Augustin Bon Joseph de Robespierre (21 January 1763 – 28 July 1794), known as Robespierre the Younger, was a French lawyer, politician and the younger brother of French Revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre. His political views were similar to his brother's. When his brother was arrested on 9 Thermidor, Robespierre volunteered to be arrested as well, and he was executed by the guillotine along with Maximilien and 20 of his supporters.

Early life
Robespierre was born in Arras, the youngest of four children of the lawyer Maximilien-Barthelemy-François de Robespierre and Jacqueline-Marguerite Carrault, the daughter of a brewer. His mother died when he was one year old, and his grief-stricken father abandoned the family to go to Bavaria, where he died in 1777. Augustin was brought up by his grandparents. His brother Maximilien had won a scholarship from the Abbey of St. Vaast to pay for his studies at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand and had been such an outstanding student that when he obtained his degree in law, he asked the Abbot, Cardinal de Rohan, if he would transfer the scholarship to younger brother to allow him to follow the same career. The Cardinal agreed and Augustin Robespierre took up his brother's place studying law.

Although his political views were very similar to those of his brother, Robespierre was very different in character. Handsome, he was also fond of good food, gaming and the company of women, and called "Bonbon". At the outset of the Revolution, Robespierre was prosecutor-syndic of Arras. Together with Martial Herman he founded a political club in the town and wrote to his brother to secure its affiliation with the Jacobins in Paris. In 1791, he was appointed administrator of the département of Pas-de-Calais.

Convention

Robespierre stood for election to the new Legislative Assembly in Arras in August 1791, but his views were too radical for the town, which elected another young lawyer, Sixte François Deusy instead. However, on 16 September 1792, Robespierre was elected to the National Convention, 19th out of 24 deputies, with 392 votes out of 700 cast, by the voters of Paris, and he joined his brother in The Mountain and the Jacobin Club. At the Convention he distinguished himself by the vehemence of his attacks on the royal family and on aristocrats. During the trial of Louis XVI he voted for the death penalty to be applied within 24 hours.

When he first came to Paris to take his seat he was accompanied by his sister Charlotte, and they both lodged with Maximilien in the house of Maurice Duplay in the Rue Saint Honoré. Like his brother Maximilien, Augustin refused to marry Duplay's daughter Éléonore.  Soon, Charlotte persuaded Maximilien to come with them to a new lodging in the nearby Rue Saint-Florentin because of his increased prestige and her tensions with Madame Duplay. However, this arrangement did not last long. 

At the end of July 1793, Robespierre was sent on a mission to Alpes-Maritimes to suppress the Federalist revolt, together with another deputy from the convention, Jean François Ricord. Charlotte accompanied him. Much of southeastern France (Midi) was in rebellion against the Republic, and they barely made it alive after an attack by counter-revolutionaries in Manosque on August 12, 1793. In September 1793, they arrived in Nice where they felt secure enough to attend the theatre, but on the third occasion they did so, they were pelted with rotten apples. Meanwhile Robespierre discovered a pamphlet entitled Le souper de Beaucaire (The supper at Beaucaire), written by Napoleon, and was impressed by the revolutionary context. Napoleon was promoted into the position of senior gunner at Toulon. On 17 December Augustin stayed in Ollioules. On 19 December 1793 Augustin did not take part in the military action, led by Dugommier and Napoleon, which retook Toulon from the British. He seems to have left a few hours before or the day after and was not present when Fréron took revenge on the population. When he returned to Paris, Augustin decided not to move in with Charlotte; they were no longer on speaking terms. In early January Augustin Robespierre was shocked at the changed atmosphere in the Jacobin club. By now the revolutionaries feared one another. Augustin went to live with Ricord and his wife. Maximilien returned to the Duplays' house in February 1794, being sick. 

At the end of January Robespierre was dispatched once again as a representant en mission, now to the Army of Italy in Haute-Saône. This time he took with him his mistress, La Saudraye, the creole wife of a literary man. She accompanied him to the local Popular Society in Besançon, where members reacted indignantly to the active role she took in debates, and to the fact that Robespierre listened to and thought highly of her opinions on politics. He also used his influence while with the Army of Italy to advance Napoleon's career. On his return to Paris he served as a secretary to the convention.

Death 

Robespierre was in the hall of the Convention on the day of 9 Thermidor II (27 July 1794), when the deputies voted for the arrests of Maximilien, Louis Antoine de Saint-Just and Georges Couthon after a heated discussion. Robespierre then rose from his place on the benches and said, "I am as guilty as him; I share his virtues, I want to share his fate. I ask also to be charged." He was joined by Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas. The five were kept under guard in the rooms of the Committee of General Security, where they remained until a place could be found for them.  Hearing of the arrests, the Commune of Paris issued orders to all prisons in the city, forbidding them to take any prisoner in, sent by the Convention. Robespierre was refused at Prison Saint-Lazare and taken to the prison of La Force while Maximilien was taken to the Luxembourg. Because of the Commune's orders, they were released and made their way to the Hôtel de Ville. Escorted by two municipal officers, Robespierre was the first to arrive. There they spent the rest of the evening vainly trying to coordinate an insurrection. In the early morning of 10 Thermidor, the forces of the Convention under Paul Barras burst in and succeeded in taking most of them alive, except Le Bas, who had shot himself, and Jean-Baptiste Coffinhal, who succeeded in escaping but turned himself in after a week.

In order to avoid capture, Robespierre took off his shoes and jumped from a ledge. He landed on the steps, or on some bayonets, resulting in a pelvic fracture and several serious head contusions. Barras ordered that Robespierre be carried back to the rooms of the Committee of General Security. After a couple of hours the prisoners were taken to the Conciergerie prison; four of them were lying on stretchers. After identification at the Revolutionary Tribunal according to the Law of 22 Prairial, the twenty-two convicts were sent to the scaffold on Place de la Révolution in the early evening. Couthon was the second of the prisoners to be executed, with Robespierre as the third, Hanriot as the ninth and Maximilien as the tenth.

References

Sources

Further reading
Alexandre Cousin, Philippe Lebas et Augustin Robespierre, deux météores dans la Révolution française (2010). 
Marisa Linton, Choosing Terror: Virtue, Friendship and Authenticity in the French Revolution (Oxford University Press, 2013).
Sergio Luzzatto, Bonbon Robespierre: la terreur à visage humain (2010). 
Martial Sicard, Robespierre jeune dans les Basses-Alpes, Forcalquier, A. Crest (1900). 
Mary Young, Augustin, the Younger Robespierre (2011, ).

External links
"L'enfance de Maximilien", in L’association Maximilien Robespierre pour l’Idéal Démocratique bulletin n° 45. 
"Augustin, the Younger Robespierre", by Mary Young (in English)

1763 births
1794 deaths
French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution
Executed regicides of Louis XVI
People from Arras
Représentants en mission
18th-century French lawyers
Maximilien Robespierre
French Revolution
Deputies to the French National Convention
People of the French Revolution
Regicides of Louis XVI
Augustin
오귀스탱 봉 조제프 드 로베스피에르(Augustin Bon Joseph de Robespierre, 1763년 1월 21일 - 1794년 7월 28일)은 프랑스 혁명의 지도자인 막시밀리앙 로베스피에르의 동생으로 형과 같이 국민 공회 의원이었으며, 테르미도르 8일에 형과 함께 스스로 체포되어 쿠데타 다음날 처형되었다. 일반적으로 오귀스탱 로베스피에르 또는 작은 로베스피에르라고 불린다. 나폴레옹 보나파르트를 발굴해서 출세의 길로 안내한 인물이기도 하다.

생애 
1763년 1월 21일, 아라스에서 태어났다. 어거스틴과 그의 동생 막시밀리앙의 일가는 네 명의 아이가 있고, 아버지 막시밀리앙 바르테레미 프랑수아 드 로베스피에르는 아르투 주(현 파드 칼레 주) 고등평정원의 변호사였다. 어머니 자클린 마르게리트 카로는 맥주 도매상의 딸로 1764년, 어린 아이들을 남겨두고 사망했다. 당시 형 막시밀리앙은 6세, 오귀스탱은 1살이었다. 그들의 아버지는 아내를 잃은 후 재혼하지 않고, 고등평정원 직을 그만두고 신성로마제국 선제후의 영향권인 바이에른에 자리를 잡았다. 1777년 사망했다는 설이 있다.

수입이 거의 없었기 때문에 막시밀리앙과 오귀스탱 두 사람은 장학금을 받으면서 학업을 계속했다. 오귀스탱의 운명은 동생과 밀접한 관련이 있었다. 오귀스탱은 형의 사상과 후광을 받으면서 먼저 아라스에서, 이후 파리에서 그 또한 정치가로서의 길을 걷게된다.

프랑스 혁명기 
프랑스 혁명 전날까지 형과 마찬가지로 아라스의 아르투 주 고등평정원의 변호사로 일했다. 그는 혁명 사상을 받아들이고 아라스 헌법친목회의 의장으로 선출된다. 1791년, 그는 파드 칼레 지방의 행정관이 된다.

1792년 8월 10일 왕권을 정지시킨 튈르리 궁전 습격 이후 그는 파드 칼레 현 집행부 대리가 되었으며, 다음 파드 칼레 지방의 행정부에 선출된다. 이후 그는 24명 중 19번째로 국민 공회 의원으로 파리에서 선출된다. 형 막시밀리앙 마찬가지로 그는 산악파 의원의 의석을 차지했고, 자코뱅당에 가입한다.

공포 정치 

루이 16세의 재판 때는 왕에게 유죄 표를 던졌으며, 국민의 승인을 얻는 것에 반대하며 사형과 집행 유예의 적용 제외를 요구했다. 게다가 그는 미라보의 유해를 파리의 팡테옹으로부터 이장할 것을 요구했고, 그 다음에, 4월 12일에 지롱드파의 공격에 대항하기 위해 마라 스스로가 제기한 자기 탄핵에 찬성 투표를 한다. 또 국민공회 위병의 창설에 반대한다.

1793년 6월 2일 공안위원회 폐지에 반대표를 던졌으며, 지롱드 당원 체포에 찬성했다.

툴롱 포위전 

1793년 7월, 프랑스 남부의 파견 임무 중에 오귀스탱은 《툴롱 포위전》에서 나폴레옹을 발굴했다. 그의 공적을 칭찬하고 공안위원회에 영향력을 행사하여 보나파르트가 장군으로 승진하는 데 중요한 역할을 했다. 그 후 그는 손 강 상류 지역과 드 주의 공회 위원이 된다.

1794년 5월 손 강 상류 지역의 임지에 가서 동료 베르나르 드 셍과 함께 투옥되어 있던 많은 사람들을 석방시켰다. 그는 지방의 남부군이 있는 파견 의원이었던 폴 바라스, 플레론의 지나친 행위를 고발하는데 중요한 역할을 한다. 그들이야말로 이후 막시밀리앙을 실추시킬 중요한 사람들이었다.

파리로 귀환해서 그는 조제프 푸셰와 친분을 맺는다. 푸셰는 그의 누나인 샬롯과 결혼을 원했지만, 막시밀리앙은 푸셰를 인정하지 않았고, 동생의 희망과는 달리 이 결혼에 반대했다.

최후 
그러나 테르미도르 8일(1794년 7월 26일), 국민 공회에서 아베롱 주에서 선출된 산악파 의원인 루이 루세가 막시밀리앙에 대한 체포 명령을 요구한다. 오귀스탱은 그의 이름이 언급되지 않음에도 불구하고 다음과 같이 외쳤다.

그에 대한 체포 명령은 샤랑트마리팀 주 선출 의원 로조에 의해 즉시 통과된다. 테르미도르 9일 밤부터 10일까지 시청에서 도망을 갔지만, 헌병들이 발각되어 도망치려다 넘어져 다리가 골절된다.

다음 날인 테르미도르 10일(1794년 7월 28일), 그는 법의 보호 밖에 놓인 다른 21명과 함께 혁명재판소로 연행된다. 단순히 신분만 확인하고 그는 막시밀리앙 로베스피에르, 생 쥐스트, 쿠통, 안리오와 함께 혁명 광장(현 콩코드 광장)에서 단두대로 처형된다.

같이 보기 

 막시밀리앙 로베스피에르
 테르미도르의 반동
 공포 정치

1763년 출생
1794년 사망
프랑스의 정치인
프랑스의 혁명가
참수된 사람
막시밀리앵 드 로베스피에르
프랑스 혁명 관련자
파드칼레주 출신
프랑스 혁명 중 단두대에서 처형된 사람