Kanzi
Kanzi (amụrụ n'October 28, 1980), nke a makwaara site na lexigram (site na agwa 太), bụ nwoke bonobo nke bụ isiokwu nke ọtụtụ ọmụmụ banyere nnukwu asụsụ ape. Dị ka Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, onye na-amụ banyere primatology nke mụrụ bonobo n'oge ndụ ya niile, si kwuo, Kanzi egosila ikike asụsụ dị elu.

Akụkọ ndụ ya 
A mụrụ Kanzi nye Lorel na Bosandjo na Yerkes Field Station na Mahadum Emory na 1980. N'oge na-adịghị anya ka a mụsịrị Kanzi, otu nwanyị na-achị achị, Matata, bụ onye isi otu ahụ zuru ohi ma kuchie ya.

Na 1985, a kpọgara Kanzi n'ụlọ ọrụ nyocha asụsụ na Mahadum Georgia State.  E mechara bugharịa ya, ya na nwanne ya nwanyị, Panbanisha, na Great Ape Trust, na Des Moines, Iowa.  Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-adịghị mma, tọrọ ntọala na 2004 site n'aka onye ọchụnta ego obodo, Ted Townsend, mechiri mgbe ọ tụfuru ego, na-enweta ebubo nke nleghara anya, na idei mmiri.

N'afọ 2013, Ape Cognition and Conservation Initiative (ACCI), n'okpuru nduzi nke Jared Taglialatela, prọfesọ na Mahadum steeti Kennesaw na Georgia, na Bill Hopkins, prọfọfesọ nke Mahadum Steeti Georgia, weghaara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. 

Mgbe ACCI weghaara nlekọta Kanzi na 2013, o buru oke ibu n'ihi njikwa nri na ọrụ ya.  Ndị nlekọta ọhụrụ ya gbanwere nri Kanzi ka ọ bụrụ ụdị nke dabara adaba ma nwekwuo ohere ya maka mmega ahụ.  Kanzi atụfuola ihe karịrị paụnd iri asaa na ise. 

Dị ka nwa ọhụrụ, Kanzi sonyeere Matata na nnọkọ ebe a na-akụzi asụsụ Matata site na keyboard lexigrams, mana o gosipụtara obere mmasị na nkuzi ahụ. Ọ bụ nnukwu ihe ijuanya nye ndị na-eme nchọpụta mgbe otu ụbọchị, mgbe Matata na-apụ, Kanzi malitere iji lexigrams mee ihe nke ọma, na-aghọ ọ bụghị naanị enwe mbụ a hụrụ na ọ mụtara akụkụ nke asụsụ n'ụzọ okike kama site na ọzụzụ kpọmkwem, kamakwa bonobo mbụ a hụrụ iji gosipụta na ọ na-eji ụfọdụ akụkụ nke asụsụ. N'ime obere oge, Kanzi amụtala okwu iri nke ndị nchọpụta na-agba mbọ ịkụziri nne nkuchi ya, ọ mụtakwara ihe karịrị 348, nke ọ nwekwara ike ijikọta maka nkọwa ọhụrụ.  Mgbe ọ nụrụ okwu a na-ekwu (site na ekweisi, iji nyochaa ihe mgbaàmà na-abụghị okwu), ọ na-ezo aka na lexigram ziri ezi. Ọ nwere ike ịmalite nkwurịta okwu site na iji lexigrams.  Sue Savage Rumbaugh, na 2006, kwuru na Kanzi ghọtara ihe dị ka okwu 3,000.  

Dị ka otu Discover isiokwu si kwuo, Kanzi bụ onye ọrụ ngwá ọrụ zuru oke.

E kwenyere na nne nkuchi Kanzi, Matata, nọ n'etiti afọ 40 mgbe ọ nwụrụ na June 2014. N'ime obodo matriarchal nke bonobos, ọnọdụ nwoke na-ekpebi n'ụzọ bụ isi site na ọnọdụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ọ nwere njikọ. Matata bụ onye isi nke otu ahụ n'ihi ya, e guzobere ọnọdụ ya dị ka nwoke kachasị elu site n'ịkwere ya dị ka "nwa" ya. Dị ka Smithsonian Magazine si kwuo, Kanzi "nwere ụdị nna ochie na-eme agadi - ọ bụ onye isi nkwọcha na onye na-eme mkpọtụ na anya miri emi. A na-akwado nkọwa a site na foto zuru ezu nke Kanzi na March 2008 National Geographic, na foto zuru oke na-acha oji na ọcha na magazin Time.

Ihe atụ nke omume na ikike 
Àgwà na ikike nke Kanzi bụ isiokwu nke nchọpụta e bipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị, yana akụkọ na mgbasa ozi na-ewu ewu.

Ihe omume ndụ 
Mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ, Kanzi bụ isiokwu nke usoro nchọnchọ nke e ji ike ya ịzaghachi arịrịọ a na-arịọ ya tụnyere nke nwatakịrị mmadụ dị afọ abụọ a na-akpọ Alia.  Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ were ọnwa itoolu iji mechaa ya.  E nyere Kanzi na Alia ntụziaka ikwu okwu 660, na-arịọ ha ka ha na-emeso ihe ndị ha maara n'ụzọ ọhụrụ.  Kanzi zara ya nke ọma na pasent 74 nke ntuziaka ahụ, Alia ruo pasenti .

Ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ, nke ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie bụ́ Kathy Schick na Nicholas Toth haziri ma mee, bu n’obi iji ikike ọgụgụ isi na ikike ịrụ ọrụ Kanzi tụnyere nke ndị nna nna ochie bụ́ ndị mere ma jiri Early Stone Age ngwaọrụ (ikekwe Homo habilis), dị ka flakes na cores nke Oldowan.  (isi bụ okwute nke e wepụrụ flake).  N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, Schick na Toth gosiri Kanzi ka esi agbaji nkume, na-emepụta ọnụ dị nkọ nke a ga-eji gbutu eriri iji nweta ụgwọ ọrụ nri.  Mgbe emechara omume ahụ na-agbagharị agbagharị n'oge dị iche iche, ndị nyocha ahụ guzobe nnwale nke ọ bụla site n'itinye ụgwọ ọrụ nri n'ime igbe nwere mkpuchi pụtara nke ejiri ogologo eriri mechie.  Mgbe ahụ, a ga-eduru Kanzi banye n'ogige ebe igbe ahụ dị ma nye ya nkume ndị a chọrọ maka ịkụgharị (nke a maara dị ka chert ma ọ bụ nkume nkume).  N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a nke ọtụtụ afọ, Kanzi amụtaghị ka esi agba ọkụ, ọ zụlitekwara usoro nke ya site n'ịtụba cobbles n'elu ebe siri ike iji mee flake, n'adịghị ka usoro ịgba egwu nke ejiri aka meere ya.  .  N'iji ọtụtụ flakes dị nkọ nke o mepụtara, Kanzi nwere ike ịcha ụdọ ahụ iji nweta ụgwọ ọrụ nri.  Otú ọ dị, flakes ndị o mepụtara ma jiri mee ihe dị njọ karịa nke ndị mmadụ na-emepụta Early Stone Age.[1][2][3]

Ọmụmụ ihe yiri nke ahụ gbasara ikike ịhịa aka n'ahụ nke chimpanzees adaghị Kanzi megharịa nchoputa ahụ. Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-atụ aro na ndịiche dị na nchoputa bụ n'ihi ọdịiche dị na nzụlite nke isiokwu ndị ahụ.  Ọ bụ ezie na Kanzi jiri akụkụ dị ịrịba ama nke ndụ ya gburugburu ụmụ mmadụ ma na-azụ ha (na-eduga n'ọkwa dị elu nke mmepụta ihe), ndị chimpanzees na ọmụmụ ihe na-adịbeghị anya a zụrụghị ma ọ bụ gosipụta otú e si eme ma ọ bụ jiri flakes (ma ọ bụ na omume ọ bụla ọzọ mmadụ).  ).  Nke a nwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara Kanzi ji nwee ike ịmalite ịmị ọkụ mgbe ọ lechara mmadụ anya, na chimpanzee na ọmụmụ ihe na nso nso a abụghị.

Akụkọ ifo 
A maara Kanzi maka ikike ya "ịkpọlite ​​ihe na-adịghị, mepụta usoro ọhụrụ iji kọwaa ihe ndị ọ na-amaghị aha ha ... o nwere echiche ụfọdụ nke oge ma yie ka ọ ghọtara echiche .Ndị na-esonụ bụ akụkọ ifo, karịa ihe ngosi nnwale.

 N'ime njem n'ime ọhịa na Georgia, Kanzi metụrụ akara maka "marshmallows" na "ọkụ". Susan Savage-Rumbaugh kwuru n'ajụjụ ọnụ na, "N'inye ọkụ na marshmallows, Kanzi gburu alaka maka ọkụ, jiri ọkụ gbaa ha ọkụ ma sie marshmallow na osisi". The Telegraph ebipụtala foto nke Kanzi na-agbakọta ọkụ maka nri.
 Paul Raffaele, na arịrịọ Savage-Rumbaugh, mere haka maka Bonobos. Egwú agha a nke Maori gụnyere ịkụ aka n'apata ụkwụ, ịkụ aka n"obi, na iti mkpu. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị bonobos niile nọ ebe ahụ kọwara nke a dị ka ngosipụta obi ọjọọ, ma jiri mkpu dị elu, na-emeghe ezé, na-akụ mgbidi na ala. Kanzi, onye nọgidere na-adị jụụ, gwara Savage-Rumbaugh okwu site na iji ụda olu bonobo; Savage- Rumbaugh kọwara ụda olu ndị a, wee gwa Raffaele, "ọ ga-amasị gị ime ya ọzọ maka ya, n'ime ụlọ dị n'azụ, ka ndị ọzọ ghara iwe". Ka e mesịrị, e mere ihe ngosi onwe onye n'ime ụlọ ọzọ.
 Savage-Rumbaugh ahụla Kanzi na-agwa nwanne ya nwanyị okwu. N'ime nnwale a, e debere Kanzi n'ime ụlọ dị iche nke Great Ape Project ma gosipụta yogọt ụfọdụ. Kanzi mere ụfọdụ ụda nke nwanne ya nwanyị nwere ike ịnụ; nwanne ya nwanyị, Panbanisha, onye na-enweghị ike ịhụ yogọt, wee gosi okwu maka yogọt, na-atụ aro ka ụda ndị ahụ nwee ihe ọ pụtara.
 N'otu ngosipụta na ihe ngosi telivishọn Champions of the Wild, egosiri Kanzi na-egwu egwuregwu arcade Pac-Man ma ghọta otu esi emeri ya.

Asụsụ 
Ọ bụ ezie na Kanzi mụtara iji keyboard na lexigrams kwurịta okwu, Kanzi nwetakwara ụfọdụ asụsụ ogbi nke America site na ikiri vidiyo nke Koko the gorilla, onye na-agwa onye na-elekọta ya Penny Patterson okwu ogbi; Savage-Rumbaugh aghọtaghị na Kanzi nwere ike ịbịanye aka ruo mgbe ọ bịanyere aka, "You, Gorilla, Question", na onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ mmadụ Dawn Prince-Hughes, onye na mbụ na-arụkọ ọrụ. Dabere na nnwale ndị e mere na Yerkes Primate Research Center, Kanzi nwere ike ịmata akara n'ụzọ ziri ezi 89-95% nke oge.

Kanzi enweghị ike ikwu okwu n'ụzọ ọtụtụ mmadụ nwere ike ịghọta, ebe ọ bụ na bonobos nwere traktị ụda olu dị iche iche karịa ụmụ mmadụ, nke na-eme ka ha ghara iwepụta ọtụtụ n'ime ụda olu mmadụ nwere ike ime.  Ka o sina dị, a chọpụtara na mgbe ọ bụla Kanzi na-agwa ụmụ mmadụ okwu ndị nwere akara eserese ndị haziri ahazi, ọ na-ewepụtakwa ụda olu.

Mgbe e mesịrị, a chọpụtara na Kanzi nọ na-emepụta ihe ngosi nka nke akara ngosi ndị ọ na-egosi, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị elu nke ukwuu na nke mgbagwoju anya.

Dika nyocha nke Dr. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh siri kwuo, Kanzi "nwere ike ighota okwu mmadu n'otu n'otu na otu esi eji ha n'ahịrịokwu ọhụrụ".  Dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye nyocha ahụ jụrụ Kanzi ka ọ gaa nweta karọt na ngwa ndakwa nri, Kanzi gara ozugbo na microwave wee leghara karọt nke dị ya nso anya kpamkpam, ma ọ bụghị na ngwa ndakwa nri.N'ihe atụ ọzọ, onye nchọpụta nyere ọrụ ahụ, "na-azụ bọọlụ gị ụfọdụ tomato".  Alia, onye dị afọ 2, amaghị ihe ọ ga-eme, mana Kanzi jiri spongy egwuri egwu Halloween ugu ngwa ngwa dị ka bọl wee malite ịzụ ihe egwuregwu ahụ.

Ihe mgbochi 
Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewere Kanzi dị ka ikpe kachasị mma maka apes na-enweta ike dị ka asụsụ, ahịrịokwu ya abụghị nke nwata dị afọ 3.  ikike ọmụmụ ya, syntactic na morphological gosipụtara nnukwu ọdịiche.  Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Kanzi ejighị okwu ahụ bụ "strawberry" mee ihe otu nwa mmadụ si eme.  Mgbe ọ na-eji "strawberry" ọ nwere ike ịpụta arịrịọ ịga ebe strawberries na-eto, arịrịọ iri ụfọdụ, ọ pụkwara ịbụ aha, na ihe ndị ọzọ.

Kanzi gosikwara na ọ nweghị ikike n'iji okwu arụ ọrụ eme ihe, ọ nweghịkwa ike iji morphology mee ihe, dị ka igosi ọtụtụ ụdị aha.  N'ikpeazụ, Kanzi egosipụtaghị nlọghachi, nke pụtara na enwere oke n'ogologo nke ahịrịokwu ya nke enweghị ike ịfefe.

Hụkwa zie 

 Asụsụ Ape
 Ọganihu nke asụsụ
 Human Ape, ihe nkiri National Geographic
 Ndepụta nke enwe
 Yerkish
 Nkà mmụta ihe ochie nke anụmanụ

Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ e ji mee ihe na ọmụmụ asụsụ:

Edensibia

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ 

 Joseph, John E., Nigel Love & Talbot J. Taylor (2001). Ihe ịrịba ama na Linguistic Thought II: The Western Tradition in the 20th Century (London & New York: Routledge), isi nke 15: "Kanzi on Human Language".
 nke Waal, Frans (2005). Our Inner Ape,  .
 Raffaele, Paul (2006), "The Smart and Swinging Bonobo", Smithsonian, Mpịakọta 37, Ọnụ Ọgụgụ 8 (November 2006 - isiokwu n'ozuzu banyere bonobos).

Njikọ mpụga 

 60 Minutes Australia Talk to the Animals October 2011 na-egosi Kanzi
 Kanzi recognizing the symbols of the lexigram on YouTube
 The Gentle Genius of Bonobos, okwu TED n'akụkụ ụfọdụ banyere Kanzi
 Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ vidio nke Sue Savage-Rumbaugh nwere ihe ngosi nke gosipụtara Kanzi
 Akụkọ Bonobo na-ekwu okwu na webụsaịtị Smithsmagonian