J. G. Ballard
James Graham Ballard (15 Nọvemba 1930 – 19 akwụkwọ 2009) [1] bụ onye edemede Bekee na onye edemede dị ndị, satirist na akwụkwọ edemede ama ama maka ọmụmụ ifo na- ike nke na-egosi dị n'etiti akparamaagwa mmadụ  , agụụ, agụụ, na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi .  [2] Ballard ihe na-eme ifo mgbagwoju New Wave maka akwụkwọ ozi post-apọcalyptic, dị ka The Drowned World (1962), ma , àmà àmà ike, na nchịkọta ndị mere The Atrocity Exhibition (1970), nke ikpe ahụ "  Ihe ihe m ji na-egosi Fuck Ronald Reagan " (1968), na akwụkwọ akwụkwọ Crash (1973), mgbaàmà ndị fetishists ụgbọ ala ala ala.

Na 1984, Ballard meri sara mbara, akara dị oke egwu maka akwụkwọ ndị agha Ukwu nke Sun, ihe mere eme nke ihe mere eme nke nwa nwoke Britain n'oge ọrụ Japan nke Shanghai;  [1] afọ atọ ka e ịhụ, onye isi ihe nkiri America bụ Steven Spielberg mere ka akwụkwọ ahụ bụrụ ihe nkiri nke otu aha .  N'ihe ihe ndụ ya, njem onye ode akwụkwọ mere site n'oge akara ruo n'ọgbọ ka a na-edekọ ihe mere eme, na ntụgharị uche uche ifo, na The Kindness of Women (1991), na n'ụdị Women  ihe mere eme nke ndụ (2008).  Ụfọdụ akwụkwọ mbụ Ballard ka eme mgbanwe nke ọma, dị ka Crash (1996), nke David Cronenberg duziri, na High-Rise (2015), nke Ben Wheatley duziri, nke akwụkwọ akwụkwọ High-Rise (1975).

Site na dị iche iche nke ụdị ifo nke JG Ballard bilitere adjective Ballard, nke a ndị dị ka: "yiri ma ọ bụ na-atụ aro ndị a akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ na-eme JG Ballard,- dystopian modernity, ọnọdụ ndị mmadụ.  mere adịghị mma, na ụmụaka uche nke nkà na ẹzà., njọ na eze ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi ".  [1] Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Oxford nke National Biography na-akụkọ onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Ballard ka ọ na-etinye uche na " Eros, Thanatos, mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi na ikpe ikpe "

Shanghai 
A markiiba JG Ballard nye Edna Johnstone (1905-1998) [1] na James Graham Ballard (1901-1966), onye bụ onye na-ahụ maka kemist na Calico Printers' Association, ụlọ ọrụ akwa na obodo Manchester, ma bụrụ onye  isi oche.  na onye isi njikwa nke ụlọ ọrụ China Printing and Finishing Company, ụlọ ọrụ nke Association na Shanghai.  [1] China nke amuru Ballard na Shanghai International Settlement, ebe ndị mba ọzọ dị n'Ebe Ọdịdadị "biri ụdị ndụ America".  [2] N'oge nkwado, Ballard gara Akwụkwọ Katidral nke Holy Trinity Church, Shanghai.  [3] Mgbe mgba nke Agha Sino-Japanese nke obodo (1937–1945), Ballard ụlọ ụlọ ha dị iche iche, ma kwaga n'otu ụlọ dị n'etiti obodo Shanghai iji zere agha dị n'etiti ndị na-ahụ China.  na ndị Japan.

.  Mgbe agha nke Hong Kong (8–25 Disemba 1941), ndị Imperial Japanese Army weghaara Mkpebi Mba Nile wee ikike ndị na-eje ozi Allied mma na-enwe 1943. Ezin mmetụta Ballard e mmetụta na Lunghua Civilian Assembly Center ebe ha bi na G-block, ụlọ nwere  okpukpu abụọ maka akara 40, maka ihe na-akpata ọgụ nke egwu.  Na Lunghua Center, Ballard gara ụlọ akwụkwọ, ebe ndị nkuzi bụ ndị ọrụ nwere ọrụ.  N'ime ime ihe mere eme nke ndụ, Ballard kwuru na onye ahụ nke nchụpụ na nlekọta bụ isi isiokwu nke tọrọ Ukwu Sun.

" Banyere ime ihe ike a okpukpera na ndị mere ifo Ballard, [1] [2] onye na-ede akwụkwọ ozi bụ Martin Amis kwuru na ndị ọrụ Ukwu "na-enye nke ihe kpụrụ ya."  [3] Banyere ya amụma agha ndị Japan na China, Ballard kwuru, sị: "Echeghị m na ị nwere ike ịgafe nke agha na echiche echiche nke ụwa na-agbanwe mgbe echiche ebi. Ọgbọ na-emesi obi ike-  Ezi na eziokwu nke ụbọchị na A na-akwatu ihe ndị na-ahụ ike nke tusaale nke anyị; ị na-ahụ ka ọ na-akpụ akpụ.  . " [2] "Enwere m - kpọ m ekwu obi ụtọ - [ma] ọ bụghị zie na-ahụ mma nke ahụ ... M na-echeta ọtụtụ obi na-ebe ihe na-aga n'ihu - ma,  n'otu oge ahụ, anyị na-ama na-egwu egwuregwu otu egwu na otu mgbe niile!"  [4] N'ime ndụ ya ka e hụ, Ballard ekiri onye na-akpa na Chineke, ma kwuo, sị: "Enwere m ihe nke ukwuu n'okpukpe ... M na-ahụ dị ka isi ihe dị iche iche iche.  nke ihe omimi nke obodo gburugburu.

. N'ọgwụ 1945, nne Ballard la ike na Britain ya na JG na nwanne ya njikọ, ebe ha biri na Plymouth, ma ọ gara akwụkwọ Leys na Cambridge, [1] ebe ọ meri ihe nrite maka edemede nke ọma.  [2] N'ime afọ ole na ole, Oriakụ Ballard na nwa ya echere na China wee sonyeghachi Mr Ballard;  na, ebe ọ bụghị n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ, Ballard bi na nne na nna ochie.  N'afọ 1949, ọ ọgwụ na King's College, Cambridge, n'ebumnobi nke ịbụ mgbaka

. Na mahadum, Ballard dere okpukpe ifo avant-garde nke psychoanalysis na ọrụ nke ndị na-ese ihe na-eme ihe na- emetụta, wee gbasoo ide canza ifo na ọgwụ.  N'afọ nke abụọ ya na Cambridge, na May 1951, faịlụ ndị "The Violent Noon", Hemingway pastiche, Mer edidi mpụ ma bipụta ya na akwụkwọ ozi Varsity .  [1] [2] N'October 1951, agbamume site na nbipụta, na akwụkwọ na ọgwụ ụlọ anabataghị oge ide ili ifo, Ballard ọgwụ wee debanye aha na Queen Mary College ịgụ akwụkwọ Bekee.  [3] Mgbe otu afọ gachara, ọ ọrịa wee ọrụ dị ka onye na-ede akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi, [4] wee ọrụ dị ka onye na-ere akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụmụ njem.  [5] N'ime oge ọrụ ahụ jọgburu onwe ya, Ballard gara n'ihu na-ede merụrụ ahụ mana ọnweghị onye ndidi ya.

. N'afọ 1954, Ballard sonyeere Royal Air Force wee kenye ya na ụgbọ elu Royal Canadian Air Force na Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, Canada.  N'oge ahụ, ọ mere akwụkwọ a na-agba mbọ America, [1] na, n'oge na-adịghị anya, dere ngwa ngwa mbụ ya, "Passport to Eternity", ihe pastiche nke ụdị na-enyere America;  ma e ozizi ahụ ruo 1962

Na 1955, Ballard RAF wee wepụ England, [1] ebe o zutere ma lụo Helen Mary Matthews, onye bụ ike na akwụkwọ Daily Express ;  A egwuregwu nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụ atọ Ballard na 1956. [2] Na December 1956, Ballard 1956, Ballard agbatị ifo isi na ike nke obere njikọ "Escapement" (na New Worlds magazine) na "Prima Belladonna" (na Science Fantasy magazine  ).  [3] Na magazin New Worlds, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, Edward J. Carnell, nke ọma akwụkwọ merụrụ Ballard, ma bipụta ọtụtụ n'ime nchọpụta mbụ ya.

Na 1960, akara Ballard kwagara Shepperton, Surrey, ebe o biri ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2009. [1] [2] if if odee, Ballard ọrụ bụ isi ka ọ dee akwụkwọ mbụ ya, The Wind from Nowhere (1962)  ), n'oge ezumike ezumike abụọ, [3] wee tinye akwụkwọ nchịkọta akụkọ ya na akwụkwọ Chemistry na Industry .  Mgbe afụ ahụ, e gosiri akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ, The Drowned World (1962);  Akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ahụ akwụkwọ ahụ Ballard dị ka edemede ama ama nke ikpe ifo ikpe New Wave .  Site na ihe ịga nke ọma ahụ sochiri nke nchịkọta nchịkọta dị, ma ọ bụrụ nke oge dị ukwuu nke akwụkwọ nke sitere na nchịkọta ndị dị " The Terminal Beach " (1964).

. Na 1964, Mary Ballard nwụrụ site na oyi baa, na-ahapụ Ballard ụmụ ha atọ, James, Fay na Bea Ballard .  Ọ bụ ebe ahụ na ọ bụghị ajụ ajụjụ, enyi ya Michael Moorcock kpọbatara Claire Walsh na Ballard, bụ onye isi onye òtù ọlụlụ ya.  [1] Claire Walsh akara ọrụ na akara n'ime 1960 na 1970, ma ọ bụrụ na Ballard na-ada echiche maka echiche ya;  E CD, Claire kpọbatara Ballard n'obodo ndị si mba ọzọ na Sophia Antipolis, nke dị n'ebe ndị France;  ndị ahụ si mba ọzọ na-eme ihe n' nri onye edemede

. N'afọ 1965, mgbe egosi Mary nwụsịrị, ihe odide Ballard, ndị na-amụ isiokwu nke e dị ka Ihe ngosi Atrocity (1970).  Na 1967, onye na-ede akwụkwọ ndị Algis Budrys kwuru na Brian W. Aldiss, Roger Zelazny, Samuel R. Delany na JG Ballard bụ ndị na-ede akwụkwọ ndị New Wave Science Fiction.  [1] N'ihe omume ahụ, ihe ngosi Atrocity map n'ụzọ iwu na US, n'ihi na onye onye ahụ bụ egwu nkwutọ na nkwutọ site n'aka ndị na-eme ego dị ndụ bụ ndụ  .  [2] Na Ihe ngosi Atrocity, gosiri a "Crash!"  na-emeso psychosexuality nke ndị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi ụgbọ ala;  na 1970, na New Arts Laboratory, Ballard ihe ngosi nke ụgbọ ala mebiri emebi aha ya bụ "Ụgbọala Crashed";  na- damuwa nke onye na-ahụ maka nka, ihe osise ahụ kpasuru vitriol dị egwu na ibuga ihe.  [3] Na mmetụta "Okuku!"  na ihe ngosi “Crashed Cars”, Ballard ndị ma ikike inwe ikike na ihe ụgbọ ala, nke isiokwu ọ na-achọkwara na obere ihe nkiri nke Gabrielle Drake mere na 1971.  na-eme ihe nkiri aha ya bụ James Ballard, onye bi na Shepperton, Surrey, England

. Ọkụkụ bụkwa azụ mgbe e edi ya.  [1] Na 1996, mmeghari ihe nkiri nke David Cronenberg mgbochi ọgba aghara tabloid na UK, na Daily Mail na-akwado ka amachibido ya.  [2] N'ime afọ ndị na-eso ụzọ mbụ nke Crash, Ballard akwụkwọ akwụkwọ abụọ ọzọ: 1974's Concrete Island, nwanne otu nwoke nkata atọ n'ụdị nke na-ekesa okporo ụzọ nke okporo ụzọ dị elu, [3]  na High-Rise, ihe nnukwu okomoko ọgbara ọhụrụ.  bili mgbada ụlọ n'ime agha ịgba

 Ballard ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ozi na nchịkọta akụkọ dị ike n'ime 1970s na 1980s, mana nọmba ya na isi nzukọ bịara na ndị ukwu Sun na 1984, dabere na apụ ya na Shanghai na akwụkwọ ụlọ ọrụ Lunghua .  Ọ ekiri onye na-ere akara kacha mma, [1] ka nri aha maka ihe nrite Booker wee nye ya ihe nrite ndị mmụọ ozi ifo Guardian na James Tait Black Memorial Prize maka mmehie ifo.  [2] O mere ka ọtụtụ ndị na-ege ntī mara Ballard, ọ bụ ebe na akwụkwọ ndị sochirinụ enwetaghị otu ogo nke ịga nke ọma.  Ọ bụ Steven Spielberg gbara ihe nkiri nkiri Ukwu Sun na 1987, na-egosi nwa egwu Christian Bale dị ka Jim (Ballard).  Ballard n'onwe ya obere oge na ihe nkiri ahụ, ma ọ kọwawo nke ịhụ ka eme gosiri nwata ya ma nwa ya dị ka ihe dị egwu.

Ballard gara n'ihu na-ede akwụkwọ ruo n'ókè nke ndụ ya, ma nyekwa aka n'ịmụ na nkatọ oge ụfọdụ na ndị nta ahụ Britain.  N'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ ya mechara, Super-Cannes (2000) nke nabatara ọma, [1] meri ihe nrite ndị ode akwụkwọ Commonwealth mpaghara.  [2] akwụkwọ ndị ndị a mechara na-azịakarị na mgbaàmà ifo nkata, kama na-etinye aka na nke akwụkwọ akụkọ mpụ omenala.  [3] Enyere Ballard CBE n'afọ 2003, mana ọrị, na-akpọ ya "ihe egwu Ruritanian nke na-enyere aka ịgọnye eze anyị dị oke egwu".  [4] [5] Na June 2006, ngwa na ọ nwere ọrịa cancer prostate na-egbu egbu, bụ nke metastasis na ọkpụkpụ azụ ya na ọgịrịga ya.  Nke ikpeazụ n'ime akwụkwọ ya e ndidi n'oge ndụ ya bụ autobiography Miracles of Life, nke e dere mgbe ọ tara ya.  [6] Akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ikpeazụ ya, "The Fall Fall", ụdị na akara 1996 106 nke Interzone, akwụkwọ-eme enyemaka Britain.  Eme Mmekọrịta ya na The Guardian na 25 2009. [7] E liri ya na Kensal Green Cemetery .

. N'October 2008, tupu ọnwụ ya, onye na-ahụ maka akwụkwọ Ballard, Margaret Hanbury, wetara akwụkwọ maka akwụkwọ Ballard nwere aha ọrụ Mkparịta ụka na-acha m: Ihe ọkpụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gbakwunye, nke Ndụ na Frankfurt Book  Ọma .  Dọkịta a na-ajụ ajụjụ bụ n'ibu oncologist Prọfesọ Jonathan Waxman nke Imperial College London, bụ onye na-ahụ Ballard maka ọrịa cancer prostate.  Ọ bụ ebe na ọ ga-abụ akwụkwọ nke akwụkwọ gbasara ọrịa kansa, na mgba Ballard na mgba, a kọrọ na ọ ga-aga n'ihu na isiokwu ndị sara mbara.  N'Eprel 2009 The Guardian kọrọ na HarperCollins mara ọkwa na ofufe ụka Ballard na dibịa m ike ike imecha ma ibipụta ya gbahapụr.

N'afọ 2013, akwụkwọ edemede dị peeji 17 enweghị aha nke edepụtara dị ka "Akụkọ mkpirisi Vermilion Sands in draft" na katalọgụ British Library wee dezie n'ime ederede okwu 8,000 nke Bernard Sigaud pụtara na mweghachi nke French dị mkpụmkpụ nke nnakọta nke Éditions Tristram (  ) n'okpuru aha "Le labyrinthe Hardoon" dị ka akụkọ mbụ nke okirikiri ahụ, nke e debere "mbubreyo 1955 / mmalite 1956" site n'aka B. Sigaud, David Pringle na Christopher J. Beckett. Akụkọ sitere na njedebe miri emi, akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara mkpirisi nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ JG Ballard (London: Titan Books, 2023, nke Maxim Jakubowski na Rick McGrath deziri), nwere ike ịgụnye "The Hardoon Labyrinth" - mbipụta mbụ nke B. Sigaud nwetara na ya. ihe dị ka okwu 9,400 site n'aka D. Pringle - mana mmegide sitere na JG Ballard Estate kwụsịrị ọrụ ahụ.

Ebe nchekwa 
. Na June 2010 British Library, akwụkwọ akwụkwọ aha Ballard n'okpuru underokpuru Briten n' kyauta maka ọrụ ọnwụ .  Ebe nchekwa ahụ nwere ihe odide holograph iri na akwụkwọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Ballard, ihe odide peeji 840 maka akara Ukwu Sun, mgbakwunye akwụkwọ ozi, akwụkwọ ndetu, na foto sitere na ndụ ya niile.  [1] egwu na nke ahụ, a na-eme ihe odide abụọ ederede maka ndị ọrụ ọrụ na- njedebe na Harry Ransom Center na Mahadum Texas na Austin

A na-asọpụrụ nke ọma n'etiti ndị na-amasị Ballard bụ nchịkọta akụkọ ya dị mkpirikpi Vermilion Sands (1971), nke edobere n'ime nnukwu obodo ezumike ọzara nke kpakpando echefuru echefu, ndị nketa ara, ndị na-ese ihe na-enweghị atụ, na ndị ahịa na ndị ohu na-enweghị atụ na-egbo mkpa ha. Akụkọ ọ bụla na-egosipụta teknụzụ pụrụ iche dị ka ndị na-akpụ akpụ ígwé ojii na-eme nnọkọ nke ndị na-ekiri ihe nkiri, kọmpụta na-ede uri uri, orchids nwere olu operatic na ego iji dakọtara, akwa akwa eserese fototropic, wdg. N'ikwekọ na isiokwu etiti Ballard, ọtụtụ Ọkachamara masochism na teknụzụ agbaziri agbaziri, teknụzụ ndị a na-adịghị mma na nke dị egwu na-ejere ọchịchọ na atụmatụ gbara ọchịchịrị na nke zoro ezo nke ndị mmadụ na-achụpụ ihe na-ejide Vermilion Sands, na-enwekarị nnukwu mmụọ na nsonaazụ na-egbu egbu. N'okwu mmeghe ya na Vermilion Sands, Ballard na-akpọ nke a dịka nchịkọta ọkacha mmasị ya.

Will Self akọwawo ọtụtụ n'ime akụkọ ifo ya dị ka ihe metụtara "obodo ndị nwere ezi uche; ndị ọgaranya, na ennui nke ịba ọgaranya [ebe] ụwa nke na-eme ihe na-adịghị mma na-emekọ ihe n'ụdị nke mmepe ndị a." Ọ gbakwụnyere na ntọala akụkọ ifo ndị a "ọ nweghị ezigbo obi ụtọ a ga-enweta; mmekọahụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na enweghị mmetụta, ọ dịghịkwa mmekọrịta ya na ụwa okike. Obodo ndị a na-abanye n'ụdị ime ihe ike."  Otú ọ dị, Budrys kwara akụkọ ifo ya emo dị ka "ịkpọ [ịkpọ] maka ndị na-echeghị ... ka ha bụrụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke akwụkwọ akụkọ JG Ballard, ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla karịa obere àgwà dị na ya, ị ga-ebipụla. onwe gị pụọ na ngalaba mmụta sayensị niile." 

Na mgbakwunye na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, Ballard ji ụdị obere akụkọ ahụ mee ihe nke ukwuu. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ndị mbụ e bipụtara na 1950 na 1960 bụ akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, gụnyere ọrụ ndị dị mkpa dị ka Chronopolis .  N'edemede na Ballard, Will Wiles kwuru ka akụkọ mkpirisi ya si "na-enwe mmasị na-adọrọ adọrọ n'ime ime ụlọ, nke nwere ihe eji arụ ọrụ na ngwa", na-agbakwụnye, "ọ bụ ọdịdị ala ka ọ na-agbagọ ruo mgbe ọ na-enwe nchegbu". O kwubiri na "ihe Ballard hụrụ, na ihe o kwupụtara n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, bụ ihe na-erughị mmetụta nke ụwa nkà na ụzụ, gụnyere gburugburu ebe obibi anyị wuru, na-enwe n'uche na ahụ anyị." 

 Obituary na Times Online
 Obituary nke John Clute na The Independent
 Obituary na Los Angeles Times
 Okwu sitere n'aka ndị edemede ọzọ na akụkọ BBC
 Mmeghachi omume ndị ọzọ nke ndị edemede na The Guardian
 Obere ekele na New Yorker
 Ụtụ nke V. Vale sitere na RE/Search
 Akwụkwọ ozi sitere na London: Ncheta JG Ballard ( Archived   )
 Onwe na Ballard nke Will Self na BBC Radio 4, 26 Septemba 2009 ( Transcript na Postscript ) na mkpokọta njedebe nke Rick McGrath)
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