The Misumalpan languages (also Misumalpa or Misuluan) are a small family of languages spoken by indigenous peoples on the east coast of Nicaragua and nearby areas. The name "Misumalpan" was devised by John Alden Mason and is composed of syllables from the names of the family's three members Miskito, Sumo languages and Matagalpan. It was first recognized by Walter Lehmann in 1920. While all the languages of the Matagalpan branch are now extinct, the Miskito and Sumu languages are alive and well: Miskito has almost 200,000 speakers and serves as a second language for speakers of other indigenous languages in the Mosquito Coast. According to Hale, most speakers of Sumu also speak Miskito.

External relations
Kaufman (1990) finds a connection with Macro-Chibchan to be "convincing", but Misumalpan specialist Ken Hale considered a possible connection between Chibchan and Misumalpan to be "too distant to establish".

Classification
 Miskito – nearly 200,000 speakers, mainly in the North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region of Nicaragua, but including some in Honduras.
 Sumalpan languages:
 Sumo languages – some 8,000 speakers along the Huaspuc River and its tributaries, most in Nicaragua but some in Honduras.  Many of them have shifted to Miskito.
 Mayangna - dominant variety of the Sumo family
 Ulwa
 Matagalpan
 Cacaopera † – formerly spoken in the Morazán department of El Salvador; and
 Matagalpa  † – formerly spoken in the central highlands of Nicaragua and the El Paraíso department of Honduras

Miskito became the dominant language of the Mosquito Coast from the late 17th century on, as a result of the people's alliance with the British Empire, which colonized the area. In northeastern Nicaragua, it continues to be adopted by former speakers of Sumo.  Its sociolinguistic status is lower than that of the English-based creole of the southeast, and in that region, Miskito seems to be losing ground.  Sumo is endangered in most areas where it is found, although some evidence suggests that it was dominant in the region before the ascendancy of Miskito.  The Matagalpan languages are long since extinct, and not very well documented.

All Misumalpan languages share the same phonology, apart from phonotactics.  The consonants are p, b, t, d, k, s, h, w, y, and voiced and voiceless versions of m, n, ng, l, r; the vowels are short and long versions of a, i, u.

Loukotka (1968)
Below is a full list of Misumalpan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.

Mosquito group
Mosquito / Miskito - language spoken on the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua and Honduras, Central America. Dialects are:
Kâbô - spoken on the Nicaraguan coast.
Baldam - spoken on the Sandy Bay and near Bimuna.
Tawira / Tauira / Tangwera - spoken on the Prinzapolca River.
Wanki - spoken on the Coco River and on the Cabo Gracias a Dios.
Mam / Cueta - spoken on the left bank of the Coco River, Honduras.
Chuchure - extinct dialect once spoken around Nombre de Dios, Panama. (Unattested.)
Ulua / Wulwa / Gaula / Oldwaw / Taulepa - spoken on the Ulúa River and Carca River, Nicaragua.
Sumu / Simou / Smus / Albauin - spoken on the Prinzapolca River, Nicaragua. Dialects are:
Bawihka - spoken on the Banbana River.
Tawihka / Táuaxka / Twaca / Taga - spoken between the Coco River and Prinzapolca River.
Panamaca - spoken between the Pispis River, Waspuc River, and Bocay River.
Cucra / Cockorack - spoken on the Escondido River and Siqui River.
Yosco - spoken on the Tuma River and Bocay River. (Unattested.)

Matagalpa group
Matagalpa / Chontal / Popoluca - extinct language once spoken from the Tumo River to the Olama River, Nicaragua.
Jinotega / Chingo - extinct language once spoken in the villages of Jinotega and Danlí, Nicaragua. (only several words.)
Cacaopera - spoken in the villages of Cacaopera and Lislique, El Salvador.

Proto-language
Below are Proto-Misumalpan reconstructions by Adolfo Constenla Umaña (1987):

Notes

Bibliography
Benedicto, Elena (2002), "Verbal Classifier Systems: The Exceptional Case of Mayangna Auxiliaries." In "Proceedings of WSCLA 7th". UBC Working Papers in Linguistics 10, pp. 1–14. Vancouver, British Columbia.
Benedicto, Elena & Kenneth Hale, (2000) "Mayangna, A Sumu Language: Its Variants and Its Status within Misumalpa", in E. Benedicto, ed., The UMOP Volume on Indigenous Languages, UMOP 20, pp. 75–106. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts.
 Colette Craig & Kenneth Hale, "A Possible Macro-Chibchan Etymon", Anthropological Linguistics Vol. 34, 1992.
 Constenla Umaña, Adolfo (1987) "Elementos de Fonología Comparada de las Lenguas Misumalpas," Revista de Filología y Lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica 13 (1), 129-161.
 Constenla Umaña A. (1998). "Acerca de la relación genealógica de las lenguas lencas y las lenguas misumalpas," Communication presented at the First Archeological Congress of Nicaragua (Managua, 20–21 July), to appear in 2002 in Revista de Filología y Lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica 28 (1).
  Hale, Ken.  "El causativo misumalpa (miskitu, sumu)", In Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca "Julio de Urquijo" 1996, 30:1-2.
  Hale, Ken (1991) "Misumalpan Verb Sequencing Constructions," in C. Lefebvre, ed., Serial Verbs: Grammatical, Comparative, and Cognitive Approaches, John Benjamins, Amsterdam.
Hale, Ken and Danilo Salamanca (2001) "Theoretical and Universal Implications of Certain Verbal Entries in Dictionaries of the Misumalpan Languages", in Frawley, Hill & Munro eds. Making Dictionaries: Preserving indigenous Languages of the Americas. University of California Press.
 Koontz-Garboden, Andrew.  (2009)  "Ulwa verb class morphology", In press in International Journal of American Linguistics 75.4.  Preprint here: http://ling.auf.net/lingBuzz/000639
 Ruth Rouvier, "Infixation and reduplication in Misumalpan: A reconstruction" (B.A., Berkeley, 2002)
 Phil Young and T. Givón. "The puzzle of Ngäbére auxiliaries: Grammatical reconstruction in Chibchan and Misumalpan", in William Croft, Suzanne Kemmer and Keith Denning, eds., Studies in Typology and Diachrony: Papers presented to Joseph H. Greenberg on his 75th birthday, Typological Studies in Language 20, John Benjamins 1990.

External links

 FDL bibliography (general, but search specific language names)
 Ulwa Language home page
 Ulwa Language Home Page bibliography
 Moskitia bibliography
 The Misumalpan Causative Construction – Ken Hale
 Theoretical and Universal Implications of Certain Verbal Entries in Dictionaries of the Misumalpan Languages – Ken Hale
 The Joy of Tawahka – David Margolin
 Matagalpa Indigena – some words of Matagalpan
 Andrew Koontz-Garboden's web page (with links to papers on Ulwa)

 
Language families
Mesoamerican languages
Indigenous languages of Central America
Macro-Chibchan languages
미수말파어족()은 니카라과 동해안과 인근 지역의 원주민 언어들이 이루는 작은 어족이다. ‘미수말파’는 존 올든 메이슨이 지은 이름이며, 미수말파어족의 세 갈래인 미스키토어, 수모어군, 마타갈파어군의 이름에서 따온 음절로 되어 있다. 1920년에 민속학자 발터 레만이 처음 발견하였다. 마타갈파어군에 속하는 언어들은 모두 사멸했지만 미스키토어와 수모어군은 살아 있다. 미스키토어는 화자 수가 약 20만 명에 달하며 모스키토 해안의 다른 원주민 언어 화자들도 제2언어로 사용한다. 케네스 헤일에 따르면 수모어군 언어 화자들은 대부분 미스키토어도 구사한다.

Kaufman (1990)은 미수말파어족이 확대 치브차어족에 속한다는 가설이 “설득력 있다”고 하지만, 미수말파어족 전문가인 케네스 헤일은 치브차어족과 미수말파어족 사이의 관계가 “증명하기에는 너무 멀다”고 여긴다.. 한편 최근의 연구(Jolkesky 2017:45-54)는 미수말파어족과 호크어족을 연결지을 증거를 찾았다고 주장한다.

분류 
 미스키토어 – 화자 약 200,000명, 주로 니카라과 북카리브 자치구에 분포하지만 온두라스에도 조금 분포.
 수말파어파:
 수모어군 – 화자 약 8,000명, 와스푹강과 그 지류를 따라 주로 니카라과에 분포하지만 온두라스에도 조금 분포. 상당수가 미스키토어로 언어 전이를 겪음.
 마양나어 - 수모어군의 주된 변이형
 울와어
 마타갈파어군
 카카오페라어 † – 과거에 엘살바도르 모라산주에서 쓰임
 마타갈파어 † – 과거에 니카라과 중앙 고지대와 온두라스 엘파라이소주에서 쓰임

미스키토족이 모스키토 해안을 식민화한 영국 제국과 연합한 결과로 미스키토어는 17세기 후반부터 모스키토 해안의 주된 언어가 되었다. 니카라과 동북부에서 미스키토어는 지금도 수모어군을 몰아내고 있다. 미스키토어의 사회언어학적 지위는 니카라과 동남부의 영어 기반 크리올보다 낮으며, 이 지역에서 미스키토어는 밀려나는 것으로 보인다. 수모어군은 쓰이는 지역 대부분에서 소멸 위기이다. 미스키토어가 부상하기 전까지는 해당 지역의 주된 언어였다는 증거도 있지만 말이다. 마타갈파어군은 오래전에 사멸했으며 기록이 많이 남아 있지 않다.

미수말파 언어의 음소 목록은 모두 같지만 음소배열론은 차이가 난다. 자음은 p, b, t, d, k, s, h, w, y, 그리고 m, n, ŋ, l, r과 그에 대응하는 무성 자음이다. 모음은 a, i, u의 장모음과 단모음이다.

각주

외부 링크 
 Ulwa Language home page
 The Misumalpan Causative Construction – 케네스 헤일
 Theoretical and Universal Implications of Certain Verbal Entries in Dictionaries of the Misumalpan Languages – 케네스 헤일
 The Joy of Tawahka – 데이비드 마골린
 Matagalpa Indigena – 마타갈파어 단어 목록
 Andrew Koontz-Garboden의 웹페이지 (울와어에 관한 논문 링크)

참고 문헌 
 Benedicto, Elena (2002), "Verbal Classifier Systems: The Exceptional Case of Mayangna Auxiliaries." In "Proceedings of WSCLA 7th". UBC Working Papers in Linguistics 10, pp. 1–14. Vancouver, British Columbia.
 Benedicto, Elena & Kenneth Hale, (2000) "Mayangna, A Sumu Language: Its Variants and Its Status within Misumalpa", in E. Benedicto, ed., The UMOP Volume on Indigenous Languages, UMOP 20, pp. 75–106. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts.
 Colette Craig & Kenneth Hale, "A Possible Macro-Chibchan Etymon", Anthropological Linguistics Vol. 34, 1992.
 Constenla Umaña, Adolfo (1987) "Elementos de Fonología Comparada de las Lenguas Misumalpas," Revista de Filología y Lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica 13 (1), 129-161.
 Constenla Umaña A. (1998). "Acerca de la relación genealógica de las lenguas lencas y las lenguas misumalpas," Communication presented at the First Archeological Congress of Nicaragua (Managua, 20–21 July), to appear in 2002 in Revista de Filología y Lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica 28 (1).
 Hale, Ken. "El causativo misumalpa (miskitu, sumu)", In Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca "Julio de Urquijo" 1996, 30:1-2.
 Hale, Ken (1991) "Misumalpan Verb Sequencing Constructions," in C. Lefebvre, ed., Serial Verbs: Grammatical, Comparative, and Cognitive Approaches, John Benjamins, Amsterdam.
 Hale, Ken and Danilo Salamanca (2001) "Theoretical and Universal Implications of Certain Verbal Entries in Dictionaries of the Misumalpan Languages", in Frawley, Hill & Munro eds. Making Dictionaries: Preserving indigenous Languages of the Americas. University of California Press.
 Jolkesky, Marcelo (2017) "On the South American Origins of Some Mesoamerican Civilizations". Leiden: Leiden University. Postdoctoral final report for the “MESANDLIN(G)K” project. Available here.
 Koontz-Garboden, Andrew. (2009) "Ulwa verb class morphology", In press in International Journal of American Linguistics 75.4. Preprint here: http://ling.auf.net/lingBuzz/000639
 Ruth Rouvier, "Infixation and reduplication in Misumalpan: A reconstruction" (B.A., Berkeley, 2002)
 Phil Young and T. Givón. "The puzzle of Ngäbére auxiliaries: Grammatical reconstruction in Chibchan and Misumalpan", in William Croft, Suzanne Kemmer and Keith Denning, eds., Studies in Typology and Diachrony: Papers presented to Joseph H. Greenberg on his 75th birthday, Typological Studies in Language 20, John Benjamins 1990.

외부 링크 
 FDL bibliography (general, but search specific language names)
 Ulwa Language Home Page bibliography
 Moskitia bibliography

 
아메리카 원주민의 언어
메소아메리카의 언어