An art gallery is a room or a building in which visual art is displayed. In Western cultures from the mid-15th century, a gallery was any long, narrow covered passage along a wall, first used in the sense of a place for art in the 1590s. The long gallery in Elizabethan and Jacobean houses served many purposes including the display of art. Historically, art is displayed as evidence of status and wealth, and for religious art as objects of ritual or the depiction of narratives. The first galleries were in the palaces of the aristocracy, or in churches. As art collections grew, buildings became dedicated to art, becoming the first art museums.

Among the modern reasons art may be displayed are aesthetic enjoyment, education, historic preservation, or for marketing purposes. The term is used to refer to establishments with distinct social and economic functions, both public and private. Institutions that preserve a permanent collection may be called either "gallery of art" or "museum of art". If the latter, the rooms where art is displayed within the museum building are called galleries. Art galleries that do not maintain a collection are either commercial enterprises for the sale of artworks, or similar spaces operated by art cooperatives or non-profit organizations. As part of the art world, art galleries play an important role in maintaining the network of connections between artists, collectors, and art experts that define fine art.

Art museums versus galleries 

The terms 'art museum' and 'art gallery' may be used interchangeably as reflected in the names of institutions around the world, some of which are called galleries (e.g. the National Gallery and Neue Nationalgalerie), and some of which are called museums (e.g. the Museum of Modern Art and National Museum of Western Art). However, establishments that display art for other purposes, but serve no museum functions, are only called art galleries.

The distinctive function of a museum is the preservation of artifacts with cultural, historical, and aesthetic value by maintaining a collection of valued objects. Art museums also function as galleries that display works from the museum's own collection or on loan from the collections of other museums. Museums might be in public or private ownership and may be accessible to all or have restrictions on access. Although primarily concerned with visual art, art museums are often used as a venue for other cultural exchanges and artistic activities, such as performance arts, music concerts, or poetry readings.

Galleries and the art world
The art world comprises everyone involved in the production and distribution of fine art. The market for fine art depends upon maintaining its distinction as high culture, although during recent decades the boundary between high and popular culture has been eroded by postmodernism.

In the case of historical works, or Old Masters this distinction is maintained by the work's provenance; proof of its origin and history.

For more recent work, status is based upon the reputation of the artist. Reputation includes both aesthetic factors; art schools attended, membership in a stylistic or historical movement, the opinions of art historians and critics; and economic factors; inclusion in group and solo exhibitions and past success in the art market. Art dealers, through their galleries, have occupied a central role in the art world by bringing many of these factors together; such as "discovering" new artists, promoting their associations in group shows, and managing market valuation.

Commercial galleries
Exhibitions of art operating similar to current galleries for marketing art first appeared in the early modern period, approximately 1500 to 1800 CE. In the middle ages that preceded, painters and sculptors were members of guilds, seeking commissions to produce artworks for aristocratic patrons or churches. The establishment of academies of art in the 16th century represented efforts by painters and sculptors to raise their status from mere artisans who worked with their hands to that of the classical arts such as poetry and music, which are purely intellectual pursuits. However, the public exhibition of art had to overcome the bias against commercial activity, which was deemed beneath the dignity of artists in many European societies.

Commercial art galleries were well-established by the Victorian era, made possible by the increasing number of people seeking to own objects of cultural and aesthetic value. At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century there were also the first indications of modern values regarding art; art as an investment versus pure aesthetics, and the increased attention to living artists as an opportunity for such investment.

Commercial galleries owned or operated by an art dealer or "gallerist" occupy the middle tier of the art market, accounting for most transactions, although not those with the highest monetary values. Once limited to major urban art worlds such as New York, Paris and London, art galleries have become global. Another trend in globalization is that while maintaining their urban establishments, galleries also participate in art fairs such as Art Basel and Frieze Art Fair.

Art galleries are the primary connection between artists and collectors. At the high end of the market, a handful of elite auction houses and dealers sell the work of celebrity artists; at the low end artists sell their work from their studio, or in informal venues such as restaurants. Point-of-sale galleries connect artists with buyers by hosting exhibitions and openings. The artworks are on consignment, with the artist and the gallery splitting the proceeds from each sale. Depending upon the expertise of the gallery owner and staff, and the particular market, the artwork shown may be more innovative or more traditional in style and media.

Types of galleries
Galleries may deal in the primary market of new works by living artists, or the secondary markets for works from prior periods owned by collectors, estates, or museums. The periods represented include Old Masters, Modern (1900-1950), and contemporary (1950–present). Modern and contemporary may be combined in the category of Post-war art; while contemporary may be limited to the 21st century or "emerging artists".

Contemporary galleries

An enduring model for contemporary galleries was set by Leo Castelli. Rather than simply being the broker for sales, Castelli became actively involved in the discovery and development of new artists, while expecting to remain an exclusive agent for their work. However he also focused exclusively on new works, not participating in the resale of older work by the same artists.

Secondary market
All art sales after the first are part of the secondary market, in which the artist and the original dealer are not involved. Many of these sales occur privately between collectors, or works are sold at auctions. However some galleries participate in the secondary market depending upon the market conditions. As with any market, the major conditions are supply and demand. Because art is a unique commodity, the artist has a monopoly on production, which ceases when the artist either dies or stops working.

Outside the art world
Some businesses operate as vanity galleries, charging artists a fee to exhibit their work. Lacking a selection process to assure the quality of the artworks, and having little incentive to promote sales, vanity galleries are avoided as unprofessional.

Non-profit galleries

Some non-profit organizations or local governments host art galleries for cultural enrichment and to support local artists. Non-profit organizations may start as exhibit spaces for artist collectives, and expand into full-fledged arts programs. Other non-profits include the arts as part of other missions, such as providing services to low-income neighborhoods.

 Artists Space was founded in 1972 in SoHo, New York City.
 Westbeth Gallery is operated by the Westbeth Artists Residents Council

Arts districts

Historically, art world activities have benefited from clustering together either in cities or in remote areas offering natural beauty.

The proximity of art galleries facilitated an informal tradition of art show openings on the same night, which have become officially coordinated as "first Friday events" in a number of locations.

Galleries selling the work of recognized artists may occupy space in established commercial areas of a city. New styles in art have historically been attracted to the low rent of marginal neighborhoods. An artist colony existed in Greenwich Village as early as 1850, and the tenements built around Washington Square Park to house immigrants after the Civil War also attracted young artists and avant-garde art galleries. The resulting gentrification prompted artists and galleries to move to the adjacent neighborhood "south of Houston" (SoHo) which became gentrified in turn.

Attempting to recreate this natural process, arts districts have been created intentionally by local governments in partnership with private developers as a strategy for revitalizing neighborhoods. Such developments often include spaces for artists to live and work as well as galleries.

Temporary galleries
A contemporary practice has been the use of vacant commercial space for art exhibitions that run for periods from a single day to a month. Now called "popup galleries", a precursor was Artomatic which had its first event in 1999 and has occurred periodically to the present, mainly in the Washington metro area.

See also
 List of national galleries

References

Art museums and galleries
Types of art museums and galleries
Business of visual arts
갤러리(gallery), 또는 화랑(畵廊)은 미술시장에서 작가의 작품을 구매하고 전시, 판매하는 곳이다. 작품을 생산하는 작가와 직접 거래를 한다는 의미에서 아트페어 등과 함께 1차 미술시장으로 불린다. 한편 소장하고 있는 작품을 다시 판매하는 아트옥션과 같은 곳은 2차 시장으로 불린다.

유래 

이탈리아어 '갤러리아(galleria)'에서 유래한 말로, 원래는 지붕이 있는 긴 복도라는 뜻의 단어 '회랑(回廊)'을 의미한다. 피렌체의 코시모 데 메디치가 자신의 저택 회랑을 시민들에게 개방해 소장품을 볼 수 있도록 한 것에서 시작해 이후 귀족들이 자신이 소장한 그림을 지인들에게 보여줄 목적으로 자신의 집안에 만든 방(회화실)을 의미하게 되었다. 이러한 회화실이 공공화됨에 따라 유럽에서는 '미술관’ 또는 ‘박물관'과 같은 의미로 사용되고 있다. 메디치가의 사무실은 나중에 피렌체에 기증되었으며 오늘날 우피치 미술관으로 운영되고 있다.

근대에 이르러 공공 미술관도 종종 갤러리라 불린다. 그러나 일반적으로 갤러리라는 용어는 미술품을 거래하는 화랑을 뜻한다. "갤러리"라는 낱말은 언어에 따라서 포함하는 범주가 조금씩 다를 수 있다. 예를 들어 프랑스어 위키백과는 미술관을 포함하는 모든 미술 전시장을 갤러리로 특별히 미술품을 거래하는 곳은 상업 갤러리로 구분한다.

서양의 경우 미술품의 거래는 르네상스 시기부터 있었으나 상업적 시장으로서 본격화 된 것은 18세기 후반 이후의 일이다. 그 이전까지 미술품은 건물의 인테리어나 가구 등과 같이 취급되었다. 19세기에 이르러 조세프 조엘 더빈(Joseph Joel Duveen)이 런던과 뉴욕 등지에 갤러리를 열고 근대적인 국제 미술품 거래를 시작하였다. 20세기에 들어 갤러리는 세계적으로 널리 확산되었다. 한국에서는 1913년 개장한 고금서화관이 최초의 근대적 갤러리로 알려져 있다.

역할 
작품 판매를 위해 미술품을 진열하고 전시하는 장소를 가리킨다. 작가의 작품을 고객과 연결하는 다리 역할을 하는 업체로, 주요 업무는 작품 유통(미술관 컬렉션 제안, 컬렉션 관리, 아트페어 참여 등), 전시 기획, 작가 매니지먼트(프로모션, 발굴), 고객 관리(갤러리가 보유한 개인, 기업, 기관 등의 컬렉터 관리)라고 할 수 있다. 전속작가 계약을 맺어 작가를 관리하는 갤러리들이 점점 많아지고 있는데 작가의 작품을 중개한 뒤 갤러리는 작품 가격의 절반에 달하는 수수료를 받는다. 보통 작가의 작품을 구입하여 직접 판매하거나 컬렉터의 작품을 위탁판매하고, 아트컨설팅 업무도 수행한다. 과거에는 화랑이라는 말을 주로 썼으나 최근에는 갤러리로 통용되고 있고, 화랑이라는 말은 거의 쓰지 않는다.

갤러리스트 

상업 갤러리를 운영하고 있는 사람, 혹은 잠재적 구매자를 유인하기 위해 상업 갤러리나 기타 장소에서 작가의 작품을 전시하고 홍보하는 일을 하는 사람은 갤러리스트라고 불린다. 화랑을 운영하는 사장이나 딜러라고 하면 너무 상업적인 느낌이 나서 예술가 편에서 예술가를 위해 움직이는 사람처럼 보이기 위해 사람들이 선호하며 쓰게 된 신조어라고 할 수 있다. 딜러라는 말은 2차 시장에서 미술작품을 거래하는 사람들을 가리키는 말로 주로 쓰이며, 1차 시장에서 미술작품을 거래하는 사람들은 갤러리스트로 구분해 부르는 것이 보통이다. 현재 갤러리스트라 하면, 갤러리를 위해 일하는 큐레이터와 아트딜러 및 기타 직원 모두를 아우르는 말로 쓰인다.

갤러리스트들은 작가와 함께 작품 판매 가격을 같이 정하고, 작가의 작품 주제나 방향에 대해 의견을 나누고 또한 그에 영향을 미치며, 작가를 선보일 자체 전시를 기획하고 외부 전시를 섭외하고, 국내외 미술관, 기관, 갤러리, 기획자 등에게 작가를 프로모션하는 전략을 세우는 등 작가와 긴밀한 관계를 유지한다. 갤러리 없이 직접 자신을 홍보하고 전시나 프로젝트 혹은 커미션 제안을 받는 작가도 많지만, 갤러리는 작가의 인지도를 끌어올리고 유지하기 위해 다양한 전략을 펼친다.

유명 갤러리 
도널드 톰슨은 《은밀한 갤러리》에서 아래의 갤러리들을 세계적 수준의 유명 갤러리로 소개하고 있다.

런던 
 래리 가고시안
 혼치 오브 베니슨
 화이트 큐브
 리슨 갤러리
 새디 콜스
 빅토리아 미로
 하우저 앤 워스
 모린 페일리
 디 어프로치
 스테판 프리드먼 갤러리

뉴욕 
 래리 가고시안
 페이스 윌덴스타인
 매리언 굿맨
 폴라 쿠퍼
 글래드스톤
 데이비드 즈워너 
 매튜 막스
 소나벤드
 루어링 어거스틴
 개빈 브라운

각주 및 참고 문헌 
출처

참고 문헌
 도널드 톰슨, 김민주 송희령 역, 《은밀한 갤러리》, 리더스북, 

미술관
문화경제학