James Crawford (onye ọka iwu)
. James Richard Crawford, AC, SC, FBA (14 Nọvemba 1948 [1] - 31 Mee 2021 [2] ) [3] [4] bụ usoro na onye na-eme ihe n'ihe gbasara iwu mba ụwa .  A nsogbu ya dị ka Onyeikpe nke Ndịikpe Ikpe Mba Nile maka oge zuru ezu nke awụ 9 na Nọvemba 2014 wee sị oche ya n'Ịhụ ikpe na February 2015. [5] Site na 1990 ruo 1992 [6] Crawford bụ Dean nke akwụkwọ ikike.  Iwu Sydney ebe ọ bụkwa onye Challis Prọfesọ nke Iwu Mba Nile site na 1986 ruo 1992. Site na 1992 ruo 2014, ọ bụ Whewell Prọfesọ nke Iwu Mba Nile na Mahadum Cambridge na Fellow in Law na College Jesus, Cambridge .  [7] Ọ bụbu onye isi nke Lauterpacht Center for International Law, ntọala na Cambridge

Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ 
Amụrụ na Adelaide na South Australia na 1948, Crawford gara ụlọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ Brighton na Mahadum Adelaide dị ka onye na-agụghị akwụkwọ, na-enweta nzere bachelọ nke Iwu ya na Sọpụrụ na 1971 na Bachelor of Arts (nke na-eme n'iche  ihe mere eme Bekee na ụgbọ okporo ígwè) n'otu apụ ahụ.  .  N'ime oge ya na Mahadum Adelaide, ọ bịara na mbụ ndị na-abịa na iwu mba ụwa, na usoro nhọrọ na-agụghị akwụkwọ na isiokwu nke DP O'Connell, bụ onye mechara bụrụ Chichele Prọfesọ nke Iwu Mba Nile na Mahadum Oxford .  Crawford mechara soro O'Connell gaa Oxford, a nabata ya na Mahadum wee gụchaa doctorate ya na okike nke steeti na iwu mba ụwa n'okpuru akwụkwọ nke Ian Brownlie, akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na 1977.

Site na Oxford, Crawford la nchekwa na Mahadum Adelaide na 1977, na-ekwu okwu na iwu mba ụwa na iwu iwu, wee nye ya oche nkeonwe na 1983. Na 1982, ọ nakweere gboo na Australian Law Reform Commission wee jee ozi ruo 1984, ebe  o akara ọtụtụ mgbaàmà isiokwu ndị dị ka Multi nke ndị Aboriginal iwu omenala, iche ikike, na iwu, patriation na Federalisation nke Admiralty Law na.  ikike.  Ọ akara na Adelaide ruo 1986, mgbe a mgbaàmà ya na Challis Prọfesọ nke Iwu Mba Nile na Mahadum Sydney .  Ọ dị ọrụ dị ka Dean nke ngalaba Iwu site na 1990 ruo 1992

.Na 1992, nchọpụta Crawford na Whewell Prọfesọ nke Iwu Mba Nile na Mahadum Cambridge.  N'ime ihe ngosi mara mma, ọnụọgụ ya dị ka Chichele Prọfesọ na Oxford bụ onye nkọwa DPhil ya Ian Brownlie.  N'afọ ahụ, a mgbaàmà Crawford ka ọ bụrụ onye otu United Nations International Law Commission ("ILC").  Ọdụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnochite anya sịiche na ọrụ steeti site na 1997 – 2001 ma bụrụ onye na-ahụ maka ikike nke ILC's Draft Statute maka ikikeikpe Criminal International

Na 1996, Crawford weghaara onye nduzi nke Lauterpacht Center for International Law na Cambridge, na-eje ozi site na 1997–2003 na ọzọ site na 2006–2010.  Kamar 2003 ọ bụ onye otu Curatorium nke The Hague Academy of International Law .

A nabatara Crawford ka onye ọrụ dị ka Barrister na onye ọka iwu nke Courtlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Australia na 1977 wee nweta ya na ụlọ ụlọ New South Wales na 1987. A ahụmahụ ya Senior Counsel na 1997.

Mgbe ọ kwagara Cambridge, a nabatara Crawford na ụlọ akwụkwọ Bekee na 1999 dị ka onye so na Grey's Inn, ma bụrụkwa onye ntọala nke Matrix Chambers .

. Crawford wuru nnukwu omume mba ụwa.  Ọ na-etinye aka dị ka onye tinye n'okwu ikpe 23 n'ihu Ndịikpe Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe Ziri Ezi ('ICJ'), ihi okwu ikpe nke East Timor (Australia v Portugal), [1] Okwu gbasara Oil Platforms.  (Islamic Republic of Iran v United States of America, [2] Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Barrage System (Hungary v Slovakia), [3] Okwu gbasara Pulau Batu Puteh (Malaysia v Singapore) [4] na oke mmiri n'oké osimiri (  Romania v Ukraine) .  Palestine [7] na mgbe na-. Iwu mba ụwa nke, otu akwụkwọ nke akwụkwọ onwe n'ihe gbasara Kosovo

Na mgbakwunye na ọhụhụ ya n'ihu ICJ, Crawford pụtakwara n'ihu ọtụtụ nkọwa na aha mba ụwa ndị ọzọ.  Ọ bụ ndị maka Australia n'ihu International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea na ad hoc tribunal gba n'okpuru Annex VII nke United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea na Southern Bluefin Tuna, [1] bụ maka Eritrea tupu mgbe  ahụ.  Eritrea/Ethiopia Boundary Commission [2] na maka ịhọpụta Sudan na Flo Abyei iji ezi ma Abyei ga-etolite nke ugwu Sudan ma ọ bụ mpaghara na 2011 ka ọ bụrụ South Sudan .  [3] Ọ bụkwa onye tinye maka China n'ihu Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Mkpesa nke World Trade Organisation na United States - Definitive Anti-Dumping case

.Crawford ihukwara ezigbo omume dị ka onye na-ekpe ikpe mba ụwa, wee aha ọma na steeti ndị investors nke International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes ('ICSID') na-agba na ihe gbasara iwu nke oke osimiri, nchekwa oke.  oke osimiri.  mmachi .  Esemokwu dị mkpa nke Crawford nọdụrụ dị ka onye na-ekpe ikpe ikpe Larsen v Hawaiian Kingdom, [1] Newfoundland/Nova Scotia Maritime Boundary Arbitration, [2] Vivendi Universal v Argentina, [3] Mondev International v United States of America, [2]  4] Yaung Chi Oo v Myanmar, [5] SGS v Philippines, [6] na MOX Plant [7] mkpezi ikpe.

. N'October 2012, a mgbaàmà Crawford maka ntọala aka dịka Onyeikpe nke Ndị Ikpe Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe Ziri Ezi, na Nkwado nke Gọọmenti Australia.  [1] [2] Na Nọvemba 2014, a nchọpụta ya dị ka onye ọka ikpe ICJ na ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru oke nke votu sitere na UN General Assembly na Security Council, wee tọ okwu ya na 2015

Mahadum Cambridge mere Crawford ka ọ bụrụ Dokịta nke Iwu na 2003. O nzere nzere doctorate na Mahadum Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Mahadum Amsterdam na Mahadum Adelaide ya.  [1] Mahadum Geneva nyere ya Nessim Habif World Prize na 2010, yana Hudson Medal site na American Society for International Law na Mahadum Adelaide Distinguished Alumni Award, n'otu n'otu, na 2012.

Na-arụ ọrụ 

 James Crawford, Ohere, Order, Change: The Course of International Law (Brill/Nijhoff 2014).
 James Crawford, Ọrụ steeti (CUP 2013).
 James Crawford (ed), ụkpụrụ Brownlie nke iwu mba ụwa (OUP 2012).
 James Crawford & Martti Koskenniemi (eds), The Cambridge Companion to International Law (CUP 2012).
 James Crawford, Alain Pellet & Simon Olleson (eds), Iwu nke Ọrụ Mba Nile (OUP 2010).
 James Crawford, okike nke steeti na iwu mba ụwa (mbipụta nke abụọ, OUP 2006).
 James Crawford, R Doak Bishop & W Michael Reisman, esemokwu itinye ego na mba ofesi. Okwu, Akụrụngwa na nkọwa (Kluwer 2005).
 James Crawford & Brian Opeskin, Ụlọikpe Iwu nke Australia (mbipụta nke anọ, OUP 2004).
 James Crawford, Iwu mba ụwa dị ka sistemụ mepere emepe. Edemede ahọpụtara (Cameron Mee 2002).
 James Crawford, Akụkọ International Law Commission maka Ọrụ Ọchịchị: Okwu Mmalite, Ederede na nkọwa (CUP 2002).
 James Crawford & Philip Alston, Ọdịnihu nke UN Human Rights Treaty Monitoring (CUP 2000).
 James Crawford (ed), ikike nke ndị mmadụ (OUP 1988).
 James Crawford, Creation of States in International Law (OUP 1979) (mmeghari nke DPhil tesis).

Na mgbakwunye, site na 1994 Crawford bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke British Yearbook of International Law, na nnukwu nchịkọta akụkọ mgbe ezumike nká nke Ian Brownlie si Oxford na 2000. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Cambridge Studies na International na Comparative Law na akụkọ ICSID . Site na 2002–2005 ọ bụ onye so na Panel Editorial of World Trade Review . Site na 2004, ọ bụ onye so na Board of Editors for the American Journal of International Law . O bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọgbọ-refereed na International na Comparative Law Quarterly, American Journal of International Law, British Yearbook of International Law na ndị ọzọ dị ịrịba ama mba iwu akwụkwọ akụkọ. Ọ bụkwa Senior Treasurer nke Cambridge Journal of International and Comparative Law .

 Fanye paragraf ￼Okwu nkuzi nke James Crawford￼￼ozi akwụkwọ ozi The International Law Commission on State Responsibility: Ochie na Ọdịnihu ￼n'usoro nkuzi nke United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law￼Okwu nkuzi nke James Crawford kpọrọ akwụkwọ akụkọ The International Law Commission on State Responsibility: Ochie na Ọdịnihu n'usoro nkuzi nke United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law

Akwụkwọ akụkọ 

 Fanye paragraf ￼￼Edemede mmeghe nke James Crawford￼￼ na Akụkọ akụkọ Ọrụ nke Steeti Maka Ọrụ Ndị Na-egosi mma nke Mba Nile n'imele.

Ntụaka 

Pages with unreviewed translations