Health ecology
Ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ Eco Health ) bụ ngalaba na amalite nke ọmụmụ  na-eme nyocha ka mgbanwe na gburugburu ụwa si emetụta ahụike mmadụ . Ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi na-enyocha mgbanwe na gburugburu ebe obibi ndụ, anụ ahụ, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nke akụ na ụba ma jikọta mgbanwe ndị a na ahụike mmadụ. Ihe atụ nke mgbanwe ndị a na mmetụta ha bara ụba. Ihe atụ ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere mmụba n'ọnụọgụ ụkwara ume ọkụ n'ihi mmetọ ikuku, mmetọ PCB nke game fish  na nnukwu ọdọ mmiri nke United States, na nkewa ebe obibi na ebute mbawanye n'ọnụọgụ ọrịa Lyme na-a.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme 
Usoro gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara  ahụike, ma ọ bụ ahụike gburugburu, pụtara dị ka ngalaba nyocha na itinye n'ọrụ na afo ndị 1990, nke bụ isi site na nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Nchọpụta Development Development na Ottawa (IDRC), Canada (Lebel, 2003) kwadoro.  Otú ọ dị, nke a bụ mwuli  nke metụtara ahụike na gburugburu ebe obibi nke nwere ike Ichehachi azụ, na obodo ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, na Hippocrates, na ọtụtụ oge mbụ na obodo ndị dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ. Usoro a pụtara nke ọma n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ na iri na iteghete, mana ọ dabara n'enweghị ihu ọma na narị afọ nke iri abụọ, mgbe e chere na ọkachamara nka na nka zuru oke iji mesoo ahụike na ọrịa. N'oge a dị mkpirikpi, e kenyere nleba anya mmetụta ahụike mmadụ na-adịghị mma nke mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi (ma gburugburu ebe obibi na nke e wuru) na ngalaba ọgwụ na ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi. Otu ọgwụ, dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị ọkachamara dị ka Calvin Schwabe kwadoro, bụ nke a na-elekarị anya dị ka ọrụ dị n'akụkụ.

Ụzọ ejikọtara ọnụ na ahụike na gburugburu ebe obibi maliteghachiri na afo ndị 1990, ma gụnye otu ahụike, ọgwụ nchekwa ahụike, nkwụsi ike nke gburugburu ebe obibi, iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke gburugburu ebe obibi, obodo banyere ahụike, na ọtụtụ ụzọ ndị ọzọ. Mmegharị ọhụrụ a nwere ike ịdọrọ na ọdịnala nke sitere na Hippocrates, Rudolf Virchow na Louis Pasteur, bụ ndị na-aghọtaghị ókè dị n'etiti ọgwụ mmadụ na anụmanụ, na mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na nke ọha mmadụ; nye William Osler, onye bụ onye so na ngalaba ahụike McGill na nke Montreal Veterinary College ; Calvin Schwabe, onye akwụkwọ 1984, Ọgwụ anụmanụ na ahụike mmadụ, bụ ihe a ma ama na ngalaba a; na James Steele, onye tọrọ ntọala ngalaba ahụike ọha na eze mbụ na United States.

Ụzọ ahụike Eco dị ka a na-eme ugbu a bụ ntinye aka, usoro dabeere na usoro iji ghọta na ịkwalite ahụike na ọdịmma n'ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ihe dị iche iche na ụzọ ndị a si na ntinye aka na mbụ bụ ntọala siri ike na echiche mgbagwoju anya na sayensị post-nkịtị (Waltner-Toews, 2004;  Waltner-Toews et al., 2008  ). Ọ bụ ezie na òtù dị iche iche na-akwalite ụzọ ntinye aka dị ka one Health, onye isi ntunye ego na onye na-akwalite ahụike Eco karịsịa, n'ụwa nile, bụ International Development Research Center na Ottawa ( https://web.archive.org/web/20100126030738 ) /http://www.idrc.ca/ecohealth/ ).

Mgbe afọ iri nke ogbako mba ụwa na North America na Australia n'okpuru nche anwụ na-akawanye njọ nke " ahụ ike gburugburu ebe obibi ", nke mbụ "ecosystem approach to human health" (Eco Health) forum e mere na Montreal na 2003, sochiri ogbako na forums na Wisconsin . , US ., na Mérida, Mexico, ha niile nwere nkwado siri ike sitere na IDRC. Kemgbe ahụ International Association for Ecology and Health, na akwụkwọ akụkọ Eco Health eguzobewo ogige ahụ dị ka ọrụ mmụta na mmepe ziri ezi.

Ndịiche 
Ọmụmụ ahụike gburugburu a dị iche na ọdịnala, ọmụmụ ọzụzụ otu. Ọmụmụ ọrịa na-efe efe nke ọdịnala nwere ike igosi ọnụọgụ ịba na-abawanye na mpaghara, mana ọ bụghị ịkọwa etu ma ọ bụ ihe kpatara ọnụọgụ ahụ ji na-abawanye. Nnyocha ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịkwado ịgbasa ọgwụ pesticide n'ụdị ụfọdụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ iji belata mgbasa. Nyocha gbasara akụ na ụba nwere ike gbakọọ ọnụ ahịa na ịdị irè kwa dollar ejiri mee ihe na mmemme dị otú ahụ. Ọmụmụ ahụike Eco na-eji ụzọ dị iche. Ọ na-achịkọta ọtụtụ ọzụzụ ọkachamara yana ndị otu obodo ọ metụtara tupu ọmụmụ ihe amalite. Site na ọmụmụ ihe tupu ọmụmụ ihe, otu ahụ na-ekerịta ihe ọmụma ma nakwere asụsụ nkịtị. Nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe ndị a na-ebutekarị ụzọ okike na nke ọhụrụ ma nwee ike ibute n'ihe ngwọta "na-ewuli elu n'obodo". Ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike Eco na-akpọ ya transdisciplinary synergy  wee kewapụ ya na ọmụmụ ihe mmụta multidiscipline. Ọmụmụ ahụike gburugburu kpọkwara nsonye nke ndị otu niile sokwunyerenu ihe nke gụnyerekwara ndị na-eme mkpebi ma kwenye na okwu nha anya (n'etiti okike, klaasị mmekọrịta ọha na eze, afọ na ọbụna ụdị) dị mkpa iji ghọta nke ọma nsogbu a ga-amụ. Jean Lebel (2003) kpọpụtara transdisciplinary, nsonye na nha anya  dịka ihe Mgbafọ ukwu atọ nke Eco Health (Lebel, 2003).  IDRC na-ekwu ugbu a maka ụkpụrụ isii, kama usoro atọ, ya bụ transdisciplinary, nsonye, okike na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, echiche usoro, nkwusosike na nyocha-na-eme ihe (Charron, 2011).

Ihe atụ 
Otu ihe atụ bara uru nke gburugburu ebe obibi ahụike bụ njikwa ịba na Mexico. Usoro ọzụzụ dị iche iche nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịkwụsị iji DDT dị oké ike na ahụ ma na-ebelatakwa ọrịa ịba.  Ọmụmụ ihe a na-ekpughe ma ọdịdị nke mmekọrịta dị mgbagwoju anya nke nsogbu ahụ na ókè nke ngwọta na-aga nke ọma ga-agafe na usoro nyocha. Ngwọta ahụ gụnyere echiche okike n'akụkụ nke ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ, ma mepụta ọnọdụ mmeri maka ndị nchọpụta, azụmahịa na nke kachasị mkpa, maka obodo. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime mmetụta dị egwu nke mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na ọtụtụ n'ime nyocha a na-elekwasị anya na mba ndị na-emepe emepe, gburugburu ebe obibi nke gburugburu ebe obibi na obodo mepere emepe nke ụwa mepere emepe bụkwa isi ihe  ahụike mmadụ lekwasaraanya. Oke ibu, ọrịa shuga, ụkwara ume ọkụ, na ọrịa obi na-emetụta kpọmkwem ka ụmụ mmadụ si emekọrịta ihe na gburugburu ebe obibi obodo mepere emepe nke ha bi na ya. Nhazi na atụmatụ ime obodo na-agbado ukwu iji ụgbọ ala, nhọrọ nri dị, ọkwa mmetọ ikuku na nchekwa na njem nke agbataobi ndị mmadụ bi. Enwere ike ịchọta ihe atụ ndị ọzọ nke usoro ahụike ebe obibi site na-nchikọta ọha na eze na gburugburu : Management Practice and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience, nke Fikrit Berkes na Carl Folke deziri (1998, Cambridge University Press,  ) na Panarchy: Ịghọta mgbanwe na Human na Natural Systems, nke Lance H. Gunderson na CS Holling deziri (2002, Island Press,  ).

Akwụkwọ akụkọ 

 Eco Health
 <i id="mwUg">Conservation Biology</i>
 Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
 Ecosystem Health (March 1995-December 2001)
 Global Change & Human Health (March 2000-March 2002)

Akwụkwọ akụkọ 

 Conservation Medicine: Ecological Health in Practice, edited by Alonso Aguirre, Richard S. Ostfeld, Gary M. Tabor, Carol House, Mary C. Pearl. (2002, Oxford University Press, USA  .)
 Ecosystem Sustainability and Health, David Waltner-Toews (Cambridge University Press, 2004,  ).
 The Ecosystem Approach: Complexity, Uncertainty and Managing for Sustainability, edited by David Waltner-Toews, James Kay, and Nina-Marie Lister. (Columbia University Press, 2008,  .)
 In-Focus: HEALTH: An Ecosystem Approach, by Jean Lebel. (IDRC 2003,  .)
 Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practice and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience, edited by Fikrit Berkes and Carl *Folke (1998, Cambridge University Press,  ).
 Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems, edited by Lance H. Gunderson and C. S. Holling (2002, Island Press,  ).
 Sustainability and Health—Supporting Global Ecological Integrity in Public Health, edited by Valerie Brown, John Grootjans, Jan Ritchie, Mardie Townsend and Glenda Verrinder. (Allen and Unwin, Sydney  .)
 Ecosystems and Human Well-being, Health Synthesis: a report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Carlos Corvalan, Simon Hales, Anthony McMichael. World Health Organization, 2005.

Ụlọ ọrụ 

 Eco Health
 Eco Health Network
 International Association for Ecology and Health
 Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE) The University of Wisconsin–Madison, USA
 Harvard Medical School Center for Health and the Global Environment, USA
 Consortium for Conservation Medicine (CCM)
 Consortium for Health and Ecology, Edith Cowan University, Australia
 Ecosystem Health Program at the University of Western Ontario, Canada
 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA
 Network for Ecosystem Sustainability and Health
 Wilderness Medical Society Environmental Committee
 The COHAB Initiative "Cooperation on Health and Biodiversity"
 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment — A UN-led global project to assess the impacts of ecosystem change on human well-being; completed in 2005

Nzukọ 

 International Forum on Ecosystem Approaches to Human Health
 Eco Health ONE Conference, October 2006
 Conference on Health and Biodiversity 2005

Edensibia

Ebe nchọta 

 Ụlọ Eco-Health, Ọktoba 2007