Thomas Goodwin (Rollesby, Norfolk, 5 October 160023 February 1680), known as "the Elder", was an English Puritan theologian and preacher, and an important leader of religious Independents. He served as chaplain to Oliver Cromwell, and was appointed by Parliament as President of Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1650. Christopher Hill places Goodwin in the "main stream of Puritan thought".

Early life

He studied at Cambridge from August 1613. He was an undergraduate of Christ's College, Cambridge, graduating with a B.A. in 1616.

In 1619 he removed to Catharine Hall, where in 1620 he was elected fellow. At this time he was influenced by John Rogers of Dedham. Goodwin rode 35 miles from Cambridge to Dedham to hear this Puritan preacher. In 1625 he was licensed a preacher of the university; and three years afterwards he became lecturer of Holy Trinity Church, Cambridge, successor to John Preston, to the vicarage of which he was presented by the king in 1632.

Dissenter

Worried by his bishop, who was a zealous adherent of William Laud, he resigned all his preferments and left the university in 1634; he became a Congregationalist. He lived for some time in London, where in 1638 he married the daughter of an alderman. In 1639 he fled to Holland to escape persecution. For some time he was pastor of a small congregation of English merchants and refugees at Arnhem. He returned shortly after the inception of the Long Parliament. He ministered for some years to the Independent congregation meeting at Paved Alley Church, Lime Street, in the parish of St Dunstans-in-the-East, and rapidly rose to considerable eminence as a preacher.

Puritan leader

In 1643 he was chosen a member of the Westminster Assembly, and at once identified himself with the Independent party, generally referred to in contemporary documents as the "dissenting brethren" and was one of the authors of An Apologeticall Narration. He frequently preached by appointment before the Commons, and in January 1650 his talents and learning were rewarded by the House with the presidency of Magdalen College, Oxford, a post which he held until the Restoration of 1660.

In December 1655 Goodwin attended the Whitehall Conference on the resettlement on the Jews, where he (with fellow Independent Philip Nye) argued for readmittance on the grounds that England was being punished by God for not readmitting the Jews, which was necessary for their conversion. He was chaplain to Oliver Cromwell from 1656. He rose into high favour with Cromwell, and was one of his intimate advisers, attending him on his death-bed.

He was also a commissioner for the inventory of the Westminster Assembly, 1650, and for the approbation of preachers, 1653, and together with John Owen led a committee of six that drew up the Savoy Declaration, an amended form of Westminster Confession in 1658.

From 1660 until his death, he lived in London, in the parish of St Bartholomew-the-Great, and devoted himself exclusively to theological study and to the pastoral charge of the Fetter Lane Independent Church. By the early 1670s he was in poor health, and he eventually died on 23 February 1680 ["An Exposition of Ephesians, Chapter 1 to 2:10"]. He was buried in Bunhill Fields burial ground: the Latin epitaph for his tomb, composed by Thomas Gilbert, was censored.

Works

The works published by Goodwin during his lifetime consist chiefly of sermons printed by order of the House of Commons. He was also associated with Philip Nye and others in the preparation of the Apologeticall Narration (1643).

In 1645 Goodwin published his treatise The Heart of Christ in Heaven towards Sinners on Earth, which was quickly reprinted, and translated into German. This work has been claimed to be an inspiration for the Roman Catholic devotion to the Sacred Heart.

Five volumes of his sermons and other works were published from 1682 to 1704. They have been reprinted at least 47 times. His collected writings, which include expositions of the Epistle to the Ephesians and of the Apocalypse, were published in five folio volumes between 1681 and 1704, and were reprinted in twelve 8vo volumes (Edinburgh, 1861–1866).

Edmund Calamy the Elder's estimated Goodwin's qualities as "a considerable scholar and an eminent divine, and had a very happy faculty in descanting upon Scripture so as to bring forth surprising remarks, which yet generally tended to illustration."

A memoir, derived from his own papers, by his son Thomas Goodwin the Younger, Independent minister and author of the History of the Reign of Henry V, is prefixed to the fifth volume of his collected works. As a patriarch and Atlas of Independency he is also noticed by Anthony Wood in the Athenae Oxonienses.

An amusing sketch, from Joseph Addison's point of view, of the austere and somewhat fanatical president of Magdalen, is preserved in No. 494 of The Spectator.

References

Attribution:

Further reading

External links

Sermons by Thomas Goodwin
 
Biography from puritansermons.com, also 
A blog devoted to Thomas Goodwin's writings and thought
An index to literature by and about Goodwin from newble.co.uk

1600 births
1680 deaths
English independent ministers of the Interregnum (England)
17th-century English Puritan ministers
Presidents of Magdalen College, Oxford
People from the Borough of Great Yarmouth
Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
Fellows of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
Westminster Divines
Burials at Bunhill Fields
English Calvinist and Reformed theologians
English evangelicals
17th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
토머스 굿윈(Thomas Goodwin, 1600년 10월 5일 - 1680년 2월 23일)은 "장로"로 알려진, 영국 청교도 신학자이며 설교자이고, 종교적 독립을 위해 싸운 지도자이다. 올리버 크롬웰의 채플린으로 사역하였고, 의회에서 막달렌 칼리지 (옥스포드 대학교)의 학장으로 1650년에 임명되었다.

생애 
 정부의 탄압에 저항했던 청교도로 알려진 그는 노폭의 야무스에 근처한 롤레스비에서 태어났다. 하나님을 경외하는 청교도 부모였던 리차드 굿윈과 캐더린 굿윈 사이에서 태어났다.
 6살때 성령의 감동되어 죄를 자백하였고, 하나님의 일들에 대한 생각으로 기쁨을 누렸다.
 어려서부터 이미 히브리어, 헬라어, 라틴어를 습득할 정도로 교육적인 가정에서 자랐으며, 이것은 후에 그의 사역에 많은 도움을 주었다.
 13살에 크라이스츠 칼리지 (케임브리지 대학교)에 입학하였다. 그 당시 학교에는 윌리암 퍼킨스, 리차드 십스의 영향이 강했던 때였다.
 14살의 나이에 성만찬에 참여 못함에 분개하여 교회를 떠나 그 당시 네덜란드에서부터 온 아르미니우스주의에 심취하였다.
 1616년 크라이스츠 칼리지 (케임브리지 대학교)를 졸업하였다.
 1620년 케임브리지에 있는 세인트 캐더린 홀에서 공부를 하여 석사학위를 받았다.
 리차드 십스와 존 프레스톤의 설교의 영향을 받았다.
 1620년 10월 2일에 회심을 경험하였다.
 웨스트민스터 총회에서 수많은 기여를 하였으며, 특히 Apologetical Narration으로 독립에 대한 주장을 펼쳤다.
 1650년 웨스트민스터 총회의 결산위원으로 설교자들을 평가하였다.
 1650년대에 옥스퍼드 대학교에서 가르쳤고, 매튜 헨리에게도 영향을 미쳤다.
 1653년 존 오언과 함께 6명의 위원회를 결성하여 사보이 신앙고백을 작성하였다.(1658)
 1656년부터 올리버 크롬웰의 개인목사로 섬겼다.

신학

니케아 신조의 영원 생성설 
삼위의 각 위격이 온전한 하나님이며, 같은 본성을 공유하고 온전한 신성을 갖고 있다고 주장하였다.

성자 하나님은 성부로부터 유일하게 나신(begotten) 분이며, 이것이 영원 생성설을 필요로 한다고 주장하였다.

굿윈은 그리스도의 신성을 영원 생성설과 연관을 시키는 데, 이것을 성부하나님과 성자 하나님의 소통함으로 보았다.

기독론 
그는 그리스도의 신성과 인성에 대하여 각 본성이 다른 본성으로 변할 수 없다고 주장하였다. 그것은 하나님의 비공유적 속성이기 때문이다.

영향을 준 자들 

 존 프레스톤은 토머스 굿윈과 매우 친분이 두터웠으며 서로 생각을 나누며 시간을 같이 보냈다고 굿윈은 그의 글에서 전했다.

저서 
 The Work of the Holy Ghost in our Salvation: 벤저민 워필드는 아브라함 카이퍼의 저서인 성령에 관하여의 서문에서 존 오언의 성령론이 나오게 된 배경에는 바로 토마스 굿윈의 이 저서도 같이 읽어야 한다고 주장하였다.
 The Works of Thomas Goodwin 12 Vol.

Volume 1: Exposition of Ephesians 1

Volume 2: Expositions of Ephesians 2 – Exposition of Various Portions of Ephesians – Patience and Its Perfect Work

Volume 3: Exposition of the Book of Revelation – Certain Select Cases Resolved – Vanity of Thoughts Discovered

Volume 4: Christ Set Forth – Heart of Christ in Heaven – Aggravation of Sin – Encouragements to Faith – Glory of the Gospel – Knowledge of God the Father

Volume 5: Christ the Mediator – Supereminence of Christ – Reconciliation to God – The One Sacrifice – Reconciliation of Christ – Three Sermons on Heb. 1:1-2

Volume 6: The Work of the Holy Ghost in Our Salvation

Volume 7: Creatures and Their Condition in Creation – Gospel Holiness – Blessed State of Glory – Three Several Ages of Christians – Man’s Restoration by Grace, Repentance

Volume 8: The Object and Act of Justifying Grace

Volume 9: A Discourse of Election – A Discourse of Thankfulness

Volume 10: An Unregenerate Man’s Guiltiness before God, in Respect of Sin and Punishment

Volume 11: The Constitution, Right Order and Government of the Churches of Christ

Volume 12: Misc. Sermons – Index

 Of Gospel Holiness in the Heart and Life

2차 문헌 

 Habitual Sight of Him: The Christ-Centered Piety of Thomas Goodwin (Joel Beeke and Mark Jones, Reformed Heritage Books )
 Thomas Goodwin and the Puritan doctrine of assurance : continuity and discontinuity in the Reformed tradition, 1600-1680 (PhD Thesis, Michael S Horton,1998)
 Gentle and Lowly : The Heart of Christ for Sinners and Sufferers ( Dane Ortlund, 2020, Crossway Books )

번역된 저서 

 마음-오늘을 위한 퓨리턴 06 (복있는 사람, 2018)
 믿음의 본질 1, 2 ( 임원주 옮김, 부흥과 개혁사, 청교도 대작 시리즈 6, 2013)

각주 

1600년 출생
1680년 사망
케임브리지 대학교 크라이스츠 칼리지 동문
잉글랜드의 복음주의자