed Gothic town hall where American soldiers\nhad stolen the gold from the astrological clock. The bombed-out buildings\nhad been restored, but they were too garishly painted to revive a sense\nof their history. The adjoining salt square now mostly sells flowers.", + "text": "That Saturday afternoon, too late for lunch, we sampled Polish beer and\nvodka. We explored the famous Rynek, the central seventeenth-century\nmarket square with its famed Gothic town hall where American soldiers\nhad stolen the gold from the astrological clock. The bombed-out buildings\nhad been restored, but they were too garishly painted to revive a sense\nof their history. The adjoining salt square now mostly sells flowers." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1521, + "y": 0.4205 + }, + { + "x": 0.8744, + "y": 0.4205 + }, + { + "x": 0.8744, + "y": 0.5424 + }, + { + "x": 0.1521, + "y": 0.5424 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

We wondered at how few smiling faces there were, and were puzzled
by how little German or English anyone spoke. Why was there so little
tourism? Only a pair of elegant teenagers had fluent German. We turned
down their offers of pornographic pictures and sexual experiences.

", + "markdown": "We wondered at how few smiling faces there were, and were puzzled\nby how little German or English anyone spoke. Why was there so little\ntourism? Only a pair of elegant teenagers had fluent German. We turned\ndown their offers of pornographic pictures and sexual experiences.", + "text": "We wondered at how few smiling faces there were, and were puzzled\nby how little German or English anyone spoke. Why was there so little\ntourism? Only a pair of elegant teenagers had fluent German. We turned\ndown their offers of pornographic pictures and sexual experiences." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1524, + "y": 0.5535 + }, + { + "x": 0.8743, + "y": 0.5535 + }, + { + "x": 0.8743, + "y": 0.6349 + }, + { + "x": 0.1524, + "y": 0.6349 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

We covered enough of the area to get a strong impression of a once-
lively city devastated by War and hastily repaired. These were convenient
reconstructions, done without an eye to matching styles.

", + "markdown": "We covered enough of the area to get a strong impression of a once-\nlively city devastated by War and hastily repaired. These were convenient\nreconstructions, done without an eye to matching styles.", + "text": "We covered enough of the area to get a strong impression of a once-\nlively city devastated by War and hastily repaired. These were convenient\nreconstructions, done without an eye to matching styles." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1532, + "y": 0.6454 + }, + { + "x": 0.8732, + "y": 0.6454 + }, + { + "x": 0.8732, + "y": 0.7071 + }, + { + "x": 0.1532, + "y": 0.7071 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

I was especially anxious to find out where Neumarkt Platz had been.
That evening at the hotel, I kept going to the window and trying to
imagine my mother as a young woman taking an evening stroll with
a companion along the banks of the Oder. But this was autumn. Thick
mists hung above the water. Few people were out walking.

", + "markdown": "I was especially anxious to find out where Neumarkt Platz had been.\nThat evening at the hotel, I kept going to the window and trying to\nimagine my mother as a young woman taking an evening stroll with\na companion along the banks of the Oder. But this was autumn. Thick\nmists hung above the water. Few people were out walking.", + "text": "I was especially anxious to find out where Neumarkt Platz had been.\nThat evening at the hotel, I kept going to the window and trying to\nimagine my mother as a young woman taking an evening stroll with\na companion along the banks of the Oder. But this was autumn. Thick\nmists hung above the water. Few people were out walking." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1527, + "y": 0.7184 + }, + { + "x": 0.8749, + "y": 0.7184 + }, + { + "x": 0.8749, + "y": 0.8199 + }, + { + "x": 0.1527, + "y": 0.8199 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

On Sunday we set out seriously to find the location of the old square.
We walked through once-stately streets, past the Metropole Hotel from
where Hitler had addressed the crowds, to the Ethnographic Museum.
This proved disappointing. The contents of two rooms were a mere

", + "markdown": "On Sunday we set out seriously to find the location of the old square.\nWe walked through once-stately streets, past the Metropole Hotel from\nwhere Hitler had addressed the crowds, to the Ethnographic Museum.\nThis proved disappointing. The contents of two rooms were a mere", + "text": "On Sunday we set out seriously to find the location of the old square.\nWe walked through once-stately streets, past the Metropole Hotel from\nwhere Hitler had addressed the crowds, to the Ethnographic Museum.\nThis proved disappointing. The contents of two rooms were a mere" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1529, + "y": 0.8302 + }, + { + "x": 0.8747, + "y": 0.8302 + }, + { + "x": 0.8747, + "y": 0.9126 + }, + { + "x": 0.1529, + "y": 0.9126 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
10
", + "markdown": "10", + "text": "10" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0889, + "y": 0.9297 + }, + { + "x": 0.1145, + "y": 0.9297 + }, + { + "x": 0.1145, + "y": 0.9423 + }, + { + "x": 0.0889, + "y": 0.9423 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000123.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

The Data Journey

\n

1
To get started, let's consider the data visualization in Figure 1.1
below.

\n
\"Fruit
\n

Figure 1.1.
Production
of apples,
blueberries,
cranberries,
graphs,
and
strawberrie
s in British
Columbia,
2016-2020.

\n

The underlying raw data went through many stages before it
was presented to you in this data visualization. The information
had to be:

\n

· Collected via surveys
· Inputted into a database
· Stored on secure servers
Cleaned for accuracy and consistency
Analyzed to understand the trends
· Presented as a bar graph

\n

1. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate
value of marketed fruits. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as
is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved January
9th, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/3210036401-eng. Statistics
Canada Open Licence: https://www.statican.go.ca/en/refence/icence

\n

4 I The Data Journey

", + "markdown": "# The Data Journey\n\n1\nTo get started, let's consider the data visualization in Figure 1.1\nbelow.\n\nFruit Production in British Columbia\n140,000\n120,000\n(Tana)\n100,000\nProduced\n80,000\n60,000\nFruit\n40,000\n20,000\n0\n2016 2017 2018 2019 2020\nYear\nApples Blueberries Cranberries Grapos ■ Strawberries\n\nFigure 1.1.\nProduction\nof apples,\nblueberries,\ncranberries,\ngraphs,\nand\nstrawberrie\ns in British\nColumbia,\n2016-2020.\n\nThe underlying raw data went through many stages before it\nwas presented to you in this data visualization. The information\nhad to be:\n\n- · Collected via surveys\n- · Inputted into a database\n- · Stored on secure servers\n- Cleaned for accuracy and consistency\n- Analyzed to understand the trends\n- · Presented as a bar graph\n\n\n1. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate\nvalue of marketed fruits. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as\nis\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved January\n9th, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/3210036401-eng. Statistics\nCanada Open Licence: https://www.statican.go.ca/en/refence/icence\n\n- 4 I The Data Journey", + "text": "The Data Journey\n1\nTo get started, let's consider the data visualization in Figure 1.1\nbelow.\nFruit Production in British Columbia\n140,000\n120,000\n(Tana)\n100,000\nProduced\n80,000\n60,000\nFruit\n40,000\n20,000\n0\n2016 2017 2018 2019 2020\nYear\nApples Blueberries Cranberries Grapos ■ Strawberries\nFigure 1.1.\nProduction\nof apples,\nblueberries,\ncranberries,\ngraphs,\nand\nstrawberrie\ns in British\nColumbia,\n2016-2020.\nThe underlying raw data went through many stages before it\nwas presented to you in this data visualization. The information\nhad to be:\n· Collected via surveys\n· Inputted into a database\n· Stored on secure servers\nCleaned for accuracy and consistency\nAnalyzed to understand the trends\n· Presented as a bar graph\n1. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate\nvalue of marketed fruits. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as\nis\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved January\n9th, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/3210036401-eng. Statistics\nCanada Open Licence: https://www.statican.go.ca/en/refence/icence\n4 I The Data Journey" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

The Data Journey

", + "markdown": "# The Data Journey", + "text": "The Data Journey" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1393, + "y": 0.0995 + }, + { + "x": 0.6824, + "y": 0.0995 + }, + { + "x": 0.6824, + "y": 0.142 + }, + { + "x": 0.1393, + "y": 0.142 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

1
To get started, let's consider the data visualization in Figure 1.1
below.

", + "markdown": "1\nTo get started, let's consider the data visualization in Figure 1.1\nbelow.", + "text": "1\nTo get started, let's consider the data visualization in Figure 1.1\nbelow." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1377, + "y": 0.181 + }, + { + "x": 0.8605, + "y": 0.181 + }, + { + "x": 0.8605, + "y": 0.224 + }, + { + "x": 0.1377, + "y": 0.224 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Fruit
", + "markdown": "Fruit Production in British Columbia\n140,000\n120,000\n(Tana)\n100,000\nProduced\n80,000\n60,000\nFruit\n40,000\n20,000\n0\n2016 2017 2018 2019 2020\nYear\nApples Blueberries Cranberries Grapos ■ Strawberries", + "text": "Fruit Production in British Columbia\n140,000\n120,000\n(Tana)\n100,000\nProduced\n80,000\n60,000\nFruit\n40,000\n20,000\n0\n2016 2017 2018 2019 2020\nYear\nApples Blueberries Cranberries Grapos ■ Strawberries" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1487, + "y": 0.237 + }, + { + "x": 0.7143, + "y": 0.237 + }, + { + "x": 0.7143, + "y": 0.4413 + }, + { + "x": 0.1487, + "y": 0.4413 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 1.1.
Production
of apples,
blueberries,
cranberries,
graphs,
and
strawberrie
s in British
Columbia,
2016-2020.

", + "markdown": "Figure 1.1.\nProduction\nof apples,\nblueberries,\ncranberries,\ngraphs,\nand\nstrawberrie\ns in British\nColumbia,\n2016-2020.", + "text": "Figure 1.1.\nProduction\nof apples,\nblueberries,\ncranberries,\ngraphs,\nand\nstrawberrie\ns in British\nColumbia,\n2016-2020." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7294, + "y": 0.2353 + }, + { + "x": 0.8567, + "y": 0.2353 + }, + { + "x": 0.8567, + "y": 0.4072 + }, + { + "x": 0.7294, + "y": 0.4072 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The underlying raw data went through many stages before it
was presented to you in this data visualization. The information
had to be:

", + "markdown": "The underlying raw data went through many stages before it\nwas presented to you in this data visualization. The information\nhad to be:", + "text": "The underlying raw data went through many stages before it\nwas presented to you in this data visualization. The information\nhad to be:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1377, + "y": 0.5189 + }, + { + "x": 0.8628, + "y": 0.5189 + }, + { + "x": 0.8628, + "y": 0.5843 + }, + { + "x": 0.1377, + "y": 0.5843 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· Collected via surveys
· Inputted into a database
· Stored on secure servers
Cleaned for accuracy and consistency
Analyzed to understand the trends
· Presented as a bar graph

", + "markdown": "- · Collected via surveys\n- · Inputted into a database\n- · Stored on secure servers\n- Cleaned for accuracy and consistency\n- Analyzed to understand the trends\n- · Presented as a bar graph\n", + "text": "· Collected via surveys\n· Inputted into a database\n· Stored on secure servers\nCleaned for accuracy and consistency\nAnalyzed to understand the trends\n· Presented as a bar graph" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1558, + "y": 0.6082 + }, + { + "x": 0.6237, + "y": 0.6082 + }, + { + "x": 0.6237, + "y": 0.7444 + }, + { + "x": 0.1558, + "y": 0.7444 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

1. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate
value of marketed fruits. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as
is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved January
9th, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/3210036401-eng. Statistics
Canada Open Licence: https://www.statican.go.ca/en/refence/icence

", + "markdown": "1. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate\nvalue of marketed fruits. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as\nis\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved January\n9th, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/3210036401-eng. Statistics\nCanada Open Licence: https://www.statican.go.ca/en/refence/icence", + "text": "1. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate\nvalue of marketed fruits. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as\nis\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved January\n9th, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/3210036401-eng. Statistics\nCanada Open Licence: https://www.statican.go.ca/en/refence/icence" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1186, + "y": 0.8074 + }, + { + "x": 0.8541, + "y": 0.8074 + }, + { + "x": 0.8541, + "y": 0.9072 + }, + { + "x": 0.1186, + "y": 0.9072 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

4 I The Data Journey

", + "markdown": "- 4 I The Data Journey\n", + "text": "4 I The Data Journey" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1392, + "y": 0.9325 + }, + { + "x": 0.3666, + "y": 0.9325 + }, + { + "x": 0.3666, + "y": 0.9502 + }, + { + "x": 0.1392, + "y": 0.9502 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000031.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
Probability, Combinatorics and Control
\n

$$\\mathrm{lim}\\,{\\frac{P_{L L}}{P_{L H}+P_{H L}}}\\quad\\mathrm{and}\\quad\\vert\\mathrm{im}\\,{\\frac{P_{L L}+P_{H H}}{P_{L H}+P_{H L}}}$$

\n\n

equal zero when certain parameters tend to infinity in some well-defined way.
However, it is worthwhile at this stage to note their implications for cosmology.

\n

The strong broken symmetry in Definition 5 actually means that a monotonic
behavior of the entropy is far more probable than a non-monotonic one. In the case
of a weak broken symmetry, this is not necessarily so; it could very well be that the
most probable scenario would be high entropy at both ends. Thus, this is definitely a
weaker statement, but it can nevertheless be argued that it can be used to explain
the time asymmetry that we observe, referring to a kind of anthropic principle: it is
an obvious observational fact that we live in a universe with low entropy at at least
one end. If the statement in Definition 4 is fulfilled, then clearly among such
scenarios, the monotonic ones (LH and HL) are the by far most probable ones.
Thus, since universes with high entropy at both ends would seem to be quite
uninhabitable, one can argue that given the existence of an observer, then with
almost certainty he must live in a universe with monotonic entropy.

\n

Summing up, both limits above can be used to argue in favor of time asymmetry.
Nevertheless, at least to the mind of the author, the strong broken symmetry is the
preferable one. This alternative will be further studied in Section 9.

\n

8. Numerical computations in the combinatorial multiverse

\n

With the setup in Sections 6 and 7, we can now use Mathematica or MATLAB to
generate instances of the combinatorial multiverse for small values of m and W and
then compute the corresponding probability weights PLL, PLH, PHL and PHH. It is
important to note that the matrices here can be treated as sparse, rather than as full
matrices, which make the computations considerably faster.

\n

In particular, in the case m = 2 in Section 6 and with a randomly generated
dynamics which is manifested by an adjacency matrix A, we can compute the
power A 4 and read of the first row, which contains all the information we need
about the paths from the state at t = -2 with S = 0. So what do we find?

\n

In Figure 3, I have plotted the ratio NLL / (NLH + NHL ) for the cases m = 2 (light
gray) and m = 3 (dark gray) for values of W ranging from 3 to 30. What is actually
displayed are the mean values of 1000 randomly generated matrices as above for
each value of W. Although the picture clearly supports the claim that

\n
\"0.10\n0.08\n0.06\n0.04\n0.02\n0.00\n1
(13)
\n

Figure 3·

\n

The ratio NLL /(NLH + NHL) as a function of Wfor the cases m = 2 (light gray) and m = 3 (dark gray) [4].

\n
318
", + "markdown": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control\n\n$$\\mathrm{lim}\\,{\\frac{P_{L L}}{P_{L H}+P_{H L}}}\\quad\\mathrm{and}\\quad\\vert\\mathrm{im}\\,{\\frac{P_{L L}+P_{H H}}{P_{L H}+P_{H L}}}$$\n\n(13)\n\nequal zero when certain parameters tend to infinity in some well-defined way.\nHowever, it is worthwhile at this stage to note their implications for cosmology.\n\nThe strong broken symmetry in Definition 5 actually means that a monotonic\nbehavior of the entropy is far more probable than a non-monotonic one. In the case\nof a weak broken symmetry, this is not necessarily so; it could very well be that the\nmost probable scenario would be high entropy at both ends. Thus, this is definitely a\nweaker statement, but it can nevertheless be argued that it can be used to explain\nthe time asymmetry that we observe, referring to a kind of anthropic principle: it is\nan obvious observational fact that we live in a universe with low entropy at at least\none end. If the statement in Definition 4 is fulfilled, then clearly among such\nscenarios, the monotonic ones (LH and HL) are the by far most probable ones.\nThus, since universes with high entropy at both ends would seem to be quite\nuninhabitable, one can argue that given the existence of an observer, then with\nalmost certainty he must live in a universe with monotonic entropy.\n\nSumming up, both limits above can be used to argue in favor of time asymmetry.\nNevertheless, at least to the mind of the author, the strong broken symmetry is the\npreferable one. This alternative will be further studied in Section 9.\n\n8. Numerical computations in the combinatorial multiverse\n\nWith the setup in Sections 6 and 7, we can now use Mathematica or MATLAB to\ngenerate instances of the combinatorial multiverse for small values of m and W and\nthen compute the corresponding probability weights PLL, PLH, PHL and PHH. It is\nimportant to note that the matrices here can be treated as sparse, rather than as full\nmatrices, which make the computations considerably faster.\n\nIn particular, in the case m = 2 in Section 6 and with a randomly generated\ndynamics which is manifested by an adjacency matrix A, we can compute the\npower A 4 and read of the first row, which contains all the information we need\nabout the paths from the state at t = -2 with S = 0. So what do we find?\n\nIn Figure 3, I have plotted the ratio NLL / (NLH + NHL ) for the cases m = 2 (light\ngray) and m = 3 (dark gray) for values of W ranging from 3 to 30. What is actually\ndisplayed are the mean values of 1000 randomly generated matrices as above for\neach value of W. Although the picture clearly supports the claim that\n\n0.10\n0.08\n0.06\n0.04\n0.02\n0.00\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314 151617 18 192021 222324252627282930\n\nFigure 3·\n\nThe ratio NLL /(NLH + NHL) as a function of Wfor the cases m = 2 (light gray) and m = 3 (dark gray) [4].\n\n318", + "text": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control\nPLL PLL + PHH \nlim and lim \nPLH + PHL PLH + PHL\n(13)\nequal zero when certain parameters tend to infinity in some well-defined way.\nHowever, it is worthwhile at this stage to note their implications for cosmology.\nThe strong broken symmetry in Definition 5 actually means that a monotonic\nbehavior of the entropy is far more probable than a non-monotonic one. In the case\nof a weak broken symmetry, this is not necessarily so; it could very well be that the\nmost probable scenario would be high entropy at both ends. Thus, this is definitely a\nweaker statement, but it can nevertheless be argued that it can be used to explain\nthe time asymmetry that we observe, referring to a kind of anthropic principle: it is\nan obvious observational fact that we live in a universe with low entropy at at least\none end. If the statement in Definition 4 is fulfilled, then clearly among such\nscenarios, the monotonic ones (LH and HL) are the by far most probable ones.\nThus, since universes with high entropy at both ends would seem to be quite\nuninhabitable, one can argue that given the existence of an observer, then with\nalmost certainty he must live in a universe with monotonic entropy.\nSumming up, both limits above can be used to argue in favor of time asymmetry.\nNevertheless, at least to the mind of the author, the strong broken symmetry is the\npreferable one. This alternative will be further studied in Section 9.\n8. Numerical computations in the combinatorial multiverse\nWith the setup in Sections 6 and 7, we can now use Mathematica or MATLAB to\ngenerate instances of the combinatorial multiverse for small values of m and W and\nthen compute the corresponding probability weights PLL, PLH, PHL and PHH. It is\nimportant to note that the matrices here can be treated as sparse, rather than as full\nmatrices, which make the computations considerably faster.\nIn particular, in the case m = 2 in Section 6 and with a randomly generated\ndynamics which is manifested by an adjacency matrix A, we can compute the\npower A 4 and read of the first row, which contains all the information we need\nabout the paths from the state at t = -2 with S = 0. So what do we find?\nIn Figure 3, I have plotted the ratio NLL / (NLH + NHL ) for the cases m = 2 (light\ngray) and m = 3 (dark gray) for values of W ranging from 3 to 30. What is actually\ndisplayed are the mean values of 1000 randomly generated matrices as above for\neach value of W. Although the picture clearly supports the claim that\n0.10\n0.08\n0.06\n0.04\n0.02\n0.00\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314 151617 18 192021 222324252627282930\nFigure 3·\nThe ratio NLL /(NLH + NHL) as a function of Wfor the cases m = 2 (light gray) and m = 3 (dark gray) [4].\n318" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Probability, Combinatorics and Control
", + "markdown": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control", + "text": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1424, + "y": 0.0259 + }, + { + "x": 0.4389, + "y": 0.0259 + }, + { + "x": 0.4389, + "y": 0.0414 + }, + { + "x": 0.1424, + "y": 0.0414 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$$\\mathrm{lim}\\,{\\frac{P_{L L}}{P_{L H}+P_{H L}}}\\quad\\mathrm{and}\\quad\\vert\\mathrm{im}\\,{\\frac{P_{L L}+P_{H H}}{P_{L H}+P_{H L}}}$$

", + "markdown": "$$\\mathrm{lim}\\,{\\frac{P_{L L}}{P_{L H}+P_{H L}}}\\quad\\mathrm{and}\\quad\\vert\\mathrm{im}\\,{\\frac{P_{L L}+P_{H H}}{P_{L H}+P_{H L}}}$$", + "text": "PLL PLL + PHH \nlim and lim \nPLH + PHL PLH + PHL" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3364, + "y": 0.0712 + }, + { + "x": 0.668, + "y": 0.0712 + }, + { + "x": 0.668, + "y": 0.1111 + }, + { + "x": 0.3364, + "y": 0.1111 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "
(13)", + "markdown": "(13)", + "text": "(13)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7937, + "y": 0.0813 + }, + { + "x": 0.8323, + "y": 0.0813 + }, + { + "x": 0.8323, + "y": 0.099 + }, + { + "x": 0.7937, + "y": 0.099 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

equal zero when certain parameters tend to infinity in some well-defined way.
However, it is worthwhile at this stage to note their implications for cosmology.

", + "markdown": "equal zero when certain parameters tend to infinity in some well-defined way.\nHowever, it is worthwhile at this stage to note their implications for cosmology.", + "text": "equal zero when certain parameters tend to infinity in some well-defined way.\nHowever, it is worthwhile at this stage to note their implications for cosmology." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1429, + "y": 0.1203 + }, + { + "x": 0.841, + "y": 0.1203 + }, + { + "x": 0.841, + "y": 0.1531 + }, + { + "x": 0.1429, + "y": 0.1531 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The strong broken symmetry in Definition 5 actually means that a monotonic
behavior of the entropy is far more probable than a non-monotonic one. In the case
of a weak broken symmetry, this is not necessarily so; it could very well be that the
most probable scenario would be high entropy at both ends. Thus, this is definitely a
weaker statement, but it can nevertheless be argued that it can be used to explain
the time asymmetry that we observe, referring to a kind of anthropic principle: it is
an obvious observational fact that we live in a universe with low entropy at at least
one end. If the statement in Definition 4 is fulfilled, then clearly among such
scenarios, the monotonic ones (LH and HL) are the by far most probable ones.
Thus, since universes with high entropy at both ends would seem to be quite
uninhabitable, one can argue that given the existence of an observer, then with
almost certainty he must live in a universe with monotonic entropy.

", + "markdown": "The strong broken symmetry in Definition 5 actually means that a monotonic\nbehavior of the entropy is far more probable than a non-monotonic one. In the case\nof a weak broken symmetry, this is not necessarily so; it could very well be that the\nmost probable scenario would be high entropy at both ends. Thus, this is definitely a\nweaker statement, but it can nevertheless be argued that it can be used to explain\nthe time asymmetry that we observe, referring to a kind of anthropic principle: it is\nan obvious observational fact that we live in a universe with low entropy at at least\none end. If the statement in Definition 4 is fulfilled, then clearly among such\nscenarios, the monotonic ones (LH and HL) are the by far most probable ones.\nThus, since universes with high entropy at both ends would seem to be quite\nuninhabitable, one can argue that given the existence of an observer, then with\nalmost certainty he must live in a universe with monotonic entropy.", + "text": "The strong broken symmetry in Definition 5 actually means that a monotonic\nbehavior of the entropy is far more probable than a non-monotonic one. In the case\nof a weak broken symmetry, this is not necessarily so; it could very well be that the\nmost probable scenario would be high entropy at both ends. Thus, this is definitely a\nweaker statement, but it can nevertheless be argued that it can be used to explain\nthe time asymmetry that we observe, referring to a kind of anthropic principle: it is\nan obvious observational fact that we live in a universe with low entropy at at least\none end. If the statement in Definition 4 is fulfilled, then clearly among such\nscenarios, the monotonic ones (LH and HL) are the by far most probable ones.\nThus, since universes with high entropy at both ends would seem to be quite\nuninhabitable, one can argue that given the existence of an observer, then with\nalmost certainty he must live in a universe with monotonic entropy." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.143, + "y": 0.1568 + }, + { + "x": 0.8538, + "y": 0.1568 + }, + { + "x": 0.8538, + "y": 0.3477 + }, + { + "x": 0.143, + "y": 0.3477 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Summing up, both limits above can be used to argue in favor of time asymmetry.
Nevertheless, at least to the mind of the author, the strong broken symmetry is the
preferable one. This alternative will be further studied in Section 9.

", + "markdown": "Summing up, both limits above can be used to argue in favor of time asymmetry.\nNevertheless, at least to the mind of the author, the strong broken symmetry is the\npreferable one. This alternative will be further studied in Section 9.", + "text": "Summing up, both limits above can be used to argue in favor of time asymmetry.\nNevertheless, at least to the mind of the author, the strong broken symmetry is the\npreferable one. This alternative will be further studied in Section 9." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1427, + "y": 0.3481 + }, + { + "x": 0.8514, + "y": 0.3481 + }, + { + "x": 0.8514, + "y": 0.3974 + }, + { + "x": 0.1427, + "y": 0.3974 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

8. Numerical computations in the combinatorial multiverse

", + "markdown": "8. Numerical computations in the combinatorial multiverse", + "text": "8. Numerical computations in the combinatorial multiverse" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1427, + "y": 0.4279 + }, + { + "x": 0.7336, + "y": 0.4279 + }, + { + "x": 0.7336, + "y": 0.4468 + }, + { + "x": 0.1427, + "y": 0.4468 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

With the setup in Sections 6 and 7, we can now use Mathematica or MATLAB to
generate instances of the combinatorial multiverse for small values of m and W and
then compute the corresponding probability weights PLL, PLH, PHL and PHH. It is
important to note that the matrices here can be treated as sparse, rather than as full
matrices, which make the computations considerably faster.

", + "markdown": "With the setup in Sections 6 and 7, we can now use Mathematica or MATLAB to\ngenerate instances of the combinatorial multiverse for small values of m and W and\nthen compute the corresponding probability weights PLL, PLH, PHL and PHH. It is\nimportant to note that the matrices here can be treated as sparse, rather than as full\nmatrices, which make the computations considerably faster.", + "text": "With the setup in Sections 6 and 7, we can now use Mathematica or MATLAB to\ngenerate instances of the combinatorial multiverse for small values of m and W and\nthen compute the corresponding probability weights PLL, PLH, PHL and PHH. It is\nimportant to note that the matrices here can be treated as sparse, rather than as full\nmatrices, which make the computations considerably faster." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1436, + "y": 0.4615 + }, + { + "x": 0.8551, + "y": 0.4615 + }, + { + "x": 0.8551, + "y": 0.5427 + }, + { + "x": 0.1436, + "y": 0.5427 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

In particular, in the case m = 2 in Section 6 and with a randomly generated
dynamics which is manifested by an adjacency matrix A, we can compute the
power A 4 and read of the first row, which contains all the information we need
about the paths from the state at t = -2 with S = 0. So what do we find?

", + "markdown": "In particular, in the case m = 2 in Section 6 and with a randomly generated\ndynamics which is manifested by an adjacency matrix A, we can compute the\npower A 4 and read of the first row, which contains all the information we need\nabout the paths from the state at t = -2 with S = 0. So what do we find?", + "text": "In particular, in the case m = 2 in Section 6 and with a randomly generated\ndynamics which is manifested by an adjacency matrix A, we can compute the\npower A 4 and read of the first row, which contains all the information we need\nabout the paths from the state at t = -2 with S = 0. So what do we find?" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1433, + "y": 0.5435 + }, + { + "x": 0.8331, + "y": 0.5435 + }, + { + "x": 0.8331, + "y": 0.6075 + }, + { + "x": 0.1433, + "y": 0.6075 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

In Figure 3, I have plotted the ratio NLL / (NLH + NHL ) for the cases m = 2 (light
gray) and m = 3 (dark gray) for values of W ranging from 3 to 30. What is actually
displayed are the mean values of 1000 randomly generated matrices as above for
each value of W. Although the picture clearly supports the claim that

", + "markdown": "In Figure 3, I have plotted the ratio NLL / (NLH + NHL ) for the cases m = 2 (light\ngray) and m = 3 (dark gray) for values of W ranging from 3 to 30. What is actually\ndisplayed are the mean values of 1000 randomly generated matrices as above for\neach value of W. Although the picture clearly supports the claim that", + "text": "In Figure 3, I have plotted the ratio NLL / (NLH + NHL ) for the cases m = 2 (light\ngray) and m = 3 (dark gray) for values of W ranging from 3 to 30. What is actually\ndisplayed are the mean values of 1000 randomly generated matrices as above for\neach value of W. Although the picture clearly supports the claim that" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1426, + "y": 0.6063 + }, + { + "x": 0.8531, + "y": 0.6063 + }, + { + "x": 0.8531, + "y": 0.6739 + }, + { + "x": 0.1426, + "y": 0.6739 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"0.10\n0.08\n0.06\n0.04\n0.02\n0.00\n1
", + "markdown": "0.10\n0.08\n0.06\n0.04\n0.02\n0.00\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314 151617 18 192021 222324252627282930", + "text": "0.10\n0.08\n0.06\n0.04\n0.02\n0.00\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314 151617 18 192021 222324252627282930" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2641, + "y": 0.704 + }, + { + "x": 0.7344, + "y": 0.704 + }, + { + "x": 0.7344, + "y": 0.8972 + }, + { + "x": 0.2641, + "y": 0.8972 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 3·

", + "markdown": "Figure 3·", + "text": "Figure 3·" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1447, + "y": 0.9064 + }, + { + "x": 0.21, + "y": 0.9064 + }, + { + "x": 0.21, + "y": 0.92 + }, + { + "x": 0.1447, + "y": 0.92 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The ratio NLL /(NLH + NHL) as a function of Wfor the cases m = 2 (light gray) and m = 3 (dark gray) [4].

", + "markdown": "The ratio NLL /(NLH + NHL) as a function of Wfor the cases m = 2 (light gray) and m = 3 (dark gray) [4].", + "text": "The ratio NLL /(NLH + NHL) as a function of Wfor the cases m = 2 (light gray) and m = 3 (dark gray) [4]." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1416, + "y": 0.9109 + }, + { + "x": 0.8471, + "y": 0.9109 + }, + { + "x": 0.8471, + "y": 0.9351 + }, + { + "x": 0.1416, + "y": 0.9351 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
318
", + "markdown": "318", + "text": "318" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1443, + "y": 0.9575 + }, + { + "x": 0.1738, + "y": 0.9575 + }, + { + "x": 0.1738, + "y": 0.97 + }, + { + "x": 0.1443, + "y": 0.97 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000115.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

\n
BIO181
\n

5. Sample problem: If the ocular has a 10x lens and the objective has a 45x lens the total
magnification is 10 x 45 = 450x

\n

Changing objectives:

\n

1. When changing objectives from scanning power to lower power to high power the
following changes will occur:

\n

a. The size of the field of view decreases
b. The field of view becomes darker
c. The size of the image increases
d. The resolution (ability to see detail) increases
e. The working distance between the slide and the objective lens decreases
f. The depth of focus (thickness of the specimen that is visible) is reduced

\n

2. When changing from scanning to low power the field of view gets smaller. In fact, every
time you increase the power of the objective, the field gets smaller.

\n

Steps for Using the Microscope:

\n

1. Place the slide on the stage lining it up with the rectangle and using the stage clip to hold
it in place.

\n
\"\"
\n

2. Click the nosepiece to the lowest (shortest) setting, the scanning objective lens or 4x.
3. Look into the eyepiece.
4. Use the coarse adjustment knob to bring the specimen into view. The specimen must be
in focus before moving to the next steps.
5. Rotate the nosepiece to the low-power objective or 10x.
6. Refocus using the coarse adjustment knob.
7. Move the slide to get a centered view.
8. Now use the fine adjustment knob to get the specimen in perfect focus.
9. Your slide MUST be focused on low power before attempting this next step.

\n
20
", + "markdown": "# MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE\n\nBIO181\n\n5. Sample problem: If the ocular has a 10x lens and the objective has a 45x lens the total\nmagnification is 10 x 45 = 450x\n\n# Changing objectives:\n\n1. When changing objectives from scanning power to lower power to high power the\nfollowing changes will occur:\n\n- a. The size of the field of view decreases\n- b. The field of view becomes darker\n- c. The size of the image increases\n- d. The resolution (ability to see detail) increases\n- e. The working distance between the slide and the objective lens decreases\n- f. The depth of focus (thickness of the specimen that is visible) is reduced\n\n\n2. When changing from scanning to low power the field of view gets smaller. In fact, every\ntime you increase the power of the objective, the field gets smaller.\n\n# Steps for Using the Microscope:\n\n1. Place the slide on the stage lining it up with the rectangle and using the stage clip to hold\nit in place.\n\n\n\n- 2. Click the nosepiece to the lowest (shortest) setting, the scanning objective lens or 4x.\n- 3. Look into the eyepiece.\n- 4. Use the coarse adjustment knob to bring the specimen into view. The specimen must be\n- in focus before moving to the next steps.\n- 5. Rotate the nosepiece to the low-power objective or 10x.\n- 6. Refocus using the coarse adjustment knob.\n- 7. Move the slide to get a centered view.\n- 8. Now use the fine adjustment knob to get the specimen in perfect focus.\n- 9. Your slide MUST be focused on low power before attempting this next step.\n\n\n20", + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE\nBIO181\n5. Sample problem: If the ocular has a 10x lens and the objective has a 45x lens the total\nmagnification is 10 x 45 = 450x\nChanging objectives:\n1. When changing objectives from scanning power to lower power to high power the\nfollowing changes will occur:\na. The size of the field of view decreases\nb. The field of view becomes darker\nc. The size of the image increases\nd. The resolution (ability to see detail) increases\ne. The working distance between the slide and the objective lens decreases\nf. The depth of focus (thickness of the specimen that is visible) is reduced\n2. When changing from scanning to low power the field of view gets smaller. In fact, every\ntime you increase the power of the objective, the field gets smaller.\nSteps for Using the Microscope:\n1. Place the slide on the stage lining it up with the rectangle and using the stage clip to hold\nit in place.\n\n2. Click the nosepiece to the lowest (shortest) setting, the scanning objective lens or 4x.\n3. Look into the eyepiece.\n4. Use the coarse adjustment knob to bring the specimen into view. The specimen must be\nin focus before moving to the next steps.\n5. Rotate the nosepiece to the low-power objective or 10x.\n6. Refocus using the coarse adjustment knob.\n7. Move the slide to get a centered view.\n8. Now use the fine adjustment knob to get the specimen in perfect focus.\n9. Your slide MUST be focused on low power before attempting this next step.\n20" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

", + "markdown": "# MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", + "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.126, + "y": 0.0473 + }, + { + "x": 0.41, + "y": 0.0473 + }, + { + "x": 0.41, + "y": 0.0695 + }, + { + "x": 0.126, + "y": 0.0695 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
BIO181
", + "markdown": "BIO181", + "text": "BIO181" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8094, + "y": 0.0498 + }, + { + "x": 0.8848, + "y": 0.0498 + }, + { + "x": 0.8848, + "y": 0.0683 + }, + { + "x": 0.8094, + "y": 0.0683 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

5. Sample problem: If the ocular has a 10x lens and the objective has a 45x lens the total
magnification is 10 x 45 = 450x

", + "markdown": "5. Sample problem: If the ocular has a 10x lens and the objective has a 45x lens the total\nmagnification is 10 x 45 = 450x", + "text": "5. Sample problem: If the ocular has a 10x lens and the objective has a 45x lens the total\nmagnification is 10 x 45 = 450x" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1411, + "y": 0.0904 + }, + { + "x": 0.8442, + "y": 0.0904 + }, + { + "x": 0.8442, + "y": 0.1284 + }, + { + "x": 0.1411, + "y": 0.1284 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Changing objectives:

", + "markdown": "# Changing objectives:", + "text": "Changing objectives:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1151, + "y": 0.1395 + }, + { + "x": 0.2967, + "y": 0.1395 + }, + { + "x": 0.2967, + "y": 0.1582 + }, + { + "x": 0.1151, + "y": 0.1582 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

1. When changing objectives from scanning power to lower power to high power the
following changes will occur:

", + "markdown": "1. When changing objectives from scanning power to lower power to high power the\nfollowing changes will occur:", + "text": "1. When changing objectives from scanning power to lower power to high power the\nfollowing changes will occur:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.145, + "y": 0.1679 + }, + { + "x": 0.8275, + "y": 0.1679 + }, + { + "x": 0.8275, + "y": 0.2061 + }, + { + "x": 0.145, + "y": 0.2061 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

a. The size of the field of view decreases
b. The field of view becomes darker
c. The size of the image increases
d. The resolution (ability to see detail) increases
e. The working distance between the slide and the objective lens decreases
f. The depth of focus (thickness of the specimen that is visible) is reduced

", + "markdown": "- a. The size of the field of view decreases\n- b. The field of view becomes darker\n- c. The size of the image increases\n- d. The resolution (ability to see detail) increases\n- e. The working distance between the slide and the objective lens decreases\n- f. The depth of focus (thickness of the specimen that is visible) is reduced\n", + "text": "a. The size of the field of view decreases\nb. The field of view becomes darker\nc. The size of the image increases\nd. The resolution (ability to see detail) increases\ne. The working distance between the slide and the objective lens decreases\nf. The depth of focus (thickness of the specimen that is visible) is reduced" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2017, + "y": 0.2092 + }, + { + "x": 0.8431, + "y": 0.2092 + }, + { + "x": 0.8431, + "y": 0.3275 + }, + { + "x": 0.2017, + "y": 0.3275 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

2. When changing from scanning to low power the field of view gets smaller. In fact, every
time you increase the power of the objective, the field gets smaller.

", + "markdown": "2. When changing from scanning to low power the field of view gets smaller. In fact, every\ntime you increase the power of the objective, the field gets smaller.", + "text": "2. When changing from scanning to low power the field of view gets smaller. In fact, every\ntime you increase the power of the objective, the field gets smaller." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1407, + "y": 0.3278 + }, + { + "x": 0.8669, + "y": 0.3278 + }, + { + "x": 0.8669, + "y": 0.3666 + }, + { + "x": 0.1407, + "y": 0.3666 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Steps for Using the Microscope:

", + "markdown": "# Steps for Using the Microscope:", + "text": "Steps for Using the Microscope:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1133, + "y": 0.4057 + }, + { + "x": 0.3873, + "y": 0.4057 + }, + { + "x": 0.3873, + "y": 0.424 + }, + { + "x": 0.1133, + "y": 0.424 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

1. Place the slide on the stage lining it up with the rectangle and using the stage clip to hold
it in place.

", + "markdown": "1. Place the slide on the stage lining it up with the rectangle and using the stage clip to hold\nit in place.", + "text": "1. Place the slide on the stage lining it up with the rectangle and using the stage clip to hold\nit in place." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1447, + "y": 0.4335 + }, + { + "x": 0.8788, + "y": 0.4335 + }, + { + "x": 0.8788, + "y": 0.4713 + }, + { + "x": 0.1447, + "y": 0.4713 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"\"
", + "markdown": "", + "text": "" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1731, + "y": 0.4729 + }, + { + "x": 0.5065, + "y": 0.4729 + }, + { + "x": 0.5065, + "y": 0.6699 + }, + { + "x": 0.1731, + "y": 0.6699 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

2. Click the nosepiece to the lowest (shortest) setting, the scanning objective lens or 4x.
3. Look into the eyepiece.
4. Use the coarse adjustment knob to bring the specimen into view. The specimen must be
in focus before moving to the next steps.
5. Rotate the nosepiece to the low-power objective or 10x.
6. Refocus using the coarse adjustment knob.
7. Move the slide to get a centered view.
8. Now use the fine adjustment knob to get the specimen in perfect focus.
9. Your slide MUST be focused on low power before attempting this next step.

", + "markdown": "- 2. Click the nosepiece to the lowest (shortest) setting, the scanning objective lens or 4x.\n- 3. Look into the eyepiece.\n- 4. Use the coarse adjustment knob to bring the specimen into view. The specimen must be\n- in focus before moving to the next steps.\n- 5. Rotate the nosepiece to the low-power objective or 10x.\n- 6. Refocus using the coarse adjustment knob.\n- 7. Move the slide to get a centered view.\n- 8. Now use the fine adjustment knob to get the specimen in perfect focus.\n- 9. Your slide MUST be focused on low power before attempting this next step.\n", + "text": "2. Click the nosepiece to the lowest (shortest) setting, the scanning objective lens or 4x.\n3. Look into the eyepiece.\n4. Use the coarse adjustment knob to bring the specimen into view. The specimen must be\nin focus before moving to the next steps.\n5. Rotate the nosepiece to the low-power objective or 10x.\n6. Refocus using the coarse adjustment knob.\n7. Move the slide to get a centered view.\n8. Now use the fine adjustment knob to get the specimen in perfect focus.\n9. Your slide MUST be focused on low power before attempting this next step." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1418, + "y": 0.7076 + }, + { + "x": 0.8905, + "y": 0.7076 + }, + { + "x": 0.8905, + "y": 0.8897 + }, + { + "x": 0.1418, + "y": 0.8897 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
20
", + "markdown": "20", + "text": "20" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4864, + "y": 0.9229 + }, + { + "x": 0.5134, + "y": 0.9229 + }, + { + "x": 0.5134, + "y": 0.9394 + }, + { + "x": 0.4864, + "y": 0.9394 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000056.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

scheme helped the biomass power capacity to increase by more than double in 7 years.
Under the FIT scheme, biomass fuels for power generation are grouped into six categories.

\n

General wood: sawmill residues, import wood such as pellets and chips, palm kernel
shell (PKS) and palm trunk
Liquid biomass: palm oil
Unutilised wood: domestic thinned wood
Construction wood waste: wood waste salvaged from construction and other wood
materials
Waste materials and other biomass: pruned branched, paper, food waste, waste
cooking oil, and black liquor
· Biogas: methane derived from sewage sludge, manure, and food waste.

\n

While inexpensive biomass sources such as wood waste from construction and waste
materials, were the main fuels under the RPS, the domestic unutilised wood and the
general wood whose tariff rates are set higher increased specifically (Figure 4.1, 4.2).

\n\n
\"MW\n700\nWaste
Figure 4.1. Approved Capacity under the FIT Scheme
\n

FIT = feed-in-tariff.
Note: Liquid biomass approved under the FIT scheme between FY2012 and FY2017 is included in general wood
and no liquid biomass has been approved since FY2018.
Source: METI (2021a).

\n
30
", + "markdown": "scheme helped the biomass power capacity to increase by more than double in 7 years.\nUnder the FIT scheme, biomass fuels for power generation are grouped into six categories.\n\n- General wood: sawmill residues, import wood such as pellets and chips, palm kernel\n- shell (PKS) and palm trunk\n- Liquid biomass: palm oil\n- Unutilised wood: domestic thinned wood\n- Construction wood waste: wood waste salvaged from construction and other wood\n- materials\n- Waste materials and other biomass: pruned branched, paper, food waste, waste\n- cooking oil, and black liquor\n- · Biogas: methane derived from sewage sludge, manure, and food waste.\n\n\nWhile inexpensive biomass sources such as wood waste from construction and waste\nmaterials, were the main fuels under the RPS, the domestic unutilised wood and the\ngeneral wood whose tariff rates are set higher increased specifically (Figure 4.1, 4.2).\n\nFigure 4.1. Approved Capacity under the FIT Scheme\n\nMW\n700\nWaste materials\n600\n■ Biogas\n500\n■ Construction wood waste\n400\n300 ■ General wood (10MW≤)\n200 ■ General wood (<10MW)\n100 Unutilised wood (2MW≤)\n0\nUnutilised wood (<2MW)\n2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020\n\nFIT = feed-in-tariff.\nNote: Liquid biomass approved under the FIT scheme between FY2012 and FY2017 is included in general wood\nand no liquid biomass has been approved since FY2018.\nSource: METI (2021a).\n\n30", + "text": "scheme helped the biomass power capacity to increase by more than double in 7 years.\nUnder the FIT scheme, biomass fuels for power generation are grouped into six categories.\nGeneral wood: sawmill residues, import wood such as pellets and chips, palm kernel\nshell (PKS) and palm trunk\nLiquid biomass: palm oil\nUnutilised wood: domestic thinned wood\nConstruction wood waste: wood waste salvaged from construction and other wood\nmaterials\nWaste materials and other biomass: pruned branched, paper, food waste, waste\ncooking oil, and black liquor\n· Biogas: methane derived from sewage sludge, manure, and food waste.\nWhile inexpensive biomass sources such as wood waste from construction and waste\nmaterials, were the main fuels under the RPS, the domestic unutilised wood and the\ngeneral wood whose tariff rates are set higher increased specifically (Figure 4.1, 4.2).\nFigure 4.1. Approved Capacity under the FIT Scheme\nMW\n700\nWaste materials\n600\n■ Biogas\n500\n■ Construction wood waste\n400\n300 ■ General wood (10MW≤)\n200 ■ General wood (<10MW)\n100 Unutilised wood (2MW≤)\n0\nUnutilised wood (<2MW)\n2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020\nFIT = feed-in-tariff.\nNote: Liquid biomass approved under the FIT scheme between FY2012 and FY2017 is included in general wood\nand no liquid biomass has been approved since FY2018.\nSource: METI (2021a).\n30" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

scheme helped the biomass power capacity to increase by more than double in 7 years.
Under the FIT scheme, biomass fuels for power generation are grouped into six categories.

", + "markdown": "scheme helped the biomass power capacity to increase by more than double in 7 years.\nUnder the FIT scheme, biomass fuels for power generation are grouped into six categories.", + "text": "scheme helped the biomass power capacity to increase by more than double in 7 years.\nUnder the FIT scheme, biomass fuels for power generation are grouped into six categories." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1371, + "y": 0.1013 + }, + { + "x": 0.8132, + "y": 0.1013 + }, + { + "x": 0.8132, + "y": 0.1372 + }, + { + "x": 0.1371, + "y": 0.1372 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

General wood: sawmill residues, import wood such as pellets and chips, palm kernel
shell (PKS) and palm trunk
Liquid biomass: palm oil
Unutilised wood: domestic thinned wood
Construction wood waste: wood waste salvaged from construction and other wood
materials
Waste materials and other biomass: pruned branched, paper, food waste, waste
cooking oil, and black liquor
· Biogas: methane derived from sewage sludge, manure, and food waste.

", + "markdown": "- General wood: sawmill residues, import wood such as pellets and chips, palm kernel\n- shell (PKS) and palm trunk\n- Liquid biomass: palm oil\n- Unutilised wood: domestic thinned wood\n- Construction wood waste: wood waste salvaged from construction and other wood\n- materials\n- Waste materials and other biomass: pruned branched, paper, food waste, waste\n- cooking oil, and black liquor\n- · Biogas: methane derived from sewage sludge, manure, and food waste.\n", + "text": "General wood: sawmill residues, import wood such as pellets and chips, palm kernel\nshell (PKS) and palm trunk\nLiquid biomass: palm oil\nUnutilised wood: domestic thinned wood\nConstruction wood waste: wood waste salvaged from construction and other wood\nmaterials\nWaste materials and other biomass: pruned branched, paper, food waste, waste\ncooking oil, and black liquor\n· Biogas: methane derived from sewage sludge, manure, and food waste." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1405, + "y": 0.1466 + }, + { + "x": 0.8138, + "y": 0.1466 + }, + { + "x": 0.8138, + "y": 0.3131 + }, + { + "x": 0.1405, + "y": 0.3131 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

While inexpensive biomass sources such as wood waste from construction and waste
materials, were the main fuels under the RPS, the domestic unutilised wood and the
general wood whose tariff rates are set higher increased specifically (Figure 4.1, 4.2).

", + "markdown": "While inexpensive biomass sources such as wood waste from construction and waste\nmaterials, were the main fuels under the RPS, the domestic unutilised wood and the\ngeneral wood whose tariff rates are set higher increased specifically (Figure 4.1, 4.2).", + "text": "While inexpensive biomass sources such as wood waste from construction and waste\nmaterials, were the main fuels under the RPS, the domestic unutilised wood and the\ngeneral wood whose tariff rates are set higher increased specifically (Figure 4.1, 4.2)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1396, + "y": 0.3226 + }, + { + "x": 0.8131, + "y": 0.3226 + }, + { + "x": 0.8131, + "y": 0.3761 + }, + { + "x": 0.1396, + "y": 0.3761 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "Figure 4.1. Approved Capacity under the FIT Scheme", + "markdown": "Figure 4.1. Approved Capacity under the FIT Scheme", + "text": "Figure 4.1. Approved Capacity under the FIT Scheme" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2722, + "y": 0.4031 + }, + { + "x": 0.68, + "y": 0.4031 + }, + { + "x": 0.68, + "y": 0.418 + }, + { + "x": 0.2722, + "y": 0.418 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"MW\n700\nWaste
", + "markdown": "MW\n700\nWaste materials\n600\n■ Biogas\n500\n■ Construction wood waste\n400\n300 ■ General wood (10MW≤)\n200 ■ General wood (<10MW)\n100 Unutilised wood (2MW≤)\n0\nUnutilised wood (<2MW)\n2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020", + "text": "MW\n700\nWaste materials\n600\n■ Biogas\n500\n■ Construction wood waste\n400\n300 ■ General wood (10MW≤)\n200 ■ General wood (<10MW)\n100 Unutilised wood (2MW≤)\n0\nUnutilised wood (<2MW)\n2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.171, + "y": 0.4283 + }, + { + "x": 0.7909, + "y": 0.4283 + }, + { + "x": 0.7909, + "y": 0.5976 + }, + { + "x": 0.171, + "y": 0.5976 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

FIT = feed-in-tariff.
Note: Liquid biomass approved under the FIT scheme between FY2012 and FY2017 is included in general wood
and no liquid biomass has been approved since FY2018.
Source: METI (2021a).

", + "markdown": "FIT = feed-in-tariff.\nNote: Liquid biomass approved under the FIT scheme between FY2012 and FY2017 is included in general wood\nand no liquid biomass has been approved since FY2018.\nSource: METI (2021a).", + "text": "FIT = feed-in-tariff.\nNote: Liquid biomass approved under the FIT scheme between FY2012 and FY2017 is included in general wood\nand no liquid biomass has been approved since FY2018.\nSource: METI (2021a)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1396, + "y": 0.6124 + }, + { + "x": 0.8104, + "y": 0.6124 + }, + { + "x": 0.8104, + "y": 0.6716 + }, + { + "x": 0.1396, + "y": 0.6716 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
30
", + "markdown": "30", + "text": "30" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4647, + "y": 0.9433 + }, + { + "x": 0.4878, + "y": 0.9433 + }, + { + "x": 0.4878, + "y": 0.9566 + }, + { + "x": 0.4647, + "y": 0.9566 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000157.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Stop

\n

Check your emotions. If a claim
causes strong emotion - anger, glee,
pride, vindication - STOP. You must
fact-check this claim. Remember
from the chapter, Our Mental
Shortcuts, that we more readily
accept information that confirms our
beliefs (confirmation bias) and we
tend to think less critically about that
kind of information than we do about
information that challenges our
beliefs (motivated reasoning.) A
strong emotional reaction is a sign
that these cognitive biases are at
work. Remember, these mental
shortcuts don't make us bad people,
we all have them. But we do need to
account for them if we want to move
toward better information.

\n

In addition, if you get lost while
working on the other moves, or hit
dead ends, or find yourself going
down an increasingly confusing
rabbit hole during your investigation,
STOP. Back up and start over knowing
what you know now. You're likely to
take a more informed path with
different search terms and better decisions.

\n

In these
chapters we're
focusing on
researching a
wicked problem,
but the SIFT
method is a
great thing to
use before you
share
information on
social media.
Often we feel
compelled to
share the things
that evoke the
strongest
feelings, but
those strong
feelings are a
good sign that
those things
need to be
checked before
they are shared.

\n
SIFTing Information I 69
", + "markdown": "# Stop\n\nCheck your emotions. If a claim\ncauses strong emotion - anger, glee,\npride, vindication - STOP. You must\nfact-check this claim. Remember\nfrom the chapter, Our Mental\nShortcuts, that we more readily\naccept information that confirms our\nbeliefs (confirmation bias) and we\ntend to think less critically about that\nkind of information than we do about\ninformation that challenges our\nbeliefs (motivated reasoning.) A\nstrong emotional reaction is a sign\nthat these cognitive biases are at\nwork. Remember, these mental\nshortcuts don't make us bad people,\nwe all have them. But we do need to\naccount for them if we want to move\ntoward better information.\n\nIn addition, if you get lost while\nworking on the other moves, or hit\ndead ends, or find yourself going\ndown an increasingly confusing\nrabbit hole during your investigation,\nSTOP. Back up and start over knowing\nwhat you know now. You're likely to\ntake a more informed path with\ndifferent search terms and better decisions.\n\nIn these\nchapters we're\nfocusing on\nresearching a\nwicked problem,\nbut the SIFT\nmethod is a\ngreat thing to\nuse before you\nshare\ninformation on\nsocial media.\nOften we feel\ncompelled to\nshare the things\nthat evoke the\nstrongest\nfeelings, but\nthose strong\nfeelings are a\ngood sign that\nthose things\nneed to be\nchecked before\nthey are shared.\n\nSIFTing Information I 69", + "text": "Stop\nCheck your emotions. If a claim\ncauses strong emotion - anger, glee,\npride, vindication - STOP. You must\nfact-check this claim. Remember\nfrom the chapter, Our Mental\nShortcuts, that we more readily\naccept information that confirms our\nbeliefs (confirmation bias) and we\ntend to think less critically about that\nkind of information than we do about\ninformation that challenges our\nbeliefs (motivated reasoning.) A\nstrong emotional reaction is a sign\nthat these cognitive biases are at\nwork. Remember, these mental\nshortcuts don't make us bad people,\nwe all have them. But we do need to\naccount for them if we want to move\ntoward better information.\nIn addition, if you get lost while\nworking on the other moves, or hit\ndead ends, or find yourself going\ndown an increasingly confusing\nrabbit hole during your investigation,\nSTOP. Back up and start over knowing\nwhat you know now. You're likely to\ntake a more informed path with\ndifferent search terms and better decisions.\nIn these\nchapters we're\nfocusing on\nresearching a\nwicked problem,\nbut the SIFT\nmethod is a\ngreat thing to\nuse before you\nshare\ninformation on\nsocial media.\nOften we feel\ncompelled to\nshare the things\nthat evoke the\nstrongest\nfeelings, but\nthose strong\nfeelings are a\ngood sign that\nthose things\nneed to be\nchecked before\nthey are shared.\nSIFTing Information I 69" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Stop

", + "markdown": "# Stop", + "text": "Stop" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.139, + "y": 0.0962 + }, + { + "x": 0.2236, + "y": 0.0962 + }, + { + "x": 0.2236, + "y": 0.1273 + }, + { + "x": 0.139, + "y": 0.1273 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Check your emotions. If a claim
causes strong emotion - anger, glee,
pride, vindication - STOP. You must
fact-check this claim. Remember
from the chapter, Our Mental
Shortcuts, that we more readily
accept information that confirms our
beliefs (confirmation bias) and we
tend to think less critically about that
kind of information than we do about
information that challenges our
beliefs (motivated reasoning.) A
strong emotional reaction is a sign
that these cognitive biases are at
work. Remember, these mental
shortcuts don't make us bad people,
we all have them. But we do need to
account for them if we want to move
toward better information.

", + "markdown": "Check your emotions. If a claim\ncauses strong emotion - anger, glee,\npride, vindication - STOP. You must\nfact-check this claim. Remember\nfrom the chapter, Our Mental\nShortcuts, that we more readily\naccept information that confirms our\nbeliefs (confirmation bias) and we\ntend to think less critically about that\nkind of information than we do about\ninformation that challenges our\nbeliefs (motivated reasoning.) A\nstrong emotional reaction is a sign\nthat these cognitive biases are at\nwork. Remember, these mental\nshortcuts don't make us bad people,\nwe all have them. But we do need to\naccount for them if we want to move\ntoward better information.", + "text": "Check your emotions. If a claim\ncauses strong emotion - anger, glee,\npride, vindication - STOP. You must\nfact-check this claim. Remember\nfrom the chapter, Our Mental\nShortcuts, that we more readily\naccept information that confirms our\nbeliefs (confirmation bias) and we\ntend to think less critically about that\nkind of information than we do about\ninformation that challenges our\nbeliefs (motivated reasoning.) A\nstrong emotional reaction is a sign\nthat these cognitive biases are at\nwork. Remember, these mental\nshortcuts don't make us bad people,\nwe all have them. But we do need to\naccount for them if we want to move\ntoward better information." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1399, + "y": 0.1637 + }, + { + "x": 0.5442, + "y": 0.1637 + }, + { + "x": 0.5442, + "y": 0.5946 + }, + { + "x": 0.1399, + "y": 0.5946 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

In addition, if you get lost while
working on the other moves, or hit
dead ends, or find yourself going
down an increasingly confusing
rabbit hole during your investigation,
STOP. Back up and start over knowing
what you know now. You're likely to
take a more informed path with
different search terms and better decisions.

", + "markdown": "In addition, if you get lost while\nworking on the other moves, or hit\ndead ends, or find yourself going\ndown an increasingly confusing\nrabbit hole during your investigation,\nSTOP. Back up and start over knowing\nwhat you know now. You're likely to\ntake a more informed path with\ndifferent search terms and better decisions.", + "text": "In addition, if you get lost while\nworking on the other moves, or hit\ndead ends, or find yourself going\ndown an increasingly confusing\nrabbit hole during your investigation,\nSTOP. Back up and start over knowing\nwhat you know now. You're likely to\ntake a more informed path with\ndifferent search terms and better decisions." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1375, + "y": 0.5982 + }, + { + "x": 0.5818, + "y": 0.5982 + }, + { + "x": 0.5818, + "y": 0.801 + }, + { + "x": 0.1375, + "y": 0.801 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

In these
chapters we're
focusing on
researching a
wicked problem,
but the SIFT
method is a
great thing to
use before you
share
information on
social media.
Often we feel
compelled to
share the things
that evoke the
strongest
feelings, but
those strong
feelings are a
good sign that
those things
need to be
checked before
they are shared.

", + "markdown": "In these\nchapters we're\nfocusing on\nresearching a\nwicked problem,\nbut the SIFT\nmethod is a\ngreat thing to\nuse before you\nshare\ninformation on\nsocial media.\nOften we feel\ncompelled to\nshare the things\nthat evoke the\nstrongest\nfeelings, but\nthose strong\nfeelings are a\ngood sign that\nthose things\nneed to be\nchecked before\nthey are shared.", + "text": "In these\nchapters we're\nfocusing on\nresearching a\nwicked problem,\nbut the SIFT\nmethod is a\ngreat thing to\nuse before you\nshare\ninformation on\nsocial media.\nOften we feel\ncompelled to\nshare the things\nthat evoke the\nstrongest\nfeelings, but\nthose strong\nfeelings are a\ngood sign that\nthose things\nneed to be\nchecked before\nthey are shared." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6175, + "y": 0.1449 + }, + { + "x": 0.7993, + "y": 0.1449 + }, + { + "x": 0.7993, + "y": 0.7153 + }, + { + "x": 0.6175, + "y": 0.7153 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
SIFTing Information I 69
", + "markdown": "SIFTing Information I 69", + "text": "SIFTing Information I 69" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6144, + "y": 0.9221 + }, + { + "x": 0.8617, + "y": 0.9221 + }, + { + "x": 0.8617, + "y": 0.9405 + }, + { + "x": 0.6144, + "y": 0.9405 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000067.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

very much interested to know more about plastics as well as the plastics types that can
be reused or recycled. Almost all respondents (87.8% ) are interested in approaches to
recycle plastics. 87% (20) are interested in improving waste management systems in
their LGUs.

\n

d. Awareness of Plastics Ordinance. About 68% of respondents know that there is a city
ordinance on plastics, while 52% are aware of the provincial plastic ordinance. 9% do not
know of any ordinance and 17% do not know whether or not there is a plastic ordinance.
In the same way, only 70% knows of the implementation of an ordinance regulating or
prohibiting Single Use Plastics. 30% of the respondents are not aware of the ordinance.

\n

6.2 Waste Management

\n

a. Waste Management Fee Collection. At the Barangay level, only 5 respondent
barangays - Sampaloc II, H-2, Salitran-ll, San Roque-Sta. Cristina II, and Salawag - collect
waste management fees.

\n

b. Waste Management Budget. Majority of the respondents (44%) do not know the
budget allocation of their LGUS for waste management. 12% of respondents replied that
their LGUs have no allocation for waste management while 32% of respondents replied
that their budget allocation is below 5% of their LGU budget. Only 8% of respondents
replied that their budget allocation for waste management is between 10-20% if the LGU
budget. See Figure 20.

\n
\"44%\nBelow
Figure 20. Percentage ofLGU Budget Allocated for Waste Management
\n\n

C. Waste Collection and Segregation. For 70% of the respondents, wastes are collected
by the city government. 35% responded that barangays collect their wastes and still,

\n
Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry
\n
49
", + "markdown": "very much interested to know more about plastics as well as the plastics types that can\nbe reused or recycled. Almost all respondents (87.8% ) are interested in approaches to\nrecycle plastics. 87% (20) are interested in improving waste management systems in\ntheir LGUs.\n\nd. Awareness of Plastics Ordinance. About 68% of respondents know that there is a city\nordinance on plastics, while 52% are aware of the provincial plastic ordinance. 9% do not\nknow of any ordinance and 17% do not know whether or not there is a plastic ordinance.\nIn the same way, only 70% knows of the implementation of an ordinance regulating or\nprohibiting Single Use Plastics. 30% of the respondents are not aware of the ordinance.\n\n# 6.2 Waste Management\n\n- a. Waste Management Fee Collection. At the Barangay level, only 5 respondent\n- barangays - Sampaloc II, H-2, Salitran-ll, San Roque-Sta. Cristina II, and Salawag - collect\n- waste management fees.\n\n\nb. Waste Management Budget. Majority of the respondents (44%) do not know the\nbudget allocation of their LGUS for waste management. 12% of respondents replied that\ntheir LGUs have no allocation for waste management while 32% of respondents replied\nthat their budget allocation is below 5% of their LGU budget. Only 8% of respondents\nreplied that their budget allocation for waste management is between 10-20% if the LGU\nbudget. See Figure 20.\n\n44%\nBelow 5% of the LGU budget\n5% to below 10%\n10% to below 20%\n12%\n20% and over\n8% No Allocation\n32% I don't know\n\nFigure 20. Percentage ofLGU Budget Allocated for Waste Management\n\nC. Waste Collection and Segregation. For 70% of the respondents, wastes are collected\nby the city government. 35% responded that barangays collect their wastes and still,\n\nStudy on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry\n\n49", + "text": "very much interested to know more about plastics as well as the plastics types that can\nbe reused or recycled. Almost all respondents (87.8% ) are interested in approaches to\nrecycle plastics. 87% (20) are interested in improving waste management systems in\ntheir LGUs.\nd. Awareness of Plastics Ordinance. About 68% of respondents know that there is a city\nordinance on plastics, while 52% are aware of the provincial plastic ordinance. 9% do not\nknow of any ordinance and 17% do not know whether or not there is a plastic ordinance.\nIn the same way, only 70% knows of the implementation of an ordinance regulating or\nprohibiting Single Use Plastics. 30% of the respondents are not aware of the ordinance.\n6.2 Waste Management\na. Waste Management Fee Collection. At the Barangay level, only 5 respondent\nbarangays - Sampaloc II, H-2, Salitran-ll, San Roque-Sta. Cristina II, and Salawag - collect\nwaste management fees.\nb. Waste Management Budget. Majority of the respondents (44%) do not know the\nbudget allocation of their LGUS for waste management. 12% of respondents replied that\ntheir LGUs have no allocation for waste management while 32% of respondents replied\nthat their budget allocation is below 5% of their LGU budget. Only 8% of respondents\nreplied that their budget allocation for waste management is between 10-20% if the LGU\nbudget. See Figure 20.\n44%\nBelow 5% of the LGU budget\n5% to below 10%\n10% to below 20%\n12%\n20% and over\n8% No Allocation\n32% I don't know\nFigure 20. Percentage ofLGU Budget Allocated for Waste Management\nC. Waste Collection and Segregation. For 70% of the respondents, wastes are collected\nby the city government. 35% responded that barangays collect their wastes and still,\nStudy on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry\n49" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

very much interested to know more about plastics as well as the plastics types that can
be reused or recycled. Almost all respondents (87.8% ) are interested in approaches to
recycle plastics. 87% (20) are interested in improving waste management systems in
their LGUs.

", + "markdown": "very much interested to know more about plastics as well as the plastics types that can\nbe reused or recycled. Almost all respondents (87.8% ) are interested in approaches to\nrecycle plastics. 87% (20) are interested in improving waste management systems in\ntheir LGUs.", + "text": "very much interested to know more about plastics as well as the plastics types that can\nbe reused or recycled. Almost all respondents (87.8% ) are interested in approaches to\nrecycle plastics. 87% (20) are interested in improving waste management systems in\ntheir LGUs." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2171, + "y": 0.0801 + }, + { + "x": 0.8703, + "y": 0.0801 + }, + { + "x": 0.8703, + "y": 0.1573 + }, + { + "x": 0.2171, + "y": 0.1573 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

d. Awareness of Plastics Ordinance. About 68% of respondents know that there is a city
ordinance on plastics, while 52% are aware of the provincial plastic ordinance. 9% do not
know of any ordinance and 17% do not know whether or not there is a plastic ordinance.
In the same way, only 70% knows of the implementation of an ordinance regulating or
prohibiting Single Use Plastics. 30% of the respondents are not aware of the ordinance.

", + "markdown": "d. Awareness of Plastics Ordinance. About 68% of respondents know that there is a city\nordinance on plastics, while 52% are aware of the provincial plastic ordinance. 9% do not\nknow of any ordinance and 17% do not know whether or not there is a plastic ordinance.\nIn the same way, only 70% knows of the implementation of an ordinance regulating or\nprohibiting Single Use Plastics. 30% of the respondents are not aware of the ordinance.", + "text": "d. Awareness of Plastics Ordinance. About 68% of respondents know that there is a city\nordinance on plastics, while 52% are aware of the provincial plastic ordinance. 9% do not\nknow of any ordinance and 17% do not know whether or not there is a plastic ordinance.\nIn the same way, only 70% knows of the implementation of an ordinance regulating or\nprohibiting Single Use Plastics. 30% of the respondents are not aware of the ordinance." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1711, + "y": 0.1811 + }, + { + "x": 0.8857, + "y": 0.1811 + }, + { + "x": 0.8857, + "y": 0.2803 + }, + { + "x": 0.1711, + "y": 0.2803 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

6.2 Waste Management

", + "markdown": "# 6.2 Waste Management", + "text": "6.2 Waste Management" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1727, + "y": 0.2998 + }, + { + "x": 0.427, + "y": 0.2998 + }, + { + "x": 0.427, + "y": 0.3193 + }, + { + "x": 0.1727, + "y": 0.3193 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

a. Waste Management Fee Collection. At the Barangay level, only 5 respondent
barangays - Sampaloc II, H-2, Salitran-ll, San Roque-Sta. Cristina II, and Salawag - collect
waste management fees.

", + "markdown": "- a. Waste Management Fee Collection. At the Barangay level, only 5 respondent\n- barangays - Sampaloc II, H-2, Salitran-ll, San Roque-Sta. Cristina II, and Salawag - collect\n- waste management fees.\n", + "text": "a. Waste Management Fee Collection. At the Barangay level, only 5 respondent\nbarangays - Sampaloc II, H-2, Salitran-ll, San Roque-Sta. Cristina II, and Salawag - collect\nwaste management fees." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.174, + "y": 0.3426 + }, + { + "x": 0.8716, + "y": 0.3426 + }, + { + "x": 0.8716, + "y": 0.3999 + }, + { + "x": 0.174, + "y": 0.3999 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

b. Waste Management Budget. Majority of the respondents (44%) do not know the
budget allocation of their LGUS for waste management. 12% of respondents replied that
their LGUs have no allocation for waste management while 32% of respondents replied
that their budget allocation is below 5% of their LGU budget. Only 8% of respondents
replied that their budget allocation for waste management is between 10-20% if the LGU
budget. See Figure 20.

", + "markdown": "b. Waste Management Budget. Majority of the respondents (44%) do not know the\nbudget allocation of their LGUS for waste management. 12% of respondents replied that\ntheir LGUs have no allocation for waste management while 32% of respondents replied\nthat their budget allocation is below 5% of their LGU budget. Only 8% of respondents\nreplied that their budget allocation for waste management is between 10-20% if the LGU\nbudget. See Figure 20.", + "text": "b. Waste Management Budget. Majority of the respondents (44%) do not know the\nbudget allocation of their LGUS for waste management. 12% of respondents replied that\ntheir LGUs have no allocation for waste management while 32% of respondents replied\nthat their budget allocation is below 5% of their LGU budget. Only 8% of respondents\nreplied that their budget allocation for waste management is between 10-20% if the LGU\nbudget. See Figure 20." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1717, + "y": 0.4222 + }, + { + "x": 0.8862, + "y": 0.4222 + }, + { + "x": 0.8862, + "y": 0.5428 + }, + { + "x": 0.1717, + "y": 0.5428 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"44%\nBelow
", + "markdown": "44%\nBelow 5% of the LGU budget\n5% to below 10%\n10% to below 20%\n12%\n20% and over\n8% No Allocation\n32% I don't know", + "text": "44%\nBelow 5% of the LGU budget\n5% to below 10%\n10% to below 20%\n12%\n20% and over\n8% No Allocation\n32% I don't know" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2548, + "y": 0.5793 + }, + { + "x": 0.7968, + "y": 0.5793 + }, + { + "x": 0.7968, + "y": 0.7975 + }, + { + "x": 0.2548, + "y": 0.7975 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 20. Percentage ofLGU Budget Allocated for Waste Management

", + "markdown": "Figure 20. Percentage ofLGU Budget Allocated for Waste Management", + "text": "Figure 20. Percentage ofLGU Budget Allocated for Waste Management" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3126, + "y": 0.7997 + }, + { + "x": 0.7394, + "y": 0.7997 + }, + { + "x": 0.7394, + "y": 0.8146 + }, + { + "x": 0.3126, + "y": 0.8146 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

C. Waste Collection and Segregation. For 70% of the respondents, wastes are collected
by the city government. 35% responded that barangays collect their wastes and still,

", + "markdown": "C. Waste Collection and Segregation. For 70% of the respondents, wastes are collected\nby the city government. 35% responded that barangays collect their wastes and still,", + "text": "C. Waste Collection and Segregation. For 70% of the respondents, wastes are collected\nby the city government. 35% responded that barangays collect their wastes and still," + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1722, + "y": 0.8489 + }, + { + "x": 0.8669, + "y": 0.8489 + }, + { + "x": 0.8669, + "y": 0.8877 + }, + { + "x": 0.1722, + "y": 0.8877 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry
", + "markdown": "Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", + "text": "Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4113, + "y": 0.9461 + }, + { + "x": 0.9013, + "y": 0.9461 + }, + { + "x": 0.9013, + "y": 0.9624 + }, + { + "x": 0.4113, + "y": 0.9624 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
49
", + "markdown": "49", + "text": "49" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.9376, + "y": 0.9433 + }, + { + "x": 0.9646, + "y": 0.9433 + }, + { + "x": 0.9646, + "y": 0.9617 + }, + { + "x": 0.9376, + "y": 0.9617 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000096.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Percentile\n100\n80\n60\nPerceived
\n

8. Suppose Evelyn the Environmental Economist is presenting her case in a public meeting for
why raising the price of municipal water in the face of persistent drought conditions would be
a good thing for the community, when someone in the audience yells out, \"That's unfair for
seniors and others living on fixed incomes.\" How might Evelyn frame her response in a way
that dispels the audience's concerns about the fairness of a price increase?

\n

9. How would the indifference curve in Figure 6.1 change when drawn for a person who suffers
from guilt but not envy? Draw the curve.

\n

10. Can you recall an example from your own life where you exhibited an Endowment Effect that
ultimately led to regret?

\n

11. The Gender Gap experiment discussed in this chapter measured gender differences in terms
of how males and females deal with competitive situations. Think of another situation where
a gender gap may exist and design an experiment to test for it.

\n

12. It was shown in this chapter that a Homo economicus who exhibits convex-shaped indifference
curves exhibits an Endowment Effect. Does this result still hold if Homo economicus exhibits
linearly shaped indifference curves, as depicted in the figure below? Show your result using
this graph.

\n
BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 117
", + "markdown": "Percentile\n100\n80\n60\nPerceived Ability\nActual Test Score\n40\n20\nQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Quartile\n\n- 8. Suppose Evelyn the Environmental Economist is presenting her case in a public meeting for\n- why raising the price of municipal water in the face of persistent drought conditions would be\n- a good thing for the community, when someone in the audience yells out, \"That's unfair for\n- seniors and others living on fixed incomes.\" How might Evelyn frame her response in a way\n- that dispels the audience's concerns about the fairness of a price increase?\n\n\n- 9. How would the indifference curve in Figure 6.1 change when drawn for a person who suffers\n- from guilt but not envy? Draw the curve.\n\n\n- 10. Can you recall an example from your own life where you exhibited an Endowment Effect that\n- ultimately led to regret?\n\n\n- 11. The Gender Gap experiment discussed in this chapter measured gender differences in terms\n- of how males and females deal with competitive situations. Think of another situation where\n- a gender gap may exist and design an experiment to test for it.\n\n\n- 12. It was shown in this chapter that a Homo economicus who exhibits convex-shaped indifference\n- curves exhibits an Endowment Effect. Does this result still hold if Homo economicus exhibits\n- linearly shaped indifference curves, as depicted in the figure below? Show your result using\n- this graph.\n\n\nBEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 117", + "text": "Percentile\n100\n80\n60\nPerceived Ability\nActual Test Score\n40\n20\nQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Quartile\n8. Suppose Evelyn the Environmental Economist is presenting her case in a public meeting for\nwhy raising the price of municipal water in the face of persistent drought conditions would be\na good thing for the community, when someone in the audience yells out, \"That's unfair for\nseniors and others living on fixed incomes.\" How might Evelyn frame her response in a way\nthat dispels the audience's concerns about the fairness of a price increase?\n9. How would the indifference curve in Figure 6.1 change when drawn for a person who suffers\nfrom guilt but not envy? Draw the curve.\n10. Can you recall an example from your own life where you exhibited an Endowment Effect that\nultimately led to regret?\n11. The Gender Gap experiment discussed in this chapter measured gender differences in terms\nof how males and females deal with competitive situations. Think of another situation where\na gender gap may exist and design an experiment to test for it.\n12. It was shown in this chapter that a Homo economicus who exhibits convex-shaped indifference\ncurves exhibits an Endowment Effect. Does this result still hold if Homo economicus exhibits\nlinearly shaped indifference curves, as depicted in the figure below? Show your result using\nthis graph.\nBEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 117" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Percentile\n100\n80\n60\nPerceived
", + "markdown": "Percentile\n100\n80\n60\nPerceived Ability\nActual Test Score\n40\n20\nQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Quartile", + "text": "Percentile\n100\n80\n60\nPerceived Ability\nActual Test Score\n40\n20\nQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Quartile" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.156, + "y": 0.0774 + }, + { + "x": 0.6652, + "y": 0.0774 + }, + { + "x": 0.6652, + "y": 0.3252 + }, + { + "x": 0.156, + "y": 0.3252 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

8. Suppose Evelyn the Environmental Economist is presenting her case in a public meeting for
why raising the price of municipal water in the face of persistent drought conditions would be
a good thing for the community, when someone in the audience yells out, \"That's unfair for
seniors and others living on fixed incomes.\" How might Evelyn frame her response in a way
that dispels the audience's concerns about the fairness of a price increase?

", + "markdown": "- 8. Suppose Evelyn the Environmental Economist is presenting her case in a public meeting for\n- why raising the price of municipal water in the face of persistent drought conditions would be\n- a good thing for the community, when someone in the audience yells out, \"That's unfair for\n- seniors and others living on fixed incomes.\" How might Evelyn frame her response in a way\n- that dispels the audience's concerns about the fairness of a price increase?\n", + "text": "8. Suppose Evelyn the Environmental Economist is presenting her case in a public meeting for\nwhy raising the price of municipal water in the face of persistent drought conditions would be\na good thing for the community, when someone in the audience yells out, \"That's unfair for\nseniors and others living on fixed incomes.\" How might Evelyn frame her response in a way\nthat dispels the audience's concerns about the fairness of a price increase?" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1152, + "y": 0.3509 + }, + { + "x": 0.9071, + "y": 0.3509 + }, + { + "x": 0.9071, + "y": 0.449 + }, + { + "x": 0.1152, + "y": 0.449 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

9. How would the indifference curve in Figure 6.1 change when drawn for a person who suffers
from guilt but not envy? Draw the curve.

", + "markdown": "- 9. How would the indifference curve in Figure 6.1 change when drawn for a person who suffers\n- from guilt but not envy? Draw the curve.\n", + "text": "9. How would the indifference curve in Figure 6.1 change when drawn for a person who suffers\nfrom guilt but not envy? Draw the curve." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1151, + "y": 0.4701 + }, + { + "x": 0.9021, + "y": 0.4701 + }, + { + "x": 0.9021, + "y": 0.5102 + }, + { + "x": 0.1151, + "y": 0.5102 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

10. Can you recall an example from your own life where you exhibited an Endowment Effect that
ultimately led to regret?

", + "markdown": "- 10. Can you recall an example from your own life where you exhibited an Endowment Effect that\n- ultimately led to regret?\n", + "text": "10. Can you recall an example from your own life where you exhibited an Endowment Effect that\nultimately led to regret?" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1058, + "y": 0.5313 + }, + { + "x": 0.9067, + "y": 0.5313 + }, + { + "x": 0.9067, + "y": 0.5712 + }, + { + "x": 0.1058, + "y": 0.5712 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

11. The Gender Gap experiment discussed in this chapter measured gender differences in terms
of how males and females deal with competitive situations. Think of another situation where
a gender gap may exist and design an experiment to test for it.

", + "markdown": "- 11. The Gender Gap experiment discussed in this chapter measured gender differences in terms\n- of how males and females deal with competitive situations. Think of another situation where\n- a gender gap may exist and design an experiment to test for it.\n", + "text": "11. The Gender Gap experiment discussed in this chapter measured gender differences in terms\nof how males and females deal with competitive situations. Think of another situation where\na gender gap may exist and design an experiment to test for it." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1079, + "y": 0.593 + }, + { + "x": 0.8984, + "y": 0.593 + }, + { + "x": 0.8984, + "y": 0.652 + }, + { + "x": 0.1079, + "y": 0.652 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

12. It was shown in this chapter that a Homo economicus who exhibits convex-shaped indifference
curves exhibits an Endowment Effect. Does this result still hold if Homo economicus exhibits
linearly shaped indifference curves, as depicted in the figure below? Show your result using
this graph.

", + "markdown": "- 12. It was shown in this chapter that a Homo economicus who exhibits convex-shaped indifference\n- curves exhibits an Endowment Effect. Does this result still hold if Homo economicus exhibits\n- linearly shaped indifference curves, as depicted in the figure below? Show your result using\n- this graph.\n", + "text": "12. It was shown in this chapter that a Homo economicus who exhibits convex-shaped indifference\ncurves exhibits an Endowment Effect. Does this result still hold if Homo economicus exhibits\nlinearly shaped indifference curves, as depicted in the figure below? Show your result using\nthis graph." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1059, + "y": 0.6735 + }, + { + "x": 0.9016, + "y": 0.6735 + }, + { + "x": 0.9016, + "y": 0.7509 + }, + { + "x": 0.1059, + "y": 0.7509 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 117
", + "markdown": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 117", + "text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 117" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6371, + "y": 0.949 + }, + { + "x": 0.9093, + "y": 0.949 + }, + { + "x": 0.9093, + "y": 0.9627 + }, + { + "x": 0.6371, + "y": 0.9627 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000134.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

What's unique about the growth of Alligator Gars is their fast growth in the first years of life followed by slower
growth (Figure 8.6; Figure 8.7). Juvenile Alligator Gars quickly transition to fish-eating habits (Butler et al. 2018).
A fish diet means the juveniles grow at 4-5 mm per day in the first three months of life, so that by the end of the
first growing season they may reach 1.5 to 2 feet in length (~40-70 cm) and 8-10 pounds in weight (Sakaris et al.
2019). Despite their fast growth, young Alligator Gars are preyed upon by many larger fish.

\n
\"in
Figure 8.6: Growth in length of Alligator Gar in Texas. Figure 8.7: Growth in weight of Alligator
Gar in Texas. Long description.
\n\n
\"Ibs
Figure 8.7: Growth in weight of Alligator Gar in Texas.
\n\n
Angling and Conservation of Living Fishy Dinosaurs I 171
", + "markdown": "What's unique about the growth of Alligator Gars is their fast growth in the first years of life followed by slower\ngrowth (Figure 8.6; Figure 8.7). Juvenile Alligator Gars quickly transition to fish-eating habits (Butler et al. 2018).\nA fish diet means the juveniles grow at 4-5 mm per day in the first three months of life, so that by the end of the\nfirst growing season they may reach 1.5 to 2 feet in length (~40-70 cm) and 8-10 pounds in weight (Sakaris et al.\n2019). Despite their fast growth, young Alligator Gars are preyed upon by many larger fish.\n\nin cm Length of Gar Fish by Age\n120 300\n100 250\n80 200\nLength (ui\nand\n60 150\n(cm\n40 100\n20 50\n0 0\n0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90\nAge (years)\n\nFigure 8.6: Growth in length of Alligator Gar in Texas. Figure 8.7: Growth in weight of Alligator\nGar in Texas. Long description.\n\nIbs kg Weight of Gar Fish by Age\n140\n300\n120\n250\n100 Texas rod & reel\n200 record alligator gar\nIbs)\nWeight 80 (279 lbs)\nand\n150\n8x) 60\n100\n40\n50 20\n0\n0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90\nAge (years)\n\nFigure 8.7: Growth in weight of Alligator Gar in Texas.\n\nAngling and Conservation of Living Fishy Dinosaurs I 171", + "text": "What's unique about the growth of Alligator Gars is their fast growth in the first years of life followed by slower\ngrowth (Figure 8.6; Figure 8.7). Juvenile Alligator Gars quickly transition to fish-eating habits (Butler et al. 2018).\nA fish diet means the juveniles grow at 4-5 mm per day in the first three months of life, so that by the end of the\nfirst growing season they may reach 1.5 to 2 feet in length (~40-70 cm) and 8-10 pounds in weight (Sakaris et al.\n2019). Despite their fast growth, young Alligator Gars are preyed upon by many larger fish.\nin cm Length of Gar Fish by Age\n120 300\n100 250\n80 200\nLength (ui\nand\n60 150\n(cm\n40 100\n20 50\n0 0\n0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90\nAge (years)\nFigure 8.6: Growth in length of Alligator Gar in Texas. Figure 8.7: Growth in weight of Alligator\nGar in Texas. Long description.\nIbs kg Weight of Gar Fish by Age\n140\n300\n120\n250\n100 Texas rod & reel\n200 record alligator gar\nIbs)\nWeight 80 (279 lbs)\nand\n150\n8x) 60\n100\n40\n50 20\n0\n0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90\nAge (years)\nFigure 8.7: Growth in weight of Alligator Gar in Texas.\nAngling and Conservation of Living Fishy Dinosaurs I 171" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

What's unique about the growth of Alligator Gars is their fast growth in the first years of life followed by slower
growth (Figure 8.6; Figure 8.7). Juvenile Alligator Gars quickly transition to fish-eating habits (Butler et al. 2018).
A fish diet means the juveniles grow at 4-5 mm per day in the first three months of life, so that by the end of the
first growing season they may reach 1.5 to 2 feet in length (~40-70 cm) and 8-10 pounds in weight (Sakaris et al.
2019). Despite their fast growth, young Alligator Gars are preyed upon by many larger fish.

", + "markdown": "What's unique about the growth of Alligator Gars is their fast growth in the first years of life followed by slower\ngrowth (Figure 8.6; Figure 8.7). Juvenile Alligator Gars quickly transition to fish-eating habits (Butler et al. 2018).\nA fish diet means the juveniles grow at 4-5 mm per day in the first three months of life, so that by the end of the\nfirst growing season they may reach 1.5 to 2 feet in length (~40-70 cm) and 8-10 pounds in weight (Sakaris et al.\n2019). Despite their fast growth, young Alligator Gars are preyed upon by many larger fish.", + "text": "What's unique about the growth of Alligator Gars is their fast growth in the first years of life followed by slower\ngrowth (Figure 8.6; Figure 8.7). Juvenile Alligator Gars quickly transition to fish-eating habits (Butler et al. 2018).\nA fish diet means the juveniles grow at 4-5 mm per day in the first three months of life, so that by the end of the\nfirst growing season they may reach 1.5 to 2 feet in length (~40-70 cm) and 8-10 pounds in weight (Sakaris et al.\n2019). Despite their fast growth, young Alligator Gars are preyed upon by many larger fish." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0928, + "y": 0.0806 + }, + { + "x": 0.9074, + "y": 0.0806 + }, + { + "x": 0.9074, + "y": 0.1761 + }, + { + "x": 0.0928, + "y": 0.1761 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"in
", + "markdown": "in cm Length of Gar Fish by Age\n120 300\n100 250\n80 200\nLength (ui\nand\n60 150\n(cm\n40 100\n20 50\n0 0\n0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90\nAge (years)", + "text": "in cm Length of Gar Fish by Age\n120 300\n100 250\n80 200\nLength (ui\nand\n60 150\n(cm\n40 100\n20 50\n0 0\n0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90\nAge (years)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2138, + "y": 0.1914 + }, + { + "x": 0.7957, + "y": 0.1914 + }, + { + "x": 0.7957, + "y": 0.4743 + }, + { + "x": 0.2138, + "y": 0.4743 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "Figure 8.6: Growth in length of Alligator Gar in Texas. Figure 8.7: Growth in weight of Alligator
Gar in Texas. Long description.", + "markdown": "Figure 8.6: Growth in length of Alligator Gar in Texas. Figure 8.7: Growth in weight of Alligator\nGar in Texas. Long description.", + "text": "Figure 8.6: Growth in length of Alligator Gar in Texas. Figure 8.7: Growth in weight of Alligator\nGar in Texas. Long description." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1922, + "y": 0.4854 + }, + { + "x": 0.8003, + "y": 0.4854 + }, + { + "x": 0.8003, + "y": 0.5155 + }, + { + "x": 0.1922, + "y": 0.5155 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Ibs
", + "markdown": "Ibs kg Weight of Gar Fish by Age\n140\n300\n120\n250\n100 Texas rod & reel\n200 record alligator gar\nIbs)\nWeight 80 (279 lbs)\nand\n150\n8x) 60\n100\n40\n50 20\n0\n0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90\nAge (years)", + "text": "Ibs kg Weight of Gar Fish by Age\n140\n300\n120\n250\n100 Texas rod & reel\n200 record alligator gar\nIbs)\nWeight 80 (279 lbs)\nand\n150\n8x) 60\n100\n40\n50 20\n0\n0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90\nAge (years)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2123, + "y": 0.579 + }, + { + "x": 0.7858, + "y": 0.579 + }, + { + "x": 0.7858, + "y": 0.8429 + }, + { + "x": 0.2123, + "y": 0.8429 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "Figure 8.7: Growth in weight of Alligator Gar in Texas.", + "markdown": "Figure 8.7: Growth in weight of Alligator Gar in Texas.", + "text": "Figure 8.7: Growth in weight of Alligator Gar in Texas." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2059, + "y": 0.8576 + }, + { + "x": 0.5526, + "y": 0.8576 + }, + { + "x": 0.5526, + "y": 0.8732 + }, + { + "x": 0.2059, + "y": 0.8732 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
Angling and Conservation of Living Fishy Dinosaurs I 171
", + "markdown": "Angling and Conservation of Living Fishy Dinosaurs I 171", + "text": "Angling and Conservation of Living Fishy Dinosaurs I 171" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5324, + "y": 0.9332 + }, + { + "x": 0.9043, + "y": 0.9332 + }, + { + "x": 0.9043, + "y": 0.9498 + }, + { + "x": 0.5324, + "y": 0.9498 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000170.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Table 16.5. Conservation practice (P) values for terraces with underground outlets or
waterways.

\n\n
(ft)0.1-0.30.4-0.70.8
Pt ValuesPt ValuesPt ValuesPt Values
<1100.50.60.71.0
110-1400.60.70.81.0
140-1800.70.80.91.0
180-2250.80.80.91.0
225-3000.90.91.01.0
300+1.01.01.01.0
Terrace Interval Underground Outlets Waterways with percent grade of:
\n

Table adapted from Jones et al. (1988) with permission.

\n

Assume that one terrace has a length of slope of 130 ft, has the same percent slope as above (2%), uses
underground outlets to remove excess water, and that contour tillage practices are being used as described
above, calculate the erosion rate for that single terrace.

\n

A4 =

\n

How does that erosion rate compare to the tolerable erosion rate?

\n

How does that erosion rate compare to the likely geologic erosion rate of1 ton/ac /yr?

\n

Now, calculate the erosion rate if conservation tillage, contour tillage, and terraces were all used together for
soil conservation as they were described above.

\n

A5 = R x K x LS X C x Pc x Pt

\n

A5 =

\n

How does that erosion rate compare to the tolerable erosion rate?

\n

How does that erosion rate compare to the likely geologic erosion rate of1 ton/ac /yr?

\n

Considering your results, would installing terraces in addition to using contour tillage and conservation tillage
make economic sense if the goal is to reduce erosion rates to near-geologic rates?

\n
146 I Soil Erosion and Conservation
", + "markdown": "Table 16.5. Conservation practice (P) values for terraces with underground outlets or\nwaterways.\n\nTerrace Interval Underground Outlets Waterways with percent grade of:\n\n| (ft) | | 0.1-0.3 | 0.4-0.7 | 0.8 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | Pt Values | Pt Values | Pt Values | Pt Values |\n| <110 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.0 |\n| 110-140 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.0 |\n| 140-180 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 |\n| 180-225 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 |\n| 225-300 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 |\n| 300+ | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |\n\n\nTable adapted from Jones et al. (1988) with permission.\n\nAssume that one terrace has a length of slope of 130 ft, has the same percent slope as above (2%), uses\nunderground outlets to remove excess water, and that contour tillage practices are being used as described\nabove, calculate the erosion rate for that single terrace.\n\n# A4 =\n\nHow does that erosion rate compare to the tolerable erosion rate?\n\nHow does that erosion rate compare to the likely geologic erosion rate of1 ton/ac /yr?\n\nNow, calculate the erosion rate if conservation tillage, contour tillage, and terraces were all used together for\nsoil conservation as they were described above.\n\nA5 = R x K x LS X C x Pc x Pt\n\n# A5 =\n\nHow does that erosion rate compare to the tolerable erosion rate?\n\nHow does that erosion rate compare to the likely geologic erosion rate of1 ton/ac /yr?\n\nConsidering your results, would installing terraces in addition to using contour tillage and conservation tillage\nmake economic sense if the goal is to reduce erosion rates to near-geologic rates?\n\n146 I Soil Erosion and Conservation", + "text": "Table 16.5. Conservation practice (P) values for terraces with underground outlets or\nwaterways.\nTerrace Interval Underground Outlets Waterways with percent grade of:\n(ft) 0.1-0.3 0.4-0.7 0.8\n Pt Values Pt Values Pt Values Pt Values\n <110 0.5 0.6 0.7 1.0\n 110-140 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.0\n 140-180 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0\n 180-225 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0\n 225-300 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0\n 300+ 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0\nTable adapted from Jones et al. (1988) with permission.\nAssume that one terrace has a length of slope of 130 ft, has the same percent slope as above (2%), uses\nunderground outlets to remove excess water, and that contour tillage practices are being used as described\nabove, calculate the erosion rate for that single terrace.\nA4 =\nHow does that erosion rate compare to the tolerable erosion rate?\nHow does that erosion rate compare to the likely geologic erosion rate of1 ton/ac /yr?\nNow, calculate the erosion rate if conservation tillage, contour tillage, and terraces were all used together for\nsoil conservation as they were described above.\nA5 = R x K x LS X C x Pc x Pt\nA5 =\nHow does that erosion rate compare to the tolerable erosion rate?\nHow does that erosion rate compare to the likely geologic erosion rate of1 ton/ac /yr?\nConsidering your results, would installing terraces in addition to using contour tillage and conservation tillage\nmake economic sense if the goal is to reduce erosion rates to near-geologic rates?\n146 I Soil Erosion and Conservation" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Table 16.5. Conservation practice (P) values for terraces with underground outlets or
waterways.

", + "markdown": "Table 16.5. Conservation practice (P) values for terraces with underground outlets or\nwaterways.", + "text": "Table 16.5. Conservation practice (P) values for terraces with underground outlets or\nwaterways." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0882, + "y": 0.0718 + }, + { + "x": 0.8804, + "y": 0.0718 + }, + { + "x": 0.8804, + "y": 0.1164 + }, + { + "x": 0.0882, + "y": 0.1164 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Terrace Interval Underground Outlets Waterways with percent grade of:

", + "markdown": "Terrace Interval Underground Outlets Waterways with percent grade of:", + "text": "Terrace Interval Underground Outlets Waterways with percent grade of:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0964, + "y": 0.1463 + }, + { + "x": 0.577, + "y": 0.1463 + }, + { + "x": 0.577, + "y": 0.1612 + }, + { + "x": 0.0964, + "y": 0.1612 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
(ft)0.1-0.30.4-0.70.8
Pt ValuesPt ValuesPt ValuesPt Values
<1100.50.60.71.0
110-1400.60.70.81.0
140-1800.70.80.91.0
180-2250.80.80.91.0
225-3000.90.91.01.0
300+1.01.01.01.0
", + "markdown": "| (ft) | | 0.1-0.3 | 0.4-0.7 | 0.8 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | Pt Values | Pt Values | Pt Values | Pt Values |\n| <110 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.0 |\n| 110-140 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.0 |\n| 140-180 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 |\n| 180-225 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 |\n| 225-300 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 |\n| 300+ | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |\n", + "text": "(ft) 0.1-0.3 0.4-0.7 0.8\n Pt Values Pt Values Pt Values Pt Values\n <110 0.5 0.6 0.7 1.0\n 110-140 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.0\n 140-180 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0\n 180-225 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0\n 225-300 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0\n 300+ 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0909, + "y": 0.155 + }, + { + "x": 0.7169, + "y": 0.155 + }, + { + "x": 0.7169, + "y": 0.3269 + }, + { + "x": 0.0909, + "y": 0.3269 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Table adapted from Jones et al. (1988) with permission.

", + "markdown": "Table adapted from Jones et al. (1988) with permission.", + "text": "Table adapted from Jones et al. (1988) with permission." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.09, + "y": 0.3442 + }, + { + "x": 0.4673, + "y": 0.3442 + }, + { + "x": 0.4673, + "y": 0.3604 + }, + { + "x": 0.09, + "y": 0.3604 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Assume that one terrace has a length of slope of 130 ft, has the same percent slope as above (2%), uses
underground outlets to remove excess water, and that contour tillage practices are being used as described
above, calculate the erosion rate for that single terrace.

", + "markdown": "Assume that one terrace has a length of slope of 130 ft, has the same percent slope as above (2%), uses\nunderground outlets to remove excess water, and that contour tillage practices are being used as described\nabove, calculate the erosion rate for that single terrace.", + "text": "Assume that one terrace has a length of slope of 130 ft, has the same percent slope as above (2%), uses\nunderground outlets to remove excess water, and that contour tillage practices are being used as described\nabove, calculate the erosion rate for that single terrace." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0927, + "y": 0.3727 + }, + { + "x": 0.9121, + "y": 0.3727 + }, + { + "x": 0.9121, + "y": 0.4244 + }, + { + "x": 0.0927, + "y": 0.4244 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

A4 =

", + "markdown": "# A4 =", + "text": "A4 =" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1394, + "y": 0.4379 + }, + { + "x": 0.1966, + "y": 0.4379 + }, + { + "x": 0.1966, + "y": 0.4555 + }, + { + "x": 0.1394, + "y": 0.4555 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

How does that erosion rate compare to the tolerable erosion rate?

", + "markdown": "How does that erosion rate compare to the tolerable erosion rate?", + "text": "How does that erosion rate compare to the tolerable erosion rate?" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1455, + "y": 0.4667 + }, + { + "x": 0.6048, + "y": 0.4667 + }, + { + "x": 0.6048, + "y": 0.4831 + }, + { + "x": 0.1455, + "y": 0.4831 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

How does that erosion rate compare to the likely geologic erosion rate of1 ton/ac /yr?

", + "markdown": "How does that erosion rate compare to the likely geologic erosion rate of1 ton/ac /yr?", + "text": "How does that erosion rate compare to the likely geologic erosion rate of1 ton/ac /yr?" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1473, + "y": 0.5251 + }, + { + "x": 0.7453, + "y": 0.5251 + }, + { + "x": 0.7453, + "y": 0.542 + }, + { + "x": 0.1473, + "y": 0.542 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Now, calculate the erosion rate if conservation tillage, contour tillage, and terraces were all used together for
soil conservation as they were described above.

", + "markdown": "Now, calculate the erosion rate if conservation tillage, contour tillage, and terraces were all used together for\nsoil conservation as they were described above.", + "text": "Now, calculate the erosion rate if conservation tillage, contour tillage, and terraces were all used together for\nsoil conservation as they were described above." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1281, + "y": 0.5831 + }, + { + "x": 0.9102, + "y": 0.5831 + }, + { + "x": 0.9102, + "y": 0.6165 + }, + { + "x": 0.1281, + "y": 0.6165 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

A5 = R x K x LS X C x Pc x Pt

", + "markdown": "A5 = R x K x LS X C x Pc x Pt", + "text": "A5 = R x K x LS X C x Pc x Pt" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1379, + "y": 0.6278 + }, + { + "x": 0.4714, + "y": 0.6278 + }, + { + "x": 0.4714, + "y": 0.6481 + }, + { + "x": 0.1379, + "y": 0.6481 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

A5 =

", + "markdown": "# A5 =", + "text": "A5 =" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1394, + "y": 0.6595 + }, + { + "x": 0.1962, + "y": 0.6595 + }, + { + "x": 0.1962, + "y": 0.6766 + }, + { + "x": 0.1394, + "y": 0.6766 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

How does that erosion rate compare to the tolerable erosion rate?

", + "markdown": "How does that erosion rate compare to the tolerable erosion rate?", + "text": "How does that erosion rate compare to the tolerable erosion rate?" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1463, + "y": 0.6893 + }, + { + "x": 0.6048, + "y": 0.6893 + }, + { + "x": 0.6048, + "y": 0.7054 + }, + { + "x": 0.1463, + "y": 0.7054 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

How does that erosion rate compare to the likely geologic erosion rate of1 ton/ac /yr?

", + "markdown": "How does that erosion rate compare to the likely geologic erosion rate of1 ton/ac /yr?", + "text": "How does that erosion rate compare to the likely geologic erosion rate of1 ton/ac /yr?" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1489, + "y": 0.7473 + }, + { + "x": 0.7449, + "y": 0.7473 + }, + { + "x": 0.7449, + "y": 0.7638 + }, + { + "x": 0.1489, + "y": 0.7638 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Considering your results, would installing terraces in addition to using contour tillage and conservation tillage
make economic sense if the goal is to reduce erosion rates to near-geologic rates?

", + "markdown": "Considering your results, would installing terraces in addition to using contour tillage and conservation tillage\nmake economic sense if the goal is to reduce erosion rates to near-geologic rates?", + "text": "Considering your results, would installing terraces in addition to using contour tillage and conservation tillage\nmake economic sense if the goal is to reduce erosion rates to near-geologic rates?" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1211, + "y": 0.8053 + }, + { + "x": 0.9105, + "y": 0.8053 + }, + { + "x": 0.9105, + "y": 0.8401 + }, + { + "x": 0.1211, + "y": 0.8401 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
146 I Soil Erosion and Conservation
", + "markdown": "146 I Soil Erosion and Conservation", + "text": "146 I Soil Erosion and Conservation" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0888, + "y": 0.9394 + }, + { + "x": 0.3155, + "y": 0.9394 + }, + { + "x": 0.3155, + "y": 0.9535 + }, + { + "x": 0.0888, + "y": 0.9535 + } + ], + "id": 14, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000051.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
12 Encinas Franco and Laguna
\n\n
Government PositionNo. of SeatsAquino Administration (1986-1992)Ramos Administration (1992-1998)
Senate248.316.7
House of Representatives2029.410.4
Cabinet2015.05.0
Governor735.45.4
Provincial Board Member6269.910.9
City/Municipal Mayor1,5787.411.2
City/Municipal Vice Mayor1,5786.514.9
City Municipal Councilor12,40610.5N/A
Table 1: Percentage of Government Positions Held by Women During the
Presidencies of Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos
\n

Source: Tancangco 1991 as cited in Valte (1992).

\n

Current Situation: 2001-2019

\n

Filipino women are still very much a minority in the formal
political sphere. It can also be observed that in executive positions such
as the cabinet, few women are appointed, especially during President
Fidel Ramos's time, compared to Cory Aquino's administration
(Table 1). As mentioned above, the Philippines has made significant
strides in legislating for women's rights. However, 35 years after re-
democratization and 84 years after the grant of suffrage, participation
of women in politics is still a work in progress, as in most countries.

\n

In 2019, the overall percentage of women in all elective posts in
the country was only about 20 percent (PCW 2021), barely reaching
the 30 percent international requirement for women's political

", + "markdown": "12 Encinas Franco and Laguna\n\nTable 1: Percentage of Government Positions Held by Women During the\nPresidencies of Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos\n\n| Government Position | No. of Seats | Aquino Administration (1986-1992) | Ramos Administration (1992-1998) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Senate | 24 | 8.3 | 16.7 |\n| House of Representatives | 202 | 9.4 | 10.4 |\n| Cabinet | 20 | 15.0 | 5.0 |\n| Governor | 73 | 5.4 | 5.4 |\n| Provincial Board Member | 626 | 9.9 | 10.9 |\n| City/Municipal Mayor | 1,578 | 7.4 | 11.2 |\n| City/Municipal Vice Mayor | 1,578 | 6.5 | 14.9 |\n| City Municipal Councilor | 12,406 | 10.5 | N/A |\n\n\nSource: Tancangco 1991 as cited in Valte (1992).\n\n# Current Situation: 2001-2019\n\nFilipino women are still very much a minority in the formal\npolitical sphere. It can also be observed that in executive positions such\nas the cabinet, few women are appointed, especially during President\nFidel Ramos's time, compared to Cory Aquino's administration\n(Table 1). As mentioned above, the Philippines has made significant\nstrides in legislating for women's rights. However, 35 years after re-\ndemocratization and 84 years after the grant of suffrage, participation\nof women in politics is still a work in progress, as in most countries.\n\nIn 2019, the overall percentage of women in all elective posts in\nthe country was only about 20 percent (PCW 2021), barely reaching\nthe 30 percent international requirement for women's political", + "text": "12 Encinas Franco and Laguna\nTable 1: Percentage of Government Positions Held by Women During the\nPresidencies of Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos\nGovernment Position No. of Seats Aquino Administration (1986-1992) Ramos Administration (1992-1998)\n Senate 24 8.3 16.7\n House of Representatives 202 9.4 10.4\n Cabinet 20 15.0 5.0\n Governor 73 5.4 5.4\n Provincial Board Member 626 9.9 10.9\n City/Municipal Mayor 1,578 7.4 11.2\n City/Municipal Vice Mayor 1,578 6.5 14.9\n City Municipal Councilor 12,406 10.5 N/A\nSource: Tancangco 1991 as cited in Valte (1992).\nCurrent Situation: 2001-2019\nFilipino women are still very much a minority in the formal\npolitical sphere. It can also be observed that in executive positions such\nas the cabinet, few women are appointed, especially during President\nFidel Ramos's time, compared to Cory Aquino's administration\n(Table 1). As mentioned above, the Philippines has made significant\nstrides in legislating for women's rights. However, 35 years after re-\ndemocratization and 84 years after the grant of suffrage, participation\nof women in politics is still a work in progress, as in most countries.\nIn 2019, the overall percentage of women in all elective posts in\nthe country was only about 20 percent (PCW 2021), barely reaching\nthe 30 percent international requirement for women's political" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
12 Encinas Franco and Laguna
", + "markdown": "12 Encinas Franco and Laguna", + "text": "12 Encinas Franco and Laguna" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0996, + "y": 0.0554 + }, + { + "x": 0.4116, + "y": 0.0554 + }, + { + "x": 0.4116, + "y": 0.0737 + }, + { + "x": 0.0996, + "y": 0.0737 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Table 1: Percentage of Government Positions Held by Women During the
Presidencies of Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos

", + "markdown": "Table 1: Percentage of Government Positions Held by Women During the\nPresidencies of Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos", + "text": "Table 1: Percentage of Government Positions Held by Women During the\nPresidencies of Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1016, + "y": 0.1093 + }, + { + "x": 0.8578, + "y": 0.1093 + }, + { + "x": 0.8578, + "y": 0.1465 + }, + { + "x": 0.1016, + "y": 0.1465 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
Government PositionNo. of SeatsAquino Administration (1986-1992)Ramos Administration (1992-1998)
Senate248.316.7
House of Representatives2029.410.4
Cabinet2015.05.0
Governor735.45.4
Provincial Board Member6269.910.9
City/Municipal Mayor1,5787.411.2
City/Municipal Vice Mayor1,5786.514.9
City Municipal Councilor12,40610.5N/A
", + "markdown": "| Government Position | No. of Seats | Aquino Administration (1986-1992) | Ramos Administration (1992-1998) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Senate | 24 | 8.3 | 16.7 |\n| House of Representatives | 202 | 9.4 | 10.4 |\n| Cabinet | 20 | 15.0 | 5.0 |\n| Governor | 73 | 5.4 | 5.4 |\n| Provincial Board Member | 626 | 9.9 | 10.9 |\n| City/Municipal Mayor | 1,578 | 7.4 | 11.2 |\n| City/Municipal Vice Mayor | 1,578 | 6.5 | 14.9 |\n| City Municipal Councilor | 12,406 | 10.5 | N/A |\n", + "text": "Government Position No. of Seats Aquino Administration (1986-1992) Ramos Administration (1992-1998)\n Senate 24 8.3 16.7\n House of Representatives 202 9.4 10.4\n Cabinet 20 15.0 5.0\n Governor 73 5.4 5.4\n Provincial Board Member 626 9.9 10.9\n City/Municipal Mayor 1,578 7.4 11.2\n City/Municipal Vice Mayor 1,578 6.5 14.9\n City Municipal Councilor 12,406 10.5 N/A" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1033, + "y": 0.1787 + }, + { + "x": 0.8554, + "y": 0.1787 + }, + { + "x": 0.8554, + "y": 0.5142 + }, + { + "x": 0.1033, + "y": 0.5142 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Source: Tancangco 1991 as cited in Valte (1992).

", + "markdown": "Source: Tancangco 1991 as cited in Valte (1992).", + "text": "Source: Tancangco 1991 as cited in Valte (1992)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1001, + "y": 0.5258 + }, + { + "x": 0.5547, + "y": 0.5258 + }, + { + "x": 0.5547, + "y": 0.544 + }, + { + "x": 0.1001, + "y": 0.544 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Current Situation: 2001-2019

", + "markdown": "# Current Situation: 2001-2019", + "text": "Current Situation: 2001-2019" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1011, + "y": 0.5914 + }, + { + "x": 0.5118, + "y": 0.5914 + }, + { + "x": 0.5118, + "y": 0.615 + }, + { + "x": 0.1011, + "y": 0.615 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Filipino women are still very much a minority in the formal
political sphere. It can also be observed that in executive positions such
as the cabinet, few women are appointed, especially during President
Fidel Ramos's time, compared to Cory Aquino's administration
(Table 1). As mentioned above, the Philippines has made significant
strides in legislating for women's rights. However, 35 years after re-
democratization and 84 years after the grant of suffrage, participation
of women in politics is still a work in progress, as in most countries.

", + "markdown": "Filipino women are still very much a minority in the formal\npolitical sphere. It can also be observed that in executive positions such\nas the cabinet, few women are appointed, especially during President\nFidel Ramos's time, compared to Cory Aquino's administration\n(Table 1). As mentioned above, the Philippines has made significant\nstrides in legislating for women's rights. However, 35 years after re-\ndemocratization and 84 years after the grant of suffrage, participation\nof women in politics is still a work in progress, as in most countries.", + "text": "Filipino women are still very much a minority in the formal\npolitical sphere. It can also be observed that in executive positions such\nas the cabinet, few women are appointed, especially during President\nFidel Ramos's time, compared to Cory Aquino's administration\n(Table 1). As mentioned above, the Philippines has made significant\nstrides in legislating for women's rights. However, 35 years after re-\ndemocratization and 84 years after the grant of suffrage, participation\nof women in politics is still a work in progress, as in most countries." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0989, + "y": 0.6372 + }, + { + "x": 0.86, + "y": 0.6372 + }, + { + "x": 0.86, + "y": 0.8101 + }, + { + "x": 0.0989, + "y": 0.8101 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

In 2019, the overall percentage of women in all elective posts in
the country was only about 20 percent (PCW 2021), barely reaching
the 30 percent international requirement for women's political

", + "markdown": "In 2019, the overall percentage of women in all elective posts in\nthe country was only about 20 percent (PCW 2021), barely reaching\nthe 30 percent international requirement for women's political", + "text": "In 2019, the overall percentage of women in all elective posts in\nthe country was only about 20 percent (PCW 2021), barely reaching\nthe 30 percent international requirement for women's political" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0985, + "y": 0.8235 + }, + { + "x": 0.859, + "y": 0.8235 + }, + { + "x": 0.859, + "y": 0.8894 + }, + { + "x": 0.0985, + "y": 0.8894 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000025.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
2. The Lost Homeland
\n

gesture in honour of local culture. Few of the artefacts were authentically
part of this area. It told us nothing of any interest or with any authority.
We wondered whose culture we were looking at.

\n

At the central railway station, we tried to question officials, in German and
English, about the location of Steinkirche. But only Polish was spoken at
the information office and other counters. Nor could we locate the correct
train line on the information screens.

\n

On our walk back to the centre of town, past the dilapidated theatre where
my mother had attended performances, John spotted another bookshop.
Surprisingly it was trading busily on a Polish Catholic Sunday. It sold old
maps and books. We found old pictures of Breslau labelled in Polish and
English. We found descriptions in both Polish and English of Neumarkt
Platz (Novi Targ). Various maps showed clear plans of its location. They
also showed the Neptune fountain I had been seeking. For centuries it had
a conspicuous place in town maps as a well drawing water from the Oder,
whose tributaries flowed together and separated the town into different
quarters, spanned by a multitude of bridges.

\n

I was thrilled. Before this find, my family had begun to question whether
the fountain had actually existed. 'You and your fountain!' they cried.
But I always knew it was there, in my memory and beyond.

\n

When we walked to Novi Targ, we found the old houses by the
square
had been destroyed totally by the War. So, to my disappointment, had
the Neptune fountain · In Microcosm, his history of Wroclaw, Norman
Davies tells how, after the War, the rubble of Breslau had been removed
in trainloads to rebuild Warsaw in its original style. Some fine Breslau
buildings left standing by War were even knocked down for their
old bricks.

\n

I viewed this horrible information as being akin to the punishment Dante
dished out to sinners in his Purgatory. Atonement was to be made only
by suffering punishment that fitted the spirit of a crime.

\n

We then looked for the air-raid shelters in which my grandmother and
aunt Else had sheltered from the fire-bombs that rained down on the city
in early 1945.

\n
11
", + "markdown": "2. The Lost Homeland\n\ngesture in honour of local culture. Few of the artefacts were authentically\npart of this area. It told us nothing of any interest or with any authority.\nWe wondered whose culture we were looking at.\n\nAt the central railway station, we tried to question officials, in German and\nEnglish, about the location of Steinkirche. But only Polish was spoken at\nthe information office and other counters. Nor could we locate the correct\ntrain line on the information screens.\n\nOn our walk back to the centre of town, past the dilapidated theatre where\nmy mother had attended performances, John spotted another bookshop.\nSurprisingly it was trading busily on a Polish Catholic Sunday. It sold old\nmaps and books. We found old pictures of Breslau labelled in Polish and\nEnglish. We found descriptions in both Polish and English of Neumarkt\nPlatz (Novi Targ). Various maps showed clear plans of its location. They\nalso showed the Neptune fountain I had been seeking. For centuries it had\na conspicuous place in town maps as a well drawing water from the Oder,\nwhose tributaries flowed together and separated the town into different\nquarters, spanned by a multitude of bridges.\n\nI was thrilled. Before this find, my family had begun to question whether\nthe fountain had actually existed. 'You and your fountain!' they cried.\nBut I always knew it was there, in my memory and beyond.\n\nWhen we walked to Novi Targ, we found the old houses by the\nsquare\nhad been destroyed totally by the War. So, to my disappointment, had\nthe Neptune fountain · In Microcosm, his history of Wroclaw, Norman\nDavies tells how, after the War, the rubble of Breslau had been removed\nin trainloads to rebuild Warsaw in its original style. Some fine Breslau\nbuildings left standing by War were even knocked down for their\nold bricks.\n\nI viewed this horrible information as being akin to the punishment Dante\ndished out to sinners in his Purgatory. Atonement was to be made only\nby suffering punishment that fitted the spirit of a crime.\n\nWe then looked for the air-raid shelters in which my grandmother and\naunt Else had sheltered from the fire-bombs that rained down on the city\nin early 1945.\n\n11", + "text": "2. The Lost Homeland\ngesture in honour of local culture. Few of the artefacts were authentically\npart of this area. It told us nothing of any interest or with any authority.\nWe wondered whose culture we were looking at.\nAt the central railway station, we tried to question officials, in German and\nEnglish, about the location of Steinkirche. But only Polish was spoken at\nthe information office and other counters. Nor could we locate the correct\ntrain line on the information screens.\nOn our walk back to the centre of town, past the dilapidated theatre where\nmy mother had attended performances, John spotted another bookshop.\nSurprisingly it was trading busily on a Polish Catholic Sunday. It sold old\nmaps and books. We found old pictures of Breslau labelled in Polish and\nEnglish. We found descriptions in both Polish and English of Neumarkt\nPlatz (Novi Targ). Various maps showed clear plans of its location. They\nalso showed the Neptune fountain I had been seeking. For centuries it had\na conspicuous place in town maps as a well drawing water from the Oder,\nwhose tributaries flowed together and separated the town into different\nquarters, spanned by a multitude of bridges.\nI was thrilled. Before this find, my family had begun to question whether\nthe fountain had actually existed. 'You and your fountain!' they cried.\nBut I always knew it was there, in my memory and beyond.\nWhen we walked to Novi Targ, we found the old houses by the\nsquare\nhad been destroyed totally by the War. So, to my disappointment, had\nthe Neptune fountain · In Microcosm, his history of Wroclaw, Norman\nDavies tells how, after the War, the rubble of Breslau had been removed\nin trainloads to rebuild Warsaw in its original style. Some fine Breslau\nbuildings left standing by War were even knocked down for their\nold bricks.\nI viewed this horrible information as being akin to the punishment Dante\ndished out to sinners in his Purgatory. Atonement was to be made only\nby suffering punishment that fitted the spirit of a crime.\nWe then looked for the air-raid shelters in which my grandmother and\naunt Else had sheltered from the fire-bombs that rained down on the city\nin early 1945.\n11" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
2. The Lost Homeland
", + "markdown": "2. The Lost Homeland", + "text": "2. The Lost Homeland" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6758, + "y": 0.0848 + }, + { + "x": 0.8463, + "y": 0.0848 + }, + { + "x": 0.8463, + "y": 0.101 + }, + { + "x": 0.6758, + "y": 0.101 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

gesture in honour of local culture. Few of the artefacts were authentically
part of this area. It told us nothing of any interest or with any authority.
We wondered whose culture we were looking at.

", + "markdown": "gesture in honour of local culture. Few of the artefacts were authentically\npart of this area. It told us nothing of any interest or with any authority.\nWe wondered whose culture we were looking at.", + "text": "gesture in honour of local culture. Few of the artefacts were authentically\npart of this area. It told us nothing of any interest or with any authority.\nWe wondered whose culture we were looking at." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1252, + "y": 0.1176 + }, + { + "x": 0.847, + "y": 0.1176 + }, + { + "x": 0.847, + "y": 0.1771 + }, + { + "x": 0.1252, + "y": 0.1771 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

At the central railway station, we tried to question officials, in German and
English, about the location of Steinkirche. But only Polish was spoken at
the information office and other counters. Nor could we locate the correct
train line on the information screens.

", + "markdown": "At the central railway station, we tried to question officials, in German and\nEnglish, about the location of Steinkirche. But only Polish was spoken at\nthe information office and other counters. Nor could we locate the correct\ntrain line on the information screens.", + "text": "At the central railway station, we tried to question officials, in German and\nEnglish, about the location of Steinkirche. But only Polish was spoken at\nthe information office and other counters. Nor could we locate the correct\ntrain line on the information screens." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1262, + "y": 0.1897 + }, + { + "x": 0.8487, + "y": 0.1897 + }, + { + "x": 0.8487, + "y": 0.2696 + }, + { + "x": 0.1262, + "y": 0.2696 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

On our walk back to the centre of town, past the dilapidated theatre where
my mother had attended performances, John spotted another bookshop.
Surprisingly it was trading busily on a Polish Catholic Sunday. It sold old
maps and books. We found old pictures of Breslau labelled in Polish and
English. We found descriptions in both Polish and English of Neumarkt
Platz (Novi Targ). Various maps showed clear plans of its location. They
also showed the Neptune fountain I had been seeking. For centuries it had
a conspicuous place in town maps as a well drawing water from the Oder,
whose tributaries flowed together and separated the town into different
quarters, spanned by a multitude of bridges.

", + "markdown": "On our walk back to the centre of town, past the dilapidated theatre where\nmy mother had attended performances, John spotted another bookshop.\nSurprisingly it was trading busily on a Polish Catholic Sunday. It sold old\nmaps and books. We found old pictures of Breslau labelled in Polish and\nEnglish. We found descriptions in both Polish and English of Neumarkt\nPlatz (Novi Targ). Various maps showed clear plans of its location. They\nalso showed the Neptune fountain I had been seeking. For centuries it had\na conspicuous place in town maps as a well drawing water from the Oder,\nwhose tributaries flowed together and separated the town into different\nquarters, spanned by a multitude of bridges.", + "text": "On our walk back to the centre of town, past the dilapidated theatre where\nmy mother had attended performances, John spotted another bookshop.\nSurprisingly it was trading busily on a Polish Catholic Sunday. It sold old\nmaps and books. We found old pictures of Breslau labelled in Polish and\nEnglish. We found descriptions in both Polish and English of Neumarkt\nPlatz (Novi Targ). Various maps showed clear plans of its location. They\nalso showed the Neptune fountain I had been seeking. For centuries it had\na conspicuous place in town maps as a well drawing water from the Oder,\nwhose tributaries flowed together and separated the town into different\nquarters, spanned by a multitude of bridges." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1259, + "y": 0.2817 + }, + { + "x": 0.8482, + "y": 0.2817 + }, + { + "x": 0.8482, + "y": 0.4818 + }, + { + "x": 0.1259, + "y": 0.4818 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

I was thrilled. Before this find, my family had begun to question whether
the fountain had actually existed. 'You and your fountain!' they cried.
But I always knew it was there, in my memory and beyond.

", + "markdown": "I was thrilled. Before this find, my family had begun to question whether\nthe fountain had actually existed. 'You and your fountain!' they cried.\nBut I always knew it was there, in my memory and beyond.", + "text": "I was thrilled. Before this find, my family had begun to question whether\nthe fountain had actually existed. 'You and your fountain!' they cried.\nBut I always knew it was there, in my memory and beyond." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.127, + "y": 0.4932 + }, + { + "x": 0.848, + "y": 0.4932 + }, + { + "x": 0.848, + "y": 0.5546 + }, + { + "x": 0.127, + "y": 0.5546 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

When we walked to Novi Targ, we found the old houses by the
square
had been destroyed totally by the War. So, to my disappointment, had
the Neptune fountain · In Microcosm, his history of Wroclaw, Norman
Davies tells how, after the War, the rubble of Breslau had been removed
in trainloads to rebuild Warsaw in its original style. Some fine Breslau
buildings left standing by War were even knocked down for their
old bricks.

", + "markdown": "When we walked to Novi Targ, we found the old houses by the\nsquare\nhad been destroyed totally by the War. So, to my disappointment, had\nthe Neptune fountain · In Microcosm, his history of Wroclaw, Norman\nDavies tells how, after the War, the rubble of Breslau had been removed\nin trainloads to rebuild Warsaw in its original style. Some fine Breslau\nbuildings left standing by War were even knocked down for their\nold bricks.", + "text": "When we walked to Novi Targ, we found the old houses by the\nsquare\nhad been destroyed totally by the War. So, to my disappointment, had\nthe Neptune fountain · In Microcosm, his history of Wroclaw, Norman\nDavies tells how, after the War, the rubble of Breslau had been removed\nin trainloads to rebuild Warsaw in its original style. Some fine Breslau\nbuildings left standing by War were even knocked down for their\nold bricks." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1262, + "y": 0.5657 + }, + { + "x": 0.8476, + "y": 0.5657 + }, + { + "x": 0.8476, + "y": 0.7044 + }, + { + "x": 0.1262, + "y": 0.7044 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

I viewed this horrible information as being akin to the punishment Dante
dished out to sinners in his Purgatory. Atonement was to be made only
by suffering punishment that fitted the spirit of a crime.

", + "markdown": "I viewed this horrible information as being akin to the punishment Dante\ndished out to sinners in his Purgatory. Atonement was to be made only\nby suffering punishment that fitted the spirit of a crime.", + "text": "I viewed this horrible information as being akin to the punishment Dante\ndished out to sinners in his Purgatory. Atonement was to be made only\nby suffering punishment that fitted the spirit of a crime." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1265, + "y": 0.7184 + }, + { + "x": 0.8467, + "y": 0.7184 + }, + { + "x": 0.8467, + "y": 0.7793 + }, + { + "x": 0.1265, + "y": 0.7793 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

We then looked for the air-raid shelters in which my grandmother and
aunt Else had sheltered from the fire-bombs that rained down on the city
in early 1945.

", + "markdown": "We then looked for the air-raid shelters in which my grandmother and\naunt Else had sheltered from the fire-bombs that rained down on the city\nin early 1945.", + "text": "We then looked for the air-raid shelters in which my grandmother and\naunt Else had sheltered from the fire-bombs that rained down on the city\nin early 1945." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1265, + "y": 0.7909 + }, + { + "x": 0.8478, + "y": 0.7909 + }, + { + "x": 0.8478, + "y": 0.85 + }, + { + "x": 0.1265, + "y": 0.85 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
11
", + "markdown": "11", + "text": "11" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.8856, + "y": 0.9298 + }, + { + "x": 0.91, + "y": 0.9298 + }, + { + "x": 0.91, + "y": 0.9426 + }, + { + "x": 0.8856, + "y": 0.9426 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000151.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

CHAPTER 1.

\n

CALIFORNIA

\n

JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG

\n

COURSE MARKING DRIVERS

\n

SB1359 was passed in September 2016, going into force in January 2018. The law \"requires California
Community Colleges and California State Universities and requests the University of California
system to include a symbol/logo in the online campus course schedule by January 1, 2018 for courses
that exclusively use digital course materials that are free of charge to students and therefore not
required to be purchased.\"

\n

The potential scale of impact is significant. With 114 colleges serving 2.1 million students, the
California Community Colleges (CCCs) comprise the largest public system of higher education in the
US. The California State University (CSU) with 23 campuses serving nearly 500,000 students, is the
largest four-year public university system in the US. Notably, the law does not apply to the state's
research-focused University of California.

\n
\"\"
\n

Figure 1.1: Zero Cost Textbook
Logo

\n

IMPLEMENTATION

\n

Between the passage of the law in 2016 and the implementation of the law in 2018, both the CCCs
and CSU systems engaged in outreach to the field. The CCCs' system office issued a memo to college
leadership explaining the requirements and created a sample logo that colleges could choose to adopt.
The CSU system's Affordable Learning Solutions team engaged the field with a series of webinars and
FAQs.

\n
PRICE TRANSPARENCY 1
", + "markdown": "CHAPTER 1.\n\n# CALIFORNIA\n\nJAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG\n\n# COURSE MARKING DRIVERS\n\nSB1359 was passed in September 2016, going into force in January 2018. The law \"requires California\nCommunity Colleges and California State Universities and requests the University of California\nsystem to include a symbol/logo in the online campus course schedule by January 1, 2018 for courses\nthat exclusively use digital course materials that are free of charge to students and therefore not\nrequired to be purchased.\"\n\nThe potential scale of impact is significant. With 114 colleges serving 2.1 million students, the\nCalifornia Community Colleges (CCCs) comprise the largest public system of higher education in the\nUS. The California State University (CSU) with 23 campuses serving nearly 500,000 students, is the\nlargest four-year public university system in the US. Notably, the law does not apply to the state's\nresearch-focused University of California.\n\n\n\nFigure 1.1: Zero Cost Textbook\nLogo\n\n# IMPLEMENTATION\n\nBetween the passage of the law in 2016 and the implementation of the law in 2018, both the CCCs\nand CSU systems engaged in outreach to the field. The CCCs' system office issued a memo to college\nleadership explaining the requirements and created a sample logo that colleges could choose to adopt.\nThe CSU system's Affordable Learning Solutions team engaged the field with a series of webinars and\nFAQs.\n\nPRICE TRANSPARENCY 1", + "text": "CHAPTER 1.\nCALIFORNIA\nJAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG\nCOURSE MARKING DRIVERS\nSB1359 was passed in September 2016, going into force in January 2018. The law \"requires California\nCommunity Colleges and California State Universities and requests the University of California\nsystem to include a symbol/logo in the online campus course schedule by January 1, 2018 for courses\nthat exclusively use digital course materials that are free of charge to students and therefore not\nrequired to be purchased.\"\nThe potential scale of impact is significant. With 114 colleges serving 2.1 million students, the\nCalifornia Community Colleges (CCCs) comprise the largest public system of higher education in the\nUS. The California State University (CSU) with 23 campuses serving nearly 500,000 students, is the\nlargest four-year public university system in the US. Notably, the law does not apply to the state's\nresearch-focused University of California.\n\nFigure 1.1: Zero Cost Textbook\nLogo\nIMPLEMENTATION\nBetween the passage of the law in 2016 and the implementation of the law in 2018, both the CCCs\nand CSU systems engaged in outreach to the field. The CCCs' system office issued a memo to college\nleadership explaining the requirements and created a sample logo that colleges could choose to adopt.\nThe CSU system's Affordable Learning Solutions team engaged the field with a series of webinars and\nFAQs.\nPRICE TRANSPARENCY 1" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

CHAPTER 1.

", + "markdown": "CHAPTER 1.", + "text": "CHAPTER 1." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0892, + "y": 0.1448 + }, + { + "x": 0.21, + "y": 0.1448 + }, + { + "x": 0.21, + "y": 0.1624 + }, + { + "x": 0.0892, + "y": 0.1624 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

CALIFORNIA

", + "markdown": "# CALIFORNIA", + "text": "CALIFORNIA" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0893, + "y": 0.1838 + }, + { + "x": 0.226, + "y": 0.1838 + }, + { + "x": 0.226, + "y": 0.2017 + }, + { + "x": 0.0893, + "y": 0.2017 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG

", + "markdown": "JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG", + "text": "JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0892, + "y": 0.3016 + }, + { + "x": 0.3054, + "y": 0.3016 + }, + { + "x": 0.3054, + "y": 0.3172 + }, + { + "x": 0.0892, + "y": 0.3172 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

COURSE MARKING DRIVERS

", + "markdown": "# COURSE MARKING DRIVERS", + "text": "COURSE MARKING DRIVERS" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0888, + "y": 0.3738 + }, + { + "x": 0.3659, + "y": 0.3738 + }, + { + "x": 0.3659, + "y": 0.3908 + }, + { + "x": 0.0888, + "y": 0.3908 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

SB1359 was passed in September 2016, going into force in January 2018. The law \"requires California
Community Colleges and California State Universities and requests the University of California
system to include a symbol/logo in the online campus course schedule by January 1, 2018 for courses
that exclusively use digital course materials that are free of charge to students and therefore not
required to be purchased.\"

", + "markdown": "SB1359 was passed in September 2016, going into force in January 2018. The law \"requires California\nCommunity Colleges and California State Universities and requests the University of California\nsystem to include a symbol/logo in the online campus course schedule by January 1, 2018 for courses\nthat exclusively use digital course materials that are free of charge to students and therefore not\nrequired to be purchased.\"", + "text": "SB1359 was passed in September 2016, going into force in January 2018. The law \"requires California\nCommunity Colleges and California State Universities and requests the University of California\nsystem to include a symbol/logo in the online campus course schedule by January 1, 2018 for courses\nthat exclusively use digital course materials that are free of charge to students and therefore not\nrequired to be purchased.\"" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0886, + "y": 0.4042 + }, + { + "x": 0.9117, + "y": 0.4042 + }, + { + "x": 0.9117, + "y": 0.5008 + }, + { + "x": 0.0886, + "y": 0.5008 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The potential scale of impact is significant. With 114 colleges serving 2.1 million students, the
California Community Colleges (CCCs) comprise the largest public system of higher education in the
US. The California State University (CSU) with 23 campuses serving nearly 500,000 students, is the
largest four-year public university system in the US. Notably, the law does not apply to the state's
research-focused University of California.

", + "markdown": "The potential scale of impact is significant. With 114 colleges serving 2.1 million students, the\nCalifornia Community Colleges (CCCs) comprise the largest public system of higher education in the\nUS. The California State University (CSU) with 23 campuses serving nearly 500,000 students, is the\nlargest four-year public university system in the US. Notably, the law does not apply to the state's\nresearch-focused University of California.", + "text": "The potential scale of impact is significant. With 114 colleges serving 2.1 million students, the\nCalifornia Community Colleges (CCCs) comprise the largest public system of higher education in the\nUS. The California State University (CSU) with 23 campuses serving nearly 500,000 students, is the\nlargest four-year public university system in the US. Notably, the law does not apply to the state's\nresearch-focused University of California." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0879, + "y": 0.515 + }, + { + "x": 0.9123, + "y": 0.515 + }, + { + "x": 0.9123, + "y": 0.6117 + }, + { + "x": 0.0879, + "y": 0.6117 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"\"
", + "markdown": "", + "text": "" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4017, + "y": 0.6176 + }, + { + "x": 0.5979, + "y": 0.6176 + }, + { + "x": 0.5979, + "y": 0.726 + }, + { + "x": 0.4017, + "y": 0.726 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 1.1: Zero Cost Textbook
Logo

", + "markdown": "Figure 1.1: Zero Cost Textbook\nLogo", + "text": "Figure 1.1: Zero Cost Textbook\nLogo" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4011, + "y": 0.7399 + }, + { + "x": 0.5854, + "y": 0.7399 + }, + { + "x": 0.5854, + "y": 0.7695 + }, + { + "x": 0.4011, + "y": 0.7695 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

IMPLEMENTATION

", + "markdown": "# IMPLEMENTATION", + "text": "IMPLEMENTATION" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0894, + "y": 0.791 + }, + { + "x": 0.2706, + "y": 0.791 + }, + { + "x": 0.2706, + "y": 0.8079 + }, + { + "x": 0.0894, + "y": 0.8079 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Between the passage of the law in 2016 and the implementation of the law in 2018, both the CCCs
and CSU systems engaged in outreach to the field. The CCCs' system office issued a memo to college
leadership explaining the requirements and created a sample logo that colleges could choose to adopt.
The CSU system's Affordable Learning Solutions team engaged the field with a series of webinars and
FAQs.

", + "markdown": "Between the passage of the law in 2016 and the implementation of the law in 2018, both the CCCs\nand CSU systems engaged in outreach to the field. The CCCs' system office issued a memo to college\nleadership explaining the requirements and created a sample logo that colleges could choose to adopt.\nThe CSU system's Affordable Learning Solutions team engaged the field with a series of webinars and\nFAQs.", + "text": "Between the passage of the law in 2016 and the implementation of the law in 2018, both the CCCs\nand CSU systems engaged in outreach to the field. The CCCs' system office issued a memo to college\nleadership explaining the requirements and created a sample logo that colleges could choose to adopt.\nThe CSU system's Affordable Learning Solutions team engaged the field with a series of webinars and\nFAQs." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0882, + "y": 0.8216 + }, + { + "x": 0.9129, + "y": 0.8216 + }, + { + "x": 0.9129, + "y": 0.918 + }, + { + "x": 0.0882, + "y": 0.918 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
PRICE TRANSPARENCY 1
", + "markdown": "PRICE TRANSPARENCY 1", + "text": "PRICE TRANSPARENCY 1" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7526, + "y": 0.9491 + }, + { + "x": 0.9094, + "y": 0.9491 + }, + { + "x": 0.9094, + "y": 0.962 + }, + { + "x": 0.7526, + "y": 0.962 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000137.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
\"60\n50\nAnglers\nNo8\" data-coord=\"top-left:(133,102); bottom-right:(1089,581)\" />
Figure 10.5: Frequency distribution displays the number of angler days resulting in differing catch per day for a hypothetical 8
fish per day creel limit and estimated change if creel limit is reduced to 4 fish per day. Long description.
\n

Catch Per Day

\n\n

Creel limits are one of many elements that may be used by anglers to define fishing success. When more
fish are harvested per trip, anglers rate fishing higher. High creel limits may cause anglers to have unrealistic
expectations about the potential supply of fish compared to the demand (Cook et al. 2001). Creel limit
reductions may be unsuccessful in reducing angler harvest or affecting fish populations. The hypothetical
angler success graph (Figure 10.5) demonstrates that a reduction in creel from 8 to 4 would affect only a few
trips and result in a small harvest reduction. Furthermore, creel limits are applied on a per-angler basis, so they
cannot control total harvest if total fishing effort increases or if noncompliance is high. Finally, since anglers
have a variety of motivations, they likely respond differently to regulation changes (Beard et al. 2011).

\n

The ethic of fairness is involved in setting creel limit regulations because many anglers do not harvest a single
fish during an angling trip. In Wisconsin lakes, Walleye harvest was not equally distributed. Only 7.4% of Walleye
angler trips were successful in harvesting at least one Walleye, and <1% harvested a limit during a fishing trip
(Staggs 1989). In Minnesota, anglers were slightly more successful, where 27.2% of angler trips ended with a
harvest of at least one Walleye and about 1% harvesting a limit. The ideal creel limit would distribute the catch
among more anglers and prevent overuse by a few individuals.

\n

Long-term trends in panfish populations (i.e., Bluegill, Yellow Perch, Black Crappie, Pumpkinseed, and Rock
Bass) in Wisconsin lakes showed significant declines due to overfishing (Rypel et al. 2016). The daily limit for
panfish was 50 aggregate per day from 1967 through 1998, which was reduced to 25 in 1998. Further reduction
in daily limits for panfish (10) to improve undesirable small sizes of Bluegill populations increased both mean
length and mean maximum length relative to sizes in control lakes (Jacobson 2005; Rypel et al. 2015).

\n
226 I Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet
", + "markdown": "60\n50\nAnglers\nNo Daily Limit\n40\nof Daily Limit-4\n30\nProportion\n20\n10\n0\n0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 >8\n\n# Catch Per Day\n\nFigure 10.5: Frequency distribution displays the number of angler days resulting in differing catch per day for a hypothetical 8\nfish per day creel limit and estimated change if creel limit is reduced to 4 fish per day. Long description.\n\nCreel limits are one of many elements that may be used by anglers to define fishing success. When more\nfish are harvested per trip, anglers rate fishing higher. High creel limits may cause anglers to have unrealistic\nexpectations about the potential supply of fish compared to the demand (Cook et al. 2001). Creel limit\nreductions may be unsuccessful in reducing angler harvest or affecting fish populations. The hypothetical\nangler success graph (Figure 10.5) demonstrates that a reduction in creel from 8 to 4 would affect only a few\ntrips and result in a small harvest reduction. Furthermore, creel limits are applied on a per-angler basis, so they\ncannot control total harvest if total fishing effort increases or if noncompliance is high. Finally, since anglers\nhave a variety of motivations, they likely respond differently to regulation changes (Beard et al. 2011).\n\nThe ethic of fairness is involved in setting creel limit regulations because many anglers do not harvest a single\nfish during an angling trip. In Wisconsin lakes, Walleye harvest was not equally distributed. Only 7.4% of Walleye\nangler trips were successful in harvesting at least one Walleye, and <1% harvested a limit during a fishing trip\n(Staggs 1989). In Minnesota, anglers were slightly more successful, where 27.2% of angler trips ended with a\nharvest of at least one Walleye and about 1% harvesting a limit. The ideal creel limit would distribute the catch\namong more anglers and prevent overuse by a few individuals.\n\nLong-term trends in panfish populations (i.e., Bluegill, Yellow Perch, Black Crappie, Pumpkinseed, and Rock\nBass) in Wisconsin lakes showed significant declines due to overfishing (Rypel et al. 2016). The daily limit for\npanfish was 50 aggregate per day from 1967 through 1998, which was reduced to 25 in 1998. Further reduction\nin daily limits for panfish (10) to improve undesirable small sizes of Bluegill populations increased both mean\nlength and mean maximum length relative to sizes in control lakes (Jacobson 2005; Rypel et al. 2015).\n\n226 I Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet", + "text": "60\n50\nAnglers\nNo Daily Limit\n40\nof Daily Limit-4\n30\nProportion\n20\n10\n0\n0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 >8\nCatch Per Day\nFigure 10.5: Frequency distribution displays the number of angler days resulting in differing catch per day for a hypothetical 8\nfish per day creel limit and estimated change if creel limit is reduced to 4 fish per day. Long description.\nCreel limits are one of many elements that may be used by anglers to define fishing success. When more\nfish are harvested per trip, anglers rate fishing higher. High creel limits may cause anglers to have unrealistic\nexpectations about the potential supply of fish compared to the demand (Cook et al. 2001). Creel limit\nreductions may be unsuccessful in reducing angler harvest or affecting fish populations. The hypothetical\nangler success graph (Figure 10.5) demonstrates that a reduction in creel from 8 to 4 would affect only a few\ntrips and result in a small harvest reduction. Furthermore, creel limits are applied on a per-angler basis, so they\ncannot control total harvest if total fishing effort increases or if noncompliance is high. Finally, since anglers\nhave a variety of motivations, they likely respond differently to regulation changes (Beard et al. 2011).\nThe ethic of fairness is involved in setting creel limit regulations because many anglers do not harvest a single\nfish during an angling trip. In Wisconsin lakes, Walleye harvest was not equally distributed. Only 7.4% of Walleye\nangler trips were successful in harvesting at least one Walleye, and <1% harvested a limit during a fishing trip\n(Staggs 1989). In Minnesota, anglers were slightly more successful, where 27.2% of angler trips ended with a\nharvest of at least one Walleye and about 1% harvesting a limit. The ideal creel limit would distribute the catch\namong more anglers and prevent overuse by a few individuals.\nLong-term trends in panfish populations (i.e., Bluegill, Yellow Perch, Black Crappie, Pumpkinseed, and Rock\nBass) in Wisconsin lakes showed significant declines due to overfishing (Rypel et al. 2016). The daily limit for\npanfish was 50 aggregate per day from 1967 through 1998, which was reduced to 25 in 1998. Further reduction\nin daily limits for panfish (10) to improve undesirable small sizes of Bluegill populations increased both mean\nlength and mean maximum length relative to sizes in control lakes (Jacobson 2005; Rypel et al. 2015).\n226 I Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"60\n50\nAnglers\nNo8\" data-coord=\"top-left:(133,102); bottom-right:(1089,581)\" />
", + "markdown": "60\n50\nAnglers\nNo Daily Limit\n40\nof Daily Limit-4\n30\nProportion\n20\n10\n0\n0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 >8", + "text": "60\n50\nAnglers\nNo Daily Limit\n40\nof Daily Limit-4\n30\nProportion\n20\n10\n0\n0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 >8" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1108, + "y": 0.0686 + }, + { + "x": 0.908, + "y": 0.0686 + }, + { + "x": 0.908, + "y": 0.3876 + }, + { + "x": 0.1108, + "y": 0.3876 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Catch Per Day

", + "markdown": "# Catch Per Day", + "text": "Catch Per Day" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.44, + "y": 0.3952 + }, + { + "x": 0.5908, + "y": 0.3952 + }, + { + "x": 0.5908, + "y": 0.4173 + }, + { + "x": 0.44, + "y": 0.4173 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "Figure 10.5: Frequency distribution displays the number of angler days resulting in differing catch per day for a hypothetical 8
fish per day creel limit and estimated change if creel limit is reduced to 4 fish per day. Long description.", + "markdown": "Figure 10.5: Frequency distribution displays the number of angler days resulting in differing catch per day for a hypothetical 8\nfish per day creel limit and estimated change if creel limit is reduced to 4 fish per day. Long description.", + "text": "Figure 10.5: Frequency distribution displays the number of angler days resulting in differing catch per day for a hypothetical 8\nfish per day creel limit and estimated change if creel limit is reduced to 4 fish per day. Long description." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0926, + "y": 0.4306 + }, + { + "x": 0.892, + "y": 0.4306 + }, + { + "x": 0.892, + "y": 0.4616 + }, + { + "x": 0.0926, + "y": 0.4616 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Creel limits are one of many elements that may be used by anglers to define fishing success. When more
fish are harvested per trip, anglers rate fishing higher. High creel limits may cause anglers to have unrealistic
expectations about the potential supply of fish compared to the demand (Cook et al. 2001). Creel limit
reductions may be unsuccessful in reducing angler harvest or affecting fish populations. The hypothetical
angler success graph (Figure 10.5) demonstrates that a reduction in creel from 8 to 4 would affect only a few
trips and result in a small harvest reduction. Furthermore, creel limits are applied on a per-angler basis, so they
cannot control total harvest if total fishing effort increases or if noncompliance is high. Finally, since anglers
have a variety of motivations, they likely respond differently to regulation changes (Beard et al. 2011).

", + "markdown": "Creel limits are one of many elements that may be used by anglers to define fishing success. When more\nfish are harvested per trip, anglers rate fishing higher. High creel limits may cause anglers to have unrealistic\nexpectations about the potential supply of fish compared to the demand (Cook et al. 2001). Creel limit\nreductions may be unsuccessful in reducing angler harvest or affecting fish populations. The hypothetical\nangler success graph (Figure 10.5) demonstrates that a reduction in creel from 8 to 4 would affect only a few\ntrips and result in a small harvest reduction. Furthermore, creel limits are applied on a per-angler basis, so they\ncannot control total harvest if total fishing effort increases or if noncompliance is high. Finally, since anglers\nhave a variety of motivations, they likely respond differently to regulation changes (Beard et al. 2011).", + "text": "Creel limits are one of many elements that may be used by anglers to define fishing success. When more\nfish are harvested per trip, anglers rate fishing higher. High creel limits may cause anglers to have unrealistic\nexpectations about the potential supply of fish compared to the demand (Cook et al. 2001). Creel limit\nreductions may be unsuccessful in reducing angler harvest or affecting fish populations. The hypothetical\nangler success graph (Figure 10.5) demonstrates that a reduction in creel from 8 to 4 would affect only a few\ntrips and result in a small harvest reduction. Furthermore, creel limits are applied on a per-angler basis, so they\ncannot control total harvest if total fishing effort increases or if noncompliance is high. Finally, since anglers\nhave a variety of motivations, they likely respond differently to regulation changes (Beard et al. 2011)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0932, + "y": 0.5215 + }, + { + "x": 0.9075, + "y": 0.5215 + }, + { + "x": 0.9075, + "y": 0.6758 + }, + { + "x": 0.0932, + "y": 0.6758 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The ethic of fairness is involved in setting creel limit regulations because many anglers do not harvest a single
fish during an angling trip. In Wisconsin lakes, Walleye harvest was not equally distributed. Only 7.4% of Walleye
angler trips were successful in harvesting at least one Walleye, and <1% harvested a limit during a fishing trip
(Staggs 1989). In Minnesota, anglers were slightly more successful, where 27.2% of angler trips ended with a
harvest of at least one Walleye and about 1% harvesting a limit. The ideal creel limit would distribute the catch
among more anglers and prevent overuse by a few individuals.

", + "markdown": "The ethic of fairness is involved in setting creel limit regulations because many anglers do not harvest a single\nfish during an angling trip. In Wisconsin lakes, Walleye harvest was not equally distributed. Only 7.4% of Walleye\nangler trips were successful in harvesting at least one Walleye, and <1% harvested a limit during a fishing trip\n(Staggs 1989). In Minnesota, anglers were slightly more successful, where 27.2% of angler trips ended with a\nharvest of at least one Walleye and about 1% harvesting a limit. The ideal creel limit would distribute the catch\namong more anglers and prevent overuse by a few individuals.", + "text": "The ethic of fairness is involved in setting creel limit regulations because many anglers do not harvest a single\nfish during an angling trip. In Wisconsin lakes, Walleye harvest was not equally distributed. Only 7.4% of Walleye\nangler trips were successful in harvesting at least one Walleye, and <1% harvested a limit during a fishing trip\n(Staggs 1989). In Minnesota, anglers were slightly more successful, where 27.2% of angler trips ended with a\nharvest of at least one Walleye and about 1% harvesting a limit. The ideal creel limit would distribute the catch\namong more anglers and prevent overuse by a few individuals." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0936, + "y": 0.6898 + }, + { + "x": 0.9071, + "y": 0.6898 + }, + { + "x": 0.9071, + "y": 0.8042 + }, + { + "x": 0.0936, + "y": 0.8042 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Long-term trends in panfish populations (i.e., Bluegill, Yellow Perch, Black Crappie, Pumpkinseed, and Rock
Bass) in Wisconsin lakes showed significant declines due to overfishing (Rypel et al. 2016). The daily limit for
panfish was 50 aggregate per day from 1967 through 1998, which was reduced to 25 in 1998. Further reduction
in daily limits for panfish (10) to improve undesirable small sizes of Bluegill populations increased both mean
length and mean maximum length relative to sizes in control lakes (Jacobson 2005; Rypel et al. 2015).

", + "markdown": "Long-term trends in panfish populations (i.e., Bluegill, Yellow Perch, Black Crappie, Pumpkinseed, and Rock\nBass) in Wisconsin lakes showed significant declines due to overfishing (Rypel et al. 2016). The daily limit for\npanfish was 50 aggregate per day from 1967 through 1998, which was reduced to 25 in 1998. Further reduction\nin daily limits for panfish (10) to improve undesirable small sizes of Bluegill populations increased both mean\nlength and mean maximum length relative to sizes in control lakes (Jacobson 2005; Rypel et al. 2015).", + "text": "Long-term trends in panfish populations (i.e., Bluegill, Yellow Perch, Black Crappie, Pumpkinseed, and Rock\nBass) in Wisconsin lakes showed significant declines due to overfishing (Rypel et al. 2016). The daily limit for\npanfish was 50 aggregate per day from 1967 through 1998, which was reduced to 25 in 1998. Further reduction\nin daily limits for panfish (10) to improve undesirable small sizes of Bluegill populations increased both mean\nlength and mean maximum length relative to sizes in control lakes (Jacobson 2005; Rypel et al. 2015)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0936, + "y": 0.8189 + }, + { + "x": 0.907, + "y": 0.8189 + }, + { + "x": 0.907, + "y": 0.9146 + }, + { + "x": 0.0936, + "y": 0.9146 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
226 I Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet
", + "markdown": "226 I Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet", + "text": "226 I Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0953, + "y": 0.9332 + }, + { + "x": 0.3965, + "y": 0.9332 + }, + { + "x": 0.3965, + "y": 0.9497 + }, + { + "x": 0.0953, + "y": 0.9497 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000150.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
Circle
\n
Co-funded by
the European Union
\n

6. ECO CIRCLE COMPETENCE FRAMEWORK

\n
Competence Area#1 THE 3 Rs: RECYCLE-REUSE-REDUCE
Competence StatementTo know the basics of the 3 Rs and their importance and implementation into daily life in relation to green entrepreneurship and circular economy.
Learning Outcomes
Knowledge● To understand the meaning of reducing, reusing and recycling and how they connect ● To understand the importance of the 3 Rs as waste management · To be familiar with the expansion of the 3 Rs - the 7 Rs
Skills● To implement different ways of waste management into daily life · To properly implement recycling in day-to-day activities · To promote reducing and reusing before recycling
Attitudes and Values● To acquire a proactive approach to implementing the 3 Rs into daily personal life · To educate others on the importance of sustainable waste management
\n
This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author
and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
\n
Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126
", + "markdown": "Circle\n\nCo-funded by\nthe European Union\n\n# 6. ECO CIRCLE COMPETENCE FRAMEWORK\n\n| Competence Area | #1 THE 3 Rs: RECYCLE-REUSE-REDUCE |\n| --- | --- |\n| Competence Statement | To know the basics of the 3 Rs and their importance and implementation into daily life in relation to green entrepreneurship and circular economy. |\n| | To know the basics of the 3 Rs and their importance and implementation into daily life in relation to green entrepreneurship and circular economy. |\n| Learning Outcomes | Learning Outcomes |\n| Knowledge | ● To understand the meaning of reducing, reusing and recycling and how they connect ● To understand the importance of the 3 Rs as waste management · To be familiar with the expansion of the 3 Rs - the 7 Rs |\n| Skills | ● To implement different ways of waste management into daily life · To properly implement recycling in day-to-day activities · To promote reducing and reusing before recycling |\n| Attitudes and Values | ● To acquire a proactive approach to implementing the 3 Rs into daily personal life · To educate others on the importance of sustainable waste management |\n\n\nThis project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.\n\nProject No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", + "text": "Circle\nCo-funded by\nthe European Union\n6. ECO CIRCLE COMPETENCE FRAMEWORK\nCompetence Area #1 THE 3 Rs: RECYCLE-REUSE-REDUCE\n Competence Statement To know the basics of the 3 Rs and their importance and implementation into daily life in relation to green entrepreneurship and circular economy.\n \n Learning Outcomes\n Knowledge ● To understand the meaning of reducing, reusing and recycling and how they connect ● To understand the importance of the 3 Rs as waste management · To be familiar with the expansion of the 3 Rs - the 7 Rs\n Skills ● To implement different ways of waste management into daily life · To properly implement recycling in day-to-day activities · To promote reducing and reusing before recycling\n Attitudes and Values ● To acquire a proactive approach to implementing the 3 Rs into daily personal life · To educate others on the importance of sustainable waste management\nThis project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.\nProject No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Circle
", + "markdown": "Circle", + "text": "Circle" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0365, + "y": 0.0282 + }, + { + "x": 0.1313, + "y": 0.0282 + }, + { + "x": 0.1313, + "y": 0.0736 + }, + { + "x": 0.0365, + "y": 0.0736 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Co-funded by
the European Union
", + "markdown": "Co-funded by\nthe European Union", + "text": "Co-funded by\nthe European Union" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.759, + "y": 0.0291 + }, + { + "x": 0.9157, + "y": 0.0291 + }, + { + "x": 0.9157, + "y": 0.0575 + }, + { + "x": 0.759, + "y": 0.0575 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

6. ECO CIRCLE COMPETENCE FRAMEWORK

", + "markdown": "# 6. ECO CIRCLE COMPETENCE FRAMEWORK", + "text": "6. ECO CIRCLE COMPETENCE FRAMEWORK" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1401, + "y": 0.1535 + }, + { + "x": 0.6954, + "y": 0.1535 + }, + { + "x": 0.6954, + "y": 0.1757 + }, + { + "x": 0.1401, + "y": 0.1757 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
Competence Area#1 THE 3 Rs: RECYCLE-REUSE-REDUCE
Competence StatementTo know the basics of the 3 Rs and their importance and implementation into daily life in relation to green entrepreneurship and circular economy.
Learning Outcomes
Knowledge● To understand the meaning of reducing, reusing and recycling and how they connect ● To understand the importance of the 3 Rs as waste management · To be familiar with the expansion of the 3 Rs - the 7 Rs
Skills● To implement different ways of waste management into daily life · To properly implement recycling in day-to-day activities · To promote reducing and reusing before recycling
Attitudes and Values● To acquire a proactive approach to implementing the 3 Rs into daily personal life · To educate others on the importance of sustainable waste management
", + "markdown": "| Competence Area | #1 THE 3 Rs: RECYCLE-REUSE-REDUCE |\n| --- | --- |\n| Competence Statement | To know the basics of the 3 Rs and their importance and implementation into daily life in relation to green entrepreneurship and circular economy. |\n| | To know the basics of the 3 Rs and their importance and implementation into daily life in relation to green entrepreneurship and circular economy. |\n| Learning Outcomes | Learning Outcomes |\n| Knowledge | ● To understand the meaning of reducing, reusing and recycling and how they connect ● To understand the importance of the 3 Rs as waste management · To be familiar with the expansion of the 3 Rs - the 7 Rs |\n| Skills | ● To implement different ways of waste management into daily life · To properly implement recycling in day-to-day activities · To promote reducing and reusing before recycling |\n| Attitudes and Values | ● To acquire a proactive approach to implementing the 3 Rs into daily personal life · To educate others on the importance of sustainable waste management |\n", + "text": "Competence Area #1 THE 3 Rs: RECYCLE-REUSE-REDUCE\n Competence Statement To know the basics of the 3 Rs and their importance and implementation into daily life in relation to green entrepreneurship and circular economy.\n \n Learning Outcomes\n Knowledge ● To understand the meaning of reducing, reusing and recycling and how they connect ● To understand the importance of the 3 Rs as waste management · To be familiar with the expansion of the 3 Rs - the 7 Rs\n Skills ● To implement different ways of waste management into daily life · To properly implement recycling in day-to-day activities · To promote reducing and reusing before recycling\n Attitudes and Values ● To acquire a proactive approach to implementing the 3 Rs into daily personal life · To educate others on the importance of sustainable waste management" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1174, + "y": 0.221 + }, + { + "x": 0.8762, + "y": 0.221 + }, + { + "x": 0.8762, + "y": 0.7186 + }, + { + "x": 0.1174, + "y": 0.7186 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author
and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
", + "markdown": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", + "text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1475, + "y": 0.9028 + }, + { + "x": 0.8647, + "y": 0.9028 + }, + { + "x": 0.8647, + "y": 0.9286 + }, + { + "x": 0.1475, + "y": 0.9286 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126
", + "markdown": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", + "text": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3657, + "y": 0.9382 + }, + { + "x": 0.6482, + "y": 0.9382 + }, + { + "x": 0.6482, + "y": 0.9496 + }, + { + "x": 0.3657, + "y": 0.9496 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000183.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
Recommendation Pack: Track Record
\n

Recommendation pack shows outstanding performance of 1.7~2.6 times that of
competing models even when using commercial service data

\n

Comparison with Beauty Commerce
Recommendation Models
Recommendation model Hit Ratio comparison

\n

Comparison Case of Domestic Subscription
Platform Recommendation Model
Comparison of quantitative evaluations among
personalized content recommendations

\n
\"Upstage\n0.4048\nGraph-RecSys\nUpstage\n0.3278\nAttn-RecSys\naws\n0.23496\nPersonalize\n1.7X↑\nCurrent
\n
\"0.03
\n

Education Content Platform PoC Case

\n\n
\"0.882\n0.735\nCompared
Comparison of prediction rates of correct/incorrect
answers based on personalized questions
\n
20
", + "markdown": "Recommendation Pack: Track Record\n\n# Recommendation pack shows outstanding performance of 1.7~2.6 times that of\ncompeting models even when using commercial service data\n\nComparison with Beauty Commerce\nRecommendation Models\nRecommendation model Hit Ratio comparison\n\nComparison Case of Domestic Subscription\nPlatform Recommendation Model\nComparison of quantitative evaluations among\npersonalized content recommendations\n\nUpstage\n0.4048\nGraph-RecSys\nUpstage\n0.3278\nAttn-RecSys\naws\n0.23496\nPersonalize\n1.7X↑\nCurrent Service\n0.159\nRecommendation\n2.6X↑\nAlgorithm\n\n0.03 0.06 0.09\nUpstage\nCustomerBERT\naws Personalize AWS Ready\n14.3%↑\nAutoEncoder\nRecVAE\nAutoEncoder\nCDAE\nAutoEncoder\nMultiVAE\nGNN_LightGCN\nCF_BPR\nStatistic_\nMostPop\nStatistic Recall@10, accuracy\nCotergoryPop NDCG@10, Ranking\n\nEducation Content Platform PoC Case\n\nComparison of prediction rates of correct/incorrect\nanswers based on personalized questions\n\n0.882\n0.735\nCompared to\nregular model\n20%↑\nUpstage Traditional\nDKT Model Statistical Model(IRT)\n\n20", + "text": "Recommendation Pack: Track Record\nRecommendation pack shows outstanding performance of 1.7~2.6 times that of\ncompeting models even when using commercial service data\nComparison with Beauty Commerce\nRecommendation Models\nRecommendation model Hit Ratio comparison\nComparison Case of Domestic Subscription\nPlatform Recommendation Model\nComparison of quantitative evaluations among\npersonalized content recommendations\nUpstage\n0.4048\nGraph-RecSys\nUpstage\n0.3278\nAttn-RecSys\naws\n0.23496\nPersonalize\n1.7X↑\nCurrent Service\n0.159\nRecommendation\n2.6X↑\nAlgorithm\n0.03 0.06 0.09\nUpstage\nCustomerBERT\naws Personalize AWS Ready\n14.3%↑\nAutoEncoder\nRecVAE\nAutoEncoder\nCDAE\nAutoEncoder\nMultiVAE\nGNN_LightGCN\nCF_BPR\nStatistic_\nMostPop\nStatistic Recall@10, accuracy\nCotergoryPop NDCG@10, Ranking\nEducation Content Platform PoC Case\nComparison of prediction rates of correct/incorrect\nanswers based on personalized questions\n0.882\n0.735\nCompared to\nregular model\n20%↑\nUpstage Traditional\nDKT Model Statistical Model(IRT)\n20" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Recommendation Pack: Track Record
", + "markdown": "Recommendation Pack: Track Record", + "text": "Recommendation Pack: Track Record" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0718, + "y": 0.0734 + }, + { + "x": 0.2815, + "y": 0.0734 + }, + { + "x": 0.2815, + "y": 0.1 + }, + { + "x": 0.0718, + "y": 0.1 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Recommendation pack shows outstanding performance of 1.7~2.6 times that of
competing models even when using commercial service data

", + "markdown": "# Recommendation pack shows outstanding performance of 1.7~2.6 times that of\ncompeting models even when using commercial service data", + "text": "Recommendation pack shows outstanding performance of 1.7~2.6 times that of\ncompeting models even when using commercial service data" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0703, + "y": 0.1263 + }, + { + "x": 0.8211, + "y": 0.1263 + }, + { + "x": 0.8211, + "y": 0.2282 + }, + { + "x": 0.0703, + "y": 0.2282 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Comparison with Beauty Commerce
Recommendation Models
Recommendation model Hit Ratio comparison

", + "markdown": "Comparison with Beauty Commerce\nRecommendation Models\nRecommendation model Hit Ratio comparison", + "text": "Comparison with Beauty Commerce\nRecommendation Models\nRecommendation model Hit Ratio comparison" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.063, + "y": 0.2775 + }, + { + "x": 0.2639, + "y": 0.2775 + }, + { + "x": 0.2639, + "y": 0.3619 + }, + { + "x": 0.063, + "y": 0.3619 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Comparison Case of Domestic Subscription
Platform Recommendation Model
Comparison of quantitative evaluations among
personalized content recommendations

", + "markdown": "Comparison Case of Domestic Subscription\nPlatform Recommendation Model\nComparison of quantitative evaluations among\npersonalized content recommendations", + "text": "Comparison Case of Domestic Subscription\nPlatform Recommendation Model\nComparison of quantitative evaluations among\npersonalized content recommendations" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3655, + "y": 0.2758 + }, + { + "x": 0.5878, + "y": 0.2758 + }, + { + "x": 0.5878, + "y": 0.3899 + }, + { + "x": 0.3655, + "y": 0.3899 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Upstage\n0.4048\nGraph-RecSys\nUpstage\n0.3278\nAttn-RecSys\naws\n0.23496\nPersonalize\n1.7X↑\nCurrent
", + "markdown": "Upstage\n0.4048\nGraph-RecSys\nUpstage\n0.3278\nAttn-RecSys\naws\n0.23496\nPersonalize\n1.7X↑\nCurrent Service\n0.159\nRecommendation\n2.6X↑\nAlgorithm", + "text": "Upstage\n0.4048\nGraph-RecSys\nUpstage\n0.3278\nAttn-RecSys\naws\n0.23496\nPersonalize\n1.7X↑\nCurrent Service\n0.159\nRecommendation\n2.6X↑\nAlgorithm" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0697, + "y": 0.4334 + }, + { + "x": 0.2876, + "y": 0.4334 + }, + { + "x": 0.2876, + "y": 0.9173 + }, + { + "x": 0.0697, + "y": 0.9173 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"0.03
", + "markdown": "0.03 0.06 0.09\nUpstage\nCustomerBERT\naws Personalize AWS Ready\n14.3%↑\nAutoEncoder\nRecVAE\nAutoEncoder\nCDAE\nAutoEncoder\nMultiVAE\nGNN_LightGCN\nCF_BPR\nStatistic_\nMostPop\nStatistic Recall@10, accuracy\nCotergoryPop NDCG@10, Ranking", + "text": "0.03 0.06 0.09\nUpstage\nCustomerBERT\naws Personalize AWS Ready\n14.3%↑\nAutoEncoder\nRecVAE\nAutoEncoder\nCDAE\nAutoEncoder\nMultiVAE\nGNN_LightGCN\nCF_BPR\nStatistic_\nMostPop\nStatistic Recall@10, accuracy\nCotergoryPop NDCG@10, Ranking" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3577, + "y": 0.4316 + }, + { + "x": 0.6156, + "y": 0.4316 + }, + { + "x": 0.6156, + "y": 0.9329 + }, + { + "x": 0.3577, + "y": 0.9329 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Education Content Platform PoC Case

", + "markdown": "Education Content Platform PoC Case", + "text": "Education Content Platform PoC Case" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6828, + "y": 0.277 + }, + { + "x": 0.8764, + "y": 0.277 + }, + { + "x": 0.8764, + "y": 0.3027 + }, + { + "x": 0.6828, + "y": 0.3027 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Comparison of prediction rates of correct/incorrect
answers based on personalized questions

", + "markdown": "Comparison of prediction rates of correct/incorrect\nanswers based on personalized questions", + "text": "Comparison of prediction rates of correct/incorrect\nanswers based on personalized questions" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6822, + "y": 0.3087 + }, + { + "x": 0.9028, + "y": 0.3087 + }, + { + "x": 0.9028, + "y": 0.3565 + }, + { + "x": 0.6822, + "y": 0.3565 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"0.882\n0.735\nCompared
", + "markdown": "0.882\n0.735\nCompared to\nregular model\n20%↑\nUpstage Traditional\nDKT Model Statistical Model(IRT)", + "text": "0.882\n0.735\nCompared to\nregular model\n20%↑\nUpstage Traditional\nDKT Model Statistical Model(IRT)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6899, + "y": 0.5232 + }, + { + "x": 0.9255, + "y": 0.5232 + }, + { + "x": 0.9255, + "y": 0.8467 + }, + { + "x": 0.6899, + "y": 0.8467 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
20
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ModelSizeTypeH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct~ 11BAlignment-tuned74.2071.0888.1666.2171.4383.5864.75
Qwen 72B~ 72BPretrained73.6065.1985.9477.3760.1982.4870.43
Mixtral 8x7B-Instruct-v0.1~ 47BInstruction-tuned72.6270.2287.6371.1664.5881.3760.73
Yi 34B-200K~ 34BPretrained70.8165.3685.5876.0653.6482.5661.64
Yi 34B~ 34BPretrained69.4264.5985.6976.3556.2383.0350.64
Mixtral 8x7B-v0.1~ 47BPretrained68.4266.0486.4971.8246.7881.9357.47
Llama 2 70B~ 70BPretrained67.8767.3287.3369.8344.9283.7454.06
Falcon 180B~ 180BPretrained67.8569.4588.8670.5045.4786.9045.94
SOLAR 10.7B~ 11BPretrained66.0461.9584.6065.4845.0483.6655.50
Qwen 14B~ 14BPretrained65.8658.2883.9967.7049.4376.8058.98
Mistral 7B-Instruct-v0.2~ 7BInstruction-tuned65.7163.1484.8860.7868.2677.1940.03
Yi 34B-Chat~ 34BInstruction-tuned65.3265.4484.1674.9055.3780.1131.92
Mistral 7B~ 7BPretrained60.9759.9883.3164.1642.1578.3737.83
\n

Table 2: Evaluation results in the Open LLM Leaderboard for SOLAR 10.7B and SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct along with
other top-performing models. We report the scores for the six tasks mentioned in Sec. 4.1 along with the H6 score
(average of six tasks). We also report the size of the models in units of billions of parameters. The type indicates the
training stage of the model and is chosen from {Pretrained, Instruction-tuned, Alignment-tuned}. Models based on
SOLAR 10.7B are colored purple. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.

\n

MetaMathQA (Yu et al., 2023) dataset.

\n

We reformatted the instruction datasets with an
Alpaca-styled chat template. For datasets such as
OpenOrca, which are derived from FLAN (Long-
pre et al., 2023), we filter data that overlaps with
the benchmark datasets (see Tab. 8 in Appendix. C
for more information). The alignment datasets
are in the {prompt, chosen, rejected} triplet for-
mat. We preprocess the alignment datasets follow-
ing Zephyr (Tunstall et al., 2023). We use Data-
verse (Park et al., 2024) for data preprocessing.

\n

Evaluation. In the HuggingFace Open LLM
Leaderboard (Beeching et al., 2023), six types of
evaluation methods are presented: ARC (Clark
et al., 2018), HellaSWAG (Zellers et al., 2019),
MMLU (Hendrycks et al., 2020), TruthfulQA (Lin
et al., 2022), Winogrande (Sakaguchi et al., 2021),
and GSM8K (Cobbe et al., 2021). We utilize these
datasets as benchmarks for evaluation and also re-
port the average scores for the six tasks, e.g., H6.
We either submit directly to the Open LLM Leader-
board or utilize Evalverse (Kim et al., 2024b) for
running evaluations locally.

\n

Model merging. Model merging methods such
as Yadav et al. (2023) can boost model perfor-
mance without further training. We merge some
of the models that we trained in both the instruc-
tion and alignment tuning stages. We implement
our own merging methods although popular open
source also exist such as MergeKit .

\n

4.2 Main Results

\n

We present evaluation results for our SOLAR
10.7B and SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct models along

\n

3https: / / github . com/ cg123 /mergekit

\n

with other top-performing models in Tab. 2. SO-
LAR 10.7B outperforms other pretrained models
of similar sizes, such as Qwen 14B and Mistral
7B, which shows that DUS is an effective method
to up-scale base LLMs. Furthermore, despite the
smaller size, SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct scores the
highest in terms of H6, even surpassing the recent
top-performing open-source LLM Mixtral 8x7B-
Instruct-v0.1 or Qwen 72B. The above results indi-
cate DUS can up-scale models that are capable of
achieving state-of-the-art performance when fine-
tuned. We also report data contamination results
for SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct in Appendix C.

\n

4.3 Ablation Studies

\n

We present ablation studies for both the instruction
and alignment tuning stages. Note that the evalua-
tion results for the following studies are ran locally
and may vary from results obtained by submitting
to the Open LLM Leaderboard.

\n

4.3.1 Instruction Tuning

\n

Ablation on the training datasets. We present
ablation studies using different training datasets
for the instruction tuning in Tab. 3. The ablated
models are prefixed with SFT for supervised fine-
tuning. 'SFT v1' only uses the Alpaca-GPT4
dataset, whereas 'SFT v2' also uses the OpenOrca
dataset. 'SFT v3' uses the Synth. Math-Instruct
dataset along with the datasets used in 'SFT v2'.
Similarly, 'SFT v4' uses the Synth. Math-Instruct
dataset along with the datasets used in 'SFT v1'.

\n

First, we analyze how Alpaca-GPT4 and
OpenOrca affect the trained models. The first ab-
lated model, 'SFT v1' , which used only the Alpaca-
GPT4 dataset for training, resulted in 69.15 for H6.

", + "markdown": "| Model | Size | Type | H6 (Avg.) | ARC | HellaSwag | MMLU | TruthfulQA | Winogrande | GSM8K |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct | ~ 11B | Alignment-tuned | 74.20 | 71.08 | 88.16 | 66.21 | 71.43 | 83.58 | 64.75 |\n| Qwen 72B | ~ 72B | Pretrained | 73.60 | 65.19 | 85.94 | 77.37 | 60.19 | 82.48 | 70.43 |\n| Mixtral 8x7B-Instruct-v0.1 | ~ 47B | Instruction-tuned | 72.62 | 70.22 | 87.63 | 71.16 | 64.58 | 81.37 | 60.73 |\n| Yi 34B-200K | ~ 34B | Pretrained | 70.81 | 65.36 | 85.58 | 76.06 | 53.64 | 82.56 | 61.64 |\n| Yi 34B | ~ 34B | Pretrained | 69.42 | 64.59 | 85.69 | 76.35 | 56.23 | 83.03 | 50.64 |\n| Mixtral 8x7B-v0.1 | ~ 47B | Pretrained | 68.42 | 66.04 | 86.49 | 71.82 | 46.78 | 81.93 | 57.47 |\n| Llama 2 70B | ~ 70B | Pretrained | 67.87 | 67.32 | 87.33 | 69.83 | 44.92 | 83.74 | 54.06 |\n| Falcon 180B | ~ 180B | Pretrained | 67.85 | 69.45 | 88.86 | 70.50 | 45.47 | 86.90 | 45.94 |\n| SOLAR 10.7B | ~ 11B | Pretrained | 66.04 | 61.95 | 84.60 | 65.48 | 45.04 | 83.66 | 55.50 |\n| Qwen 14B | ~ 14B | Pretrained | 65.86 | 58.28 | 83.99 | 67.70 | 49.43 | 76.80 | 58.98 |\n| Mistral 7B-Instruct-v0.2 | ~ 7B | Instruction-tuned | 65.71 | 63.14 | 84.88 | 60.78 | 68.26 | 77.19 | 40.03 |\n| Yi 34B-Chat | ~ 34B | Instruction-tuned | 65.32 | 65.44 | 84.16 | 74.90 | 55.37 | 80.11 | 31.92 |\n| Mistral 7B | ~ 7B | Pretrained | 60.97 | 59.98 | 83.31 | 64.16 | 42.15 | 78.37 | 37.83 |\n\n\nTable 2: Evaluation results in the Open LLM Leaderboard for SOLAR 10.7B and SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct along with\nother top-performing models. We report the scores for the six tasks mentioned in Sec. 4.1 along with the H6 score\n(average of six tasks). We also report the size of the models in units of billions of parameters. The type indicates the\ntraining stage of the model and is chosen from {Pretrained, Instruction-tuned, Alignment-tuned}. Models based on\nSOLAR 10.7B are colored purple. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.\n\nMetaMathQA (Yu et al., 2023) dataset.\n\nWe reformatted the instruction datasets with an\nAlpaca-styled chat template. For datasets such as\nOpenOrca, which are derived from FLAN (Long-\npre et al., 2023), we filter data that overlaps with\nthe benchmark datasets (see Tab. 8 in Appendix. C\nfor more information). The alignment datasets\nare in the {prompt, chosen, rejected} triplet for-\nmat. We preprocess the alignment datasets follow-\ning Zephyr (Tunstall et al., 2023). We use Data-\nverse (Park et al., 2024) for data preprocessing.\n\nEvaluation. In the HuggingFace Open LLM\nLeaderboard (Beeching et al., 2023), six types of\nevaluation methods are presented: ARC (Clark\net al., 2018), HellaSWAG (Zellers et al., 2019),\nMMLU (Hendrycks et al., 2020), TruthfulQA (Lin\net al., 2022), Winogrande (Sakaguchi et al., 2021),\nand GSM8K (Cobbe et al., 2021). We utilize these\ndatasets as benchmarks for evaluation and also re-\nport the average scores for the six tasks, e.g., H6.\nWe either submit directly to the Open LLM Leader-\nboard or utilize Evalverse (Kim et al., 2024b) for\nrunning evaluations locally.\n\nModel merging. Model merging methods such\nas Yadav et al. (2023) can boost model perfor-\nmance without further training. We merge some\nof the models that we trained in both the instruc-\ntion and alignment tuning stages. We implement\nour own merging methods although popular open\nsource also exist such as MergeKit .\n\n# 4.2 Main Results\n\nWe present evaluation results for our SOLAR\n10.7B and SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct models along\n\n3https: / / github . com/ cg123 /mergekit\n\nwith other top-performing models in Tab. 2. SO-\nLAR 10.7B outperforms other pretrained models\nof similar sizes, such as Qwen 14B and Mistral\n7B, which shows that DUS is an effective method\nto up-scale base LLMs. Furthermore, despite the\nsmaller size, SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct scores the\nhighest in terms of H6, even surpassing the recent\ntop-performing open-source LLM Mixtral 8x7B-\nInstruct-v0.1 or Qwen 72B. The above results indi-\ncate DUS can up-scale models that are capable of\nachieving state-of-the-art performance when fine-\ntuned. We also report data contamination results\nfor SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct in Appendix C.\n\n4.3 Ablation Studies\n\nWe present ablation studies for both the instruction\nand alignment tuning stages. Note that the evalua-\ntion results for the following studies are ran locally\nand may vary from results obtained by submitting\nto the Open LLM Leaderboard.\n\n4.3.1 Instruction Tuning\n\nAblation on the training datasets. We present\nablation studies using different training datasets\nfor the instruction tuning in Tab. 3. The ablated\nmodels are prefixed with SFT for supervised fine-\ntuning. 'SFT v1' only uses the Alpaca-GPT4\ndataset, whereas 'SFT v2' also uses the OpenOrca\ndataset. 'SFT v3' uses the Synth. Math-Instruct\ndataset along with the datasets used in 'SFT v2'.\nSimilarly, 'SFT v4' uses the Synth. Math-Instruct\ndataset along with the datasets used in 'SFT v1'.\n\nFirst, we analyze how Alpaca-GPT4 and\nOpenOrca affect the trained models. The first ab-\nlated model, 'SFT v1' , which used only the Alpaca-\nGPT4 dataset for training, resulted in 69.15 for H6.", + "text": "Model Size Type H6 (Avg.) ARC HellaSwag MMLU TruthfulQA Winogrande GSM8K\n SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct ~ 11B Alignment-tuned 74.20 71.08 88.16 66.21 71.43 83.58 64.75\n Qwen 72B ~ 72B Pretrained 73.60 65.19 85.94 77.37 60.19 82.48 70.43\n Mixtral 8x7B-Instruct-v0.1 ~ 47B Instruction-tuned 72.62 70.22 87.63 71.16 64.58 81.37 60.73\n Yi 34B-200K ~ 34B Pretrained 70.81 65.36 85.58 76.06 53.64 82.56 61.64\n Yi 34B ~ 34B Pretrained 69.42 64.59 85.69 76.35 56.23 83.03 50.64\n Mixtral 8x7B-v0.1 ~ 47B Pretrained 68.42 66.04 86.49 71.82 46.78 81.93 57.47\n Llama 2 70B ~ 70B Pretrained 67.87 67.32 87.33 69.83 44.92 83.74 54.06\n Falcon 180B ~ 180B Pretrained 67.85 69.45 88.86 70.50 45.47 86.90 45.94\n SOLAR 10.7B ~ 11B Pretrained 66.04 61.95 84.60 65.48 45.04 83.66 55.50\n Qwen 14B ~ 14B Pretrained 65.86 58.28 83.99 67.70 49.43 76.80 58.98\n Mistral 7B-Instruct-v0.2 ~ 7B Instruction-tuned 65.71 63.14 84.88 60.78 68.26 77.19 40.03\n Yi 34B-Chat ~ 34B Instruction-tuned 65.32 65.44 84.16 74.90 55.37 80.11 31.92\n Mistral 7B ~ 7B Pretrained 60.97 59.98 83.31 64.16 42.15 78.37 37.83\nTable 2: Evaluation results in the Open LLM Leaderboard for SOLAR 10.7B and SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct along with\nother top-performing models. We report the scores for the six tasks mentioned in Sec. 4.1 along with the H6 score\n(average of six tasks). We also report the size of the models in units of billions of parameters. The type indicates the\ntraining stage of the model and is chosen from {Pretrained, Instruction-tuned, Alignment-tuned}. Models based on\nSOLAR 10.7B are colored purple. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.\nMetaMathQA (Yu et al., 2023) dataset.\nWe reformatted the instruction datasets with an\nAlpaca-styled chat template. For datasets such as\nOpenOrca, which are derived from FLAN (Long-\npre et al., 2023), we filter data that overlaps with\nthe benchmark datasets (see Tab. 8 in Appendix. C\nfor more information). The alignment datasets\nare in the {prompt, chosen, rejected} triplet for-\nmat. We preprocess the alignment datasets follow-\ning Zephyr (Tunstall et al., 2023). We use Data-\nverse (Park et al., 2024) for data preprocessing.\nEvaluation. In the HuggingFace Open LLM\nLeaderboard (Beeching et al., 2023), six types of\nevaluation methods are presented: ARC (Clark\net al., 2018), HellaSWAG (Zellers et al., 2019),\nMMLU (Hendrycks et al., 2020), TruthfulQA (Lin\net al., 2022), Winogrande (Sakaguchi et al., 2021),\nand GSM8K (Cobbe et al., 2021). We utilize these\ndatasets as benchmarks for evaluation and also re-\nport the average scores for the six tasks, e.g., H6.\nWe either submit directly to the Open LLM Leader-\nboard or utilize Evalverse (Kim et al., 2024b) for\nrunning evaluations locally.\nModel merging. Model merging methods such\nas Yadav et al. (2023) can boost model perfor-\nmance without further training. We merge some\nof the models that we trained in both the instruc-\ntion and alignment tuning stages. We implement\nour own merging methods although popular open\nsource also exist such as MergeKit .\n4.2 Main Results\nWe present evaluation results for our SOLAR\n10.7B and SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct models along\n3https: / / github . com/ cg123 /mergekit\nwith other top-performing models in Tab. 2. SO-\nLAR 10.7B outperforms other pretrained models\nof similar sizes, such as Qwen 14B and Mistral\n7B, which shows that DUS is an effective method\nto up-scale base LLMs. Furthermore, despite the\nsmaller size, SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct scores the\nhighest in terms of H6, even surpassing the recent\ntop-performing open-source LLM Mixtral 8x7B-\nInstruct-v0.1 or Qwen 72B. The above results indi-\ncate DUS can up-scale models that are capable of\nachieving state-of-the-art performance when fine-\ntuned. We also report data contamination results\nfor SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct in Appendix C.\n4.3 Ablation Studies\nWe present ablation studies for both the instruction\nand alignment tuning stages. Note that the evalua-\ntion results for the following studies are ran locally\nand may vary from results obtained by submitting\nto the Open LLM Leaderboard.\n4.3.1 Instruction Tuning\nAblation on the training datasets. We present\nablation studies using different training datasets\nfor the instruction tuning in Tab. 3. The ablated\nmodels are prefixed with SFT for supervised fine-\ntuning. 'SFT v1' only uses the Alpaca-GPT4\ndataset, whereas 'SFT v2' also uses the OpenOrca\ndataset. 'SFT v3' uses the Synth. Math-Instruct\ndataset along with the datasets used in 'SFT v2'.\nSimilarly, 'SFT v4' uses the Synth. Math-Instruct\ndataset along with the datasets used in 'SFT v1'.\nFirst, we analyze how Alpaca-GPT4 and\nOpenOrca affect the trained models. The first ab-\nlated model, 'SFT v1' , which used only the Alpaca-\nGPT4 dataset for training, resulted in 69.15 for H6." + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
ModelSizeTypeH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct~ 11BAlignment-tuned74.2071.0888.1666.2171.4383.5864.75
Qwen 72B~ 72BPretrained73.6065.1985.9477.3760.1982.4870.43
Mixtral 8x7B-Instruct-v0.1~ 47BInstruction-tuned72.6270.2287.6371.1664.5881.3760.73
Yi 34B-200K~ 34BPretrained70.8165.3685.5876.0653.6482.5661.64
Yi 34B~ 34BPretrained69.4264.5985.6976.3556.2383.0350.64
Mixtral 8x7B-v0.1~ 47BPretrained68.4266.0486.4971.8246.7881.9357.47
Llama 2 70B~ 70BPretrained67.8767.3287.3369.8344.9283.7454.06
Falcon 180B~ 180BPretrained67.8569.4588.8670.5045.4786.9045.94
SOLAR 10.7B~ 11BPretrained66.0461.9584.6065.4845.0483.6655.50
Qwen 14B~ 14BPretrained65.8658.2883.9967.7049.4376.8058.98
Mistral 7B-Instruct-v0.2~ 7BInstruction-tuned65.7163.1484.8860.7868.2677.1940.03
Yi 34B-Chat~ 34BInstruction-tuned65.3265.4484.1674.9055.3780.1131.92
Mistral 7B~ 7BPretrained60.9759.9883.3164.1642.1578.3737.83
", + "markdown": "| Model | Size | Type | H6 (Avg.) | ARC | HellaSwag | MMLU | TruthfulQA | Winogrande | GSM8K |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct | ~ 11B | Alignment-tuned | 74.20 | 71.08 | 88.16 | 66.21 | 71.43 | 83.58 | 64.75 |\n| Qwen 72B | ~ 72B | Pretrained | 73.60 | 65.19 | 85.94 | 77.37 | 60.19 | 82.48 | 70.43 |\n| Mixtral 8x7B-Instruct-v0.1 | ~ 47B | Instruction-tuned | 72.62 | 70.22 | 87.63 | 71.16 | 64.58 | 81.37 | 60.73 |\n| Yi 34B-200K | ~ 34B | Pretrained | 70.81 | 65.36 | 85.58 | 76.06 | 53.64 | 82.56 | 61.64 |\n| Yi 34B | ~ 34B | Pretrained | 69.42 | 64.59 | 85.69 | 76.35 | 56.23 | 83.03 | 50.64 |\n| Mixtral 8x7B-v0.1 | ~ 47B | Pretrained | 68.42 | 66.04 | 86.49 | 71.82 | 46.78 | 81.93 | 57.47 |\n| Llama 2 70B | ~ 70B | Pretrained | 67.87 | 67.32 | 87.33 | 69.83 | 44.92 | 83.74 | 54.06 |\n| Falcon 180B | ~ 180B | Pretrained | 67.85 | 69.45 | 88.86 | 70.50 | 45.47 | 86.90 | 45.94 |\n| SOLAR 10.7B | ~ 11B | Pretrained | 66.04 | 61.95 | 84.60 | 65.48 | 45.04 | 83.66 | 55.50 |\n| Qwen 14B | ~ 14B | Pretrained | 65.86 | 58.28 | 83.99 | 67.70 | 49.43 | 76.80 | 58.98 |\n| Mistral 7B-Instruct-v0.2 | ~ 7B | Instruction-tuned | 65.71 | 63.14 | 84.88 | 60.78 | 68.26 | 77.19 | 40.03 |\n| Yi 34B-Chat | ~ 34B | Instruction-tuned | 65.32 | 65.44 | 84.16 | 74.90 | 55.37 | 80.11 | 31.92 |\n| Mistral 7B | ~ 7B | Pretrained | 60.97 | 59.98 | 83.31 | 64.16 | 42.15 | 78.37 | 37.83 |\n", + "text": "Model Size Type H6 (Avg.) ARC HellaSwag MMLU TruthfulQA Winogrande GSM8K\n SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct ~ 11B Alignment-tuned 74.20 71.08 88.16 66.21 71.43 83.58 64.75\n Qwen 72B ~ 72B Pretrained 73.60 65.19 85.94 77.37 60.19 82.48 70.43\n Mixtral 8x7B-Instruct-v0.1 ~ 47B Instruction-tuned 72.62 70.22 87.63 71.16 64.58 81.37 60.73\n Yi 34B-200K ~ 34B Pretrained 70.81 65.36 85.58 76.06 53.64 82.56 61.64\n Yi 34B ~ 34B Pretrained 69.42 64.59 85.69 76.35 56.23 83.03 50.64\n Mixtral 8x7B-v0.1 ~ 47B Pretrained 68.42 66.04 86.49 71.82 46.78 81.93 57.47\n Llama 2 70B ~ 70B Pretrained 67.87 67.32 87.33 69.83 44.92 83.74 54.06\n Falcon 180B ~ 180B Pretrained 67.85 69.45 88.86 70.50 45.47 86.90 45.94\n SOLAR 10.7B ~ 11B Pretrained 66.04 61.95 84.60 65.48 45.04 83.66 55.50\n Qwen 14B ~ 14B Pretrained 65.86 58.28 83.99 67.70 49.43 76.80 58.98\n Mistral 7B-Instruct-v0.2 ~ 7B Instruction-tuned 65.71 63.14 84.88 60.78 68.26 77.19 40.03\n Yi 34B-Chat ~ 34B Instruction-tuned 65.32 65.44 84.16 74.90 55.37 80.11 31.92\n Mistral 7B ~ 7B Pretrained 60.97 59.98 83.31 64.16 42.15 78.37 37.83" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1782, + "y": 0.0823 + }, + { + "x": 0.8226, + "y": 0.0823 + }, + { + "x": 0.8226, + "y": 0.228 + }, + { + "x": 0.1782, + "y": 0.228 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Table 2: Evaluation results in the Open LLM Leaderboard for SOLAR 10.7B and SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct along with
other top-performing models. We report the scores for the six tasks mentioned in Sec. 4.1 along with the H6 score
(average of six tasks). We also report the size of the models in units of billions of parameters. The type indicates the
training stage of the model and is chosen from {Pretrained, Instruction-tuned, Alignment-tuned}. Models based on
SOLAR 10.7B are colored purple. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.

", + "markdown": "Table 2: Evaluation results in the Open LLM Leaderboard for SOLAR 10.7B and SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct along with\nother top-performing models. We report the scores for the six tasks mentioned in Sec. 4.1 along with the H6 score\n(average of six tasks). We also report the size of the models in units of billions of parameters. The type indicates the\ntraining stage of the model and is chosen from {Pretrained, Instruction-tuned, Alignment-tuned}. Models based on\nSOLAR 10.7B are colored purple. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", + "text": "Table 2: Evaluation results in the Open LLM Leaderboard for SOLAR 10.7B and SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct along with\nother top-performing models. We report the scores for the six tasks mentioned in Sec. 4.1 along with the H6 score\n(average of six tasks). We also report the size of the models in units of billions of parameters. The type indicates the\ntraining stage of the model and is chosen from {Pretrained, Instruction-tuned, Alignment-tuned}. Models based on\nSOLAR 10.7B are colored purple. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.116, + "y": 0.2391 + }, + { + "x": 0.8846, + "y": 0.2391 + }, + { + "x": 0.8846, + "y": 0.3105 + }, + { + "x": 0.116, + "y": 0.3105 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

MetaMathQA (Yu et al., 2023) dataset.

", + "markdown": "MetaMathQA (Yu et al., 2023) dataset.", + "text": "MetaMathQA (Yu et al., 2023) dataset." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1164, + "y": 0.3355 + }, + { + "x": 0.4057, + "y": 0.3355 + }, + { + "x": 0.4057, + "y": 0.3509 + }, + { + "x": 0.1164, + "y": 0.3509 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

We reformatted the instruction datasets with an
Alpaca-styled chat template. For datasets such as
OpenOrca, which are derived from FLAN (Long-
pre et al., 2023), we filter data that overlaps with
the benchmark datasets (see Tab. 8 in Appendix. C
for more information). The alignment datasets
are in the {prompt, chosen, rejected} triplet for-
mat. We preprocess the alignment datasets follow-
ing Zephyr (Tunstall et al., 2023). We use Data-
verse (Park et al., 2024) for data preprocessing.

", + "markdown": "We reformatted the instruction datasets with an\nAlpaca-styled chat template. For datasets such as\nOpenOrca, which are derived from FLAN (Long-\npre et al., 2023), we filter data that overlaps with\nthe benchmark datasets (see Tab. 8 in Appendix. C\nfor more information). The alignment datasets\nare in the {prompt, chosen, rejected} triplet for-\nmat. We preprocess the alignment datasets follow-\ning Zephyr (Tunstall et al., 2023). We use Data-\nverse (Park et al., 2024) for data preprocessing.", + "text": "We reformatted the instruction datasets with an\nAlpaca-styled chat template. For datasets such as\nOpenOrca, which are derived from FLAN (Long-\npre et al., 2023), we filter data that overlaps with\nthe benchmark datasets (see Tab. 8 in Appendix. C\nfor more information). The alignment datasets\nare in the {prompt, chosen, rejected} triplet for-\nmat. We preprocess the alignment datasets follow-\ning Zephyr (Tunstall et al., 2023). We use Data-\nverse (Park et al., 2024) for data preprocessing." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.116, + "y": 0.3528 + }, + { + "x": 0.4891, + "y": 0.3528 + }, + { + "x": 0.4891, + "y": 0.5121 + }, + { + "x": 0.116, + "y": 0.5121 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Evaluation. In the HuggingFace Open LLM
Leaderboard (Beeching et al., 2023), six types of
evaluation methods are presented: ARC (Clark
et al., 2018), HellaSWAG (Zellers et al., 2019),
MMLU (Hendrycks et al., 2020), TruthfulQA (Lin
et al., 2022), Winogrande (Sakaguchi et al., 2021),
and GSM8K (Cobbe et al., 2021). We utilize these
datasets as benchmarks for evaluation and also re-
port the average scores for the six tasks, e.g., H6.
We either submit directly to the Open LLM Leader-
board or utilize Evalverse (Kim et al., 2024b) for
running evaluations locally.

", + "markdown": "Evaluation. In the HuggingFace Open LLM\nLeaderboard (Beeching et al., 2023), six types of\nevaluation methods are presented: ARC (Clark\net al., 2018), HellaSWAG (Zellers et al., 2019),\nMMLU (Hendrycks et al., 2020), TruthfulQA (Lin\net al., 2022), Winogrande (Sakaguchi et al., 2021),\nand GSM8K (Cobbe et al., 2021). We utilize these\ndatasets as benchmarks for evaluation and also re-\nport the average scores for the six tasks, e.g., H6.\nWe either submit directly to the Open LLM Leader-\nboard or utilize Evalverse (Kim et al., 2024b) for\nrunning evaluations locally.", + "text": "Evaluation. In the HuggingFace Open LLM\nLeaderboard (Beeching et al., 2023), six types of\nevaluation methods are presented: ARC (Clark\net al., 2018), HellaSWAG (Zellers et al., 2019),\nMMLU (Hendrycks et al., 2020), TruthfulQA (Lin\net al., 2022), Winogrande (Sakaguchi et al., 2021),\nand GSM8K (Cobbe et al., 2021). We utilize these\ndatasets as benchmarks for evaluation and also re-\nport the average scores for the six tasks, e.g., H6.\nWe either submit directly to the Open LLM Leader-\nboard or utilize Evalverse (Kim et al., 2024b) for\nrunning evaluations locally." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1158, + "y": 0.5206 + }, + { + "x": 0.4904, + "y": 0.5206 + }, + { + "x": 0.4904, + "y": 0.7127 + }, + { + "x": 0.1158, + "y": 0.7127 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Model merging. Model merging methods such
as Yadav et al. (2023) can boost model perfor-
mance without further training. We merge some
of the models that we trained in both the instruc-
tion and alignment tuning stages. We implement
our own merging methods although popular open
source also exist such as MergeKit .

", + "markdown": "Model merging. Model merging methods such\nas Yadav et al. (2023) can boost model perfor-\nmance without further training. We merge some\nof the models that we trained in both the instruc-\ntion and alignment tuning stages. We implement\nour own merging methods although popular open\nsource also exist such as MergeKit .", + "text": "Model merging. Model merging methods such\nas Yadav et al. (2023) can boost model perfor-\nmance without further training. We merge some\nof the models that we trained in both the instruc-\ntion and alignment tuning stages. We implement\nour own merging methods although popular open\nsource also exist such as MergeKit ." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1155, + "y": 0.7225 + }, + { + "x": 0.489, + "y": 0.7225 + }, + { + "x": 0.489, + "y": 0.8347 + }, + { + "x": 0.1155, + "y": 0.8347 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

4.2 Main Results

", + "markdown": "# 4.2 Main Results", + "text": "4.2 Main Results" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1162, + "y": 0.8456 + }, + { + "x": 0.2669, + "y": 0.8456 + }, + { + "x": 0.2669, + "y": 0.8606 + }, + { + "x": 0.1162, + "y": 0.8606 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

We present evaluation results for our SOLAR
10.7B and SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct models along

", + "markdown": "We present evaluation results for our SOLAR\n10.7B and SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct models along", + "text": "We present evaluation results for our SOLAR\n10.7B and SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct models along" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1164, + "y": 0.8668 + }, + { + "x": 0.4877, + "y": 0.8668 + }, + { + "x": 0.4877, + "y": 0.8975 + }, + { + "x": 0.1164, + "y": 0.8975 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

3https: / / github . com/ cg123 /mergekit

", + "markdown": "3https: / / github . com/ cg123 /mergekit", + "text": "3https: / / github . com/ cg123 /mergekit" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1359, + "y": 0.9052 + }, + { + "x": 0.4453, + "y": 0.9052 + }, + { + "x": 0.4453, + "y": 0.9201 + }, + { + "x": 0.1359, + "y": 0.9201 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

with other top-performing models in Tab. 2. SO-
LAR 10.7B outperforms other pretrained models
of similar sizes, such as Qwen 14B and Mistral
7B, which shows that DUS is an effective method
to up-scale base LLMs. Furthermore, despite the
smaller size, SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct scores the
highest in terms of H6, even surpassing the recent
top-performing open-source LLM Mixtral 8x7B-
Instruct-v0.1 or Qwen 72B. The above results indi-
cate DUS can up-scale models that are capable of
achieving state-of-the-art performance when fine-
tuned. We also report data contamination results
for SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct in Appendix C.

", + "markdown": "with other top-performing models in Tab. 2. SO-\nLAR 10.7B outperforms other pretrained models\nof similar sizes, such as Qwen 14B and Mistral\n7B, which shows that DUS is an effective method\nto up-scale base LLMs. Furthermore, despite the\nsmaller size, SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct scores the\nhighest in terms of H6, even surpassing the recent\ntop-performing open-source LLM Mixtral 8x7B-\nInstruct-v0.1 or Qwen 72B. The above results indi-\ncate DUS can up-scale models that are capable of\nachieving state-of-the-art performance when fine-\ntuned. We also report data contamination results\nfor SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct in Appendix C.", + "text": "with other top-performing models in Tab. 2. SO-\nLAR 10.7B outperforms other pretrained models\nof similar sizes, such as Qwen 14B and Mistral\n7B, which shows that DUS is an effective method\nto up-scale base LLMs. Furthermore, despite the\nsmaller size, SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct scores the\nhighest in terms of H6, even surpassing the recent\ntop-performing open-source LLM Mixtral 8x7B-\nInstruct-v0.1 or Qwen 72B. The above results indi-\ncate DUS can up-scale models that are capable of\nachieving state-of-the-art performance when fine-\ntuned. We also report data contamination results\nfor SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct in Appendix C." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.511, + "y": 0.3363 + }, + { + "x": 0.8848, + "y": 0.3363 + }, + { + "x": 0.8848, + "y": 0.5449 + }, + { + "x": 0.511, + "y": 0.5449 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

4.3 Ablation Studies

", + "markdown": "4.3 Ablation Studies", + "text": "4.3 Ablation Studies" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5123, + "y": 0.5587 + }, + { + "x": 0.6881, + "y": 0.5587 + }, + { + "x": 0.6881, + "y": 0.5737 + }, + { + "x": 0.5123, + "y": 0.5737 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

We present ablation studies for both the instruction
and alignment tuning stages. Note that the evalua-
tion results for the following studies are ran locally
and may vary from results obtained by submitting
to the Open LLM Leaderboard.

", + "markdown": "We present ablation studies for both the instruction\nand alignment tuning stages. Note that the evalua-\ntion results for the following studies are ran locally\nand may vary from results obtained by submitting\nto the Open LLM Leaderboard.", + "text": "We present ablation studies for both the instruction\nand alignment tuning stages. Note that the evalua-\ntion results for the following studies are ran locally\nand may vary from results obtained by submitting\nto the Open LLM Leaderboard." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5117, + "y": 0.5812 + }, + { + "x": 0.8849, + "y": 0.5812 + }, + { + "x": 0.8849, + "y": 0.6609 + }, + { + "x": 0.5117, + "y": 0.6609 + } + ], + "id": 11, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

4.3.1 Instruction Tuning

", + "markdown": "4.3.1 Instruction Tuning", + "text": "4.3.1 Instruction Tuning" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5127, + "y": 0.6735 + }, + { + "x": 0.7193, + "y": 0.6735 + }, + { + "x": 0.7193, + "y": 0.6888 + }, + { + "x": 0.5127, + "y": 0.6888 + } + ], + "id": 12, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Ablation on the training datasets. We present
ablation studies using different training datasets
for the instruction tuning in Tab. 3. The ablated
models are prefixed with SFT for supervised fine-
tuning. 'SFT v1' only uses the Alpaca-GPT4
dataset, whereas 'SFT v2' also uses the OpenOrca
dataset. 'SFT v3' uses the Synth. Math-Instruct
dataset along with the datasets used in 'SFT v2'.
Similarly, 'SFT v4' uses the Synth. Math-Instruct
dataset along with the datasets used in 'SFT v1'.

", + "markdown": "Ablation on the training datasets. We present\nablation studies using different training datasets\nfor the instruction tuning in Tab. 3. The ablated\nmodels are prefixed with SFT for supervised fine-\ntuning. 'SFT v1' only uses the Alpaca-GPT4\ndataset, whereas 'SFT v2' also uses the OpenOrca\ndataset. 'SFT v3' uses the Synth. Math-Instruct\ndataset along with the datasets used in 'SFT v2'.\nSimilarly, 'SFT v4' uses the Synth. Math-Instruct\ndataset along with the datasets used in 'SFT v1'.", + "text": "Ablation on the training datasets. We present\nablation studies using different training datasets\nfor the instruction tuning in Tab. 3. The ablated\nmodels are prefixed with SFT for supervised fine-\ntuning. 'SFT v1' only uses the Alpaca-GPT4\ndataset, whereas 'SFT v2' also uses the OpenOrca\ndataset. 'SFT v3' uses the Synth. Math-Instruct\ndataset along with the datasets used in 'SFT v2'.\nSimilarly, 'SFT v4' uses the Synth. Math-Instruct\ndataset along with the datasets used in 'SFT v1'." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.512, + "y": 0.6949 + }, + { + "x": 0.8836, + "y": 0.6949 + }, + { + "x": 0.8836, + "y": 0.8539 + }, + { + "x": 0.512, + "y": 0.8539 + } + ], + "id": 13, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

First, we analyze how Alpaca-GPT4 and
OpenOrca affect the trained models. The first ab-
lated model, 'SFT v1' , which used only the Alpaca-
GPT4 dataset for training, resulted in 69.15 for H6.

", + "markdown": "First, we analyze how Alpaca-GPT4 and\nOpenOrca affect the trained models. The first ab-\nlated model, 'SFT v1' , which used only the Alpaca-\nGPT4 dataset for training, resulted in 69.15 for H6.", + "text": "First, we analyze how Alpaca-GPT4 and\nOpenOrca affect the trained models. The first ab-\nlated model, 'SFT v1' , which used only the Alpaca-\nGPT4 dataset for training, resulted in 69.15 for H6." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5113, + "y": 0.8572 + }, + { + "x": 0.8855, + "y": 0.8572 + }, + { + "x": 0.8855, + "y": 0.9208 + }, + { + "x": 0.5113, + "y": 0.9208 + } + ], + "id": 14, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000073.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

In this content, DPN Argentina provides a brief explanation of the SDGs and
the 2030 Agenda action plans, and most importantly, their role in advancing the 2030
Agenda through the SDGs Monitoring and Evaluation Program with a focus on certain
thematic areas. These focuses allow DPN Argentina to investigate through monitoring
and preparing reports on the development of public policies and actions of
organizations responsible for compliance with the SDGs, as well as proposals, and
recommendations to strengthen related processes.

\n\n
\"Defensoria
Furthermore, DPN Argentina also regularly uploads commemorations of
days related to the SDGs by also including the SDGs logo in each of these uploads.
Examples of such greetings are as follows:
\n
Figure 6DPN Argentina Content: World Health Day Celebration (7 April 2021). 98
\n

98 DPN Argentina, \"Dia Mundial de la #Salud\", , accessed on 5 December 2021,https://twitter.com/D
PNArgentina/status/137976591 6259483648.

\n
23
", + "markdown": "In this content, DPN Argentina provides a brief explanation of the SDGs and\nthe 2030 Agenda action plans, and most importantly, their role in advancing the 2030\nAgenda through the SDGs Monitoring and Evaluation Program with a focus on certain\nthematic areas. These focuses allow DPN Argentina to investigate through monitoring\nand preparing reports on the development of public policies and actions of\norganizations responsible for compliance with the SDGs, as well as proposals, and\nrecommendations to strengthen related processes.\n\nFurthermore, DPN Argentina also regularly uploads commemorations of\ndays related to the SDGs by also including the SDGs logo in each of these uploads.\nExamples of such greetings are as follows:\n\nDefensoria del Pueblo\n●DPNArgentina\nDia Mundial de la #Salud\nLa cobertura sanitaria universal es el objetivo\nprimordial de la @opsoms. Para lograrlo es crucial que\ntodas las personas puedan tener la atencion que\nnecesitan, en el seno mismo de la comunidad.\nTranalate Tweet\n7de Abril\nDia Mundial de la Salud\n7:00 PM Apr 7, 2021 Buffer\n\n| Figure 6 | DPN Argentina Content: World Health Day Celebration (7 April 2021). 98 |\n| --- | --- |\n\n\n98 DPN Argentina, \"Dia Mundial de la #Salud\", , accessed on 5 December 2021,https://twitter.com/D\nPNArgentina/status/137976591 6259483648.\n\n23", + "text": "In this content, DPN Argentina provides a brief explanation of the SDGs and\nthe 2030 Agenda action plans, and most importantly, their role in advancing the 2030\nAgenda through the SDGs Monitoring and Evaluation Program with a focus on certain\nthematic areas. These focuses allow DPN Argentina to investigate through monitoring\nand preparing reports on the development of public policies and actions of\norganizations responsible for compliance with the SDGs, as well as proposals, and\nrecommendations to strengthen related processes.\nFurthermore, DPN Argentina also regularly uploads commemorations of\ndays related to the SDGs by also including the SDGs logo in each of these uploads.\nExamples of such greetings are as follows:\nDefensoria del Pueblo\n●DPNArgentina\nDia Mundial de la #Salud\nLa cobertura sanitaria universal es el objetivo\nprimordial de la @opsoms. Para lograrlo es crucial que\ntodas las personas puedan tener la atencion que\nnecesitan, en el seno mismo de la comunidad.\nTranalate Tweet\n7de Abril\nDia Mundial de la Salud\n7:00 PM Apr 7, 2021 Buffer\nFigure 6 DPN Argentina Content: World Health Day Celebration (7 April 2021). 98\n98 DPN Argentina, \"Dia Mundial de la #Salud\", , accessed on 5 December 2021,https://twitter.com/D\nPNArgentina/status/137976591 6259483648.\n23" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

In this content, DPN Argentina provides a brief explanation of the SDGs and
the 2030 Agenda action plans, and most importantly, their role in advancing the 2030
Agenda through the SDGs Monitoring and Evaluation Program with a focus on certain
thematic areas. These focuses allow DPN Argentina to investigate through monitoring
and preparing reports on the development of public policies and actions of
organizations responsible for compliance with the SDGs, as well as proposals, and
recommendations to strengthen related processes.

", + "markdown": "In this content, DPN Argentina provides a brief explanation of the SDGs and\nthe 2030 Agenda action plans, and most importantly, their role in advancing the 2030\nAgenda through the SDGs Monitoring and Evaluation Program with a focus on certain\nthematic areas. These focuses allow DPN Argentina to investigate through monitoring\nand preparing reports on the development of public policies and actions of\norganizations responsible for compliance with the SDGs, as well as proposals, and\nrecommendations to strengthen related processes.", + "text": "In this content, DPN Argentina provides a brief explanation of the SDGs and\nthe 2030 Agenda action plans, and most importantly, their role in advancing the 2030\nAgenda through the SDGs Monitoring and Evaluation Program with a focus on certain\nthematic areas. These focuses allow DPN Argentina to investigate through monitoring\nand preparing reports on the development of public policies and actions of\norganizations responsible for compliance with the SDGs, as well as proposals, and\nrecommendations to strengthen related processes." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1157, + "y": 0.0855 + }, + { + "x": 0.8851, + "y": 0.0855 + }, + { + "x": 0.8851, + "y": 0.2157 + }, + { + "x": 0.1157, + "y": 0.2157 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Furthermore, DPN Argentina also regularly uploads commemorations of
days related to the SDGs by also including the SDGs logo in each of these uploads.
Examples of such greetings are as follows:

", + "markdown": "Furthermore, DPN Argentina also regularly uploads commemorations of\ndays related to the SDGs by also including the SDGs logo in each of these uploads.\nExamples of such greetings are as follows:", + "text": "Furthermore, DPN Argentina also regularly uploads commemorations of\ndays related to the SDGs by also including the SDGs logo in each of these uploads.\nExamples of such greetings are as follows:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.117, + "y": 0.2178 + }, + { + "x": 0.882, + "y": 0.2178 + }, + { + "x": 0.882, + "y": 0.2737 + }, + { + "x": 0.117, + "y": 0.2737 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Defensoria
", + "markdown": "Defensoria del Pueblo\n●DPNArgentina\nDia Mundial de la #Salud\nLa cobertura sanitaria universal es el objetivo\nprimordial de la @opsoms. Para lograrlo es crucial que\ntodas las personas puedan tener la atencion que\nnecesitan, en el seno mismo de la comunidad.\nTranalate Tweet\n7de Abril\nDia Mundial de la Salud\n7:00 PM Apr 7, 2021 Buffer", + "text": "Defensoria del Pueblo\n●DPNArgentina\nDia Mundial de la #Salud\nLa cobertura sanitaria universal es el objetivo\nprimordial de la @opsoms. Para lograrlo es crucial que\ntodas las personas puedan tener la atencion que\nnecesitan, en el seno mismo de la comunidad.\nTranalate Tweet\n7de Abril\nDia Mundial de la Salud\n7:00 PM Apr 7, 2021 Buffer" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.123, + "y": 0.2761 + }, + { + "x": 0.5239, + "y": 0.2761 + }, + { + "x": 0.5239, + "y": 0.6029 + }, + { + "x": 0.123, + "y": 0.6029 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
Figure 6DPN Argentina Content: World Health Day Celebration (7 April 2021). 98
", + "markdown": "| Figure 6 | DPN Argentina Content: World Health Day Celebration (7 April 2021). 98 |\n| --- | --- |\n", + "text": "Figure 6 DPN Argentina Content: World Health Day Celebration (7 April 2021). 98" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5689, + "y": 0.4637 + }, + { + "x": 0.8753, + "y": 0.4637 + }, + { + "x": 0.8753, + "y": 0.5225 + }, + { + "x": 0.5689, + "y": 0.5225 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

98 DPN Argentina, \"Dia Mundial de la #Salud\", , accessed on 5 December 2021,https://twitter.com/D
PNArgentina/status/137976591 6259483648.

", + "markdown": "98 DPN Argentina, \"Dia Mundial de la #Salud\", , accessed on 5 December 2021,https://twitter.com/D\nPNArgentina/status/137976591 6259483648.", + "text": "98 DPN Argentina, \"Dia Mundial de la #Salud\", , accessed on 5 December 2021,https://twitter.com/D\nPNArgentina/status/137976591 6259483648." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1169, + "y": 0.8856 + }, + { + "x": 0.8828, + "y": 0.8856 + }, + { + "x": 0.8828, + "y": 0.9162 + }, + { + "x": 0.1169, + "y": 0.9162 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
23
", + "markdown": "23", + "text": "23" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.4864, + "y": 0.9303 + }, + { + "x": 0.5117, + "y": 0.9303 + }, + { + "x": 0.5117, + "y": 0.9442 + }, + { + "x": 0.4864, + "y": 0.9442 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000152.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

should adopt two separate designators to mark no-cost VS. low-cost, but the council felt it was better
to simplify the process and allow for some OER providers that have fees associated with their services.

\n

At this point in time, the application of the #NOLO designator was a manual process. It required the
addition of the designator to the section title prior to registration and then its removal after add/ drop
to ensure the label didn't appear on the student transcript. This process severely hampered our long-
term reporting abilities. In total, four colleges adopted the #NOLO designator in this fashion.

\n

To assist in greater faculty and institutional adoption as well as improve data capture, the CSCU OER
Advisory Council made a formal recommendation to the provost's academic council in Spring 2018
to implement the #NOLO designator as a course section attribute within the student information
system. In addition to adding a course section attribute, a student-facing course search filter was
added as well as an additional column within the course search results page.

\n
\"Your
Figure 2.1: Filtered Search Option for NOLO Sections.
\n\n
\"extbook
Figure 2.1: Filtered Search Option for NOLO Sections.
\n

Figure 2.2: Added Column in Results for NOLO
Designator.

\n

The request to implement the designator within the student information system was supported in
Fall 2018 by the president's cabinet. The ability to mark courses was enabled late Fall 2018 and the
student-facing features were enabled in January 2019. Each institutional representative on the OER
council engaged with their local governance structures to request a vote for adoption.

\n

4 BOYOUNG CHAE, KEVIN CORCORAN, MICHAEL DALY, ANN FIDDLER, JEFF GALLANT, JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG, AMY HOFER, AND

", + "markdown": "should adopt two separate designators to mark no-cost VS. low-cost, but the council felt it was better\nto simplify the process and allow for some OER providers that have fees associated with their services.\n\nAt this point in time, the application of the #NOLO designator was a manual process. It required the\naddition of the designator to the section title prior to registration and then its removal after add/ drop\nto ensure the label didn't appear on the student transcript. This process severely hampered our long-\nterm reporting abilities. In total, four colleges adopted the #NOLO designator in this fashion.\n\nTo assist in greater faculty and institutional adoption as well as improve data capture, the CSCU OER\nAdvisory Council made a formal recommendation to the provost's academic council in Spring 2018\nto implement the #NOLO designator as a course section attribute within the student information\nsystem. In addition to adding a course section attribute, a student-facing course search filter was\nadded as well as an additional column within the course search results page.\n\nYour materials for:\nLIB 100 - Lib & Resch Methods\nAdoptions not Required\nThis course does not use books\nCourse uses OER/Zero cost course\nOther non-bookstore materials\nContinue\n\nFigure 2.1: Filtered Search Option for NOLO Sections.\n\nextbook NoLo Cred\ntextbook info 3.00 St\ntextbook info NoLo 3.00 Pu\ntextbook info NoLo 3.00 Pu\nC_textbook info NoLo 3.00 TF\n+book info NoLo 3.00\n\nFigure 2.2: Added Column in Results for NOLO\nDesignator.\n\nThe request to implement the designator within the student information system was supported in\nFall 2018 by the president's cabinet. The ability to mark courses was enabled late Fall 2018 and the\nstudent-facing features were enabled in January 2019. Each institutional representative on the OER\ncouncil engaged with their local governance structures to request a vote for adoption.\n\n4 BOYOUNG CHAE, KEVIN CORCORAN, MICHAEL DALY, ANN FIDDLER, JEFF GALLANT, JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG, AMY HOFER, AND", + "text": "should adopt two separate designators to mark no-cost VS. low-cost, but the council felt it was better\nto simplify the process and allow for some OER providers that have fees associated with their services.\nAt this point in time, the application of the #NOLO designator was a manual process. It required the\naddition of the designator to the section title prior to registration and then its removal after add/ drop\nto ensure the label didn't appear on the student transcript. This process severely hampered our long-\nterm reporting abilities. In total, four colleges adopted the #NOLO designator in this fashion.\nTo assist in greater faculty and institutional adoption as well as improve data capture, the CSCU OER\nAdvisory Council made a formal recommendation to the provost's academic council in Spring 2018\nto implement the #NOLO designator as a course section attribute within the student information\nsystem. In addition to adding a course section attribute, a student-facing course search filter was\nadded as well as an additional column within the course search results page.\nYour materials for:\nLIB 100 - Lib & Resch Methods\nAdoptions not Required\nThis course does not use books\nCourse uses OER/Zero cost course\nOther non-bookstore materials\nContinue\nFigure 2.1: Filtered Search Option for NOLO Sections.\nextbook NoLo Cred\ntextbook info 3.00 St\ntextbook info NoLo 3.00 Pu\ntextbook info NoLo 3.00 Pu\nC_textbook info NoLo 3.00 TF\n+book info NoLo 3.00\nFigure 2.2: Added Column in Results for NOLO\nDesignator.\nThe request to implement the designator within the student information system was supported in\nFall 2018 by the president's cabinet. The ability to mark courses was enabled late Fall 2018 and the\nstudent-facing features were enabled in January 2019. Each institutional representative on the OER\ncouncil engaged with their local governance structures to request a vote for adoption.\n4 BOYOUNG CHAE, KEVIN CORCORAN, MICHAEL DALY, ANN FIDDLER, JEFF GALLANT, JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG, AMY HOFER, AND" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

should adopt two separate designators to mark no-cost VS. low-cost, but the council felt it was better
to simplify the process and allow for some OER providers that have fees associated with their services.

", + "markdown": "should adopt two separate designators to mark no-cost VS. low-cost, but the council felt it was better\nto simplify the process and allow for some OER providers that have fees associated with their services.", + "text": "should adopt two separate designators to mark no-cost VS. low-cost, but the council felt it was better\nto simplify the process and allow for some OER providers that have fees associated with their services." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0885, + "y": 0.07 + }, + { + "x": 0.9115, + "y": 0.07 + }, + { + "x": 0.9115, + "y": 0.1096 + }, + { + "x": 0.0885, + "y": 0.1096 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

At this point in time, the application of the #NOLO designator was a manual process. It required the
addition of the designator to the section title prior to registration and then its removal after add/ drop
to ensure the label didn't appear on the student transcript. This process severely hampered our long-
term reporting abilities. In total, four colleges adopted the #NOLO designator in this fashion.

", + "markdown": "At this point in time, the application of the #NOLO designator was a manual process. It required the\naddition of the designator to the section title prior to registration and then its removal after add/ drop\nto ensure the label didn't appear on the student transcript. This process severely hampered our long-\nterm reporting abilities. In total, four colleges adopted the #NOLO designator in this fashion.", + "text": "At this point in time, the application of the #NOLO designator was a manual process. It required the\naddition of the designator to the section title prior to registration and then its removal after add/ drop\nto ensure the label didn't appear on the student transcript. This process severely hampered our long-\nterm reporting abilities. In total, four colleges adopted the #NOLO designator in this fashion." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0879, + "y": 0.1228 + }, + { + "x": 0.9116, + "y": 0.1228 + }, + { + "x": 0.9116, + "y": 0.2019 + }, + { + "x": 0.0879, + "y": 0.2019 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

To assist in greater faculty and institutional adoption as well as improve data capture, the CSCU OER
Advisory Council made a formal recommendation to the provost's academic council in Spring 2018
to implement the #NOLO designator as a course section attribute within the student information
system. In addition to adding a course section attribute, a student-facing course search filter was
added as well as an additional column within the course search results page.

", + "markdown": "To assist in greater faculty and institutional adoption as well as improve data capture, the CSCU OER\nAdvisory Council made a formal recommendation to the provost's academic council in Spring 2018\nto implement the #NOLO designator as a course section attribute within the student information\nsystem. In addition to adding a course section attribute, a student-facing course search filter was\nadded as well as an additional column within the course search results page.", + "text": "To assist in greater faculty and institutional adoption as well as improve data capture, the CSCU OER\nAdvisory Council made a formal recommendation to the provost's academic council in Spring 2018\nto implement the #NOLO designator as a course section attribute within the student information\nsystem. In addition to adding a course section attribute, a student-facing course search filter was\nadded as well as an additional column within the course search results page." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0876, + "y": 0.2151 + }, + { + "x": 0.9117, + "y": 0.2151 + }, + { + "x": 0.9117, + "y": 0.3115 + }, + { + "x": 0.0876, + "y": 0.3115 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"Your
", + "markdown": "Your materials for:\nLIB 100 - Lib & Resch Methods\nAdoptions not Required\nThis course does not use books\nCourse uses OER/Zero cost course\nOther non-bookstore materials\nContinue", + "text": "Your materials for:\nLIB 100 - Lib & Resch Methods\nAdoptions not Required\nThis course does not use books\nCourse uses OER/Zero cost course\nOther non-bookstore materials\nContinue" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3473, + "y": 0.3225 + }, + { + "x": 0.6483, + "y": 0.3225 + }, + { + "x": 0.6483, + "y": 0.5318 + }, + { + "x": 0.3473, + "y": 0.5318 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "caption", + "content": { + "html": "Figure 2.1: Filtered Search Option for NOLO Sections.", + "markdown": "Figure 2.1: Filtered Search Option for NOLO Sections.", + "text": "Figure 2.1: Filtered Search Option for NOLO Sections." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3365, + "y": 0.5458 + }, + { + "x": 0.6534, + "y": 0.5458 + }, + { + "x": 0.6534, + "y": 0.5605 + }, + { + "x": 0.3365, + "y": 0.5605 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"extbook
", + "markdown": "extbook NoLo Cred\ntextbook info 3.00 St\ntextbook info NoLo 3.00 Pu\ntextbook info NoLo 3.00 Pu\nC_textbook info NoLo 3.00 TF\n+book info NoLo 3.00", + "text": "extbook NoLo Cred\ntextbook info 3.00 St\ntextbook info NoLo 3.00 Pu\ntextbook info NoLo 3.00 Pu\nC_textbook info NoLo 3.00 TF\n+book info NoLo 3.00" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3526, + "y": 0.5857 + }, + { + "x": 0.6358, + "y": 0.5857 + }, + { + "x": 0.6358, + "y": 0.7878 + }, + { + "x": 0.3526, + "y": 0.7878 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 2.2: Added Column in Results for NOLO
Designator.

", + "markdown": "Figure 2.2: Added Column in Results for NOLO\nDesignator.", + "text": "Figure 2.2: Added Column in Results for NOLO\nDesignator." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3411, + "y": 0.8191 + }, + { + "x": 0.6187, + "y": 0.8191 + }, + { + "x": 0.6187, + "y": 0.8492 + }, + { + "x": 0.3411, + "y": 0.8492 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The request to implement the designator within the student information system was supported in
Fall 2018 by the president's cabinet. The ability to mark courses was enabled late Fall 2018 and the
student-facing features were enabled in January 2019. Each institutional representative on the OER
council engaged with their local governance structures to request a vote for adoption.

", + "markdown": "The request to implement the designator within the student information system was supported in\nFall 2018 by the president's cabinet. The ability to mark courses was enabled late Fall 2018 and the\nstudent-facing features were enabled in January 2019. Each institutional representative on the OER\ncouncil engaged with their local governance structures to request a vote for adoption.", + "text": "The request to implement the designator within the student information system was supported in\nFall 2018 by the president's cabinet. The ability to mark courses was enabled late Fall 2018 and the\nstudent-facing features were enabled in January 2019. Each institutional representative on the OER\ncouncil engaged with their local governance structures to request a vote for adoption." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0882, + "y": 0.8615 + }, + { + "x": 0.9127, + "y": 0.8615 + }, + { + "x": 0.9127, + "y": 0.9391 + }, + { + "x": 0.0882, + "y": 0.9391 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

4 BOYOUNG CHAE, KEVIN CORCORAN, MICHAEL DALY, ANN FIDDLER, JEFF GALLANT, JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG, AMY HOFER, AND

", + "markdown": "4 BOYOUNG CHAE, KEVIN CORCORAN, MICHAEL DALY, ANN FIDDLER, JEFF GALLANT, JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG, AMY HOFER, AND", + "text": "4 BOYOUNG CHAE, KEVIN CORCORAN, MICHAEL DALY, ANN FIDDLER, JEFF GALLANT, JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG, AMY HOFER, AND" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0877, + "y": 0.9484 + }, + { + "x": 0.9045, + "y": 0.9484 + }, + { + "x": 0.9045, + "y": 0.9636 + }, + { + "x": 0.0877, + "y": 0.9636 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000092.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

laboratory experiments that have formed key pillars of the field, such as those experiments depicted in
Examples 1 and 2 in the book's Introduction section. The thought experiments in Section 1 are, for the
most part, re-castings of the simple cognitive tests devised by psychologists and economists over the
past three-to-four decades to illustrate the fallacies, miscalculations, and biases distinguishing Homo
sapiens from Homo economicus. Similarly, the laboratory experiments presented in Section 2 are, for the
most part, re-castings of the seminal experiments conducted by Kahneman and Tversky (among many
others). These experiments helped motivate the revised theories of human choice behavior, such as
Kahneman and Tversky's (1979) Prospect Theory, which form another pillar of behavioral economics.
Alongside these experiments, Section 2 presents the revised theories of human choice behavior with
varying degrees of rigor. This is where the theoretical bases of Homo economicus' rational choice
behavior are examined, and where key refinements to this theory are developed-theoretical
refinements underpinning the myriad departures from rational choice behavior we witness Homo
sapiens make in this section's laboratory and field experiments (and which are examined further in
Sections 3 and 4).

\n

Section 3 submerses the student in the world of behavioral game theory. Here we explore games
such as Ultimatum Bargaining presented in Example 5. We follow Camerer (2003)'s lead, first by
characterizing the games analytically (i.e., identifying solution, or equilibrium, concepts that are
predicted to result when members of Homo economicus play the games), and then by discussing
empirical results obtained from corresponding field experiments conducted with Homo sapiens. It
is within the context of these games and field experiments that theories of social interaction are
tested concerning inter alia trust and trustworthiness, honesty, fairness, reciprocity, etc. As with the
thought and laboratory experiments presented in Sections 1 and 2, the games and field experiments
presented in Section 3 are meant to be replicated with students as subjects and the instructor as the
experimenter, or researcher.

\n

Finally, Section 4 wades into the vast sea of empirical research and choice architecture. Here the
student explores studies reporting on (1) the outcomes of actual policy nudges, such as the SMarT
retirement-savings plan presented in Example 3 of the Introduction, (2) analyses of secondary datasets
to test for choice behavior consistent with the revised theories discussed in Section 2, such as the test
for loss aversion in Example 4 of the Introduction, and (3) analyses of primary datasets obtained from
novel field experiments to further test the revised theories. The main purpose of this section is not
only to introduce the student to interesting empirical studies and policy adaptations in the field of
behavioral economics, but also, in the process, to incubate in the student an abiding appreciation for
3
the obscure settings that sometimes lend themselves to such study.

\n

THE TEXTBOOK'S DIFFERENT LEVELS OF RIGOR

\n

Because the mathematical and computational rigor of material presented in this textbook varies
throughout, particularly in Sections 2 - 4, the extent of the rigor used in the presentation of a
given topic is indicated with superscripts. Topics without a superscript are considered basic and
universal enough that backgrounds in economics, mathematics, or statistics are not required for the
reader to understand the material. Topics with a single asterisk (*) indicate that higher mathematical
reasoning skills are recommended for the reader to fully grasp the material. Topics with a double

\n

3. Our approach to studying behavioral economics is focused on the underlying laboratory experimentation and behavioral
games that form the bedrock of the field. As such, we eschew delving into related fields such as neuroeconomics and
auction theory. See Cartwright (2018) and Just (2013) for introductions to the former and latter fields, respectively.
XX ARTHUR J. CAPLAN

", + "markdown": "laboratory experiments that have formed key pillars of the field, such as those experiments depicted in\nExamples 1 and 2 in the book's Introduction section. The thought experiments in Section 1 are, for the\nmost part, re-castings of the simple cognitive tests devised by psychologists and economists over the\npast three-to-four decades to illustrate the fallacies, miscalculations, and biases distinguishing Homo\nsapiens from Homo economicus. Similarly, the laboratory experiments presented in Section 2 are, for the\nmost part, re-castings of the seminal experiments conducted by Kahneman and Tversky (among many\nothers). These experiments helped motivate the revised theories of human choice behavior, such as\nKahneman and Tversky's (1979) Prospect Theory, which form another pillar of behavioral economics.\nAlongside these experiments, Section 2 presents the revised theories of human choice behavior with\nvarying degrees of rigor. This is where the theoretical bases of Homo economicus' rational choice\nbehavior are examined, and where key refinements to this theory are developed-theoretical\nrefinements underpinning the myriad departures from rational choice behavior we witness Homo\nsapiens make in this section's laboratory and field experiments (and which are examined further in\nSections 3 and 4).\n\nSection 3 submerses the student in the world of behavioral game theory. Here we explore games\nsuch as Ultimatum Bargaining presented in Example 5. We follow Camerer (2003)'s lead, first by\ncharacterizing the games analytically (i.e., identifying solution, or equilibrium, concepts that are\npredicted to result when members of Homo economicus play the games), and then by discussing\nempirical results obtained from corresponding field experiments conducted with Homo sapiens. It\nis within the context of these games and field experiments that theories of social interaction are\ntested concerning inter alia trust and trustworthiness, honesty, fairness, reciprocity, etc. As with the\nthought and laboratory experiments presented in Sections 1 and 2, the games and field experiments\npresented in Section 3 are meant to be replicated with students as subjects and the instructor as the\nexperimenter, or researcher.\n\nFinally, Section 4 wades into the vast sea of empirical research and choice architecture. Here the\nstudent explores studies reporting on (1) the outcomes of actual policy nudges, such as the SMarT\nretirement-savings plan presented in Example 3 of the Introduction, (2) analyses of secondary datasets\nto test for choice behavior consistent with the revised theories discussed in Section 2, such as the test\nfor loss aversion in Example 4 of the Introduction, and (3) analyses of primary datasets obtained from\nnovel field experiments to further test the revised theories. The main purpose of this section is not\nonly to introduce the student to interesting empirical studies and policy adaptations in the field of\nbehavioral economics, but also, in the process, to incubate in the student an abiding appreciation for\n3\nthe obscure settings that sometimes lend themselves to such study.\n\nTHE TEXTBOOK'S DIFFERENT LEVELS OF RIGOR\n\nBecause the mathematical and computational rigor of material presented in this textbook varies\nthroughout, particularly in Sections 2 - 4, the extent of the rigor used in the presentation of a\ngiven topic is indicated with superscripts. Topics without a superscript are considered basic and\nuniversal enough that backgrounds in economics, mathematics, or statistics are not required for the\nreader to understand the material. Topics with a single asterisk (*) indicate that higher mathematical\nreasoning skills are recommended for the reader to fully grasp the material. Topics with a double\n\n3. Our approach to studying behavioral economics is focused on the underlying laboratory experimentation and behavioral\ngames that form the bedrock of the field. As such, we eschew delving into related fields such as neuroeconomics and\nauction theory. See Cartwright (2018) and Just (2013) for introductions to the former and latter fields, respectively.\nXX ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", + "text": "laboratory experiments that have formed key pillars of the field, such as those experiments depicted in\nExamples 1 and 2 in the book's Introduction section. The thought experiments in Section 1 are, for the\nmost part, re-castings of the simple cognitive tests devised by psychologists and economists over the\npast three-to-four decades to illustrate the fallacies, miscalculations, and biases distinguishing Homo\nsapiens from Homo economicus. Similarly, the laboratory experiments presented in Section 2 are, for the\nmost part, re-castings of the seminal experiments conducted by Kahneman and Tversky (among many\nothers). These experiments helped motivate the revised theories of human choice behavior, such as\nKahneman and Tversky's (1979) Prospect Theory, which form another pillar of behavioral economics.\nAlongside these experiments, Section 2 presents the revised theories of human choice behavior with\nvarying degrees of rigor. This is where the theoretical bases of Homo economicus' rational choice\nbehavior are examined, and where key refinements to this theory are developed-theoretical\nrefinements underpinning the myriad departures from rational choice behavior we witness Homo\nsapiens make in this section's laboratory and field experiments (and which are examined further in\nSections 3 and 4).\nSection 3 submerses the student in the world of behavioral game theory. Here we explore games\nsuch as Ultimatum Bargaining presented in Example 5. We follow Camerer (2003)'s lead, first by\ncharacterizing the games analytically (i.e., identifying solution, or equilibrium, concepts that are\npredicted to result when members of Homo economicus play the games), and then by discussing\nempirical results obtained from corresponding field experiments conducted with Homo sapiens. It\nis within the context of these games and field experiments that theories of social interaction are\ntested concerning inter alia trust and trustworthiness, honesty, fairness, reciprocity, etc. As with the\nthought and laboratory experiments presented in Sections 1 and 2, the games and field experiments\npresented in Section 3 are meant to be replicated with students as subjects and the instructor as the\nexperimenter, or researcher.\nFinally, Section 4 wades into the vast sea of empirical research and choice architecture. Here the\nstudent explores studies reporting on (1) the outcomes of actual policy nudges, such as the SMarT\nretirement-savings plan presented in Example 3 of the Introduction, (2) analyses of secondary datasets\nto test for choice behavior consistent with the revised theories discussed in Section 2, such as the test\nfor loss aversion in Example 4 of the Introduction, and (3) analyses of primary datasets obtained from\nnovel field experiments to further test the revised theories. The main purpose of this section is not\nonly to introduce the student to interesting empirical studies and policy adaptations in the field of\nbehavioral economics, but also, in the process, to incubate in the student an abiding appreciation for\n3\nthe obscure settings that sometimes lend themselves to such study.\nTHE TEXTBOOK'S DIFFERENT LEVELS OF RIGOR\nBecause the mathematical and computational rigor of material presented in this textbook varies\nthroughout, particularly in Sections 2 - 4, the extent of the rigor used in the presentation of a\ngiven topic is indicated with superscripts. Topics without a superscript are considered basic and\nuniversal enough that backgrounds in economics, mathematics, or statistics are not required for the\nreader to understand the material. Topics with a single asterisk (*) indicate that higher mathematical\nreasoning skills are recommended for the reader to fully grasp the material. Topics with a double\n3. Our approach to studying behavioral economics is focused on the underlying laboratory experimentation and behavioral\ngames that form the bedrock of the field. As such, we eschew delving into related fields such as neuroeconomics and\nauction theory. See Cartwright (2018) and Just (2013) for introductions to the former and latter fields, respectively.\nXX ARTHUR J. CAPLAN" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

laboratory experiments that have formed key pillars of the field, such as those experiments depicted in
Examples 1 and 2 in the book's Introduction section. The thought experiments in Section 1 are, for the
most part, re-castings of the simple cognitive tests devised by psychologists and economists over the
past three-to-four decades to illustrate the fallacies, miscalculations, and biases distinguishing Homo
sapiens from Homo economicus. Similarly, the laboratory experiments presented in Section 2 are, for the
most part, re-castings of the seminal experiments conducted by Kahneman and Tversky (among many
others). These experiments helped motivate the revised theories of human choice behavior, such as
Kahneman and Tversky's (1979) Prospect Theory, which form another pillar of behavioral economics.
Alongside these experiments, Section 2 presents the revised theories of human choice behavior with
varying degrees of rigor. This is where the theoretical bases of Homo economicus' rational choice
behavior are examined, and where key refinements to this theory are developed-theoretical
refinements underpinning the myriad departures from rational choice behavior we witness Homo
sapiens make in this section's laboratory and field experiments (and which are examined further in
Sections 3 and 4).

", + "markdown": "laboratory experiments that have formed key pillars of the field, such as those experiments depicted in\nExamples 1 and 2 in the book's Introduction section. The thought experiments in Section 1 are, for the\nmost part, re-castings of the simple cognitive tests devised by psychologists and economists over the\npast three-to-four decades to illustrate the fallacies, miscalculations, and biases distinguishing Homo\nsapiens from Homo economicus. Similarly, the laboratory experiments presented in Section 2 are, for the\nmost part, re-castings of the seminal experiments conducted by Kahneman and Tversky (among many\nothers). These experiments helped motivate the revised theories of human choice behavior, such as\nKahneman and Tversky's (1979) Prospect Theory, which form another pillar of behavioral economics.\nAlongside these experiments, Section 2 presents the revised theories of human choice behavior with\nvarying degrees of rigor. This is where the theoretical bases of Homo economicus' rational choice\nbehavior are examined, and where key refinements to this theory are developed-theoretical\nrefinements underpinning the myriad departures from rational choice behavior we witness Homo\nsapiens make in this section's laboratory and field experiments (and which are examined further in\nSections 3 and 4).", + "text": "laboratory experiments that have formed key pillars of the field, such as those experiments depicted in\nExamples 1 and 2 in the book's Introduction section. The thought experiments in Section 1 are, for the\nmost part, re-castings of the simple cognitive tests devised by psychologists and economists over the\npast three-to-four decades to illustrate the fallacies, miscalculations, and biases distinguishing Homo\nsapiens from Homo economicus. Similarly, the laboratory experiments presented in Section 2 are, for the\nmost part, re-castings of the seminal experiments conducted by Kahneman and Tversky (among many\nothers). These experiments helped motivate the revised theories of human choice behavior, such as\nKahneman and Tversky's (1979) Prospect Theory, which form another pillar of behavioral economics.\nAlongside these experiments, Section 2 presents the revised theories of human choice behavior with\nvarying degrees of rigor. This is where the theoretical bases of Homo economicus' rational choice\nbehavior are examined, and where key refinements to this theory are developed-theoretical\nrefinements underpinning the myriad departures from rational choice behavior we witness Homo\nsapiens make in this section's laboratory and field experiments (and which are examined further in\nSections 3 and 4)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0878, + "y": 0.0704 + }, + { + "x": 0.9125, + "y": 0.0704 + }, + { + "x": 0.9125, + "y": 0.3407 + }, + { + "x": 0.0878, + "y": 0.3407 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Section 3 submerses the student in the world of behavioral game theory. Here we explore games
such as Ultimatum Bargaining presented in Example 5. We follow Camerer (2003)'s lead, first by
characterizing the games analytically (i.e., identifying solution, or equilibrium, concepts that are
predicted to result when members of Homo economicus play the games), and then by discussing
empirical results obtained from corresponding field experiments conducted with Homo sapiens. It
is within the context of these games and field experiments that theories of social interaction are
tested concerning inter alia trust and trustworthiness, honesty, fairness, reciprocity, etc. As with the
thought and laboratory experiments presented in Sections 1 and 2, the games and field experiments
presented in Section 3 are meant to be replicated with students as subjects and the instructor as the
experimenter, or researcher.

", + "markdown": "Section 3 submerses the student in the world of behavioral game theory. Here we explore games\nsuch as Ultimatum Bargaining presented in Example 5. We follow Camerer (2003)'s lead, first by\ncharacterizing the games analytically (i.e., identifying solution, or equilibrium, concepts that are\npredicted to result when members of Homo economicus play the games), and then by discussing\nempirical results obtained from corresponding field experiments conducted with Homo sapiens. It\nis within the context of these games and field experiments that theories of social interaction are\ntested concerning inter alia trust and trustworthiness, honesty, fairness, reciprocity, etc. As with the\nthought and laboratory experiments presented in Sections 1 and 2, the games and field experiments\npresented in Section 3 are meant to be replicated with students as subjects and the instructor as the\nexperimenter, or researcher.", + "text": "Section 3 submerses the student in the world of behavioral game theory. Here we explore games\nsuch as Ultimatum Bargaining presented in Example 5. We follow Camerer (2003)'s lead, first by\ncharacterizing the games analytically (i.e., identifying solution, or equilibrium, concepts that are\npredicted to result when members of Homo economicus play the games), and then by discussing\nempirical results obtained from corresponding field experiments conducted with Homo sapiens. It\nis within the context of these games and field experiments that theories of social interaction are\ntested concerning inter alia trust and trustworthiness, honesty, fairness, reciprocity, etc. As with the\nthought and laboratory experiments presented in Sections 1 and 2, the games and field experiments\npresented in Section 3 are meant to be replicated with students as subjects and the instructor as the\nexperimenter, or researcher." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0886, + "y": 0.3435 + }, + { + "x": 0.9113, + "y": 0.3435 + }, + { + "x": 0.9113, + "y": 0.5354 + }, + { + "x": 0.0886, + "y": 0.5354 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Finally, Section 4 wades into the vast sea of empirical research and choice architecture. Here the
student explores studies reporting on (1) the outcomes of actual policy nudges, such as the SMarT
retirement-savings plan presented in Example 3 of the Introduction, (2) analyses of secondary datasets
to test for choice behavior consistent with the revised theories discussed in Section 2, such as the test
for loss aversion in Example 4 of the Introduction, and (3) analyses of primary datasets obtained from
novel field experiments to further test the revised theories. The main purpose of this section is not
only to introduce the student to interesting empirical studies and policy adaptations in the field of
behavioral economics, but also, in the process, to incubate in the student an abiding appreciation for
3
the obscure settings that sometimes lend themselves to such study.

", + "markdown": "Finally, Section 4 wades into the vast sea of empirical research and choice architecture. Here the\nstudent explores studies reporting on (1) the outcomes of actual policy nudges, such as the SMarT\nretirement-savings plan presented in Example 3 of the Introduction, (2) analyses of secondary datasets\nto test for choice behavior consistent with the revised theories discussed in Section 2, such as the test\nfor loss aversion in Example 4 of the Introduction, and (3) analyses of primary datasets obtained from\nnovel field experiments to further test the revised theories. The main purpose of this section is not\nonly to introduce the student to interesting empirical studies and policy adaptations in the field of\nbehavioral economics, but also, in the process, to incubate in the student an abiding appreciation for\n3\nthe obscure settings that sometimes lend themselves to such study.", + "text": "Finally, Section 4 wades into the vast sea of empirical research and choice architecture. Here the\nstudent explores studies reporting on (1) the outcomes of actual policy nudges, such as the SMarT\nretirement-savings plan presented in Example 3 of the Introduction, (2) analyses of secondary datasets\nto test for choice behavior consistent with the revised theories discussed in Section 2, such as the test\nfor loss aversion in Example 4 of the Introduction, and (3) analyses of primary datasets obtained from\nnovel field experiments to further test the revised theories. The main purpose of this section is not\nonly to introduce the student to interesting empirical studies and policy adaptations in the field of\nbehavioral economics, but also, in the process, to incubate in the student an abiding appreciation for\n3\nthe obscure settings that sometimes lend themselves to such study." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0882, + "y": 0.538 + }, + { + "x": 0.9137, + "y": 0.538 + }, + { + "x": 0.9137, + "y": 0.7113 + }, + { + "x": 0.0882, + "y": 0.7113 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

THE TEXTBOOK'S DIFFERENT LEVELS OF RIGOR

", + "markdown": "THE TEXTBOOK'S DIFFERENT LEVELS OF RIGOR", + "text": "THE TEXTBOOK'S DIFFERENT LEVELS OF RIGOR" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0896, + "y": 0.7287 + }, + { + "x": 0.5581, + "y": 0.7287 + }, + { + "x": 0.5581, + "y": 0.7469 + }, + { + "x": 0.0896, + "y": 0.7469 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Because the mathematical and computational rigor of material presented in this textbook varies
throughout, particularly in Sections 2 - 4, the extent of the rigor used in the presentation of a
given topic is indicated with superscripts. Topics without a superscript are considered basic and
universal enough that backgrounds in economics, mathematics, or statistics are not required for the
reader to understand the material. Topics with a single asterisk (*) indicate that higher mathematical
reasoning skills are recommended for the reader to fully grasp the material. Topics with a double

", + "markdown": "Because the mathematical and computational rigor of material presented in this textbook varies\nthroughout, particularly in Sections 2 - 4, the extent of the rigor used in the presentation of a\ngiven topic is indicated with superscripts. Topics without a superscript are considered basic and\nuniversal enough that backgrounds in economics, mathematics, or statistics are not required for the\nreader to understand the material. Topics with a single asterisk (*) indicate that higher mathematical\nreasoning skills are recommended for the reader to fully grasp the material. Topics with a double", + "text": "Because the mathematical and computational rigor of material presented in this textbook varies\nthroughout, particularly in Sections 2 - 4, the extent of the rigor used in the presentation of a\ngiven topic is indicated with superscripts. Topics without a superscript are considered basic and\nuniversal enough that backgrounds in economics, mathematics, or statistics are not required for the\nreader to understand the material. Topics with a single asterisk (*) indicate that higher mathematical\nreasoning skills are recommended for the reader to fully grasp the material. Topics with a double" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0881, + "y": 0.7597 + }, + { + "x": 0.9124, + "y": 0.7597 + }, + { + "x": 0.9124, + "y": 0.8768 + }, + { + "x": 0.0881, + "y": 0.8768 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

3. Our approach to studying behavioral economics is focused on the underlying laboratory experimentation and behavioral
games that form the bedrock of the field. As such, we eschew delving into related fields such as neuroeconomics and
auction theory. See Cartwright (2018) and Just (2013) for introductions to the former and latter fields, respectively.
XX ARTHUR J. CAPLAN

", + "markdown": "3. Our approach to studying behavioral economics is focused on the underlying laboratory experimentation and behavioral\ngames that form the bedrock of the field. As such, we eschew delving into related fields such as neuroeconomics and\nauction theory. See Cartwright (2018) and Just (2013) for introductions to the former and latter fields, respectively.\nXX ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", + "text": "3. Our approach to studying behavioral economics is focused on the underlying laboratory experimentation and behavioral\ngames that form the bedrock of the field. As such, we eschew delving into related fields such as neuroeconomics and\nauction theory. See Cartwright (2018) and Just (2013) for introductions to the former and latter fields, respectively.\nXX ARTHUR J. CAPLAN" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0747, + "y": 0.8972 + }, + { + "x": 0.8971, + "y": 0.8972 + }, + { + "x": 0.8971, + "y": 0.9632 + }, + { + "x": 0.0747, + "y": 0.9632 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000017.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
\"\"
\n

16 Face Your World

\n

A girl at work with the Interactor during the Face Your World participation process (image
courtesy of Van Heeswijk). On top of the workstation we see the drawing the girl made in an
earlier stage of the process. The drawing depicts a large tree with a little house inside the tree
and a rope ladder leading up to the little house. On the screen we see the girl working on a new
object for the library. She is digitally redrawing her design for a tree house. Once this drawing
is finished, she can save it to the library of the Interactor and use it when designing the park.

\n

ticipating in Face Your World Slotervaart made a total of 1216 sketches in this phase
of the planning project and Kaspori considered this the most creative part of the
process (interview with Kaspori, 2007). In the third phase of the game, children
would discuss each other's sketches, vote for the best sketch and write down why
they had voted for that particular sketch. In the final stage, children entered the
multi-player mode and had to start designing the park together. This final design-
ing phase was directed at cooperation between the children: they had to agree on
how to design the park and work together in order to be able to realize their ideas
(interview with Heeswijk, 2007). To realize their ideas, players thus needed to
communicate and cooperate. The discussion option of the game was facilitated
through a chat function. This chat function was one of the few aspects of the
game that did not work as it had been intended and projected by the designers.
Children working with the Interactor did not use the chat function for communi-

\n
PART IV: SERIOUS GEOGRAPHIES OF PLAY
\n
115
", + "markdown": "# 16 Face Your World\n\nA girl at work with the Interactor during the Face Your World participation process (image\ncourtesy of Van Heeswijk). On top of the workstation we see the drawing the girl made in an\nearlier stage of the process. The drawing depicts a large tree with a little house inside the tree\nand a rope ladder leading up to the little house. On the screen we see the girl working on a new\nobject for the library. She is digitally redrawing her design for a tree house. Once this drawing\nis finished, she can save it to the library of the Interactor and use it when designing the park.\n\nticipating in Face Your World Slotervaart made a total of 1216 sketches in this phase\nof the planning project and Kaspori considered this the most creative part of the\nprocess (interview with Kaspori, 2007). In the third phase of the game, children\nwould discuss each other's sketches, vote for the best sketch and write down why\nthey had voted for that particular sketch. In the final stage, children entered the\nmulti-player mode and had to start designing the park together. This final design-\ning phase was directed at cooperation between the children: they had to agree on\nhow to design the park and work together in order to be able to realize their ideas\n(interview with Heeswijk, 2007). To realize their ideas, players thus needed to\ncommunicate and cooperate. The discussion option of the game was facilitated\nthrough a chat function. This chat function was one of the few aspects of the\ngame that did not work as it had been intended and projected by the designers.\nChildren working with the Interactor did not use the chat function for communi-\n\nPART IV: SERIOUS GEOGRAPHIES OF PLAY\n\n115", + "text": "16 Face Your World\nA girl at work with the Interactor during the Face Your World participation process (image\ncourtesy of Van Heeswijk). On top of the workstation we see the drawing the girl made in an\nearlier stage of the process. The drawing depicts a large tree with a little house inside the tree\nand a rope ladder leading up to the little house. On the screen we see the girl working on a new\nobject for the library. She is digitally redrawing her design for a tree house. Once this drawing\nis finished, she can save it to the library of the Interactor and use it when designing the park.\nticipating in Face Your World Slotervaart made a total of 1216 sketches in this phase\nof the planning project and Kaspori considered this the most creative part of the\nprocess (interview with Kaspori, 2007). In the third phase of the game, children\nwould discuss each other's sketches, vote for the best sketch and write down why\nthey had voted for that particular sketch. In the final stage, children entered the\nmulti-player mode and had to start designing the park together. This final design-\ning phase was directed at cooperation between the children: they had to agree on\nhow to design the park and work together in order to be able to realize their ideas\n(interview with Heeswijk, 2007). To realize their ideas, players thus needed to\ncommunicate and cooperate. The discussion option of the game was facilitated\nthrough a chat function. This chat function was one of the few aspects of the\ngame that did not work as it had been intended and projected by the designers.\nChildren working with the Interactor did not use the chat function for communi-\nPART IV: SERIOUS GEOGRAPHIES OF PLAY\n115" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"\"
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16 Face Your World

", + "markdown": "# 16 Face Your World", + "text": "16 Face Your World" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1255, + "y": 0.4766 + }, + { + "x": 0.2866, + "y": 0.4766 + }, + { + "x": 0.2866, + "y": 0.4932 + }, + { + "x": 0.1255, + "y": 0.4932 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

A girl at work with the Interactor during the Face Your World participation process (image
courtesy of Van Heeswijk). On top of the workstation we see the drawing the girl made in an
earlier stage of the process. The drawing depicts a large tree with a little house inside the tree
and a rope ladder leading up to the little house. On the screen we see the girl working on a new
object for the library. She is digitally redrawing her design for a tree house. Once this drawing
is finished, she can save it to the library of the Interactor and use it when designing the park.

", + "markdown": "A girl at work with the Interactor during the Face Your World participation process (image\ncourtesy of Van Heeswijk). On top of the workstation we see the drawing the girl made in an\nearlier stage of the process. The drawing depicts a large tree with a little house inside the tree\nand a rope ladder leading up to the little house. On the screen we see the girl working on a new\nobject for the library. She is digitally redrawing her design for a tree house. Once this drawing\nis finished, she can save it to the library of the Interactor and use it when designing the park.", + "text": "A girl at work with the Interactor during the Face Your World participation process (image\ncourtesy of Van Heeswijk). On top of the workstation we see the drawing the girl made in an\nearlier stage of the process. The drawing depicts a large tree with a little house inside the tree\nand a rope ladder leading up to the little house. On the screen we see the girl working on a new\nobject for the library. She is digitally redrawing her design for a tree house. Once this drawing\nis finished, she can save it to the library of the Interactor and use it when designing the park." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1236, + "y": 0.4941 + }, + { + "x": 0.8768, + "y": 0.4941 + }, + { + "x": 0.8768, + "y": 0.614 + }, + { + "x": 0.1236, + "y": 0.614 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

ticipating in Face Your World Slotervaart made a total of 1216 sketches in this phase
of the planning project and Kaspori considered this the most creative part of the
process (interview with Kaspori, 2007). In the third phase of the game, children
would discuss each other's sketches, vote for the best sketch and write down why
they had voted for that particular sketch. In the final stage, children entered the
multi-player mode and had to start designing the park together. This final design-
ing phase was directed at cooperation between the children: they had to agree on
how to design the park and work together in order to be able to realize their ideas
(interview with Heeswijk, 2007). To realize their ideas, players thus needed to
communicate and cooperate. The discussion option of the game was facilitated
through a chat function. This chat function was one of the few aspects of the
game that did not work as it had been intended and projected by the designers.
Children working with the Interactor did not use the chat function for communi-

", + "markdown": "ticipating in Face Your World Slotervaart made a total of 1216 sketches in this phase\nof the planning project and Kaspori considered this the most creative part of the\nprocess (interview with Kaspori, 2007). In the third phase of the game, children\nwould discuss each other's sketches, vote for the best sketch and write down why\nthey had voted for that particular sketch. In the final stage, children entered the\nmulti-player mode and had to start designing the park together. This final design-\ning phase was directed at cooperation between the children: they had to agree on\nhow to design the park and work together in order to be able to realize their ideas\n(interview with Heeswijk, 2007). To realize their ideas, players thus needed to\ncommunicate and cooperate. The discussion option of the game was facilitated\nthrough a chat function. This chat function was one of the few aspects of the\ngame that did not work as it had been intended and projected by the designers.\nChildren working with the Interactor did not use the chat function for communi-", + "text": "ticipating in Face Your World Slotervaart made a total of 1216 sketches in this phase\nof the planning project and Kaspori considered this the most creative part of the\nprocess (interview with Kaspori, 2007). In the third phase of the game, children\nwould discuss each other's sketches, vote for the best sketch and write down why\nthey had voted for that particular sketch. In the final stage, children entered the\nmulti-player mode and had to start designing the park together. This final design-\ning phase was directed at cooperation between the children: they had to agree on\nhow to design the park and work together in order to be able to realize their ideas\n(interview with Heeswijk, 2007). To realize their ideas, players thus needed to\ncommunicate and cooperate. The discussion option of the game was facilitated\nthrough a chat function. This chat function was one of the few aspects of the\ngame that did not work as it had been intended and projected by the designers.\nChildren working with the Interactor did not use the chat function for communi-" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1243, + "y": 0.6585 + }, + { + "x": 0.8761, + "y": 0.6585 + }, + { + "x": 0.8761, + "y": 0.9137 + }, + { + "x": 0.1243, + "y": 0.9137 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
PART IV: SERIOUS GEOGRAPHIES OF PLAY
", + "markdown": "PART IV: SERIOUS GEOGRAPHIES OF PLAY", + "text": "PART IV: SERIOUS GEOGRAPHIES OF PLAY" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1252, + "y": 0.9468 + }, + { + "x": 0.4664, + "y": 0.9468 + }, + { + "x": 0.4664, + "y": 0.9601 + }, + { + "x": 0.1252, + "y": 0.9601 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
115
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References

\n

Ian L Alberts, Lorenzo Mercolli, Thomas Pyka, George
Prenosil, Kuangyu Shi, Axel Rominger, and Ali
Afshar-Oromieh. 2023. Large language models
(Ilm) and chatgpt: what will the impact on nuclear
medicine be? European journal of nuclear medicine
and molecular imaging, 50(6):1549-1552.

\n

Rohan Anil, Andrew M Dai, Orhan Firat, Melvin John-
son, Dmitry Lepikhin, Alexandre Passos, Siamak
Shakeri, Emanuel Taropa, Paige Bailey, Zhifeng
Chen, et al. 2023. Palm 2 technical report. arXiv
preprint arXiv:2305.10403.

\n

Aram Bahrini, Mohammadsadra Khamoshifar, Hos-
sein Abbasimehr, Robert J Riggs, Maryam Esmaeili,
Rastin Mastali Majdabadkohne, and Morteza Pase-
hvar. 2023. Chatgpt: Applications, opportunities,
and threats. In 2023 Systems and Information Engi-
neering Design Symposium (SIEDS), pages 274-279.
IEEE.

\n

Edward Beeching, Clementine Fourrier, Nathan
Habib, Sheon Han, Nathan Lambert, Nazneen
Rajani, Omar Sanseviero, Lewis Tunstall, and
Thomas Wolf. 2023. Open llm leaderboard.
https : / /huggingface · co/ spaces /
HuggingFaceH4 / open_11m_leaderboard.

\n

Tom Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie
Subbiah, Jared D Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind
Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda
Askell, et al. 2020. Language models are few-shot
learners. Advances in neural information processing
systems, 33:1877-1901.

\n

Peter Clark, Isaac Cowhey, Oren Etzioni, Tushar Khot,
Ashish Sabharwal, Carissa Schoenick, and Oyvind
Tafjord. 2018. Think you have solved question an-
swering? try arc, the ai2 reasoning challenge. arXiv
preprint arXiv:1803.05457.

\n

Karl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian,
Mark Chen, Heewoo Jun, Lukasz Kaiser, Matthias
Plappert, Jerry Tworek, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro
Nakano, et al. 2021. Training verifiers to solve math
word problems. arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.14168.

\n

Ganqu Cui, Lifan Yuan, Ning Ding, Guanming Yao,
Wei Zhu, Yuan Ni, Guotong Xie, Zhiyuan Liu, and
Maosong Sun. 2023. Ultrafeedback: Boosting lan-
guage models with high-quality feedback. arXiv
preprint arXiv:2310.01377.

\n

Chunyuan Deng, Yilun Zhao, Xiangru Tang, Mark Ger-
stein, and Arman Cohan. 2023. Investigating data
contamination in modern benchmarks for large lan-
guage models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.09783.

\n

Mohammad Fraiwan and Natheer Khasawneh. 2023. A
review of chatgpt applications in education, market-
ing, software engineering, and healthcare: Benefits,
drawbacks, and research directions. arXiv preprint
arXiv:2305.00237.

\n

Andrea Gesmundo and Kaitlin Maile. 2023. Compos-
able function-preserving expansions for transformer
architectures. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.06103.

\n

Shahriar Golchin and Mihai Surdeanu. 2023. Time
travel in llms: Tracing data contamination in large
language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.08493.

\n

Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou,
Mantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt.
2020. Measuring massive multitask language under-
standing. In International Conference on Learning
Representations.

\n

Danny Hernandez, Jared Kaplan, Tom Henighan, and
Sam McCandlish. 2021. Scaling laws for transfer.
arXiv preprint arXiv:2102.01293.

\n

Changho Hwang, Wei Cui, Yifan Xiong, Ziyue Yang,
Ze Liu, Han Hu, Zilong Wang, Rafael Salas, Jithin
Jose, Prabhat Ram, et al. 2023. Tutel: Adaptive
mixture-of-experts at scale. Proceedings of Machine
Learning and Systems, 5.

\n

Intel. 2023. Supervised fine-tuning and direct prefer-
ence optimization on intel gaudi2.

\n

Hamish Ivison, Yizhong Wang, Valentina Pyatkin,
Nathan Lambert, Matthew Peters, Pradeep Dasigi,
Joel Jang, David Wadden, Noah A. Smith, Iz Belt-
agy, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. 2023. Camels in a
changing climate: Enhancing lm adaptation with tulu
2.

\n

Albert Q Jiang, Alexandre Sablayrolles, Arthur Men-
sch, Chris Bamford, Devendra Singh Chaplot, Diego
de las Casas, Florian Bressand, Gianna Lengyel, Guil-
laume Lample, Lucile Saulnier, et al. 2023. Mistral
7b. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.06825.

\n

Jean Kaddour, Oscar Key, Piotr Nawrot, Pasquale
Minervini, and Matt J Kusner. 2023. No train no
gain: Revisiting efficient training algorithms for
transformer-based language models. arXiv preprint
arXiv:2307.06440.

", + "markdown": "# References\n\nIan L Alberts, Lorenzo Mercolli, Thomas Pyka, George\nPrenosil, Kuangyu Shi, Axel Rominger, and Ali\nAfshar-Oromieh. 2023. Large language models\n(Ilm) and chatgpt: what will the impact on nuclear\nmedicine be? European journal of nuclear medicine\nand molecular imaging, 50(6):1549-1552.\n\nRohan Anil, Andrew M Dai, Orhan Firat, Melvin John-\nson, Dmitry Lepikhin, Alexandre Passos, Siamak\nShakeri, Emanuel Taropa, Paige Bailey, Zhifeng\nChen, et al. 2023. Palm 2 technical report. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:2305.10403.\n\nAram Bahrini, Mohammadsadra Khamoshifar, Hos-\nsein Abbasimehr, Robert J Riggs, Maryam Esmaeili,\nRastin Mastali Majdabadkohne, and Morteza Pase-\nhvar. 2023. Chatgpt: Applications, opportunities,\nand threats. In 2023 Systems and Information Engi-\nneering Design Symposium (SIEDS), pages 274-279.\nIEEE.\n\nEdward Beeching, Clementine Fourrier, Nathan\nHabib, Sheon Han, Nathan Lambert, Nazneen\nRajani, Omar Sanseviero, Lewis Tunstall, and\nThomas Wolf. 2023. Open llm leaderboard.\nhttps : / /huggingface · co/ spaces /\nHuggingFaceH4 / open_11m_leaderboard.\n\nTom Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie\nSubbiah, Jared D Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind\nNeelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda\nAskell, et al. 2020. Language models are few-shot\nlearners. Advances in neural information processing\nsystems, 33:1877-1901.\n\nPeter Clark, Isaac Cowhey, Oren Etzioni, Tushar Khot,\nAshish Sabharwal, Carissa Schoenick, and Oyvind\nTafjord. 2018. Think you have solved question an-\nswering? try arc, the ai2 reasoning challenge. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:1803.05457.\n\nKarl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian,\nMark Chen, Heewoo Jun, Lukasz Kaiser, Matthias\nPlappert, Jerry Tworek, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro\nNakano, et al. 2021. Training verifiers to solve math\nword problems. arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.14168.\n\nGanqu Cui, Lifan Yuan, Ning Ding, Guanming Yao,\nWei Zhu, Yuan Ni, Guotong Xie, Zhiyuan Liu, and\nMaosong Sun. 2023. Ultrafeedback: Boosting lan-\nguage models with high-quality feedback. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:2310.01377.\n\nChunyuan Deng, Yilun Zhao, Xiangru Tang, Mark Ger-\nstein, and Arman Cohan. 2023. Investigating data\ncontamination in modern benchmarks for large lan-\nguage models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.09783.\n\nMohammad Fraiwan and Natheer Khasawneh. 2023. A\nreview of chatgpt applications in education, market-\ning, software engineering, and healthcare: Benefits,\ndrawbacks, and research directions. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2305.00237.\n\nAndrea Gesmundo and Kaitlin Maile. 2023. Compos-\nable function-preserving expansions for transformer\narchitectures. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.06103.\n\nShahriar Golchin and Mihai Surdeanu. 2023. Time\ntravel in llms: Tracing data contamination in large\nlanguage models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.08493.\n\nDan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou,\nMantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt.\n2020. Measuring massive multitask language under-\nstanding. In International Conference on Learning\nRepresentations.\n\nDanny Hernandez, Jared Kaplan, Tom Henighan, and\nSam McCandlish. 2021. Scaling laws for transfer.\narXiv preprint arXiv:2102.01293.\n\nChangho Hwang, Wei Cui, Yifan Xiong, Ziyue Yang,\nZe Liu, Han Hu, Zilong Wang, Rafael Salas, Jithin\nJose, Prabhat Ram, et al. 2023. Tutel: Adaptive\nmixture-of-experts at scale. Proceedings of Machine\nLearning and Systems, 5.\n\nIntel. 2023. Supervised fine-tuning and direct prefer-\nence optimization on intel gaudi2.\n\nHamish Ivison, Yizhong Wang, Valentina Pyatkin,\nNathan Lambert, Matthew Peters, Pradeep Dasigi,\nJoel Jang, David Wadden, Noah A. Smith, Iz Belt-\nagy, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. 2023. Camels in a\nchanging climate: Enhancing lm adaptation with tulu\n2.\n\nAlbert Q Jiang, Alexandre Sablayrolles, Arthur Men-\nsch, Chris Bamford, Devendra Singh Chaplot, Diego\nde las Casas, Florian Bressand, Gianna Lengyel, Guil-\nlaume Lample, Lucile Saulnier, et al. 2023. Mistral\n7b. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.06825.\n\nJean Kaddour, Oscar Key, Piotr Nawrot, Pasquale\nMinervini, and Matt J Kusner. 2023. No train no\ngain: Revisiting efficient training algorithms for\ntransformer-based language models. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2307.06440.", + "text": "References\nIan L Alberts, Lorenzo Mercolli, Thomas Pyka, George\nPrenosil, Kuangyu Shi, Axel Rominger, and Ali\nAfshar-Oromieh. 2023. Large language models\n(Ilm) and chatgpt: what will the impact on nuclear\nmedicine be? European journal of nuclear medicine\nand molecular imaging, 50(6):1549-1552.\nRohan Anil, Andrew M Dai, Orhan Firat, Melvin John-\nson, Dmitry Lepikhin, Alexandre Passos, Siamak\nShakeri, Emanuel Taropa, Paige Bailey, Zhifeng\nChen, et al. 2023. Palm 2 technical report. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:2305.10403.\nAram Bahrini, Mohammadsadra Khamoshifar, Hos-\nsein Abbasimehr, Robert J Riggs, Maryam Esmaeili,\nRastin Mastali Majdabadkohne, and Morteza Pase-\nhvar. 2023. Chatgpt: Applications, opportunities,\nand threats. In 2023 Systems and Information Engi-\nneering Design Symposium (SIEDS), pages 274-279.\nIEEE.\nEdward Beeching, Clementine Fourrier, Nathan\nHabib, Sheon Han, Nathan Lambert, Nazneen\nRajani, Omar Sanseviero, Lewis Tunstall, and\nThomas Wolf. 2023. Open llm leaderboard.\nhttps : / /huggingface · co/ spaces /\nHuggingFaceH4 / open_11m_leaderboard.\nTom Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie\nSubbiah, Jared D Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind\nNeelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda\nAskell, et al. 2020. Language models are few-shot\nlearners. Advances in neural information processing\nsystems, 33:1877-1901.\nPeter Clark, Isaac Cowhey, Oren Etzioni, Tushar Khot,\nAshish Sabharwal, Carissa Schoenick, and Oyvind\nTafjord. 2018. Think you have solved question an-\nswering? try arc, the ai2 reasoning challenge. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:1803.05457.\nKarl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian,\nMark Chen, Heewoo Jun, Lukasz Kaiser, Matthias\nPlappert, Jerry Tworek, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro\nNakano, et al. 2021. Training verifiers to solve math\nword problems. arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.14168.\nGanqu Cui, Lifan Yuan, Ning Ding, Guanming Yao,\nWei Zhu, Yuan Ni, Guotong Xie, Zhiyuan Liu, and\nMaosong Sun. 2023. Ultrafeedback: Boosting lan-\nguage models with high-quality feedback. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:2310.01377.\nChunyuan Deng, Yilun Zhao, Xiangru Tang, Mark Ger-\nstein, and Arman Cohan. 2023. Investigating data\ncontamination in modern benchmarks for large lan-\nguage models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.09783.\nMohammad Fraiwan and Natheer Khasawneh. 2023. A\nreview of chatgpt applications in education, market-\ning, software engineering, and healthcare: Benefits,\ndrawbacks, and research directions. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2305.00237.\nAndrea Gesmundo and Kaitlin Maile. 2023. Compos-\nable function-preserving expansions for transformer\narchitectures. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.06103.\nShahriar Golchin and Mihai Surdeanu. 2023. Time\ntravel in llms: Tracing data contamination in large\nlanguage models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.08493.\nDan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou,\nMantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt.\n2020. Measuring massive multitask language under-\nstanding. In International Conference on Learning\nRepresentations.\nDanny Hernandez, Jared Kaplan, Tom Henighan, and\nSam McCandlish. 2021. Scaling laws for transfer.\narXiv preprint arXiv:2102.01293.\nChangho Hwang, Wei Cui, Yifan Xiong, Ziyue Yang,\nZe Liu, Han Hu, Zilong Wang, Rafael Salas, Jithin\nJose, Prabhat Ram, et al. 2023. Tutel: Adaptive\nmixture-of-experts at scale. Proceedings of Machine\nLearning and Systems, 5.\nIntel. 2023. Supervised fine-tuning and direct prefer-\nence optimization on intel gaudi2.\nHamish Ivison, Yizhong Wang, Valentina Pyatkin,\nNathan Lambert, Matthew Peters, Pradeep Dasigi,\nJoel Jang, David Wadden, Noah A. Smith, Iz Belt-\nagy, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. 2023. Camels in a\nchanging climate: Enhancing lm adaptation with tulu\n2.\nAlbert Q Jiang, Alexandre Sablayrolles, Arthur Men-\nsch, Chris Bamford, Devendra Singh Chaplot, Diego\nde las Casas, Florian Bressand, Gianna Lengyel, Guil-\nlaume Lample, Lucile Saulnier, et al. 2023. Mistral\n7b. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.06825.\nJean Kaddour, Oscar Key, Piotr Nawrot, Pasquale\nMinervini, and Matt J Kusner. 2023. No train no\ngain: Revisiting efficient training algorithms for\ntransformer-based language models. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2307.06440." + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

References

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", + "markdown": "Changho Hwang, Wei Cui, Yifan Xiong, Ziyue Yang,\nZe Liu, Han Hu, Zilong Wang, Rafael Salas, Jithin\nJose, Prabhat Ram, et al. 2023. Tutel: Adaptive\nmixture-of-experts at scale. Proceedings of Machine\nLearning and Systems, 5.", + "text": "Changho Hwang, Wei Cui, Yifan Xiong, Ziyue Yang,\nZe Liu, Han Hu, Zilong Wang, Rafael Salas, Jithin\nJose, Prabhat Ram, et al. 2023. Tutel: Adaptive\nmixture-of-experts at scale. Proceedings of Machine\nLearning and Systems, 5." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.51, + "y": 0.5263 + }, + { + "x": 0.8848, + "y": 0.5263 + }, + { + "x": 0.8848, + "y": 0.593 + }, + { + "x": 0.51, + "y": 0.593 + } + ], + "id": 15, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

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", + "markdown": "Intel. 2023. Supervised fine-tuning and direct prefer-\nence optimization on intel gaudi2.", + "text": "Intel. 2023. Supervised fine-tuning and direct prefer-\nence optimization on intel gaudi2." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.511, + "y": 0.6022 + }, + { + "x": 0.8846, + "y": 0.6022 + }, + { + "x": 0.8846, + "y": 0.6294 + }, + { + "x": 0.511, + "y": 0.6294 + } + ], + "id": 16, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Hamish Ivison, Yizhong Wang, Valentina Pyatkin,
Nathan Lambert, Matthew Peters, Pradeep Dasigi,
Joel Jang, David Wadden, Noah A. Smith, Iz Belt-
agy, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. 2023. Camels in a
changing climate: Enhancing lm adaptation with tulu
2.

", + "markdown": "Hamish Ivison, Yizhong Wang, Valentina Pyatkin,\nNathan Lambert, Matthew Peters, Pradeep Dasigi,\nJoel Jang, David Wadden, Noah A. Smith, Iz Belt-\nagy, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. 2023. Camels in a\nchanging climate: Enhancing lm adaptation with tulu\n2.", + "text": "Hamish Ivison, Yizhong Wang, Valentina Pyatkin,\nNathan Lambert, Matthew Peters, Pradeep Dasigi,\nJoel Jang, David Wadden, Noah A. Smith, Iz Belt-\nagy, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. 2023. Camels in a\nchanging climate: Enhancing lm adaptation with tulu\n2." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5118, + "y": 0.6383 + }, + { + "x": 0.8853, + "y": 0.6383 + }, + { + "x": 0.8853, + "y": 0.7165 + }, + { + "x": 0.5118, + "y": 0.7165 + } + ], + "id": 17, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Albert Q Jiang, Alexandre Sablayrolles, Arthur Men-
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laume Lample, Lucile Saulnier, et al. 2023. Mistral
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", + "markdown": "Albert Q Jiang, Alexandre Sablayrolles, Arthur Men-\nsch, Chris Bamford, Devendra Singh Chaplot, Diego\nde las Casas, Florian Bressand, Gianna Lengyel, Guil-\nlaume Lample, Lucile Saulnier, et al. 2023. Mistral\n7b. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.06825.", + "text": "Albert Q Jiang, Alexandre Sablayrolles, Arthur Men-\nsch, Chris Bamford, Devendra Singh Chaplot, Diego\nde las Casas, Florian Bressand, Gianna Lengyel, Guil-\nlaume Lample, Lucile Saulnier, et al. 2023. Mistral\n7b. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.06825." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5128, + "y": 0.7277 + }, + { + "x": 0.8841, + "y": 0.7277 + }, + { + "x": 0.8841, + "y": 0.7941 + }, + { + "x": 0.5128, + "y": 0.7941 + } + ], + "id": 18, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Jean Kaddour, Oscar Key, Piotr Nawrot, Pasquale
Minervini, and Matt J Kusner. 2023. No train no
gain: Revisiting efficient training algorithms for
transformer-based language models. arXiv preprint
arXiv:2307.06440.

", + "markdown": "Jean Kaddour, Oscar Key, Piotr Nawrot, Pasquale\nMinervini, and Matt J Kusner. 2023. No train no\ngain: Revisiting efficient training algorithms for\ntransformer-based language models. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2307.06440.", + "text": "Jean Kaddour, Oscar Key, Piotr Nawrot, Pasquale\nMinervini, and Matt J Kusner. 2023. No train no\ngain: Revisiting efficient training algorithms for\ntransformer-based language models. arXiv preprint\narXiv:2307.06440." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.5129, + "y": 0.8038 + }, + { + "x": 0.8842, + "y": 0.8038 + }, + { + "x": 0.8842, + "y": 0.8691 + }, + { + "x": 0.5129, + "y": 0.8691 + } + ], + "id": 19, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000032.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Prologue

\n

Programming and Understanding

\n

One way to become aware of the precision required to unam-
biguously communicate a mathematical idea is to program it for
a computer. Rather than using canned programs purely as an
aid to visualization or numerical computation, we use computer
programming in a functional style to encourage clear thinking.
Programming forces us to be precise and unambiguous, without
forcing us to be excessively rigorous. The computer does not toler-
ate vague descriptions or incomplete constructions. Thus the act
of programming makes us keenly aware of our errors of reasoning
or unsupported conclusions. 1

\n

Although this book is about differential geometry, we can show
how thinking about programming can help in understanding in a
more elementary context. The traditional use of Leibniz's notation
and Newton's notation is convenient in simple situations, but in
more complicated situations it can be a serious handicap to clear
reasoning.

\n

A mechanical system is described by a Lagrangian function of
the system state (time, coordinates, and velocities). A motion of
the system is described by a path that gives the coordinates for
each moment of time. A path is allowed if and only if it satisfies
the Lagrange equations. Traditionally, the Lagrange equations are
written

\n

$${\\frac{d}{d t}}{\\frac{\\partial L}{\\partial{\\dot{q}}}}-{\\frac{\\partial L}{\\partial q}}=0.$$

\n

What could this expression possibly mean?

\n

Let's try to write a program that implements Lagrange equa-
tions. What are Lagrange equations for? Our program must take
a proposed path and give a result that allows us to decide if the
path is allowed. This is already a problem; the equation shown
above does not have a slot for a path to be tested.

\n

1The idea of using computer programming to develop skills of clear thinking
was originally advocated by Seymour Papert. An extensive discussion of this
idea, applied to the education of young children, can be found in Papert [13].

", + "markdown": "# Prologue\n\n# Programming and Understanding\n\nOne way to become aware of the precision required to unam-\nbiguously communicate a mathematical idea is to program it for\na computer. Rather than using canned programs purely as an\naid to visualization or numerical computation, we use computer\nprogramming in a functional style to encourage clear thinking.\nProgramming forces us to be precise and unambiguous, without\nforcing us to be excessively rigorous. The computer does not toler-\nate vague descriptions or incomplete constructions. Thus the act\nof programming makes us keenly aware of our errors of reasoning\nor unsupported conclusions. 1\n\nAlthough this book is about differential geometry, we can show\nhow thinking about programming can help in understanding in a\nmore elementary context. The traditional use of Leibniz's notation\nand Newton's notation is convenient in simple situations, but in\nmore complicated situations it can be a serious handicap to clear\nreasoning.\n\nA mechanical system is described by a Lagrangian function of\nthe system state (time, coordinates, and velocities). A motion of\nthe system is described by a path that gives the coordinates for\neach moment of time. A path is allowed if and only if it satisfies\nthe Lagrange equations. Traditionally, the Lagrange equations are\nwritten\n\n$${\\frac{d}{d t}}{\\frac{\\partial L}{\\partial{\\dot{q}}}}-{\\frac{\\partial L}{\\partial q}}=0.$$\n\nWhat could this expression possibly mean?\n\nLet's try to write a program that implements Lagrange equa-\ntions. What are Lagrange equations for? Our program must take\na proposed path and give a result that allows us to decide if the\npath is allowed. This is already a problem; the equation shown\nabove does not have a slot for a path to be tested.\n\n1The idea of using computer programming to develop skills of clear thinking\nwas originally advocated by Seymour Papert. An extensive discussion of this\nidea, applied to the education of young children, can be found in Papert [13].", + "text": "Prologue\nProgramming and Understanding\nOne way to become aware of the precision required to unam-\nbiguously communicate a mathematical idea is to program it for\na computer. Rather than using canned programs purely as an\naid to visualization or numerical computation, we use computer\nprogramming in a functional style to encourage clear thinking.\nProgramming forces us to be precise and unambiguous, without\nforcing us to be excessively rigorous. The computer does not toler-\nate vague descriptions or incomplete constructions. Thus the act\nof programming makes us keenly aware of our errors of reasoning\nor unsupported conclusions. 1\nAlthough this book is about differential geometry, we can show\nhow thinking about programming can help in understanding in a\nmore elementary context. The traditional use of Leibniz's notation\nand Newton's notation is convenient in simple situations, but in\nmore complicated situations it can be a serious handicap to clear\nreasoning.\nA mechanical system is described by a Lagrangian function of\nthe system state (time, coordinates, and velocities). A motion of\nthe system is described by a path that gives the coordinates for\neach moment of time. A path is allowed if and only if it satisfies\nthe Lagrange equations. Traditionally, the Lagrange equations are\nwritten\nd aL aL \n- = 0. \ndt dq dq\nWhat could this expression possibly mean?\nLet's try to write a program that implements Lagrange equa-\ntions. What are Lagrange equations for? Our program must take\na proposed path and give a result that allows us to decide if the\npath is allowed. This is already a problem; the equation shown\nabove does not have a slot for a path to be tested.\n1The idea of using computer programming to develop skills of clear thinking\nwas originally advocated by Seymour Papert. An extensive discussion of this\nidea, applied to the education of young children, can be found in Papert [13]." + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Prologue

", + "markdown": "# Prologue", + "text": "Prologue" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2312, + "y": 0.1282 + }, + { + "x": 0.3621, + "y": 0.1282 + }, + { + "x": 0.3621, + "y": 0.1537 + }, + { + "x": 0.2312, + "y": 0.1537 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Programming and Understanding

", + "markdown": "# Programming and Understanding", + "text": "Programming and Understanding" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2315, + "y": 0.1745 + }, + { + "x": 0.5627, + "y": 0.1745 + }, + { + "x": 0.5627, + "y": 0.1929 + }, + { + "x": 0.2315, + "y": 0.1929 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

One way to become aware of the precision required to unam-
biguously communicate a mathematical idea is to program it for
a computer. Rather than using canned programs purely as an
aid to visualization or numerical computation, we use computer
programming in a functional style to encourage clear thinking.
Programming forces us to be precise and unambiguous, without
forcing us to be excessively rigorous. The computer does not toler-
ate vague descriptions or incomplete constructions. Thus the act
of programming makes us keenly aware of our errors of reasoning
or unsupported conclusions. 1

", + "markdown": "One way to become aware of the precision required to unam-\nbiguously communicate a mathematical idea is to program it for\na computer. Rather than using canned programs purely as an\naid to visualization or numerical computation, we use computer\nprogramming in a functional style to encourage clear thinking.\nProgramming forces us to be precise and unambiguous, without\nforcing us to be excessively rigorous. The computer does not toler-\nate vague descriptions or incomplete constructions. Thus the act\nof programming makes us keenly aware of our errors of reasoning\nor unsupported conclusions. 1", + "text": "One way to become aware of the precision required to unam-\nbiguously communicate a mathematical idea is to program it for\na computer. Rather than using canned programs purely as an\naid to visualization or numerical computation, we use computer\nprogramming in a functional style to encourage clear thinking.\nProgramming forces us to be precise and unambiguous, without\nforcing us to be excessively rigorous. The computer does not toler-\nate vague descriptions or incomplete constructions. Thus the act\nof programming makes us keenly aware of our errors of reasoning\nor unsupported conclusions. 1" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2318, + "y": 0.2053 + }, + { + "x": 0.7459, + "y": 0.2053 + }, + { + "x": 0.7459, + "y": 0.3676 + }, + { + "x": 0.2318, + "y": 0.3676 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Although this book is about differential geometry, we can show
how thinking about programming can help in understanding in a
more elementary context. The traditional use of Leibniz's notation
and Newton's notation is convenient in simple situations, but in
more complicated situations it can be a serious handicap to clear
reasoning.

", + "markdown": "Although this book is about differential geometry, we can show\nhow thinking about programming can help in understanding in a\nmore elementary context. The traditional use of Leibniz's notation\nand Newton's notation is convenient in simple situations, but in\nmore complicated situations it can be a serious handicap to clear\nreasoning.", + "text": "Although this book is about differential geometry, we can show\nhow thinking about programming can help in understanding in a\nmore elementary context. The traditional use of Leibniz's notation\nand Newton's notation is convenient in simple situations, but in\nmore complicated situations it can be a serious handicap to clear\nreasoning." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2309, + "y": 0.3701 + }, + { + "x": 0.7468, + "y": 0.3701 + }, + { + "x": 0.7468, + "y": 0.4666 + }, + { + "x": 0.2309, + "y": 0.4666 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

A mechanical system is described by a Lagrangian function of
the system state (time, coordinates, and velocities). A motion of
the system is described by a path that gives the coordinates for
each moment of time. A path is allowed if and only if it satisfies
the Lagrange equations. Traditionally, the Lagrange equations are
written

", + "markdown": "A mechanical system is described by a Lagrangian function of\nthe system state (time, coordinates, and velocities). A motion of\nthe system is described by a path that gives the coordinates for\neach moment of time. A path is allowed if and only if it satisfies\nthe Lagrange equations. Traditionally, the Lagrange equations are\nwritten", + "text": "A mechanical system is described by a Lagrangian function of\nthe system state (time, coordinates, and velocities). A motion of\nthe system is described by a path that gives the coordinates for\neach moment of time. A path is allowed if and only if it satisfies\nthe Lagrange equations. Traditionally, the Lagrange equations are\nwritten" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2305, + "y": 0.4679 + }, + { + "x": 0.7473, + "y": 0.4679 + }, + { + "x": 0.7473, + "y": 0.564 + }, + { + "x": 0.2305, + "y": 0.564 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "equation", + "content": { + "html": "

$${\\frac{d}{d t}}{\\frac{\\partial L}{\\partial{\\dot{q}}}}-{\\frac{\\partial L}{\\partial q}}=0.$$

", + "markdown": "$${\\frac{d}{d t}}{\\frac{\\partial L}{\\partial{\\dot{q}}}}-{\\frac{\\partial L}{\\partial q}}=0.$$", + "text": "d aL aL \n- = 0. \ndt dq dq" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.234, + "y": 0.5717 + }, + { + "x": 0.3691, + "y": 0.5717 + }, + { + "x": 0.3691, + "y": 0.6091 + }, + { + "x": 0.234, + "y": 0.6091 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

What could this expression possibly mean?

", + "markdown": "What could this expression possibly mean?", + "text": "What could this expression possibly mean?" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2324, + "y": 0.6157 + }, + { + "x": 0.5736, + "y": 0.6157 + }, + { + "x": 0.5736, + "y": 0.6336 + }, + { + "x": 0.2324, + "y": 0.6336 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Let's try to write a program that implements Lagrange equa-
tions. What are Lagrange equations for? Our program must take
a proposed path and give a result that allows us to decide if the
path is allowed. This is already a problem; the equation shown
above does not have a slot for a path to be tested.

", + "markdown": "Let's try to write a program that implements Lagrange equa-\ntions. What are Lagrange equations for? Our program must take\na proposed path and give a result that allows us to decide if the\npath is allowed. This is already a problem; the equation shown\nabove does not have a slot for a path to be tested.", + "text": "Let's try to write a program that implements Lagrange equa-\ntions. What are Lagrange equations for? Our program must take\na proposed path and give a result that allows us to decide if the\npath is allowed. This is already a problem; the equation shown\nabove does not have a slot for a path to be tested." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.231, + "y": 0.6357 + }, + { + "x": 0.7466, + "y": 0.6357 + }, + { + "x": 0.7466, + "y": 0.7159 + }, + { + "x": 0.231, + "y": 0.7159 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

1The idea of using computer programming to develop skills of clear thinking
was originally advocated by Seymour Papert. An extensive discussion of this
idea, applied to the education of young children, can be found in Papert [13].

", + "markdown": "1The idea of using computer programming to develop skills of clear thinking\nwas originally advocated by Seymour Papert. An extensive discussion of this\nidea, applied to the education of young children, can be found in Papert [13].", + "text": "1The idea of using computer programming to develop skills of clear thinking\nwas originally advocated by Seymour Papert. An extensive discussion of this\nidea, applied to the education of young children, can be found in Papert [13]." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2317, + "y": 0.7364 + }, + { + "x": 0.7473, + "y": 0.7364 + }, + { + "x": 0.7473, + "y": 0.778 + }, + { + "x": 0.2317, + "y": 0.778 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000146.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
Circle
\n
Co-funded by
the European Union
\n

organizations to navigate successfully the global digital economy. Finally each of the identified
competences, within the Framework will correspond to the different e-learning modules (PR2)
and e-game levels (PR3)

\n

Reference frameworks:

\n

▶ GreenComp - \"The European Sustainability Competence Framework\"(1), responds to
the growing need for people to improve and develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes
to live, work and act in a sustainable manner.

\n

GreenComp is a reference framework for sustainability competences. It provides a common
ground to learners and guidance to educators, providing a consensual definition of what
sustainability as a competence entails. It is designed to support education and training
programmes for lifelong learning. It is written for all learners, irrespective of their age and their
education level and in any learning setting - formal, non-formal and informal. Sustainability
competences can help learners become systemic and critical thinkers, as well as develop agency,
and form a knowledge basis for everyone who cares about our planet's present and future state.
The aim of GreenComp is to foster a sustainability mindset by helping users develop the
knowledge, skills and attitudes to think, plan and act with empathy, responsibility, and care for
our planet.

\n

Green- Comp is the result of a robust research methodology that has involved a large and
diverse group of experts and stakeholders, to build a consensus on an agreed proposal. It
provides a general reference model that everyone involved in lifelong learning can use to design
learning opportunities aimed at developing sustainability competences and to assess progress in
supporting education and training for sustainability.

\n\n
AreaCompetence
1. Embodying sustainability values1.1 Valuing sustainability
1.2 Supporting fairness
1.3 Promoting nature
2. Embracing complexity in sustainability2.1 Systems thinking
2.2 Critical thinking
2.3 Problem framing
3. Envisioning sustainable futures3.1 Futures literacy
3.2 Adaptability
GreenComp consists of 12 competences organised into the four main areas below:
\n

This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author
and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

\n
Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126
", + "markdown": "Circle\n\nCo-funded by\nthe European Union\n\norganizations to navigate successfully the global digital economy. Finally each of the identified\ncompetences, within the Framework will correspond to the different e-learning modules (PR2)\nand e-game levels (PR3)\n\n# Reference frameworks:\n\n▶ GreenComp - \"The European Sustainability Competence Framework\"(1), responds to\nthe growing need for people to improve and develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes\nto live, work and act in a sustainable manner.\n\nGreenComp is a reference framework for sustainability competences. It provides a common\nground to learners and guidance to educators, providing a consensual definition of what\nsustainability as a competence entails. It is designed to support education and training\nprogrammes for lifelong learning. It is written for all learners, irrespective of their age and their\neducation level and in any learning setting - formal, non-formal and informal. Sustainability\ncompetences can help learners become systemic and critical thinkers, as well as develop agency,\nand form a knowledge basis for everyone who cares about our planet's present and future state.\nThe aim of GreenComp is to foster a sustainability mindset by helping users develop the\nknowledge, skills and attitudes to think, plan and act with empathy, responsibility, and care for\nour planet.\n\nGreen- Comp is the result of a robust research methodology that has involved a large and\ndiverse group of experts and stakeholders, to build a consensus on an agreed proposal. It\nprovides a general reference model that everyone involved in lifelong learning can use to design\nlearning opportunities aimed at developing sustainability competences and to assess progress in\nsupporting education and training for sustainability.\n\nGreenComp consists of 12 competences organised into the four main areas below:\n\n| Area | Competence |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1. Embodying sustainability values | 1.1 Valuing sustainability |\n| 1. Embodying sustainability values | 1.2 Supporting fairness |\n| 1. Embodying sustainability values | 1.3 Promoting nature |\n| 2. Embracing complexity in sustainability | 2.1 Systems thinking |\n| 2. Embracing complexity in sustainability | 2.2 Critical thinking |\n| 2. Embracing complexity in sustainability | 2.3 Problem framing |\n| 3. Envisioning sustainable futures | 3.1 Futures literacy |\n| 3. Envisioning sustainable futures | 3.2 Adaptability |\n\n\nThis project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.\n\nProject No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", + "text": "Circle\nCo-funded by\nthe European Union\norganizations to navigate successfully the global digital economy. Finally each of the identified\ncompetences, within the Framework will correspond to the different e-learning modules (PR2)\nand e-game levels (PR3)\nReference frameworks:\n▶ GreenComp - \"The European Sustainability Competence Framework\"(1), responds to\nthe growing need for people to improve and develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes\nto live, work and act in a sustainable manner.\nGreenComp is a reference framework for sustainability competences. It provides a common\nground to learners and guidance to educators, providing a consensual definition of what\nsustainability as a competence entails. It is designed to support education and training\nprogrammes for lifelong learning. It is written for all learners, irrespective of their age and their\neducation level and in any learning setting - formal, non-formal and informal. Sustainability\ncompetences can help learners become systemic and critical thinkers, as well as develop agency,\nand form a knowledge basis for everyone who cares about our planet's present and future state.\nThe aim of GreenComp is to foster a sustainability mindset by helping users develop the\nknowledge, skills and attitudes to think, plan and act with empathy, responsibility, and care for\nour planet.\nGreen- Comp is the result of a robust research methodology that has involved a large and\ndiverse group of experts and stakeholders, to build a consensus on an agreed proposal. It\nprovides a general reference model that everyone involved in lifelong learning can use to design\nlearning opportunities aimed at developing sustainability competences and to assess progress in\nsupporting education and training for sustainability.\nGreenComp consists of 12 competences organised into the four main areas below:\nArea Competence\n 1. Embodying sustainability values 1.1 Valuing sustainability\n 1.2 Supporting fairness\n 1.3 Promoting nature\n 2. Embracing complexity in sustainability 2.1 Systems thinking\n 2.2 Critical thinking\n 2.3 Problem framing\n 3. Envisioning sustainable futures 3.1 Futures literacy\n 3.2 Adaptability\nThis project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.\nProject No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Circle
", + "markdown": "Circle", + "text": "Circle" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0812, + "y": 0.061 + }, + { + "x": 0.1312, + "y": 0.061 + }, + { + "x": 0.1312, + "y": 0.0728 + }, + { + "x": 0.0812, + "y": 0.0728 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Co-funded by
the European Union
", + "markdown": "Co-funded by\nthe European Union", + "text": "Co-funded by\nthe European Union" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.7598, + "y": 0.0292 + }, + { + "x": 0.9159, + "y": 0.0292 + }, + { + "x": 0.9159, + "y": 0.0575 + }, + { + "x": 0.7598, + "y": 0.0575 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

organizations to navigate successfully the global digital economy. Finally each of the identified
competences, within the Framework will correspond to the different e-learning modules (PR2)
and e-game levels (PR3)

", + "markdown": "organizations to navigate successfully the global digital economy. Finally each of the identified\ncompetences, within the Framework will correspond to the different e-learning modules (PR2)\nand e-game levels (PR3)", + "text": "organizations to navigate successfully the global digital economy. Finally each of the identified\ncompetences, within the Framework will correspond to the different e-learning modules (PR2)\nand e-game levels (PR3)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1389, + "y": 0.1014 + }, + { + "x": 0.8684, + "y": 0.1014 + }, + { + "x": 0.8684, + "y": 0.1549 + }, + { + "x": 0.1389, + "y": 0.1549 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Reference frameworks:

", + "markdown": "# Reference frameworks:", + "text": "Reference frameworks:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.14, + "y": 0.1667 + }, + { + "x": 0.3579, + "y": 0.1667 + }, + { + "x": 0.3579, + "y": 0.1832 + }, + { + "x": 0.14, + "y": 0.1832 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

▶ GreenComp - \"The European Sustainability Competence Framework\"(1), responds to
the growing need for people to improve and develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes
to live, work and act in a sustainable manner.

", + "markdown": "▶ GreenComp - \"The European Sustainability Competence Framework\"(1), responds to\nthe growing need for people to improve and develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes\nto live, work and act in a sustainable manner.", + "text": "▶ GreenComp - \"The European Sustainability Competence Framework\"(1), responds to\nthe growing need for people to improve and develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes\nto live, work and act in a sustainable manner." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1707, + "y": 0.2107 + }, + { + "x": 0.8664, + "y": 0.2107 + }, + { + "x": 0.8664, + "y": 0.2586 + }, + { + "x": 0.1707, + "y": 0.2586 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

GreenComp is a reference framework for sustainability competences. It provides a common
ground to learners and guidance to educators, providing a consensual definition of what
sustainability as a competence entails. It is designed to support education and training
programmes for lifelong learning. It is written for all learners, irrespective of their age and their
education level and in any learning setting - formal, non-formal and informal. Sustainability
competences can help learners become systemic and critical thinkers, as well as develop agency,
and form a knowledge basis for everyone who cares about our planet's present and future state.
The aim of GreenComp is to foster a sustainability mindset by helping users develop the
knowledge, skills and attitudes to think, plan and act with empathy, responsibility, and care for
our planet.

", + "markdown": "GreenComp is a reference framework for sustainability competences. It provides a common\nground to learners and guidance to educators, providing a consensual definition of what\nsustainability as a competence entails. It is designed to support education and training\nprogrammes for lifelong learning. It is written for all learners, irrespective of their age and their\neducation level and in any learning setting - formal, non-formal and informal. Sustainability\ncompetences can help learners become systemic and critical thinkers, as well as develop agency,\nand form a knowledge basis for everyone who cares about our planet's present and future state.\nThe aim of GreenComp is to foster a sustainability mindset by helping users develop the\nknowledge, skills and attitudes to think, plan and act with empathy, responsibility, and care for\nour planet.", + "text": "GreenComp is a reference framework for sustainability competences. It provides a common\nground to learners and guidance to educators, providing a consensual definition of what\nsustainability as a competence entails. It is designed to support education and training\nprogrammes for lifelong learning. It is written for all learners, irrespective of their age and their\neducation level and in any learning setting - formal, non-formal and informal. Sustainability\ncompetences can help learners become systemic and critical thinkers, as well as develop agency,\nand form a knowledge basis for everyone who cares about our planet's present and future state.\nThe aim of GreenComp is to foster a sustainability mindset by helping users develop the\nknowledge, skills and attitudes to think, plan and act with empathy, responsibility, and care for\nour planet." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1389, + "y": 0.2745 + }, + { + "x": 0.8717, + "y": 0.2745 + }, + { + "x": 0.8717, + "y": 0.4331 + }, + { + "x": 0.1389, + "y": 0.4331 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Green- Comp is the result of a robust research methodology that has involved a large and
diverse group of experts and stakeholders, to build a consensus on an agreed proposal. It
provides a general reference model that everyone involved in lifelong learning can use to design
learning opportunities aimed at developing sustainability competences and to assess progress in
supporting education and training for sustainability.

", + "markdown": "Green- Comp is the result of a robust research methodology that has involved a large and\ndiverse group of experts and stakeholders, to build a consensus on an agreed proposal. It\nprovides a general reference model that everyone involved in lifelong learning can use to design\nlearning opportunities aimed at developing sustainability competences and to assess progress in\nsupporting education and training for sustainability.", + "text": "Green- Comp is the result of a robust research methodology that has involved a large and\ndiverse group of experts and stakeholders, to build a consensus on an agreed proposal. It\nprovides a general reference model that everyone involved in lifelong learning can use to design\nlearning opportunities aimed at developing sustainability competences and to assess progress in\nsupporting education and training for sustainability." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1385, + "y": 0.4502 + }, + { + "x": 0.8692, + "y": 0.4502 + }, + { + "x": 0.8692, + "y": 0.5294 + }, + { + "x": 0.1385, + "y": 0.5294 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

GreenComp consists of 12 competences organised into the four main areas below:

", + "markdown": "GreenComp consists of 12 competences organised into the four main areas below:", + "text": "GreenComp consists of 12 competences organised into the four main areas below:" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1394, + "y": 0.5488 + }, + { + "x": 0.764, + "y": 0.5488 + }, + { + "x": 0.764, + "y": 0.5652 + }, + { + "x": 0.1394, + "y": 0.5652 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
AreaCompetence
1. Embodying sustainability values1.1 Valuing sustainability
1.2 Supporting fairness
1.3 Promoting nature
2. Embracing complexity in sustainability2.1 Systems thinking
2.2 Critical thinking
2.3 Problem framing
3. Envisioning sustainable futures3.1 Futures literacy
3.2 Adaptability
", + "markdown": "| Area | Competence |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1. Embodying sustainability values | 1.1 Valuing sustainability |\n| 1. Embodying sustainability values | 1.2 Supporting fairness |\n| 1. Embodying sustainability values | 1.3 Promoting nature |\n| 2. Embracing complexity in sustainability | 2.1 Systems thinking |\n| 2. Embracing complexity in sustainability | 2.2 Critical thinking |\n| 2. Embracing complexity in sustainability | 2.3 Problem framing |\n| 3. Envisioning sustainable futures | 3.1 Futures literacy |\n| 3. Envisioning sustainable futures | 3.2 Adaptability |\n", + "text": "Area Competence\n 1. Embodying sustainability values 1.1 Valuing sustainability\n 1.2 Supporting fairness\n 1.3 Promoting nature\n 2. Embracing complexity in sustainability 2.1 Systems thinking\n 2.2 Critical thinking\n 2.3 Problem framing\n 3. Envisioning sustainable futures 3.1 Futures literacy\n 3.2 Adaptability" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1328, + "y": 0.5829 + }, + { + "x": 0.8733, + "y": 0.5829 + }, + { + "x": 0.8733, + "y": 0.8614 + }, + { + "x": 0.1328, + "y": 0.8614 + } + ], + "id": 8, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author
and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

", + "markdown": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", + "text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author\nand the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1474, + "y": 0.903 + }, + { + "x": 0.8641, + "y": 0.903 + }, + { + "x": 0.8641, + "y": 0.9283 + }, + { + "x": 0.1474, + "y": 0.9283 + } + ], + "id": 9, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126
", + "markdown": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", + "text": "Project No: : 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3657, + "y": 0.9381 + }, + { + "x": 0.6479, + "y": 0.9381 + }, + { + "x": 0.6479, + "y": 0.9495 + }, + { + "x": 0.3657, + "y": 0.9495 + } + ], + "id": 10, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000088.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "
Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions
\n

Comparative Summary Table

\n
JurisdictionGATS XVII Reservation (1994)Foreign Ownership PermittedRestrictions on Foreign OwnershipForeign Ownership Reporting Requirements
ArgentinaYYProhibition on ownership of property that contains or borders large and permanent bodies of water and of land in border security zones. Rural land can only be acquired upon certificate being granted (total percentage must not exceed 15% of the territory, in which shares of nationals of one country must not exceed 30%; maximum limit per foreigner; certain long-term residents exempted).
AustraliaNYApproval is needed from the Treasurer if the acquisition \" significant constitutes a action, \" including acquiring an interest in different types of land where the monetary threshold is met for that type of land. The Treasurer may prohibit a significant action that is found to be contrary to the national interest.Acquisitions of residential and agricultural land by foreign persons must be reported to the relevant government agency.
AustriaYYPrior authorization required with exceptions; authorization may be refused if the acquisition contradicts national public policy interests.
BelgiumNYNone.
BrazilYYAcquisition of rural property by an alien individual or company, including Brazilian companies controlled by foreigners, may not exceed 50 modules; foreign ownership of rural areas may not exceed a quarter of the surface of the municipalities, and ownership
\n
The Law Library of Congress
\n
5
", + "markdown": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions\n\n# Comparative Summary Table\n\n| Jurisdiction | GATS XVII Reservation (1994) | Foreign Ownership Permitted | Restrictions on Foreign Ownership | Foreign Ownership Reporting Requirements |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Argentina | Y | Y | Prohibition on ownership of property that contains or borders large and permanent bodies of water and of land in border security zones. Rural land can only be acquired upon certificate being granted (total percentage must not exceed 15% of the territory, in which shares of nationals of one country must not exceed 30%; maximum limit per foreigner; certain long-term residents exempted). | |\n| Australia | N | Y | Approval is needed from the Treasurer if the acquisition \" significant constitutes a action, \" including acquiring an interest in different types of land where the monetary threshold is met for that type of land. The Treasurer may prohibit a significant action that is found to be contrary to the national interest. | Acquisitions of residential and agricultural land by foreign persons must be reported to the relevant government agency. |\n| Austria | Y | Y | Prior authorization required with exceptions; authorization may be refused if the acquisition contradicts national public policy interests. | |\n| Belgium | N | Y | None. | |\n| Brazil | Y | Y | Acquisition of rural property by an alien individual or company, including Brazilian companies controlled by foreigners, may not exceed 50 modules; foreign ownership of rural areas may not exceed a quarter of the surface of the municipalities, and ownership | |\n\n\nThe Law Library of Congress\n\n5", + "text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions\nComparative Summary Table\nJurisdiction GATS XVII Reservation (1994) Foreign Ownership Permitted Restrictions on Foreign Ownership Foreign Ownership Reporting Requirements\n Argentina Y Y Prohibition on ownership of property that contains or borders large and permanent bodies of water and of land in border security zones. Rural land can only be acquired upon certificate being granted (total percentage must not exceed 15% of the territory, in which shares of nationals of one country must not exceed 30%; maximum limit per foreigner; certain long-term residents exempted). \n Australia N Y Approval is needed from the Treasurer if the acquisition \" significant constitutes a action, \" including acquiring an interest in different types of land where the monetary threshold is met for that type of land. The Treasurer may prohibit a significant action that is found to be contrary to the national interest. Acquisitions of residential and agricultural land by foreign persons must be reported to the relevant government agency.\n Austria Y Y Prior authorization required with exceptions; authorization may be refused if the acquisition contradicts national public policy interests. \n Belgium N Y None. \n Brazil Y Y Acquisition of rural property by an alien individual or company, including Brazilian companies controlled by foreigners, may not exceed 50 modules; foreign ownership of rural areas may not exceed a quarter of the surface of the municipalities, and ownership\nThe Law Library of Congress\n5" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions
", + "markdown": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", + "text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2269, + "y": 0.0459 + }, + { + "x": 0.7744, + "y": 0.0459 + }, + { + "x": 0.7744, + "y": 0.063 + }, + { + "x": 0.2269, + "y": 0.063 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Comparative Summary Table

", + "markdown": "# Comparative Summary Table", + "text": "Comparative Summary Table" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3109, + "y": 0.0931 + }, + { + "x": 0.6905, + "y": 0.0931 + }, + { + "x": 0.6905, + "y": 0.1186 + }, + { + "x": 0.3109, + "y": 0.1186 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
JurisdictionGATS XVII Reservation (1994)Foreign Ownership PermittedRestrictions on Foreign OwnershipForeign Ownership Reporting Requirements
ArgentinaYYProhibition on ownership of property that contains or borders large and permanent bodies of water and of land in border security zones. Rural land can only be acquired upon certificate being granted (total percentage must not exceed 15% of the territory, in which shares of nationals of one country must not exceed 30%; maximum limit per foreigner; certain long-term residents exempted).
AustraliaNYApproval is needed from the Treasurer if the acquisition \" significant constitutes a action, \" including acquiring an interest in different types of land where the monetary threshold is met for that type of land. The Treasurer may prohibit a significant action that is found to be contrary to the national interest.Acquisitions of residential and agricultural land by foreign persons must be reported to the relevant government agency.
AustriaYYPrior authorization required with exceptions; authorization may be refused if the acquisition contradicts national public policy interests.
BelgiumNYNone.
BrazilYYAcquisition of rural property by an alien individual or company, including Brazilian companies controlled by foreigners, may not exceed 50 modules; foreign ownership of rural areas may not exceed a quarter of the surface of the municipalities, and ownership
", + "markdown": "| Jurisdiction | GATS XVII Reservation (1994) | Foreign Ownership Permitted | Restrictions on Foreign Ownership | Foreign Ownership Reporting Requirements |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Argentina | Y | Y | Prohibition on ownership of property that contains or borders large and permanent bodies of water and of land in border security zones. Rural land can only be acquired upon certificate being granted (total percentage must not exceed 15% of the territory, in which shares of nationals of one country must not exceed 30%; maximum limit per foreigner; certain long-term residents exempted). | |\n| Australia | N | Y | Approval is needed from the Treasurer if the acquisition \" significant constitutes a action, \" including acquiring an interest in different types of land where the monetary threshold is met for that type of land. The Treasurer may prohibit a significant action that is found to be contrary to the national interest. | Acquisitions of residential and agricultural land by foreign persons must be reported to the relevant government agency. |\n| Austria | Y | Y | Prior authorization required with exceptions; authorization may be refused if the acquisition contradicts national public policy interests. | |\n| Belgium | N | Y | None. | |\n| Brazil | Y | Y | Acquisition of rural property by an alien individual or company, including Brazilian companies controlled by foreigners, may not exceed 50 modules; foreign ownership of rural areas may not exceed a quarter of the surface of the municipalities, and ownership | |\n", + "text": "Jurisdiction GATS XVII Reservation (1994) Foreign Ownership Permitted Restrictions on Foreign Ownership Foreign Ownership Reporting Requirements\n Argentina Y Y Prohibition on ownership of property that contains or borders large and permanent bodies of water and of land in border security zones. Rural land can only be acquired upon certificate being granted (total percentage must not exceed 15% of the territory, in which shares of nationals of one country must not exceed 30%; maximum limit per foreigner; certain long-term residents exempted). \n Australia N Y Approval is needed from the Treasurer if the acquisition \" significant constitutes a action, \" including acquiring an interest in different types of land where the monetary threshold is met for that type of land. The Treasurer may prohibit a significant action that is found to be contrary to the national interest. Acquisitions of residential and agricultural land by foreign persons must be reported to the relevant government agency.\n Austria Y Y Prior authorization required with exceptions; authorization may be refused if the acquisition contradicts national public policy interests. \n Belgium N Y None. \n Brazil Y Y Acquisition of rural property by an alien individual or company, including Brazilian companies controlled by foreigners, may not exceed 50 modules; foreign ownership of rural areas may not exceed a quarter of the surface of the municipalities, and ownership" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1164, + "y": 0.1317 + }, + { + "x": 0.8817, + "y": 0.1317 + }, + { + "x": 0.8817, + "y": 0.8981 + }, + { + "x": 0.1164, + "y": 0.8981 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
The Law Library of Congress
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5
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Appendices
\n\n
Imprisonment termsNumber of clausesPercentage of all statesPercentage of total
Less than 3 months4,44821.3%17.0%
3 months to less than 1 year4,80623.0%18.4%
1 year to less than 3 years9, 76646.7%37.4%
3 years to less than 5 years8344.0%3.2%
5 years to less than 10 years1,0214.9%3.9%
More than 10 years200.1%0.1%
TABLE 28: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN
STATE LAWS
\n

Source: TeamLease Regtech

\n\n
StateNumber of clausesGSDP (In Rs lakh crore)GSDP (In $ billion)
Gujarat146915.6200.4
Punjab12735.370.2
Maharashtra121026.3351.0
Karnataka117515.4205.9
Tamil Nadu104316.3217.4
TABLE 29: STATES WITH MORE THAN 1,000
IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES
\n

Sources: TeamLease Regtech, and Reserve Bank of India for GSDPs
Exchange rate: Rs 75 to USD

\n
81
", + "markdown": "Appendices\n\nTABLE 28: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN\nSTATE LAWS\n\n| Imprisonment terms | Number of clauses | Percentage of all states | Percentage of total |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Less than 3 months | 4,448 | 21.3% | 17.0% |\n| 3 months to less than 1 year | 4,806 | 23.0% | 18.4% |\n| 1 year to less than 3 years | 9, 766 | 46.7% | 37.4% |\n| 3 years to less than 5 years | 834 | 4.0% | 3.2% |\n| 5 years to less than 10 years | 1,021 | 4.9% | 3.9% |\n| More than 10 years | 20 | 0.1% | 0.1% |\n\n\nSource: TeamLease Regtech\n\nTABLE 29: STATES WITH MORE THAN 1,000\nIMPRISONMENT CLAUSES\n\n| State | Number of clauses | GSDP (In Rs lakh crore) | GSDP (In $ billion) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Gujarat | 1469 | 15.6 | 200.4 |\n| Punjab | 1273 | 5.3 | 70.2 |\n| Maharashtra | 1210 | 26.3 | 351.0 |\n| Karnataka | 1175 | 15.4 | 205.9 |\n| Tamil Nadu | 1043 | 16.3 | 217.4 |\n\n\nSources: TeamLease Regtech, and Reserve Bank of India for GSDPs\nExchange rate: Rs 75 to USD\n\n81", + "text": "Appendices\nTABLE 28: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN\nSTATE LAWS\nImprisonment terms Number of clauses Percentage of all states Percentage of total\n Less than 3 months 4,448 21.3% 17.0%\n 3 months to less than 1 year 4,806 23.0% 18.4%\n 1 year to less than 3 years 9, 766 46.7% 37.4%\n 3 years to less than 5 years 834 4.0% 3.2%\n 5 years to less than 10 years 1,021 4.9% 3.9%\n More than 10 years 20 0.1% 0.1%\nSource: TeamLease Regtech\nTABLE 29: STATES WITH MORE THAN 1,000\nIMPRISONMENT CLAUSES\nState Number of clauses GSDP (In Rs lakh crore) GSDP (In $ billion)\n Gujarat 1469 15.6 200.4\n Punjab 1273 5.3 70.2\n Maharashtra 1210 26.3 351.0\n Karnataka 1175 15.4 205.9\n Tamil Nadu 1043 16.3 217.4\nSources: TeamLease Regtech, and Reserve Bank of India for GSDPs\nExchange rate: Rs 75 to USD\n81" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "header", + "content": { + "html": "
Appendices
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TABLE 28: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN
STATE LAWS

", + "markdown": "TABLE 28: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN\nSTATE LAWS", + "text": "TABLE 28: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN\nSTATE LAWS" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1617, + "y": 0.1146 + }, + { + "x": 0.8204, + "y": 0.1146 + }, + { + "x": 0.8204, + "y": 0.1512 + }, + { + "x": 0.1617, + "y": 0.1512 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
Imprisonment termsNumber of clausesPercentage of all statesPercentage of total
Less than 3 months4,44821.3%17.0%
3 months to less than 1 year4,80623.0%18.4%
1 year to less than 3 years9, 76646.7%37.4%
3 years to less than 5 years8344.0%3.2%
5 years to less than 10 years1,0214.9%3.9%
More than 10 years200.1%0.1%
", + "markdown": "| Imprisonment terms | Number of clauses | Percentage of all states | Percentage of total |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Less than 3 months | 4,448 | 21.3% | 17.0% |\n| 3 months to less than 1 year | 4,806 | 23.0% | 18.4% |\n| 1 year to less than 3 years | 9, 766 | 46.7% | 37.4% |\n| 3 years to less than 5 years | 834 | 4.0% | 3.2% |\n| 5 years to less than 10 years | 1,021 | 4.9% | 3.9% |\n| More than 10 years | 20 | 0.1% | 0.1% |\n", + "text": "Imprisonment terms Number of clauses Percentage of all states Percentage of total\n Less than 3 months 4,448 21.3% 17.0%\n 3 months to less than 1 year 4,806 23.0% 18.4%\n 1 year to less than 3 years 9, 766 46.7% 37.4%\n 3 years to less than 5 years 834 4.0% 3.2%\n 5 years to less than 10 years 1,021 4.9% 3.9%\n More than 10 years 20 0.1% 0.1%" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1661, + "y": 0.1708 + }, + { + "x": 0.8299, + "y": 0.1708 + }, + { + "x": 0.8299, + "y": 0.3513 + }, + { + "x": 0.1661, + "y": 0.3513 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Source: TeamLease Regtech

", + "markdown": "Source: TeamLease Regtech", + "text": "Source: TeamLease Regtech" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1632, + "y": 0.3559 + }, + { + "x": 0.357, + "y": 0.3559 + }, + { + "x": 0.357, + "y": 0.3701 + }, + { + "x": 0.1632, + "y": 0.3701 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

TABLE 29: STATES WITH MORE THAN 1,000
IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES

", + "markdown": "TABLE 29: STATES WITH MORE THAN 1,000\nIMPRISONMENT CLAUSES", + "text": "TABLE 29: STATES WITH MORE THAN 1,000\nIMPRISONMENT CLAUSES" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1625, + "y": 0.4277 + }, + { + "x": 0.6521, + "y": 0.4277 + }, + { + "x": 0.6521, + "y": 0.4651 + }, + { + "x": 0.1625, + "y": 0.4651 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "table", + "content": { + "html": "
StateNumber of clausesGSDP (In Rs lakh crore)GSDP (In $ billion)
Gujarat146915.6200.4
Punjab12735.370.2
Maharashtra121026.3351.0
Karnataka117515.4205.9
Tamil Nadu104316.3217.4
", + "markdown": "| State | Number of clauses | GSDP (In Rs lakh crore) | GSDP (In $ billion) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Gujarat | 1469 | 15.6 | 200.4 |\n| Punjab | 1273 | 5.3 | 70.2 |\n| Maharashtra | 1210 | 26.3 | 351.0 |\n| Karnataka | 1175 | 15.4 | 205.9 |\n| Tamil Nadu | 1043 | 16.3 | 217.4 |\n", + "text": "State Number of clauses GSDP (In Rs lakh crore) GSDP (In $ billion)\n Gujarat 1469 15.6 200.4\n Punjab 1273 5.3 70.2\n Maharashtra 1210 26.3 351.0\n Karnataka 1175 15.4 205.9\n Tamil Nadu 1043 16.3 217.4" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.166, + "y": 0.4846 + }, + { + "x": 0.8308, + "y": 0.4846 + }, + { + "x": 0.8308, + "y": 0.6542 + }, + { + "x": 0.166, + "y": 0.6542 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Sources: TeamLease Regtech, and Reserve Bank of India for GSDPs
Exchange rate: Rs 75 to USD

", + "markdown": "Sources: TeamLease Regtech, and Reserve Bank of India for GSDPs\nExchange rate: Rs 75 to USD", + "text": "Sources: TeamLease Regtech, and Reserve Bank of India for GSDPs\nExchange rate: Rs 75 to USD" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1639, + "y": 0.6592 + }, + { + "x": 0.6297, + "y": 0.6592 + }, + { + "x": 0.6297, + "y": 0.6927 + }, + { + "x": 0.1639, + "y": 0.6927 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
81
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\"◀
\n

An overview of each actor's role in this ecosystem is described below.

\n

Publishers

\n

Publishers work to \"make public\" scholarly work in the form of textbooks, journals, and
monographs, and represent a wide range of publishing approaches, business models,
budgets, and institutional affiliations. With our focus on monographs, the two most
significant groups are large commercial publishers and university presses. These publish
the vast majority of monographs in circulation, although in recent years, smaller open
access publishers have also begun to emerge.

\n

The role of publishers includes (among other things):

\n

· acquisitions and list curation
editorial work and coordinating peer review
· design and production (for various formats, typically: print, digital PDF, and EPUB)
distribution and marketing of finished products into various channels (libraries,
aggregators, stores) where readers can access books

\n
6 I The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem
", + "markdown": "◀ - READERS\nPUBLISHERS\nAGGREGATORS\nLIBRARIANS\n\nAn overview of each actor's role in this ecosystem is described below.\n\nPublishers\n\nPublishers work to \"make public\" scholarly work in the form of textbooks, journals, and\nmonographs, and represent a wide range of publishing approaches, business models,\nbudgets, and institutional affiliations. With our focus on monographs, the two most\nsignificant groups are large commercial publishers and university presses. These publish\nthe vast majority of monographs in circulation, although in recent years, smaller open\naccess publishers have also begun to emerge.\n\nThe role of publishers includes (among other things):\n\n- · acquisitions and list curation\n- editorial work and coordinating peer review\n- · design and production (for various formats, typically: print, digital PDF, and EPUB)\n- distribution and marketing of finished products into various channels (libraries,\n- aggregators, stores) where readers can access books\n\n\n6 I The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem", + "text": "◀ - READERS\nPUBLISHERS\nAGGREGATORS\nLIBRARIANS\nAn overview of each actor's role in this ecosystem is described below.\nPublishers\nPublishers work to \"make public\" scholarly work in the form of textbooks, journals, and\nmonographs, and represent a wide range of publishing approaches, business models,\nbudgets, and institutional affiliations. With our focus on monographs, the two most\nsignificant groups are large commercial publishers and university presses. These publish\nthe vast majority of monographs in circulation, although in recent years, smaller open\naccess publishers have also begun to emerge.\nThe role of publishers includes (among other things):\n· acquisitions and list curation\neditorial work and coordinating peer review\n· design and production (for various formats, typically: print, digital PDF, and EPUB)\ndistribution and marketing of finished products into various channels (libraries,\naggregators, stores) where readers can access books\n6 I The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"◀
", + "markdown": "◀ - READERS\nPUBLISHERS\nAGGREGATORS\nLIBRARIANS", + "text": "◀ - READERS\nPUBLISHERS\nAGGREGATORS\nLIBRARIANS" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1102, + "y": 0.0988 + }, + { + "x": 0.8835, + "y": 0.0988 + }, + { + "x": 0.8835, + "y": 0.3672 + }, + { + "x": 0.1102, + "y": 0.3672 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

An overview of each actor's role in this ecosystem is described below.

", + "markdown": "An overview of each actor's role in this ecosystem is described below.", + "text": "An overview of each actor's role in this ecosystem is described below." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0827, + "y": 0.4526 + }, + { + "x": 0.7387, + "y": 0.4526 + }, + { + "x": 0.7387, + "y": 0.4729 + }, + { + "x": 0.0827, + "y": 0.4729 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Publishers

", + "markdown": "Publishers", + "text": "Publishers" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0857, + "y": 0.5242 + }, + { + "x": 0.2465, + "y": 0.5242 + }, + { + "x": 0.2465, + "y": 0.5488 + }, + { + "x": 0.0857, + "y": 0.5488 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Publishers work to \"make public\" scholarly work in the form of textbooks, journals, and
monographs, and represent a wide range of publishing approaches, business models,
budgets, and institutional affiliations. With our focus on monographs, the two most
significant groups are large commercial publishers and university presses. These publish
the vast majority of monographs in circulation, although in recent years, smaller open
access publishers have also begun to emerge.

", + "markdown": "Publishers work to \"make public\" scholarly work in the form of textbooks, journals, and\nmonographs, and represent a wide range of publishing approaches, business models,\nbudgets, and institutional affiliations. With our focus on monographs, the two most\nsignificant groups are large commercial publishers and university presses. These publish\nthe vast majority of monographs in circulation, although in recent years, smaller open\naccess publishers have also begun to emerge.", + "text": "Publishers work to \"make public\" scholarly work in the form of textbooks, journals, and\nmonographs, and represent a wide range of publishing approaches, business models,\nbudgets, and institutional affiliations. With our focus on monographs, the two most\nsignificant groups are large commercial publishers and university presses. These publish\nthe vast majority of monographs in circulation, although in recent years, smaller open\naccess publishers have also begun to emerge." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0838, + "y": 0.5846 + }, + { + "x": 0.9186, + "y": 0.5846 + }, + { + "x": 0.9186, + "y": 0.713 + }, + { + "x": 0.0838, + "y": 0.713 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

The role of publishers includes (among other things):

", + "markdown": "The role of publishers includes (among other things):", + "text": "The role of publishers includes (among other things):" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0838, + "y": 0.7294 + }, + { + "x": 0.5877, + "y": 0.7294 + }, + { + "x": 0.5877, + "y": 0.7504 + }, + { + "x": 0.0838, + "y": 0.7504 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "list", + "content": { + "html": "

· acquisitions and list curation
editorial work and coordinating peer review
· design and production (for various formats, typically: print, digital PDF, and EPUB)
distribution and marketing of finished products into various channels (libraries,
aggregators, stores) where readers can access books

", + "markdown": "- · acquisitions and list curation\n- editorial work and coordinating peer review\n- · design and production (for various formats, typically: print, digital PDF, and EPUB)\n- distribution and marketing of finished products into various channels (libraries,\n- aggregators, stores) where readers can access books\n", + "text": "· acquisitions and list curation\neditorial work and coordinating peer review\n· design and production (for various formats, typically: print, digital PDF, and EPUB)\ndistribution and marketing of finished products into various channels (libraries,\naggregators, stores) where readers can access books" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1025, + "y": 0.7738 + }, + { + "x": 0.8966, + "y": 0.7738 + }, + { + "x": 0.8966, + "y": 0.8794 + }, + { + "x": 0.1025, + "y": 0.8794 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
6 I The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem
", + "markdown": "6 I The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem", + "text": "6 I The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.0843, + "y": 0.9352 + }, + { + "x": 0.3516, + "y": 0.9352 + }, + { + "x": 0.3516, + "y": 0.9506 + }, + { + "x": 0.0843, + "y": 0.9506 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000174.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

Tycho Brahe's Observatory

\n

Three years after the publication of Copernicus' De Revolutionibus,
Tycho Brahe was born to a family of Danish nobility. He developed
an early interest in astronomy and, as a young man, made significant
astronomical observations. Among these was a careful study of what
we now know was an exploding star that flared up to great brilliance
in the night sky. His growing reputation gained him the patronage of
the Danish King Frederick II, and at the age of 30, Brahe was able to
establish a fine astronomical observatory on the North Sea island of
Hven (Figure1). Brahe was the last and greatest of the pre-telescopic
observers in Europe.

\n\n
\"JOANNiS
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) and Johannes Kepler
(1571-1630).
\n

(a)

\n

(b)

\n

Figure 1. (a) A stylized engraving shows Tycho Brahe using his
instruments to measure the altitude of celestial objects above the
horizon. The large curved instrument in the foreground allowed

\n

Chapter 3 Orbits and Gravity Section 3.1: The Laws of Planetary
Motion / 99

", + "markdown": "# Tycho Brahe's Observatory\n\nThree years after the publication of Copernicus' De Revolutionibus,\nTycho Brahe was born to a family of Danish nobility. He developed\nan early interest in astronomy and, as a young man, made significant\nastronomical observations. Among these was a careful study of what\nwe now know was an exploding star that flared up to great brilliance\nin the night sky. His growing reputation gained him the patronage of\nthe Danish King Frederick II, and at the age of 30, Brahe was able to\nestablish a fine astronomical observatory on the North Sea island of\nHven (Figure1). Brahe was the last and greatest of the pre-telescopic\nobservers in Europe.\n\nTycho Brahe (1546-1601) and Johannes Kepler\n(1571-1630).\n\nJOANNiS KEPPLERI\nMathematica Carlatel\nhanc magrnem\nARCENTORADING BONEXTHICAL\nCC sker\nMATTHIAS BORNEGODYS\nPUNCOCIEVIL\n\n(a)\n\n(b)\n\nFigure 1. (a) A stylized engraving shows Tycho Brahe using his\ninstruments to measure the altitude of celestial objects above the\nhorizon. The large curved instrument in the foreground allowed\n\nChapter 3 Orbits and Gravity Section 3.1: The Laws of Planetary\nMotion / 99", + "text": "Tycho Brahe's Observatory\nThree years after the publication of Copernicus' De Revolutionibus,\nTycho Brahe was born to a family of Danish nobility. He developed\nan early interest in astronomy and, as a young man, made significant\nastronomical observations. Among these was a careful study of what\nwe now know was an exploding star that flared up to great brilliance\nin the night sky. His growing reputation gained him the patronage of\nthe Danish King Frederick II, and at the age of 30, Brahe was able to\nestablish a fine astronomical observatory on the North Sea island of\nHven (Figure1). Brahe was the last and greatest of the pre-telescopic\nobservers in Europe.\nTycho Brahe (1546-1601) and Johannes Kepler\n(1571-1630).\nJOANNiS KEPPLERI\nMathematica Carlatel\nhanc magrnem\nARCENTORADING BONEXTHICAL\nCC sker\nMATTHIAS BORNEGODYS\nPUNCOCIEVIL\n(a)\n(b)\nFigure 1. (a) A stylized engraving shows Tycho Brahe using his\ninstruments to measure the altitude of celestial objects above the\nhorizon. The large curved instrument in the foreground allowed\nChapter 3 Orbits and Gravity Section 3.1: The Laws of Planetary\nMotion / 99" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "heading1", + "content": { + "html": "

Tycho Brahe's Observatory

", + "markdown": "# Tycho Brahe's Observatory", + "text": "Tycho Brahe's Observatory" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1385, + "y": 0.0936 + }, + { + "x": 0.533, + "y": 0.0936 + }, + { + "x": 0.533, + "y": 0.1217 + }, + { + "x": 0.1385, + "y": 0.1217 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Three years after the publication of Copernicus' De Revolutionibus,
Tycho Brahe was born to a family of Danish nobility. He developed
an early interest in astronomy and, as a young man, made significant
astronomical observations. Among these was a careful study of what
we now know was an exploding star that flared up to great brilliance
in the night sky. His growing reputation gained him the patronage of
the Danish King Frederick II, and at the age of 30, Brahe was able to
establish a fine astronomical observatory on the North Sea island of
Hven (Figure1). Brahe was the last and greatest of the pre-telescopic
observers in Europe.

", + "markdown": "Three years after the publication of Copernicus' De Revolutionibus,\nTycho Brahe was born to a family of Danish nobility. He developed\nan early interest in astronomy and, as a young man, made significant\nastronomical observations. Among these was a careful study of what\nwe now know was an exploding star that flared up to great brilliance\nin the night sky. His growing reputation gained him the patronage of\nthe Danish King Frederick II, and at the age of 30, Brahe was able to\nestablish a fine astronomical observatory on the North Sea island of\nHven (Figure1). Brahe was the last and greatest of the pre-telescopic\nobservers in Europe.", + "text": "Three years after the publication of Copernicus' De Revolutionibus,\nTycho Brahe was born to a family of Danish nobility. He developed\nan early interest in astronomy and, as a young man, made significant\nastronomical observations. Among these was a careful study of what\nwe now know was an exploding star that flared up to great brilliance\nin the night sky. His growing reputation gained him the patronage of\nthe Danish King Frederick II, and at the age of 30, Brahe was able to\nestablish a fine astronomical observatory on the North Sea island of\nHven (Figure1). Brahe was the last and greatest of the pre-telescopic\nobservers in Europe." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1382, + "y": 0.156 + }, + { + "x": 0.8632, + "y": 0.156 + }, + { + "x": 0.8632, + "y": 0.3837 + }, + { + "x": 0.1382, + "y": 0.3837 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) and Johannes Kepler
(1571-1630).

", + "markdown": "Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) and Johannes Kepler\n(1571-1630).", + "text": "Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) and Johannes Kepler\n(1571-1630)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1726, + "y": 0.4352 + }, + { + "x": 0.8264, + "y": 0.4352 + }, + { + "x": 0.8264, + "y": 0.4918 + }, + { + "x": 0.1726, + "y": 0.4918 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "figure", + "content": { + "html": "
\"JOANNiS
", + "markdown": "JOANNiS KEPPLERI\nMathematica Carlatel\nhanc magrnem\nARCENTORADING BONEXTHICAL\nCC sker\nMATTHIAS BORNEGODYS\nPUNCOCIEVIL", + "text": "JOANNiS KEPPLERI\nMathematica Carlatel\nhanc magrnem\nARCENTORADING BONEXTHICAL\nCC sker\nMATTHIAS BORNEGODYS\nPUNCOCIEVIL" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1405, + "y": 0.5202 + }, + { + "x": 0.8624, + "y": 0.5202 + }, + { + "x": 0.8624, + "y": 0.8086 + }, + { + "x": 0.1405, + "y": 0.8086 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

(a)

", + "markdown": "(a)", + "text": "(a)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.3021, + "y": 0.807 + }, + { + "x": 0.3244, + "y": 0.807 + }, + { + "x": 0.3244, + "y": 0.8196 + }, + { + "x": 0.3021, + "y": 0.8196 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

(b)

", + "markdown": "(b)", + "text": "(b)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.6789, + "y": 0.8072 + }, + { + "x": 0.702, + "y": 0.8072 + }, + { + "x": 0.702, + "y": 0.8194 + }, + { + "x": 0.6789, + "y": 0.8194 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 1. (a) A stylized engraving shows Tycho Brahe using his
instruments to measure the altitude of celestial objects above the
horizon. The large curved instrument in the foreground allowed

", + "markdown": "Figure 1. (a) A stylized engraving shows Tycho Brahe using his\ninstruments to measure the altitude of celestial objects above the\nhorizon. The large curved instrument in the foreground allowed", + "text": "Figure 1. (a) A stylized engraving shows Tycho Brahe using his\ninstruments to measure the altitude of celestial objects above the\nhorizon. The large curved instrument in the foreground allowed" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1514, + "y": 0.8271 + }, + { + "x": 0.8507, + "y": 0.8271 + }, + { + "x": 0.8507, + "y": 0.8947 + }, + { + "x": 0.1514, + "y": 0.8947 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Chapter 3 Orbits and Gravity Section 3.1: The Laws of Planetary
Motion / 99

", + "markdown": "Chapter 3 Orbits and Gravity Section 3.1: The Laws of Planetary\nMotion / 99", + "text": "Chapter 3 Orbits and Gravity Section 3.1: The Laws of Planetary\nMotion / 99" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.2575, + "y": 0.914 + }, + { + "x": 0.8636, + "y": 0.914 + }, + { + "x": 0.8636, + "y": 0.9494 + }, + { + "x": 0.2575, + "y": 0.9494 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000075.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

2020 and 2021, and, for approximately half of AMS, working hours lost were
higher in 2021 compared to 2020 (Figure 1.3). The disruptions in global supply
chains because of travel and transport restrictions hit some AMS particularly
hard because of supply needs from other countries.

\n

Despite these tremendous job losses, many countries also experienced labour
shortages due to previously unprecedented demand for certain products,
such as rubber gloves in Malaysia and for fishery products in Thailand. The
return of migrant workers to their home countries contributed to significant
labour shortages (Lee and David, 2021; Sriring and Staporncharnchai, 2021).4
COVID-related movement restrictions caused many workers to withdraw
from the labour force (especially women) and labour force participation rates
declined in most countries.5 This was the case for Indonesia, Malaysia, the
Philippines, and Viet Nam (Figure 1.4). According to the ILO (2021c), female
employment in AMS in 2020 was 3.9 percent lower than the expected level,
which is markedly less than the 2.7 percent figure for male employment. 6
The impact of the pandemic on employment is evident in lower labour force
participation, lower working hours, and higher unemployment rates in most
countries (Figure 1.5).

\n\n
\"18\n16\n14\n12\n10\n8\n6\n4\n2\n0\nBrunei
Figure 1.3. Decline in weekly working hours compared to 2019 (percent)
\n

Source: ILO (2022a)

\n

4 There are of course long-standing reasons for the labour shortages in these sectors, which accounts for
their high reliance for migrant workers, including poor working conditions, that is prone to abuse, and lack
of attractiveness for local workers (Looi, 2020; Ng, 2020; ILO, 2015).
5 McKinsey Global Institute (2020) estimates that at the beginning of the pandemic, women accounted for
more than half of total job losses from COVID-19 though they made up only two-fifths of the global labour
force. This is because they are overrepresented in sectors hardest hit by the pandemic: accommodation
and food services; retail and wholesale trade; and other services, such as arts, recreation, and public
administration.
6 This is equivalent to saying there is greater increase in unemployment or inactivity for women compared
to men. According to the report, one reason is the increase in unpaid care responsibilities for women as
schools closed (ILO, 2021c).

\n
ASEAN Migration Outlook
\n
15
", + "markdown": "2020 and 2021, and, for approximately half of AMS, working hours lost were\nhigher in 2021 compared to 2020 (Figure 1.3). The disruptions in global supply\nchains because of travel and transport restrictions hit some AMS particularly\nhard because of supply needs from other countries.\n\nDespite these tremendous job losses, many countries also experienced labour\nshortages due to previously unprecedented demand for certain products,\nsuch as rubber gloves in Malaysia and for fishery products in Thailand. The\nreturn of migrant workers to their home countries contributed to significant\nlabour shortages (Lee and David, 2021; Sriring and Staporncharnchai, 2021).4\nCOVID-related movement restrictions caused many workers to withdraw\nfrom the labour force (especially women) and labour force participation rates\ndeclined in most countries.5 This was the case for Indonesia, Malaysia, the\nPhilippines, and Viet Nam (Figure 1.4). According to the ILO (2021c), female\nemployment in AMS in 2020 was 3.9 percent lower than the expected level,\nwhich is markedly less than the 2.7 percent figure for male employment. 6\nThe impact of the pandemic on employment is evident in lower labour force\nparticipation, lower working hours, and higher unemployment rates in most\ncountries (Figure 1.5).\n\nFigure 1.3. Decline in weekly working hours compared to 2019 (percent)\n\n18\n16\n14\n12\n10\n8\n6\n4\n2\n0\nBrunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam\nDarussalam\n2020 2021\n\nSource: ILO (2022a)\n\n4 There are of course long-standing reasons for the labour shortages in these sectors, which accounts for\ntheir high reliance for migrant workers, including poor working conditions, that is prone to abuse, and lack\nof attractiveness for local workers (Looi, 2020; Ng, 2020; ILO, 2015).\n5 McKinsey Global Institute (2020) estimates that at the beginning of the pandemic, women accounted for\nmore than half of total job losses from COVID-19 though they made up only two-fifths of the global labour\nforce. This is because they are overrepresented in sectors hardest hit by the pandemic: accommodation\nand food services; retail and wholesale trade; and other services, such as arts, recreation, and public\nadministration.\n6 This is equivalent to saying there is greater increase in unemployment or inactivity for women compared\nto men. According to the report, one reason is the increase in unpaid care responsibilities for women as\nschools closed (ILO, 2021c).\n\nASEAN Migration Outlook\n\n15", + "text": "2020 and 2021, and, for approximately half of AMS, working hours lost were\nhigher in 2021 compared to 2020 (Figure 1.3). The disruptions in global supply\nchains because of travel and transport restrictions hit some AMS particularly\nhard because of supply needs from other countries.\nDespite these tremendous job losses, many countries also experienced labour\nshortages due to previously unprecedented demand for certain products,\nsuch as rubber gloves in Malaysia and for fishery products in Thailand. The\nreturn of migrant workers to their home countries contributed to significant\nlabour shortages (Lee and David, 2021; Sriring and Staporncharnchai, 2021).4\nCOVID-related movement restrictions caused many workers to withdraw\nfrom the labour force (especially women) and labour force participation rates\ndeclined in most countries.5 This was the case for Indonesia, Malaysia, the\nPhilippines, and Viet Nam (Figure 1.4). According to the ILO (2021c), female\nemployment in AMS in 2020 was 3.9 percent lower than the expected level,\nwhich is markedly less than the 2.7 percent figure for male employment. 6\nThe impact of the pandemic on employment is evident in lower labour force\nparticipation, lower working hours, and higher unemployment rates in most\ncountries (Figure 1.5).\nFigure 1.3. Decline in weekly working hours compared to 2019 (percent)\n18\n16\n14\n12\n10\n8\n6\n4\n2\n0\nBrunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam\nDarussalam\n2020 2021\nSource: ILO (2022a)\n4 There are of course long-standing reasons for the labour shortages in these sectors, which accounts for\ntheir high reliance for migrant workers, including poor working conditions, that is prone to abuse, and lack\nof attractiveness for local workers (Looi, 2020; Ng, 2020; ILO, 2015).\n5 McKinsey Global Institute (2020) estimates that at the beginning of the pandemic, women accounted for\nmore than half of total job losses from COVID-19 though they made up only two-fifths of the global labour\nforce. This is because they are overrepresented in sectors hardest hit by the pandemic: accommodation\nand food services; retail and wholesale trade; and other services, such as arts, recreation, and public\nadministration.\n6 This is equivalent to saying there is greater increase in unemployment or inactivity for women compared\nto men. According to the report, one reason is the increase in unpaid care responsibilities for women as\nschools closed (ILO, 2021c).\nASEAN Migration Outlook\n15" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

2020 and 2021, and, for approximately half of AMS, working hours lost were
higher in 2021 compared to 2020 (Figure 1.3). The disruptions in global supply
chains because of travel and transport restrictions hit some AMS particularly
hard because of supply needs from other countries.

", + "markdown": "2020 and 2021, and, for approximately half of AMS, working hours lost were\nhigher in 2021 compared to 2020 (Figure 1.3). The disruptions in global supply\nchains because of travel and transport restrictions hit some AMS particularly\nhard because of supply needs from other countries.", + "text": "2020 and 2021, and, for approximately half of AMS, working hours lost were\nhigher in 2021 compared to 2020 (Figure 1.3). The disruptions in global supply\nchains because of travel and transport restrictions hit some AMS particularly\nhard because of supply needs from other countries." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.185, + "y": 0.0813 + }, + { + "x": 0.8846, + "y": 0.0813 + }, + { + "x": 0.8846, + "y": 0.1514 + }, + { + "x": 0.185, + "y": 0.1514 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Despite these tremendous job losses, many countries also experienced labour
shortages due to previously unprecedented demand for certain products,
such as rubber gloves in Malaysia and for fishery products in Thailand. The
return of migrant workers to their home countries contributed to significant
labour shortages (Lee and David, 2021; Sriring and Staporncharnchai, 2021).4
COVID-related movement restrictions caused many workers to withdraw
from the labour force (especially women) and labour force participation rates
declined in most countries.5 This was the case for Indonesia, Malaysia, the
Philippines, and Viet Nam (Figure 1.4). According to the ILO (2021c), female
employment in AMS in 2020 was 3.9 percent lower than the expected level,
which is markedly less than the 2.7 percent figure for male employment. 6
The impact of the pandemic on employment is evident in lower labour force
participation, lower working hours, and higher unemployment rates in most
countries (Figure 1.5).

", + "markdown": "Despite these tremendous job losses, many countries also experienced labour\nshortages due to previously unprecedented demand for certain products,\nsuch as rubber gloves in Malaysia and for fishery products in Thailand. The\nreturn of migrant workers to their home countries contributed to significant\nlabour shortages (Lee and David, 2021; Sriring and Staporncharnchai, 2021).4\nCOVID-related movement restrictions caused many workers to withdraw\nfrom the labour force (especially women) and labour force participation rates\ndeclined in most countries.5 This was the case for Indonesia, Malaysia, the\nPhilippines, and Viet Nam (Figure 1.4). According to the ILO (2021c), female\nemployment in AMS in 2020 was 3.9 percent lower than the expected level,\nwhich is markedly less than the 2.7 percent figure for male employment. 6\nThe impact of the pandemic on employment is evident in lower labour force\nparticipation, lower working hours, and higher unemployment rates in most\ncountries (Figure 1.5).", + "text": "Despite these tremendous job losses, many countries also experienced labour\nshortages due to previously unprecedented demand for certain products,\nsuch as rubber gloves in Malaysia and for fishery products in Thailand. The\nreturn of migrant workers to their home countries contributed to significant\nlabour shortages (Lee and David, 2021; Sriring and Staporncharnchai, 2021).4\nCOVID-related movement restrictions caused many workers to withdraw\nfrom the labour force (especially women) and labour force participation rates\ndeclined in most countries.5 This was the case for Indonesia, Malaysia, the\nPhilippines, and Viet Nam (Figure 1.4). According to the ILO (2021c), female\nemployment in AMS in 2020 was 3.9 percent lower than the expected level,\nwhich is markedly less than the 2.7 percent figure for male employment. 6\nThe impact of the pandemic on employment is evident in lower labour force\nparticipation, lower working hours, and higher unemployment rates in most\ncountries (Figure 1.5)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1872, + "y": 0.1644 + }, + { + "x": 0.8857, + "y": 0.1644 + }, + { + "x": 0.8857, + "y": 0.4033 + }, + { + "x": 0.1872, + "y": 0.4033 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Figure 1.3. Decline in weekly working hours compared to 2019 (percent)

", + "markdown": "Figure 1.3. Decline in weekly working hours compared to 2019 (percent)", + "text": "Figure 1.3. Decline in weekly working hours compared to 2019 (percent)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1859, + "y": 0.417 + }, + { + "x": 0.853, + "y": 0.417 + }, + { + "x": 0.853, + "y": 0.4368 + }, + { + "x": 0.1859, + "y": 0.4368 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "chart", + "content": { + "html": "
\"18\n16\n14\n12\n10\n8\n6\n4\n2\n0\nBrunei
", + "markdown": "18\n16\n14\n12\n10\n8\n6\n4\n2\n0\nBrunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam\nDarussalam\n2020 2021", + "text": "18\n16\n14\n12\n10\n8\n6\n4\n2\n0\nBrunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam\nDarussalam\n2020 2021" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1809, + "y": 0.4415 + }, + { + "x": 0.8885, + "y": 0.4415 + }, + { + "x": 0.8885, + "y": 0.6996 + }, + { + "x": 0.1809, + "y": 0.6996 + } + ], + "id": 3, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

Source: ILO (2022a)

", + "markdown": "Source: ILO (2022a)", + "text": "Source: ILO (2022a)" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1864, + "y": 0.6944 + }, + { + "x": 0.3453, + "y": 0.6944 + }, + { + "x": 0.3453, + "y": 0.7096 + }, + { + "x": 0.1864, + "y": 0.7096 + } + ], + "id": 4, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footnote", + "content": { + "html": "

4 There are of course long-standing reasons for the labour shortages in these sectors, which accounts for
their high reliance for migrant workers, including poor working conditions, that is prone to abuse, and lack
of attractiveness for local workers (Looi, 2020; Ng, 2020; ILO, 2015).
5 McKinsey Global Institute (2020) estimates that at the beginning of the pandemic, women accounted for
more than half of total job losses from COVID-19 though they made up only two-fifths of the global labour
force. This is because they are overrepresented in sectors hardest hit by the pandemic: accommodation
and food services; retail and wholesale trade; and other services, such as arts, recreation, and public
administration.
6 This is equivalent to saying there is greater increase in unemployment or inactivity for women compared
to men. According to the report, one reason is the increase in unpaid care responsibilities for women as
schools closed (ILO, 2021c).

", + "markdown": "4 There are of course long-standing reasons for the labour shortages in these sectors, which accounts for\ntheir high reliance for migrant workers, including poor working conditions, that is prone to abuse, and lack\nof attractiveness for local workers (Looi, 2020; Ng, 2020; ILO, 2015).\n5 McKinsey Global Institute (2020) estimates that at the beginning of the pandemic, women accounted for\nmore than half of total job losses from COVID-19 though they made up only two-fifths of the global labour\nforce. This is because they are overrepresented in sectors hardest hit by the pandemic: accommodation\nand food services; retail and wholesale trade; and other services, such as arts, recreation, and public\nadministration.\n6 This is equivalent to saying there is greater increase in unemployment or inactivity for women compared\nto men. According to the report, one reason is the increase in unpaid care responsibilities for women as\nschools closed (ILO, 2021c).", + "text": "4 There are of course long-standing reasons for the labour shortages in these sectors, which accounts for\ntheir high reliance for migrant workers, including poor working conditions, that is prone to abuse, and lack\nof attractiveness for local workers (Looi, 2020; Ng, 2020; ILO, 2015).\n5 McKinsey Global Institute (2020) estimates that at the beginning of the pandemic, women accounted for\nmore than half of total job losses from COVID-19 though they made up only two-fifths of the global labour\nforce. This is because they are overrepresented in sectors hardest hit by the pandemic: accommodation\nand food services; retail and wholesale trade; and other services, such as arts, recreation, and public\nadministration.\n6 This is equivalent to saying there is greater increase in unemployment or inactivity for women compared\nto men. According to the report, one reason is the increase in unpaid care responsibilities for women as\nschools closed (ILO, 2021c)." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1386, + "y": 0.7927 + }, + { + "x": 0.8849, + "y": 0.7927 + }, + { + "x": 0.8849, + "y": 0.9198 + }, + { + "x": 0.1386, + "y": 0.9198 + } + ], + "id": 5, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
ASEAN Migration Outlook
", + "markdown": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", + "text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1384, + "y": 0.9506 + }, + { + "x": 0.4273, + "y": 0.9506 + }, + { + "x": 0.4273, + "y": 0.9682 + }, + { + "x": 0.1384, + "y": 0.9682 + } + ], + "id": 6, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
15
", + "markdown": "15", + "text": "15" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.9276, + "y": 0.951 + }, + { + "x": 0.9547, + "y": 0.951 + }, + { + "x": 0.9547, + "y": 0.9669 + }, + { + "x": 0.9276, + "y": 0.9669 + } + ], + "id": 7, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + }, + "01030000000125.pdf": { + "api": "2.0", + "content": { + "html": "

ways. Review Figure 2.168 below, which is a line graph of the
percentage of Canadian VS. foreign television programmes
watched in New Brunswick from 2000 to 2004. Because of
the similar colours of the lines, it is difficult for the reader to
understand which line graph corresponds to which colour
from the legend.

\n

8. Statistics Canada. Table 22-10-0097-01 Television viewing time of all
television stations, by province, content and type of programme. Data
is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission
of Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/
10.25318/2210009701-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence:
https://www.statban.go.ca/en/refencelicence

\n
54 I Misleading Data Visualizations
", + "markdown": "ways. Review Figure 2.168 below, which is a line graph of the\npercentage of Canadian VS. foreign television programmes\nwatched in New Brunswick from 2000 to 2004. Because of\nthe similar colours of the lines, it is difficult for the reader to\nunderstand which line graph corresponds to which colour\nfrom the legend.\n\n8. Statistics Canada. Table 22-10-0097-01 Television viewing time of all\ntelevision stations, by province, content and type of programme. Data\nis reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission\nof Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/\n10.25318/2210009701-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence:\nhttps://www.statban.go.ca/en/refencelicence\n\n54 I Misleading Data Visualizations", + "text": "ways. Review Figure 2.168 below, which is a line graph of the\npercentage of Canadian VS. foreign television programmes\nwatched in New Brunswick from 2000 to 2004. Because of\nthe similar colours of the lines, it is difficult for the reader to\nunderstand which line graph corresponds to which colour\nfrom the legend.\n8. Statistics Canada. Table 22-10-0097-01 Television viewing time of all\ntelevision stations, by province, content and type of programme. Data\nis reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission\nof Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/\n10.25318/2210009701-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence:\nhttps://www.statban.go.ca/en/refencelicence\n54 I Misleading Data Visualizations" + }, + "elements": [ + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

ways. Review Figure 2.168 below, which is a line graph of the
percentage of Canadian VS. foreign television programmes
watched in New Brunswick from 2000 to 2004. Because of
the similar colours of the lines, it is difficult for the reader to
understand which line graph corresponds to which colour
from the legend.

", + "markdown": "ways. Review Figure 2.168 below, which is a line graph of the\npercentage of Canadian VS. foreign television programmes\nwatched in New Brunswick from 2000 to 2004. Because of\nthe similar colours of the lines, it is difficult for the reader to\nunderstand which line graph corresponds to which colour\nfrom the legend.", + "text": "ways. Review Figure 2.168 below, which is a line graph of the\npercentage of Canadian VS. foreign television programmes\nwatched in New Brunswick from 2000 to 2004. Because of\nthe similar colours of the lines, it is difficult for the reader to\nunderstand which line graph corresponds to which colour\nfrom the legend." + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1377, + "y": 0.0935 + }, + { + "x": 0.8637, + "y": 0.0935 + }, + { + "x": 0.8637, + "y": 0.229 + }, + { + "x": 0.1377, + "y": 0.229 + } + ], + "id": 0, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "paragraph", + "content": { + "html": "

8. Statistics Canada. Table 22-10-0097-01 Television viewing time of all
television stations, by province, content and type of programme. Data
is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission
of Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/
10.25318/2210009701-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence:
https://www.statban.go.ca/en/refencelicence

", + "markdown": "8. Statistics Canada. Table 22-10-0097-01 Television viewing time of all\ntelevision stations, by province, content and type of programme. Data\nis reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission\nof Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/\n10.25318/2210009701-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence:\nhttps://www.statban.go.ca/en/refencelicence", + "text": "8. Statistics Canada. Table 22-10-0097-01 Television viewing time of all\ntelevision stations, by province, content and type of programme. Data\nis reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission\nof Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/\n10.25318/2210009701-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence:\nhttps://www.statban.go.ca/en/refencelicence" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1117, + "y": 0.7876 + }, + { + "x": 0.8586, + "y": 0.7876 + }, + { + "x": 0.8586, + "y": 0.9074 + }, + { + "x": 0.1117, + "y": 0.9074 + } + ], + "id": 1, + "page": 1 + }, + { + "category": "footer", + "content": { + "html": "
54 I Misleading Data Visualizations
", + "markdown": "54 I Misleading Data Visualizations", + "text": "54 I Misleading Data Visualizations" + }, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x": 0.1363, + "y": 0.9316 + }, + { + "x": 0.5073, + "y": 0.9316 + }, + { + "x": 0.5073, + "y": 0.9508 + }, + { + "x": 0.1363, + "y": 0.9508 + } + ], + "id": 2, + "page": 1 + } + ], + "model": "document-parse-240910", + "usage": { + "pages": 1 + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/evaluate.py b/evaluate.py index cb05eff39233595eab80559308b052ab6ccfff1b..ef7b2455418aae17624c67f9fc80d9fd2b46a478 100644 --- a/evaluate.py +++ b/evaluate.py @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from src.table_evaluation import evaluate_table def parse_args(): parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Arguments for evaluation") parser.add_argument( - "--label_path", + "--ref_path", type=str, required=True, help="Path to the ground truth file" ) @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ def main(): print(f" {k}: {v}") print("-" * 50) - label_data = read_file(args.label_path) + label_data = read_file(args.ref_path) pred_data = read_file(args.pred_path) check_data_validity(label_data, pred_data) diff --git a/scripts/infer_aws.py b/scripts/infer_aws.py index a07a5fa8f8bbc62c3b2754e17513f1e7aaa2f9a1..eae8ba89455870fb832872215258a8c5c6c00394 100644 --- a/scripts/infer_aws.py +++ b/scripts/infer_aws.py @@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__": ) args.add_argument( "--input_formats", - type=str, default=[ + type=list, default=[ ".pdf", ".jpg", ".jpeg", ".png", ".bmp", ".tiff", ".heic" ], help="Supported input file formats" diff --git a/scripts/infer_google.py b/scripts/infer_google.py index 3664908669a57b5ae5463a64e6ab38f5df47b137..df200fbb68e3ea93833c47c1d3f05d08a4dac398 100644 --- a/scripts/infer_google.py +++ b/scripts/infer_google.py @@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__": ) args.add_argument( "--input_formats", - type=str, default=[ + type=list, default=[ ".pdf", ".jpg", ".jpeg", ".png", ".bmp", ".tiff", ".heic" ], help="Supported input file formats" diff --git a/scripts/infer_llamaparse.py b/scripts/infer_llamaparse.py index 4823d8590a0955fb48099126f3f260dd980f731b..c536463b9bc014e60b9c9526103209f1e4dfd27d 100644 --- a/scripts/infer_llamaparse.py +++ b/scripts/infer_llamaparse.py @@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__": ) args.add_argument( "--input_formats", - type=str, default=[ + type=list, default=[ ".pdf", ".jpg", ".jpeg", ".png", ".bmp", ".tiff", ".heic" ], help="Supported input file formats" diff --git a/scripts/infer_microsoft.py b/scripts/infer_microsoft.py index 2181970726767241a227427867e5b34ab9554028..0976fbdd5ba52aad332c750fc22f6f7f621385f6 100644 --- a/scripts/infer_microsoft.py +++ b/scripts/infer_microsoft.py @@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__": ) args.add_argument( "--input_formats", - type=str, default=[ + type=list, default=[ ".pdf", ".jpg", ".jpeg", ".png", ".bmp", ".tiff", ".heic" ], help="Supported input file formats" diff --git a/scripts/infer_unstructured.py b/scripts/infer_unstructured.py index ddc1916af390b8e5192fd7b70fab53aa3075cc0b..9619453be720d1d5d1ed730f51c881ff6fc5773c 100644 --- a/scripts/infer_unstructured.py +++ b/scripts/infer_unstructured.py @@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__": ) args.add_argument( "--input_formats", - type=str, default=[ + type=list, default=[ ".pdf", ".jpg", ".jpeg", ".png", ".bmp", ".tiff", ".heic" ], help="Supported input file formats" diff --git a/scripts/infer_upstage.py b/scripts/infer_upstage.py index 010ad8e295e56c69f08620fc5c668c6271b6868c..0fafd3cd792e30dc1ddd2a0705e4a8302545fff7 100644 --- a/scripts/infer_upstage.py +++ b/scripts/infer_upstage.py @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class UpstageInference: def __init__( self, save_path, - input_formats=[".pdf", ".jpg", ".jpeg", ".png", ".bmp", ".tiff", ".heic"] + input_formats=[".pdf", ".jpg", ".jpeg", ".png", ".bmp", ".tiff", ".heic"], output_formats=["text", "html", "markdown"], model_name="document-parse-240910", ): @@ -114,14 +114,14 @@ if __name__ == "__main__": ) args.add_argument( "--input_formats", - type=str, default=[ + type=list, default=[ ".pdf", ".jpg", ".jpeg", ".png", ".bmp", ".tiff", ".heic" ], help="Supported input file formats" ) args.add_argument( "--output_formats", - type=str, default=["text", "html", "markdown"], + type=list, default=["text", "html", "markdown"], help="Output formats supported by the API" ) args = args.parse_args() diff --git a/src/table_evaluation.py b/src/table_evaluation.py index 0183562f68272a7fd710f46e737760f8e1e1bb88..523cafac8a22924e4168d1b27630cc0a3c307d80 100644 --- a/src/table_evaluation.py +++ b/src/table_evaluation.py @@ -5,10 +5,9 @@ The code is available at: https://github.com/ibm-aur-nlp/PubTabNet. A slight modification has been added to the code to improve the evaluation process. """ +import re import distance -from bs4 import BeautifulSoup - from lxml import etree, html from collections import deque from apted.helpers import Tree @@ -135,30 +134,17 @@ class TEDSEvaluator(object): return 0.0 -def remove_table_tags(html_text : str) -> str: - """Remove the tags from the html text. - - Args: - html_text (str): The html text to remove the
tags from. - Returns: - str: The html text without the
tags. - """ - if "
" not in html_text: - return html_text - - soup = BeautifulSoup(html_text, 'html.parser') +def get_table_contents(text): + # Regular expression to capture content within
and
tags + table_contents = re.findall(r']*?>(.*?)', text, flags=re.DOTALL) - # Get contents of the tag - table_contents = '' - for tag in soup.table.find_all(recursive=False): - table_contents += str(tag) + if len(table_contents) == 0: + table_contents = [text] return table_contents -def extract_tables( - data : dict, is_pred_data : bool = False -) -> str: +def extract_tables(data : dict) -> str: """Extract tables from the dictionary data. Args: @@ -172,12 +158,11 @@ def extract_tables( html = '' for elem in data['elements']: if elem['category'].lower() == 'table': - if is_pred_data: - table_html = remove_table_tags(elem['content']['html']) - else: - table_html = elem['content']['html'] + table_html_elements = get_table_contents(elem['content']['html']) + + for table_html in table_html_elements: + html += f'{table_html}
' - html += f'{table_html}
' html += '' return html @@ -216,7 +201,7 @@ def prepare_table_dataset(gt_data, pred_data): pred_elem = pred_data.get(image_key) gt_tables = extract_tables(gt_elem) - pred_tables = extract_tables(pred_elem, is_pred_data=True) + pred_tables = extract_tables(pred_elem) if not has_table_content(gt_tables): continue diff --git a/src/utils.py b/src/utils.py index 2a945df4c38f17b02f38bd832d4a5d8663af6f47..c9b7664f650f2f45849644d4a846e935f5e630b7 100644 --- a/src/utils.py +++ b/src/utils.py @@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ def check_dataset_format(data: dict, image_key: str) -> None: """ if data[image_key].get("elements") is None: raise ValueError( - f"{image_key} does not have 'elements' key in the ground truth file. " + f"{image_key} does not have 'elements' key in the json file. " "Check if you are passing the correct data." )