International Union of Forest Research Organizations
The International Union of Forest Research Organisation (IUFRO) (French: Union Internationale des Instituts de Recherches Forestières, German: , Spanish: Unión Internacional de Institutos de Investigación Forestal) bụ ihe mba ụwa na-enye uru, nke na-abụ nke ike nke. ndị ọrịa mkpa, nke nwere isi na Austria. N'afọ 2019, IUFRO kwuru 630 Member Organisation n'ụwa niile.

Ihe omume 
Ọrụ ndị bụ isi gụnyere mmepụta ihe ọmụma, ịkekọrịta ihe ọmụma na iwulite ikike.

Nzukọ na nzukọ 
Afọ ise ọ ALA, IUFRO na-hazi nwere ike nke nwere ihe dị ka ndị agha 2,000. Nke ebụ ọhụrụ bụ na Curitiba, Brazil na 2019. N'etiti World Congresses, e nwere ihe dị ka 70-80 obere akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ na webinars nke otu IUFRO na-hazi kwa afọ (ya bụ. Nkewa, Ìgwè ahụ na Òtù Service). , Ndị Ọrụ, Ihe Omume Pụrụ Iche, Ọrụ na Isi) gburugburu ụwa.

Ntinye aka na usoro mba ụwa 
Ọtụtụ ọrụ aka na ndị na-eme na-ama mba, mpaghara na òtù zuru ụwa ọnụ na NGO. ọmụmaatụ, IUFRO bụ onye otu mgba nke International Council for Science (ICSU), onye otu Collaborative Partnership on Forests (CPF), na otu ndị na-ekiri na United Nations Forum on Forests, Convention on Biological Diversity, UN Framework Convention on Climate Change na usoro na ụwa ụwa ndị ọzọ mgbasa ozi. Dị ka ọmụmaatụ, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), World Conservation Union (IUCN), World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), International Tropical Timber Organisation (ITTO), na International Forestry Students' Njikọ (IFSA).

Nkwurịta okwu na ịkekọrịta ihe ọmụma 
IUFRO na-eke ihe ihe ịdọrọ na ozi na ndị otu ya na ndị nwere ikike site na ebe nrụọrụ ya iufro.org, nka nke ndị nwe ya, akwụkwọ ndị dị ka IUFRO News, IUFRO Spotlight, kalenda nke ihe omume, webinars, akwụkwọ ozi, akwụkwọ ozi, akwụkwọ oge ụfọdụ, IUFro World Series, IUFLO Research Series, na usoro ihe. N'afọ 2011, e akara na-arụ ọrụ na otu na nsogbu na eze dị ka nke IUFRO Division 9 na Iwu Ọhịa na Akụ na ọnọdụ.

Nsọpụrụ na onyinye 
IUFRO na-asọpụrụ site na onyinye dịgasị iche iche ndị na-akwalite sayensị ma na-akpali imekọ ihe ọnụ mba ụwa na ngalaba niile nke nyocha metụtara ọhịa. Onyinye maka ọrụ sayensị gụnyere:

 Ihe nrite sayensị (SAA)
 Onyinye Nnyocha Doctoral (ODRA)
 Ihe nrite IUFRO Student maka Ịdị Mma na Sayensị Ọhịa (ISA)
 IUFRO World Congress Host Scientific Award
 Ihe nrite kacha mma (BPA)

Nhazi 
Ndị otu Union bụ: Congress; Kansụl mba ụwa; Board na Kọmitii; Kọmitii Nlekọta; Onye isi ala (Dr. John Parrotta) na Vice-President; Onye isi oche. Aha nke Union ahụ nwere ndị IUFRO Units ndị a: Nkewa na ndị otu nyocha na ndị na-arụ ọrụ; Task Forces, Special Programs, Projects, IUFRO-led Initiatives na (n'oge gara aga) Isi.

Nkewa, ndị ọrụ na mmemme 
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, e nwere ngalaba itoolu na-adịgide adịgide, nke e kewara n'ime ìgwè nyocha na ndị ọrụ.  

 Ịkpa Ọhịa
 Physiology na Genetics
 Injinia na Nchịkwa Ọrụ Ọhịa
 Nnyocha Ọhịa, Nhazi na Nchịkwa
 Ngwaahịa Ọhịa
 Akụkụ Mmekọrịta nke Oké Ọhịa na Ọhịa
 Ahụike Ọhịa
 Ebe Ọhịa Na-ebi
 Iwu Ọhịa na akụ na ụba.

IUFRO Task Forces bụ interdisciplinary ma guzobe ya nwa oge. A kwadoro ndị Task Forces na 2019:

 Mmụta Ọhịa
 Nlekọta Ọnwụ Osisi Ụwa na Omume
  Ọkụ $: Ndị na-akwalite akụ na ụba nke Global Wildland Fire Activity
  Oké ọhịa na Mmekọrịta Mmiri na Gbanwee Ebe
 Ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị n'ọhịa
 Oké ọhịa ndị a kụrụ n'ike na-ejere Society & Bioeconomy ozi
 Ime ka usoro ndị na-elekọta ụmụaka nke Mediterenian sie ike maka ịzụta ihe ndị na-amụba n'ọhịa iji kwekọọ na mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe
 Ịkpọghe Bioeconomy na Non-Timber Forest Products
 Ịgbanwe Ọhịa Maka Ọdịnihu Ọnọdụ Ihu igwe na Ahụike Mmadụ

E mmemme iche maka iche nke ikike (IUFRO-SPDC) dị ka 'usoro mmemme mmemme iji mba ndị na-emepe' na 1983 na More nke ndị na-enye onyinye mba ụwa na-esote nke XVII IUFRO World Congress na Kyoto, Japan na 1981. Jirka ahụ bu n'uche mgbochi nkwado mba ụwa maka mgbaàmà nke ndị na-egosi na mba ndị na-emepe na-amarị. SPDC na-arụ ọrụ n'ịmepụta ikike ma na-enye onye ọrụ na Harris na na na ojiji na-adịgide adịgide site na n'ike nke ndị na-kaka nhọrọ, ihe ndị na-eme ihe, mmemme ndị na-achị achị Sayensị. Ọrụ nke SPDC ọkụ ihe ọkụ, ndị na-emeka ndọrọ ndọrọ na mmemme ịgagharị agagharị yana-eche isiokwu n'a na-egosi na mweghachi ala.

E malitere Global Forest Expert Panels (GFEP) nwa afọ afọ 2007, dị ka njikọ aka nke Collaborative Partnership on Forests (CPF). ahụ ahụ, IUFRO na-eduzi ma na-hazi ahụ ahụ. Ọ na-ewulite na Nkwado nkwado nkwado nke United Nations Forum on Forests nyere na ECOSOC Resolution 2006/49. GFEP dị ka "Joint CPF initiative on Forest Science and Technology" ma ike ikike ya. GFEP na-ihe ndị na-alụ ọgụ interdisciplinary na okwu ndị na-eme site na isi iwu mba ụwa. Akụkọ ndị a na-ahụ site na Global Forest Expert Panels nke ndị na-eme nkwado na ngalaba ha. E iwu usoro iwu nke IUFRO na 2023 ma GFEP ma otu n'ime ọrụ ya.

The Special Project World Forests, Society and Environment (IUFRO-WFSE) bụ nke Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) na-ahazi. Ọ bụ netwọk zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị ọkachamara. WFSE na-emepụta ma na-ekesa akwụkwọ sayensị, iwu na ozi mkpirikpi, na ihe ndị na-ewu ikike. 

The SilvaVoc Terminology Project na-emesi ike mkpa ọ dị iji okwu teknụzụ mee ihe n'ụzọ ziri ezi n'ọhịa, ọ bụkwa aha ụlọ ọrụ IUFRO maka okwu ọhịa ọtụtụ asụsụ. Ọ na-enye nkọwapụta okwu na isiokwu ụfọdụ ma wuo Silvaterm, nchekwa data okwu maka ọhịa.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme 

Ọhịa dị mkpa mgbe niile maka mmepe akụ na ụba na mmezi gburugburu ebe obibi. N'afọ 1890, International Agriculture and Forestry Congress na Vienna, Austria, tụrụ aro ka e guzobe "mkpu etiti" maka nyocha ọhịa na mba Europe. N'ihi ya, e guzobere "International Union of Forest Experiment Organizations" na Eberswalde, Germany, na 1892. Na mbụ, ọ bụ naanị Austria, Germany na Switzerland kwetara na ụlọ nyocha ọhịa ha ga-esonye na Union. Ka ọ na-erule mmalite Agha Ụwa Mbụ, ụlọ ọrụ ndị si mba 22, gụnyere USA, Canada na Japan, aghọwo ndị otu.

N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, mmekọrịta mba ụwa kwụsịrị, dị ka nnyocha ọhịa mere n'ọtụtụ mba ndị sonyere n'agha ahụ. Njikọ ahụ maliteghachiri ọrụ ya n'ụzọ zuru ezu na 1929 mgbe a nabatara aha ọhụrụ "International Union of Forestry Research Organizations". N'ime afọ ndị sochirinụ, nzukọ ahụ tụfuru ọdịdị ya na Central Europe ka ndị nnọchi anya ndị ọzọ si Africa, Eshia na Amerịka sonyeere. 

Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ belatara ọrụ nke Union ruo obere. Nkwado gara n'ihu naanị n'etiti ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, ọ bụghị n'ụzọ ụlọ ọrụ. N'afọ 1949, ụlọ ọrụ nri na ọrụ ugbo nke United Nations (FAO) e guzobere ọhụrụ kwupụtara njikere ya ime ka IUFRO nwee odeakwụkwọ na isi ụlọ ọrụ FAO dị na Rom.

IUFRO keere òkè n'ịtọlite ụkpụrụ na ijikọ nyocha n'ọhịa na nyocha ọhịa. N'afọ 1903, Union malitere akwụkwọ edemede ọhịa nke mba ụwa nke na-adịbeghị na mbụ. Nke nta nke nta mmepe ahụ dugara na Oxford System of Decimal Classification (ODe) maka Ọhịa na 1950s

Afọ 1950 na 1960 bụ oge uto na-aga n'ihu. XV IUFRO World Congress na Gainesville, USA, na 1971 bụ Congress mbụ e mere na mpụga Europe. Na nke mbụ ya, a kpọrọ ya "World Congress," ma webata aha Congress: "Ọrụ nke Nnyocha na Mgbasawanye nke Omume na Ọrụ Ọhịa".

N'afọ 1980, IUFRO malitere ịbawanye nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akụ na ụba, na gburugburu ebe obibi nke dị mkpa n'ụwa niile. Nzukọ nke iri na asatọ nke e mere na Ljubljana, Yugoslavia, na 1986 bụ nke mbụ e mere n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Europe.  

Kemgbe afọ 1990 na-elekwasị anya na ndị na-eme iwu ọhịa, ndị na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba na ndị njikwa agbanweela. Nke a bụ ka atụmanya ọha na eze banyere oké ọhịa gbasaa iji tinye mmepụta dị mma nke ngwaahịa ọhịa, uru mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi site na njikwa osisi na oké ọhịa. IUFRO zaghachiri ihe ịma aka ndị a site n'ịgbanwe usoro sayensị ya, ịgbasa mmekọrịta atụmatụ na itinye aka na sayensị / iwu. 

Nzukọ nke iri abụọ na otu nke IUFRO World Congress na Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, na 2000 bụ Nzukọ nke mbụ nke IUFro World Congress nke emere na mba na-emepe emepe. N'afọ 2000, a gbanwere aha Union ahụ ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ "International Union of Forest Research Organizations". Afọ 2000 mekwara ka oge mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke IUFRO na a na-ekwu maka nsogbu nwoke na nwanyị. N'ime afọ iri gara aga, IUFRO mere mgbalị ịgbasawanye ọrụ karịa ókèala nke ngalaba na ọzụzụ 'ọdịnala'. Na 125th Anniversary Congress na 2017 na Freiburg, Germany, a nabatara okwu "Interconnecting Forests, Science and People" dị ka akụkụ nke akara ngosi ahụ.

Ndị isi ala 

 2020 - John Parrotta
 2014 - 2019 Mike Wingfield

Hụkwa 

 Ụbọchị Oké Ọhịa Mba Nile

Ihe odide

Njikọ mpụga 

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