Walter Sanford
Walter Sanford, onye a makwaara dị ka Sanford, (ubochí irí atọ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị 1912 ̊ rụo ubochí atọ n'ọnwa Julaị 1987), bụ ónyé America na-ese ihe nke rụrụ ọrụ n'ụdị na mmetụta dị iche iche site na iji mgbasa ozi ọdịnala dị ka ágbá, ink, pensụl na pensụl. Ihe osise ya gụnyere collages, cartoons, pencil drawings, linoleum-cuts, woodcuts, sculptures, paintings, na portraits. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ na naanị ndị isi ojii na-ahụ màkà mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndị na-ese ihe na narị afọ nke iri abụọ. A màrà ọkwa ya dị ka "Black Picasso" na "Detroit's Picasso" màkà ihe osise cubist ya na 1958 ọ meriri Prix de Paris La Grande Saison de Paris na Raymond Duncan Galleries. Na Detroit, ọ meghere ụlọ ngosi nka nke ndị isi ojii mbụ ma gosipụta ya na Negro Art Exhibition na Negro History Week nke mbụ ma bụrụ ónyé a na-eto dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe osise nke ógè a na Michigan na 1952.

Sanford bụ akụkụ nke Wave nke Abụọ (1941-1960) nkè Chicago Black Renaissance nke ndị na-ese ihe n'Afrịka na America ma nabata ụdị na mmetụta dịgasị iche iche. Onye na-egosipụta ihe ruo n'afọ 1945, Sanford nwèrè mmetụta doro ányà ma soro Pablo Picasso's cubism na ihe osise ya, wee gbanwee na abstract expressionism ruo afọ irí na asatọ. N'oge a, ọ gàrà ma rụọ ọrụ na Mexico, France, na Las Vegas, mana ọ na-alaghachi n'ụlọ ya na Chicago. N'afọ 1962, ọ kwagara Sanford Studio (171 W. Oak Street, Chicago) na South Side wee guzobe ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ gafee okporo ámá site na Prairie Shores na Lake Meadows. Ọ laghachiri na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma na-eme ndị ọbịa obi ụtọ na ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ ya mgbe ọ na-ese ihe màkà ha.

Oge ọ malitere 
Sanford tolitere wee gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ na Chicago ma ónyé nkụzi ya mere ka ọ mata nka mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu. Mgbè ọ dị afọ iri na atọ, ọ gara klas akwụkwọ ozi nka ma rọọ nrọ ịbụ ónyé na-ese ihe nkiri. O mezuru nrọ a wee bụrụ ónyé na-ese ihe nkiri maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya ma ree ihe osise mbụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise. Ihe ngosi mbụ Sanford mere mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ na Renaissance Society nke Mahadum Chicago. N'afọ 1937, ọ gàrà klas mgbede na Art Institute nke Chicago ebe ọ gụrụ ihe osise mmanụ, tempera, ink, pensụl, na ihe osise pastel. Ọ kwagara Detroit na 1938 ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ otu afọ n'okpuru onye na-ese ihe na ónyé isi nke ngalaba nka John Wesley Carroll na Detroit Society of Arts and Crafts ugbu a College for Creative Studies.

Ọrụ na ihe nketa 
Sanford wepụtara ọtụtụ n'ime isiokwu ya site na South Side nke Chicago ebe o biri ọtụtụ afọ. A maara ya nke ọma na Chicago ojii, a na-egosikarị ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ na magazin dị iche iche gụnyere "The Chicago Defender" na "Negro Digest". Sanford na-arụ ọrụ n'ehihie na ụlọ ọrụ nke onwe ya ma n'uhuruchi ọ na-ese foto nke ndị na-eme ihe ntụrụndụ na ndị ọbịa na Chicago's South Side nightclub na ebe egwu Club DeLisa. A maara ya nke ọma maka ink ya zuru ezu na ihe osise pensụl na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. A na-akpọ ya "Nwoke Na-eji Pencil Na-ese Ihe" na "Master of Pencil Acrobatics" Sanford ka a maara na ọ na-ese ihe maka ọtụtụ ndị ama ama gụnyere Roberta Flack na Billie Holiday. "Nye ya, agba bụ ụzọ isi mata ihe oyiyi ndị na-agbakọta ma jikọta, "onye omenkà nwụrụ anwụ na onye bụbu onye na-enyocha ihe osise Chicago Sun-Times Harold Haydon kwuru na 1974. "Ọdịdị na ihu na-amụmụ ọnụ ọchị, na-eme ka ọ dị egwu, na-eguzo ọtọ ma na-agagharị agagharị, n'ihe osise dị mgbagwoju anya buru ibu na obere. " Sanford ghọrọ onye a ma ama na 1960s maka ihe osise ink ya dị ka nke Frederick Douglass, Duke Ellington, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King Jr., Albert Einstein, Buddy Rich, na Miles Davis.

Ọnwụ 
Sanford nwụrụ na 1987.
A kpọrọ ozu ya ọkụ na Oakridge Abbey Crematory, Hillside, Illinois.

Edensibia

Njikọ mpụga 

 Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Detroit: Akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịnihu nke Motor City
 Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), John Carroll Collection
 Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke Harold Haydon Trust