Zephyranthes  is a genus of temperate and tropical plants in the Amaryllis family, subfamily Amaryllidoideae, native to the Americas and widely cultivated as ornamentals. Following the expansion of the genus in 2019, which now includes the genera Habranthus and Sprekelia, there are about 200 recognized species, as well as numerous hybrids and cultivars. Common names for species in this genus include fairy lily, rainflower, zephyr lily, magic lily, Atamasco lily,  and rain lily.

The name is derived from Ζέφυρος (Zephyrus), the Greek god of the west wind, and ἄνθος (anthos), meaning flower, referring to the slender stalks.

Description
Species in the genus vary in morphology. Along with floral morphology, characteristics such as bulb size, bulb tunic color, and leaf morphology help identify individual species.

Foliage in the wild is often ephemeral, but under cultivation becomes more persistent. Leaf color ranges from the bright grassy green of Z. candida to rather broad glaucous colored foliage such as found in Z. drummondii. A few of the species have distinct bronze tints in the foliage when grown in bright light. Leaf types range from dark green and tiny grassy leaves in species like Z. jonesi or Z. longifolia, to broader, glaucous leaves in species like Z. drummondii. Perhaps the largest leaves of all are found on Z. lindleyana from Mexico, usually distributed as a cultivar called 'Horsetail Falls'; this species has handsome broad leaves almost like a Hippeastrum.

Flower color in the species ranges from white to yellow (various tints of this color from lemon to sulfur) and pink. Zephyranthes have erect flower stalks which support a flower that may be upward facing or slightly nodding. The funnel-shaped flowers with six petals can be crocus shaped, but may also open flat such as in Z. jonesii or even reflex slightly.

The flowers of some species have a sweet, pleasant fragrance. Fragrance appears to be recessive in crosses, but there are a few species or hybrids, Z. drummondii  (white), Z. morrisclintae (pink) and Z. jonesii (light yellow), that all carry the trait. At least two of these open their flowers at night and are attractive to nocturnal insects. The flowers typically last only for a day or two;  but new flowers may appear in a succession of blooms, especially during humid or rainy weather.

Various members of the genus may bloom spring only or repeat and continue into autumn, often a few days after rainstorms (thus one of the common names, rain lilies). Periods of synchronous bloom, which breeders have dubbed "blitzes", are part of their ornamental value, but also times breeders exploit for the purpose of producing new hybrids.

Most species under cultivation will bloom without the naturally imposed drought and wet that occurs in nature. Greenhouse grown plants bloom very freely but cycle through periods of bloom. One of the longest blooming of all the species is Z. primulina which blooms from April until October. Although it is apomictic, it is a choice parent for crosses because of its rapid repeat flowering trait and long bloom season. Some other species such as Z. morrisclintae appear to bloom only in the spring season. Most of these species are easily propagated vegetatively via offsets or twin scaling. A few of them such as Z. clintae are slow to produce increase.

Unusual phenotypes can be preserved vegetatively. Sexual reproduction is via seed. The apomictic species freely set seed and faithfully reproduce the maternal phenotype.

Taxonomy
The genus Zephyranthes was first described by William Herbert in 1821. The type is Zephyranthes atamasca, a conserved type under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. Zephyranthes is placed in the subfamily Amaryllidoideae, which some specialists prefer to treat as the family Amaryllidaceae sensu stricto. The division of the genera of the subfamily into tribes has varied, but from the 1980s onwards, Zephyranthes has usually been placed in the tribe Hippeastreae. Molecular phylogenetic studies from 2000 onwards showed that although Hippeastreae was monophyletic, many of the genera placed in the tribe were not; in particular, Habranthus, Zephyranthes and Sprekelia formed a complex in which traditionally placed species were intermingled. Accordingly, in 2019, a broad circumscription of Zephyranthes was proposed, including the former genera Habranthus and Sprekelia as well as some smaller genera. This proposal has been accepted by Plants of the World Online, among other taxonomic databases.

Under this system of classification, Zephyranthes Herb., together with Hippeastrum, is one of two genera in Hippeastrae, subtribe Hippeastrinae, and is treated as consisting of 5 subgenera (number of species):
 Eithea (Ravenna) Nic.García (2)
 Zephyranthes (~150)
 Habranthus (Herb.) Nic.García (3)
 Neorhodophiala Nic.García & Meerow (1)
 Myostemma (Salisb.) Nic.García (17)

Species 

There are about 170 species, nearly all of which are in subgenus Zephyranthes.

Named hybrids and cultivars 
 annotated where possible

Distribution and habitat 

According to Meerow et al., cladistics suggests that the genus is native to the Americas. Several species have become naturalized (sometimes unintentionally) in other places like Hawaii, Indonesia, and Thailand. These perennial bulbs (geophytes) tolerate many ecological niches (periodically wet soil to desert conditions).

Cultivation 

Currently these plants are commonly cultivated in US Department of Agriculture hardiness zones 7–10. Rain lily breeders may develop cultivars with greater cold hardness.

Generally rain lilies are sold in nurseries already potted up.  This is of benefit since the growth cycle is not interrupted.  Rarely (and not ideally), dried bulbs are marketed.  Such dried bulbs usually become established after one to two growing seasons and will regain bloom vigor.

Although many of the common names include "lily", these plants are actually in the Amaryllis family. Elizabeth Lawrence, in her classic A Southern Garden (1942), writes with enthusiasm about pink rain lily, Z. grandiflora (=Z. carinata):

It is one of the hardiest species and is said to winter safely in Philadelphia. As a child I thought of the little rose-colored lilies as the sign and seal of summer. My grandmother in Georgia grew them in her garden, and my grandmother in West Virginia grew them in little pots on the front porch.

...

Those in my garden [in Raleigh] came from Georgia. They have been with me so long and have increased so much that their bloom makes a sea of pink. The season is in June but there is scattered bloom in the late summer and even to the end of September. The flowers are large, to over  long, on  stems. They open out flat at midday and close in the afternoon; this is a characteristic of the genus. The shimmering leaves are grass green.

Breeding 
Breeding with these species has some inherent difficulties summarized by Roy Chowdhury (2006) as ranging from pseudogamy and apomixis, differences in chromosome number and varying times of flowering. In spite of these drawbacks breeding work is being done to enhance the value of the plants as ornamentals. Because of the nature of botanical restriction, breeding programs often encounter impediments. Reciprocal crosses may be difficult because the apomictic parent cannot be used as female parents. However interspecific crosses are well documented. There are tri-hybrids and quad-hybrids being produced (crossing 3 or 4 distinct species). Such work indicates that complex hybrids should be possible.  One constraint remains that seedlings may still carry the apomictic trait, and it is necessary to have progeny from a test cross to determine this.

Toxicity 
Many parts of the plant including the leaves and bulbs are considered to be toxic. The genus has been evaluated for possible medicinal properties, and the biochemically toxic compounds are classed as alkaloids.

Uses
Parts of Zephyranthes, such as bulbs and leaves, are used in traditional medicine. In Peru, Z. andina (syn. Z. parvula) was used for tumors. In China, Z. rosea was used for breast cancer and in Africa the leaves of Z. candida were used for diabetes mellitus. It was used for simple problems from head ache, cough, cold, and boils to very complicated diseases such as breast  cancer, tuberculosis, rheumatism, tumors.

See also
 List of plants known as lily

References

Further reading
 
 Fellers, J. H. 1996.  A Passion for Rainlilies: Cooperia, Habranthus and Zephyranthes. Herbertia 51:78–112.
 Kapoor, B.M. and S. I. Tandon 1963. Contribution to the cytology of endosperm in some angiosperms IV: Zephyranthes grandiflora Lindl.. Genentica 34:1:101–112.
 Rainia, N.S. and TN Khoshhoo. 1971. Cytogenetics of Tropical Bulbous Ornamentals IX: Breeding system in Zephytanthes. Euphytica. 21:317–323.
 Soule, J. A. 2005. "Z" is for Zephyranthes. Explorer Newspaper (Tucson, Arizona) 24 August 2005.

External links 

 Bulbsociety
 Florida Gardener

 
Amaryllidaceae genera
제피란테스(Zephyranthes, fairy lily, rainflower, zephyr lily, magic lily, Atamasco lily, rain lily)는 수선화과 수선화아과에 속하는 온대열대식물속이며 서반구에 자생하며 관상용으로서 널리 경작된다. 70개 이상의 종이 알려져 있으며, 그 외 수많은 잡종과 경작종이 존재한다.

이 용어는 서풍의 그리스 신 Ζέφυρος(Zephyrus)와 꽃을 의미하는 ἄνθος(anthos)에서 파생되었다.

전통적 이용 
구근, 잎 등 제피란테스의 특정 부분들은 전통약제로 사용된다.

꽃 
꽃의 색은 종에 따라 흰색에서 노란색, 분홍색에 이를 정도로 다양하다.

종 
2011년 9월 기준으로 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families에서 가져온 종 목록이다.

 Zephyranthes albiella Traub
 Zephyranthes albolilacinus Cárdenas
 Zephyranthes americana (Hoffmanns.) Ravenna
 Zephyranthes amoena Ravenna
 Zephyranthes andina (R.E.Fr.) Traub
 Zephyranthes atamasca (L.) Herb. – Atamasco lily, wild Easter lily (Florida, USA), type species
 Zephyranthes bella T.M.Howard & S.Ogden
 Zephyranthes bifolia (Aubl.) M.Roem.
 Zephyranthes brevipes Standl.
 Zephyranthes breviscapa Ravenna
 Zephyranthes briquetii J.F.Macbr.
 Zephyranthes candida (Lindl.) Herb. (Argentina)
 Zephyranthes capivarina Ravenna
 Zephyranthes cardinalis C.H.Wright
 Zephyranthes carinata Herb.
 Zephyranthes cearensis (Herb.) Baker' (Ceará, Brazil)
 Zephyranthes challensis Ravenna = [[Zephyranthes andina (R.E.Fr.) Traub
 Zephyranthes chlorosolen (Herb.) D.Dietr. (US)
 Zephyranthes chrysantha Greenm. & C.H.Thomps.
 Zephyranthes ciceroana M.M.Mejía & R.García
 Zephyranthes citrina Baker (Mexico), syn. Z. sulphurea Zephyranthes clintiae Traub
 Zephyranthes concolor (Lindl.) Benth. & Hook.f.
 Zephyranthes crociflora T.M.Howard & S.Ogden
 Zephyranthes cubensis Urb.
 Zephyranthes depauperata Herb.
 Zephyranthes dichromantha T.M.Howard
 Zephyranthes diluta Ravenna
 Zephyranthes drummondii D.Don in R.Sweet – giant rain lily, prairie lily, Hill Country rain lily (US)
 Zephyranthes elegans Ravenna
 Zephyranthes erubescens S.Watson
 Zephyranthes filifolia Herb. ex Kraenzl.
 Zephyranthes flavissima Ravenna – yellow rain lily
 Zephyranthes fluvialis Ravenna
 Zephyranthes fosteri Traub
 Zephyranthes fragrans Ravenna
 Zephyranthes gracilis Herb.
 Zephyranthes gratissima Ravenna
 Zephyranthes guatemalensis L.B.Spencer
 Zephyranthes hondurensis Ravenna
 Zephyranthes howardii Traub
 Zephyranthes insularum H.H.Hume ex Moldenke (W. coast of Mexico)
 Zephyranthes jonesii (Cory) Traub (US)
 Zephyranthes katheriniae L.B.Spencer (Mexico)
 Zephyranthes lagesiana Ravenna
 Zephyranthes latissimifolia L.B.Spencer
 Zephyranthes leucantha T.M.Howard
 Zephyranthes lindleyana Herb. (Mexico)
 Zephyranthes longistyla Pax
 Zephyranthes longituba Flory ex Flagg & G.Lom.Sm.
 Zephyranthes macrosiphon Baker (Mexico)
 Zephyranthes mesochloa Herb. ex Lindl. (South America)
 Zephyranthes microstigma Ravenna
 Zephyranthes minima Herb.
 Zephyranthes minuta (Kunth) D.Dietr.
 Zephyranthes miradorensis (Kraenzl.) Espejo & López-Ferr.
 Zephyranthes moctezumae T.M.Howard (Mexico)
 Zephyranthes modesta Ravenna
 Zephyranthes morrisclintii Traub & T.M.Howard – Morris-Clint's rain lily
 Zephyranthes nelsonii Greenm.
 Zephyranthes nervosa Herb.
 Zephyranthes nymphaea T.M.Howard & S.Ogden
 Zephyranthes orellanae Carnevali
 Zephyranthes paranaensis Ravenna
 Zephyranthes parvula Killip = [[Zephyranthes andina (R.E.Fr.) Traub
 Zephyranthes plumieri H.H.Hume ex Moldenke
 Zephyranthes primulina T.M.Howard & S.Ogden – yellow rain lily (Mexico)
 Zephyranthes proctorii Acev.-Rodr. & M.T.Strong
 Zephyranthes pseudocolchicum Kraenzl.
 Zephyranthes puertoricensis Traub
 Zephyranthes pulchella J.G.Sm.
 Zephyranthes purpurella Ravenna
 Zephyranthes pusilla (Herb.) D.Dietr. = [[Zephyranthes americana (Hoffmanns.) Ravenna
 Zephyranthes refugiensis F.B.Jones – Refugio zephyr lily
 Zephyranthes reginae T.M.Howard & S.Ogden – Queens rain lily (Mexico)
 Zephyranthes rosalensis Ravenna
 Zephyranthes rosea Lindl. – pink rain lily
 Zephyranthes sessilis Herb.
 Zephyranthes simpsonii Chapm. – Simpson's lily, Carolina Atamasco lily
 Zephyranthes smallii (Alexander) Traub – Small's rain lily
 Zephyranthes stellaris Ravenna
 Zephyranthes subflava L.B.Spencer
 Zephyranthes susatana Fern.Alonso & Groenend.
 Zephyranthes traubii (W.Hayw.) Moldenke – Traub's rain lily, San Carlos rain lily, Mexican rain lily
 Zephyranthes treatiae S.Watson
 Zephyranthes tucumanensis Hunz.
 Zephyranthes uruguaianica Ravenna
 Zephyranthes verecunda Herb. = [[Zephyranthes minuta (Kunth) D.Dietr.
 Zephyranthes versicolor (Herb.) G.Nicholson
 Zephyranthes wrightii Baker
 Zephyranthes yaviensis Ravenna

과거의 종 
 Cooperia pedunculata Herb. (as Z. drummondii D.Don)
 Habranthus arenicola (Brandegee) Flagg, G.Lom.Sm. & Meerow (as Z. arenicola Brandegee)
 Habranthus cardinalis (C.H.Wright) Sealy (as Z. cardinalis C.H.Wright)
 Habranthus chichimeca (T.M.Howard & S.Ogden) Flagg, G.Lom.Sm. & Meerow (as Z. chichimeca T.M.Howard & S.Ogden)
 Habranthus longifolius (Hemsl.) Flagg, G.Lom.Sm. & Meerow (as Z. aurea S.Watson and Z. longifolia Hemsl.)
 Habranthus longipes (Baker) Sealy (as Z. longipes Baker)
 Habranthus robustus Herb. (as Z. robusta (Herb.) Baker)
 Pyrolirion aureum Herb. (as Z. aurea (Herb.) Baker)

각주 

수선화과
수선화아과