Ndị Enyi Kingsley
Sir Kingsley William Amis CBE (16 ndidi 1922 – 22 Ọktoba 1995) bụ onye edemede Bekee, onye na-agụ uri, onye nkatọ na onye nkuzi .  O dere ihe akwụkwọ na-agụ 20, ndị isii nke uri, ihe ọmụmụ, mkpirisi, edemede redio na ike, na ọrụ nkatọ mgbasa na eze na edemede .  A maara nke ọma maka ihe ọchị satirical dị ka Lucky Jim (1954), One Fat Englishman (1963), End Up (1974), Ihe Jake's Thing (1978) na The Old Devils (1986)

Onye na-ede ndị ndụ ya bụ Zachary Leader Amis " onye na-agụ Bekee kacha mma nke ọkara nke abụọ nke mbụ nke afọ nke iri abụọ."  Na 2008, The Times nna nke ndụ na ndepụta nke 50 ukwuu ukwuu odee Britain 1945. [1] Ọ bụ nna onye edemede bụ Martin Amis .

A ካርታ Kingsley Amis na 16 ụgbọ 1922 na Clapham, ndịda London, nwa William Robert Amis (1889-1963), onye ode akwụkwọ - "nke mkpa, mara Spanish nke ọma ma na-ahụ maka mbupụ mọstad na South America"  - maka onye na-ahụ mọstad Colman na Obodo London, [1] na nri ya Rosa Annie (née Lucas).  [2] [3] Nne na nna ochie ndị Amis bara egwu.  Nna William Amis, onye na-ere enyo Joseph James Amis, nwere nnukwu ụlọ a na-akpọ Barchester na Purley, bụ nke Surrey mgbe ahụ.  Amis lere JJ Amis anya - a na-akpọkarị "Pater" ma ọ bụ "Dadda" - "nwoke na-atọ ọchị, onye na-atọ ụtọ, onye nzu", onye ọ "na-kpọkọta na ya na-pụ ya"  ".

Nwunye ya bụ Julia "bụ nnukwu ihe e kere eke dị egwu, nke nwere ntutu isi ... onye [Amis] kpọrọ asị ma na-atụ egwu. Nne na nna nne ya bi na Camberwell . Nna ya George bụ onye nchịkọta akwụkwọ na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na Baptist chapel organist bụ onye na-arụrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ a. Ndị na-eme uwe nwa amadị Brixton dị ka onye inyeaka akwa akwa,  ịbụ “naanị nne na nna ochie [Amis] lekọtara.” Amis nwere olile anya iketa ọtụtụ n'ime ọba akwụkwọ nna nna ya, mana nne nne ya Jemima - onye Amis enweghị mmasị na ya maka omume ya ịkwa emo di ya mgbe ọ gụpụtara Amis akụkụ ọkacha mmasị ya, na-eme "ihu na mmegharị ahụ n'ebe ọ nọ mgbe isi ya na-agbada na ibe"  - kwere ka ọ were naanị mpịakọta ise, ma ọ bụrụ na o dere "site na nna nna ya nchịkọta" na flyleaf nke onye ọ bụla 

. Na 1940, ndị Amises kwagara Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, na Amis (dị ka nna ya bu ụzọ) ihikọ ụzọ na City of London School .  [1] N'Eprel 1941, mgbe afọ mbụ mbụ, a nabatara na scholarships na St John's College, Oxford, ebe ọ ike Bekee.  N'ebe ahụ, ọ zutere Philip Larkin, bụ onye ya na ya mere enyi kacha mkpa ná ndụ ya.

Na June 1941, Amis sonyeere ndị Kọmunist nke Great Britain .  [1] O mebiri na ndị Kọmunist na 1956, n'ihi nkatọ Soviet Nikita Khrushchev nke Joseph Stalin n'okwu ya " On Cult of Personality and Ya Consequences ".  [2] Na Julaị 1942, a set ya maka ije ozi mba wee jee ozi na Royal Corps of Signals .  Ọ la dị iche na Oxford n'October 1945 iji mezue akara ugo ojiji ya.  N'agbanyeghị na ọ rụsiri ọrụ ike wee nweta nke mbụ n'asụsụ Bekee na 1947, o na ya ga-ahụ oge ka ukwuu n'ide ihe.

dịka ole na ole ka a mụsịrị Sally, akwụkwọ ozi mbụ Amis, Lucky Jim, ka ebipụtara na otuto dị ukwuu.  nkatọ chere na ọ nwetala Britain na 1950 wee webata ụdị ụdị ifo ọhụrụ.  [1] Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1972, ọrịre ya dị egwu na Britain ejirila nde 1.25 nke a na-ere azụ azụ na United States ndekọ.  Aha ya gaa n'asụsụ 20, ndị Polish, Hibru, Korean, na Serbo-Croat.  [2] Akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ahụ meri Somerset Maugham Award maka ntoputa ifo na Amis nto otu n'ime ndị edemede a maara dị ka ndị ọrịa iwe .  Lucky Jim so na akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ mbụ nke Britain,  na-esetịpụ ikike maka ụgbọ ndị na-esote ndị edemede dị ka Malcolm Bradbury, David Lodge, Tom Sharpe na Howard Jacobson .  Dị ka onye na-ede uri, Amis akwụkwọ ya na The Movement .

.  Na 1958–1959 Amis mere mbụ mbụ n'ime njem abụọ na United States, dị ka onye ọbịa ibe na-ede ihe okike na Mahadum Princeton na onye nkuzi na mahadum ndị ọzọ nke ugwu-ọwụwa ọmụmụ.  Mgbe ọ la alụlụ na Britain, ọ dabara n'ọgba egwu, ụkwara ụgbọ ụzọ ọzọ.  Mgbe afu 13 nchebe na Swansea, Amis onye ibe nke Peterhouse, Cambridge, na 1961, mana ọ kwara ụta maka n'ime afọ, na- Cambridge ikpe na mmechuihu ọha na eze.  Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na 1963, n'ebumnobi ọkụga Majorca, n'agbanyeghị na ọ kwagara London ọzọ.

A egwuregwu Amis na 1990. N'August 1995 ọ dara, na-esochi ọrịa strok a na-enyo enyo.  Mgbe o doro anya na ọ gbakere, ọ ka njọ wee malite na 22 October 1995 na St Pancras Hospital, London.  [1] [2] Akpọrọ ya ọkụ ma tọgbọrọ ntụ ya na Golders Green Crematorium .

Ọrụ edemede 
A maara Amis n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka onye na-agụ akụkọ ndụ na-atọ ọchị n'etiti - na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 20 nke Britain, mana ọrụ edemede ya kpuchiri ọtụtụ ụdị - uri, edemede, nkatọ, obere akụkọ, nri na ihe ọṅụṅụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na ụdị dị otú ahụ. dị ka akụkọ ifo sayensị na ihe omimi. Ọrụ ya malitere n'ụzọ dị iche na nke ezigbo enyi ya Philip Larkin . Tupu a mara ya dị ka onye na-ede uri, Larkin ebipụtala akwụkwọ akụkọ abụọ; Amis chọburu ịbụ onye na-agụ uri wee tụgharịa gaa n'akwụkwọ akụkọ naanị ka o bipụtachara ọtụtụ mpịakọta amaokwu. Ọ gara n'ihu n'ọrụ ya n'oge niile iji dee uri n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ, nke nwere ike ịnweta nke na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ echiche.

.icon ahụ na-ejighị n'aka (1955) Citizen onye na-eto eto na-agụ akwụkwọ na mpaghara (ikekwe na anya na Larkin na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-agụ akwụkwọ na Hull) na-eje maka njikọ iko.  Ọ masịrị m ebe a (1958) na-ele anya nlelị maka "mba ọzọ", mgbe Amis nwechara njem ya na na-eto eto na kọntinent ahụ.  Were a girl dị ka gị (1960).

Site na igwe Mgbochi Ọnwụ (1966), Amis gosiri ụfọdụ foto - na , ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ụdị - nke nọmba ọrụ ya na 1960s na 1970s.  Ọpụpụ ya site na eziokwu siri ike nke akwụkwọ ntochi mbụ ya kpatara ihe ka ọ nwere ike pụta na mbụ.  Ọ nwowo na-agụ mgbaàmà nke ọma nwa nwa wee gosipụta ahụ na nkuzi Christian Gauss nke 1958, mgbe ọ na-aga na Mahadum Princeton .  Edò ndị a n'afọ ahụ dị ka New Maps of Hell: A Survey of Science Fiction, na-enye sy siri ike ma dị ọkụ nke ihe ụdị ahụ nwere ikwu na mmadụ na ọha mmadụ.

ịchọ na ọ bụghị mgbaàmà ifo mgbaàmà n'ụzọ doro anya,, Mgbochi Ọnwụ na-enweta akwụkwọ onwe na eziokwu ahụghị na akwụkwọ akwụkwọ Amis mbụ.  Ọ na-ewebata ntule nke na-aga n'ihu na-etolite na ndị ọzọ nke akwụkwọ ozi ya, dị ka The Green Man (1969) (ihe omimi / egwu) na The Alteration (1976) (atụrụ ọzọ).  Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe aጠቅ ike ike adị nke chi ọ dị iche mma nke na-etinye aka na ihe omume ụmụ mmadụ.

Na Njikọ Mgbochi Ọnwụ, The Green Man, The Change na n'ebe ndị ọzọ, gụnyere uri dị ka "The Huge Artifice: an interim assessment" na "New Approach Needed", Amis gosipụtara obi nkoropụ na Chineke nke nwere ike iji obi ọjọọ mee ụwa na obi ọjọọ. ikpe na-ezighị ezi, ma kwadoro ichekwa obi ụtọ mmadụ nkịtị - na ezinụlọ, na ọbụbụenyi, na ihe ụtọ anụ ahụ - megidere ọchịchọ nke atụmatụ mbara igwe ọ bụla. Echiche okpukpe Amis pụtara na nzaghachi a kọrọ na Memoirs ya. Nye onye na-ede uri Russia bụ Yevgeny Yevtushenko, "Ị na-ekweghị na Chineke?", Amis zara, sị, "Ọ bụ karịa na m kpọrọ Ya asị."

N'ime 1950s, 1960s, na 1970s, Amis na-ewepụtakarị edemede na nkatọ, nke kachasị maka mbipụta oge. A chịkọtara ụfọdụ na 1968 n'ime Gịnị Mere Jane Austen? na edemede ndị ọzọ, bụ nke e gosipụtara amamihe Amis na agụmagụ na mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akwụkwọ ndị dị ka Colin Wilson 's The Outsider (panned), Iris Murdoch 's début novel Under the Net (otuto), na William Empson 's Milton's God . nwere mmasị ikwekọrịta). Echiche Amis banyere akwụkwọ na ndị mmadụ na-apụtakarị, ma na-abụkarị ndị na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe, ma, dị ka isiokwu isiokwu nke nchịkọta ahụ na-egosi, ọ bụghị nanị na ọ na-asọpụrụ "ndị ochie" na nke omenala omenala, kama ọ na-enwekwu mmasị iji gosipụta nke ya. kama ikpe nke onwe ya n'ihe niile.

Amis sonyere na akwụkwọ akụkọ James Bond nke Ian Fleming, nke ọ masịrị ya, na ngwụcha afọ 1960, mgbe ọ malitere idepụta ọrụ siri ike jikọtara ya na Bond, ma n'okpuru pseudonym ma ọ bụ enweghị nzere. Na 1965, o dere James Bond Dossier na-ewu ewu n'okpuru aha nke ya. N'otu afọ ahụ, o dere Akwụkwọ nke Bond, ma ọ bụ, Onye ọ bụla nke ya 007, ire na-agba ka esi ede akwụkwọ ntuziaka banyere ịbụ onye nledo ọkaibe, n'okpuru pseudonym "Lt Col. William ('Bill') Tanner", Tanner ịbụ onye isi ndị ọrụ M n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ Fleming. Na 1968 Amis dere Colonel Sun, nke e bipụtara n'okpuru pseudonym " Robert Markham ".

Oge a hụkwara Amis dị ka onye na-agụ akụkọ ihe omimi, na-egosipụta ọtụtụ ihe ọmụma nke ụdị uri Bekee niile. Akwụkwọ New Oxford nke Ìhè Verse (1978), nke o deziri, bụ ngbanwe nke olu mbụ nke WH Auden mere. Amis weere ya n'ụzọ ọhụrụ pụtara ìhè: Auden tụgharịrị amaokwu ọkụ ka ọ gụnye amaokwu "dị ala" nke klaasị ọrụ ma ọ bụ klaasị dị ala, n'agbanyeghị isiokwu ọ bụla, ebe Amis kọwara n'amaokwu ìhè dị ka ìhè n'olu dara ụda, n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụchaghị mfe. na mejupụtara. The Amis Anthology (1988), nhọrọ nke onwe ya nke uri ọkacha mmasị ya, sitere n'ọrụ ya maka akwụkwọ akụkọ London, nke ọ na-ahọrọ abụ otu ụbọchị wee nye ya okwu mmeghe.

Ndụ onwe onye 
. Dị ka nwa na Oxford, Amis sonyeere ndị Kọmunist Party nke Great Britain wee hapụ ya na 1956. [1] [2] O mechaa ɔkwan a nke ndụ ụgbọ agha dị ka "usoro nke Marxist nke yiri ka ọ bụ iwu  na Oxford."  [3] Amis iga na-aha n'aka ekpe ruo oge ụfọdụ mgbe agha ahụ ọkụ, na-amalite na 1950 na ọ ga-eme mbụ aka maka Labor Party mgbe niile.

. Amis mechara gaa n'ihu n'aka nri, ọ tụlere n'edemede bụ "Why Lucky Jim Turned Right" (1967);  Enwere ike ịhụ nche nke ụzọ ụzọ Kọmunist n'ụzọ dị ka akwụkwọ dystopian Russian Hide and Seek (1980).  [1] Na 1967, Amis, Robert Conquest, John Braine na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-ede akwụkwọ bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ozi na Times nke isiokwu ya bụ "Nkwado maka enyemaka US na Vietnam", na-akwado US na Agha Vietnam.  .  [2] Ọ na-ekwu okwu na Adam Smith Institute, na-arụ ụka megide nkwalite na nkà

Site na nnabata nke ya na dịka ndị na-ede akụkọ ndụ ya si kwuo, Amis bụ onye na-akwa iko ọtụtụ oge n'ime ndụ ya. Nke a bụ isi ihe kpatara ndakpọ nke alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya. Foto a ma ama nke Amis na-ehi ụra na osimiri Yugoslavia na-egosi okwu (nke nwunye Hilary dere na lipstick) n'azụ ya "1 Fat Englishman - M na-eme ihe ọ bụla." 

N'otu ihe na-eke, Amis dere, "Ugbu a na mgbe ahụ, m na-amata inwe aha nke ịbụ otu n'ime ndị na-ibubiga ike ókè, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị otu n'ime nnukwu ndị ọrụ, nke  oge anyị".  [1] Ọ na-atụ aro na nke a na-mbarambar uche nke ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ iji tinye nke ndị odide ya n'onwe ya.  Ọ na-enwe njikọ n'ịrụ ma egosi ezigbo oge na ụlọ ọrụ.  Hilary Rubinstein, onye nabatara Lucky Jim maka Victor Golancz, kwuru, sị, "Enwere m obi abụọ ma Jim Dixon gaara aga ụlọ ma ọbụ abụ iri n'ime iri .... Amaghị m Kingsley nke ọma, ị mụrụ

." Clive James kwuru, sị: "N'onwe ya, ọ na-enye ndepụta ihe kpatara kwa izu nke otu dum na Garrick Club tupu a họpụta ya. Mgbe ọ nọsịrị, ọ na-esiwanye ike n'ebe ahụ nke na ọ  ga-esiri ya ike na tagzi. " [1] Ma Amis kwenyesiri ike na-akwali nsacha esiteghị na karama: "Ihe ọ lụlị ihe nwere ike ime na ndụ onye edemede, ọ igwa egwu ọ gbaara ya.

Nke a dabara n'ụzọ ziri ezi maka ide ihe. Ruo "ọtụtụ afọ" Amis tinyere onwe ya usoro ihe omume kwa ụbọchị siri ike, na-ekewapụta ide na ihe ọṅụṅụ. A na-eji ụtụtụ na-ede ihe, na-enwe opekempe kwa ụbọchị nke okwu 500.  Ịṅụ mmanya malitere n'ihe dị ka oge nri ehihie, mgbe e mezuru nke a. Ịdọ aka ná ntị onwe onye dị otú ahụ dị oké mkpa na mmepụta ọmarịcha Amis.

Antisemitism 
Amis nwere ike na-edoghị anya na antisemitism, nke ọ na-agha mgbe ụfọdụ mana na-ekwukwa na ọ naghị eji ya.  [1] Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-akọ akụkọ echiche ndị Juu na-enwekarị akara.  Antisemitism na-adị mgbe ụfọdụ ụka ya na akwụkwọ ozi o degaara ndị enyi ya na ndị enyi ya, dị ka "Ihe omume ndị Juu na-adịghị mma bụ glibness, ịsụ okwu ... na nnwere onwe oke iwe, dị  ka ọ dị na Marx, Freud, Marcuse ", ma ọ bụ" Chaplin [onye na-ahụ onye Juu. ] bụ ụgbọ. Ọ bụ Jeeeew ị na-ahụ, dị ka Marx Brothers, dị ka Danny Kaye."  Ọ bụ obere fim na akwụkwọ Stanley na ụmụ ya gbasara schizophrenic paranoid.  Banyere flu nke United States, Amis nke ikwu, sị: "Emechara m ihe ihe na-egosi na-egosi m ndị America ... . N'ihi na onye ọ elelu n'ebe ahụ bụ onye Juu ma ọ bụ hick."  Amis n'onwe ya ndị antisemitism ya dị ka "dị mgba"
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