Lü Fan (died 228), courtesy name Ziheng, was a Chinese military general and politician serving under the warlord Sun Quan during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He continued serving in the state of Eastern Wu during the early Three Kingdoms period.

Early life 
Lü Fan was from Xiyang County (), Runan Commandery (), which is around present-day Taihe County, Anhui. He married a woman from a certain Liu family. He started his career as a minor official under the warlord Yuan Shu. During this time, he met Sun Ce, a general under Yuan Shu, and became close friends with him. Since then, he had accompanied Sun Ce on the battles he fought under Yuan Shu's banner, and later in the battles that Sun Ce fought as a warlord in his own right.

It is said that Lü Fan recommended himself to Sun Ce through a game of weiqi – after Sun Ce made a bad opening move, Lü Fan capitalised on it and pointed out the mistake. Sun Ce was suitably impressed and offered Lü Fan a post. Rather than accept a high and lofty position, however, Lü Fan insisted upon remaining in a low one where he could more effectively manage troops. Sun Ce was further impressed and since then the two became inseparable. The game of weiqi in question, called the "Sun-Lü Game", is purported to be the first weiqi game to be recorded move for move, but many scholars doubt its authenticity. After this, Lü Fan was appointed as a Chief Controller.

Career under Sun Ce
At one point during the beginning of Sun Ce's career as a warlord, he sent Lü Fan to fetch his family from Guangling Commandery in Xu Province to his new base in Qu'e County. Tao Qian, the Governor of Xu Province, despised Sun Ce and wanted to have Lü Fan arrested as a spy and tortured, but some of his retainers freed Lü Fan and helped him escape from Guangling Commandery with Sun Ce's family. Sun Ce trusted Lü Fan so highly that he treated him like a member of the Sun family and even allowed Lü Fan to dine in the presence of his mother, Lady Wu.

Lü Fan was third only to Cheng Pu and Xu Kun in terms of merit, having followed Sun Ce in his conquests in the Jiangdong region from 194 to 199. His unit defeated and killed Yan Baihu's subordinate, Chen Mu. However, Lü Fan was concerned about the quality of Sun Ce's army. He feared that though their forces had grown, it comprised mostly untrained rabble with just a few veterans supporting them. Lü Fan believed that such an army could achieve limited success at best. As such, he requested that Sun Ce transfer him to his personal staff and make him the commander of his forces. At the time a marshal was simply a minor staff officer responsible for training and drilling the troops. As he saw that this was a demotion for Lü Fan, Sun Ce tried to talk Lü Fan out of it, but the latter insisted and managed to convince Sun Ce to agree to his request. Lü Fan thus took charge of training Sun Ce's troops. As Sun Ce was the supreme commander of the military forces in the Jiangdong region, Lü Fan's authority extended to the units under the command of Sun Ce's subordinates, effectively giving him control over the entire military administration in Jiangdong.

In 197, when Yuan Shu declared himself emperor – an act deemed treasonous against the figurehead Emperor Xian of the Han dynasty – Sun Ce broke ties with Yuan Shu and joined other warlords in a two-year-long campaign against the pretender. Chen Yu, who was sent by the warlord Cao Cao to assist Sun Ce in the campaign against Yuan Shu, secretly plotted to destroy Sun Ce from within. However, Sun Ce sensed Chen Yu's intentions and sent Lü Fan to deal with him. Lü Fan defeated Chen Yu in battle and forced him to retreat north.

Around 199, after defeating Yuan Shu's remnants, the minor warlord Liu Xun, as well as Huang Zu and Liu Biao at the Battle of Sha County, Sun Ce wrote a memorial to the Han central government to recommend Lü Fan to be the Administrator of Guiyang Commandery, among other things.

Career under Sun Quan
Following Sun Ce's death in the year 200, his younger brother Sun Quan succeeded him and took control over his territories and forces in the Jiangdong region. In 208, the warlord Cao Cao, who controlled the Han central government, led a massive army to attack his rivals, Liu Bei and Sun Quan, in southern China. Sun Quan heeded the advice of Zhou Yu and Lu Su, and decided to ally with Liu Bei against Cao Cao. Lü Fan participated in the Battle of Red Cliffs in the winter of 208–209 under Zhou Yu's command; the allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei defeated Cao Cao's larger army in this decisive battle. After the victory at Red Cliffs, Liu Bei visited Sun Quan at his capital. While he was there, Lu Fan secretly advised Sun Quan to have Liu Bei keep as an hostage however Sun Quan refused.

Lü Fan continued serving under Sun Quan after the end of the Eastern Han dynasty in 220. Although Sun Quan initially agreed to be a vassal king under the Cao Wei state (established by Cao Cao's successor Cao Pi), he broke ties with Cao Pi and declared independence in 222 as the ruler of his own Eastern Wu regime.

In 223, Lü Fan led the Wu forces during the Battle of Dongkou against Wei forces led by Cao Xiu and Zang Ba. The situation was highly unfavourable for Wu at the beginning: the Wu fleet came under heavy attack and much of the fleet was destroyed in a storm. To add on to their troubles, Sun Lang, a younger half-brother of Sun Quan, accidentally burnt down the Wu forces' supply of food and weaponry. However, due to the efforts of Lü Fan's subordinates Sun Shao and Xu Sheng, the Wu forces were able to stage a counterattack and barely win the battle.

After the Battle of Dongkou, Sun Quan appointed Lü Fan as the Governor of Yang Province. In 228, he further promoted Lü Fan to the position of Grand Marshal, but Lü Fan, who was already critically ill then, died of illness before assuming his new appointment. Sun Quan wept bitterly upon learning of Lü Fan's death and called his name repeatedly.

Appraisal 
Lü Fan as a man was friendly and possessed majestic apparence. Even the men put in charge of whole province such as Lu Xun (Eastern Wu) and Quan Cong would show great reverence toward him. At the time, his depense for his house and clothes were extravagant yet he was diligent and assiduous in his duties therefore Sun Quan was pleased by his merits and wasn't bothered by his excess.

Like his brother before him, Sun Quan highly trusted Lü Fan even though they previously had some disagreements – Sun Quan, being young and foolhardy, often embezzled official funds for his personal interests and expected Lü Fan to cover up for him. Lü Fan, however, remained honest and reported Sun Quan's behaviour to Sun Ce, causing Sun Quan to dislike him. Nevertheless, as Sun Quan grew older and became more mature, he started to see Lü Fan in a different light and admired his honesty.

Family
Lü Fan had at least two sons. The elder one, whose name is not recorded in history, died early. The younger one, Lü Ju, inherited his father's marquis title and rose through the ranks to become General of Agile Cavalry () during the reign of the second Wu emperor, Sun Liang.

See also
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

References

 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
 
 Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).

Year of birth unknown
228 deaths
Eastern Wu generals
Eastern Wu government officials
Generals from Anhui
Government officials under Sun Quan
Political office-holders in Jiangsu
Politicians from Fuyang
여범(呂範, ? ~ 228년)은 중국 후한 말, 삼국 시대 오나라의 대신으로, 자는 자형(子衡)이며 여남군 세양현(細陽縣) 사람이다.

행적

손책 휘하의 행적 
젊어서 군의 관리가 되었고, 용모와 자태가 빼어났다. 읍의 부자 유씨의 딸이 아름다웠는데, 여범은 유씨에게 청혼하여 승낙받았다. 후에 난리를 피해 수춘으로 옮겨왔으며, 수하 1백 명과 함께 당시 원술(袁術) 밑에 있던 손책(孫策)에게 들어갔다. 당시 손책의 어머니는 아직 강도에 있었는데, 손책은 여범을 보내 맞이하도록 했다. 그러나 서주목 도겸(陶謙)은 당시 원술과 사이가 틀어졌으며, 결국은 어찌되었든 원술의 사람인 여범이 들어오자 자신을 정탐하러 온 것으로 여기고 고문했으며, 여범의 식객들이 몰래 구출했다. 당시 여범과 손하(孫河)만이 손책을 수행하였으며, 고생 중에서도 어떤 상황에서든 피하지 않았다.

손책이 여강의 육강을 칠 때 따랐으며, 손책이 유요(劉繇)를 치러 나아가자, 유요의 수하로 당리구에 주둔한 장영(張英), 횡강에 주둔한 우미(于糜)를 무찔렀고, 소단양과 호숙을 함락시켜 호숙상을 겸임했다. 손책은 곡아와 말릉을 평정하여, 유요와 착융(笮融)의 잔여 세력을 흡수하고, 군사 2천 명과 말 50필을 여범에게 하사했다. 후에 완릉령을 겸임하고, 단양의 불복종자를 격파하여 도독으로 승진했다.

하비의 명족으로 진규(陳珪)와 일족인 진우(陳瑀)가 오군태수를 자칭하고 해서에 주둔하며, 엄백호(嚴白虎)와 내통했다. 여범은 서일과 함께 진우를 해서에서 쳐 대장 진목의 목을 베었다. 《강표전》에 따르면 진우의 관리, 병사, 처자 4천 명을 사로잡았다. 또 능양에서 조랑을, 용리에서 태사자(太史慈)를 칠 때에도 따랐다. 정로중랑장에 배령되었으며, 강하를 치고 돌아오는 길에 파양을 평정했다.

손권 휘하의 행적 
손책이 죽자 오에서 분상했으며, 손권(孫權)이 강하를 칠 때 장소(張昭)와 함께 남아서 지켰다. 주유(周瑜)와 함께 조조(曹操)를 적벽에서 무찔러, 비장군에 배령되었고 팽택태수를 겸했으며 팽택, 시상, 역양을 봉읍으로 받았다. 유비(劉備)가 손권을 찾아왔을 때, 유비를 구류해 둘 것을 진언했다. 《한진춘추》에 따르면 노숙(魯肅)은 여범의 의견을 반대하고, 오나라에서 형주를 다스리는 것이 어려우므로 형주를 유비에게 빌려 주어 도움으로 삼아야 한다고 주장했다. 손권은 여범의 의견을 듣지 않고 노숙의 주장을 좇았으나, 나중에 관우(關羽)를 칠 때 여범을 찾아가 그 진언을 받아들이지 않은 것을 후회했다. 후에 평남장군이 되어 시상에 주둔했다. 손권이 관우를 치고 돌아와 무창에 서울을 두자, 여범은 건위장군·완릉후·단양태수에 임명되었고, 치소를 건업(建業)에 두어 부주 이하 바다까지를 동독했고, 봉읍을 율양, 회안, 영국으로 바꾸었다.

황무 원년(222년) 가을 9월, 조비가 대대적으로 오나라를 침공하여 조휴(曹休), 장료(張遼), 장패(臧覇)에게 동구로 진격하게 하고, 조인(曹仁)에게는 유수로, 조진(曹眞), 하후상(夏侯尙), 장합(張郃), 서황(徐晃)에게는 강릉으로 나아가게 했다. 손권은 여범에게 서성(徐盛), 손소, 전종(全琮)을 지휘하여 동구에서 조휴 등을 막게 하고, 주환(朱桓)에게 조인을, 제갈근(諸葛瑾), 반장(潘璋), 양찬에게는 조진 등을 막게 했다. 여범은 전장군으로 승진했고, 가절을 받았다. 11월, 여범이 이끄는 군대는 큰 폭풍우를 만나 배가 뒤집혀 익사한 사람이 수천이었고, 이 틈에 위나라 군대의 공격을 받아 패퇴하여 장강 남쪽으로 회군했다. 조휴 등은 계속적으로 공격을 퍼부었으나, 서성, 전종 등이 활약하여 위군을 막아냈다. 양주목이 되었다.

황무 7년(228년), 대사마로 임명되었으나 인수를 받기도 전에 죽어 추증했다. 손권은 여범의 죽음을 매우 슬퍼했으며, 태뢰로 제사지냈다.

장남은 일찍 죽었으므로, 차남 여거(呂據)가 뒤를 이었다.

당초, 손책은 여범에게 회계 업무를 맡겼다. 손권이 법에 지나는 요구를 하면 여범은 이를 항상 손책에게 알렸으므로 손권은 여범을 원망했으나, 훗날 자신이 오나라를 총괄하게 된 후로는 여범이 충실하다 하여 신임했다.

인물·평가 
여범은 위의를 좋아하여, 육손(陸遜)과 같은 주민, 전종과 같은 귀공자라도 모두 여범을 공경하고 함부로 행하지 않았다. 비록 거처와 복식은 사치스러웠으나, 근면하고 법을 받들어, 손권은 그 충성을 기뻐하고 사치를 꾸짖지 않았다. 《강표전》에 따르면 여범과 하제는 사치하여 그 복식이 왕을 업신여기는 것이 있다고 하는 자가 있었으나, 손권은 이 말을 물리쳤다.

손권은 노숙을 등우에, 여범을 오한에 견주었다. 건업으로 수도를 옮기고 엄준(嚴畯)에게 자신이 그러한 평가를 하는 까닭을 일일이 설명해 주자, 손권이 이 둘을 지나치게 높이 평가하고 있다고 생각하던 엄준은 경복했다.

가계

관련 인물 
여거

생년 미상
228년 사망
동오의 정치인
동오의 장군
원술과 주변 인물
손씨 일가와 주변 인물