Tufa
Tufa bụ nkume nzu dị iche iche nke a na-emepụta mgbe mineral carbonate na-asọpụta site na mmiri okpomọkụ. Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ mgbe ụfọdụ na-emepụta ihe nkwụnye carbonate yiri (ma ọ dị obere), nke a maara dị ka travertine. A na-akpọ Tufa mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka (meteogene) travertine. O kwesịghị inwe mgbagwoju anya na mmiri ọkụ (thermogene) travertine. Tufa, nke bụ calcareous, ekwesịghịkwa inwe mgbagwoju anya na tuff, nkume mgbawa na-agbawa agbawa nke nwere usoro okwu yiri nke ahụ nke a na-akpọkwa "tufa" mgbe ụfọdụ.

Nchịkọta na atụmatụ 
Nkwụnye ego tufa nke oge a na nke fossil jupụtara na ahịhịa mmiri; dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ, ọtụtụ ihe nkwụnye ego tufa na-eji nnukwu akụkụ macrobiological ha mara, ma na-agbapụta nke ukwuu. Tufa na-etolite ma ọ bụ na ọwa fluvial ma ọ bụ na gburugburu lacustrine. Ford and Pedley (1996) na-enye ntụlegharị nke sistemu tufa gburugburu ụwa.

Mmiri ndị dị n'osimiri 
Enwere ike ịkewapụta ihe ndị a na-etinye site na gburugburu ebe obibi ha (ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọzọ site na ahịhịa ma ọ bụ petrographically). Pedley (1990) na-enye usoro nkewa sara mbara, nke gụnyere klas ndị a nke tufa mmiri:

 Oge opupu ihe ubi na-apụta mgbe ọ na-apụ site na oge opupu ihe mere / ọpụpụ. Ọdịdị nwere ike ịdịgasị iche site na ala mmiri nke mineratrophic ruo n'ebe mmiri na-agba mmiri (lee sinter calcareous)
 Ọwa a na-akwa akwa nke a na-etinye n'ime ọwa mmiri, nke oncoids na-achịkwa (lee oncolite)
 Cascade ː Ntinye na-adị na nsụda mmiri, a na-elekwasị anya ebe a n'ihi ọsọ ọsọ (lee Geochemistry)
 Ihe mgbochi mmiri na-adị ka usoro ihe mgbochi ahịhịa na-agafe ọwa, nke nwere ike itolite ruo ọtụtụ mita n'ịdị elu. Ihe mgbochi na-enwekarị ihe dị mkpa, nke nwere ihe ndị dị ndụ (akwụkwọ, alaka wdg.Ọ dị iche iche