A building or edifice is an enclosed structure with a roof and walls, usually standing permanently in one place, such as a house or factory. Buildings come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and functions, and have been adapted throughout history for numerous factors, from building materials available, to weather conditions, land prices, ground conditions, specific uses, prestige, and aesthetic reasons. To better understand the concept, see Nonbuilding structure for contrast.

Buildings serve several societal needs – occupancy, primarily as shelter from weather, security, living space, privacy, to store belongings, and to comfortably live and work. A building as a shelter represents a physical separation of the human habitat (a place of comfort and safety) from the outside (a place that may be harsh and harmful at times).

Ever since the first cave paintings, buildings have been objects or canvasses of much artistic expression. In recent years, interest in sustainable planning and building practices has become an intentional part of the design process of many new buildings and other structures, usually green buildings.

Definition 

A building is 'a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place'; "there was a three-storey building on the corner"; "it was an imposing edifice". In the broadest interpretation a fence or wall is a building. However, the word structure is used more broadly than building, to include natural and human-made formations and ones that do not have walls; structure is more often used for a fence. Sturgis' Dictionary included that  differs from architecture in excluding all idea of artistic treatment; and it differs from construction in the idea of excluding scientific or highly skilful treatment."

Structural height in technical usage is the height to the highest architectural detail on the building from street level. Spires and masts may or may not be included in this height, depending on how they are classified. Spires and masts used as antennas are not generally included. The distinction between a low-rise and high-rise building is a matter of debate, but generally three stories or less is considered low-rise.

History 

There is clear evidence of homebuilding from around 18,000 BC. Buildings became common during the Neolithic period.

Types

Residential 

Single-family residential buildings are most often called houses or homes. Multi-family residential buildings containing more than one dwelling unit are called duplexes or apartment buildings. Condominiums are apartments that occupants own rather than rent. Houses may be built in pairs (semi-detached) or in terraces, where all but two of the houses have others on either side. Apartments may be built round courtyards or as rectangular blocks surrounded by plots of ground. Houses built as single dwellings may later be divided into apartments or bedsitters, or converted to other uses (e.g., offices or shops). Hotels, especially of the extended-stay variety (apartels), can be classed as residential.

Building types may range from huts to multimillion-dollar high-rise apartment blocks able to house thousands of people. Increasing settlement density in buildings (and smaller distances between buildings) is usually a response to high ground prices resulting from the desire of many people to live close to their places of employment  or similar attractors.

Terms for residential buildings reflect such characteristics as function (e.g., holiday cottage (vacation home) or timeshare if occupied seasonally); size (cottage or great house); value (shack or mansion); manner of construction (log home or mobile home); architectural style (castle or Victorian); and proximity to geographical features (earth shelter, stilt house, houseboat, or floating home). For residents in need of special care, or those society considers dangerous enough to deprive of liberty, there are institutions (nursing homes, orphanages, psychiatric hospitals, and prisons) and group housing (barracks and  dormitories).

Historically, many people lived in communal buildings called longhouses, smaller dwellings called pit-houses, and houses combined with barns, sometimes called housebarns.

Common building materials include brick, concrete, stone, and combinations thereof. Buildings are defined to be substantial, permanent structures. Such forms as yurts and motorhomes are therefore considered dwellings but not buildings.

Commercial
A commercial building is one in which at least one business is based and people do not live. Examples include stores, restaurant, and hotels.

Industrial
Industrial buildings are those in which heavy industry is done, such as manufacturing. These edifices include warehouses and factories.

Agricultural
Agricultural buildings are the outbuildings, such as barns located on farms.

Mixed use 
Some buildings incorporate several or multiple different uses, most commonly commercial and residential.

Complex 

Sometimes a group of inter-related (and possibly inter-connected) builds are referred to as a complex – for example a housing complex,  educational complex, hospital complex, etc.

Creation 
The practice of designing, constructing, and operating buildings is most usually a collective effort of different groups of professionals and trades. Depending on the size, complexity, and purpose of a particular building project, the project team may include:

 A real estate developer who secures funding for the project;
 One or more financial institutions or other investors that provide the funding
 Local planning and code authorities
 A surveyor who performs an ALTA/ACSM and construction surveys throughout the project;
 Construction managers who coordinate the effort of different groups of project participants;
 Licensed architects and engineers who provide building design and prepare construction documents;
 The principal design Engineering disciplines which would normally include the following professionals: Civil, Structural, Mechanical building services or HVAC (heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning) Electrical Building Services, Plumbing and drainage. Also other possible design Engineer specialists may be involved such as Fire (prevention), Acoustic, façade engineers, building physics, Telecoms, AV (Audio Visual), BMS (Building Management Systems) Automatic controls etc. These design Engineers also prepare construction documents which are issued to specialist contractors to obtain a price for the works and to follow for the installations.
 Landscape architects;
 Interior designers;
 Other consultants;
 Contractors who provide construction services and install building systems such as climate control, electrical, plumbing, decoration, fire protection, security and telecommunications;
 Marketing or leasing agents;
 Facility managers who are responsible for operating the building.

Regardless of their size or intended use, all buildings in the US must comply with zoning ordinances, building codes and other regulations such as fire codes, life safety codes and related standards.

Vehicles—such as trailers, caravans, ships and passenger aircraft—are treated as "buildings" for life safety purposes.

Ownership and funding 
 Mortgage loan
 Real estate developer

Environmental impacts

Building services

Physical plant 

Any building requires a certain general amount of internal infrastructure to function, which includes such elements like heating / cooling, power and telecommunications, water and wastewater etc. Especially in commercial buildings (such as offices or factories), these can be extremely intricate systems taking up large amounts of space (sometimes located in separate areas or double floors / false ceilings) and constitute a big part of the regular maintenance required.

Conveying systems 

Systems for transport of people within buildings:

 Elevator
 Escalator
 Moving sidewalk (horizontal and inclined)

Systems for transport of people between interconnected buildings:

 Skyway
 Underground city

Building damage 

Buildings may be damaged during construction or during maintenance. They may be damaged by accidents involving storms, explosions, subsidence caused by mining, water withdrawal or poor foundations and landslides. Buildings may suffer fire damage and flooding. They may become dilapidated through lack of proper maintenance, or alteration work improperly carried out.

See also 

 Autonomous building
 Commercial modular construction
 Earthquake engineering
 Float glass
 Hurricane-proof building
 List of largest buildings
 List of tallest buildings
 Lists of buildings and structures
 Natural building
 Natural disaster and earthquake
 Skyscraper
 Steel building
 Tent

References

External links
일반적으로 건축물(建築物)이란 일정 기간 동안 그 형상이 필요하기 때문에, 혹은 그것이 제공하는 공간이 필요하기 때문에, 인간이 지은 지면에 고정되는 구조물을 뜻한다. 또한, 건축, 건설, 공학, 부동산 개발 분야에서 건물(建物)이란, 지속적인 거주를 위해 인간이 만든 구조물을 뜻한다.

기술 용어로서, 건축 구조물 높이()는 지상으로부터 시작하여, 가장 높이 있는 건축적 세부 구조물까지의 높이를 말한다. 이것은 건축물 꼭대기까지의 높이를 말하는 하나의 준거인데, 어떻게 분류되느냐에 따라서 첨탑이나 마스트(mast)의 길이는 이 높이에 포함될 수도 있고 포함되지 않을 수도 있다. 하지만 안테나로서 사용되는 첨탑이나 마스트(mast)는 일반적으로 이 높이에 포함시키지 않는다.

개념 
건축물은 다양한 요구를 충족시켜 준다. 사람들은 음식과 식수를 구해야 했지만, 야외로부터 사람들을 보호해서, 사람들로 하여금 일하고, 먹고, 출산하고, 여가를 즐기고, 자게 할 수 있는 장소를 구해야 했다.

한편, 최초의 동굴벽화 이래로, 건축물은 예술적 표현의 대상이 되어 왔다. 인류는 당시의 삶을 예술의 형태로 표현하고자 하는 욕망이 있었던 것으로 추정된다.

역사 
인류의 조상인 호모 에렉투스는 약 50만 년 전 최초의 "인공 대피처"를 만든 것으로 추정된다. 시간이 갈수록, 인류의 거주지는 발전해 나갔다. 단순한 동굴도 거주지로서 쓰였고, 마른 진흙이나 돌 무더기로 만든 것도 거주지로서 쓰였다. 이 시기에는, 거주지 안에, 작은 제단이나 식탁을 제외하고는, 가구가 좀처럼 존재하지 않았다.

종류

상업용, 산업용, 기관용 

상업용 건물은 업무용으로 쓰이는 건물이다. 예를 들면, 사무실과 영업소 같은 것들이다. 산업용 건물은 제조공장, 창고 같은 것들이다. 기관용 건물은 정부나 군병원, 대학, 행정사무소 건물 같은 것들을 말하며, 보통 건물의 수명을 길게 잡고 짓는다.

거주용 

거주용 건물은 집이라고 불린다. 보통 사람들이 생활하는 곳 혹은 피난처나 은신처로서 건축된다. 방 하나짜리(원룸) 건물에서, 통나무집, 돌집, 벽돌집에서부터, 수 천 명이 생활하는 고층 아파트까지 다양하다. 무엇이 "저층" 건물이고 무엇이 "고층" 건물인지는 논란이 있다. 대한민국에서는 보통 3층 이하를 저층 건물이라고 말하지만 미국에서는 80층 이상의 마천루가 많은 이유로 보통 15층 이하의 건물 혹은 워싱턴 기념탑보다 낮은 건물을 저층 건물로 본다(이것은 워싱턴 D.C.에서는 높이가 약 169.3m인 워싱턴 기념비보다 높은 건축물의 건설이 금지된 데서 기인한 것이다).

다층 건물 
다층 건물이란 단층 건물과 반대대는 말로서, 여러 개의 층을 가진 건물을 말한다.

다층 건물은 대지의 면적을 넓히지 않고서도, 건물의 면적을 높이려는 목적에서 지어진다. 대지를 효율적으로 효율적으로 사용할 수 있으며, 또한 건축비도 아낄 수 있다.(물론, 건축비와 지가를 따져봐야 한다.)

건축 예술 

건축 예술은 건축물 상에 표현되는 특수한 예술이다. 건축 예술은 실용성이 예술성이 결합된 것이다.

건축물의 건축

건물 소유와 자금 마련 
 부동산 개발회사
 모기지
 모기지 대출

계획과 설계 
 도시공학
 사이트 플래닝
 건축 설계
 토목공학
 구조역학
 건축공학
 경관설계
 도시설계
 견적사

건축 

 건축 관리
 현장 건축

건물 서비스

운송 체계 
건물 내의 사람들의 교통을 지원하는 체계:
 엘리베이터
 에스컬레이터
 무빙워크

연결된 건물 사이의 사람들의 소통을 지원하는 체계:

 구름다리
 지하상가

민법 
건물은 토지의 정착물의 대표적인 것이다. 따라서 건물은 항상 토지와 별개의 부동산이 되고, 토지와는 별도의 등기부(登記簿：建物登記簿)를 두고 있다(부등 14조 1항). 건물에 관한 권리의 변동은 토지와 마찬가지로 등기하지 않으면 그 권리의 득실변경(得失變更)은 효력을 발생하지 못한다(186조, 187조). 건물은 구조상 독립성을 가지고 있으면 1개의 건물로서 거래하고 등기할 수가 있다. 예컨대 분양 아파트와 같이 1채의 건물의 일부일지라도 1개의 소유권이 성립한다(215조). 독립한 건물이 되기 위한 정도는 다음과 같다.

 건축 중의 건물 ― 이것은 양도(讓渡)·압류(押留) 등에 관하여 중요한 문제가 된다. 판례에는 지붕을 씌운 것만으로는 건물이라 할 수 없으나 지붕 및 벽이 되면 방 바닥이나 천장의 도배를 아직 하지 않았어도 건물로서 등기할 수 있다고 되어 있다. 그러나 결국은 거래의 실제에 처하여 사회관념에 의해서 결정하도록 되어 있다.
 건물의 개수 ― 토지와 달리 등기부에 의하지 않고 사회관념에 의하여 판단하여야 한다. 또 판례도 건물의 물리적 구조뿐만 아니라 주위(周圍)의 건물과의 접착의 정도·연락의 설비·사방의 상황·소유자의 의사 등을 고찰하여야 한다고 되어 있다.
 건물의 동일성 ― 건물을 개축하거나 장소를 이동해도 반드시 전의 건물과의 동일성이 상실되지 않는다. 또한 토지·건물 외에 수목(樹木)의 집단 등도 부동산으로 취급되고 있다.

판례 
독립된 부동산으로서의 건물이라고 하기 위하여는 최소한의 기둥과 지붕 그리고 주벽이 이루어지면 된다 .

같이 보기 

 건축학
 자연재해, 지진, 내진설계

각주