Ivan Mikhailovich Chistyakov (;  – 7 March 1979) was a Soviet Army colonel general and a Hero of the Soviet Union.

Chistyakov joined the Red Army during the Russian Civil War and rose from ordinary soldier to junior commander. He served in Dagestan during the 1920s and early 1930s before being transferred to the Soviet Far East, where he commanded a corps by the outbreak of Operation Barbarossa. Chistyakov was transferred to the Eastern Front in late 1941 and attained division and corps command during the Battle of Moscow. He commanded the 21st Army during the Battle of Stalingrad and continued to command it for the rest of the war as the 6th Guards Army. Chistyakov led the army in the Battle of Kursk and was made a Hero of the Soviet Union for his leadership of the army during Operation Bagration. After the end of the war in Europe, he was transferred to the Far East again to serve as the commander of the 25th Army, which occupied North Korea during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945. Postwar, Chistyakov held several army commands before finishing his career with the Ground Forces inspectorate in the 1960s.

Early life and Russian Civil War 
Chistyakov was born to a working-class family on 27 September 1900 in the village of Otrubnevo, Slavkovskoy volost, Kashinsky Uyezd, Tver Governorate. During the Russian Civil War, he joined the Red Army on 1 May 1918, serving as a Red Army man and junior commander in the 1st Tula Volunteer Regiment. With the regiment, Chistyakov fought in the suppression of an uprising in Yazkovskoy volost, Tula Governorate, and from November fought against the White forces of Anton Denikin and Pyotr Krasnov in Voronezh Governorate. Between April and July 1919 he was on leave due to illness before being appointed a Red Army man in the 11th Reserve Battalion at Saratov. Chistyakov studied at the Commanders' Machine Gun School at Saratov from December 1919; the school was transferred to Novocherkassk in March 1920. Upon graduation in June, Chistyakov was sent to the 1st Reserve Regiment of the Reserve Brigade in Rostov-on-Don.

Transferred to the 124th Rifle Regiment of the 14th Rifle Division in August, he successively served with the latter as an assistant platoon commander, platoon starshina, and platoon commander. With the regiment, he fought as part of the 9th Army in the North Caucasus. From November, the regiment fought in the suppression of the uprising of Najmuddin Gotsinsky in Dagestan, participating in heavy fighting near the aul of Aymaki and on the Botlikh direction.

Interwar period 
Chistyakov was assigned to accompany the staff of the Caucasian Front during the relocation of the latter from Rostov-on-Don to Tiflis in May 1921, then transferred to become a platoon commander with the 1st Dagestan Brigade, stationed in Temir-Khan-Shura, in late June. The brigade was subsequently reorganized as a regiment and became the 37th Rifle Regiment of the 13th Dagestan Rifle Division in July 1922. Chistyakov served with the latter for roughly fifteen years, as a platoon commander, head of the regimental machine gun detachment, machine gun company commander, machine gun battalion commander, and assistant to the regimental commander for personnel. During this period, he was repeatedly sent to various Commanders' Improvement Courses: between June and July 1922 the 13th Rifle Division commanders' refresher courses, the midlevel commanders' refresher department at the Vladikavkaz Infantry School from September 1924 to August 1925, machine gun training at the Kuskovo testing ground, and the Vystrel course between November 1929 and May 1930.

Chistyakov was promoted to major in 1935, before being sent to the Far East in August 1936 to serve as head of the 1st staff department of the 92nd Rifle Division of the Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army. He took command of the division's 275th Rifle Regiment in December 1936, a position made permanent in January 1938. He was promoted to colonel in 1938. After commanding the 105th Rifle Division of the 1st Separate Red Banner Army from June 1938, Chistyakov temporarily served as assistant commander of the army's 39th Rifle Corps from July 1939. He became head of the Vladivostok Infantry School in February 1940, then commanded the 39th Rifle Corps from March 1941. The latter transferred to the newly formed 25th Army in June.

World War II 
After Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, began in late June, Chistyakov remained in the Far East with the corps, covering the Soviet-Manchurian border in Primorye. Sent to the Western Front in November, he was appointed commander of the 64th Separate Rifle Brigade, transferring to command the 8th Guards Rifle Division in January 1942. On 17 January 1942 he was promoted to major general. Chistyakov led both units during the Battle of Moscow and in April 1942 took command of the 2nd Guards Rifle Corps, part of the Northwestern and then Kalinin Fronts. During the Toropets–Kholm Offensive, the corps advanced up to 200 kilometers in harsh winter conditions as part of the 3rd Shock Army. He was appointed commander of the 1st Guards Army of the Don Front in September, but quickly transferred to command the 21st Army in October.

Chistyakov led the 21st Army in the Battle of Stalingrad, and was promoted to lieutenant general on 18 January 1943. The army was converted into the 6th Guards Army for its actions in the battle; he commanded it for the rest of the war in Europe. In 1943 he led the army in the Battle of Kursk, the advance into Left-bank Ukraine, and the Battle of the Dnieper. On 28 June 1944 Chistyakov was promoted to colonel general. During Operation Bagration in June and early July, the army defeated the German forces near Nevel. For the "skillful command" of his army and showing "personal courage and heroism" in these operations, he was made a Hero of the Soviet Union on 22 July 1944. In the recapture of the Baltic states, Chistyakov led the army in the Šiauliai, Riga, and Memel Offensives during the rest of 1944, as well as the elimination of the Courland Pocket in early 1945.

After  the surrender of Germany, Chistyakov was sent to the Far East in June to command the 25th Army of the Maritime Group of Forces. During the Soviet invasion of Manchuria the army, as part of the 1st Far East Front, fought in the Harbin–Kirin Offensive. The units of the army broke through the Japanese border fortifications and captured Laoheishan and Hunchun on 11 August. On 12 August, in cooperation with naval infantry from the Pacific Fleet, the army captured Yuki and Rashin on the east coast of Korea. The army continued to advance, defeating the Japanese 3rd and 34th Armies and capturing Wangqing, Seishin, Ranan, Yanji, and other cities. In late August, the army relocated to the Pyongyang area.

Postwar 
After the end of the war, Chistyakov continued to command the 25th Army. He transferred to command the 5th Army in the Primorsky Military District during February 1947, and studied at Higher Academic Courses at the Voroshilov Higher Military Academy from 20 April 1948 to 1 April 1949. After commanding the 28th Army of the Belorussian Military District after his completion of the course, Chistyakov transferred to the Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany to command the 8th Guards Army in December 1953. He became first deputy commander of the Transcaucasian Military District in September 1954, and transferred to the Ground Forces Inspectorate of the Main Inspectorate of the Ministry of Defense as a general-inspector in July 1957. Chistyakov retired on 4 July 1968, and lived in Moscow until his death on 7 March 1979. He was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery.

Awards and honors 
Chistyakov received the following awards and decorations:

Hero of the Soviet Union
 Two Orders of Lenin
 Five Orders of the Red Banner
 Three Orders of Suvorov (Two 1st class, one 2nd class)
 Two Orders of Kutuzov, 1st class
Medals
Foreign orders and medals

He was a delegate to the second and fourth convocations of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.

References

Citations

Bibliography

1900 births
1979 deaths
People from Kashinsky District
People from Kashinsky Uyezd
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Second convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Fourth convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Soviet colonel generals
Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Heroes of the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 2nd class
Recipients of the Order of Kutuzov
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
이반 미하일로비치 치스차코프(, 1900년 9월 14일 ~ 1979년 3월 7일)는 소련의 군인으로, 1945년 8월 북조선을 점령한 소련 제25군의 사령관이었으며, 평양 소련군정의 최고 사령관이었다.

북한의 군정장관 

소련 제1극동전선군 산하 제25군은 소련의 대일전 개시와 함께 1945년 8월 9일 북한지역으로 침공해 들어온다. 1945년 8월 15일 일왕이 라디오로 무조건적인 태평양 전쟁 항복선언을 하였다. 8월말까지 소련 제25군은 북한 전역을 장악하고, 사령관인 이반 치스차코프 대장은 북한 소련군정의 명목상 최고 책임자가 된다. 8월 26일 비행기로 평양에 도착한 그는 일본군 평양사관구(平壤師管區) 사령관 다케시타 요시하루(竹下義晴) 중장을 숙소인 평양 철도호텔로 불러 항복을 받는다. 그 장소에는 조만식도 입회하였다. 같은 날 밤 후루카와 가네히데(古川兼秀) 평안남도 지사를 역시 철도호텔로 불러 행정권을 이관 받았다.

하지만 그는 야전군인이라 정치문제에는 직접 개입하지 않고, 소련군정을 실질적으로 총지휘한 사람은 연해주군관구 군사위원 테렌티 스티코프 상장이었다. 평양 현지에서는 25군 군사위원 니콜라이 레베데프 소장이 스티코프의 지시를 이행하는 책임자였다.

평양에 온 그가 발한 이른 바 치스차코프 포고문은 맥아더 포고령과 대비되어 오늘날 많은 논란이 벌어지고 있다. 하지만 치스차코프 포고문의 내용과는 달리 소련은 주민들의 의사와는 아무 관계없이 대중의 지지가 높은 조만식을 제거하고, 각종 정치공작을 통해 자신들이 88 국제여단에서 교육시킨 대리인 김일성을 지도자로 내세워 북한을 공산화시킨다는 확고한 정책을 강제로 밀고 나갔다.

이외에 소련군정 사령관으로서 치스차코프가 한 결정 중 가장 중요한 것은 북한의 수도를 함흥과 평양 중 어디로 할지를 결정하라는 연해주군관구 사령관 키릴 메레츠코프 원수의 지시를 받고 평양으로 결정한 것이다.

그는 북한을 점령한 소련군 병사들이 벌인 민간인 약탈, 강간 등의 만행, 일제가 남긴 산업시설들을 해체하여 소련으로 반출한 것, 반탁 데모와 반공 의거를 강제 진압하면서 많은 인명 피해를 낸 것 등에 대해 직접적인 책임이 있다.

그는 1947년 3월 소련으로 귀국했고, 후임 사령관으로 겐나디 페트로비치 코로트코프(Gennadii Petrovich Korotkov, 1898 – 1982) 중장이 부임했다.

회고록으로 「제25군의 전투행로」가 있다.
 I.M.치스차코프, 《第25軍의 戰鬪行路》, 『(蘇聯 科學아카데미 東洋學硏究所 發行 1976년판) 朝鮮의 解放』, (서울 : 국토통일원, 1988) pp.13 ~ 81.
 I.M.치스챠코프, 「제25군의 전투행로」, 소련과학아카데미 편, 『레닌그라드로부터 평양까지 : 조선해방에 있어 소련장성 11인의 회고록』 (서울: 함성, 1989.05.01) pp.19 ~ 64.

소련으로 망명한 전 북한 외무 부상 박길용 (朴吉用, 1920~1997)은 김일성이 이끄는 조선인민혁명군이 일본군을 물리치고 조선을 해방시켰다는 북한 역사책들의 주장은 치스차코프의 회고록 「제25군의 전투행로」에 나오는 내용중 「소련군 25군」을 「조선인민혁명군」으로 바꾸어 옮겨적은 것에 불과하다고 말했다.

 그가 북한으로 진주하는 소련군을 따라 처음 함흥에 도착했을 때 함경남도지사를 만나 사무 일체를 인계받으면서 지사가 몸에 지닌 장신구와 시계까지 압수했다는 소문이 서울에 퍼져 있었다 한다. 북한에 진주한 소련군 병사들이 약탈과 부녀자 강간 등을 자행했다는 기록과 증언은 많지만 사령관이었던 그도 별로 다르지 않았던 것같다.

각주

외부 링크 
 이완범(李完範), 북한 점령 소련군의 성격 - 1945. 8. 9∼1948. 12. 2 국사관논총(國史館論叢) 第25輯 (국사편찬위원회, 1991-09-30) (pdf 버전)
 전현수, 「소련군의 북한진주와 대북한정책」 『한국독립운동사연구』 제9집, 독립기념관 한국독립운동사연구소, 1995, pp. 343~377.
 전현수, 소련의 북조선 독자정권 구상과 토착 공산주의자들의 반발 신동아 2005년 11월 호
 孫世一의 비교 評傳 (74) 한국 민족주의의 두 類型 - 李承晩과 金九 : 聯合軍과 함께 國內進入 바라 -1945年 8月(下)- 월간조선 2010년 5월호
 (광복 5년사 쟁점 재조명)<1부>⑬소련은 왜 일사불란했나 동아일보 2004년 11월 14일
 (이휘성 어제와 오늘) 1940년대 말 북한 관리했던 소련 간부를 통해 본 北역사왜곡 DailyNK 2014-08-05
 Ivan Mikhailovich Chistiakov (1900-1979) : The Free Dictionary
 Ivan Mikhailovich Chistiakov (1900-1979) : generals.dk
 :ru:Чистяков, Иван Михайлович 러시아어 wikipedia 치스차코프 : 구글 영문 번역 Ivan Mikhailovich Chistyakov

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