Ebe Ọkọchị
Mpaghara na-akpọ nkụ mgbe ọ na-enwechaghị mmiri dịnụ ruo n'ókè nke igbochi ma ọ bụ igbochi uto na mmepe nke ihe ọkụkụ na anụmanụ.Mpaghara ndị nwere ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ anaghị enwe ahịhịa ma a na-akpọ ha xeric ma ọ bụ desert. Ọtụtụ ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ na-agbasa na Equator; mpaghara ndị a gụnyere akụkụ Africa, Eshia, South America, North America, na Australia.

Gbankwee ka Oge na-Aga 
Nkesa aridity n'oge ọ bụla bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi mgbasa nke ikuku. Nke ikpeazụ na-agbanwe nke ukwuu ka oge na-aga site na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Omumaatu mmụba okpomọkụ site na pasent 1.52.1 gafee Naịl Basin n'ime afọ 30 na-esote nwere ike ịgbanwe mpaghara ahụ site na ala kpọrọ nkụ gaa na ala kpọrọ mmiri, na-ebelata ala a ga-eji rụọ ọrụ ugbo. Na ngbakwunye ala eme ihe nwere ike ịbawanye mkpa maka mmiri ala ma si otú ahụ mee ka mmiri kpọọ nkụ.

Hukwa 

 Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ
 Nkọwa nke oke mmiri ozuzo
 Ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke ọzara
 Ịnagide ịcha
 Oké ọkọchị
 Mmiri
 Mmetụta ikuku

Ihe odide 

 Griffiths, J. F. (1985) 'Climatology', Isi nke 2 na Handbook of Applied Meteorology, nke David D. Houghton, John Wiley and Sons dezi nkọwa,
 Durrenberger, R. W. (1987) 'Arid Climates', isiokwu dị na The Encyclopedia of Climatology, p. 92 Xing101, nke J. E. Oliver na R. W, Fairbridge dezigharịrị, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York,  .
 Stadler, S. J (1987) 'Aridity Indexes', isiokwu dị na The Encyclopedia of Climatology, p. 102X107, nke J. E. Oliver na R. W. Fairbridge dezigharịrị, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York,  .
 Blue Peace for the Nile Report, 2009, Strategic Foresight Group