Ọgba aghara nke ndị azu ehi na ndị ọrụ ugbo na Naijiria
Esemokwu ndị na-achị nnama na ndị oru ugbo na Naijiria bụ usoro esemokwu banyere ihe onwunwe ala a na-akọ ugbo na Naijeria n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị na-achị nnama nke ndị Fulani okpukperechi Muslim na ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo Ndị Kraịst na-abụghị ndị Fulani. Ha abụwo ndị a ma ama karịsịa na Middle Belt (North Central) kemgbe nloghachi nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'afọ 1999. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọ mebiri n'ime mwakpo ndị ọrụ ugbo site n'aka ndị na-azụ atụrụ Fulani.

A wakporo ndị ọrụ ugbo na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Naijiria bụ ndị isi Hausa. Ọ bụ ezie na esemokwu ahụ nwere ihe kpatara akụ na ụba na gburugburu ebe obibi, ọ nwetakwara akụkụ okpukpe na agbụrụ. Ọtụtụ puku mmadụ anwụọla kemgbe mwakpo ndị a malitere. Ọrụ ugbo na-anọkarị otu ebe n'ime ime obodo na-abụkarị ndị a na-awakpo n'ihi adịghị ike ha. A na-atụ egwu na esemokwu a ga-agbasa na mba ndị ọzọ dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka mana gọọmentị dị n'ógbè ahụ emeela ka nke a dị ala. Mwakpo a wakporo ndị na-achị nnama emeela ka ha megwara site na ịwakpo obodo ndị ọzọ.

Ọtụtụ Ndị Kraịst na ndị Naijiria akpọwo esemokwu ahụ mkpochapụ nke Ndị Kraịst.

Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga 
Esemokwu ndị na-azụ nnama na ndị ọrụ ugbo na Naijiria nwere mgbọrọgwụ miri emi ma laghachi azụ n'oge tupu oge ndị ọchịchị (tupu afọ 1900). Agbanyeghị, esemokwu ndị a aghọwo ihe siri ike karị n'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya n'ihi nrụgide ndị mmadụ, mgbanwe ihu igwe, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị iche iche. N'oge ndị Britain na-achị, ndị na-achị nnama na ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-ekwekọrịta na usoro a na-akpọ burti, nke e guzobere ụzọ ndị na-esi agagharị maka ndị na-akpa nnama, na nkwekọrịta nke ndị ọrụ ugbo, ndị na'ọzụzụ nnama, na ndị ọchịchị mpaghara. Otú ọ dị, usoro burti dara n'ihe dị ka afọ 1970 mgbe ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekwukarị na ha nwere ala n'akụkụ ụzọ ehi na-agagharị, na-eduga na esemokwu.

Tupu mgbe ahụ, ndị na-achị nnama na-eji mmiri ara ehi agbanwekarị maka nri ọka na obodo ndị ọrụ ugbo. Otú ọ dị, n'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, a naghịzi agbapụta mmiri ara ehi n'ọtụtụ ebe ka ihe ọṅụṅụ ndị a na-etinye n'ime ngwugwu na-ewu ewu n'obodo.

Ọgwụ nke oge a emeela ka ndị na-achị nnama nwee ike ịkwaga anụ ụlọ ha n'ebe ndịda n'ime "mpaghara nnụnụ tsetse" n'ebe Ndịda, ebe n'oge gara aga, ndị na-akpa anụ enweghị ike idebe ehi ha n'ọtụtụ n'ihi ọrịa okpomọkụ na mpaghara ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ. Malite site na ndị gọọmentị Britain na-achị, mmemme nchịkwa tsetse belatara egwu ọrịa dịka trypanosomiasis. Taa, ndị na-achị nnama nwekwara ike ịnweta ọgwụ maka trypanosomiasis na dermatophilosis n'ụzọ dị mfe iji mee ka anụ ụlọ ha dị ndụ. Na mgbakwunye, n'ime ọtụtụ iri afọ gara aga, ndị na-azụ atụrụ amụbaala ehi zebu na-adịghị anabata trypanosome na ụdị na-adịghị anagide trypanosoma, si otú a na-eme ka nnagide ehi maka ọrịa okpomọkụ. Ihe ndị a niile emeela ka ndị na-achị nnama Fulani kwaga n'ebe ndịda Naịjirịa, ebe ha nwere ike ire anụ ụlọ ha n'ụzọ dị mfe maka ọnụahịa dị elu n'ihi ọchịchọ siri ike maka anụ ehi na anụ ndị ọzọ na obodo na obodo ndịda Naijiria. Otú ọ dị, n'ebe ndịda, ha ga-ezute obodo ndị na-anọkarị otu ebe nke na-enwetabeghị ahụmahụ ọ bụla na mkparịta ụka udo na isoro ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na-akwagharị akwagharị. Ịbawanye mfe ịnweta ngwá agha na esemokwu okpukpe n'etiti Ndị Kraịst na ndị Alakụba agbakwunyere na ikike ime ihe ike.

Kemgbe e guzobere Republic nke anọ nke Naịjirịa n'afọ 1999, ime ihe ike nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-achị nnama egbuola ihe karịrị mmadụ 19,000 ma chụpụ ọtụtụ narị puku ndị ọzọ. Ọ gbasoro usoro na mmụba nke esemokwu ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ n'ọtụtụ ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Sahel, n'ihi mmụba ndị ọrụ ugpo na ala a na-akọ ugbo na mmefu nke ebe ịta nri; ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-emebi emebi, ọzara na mmebi ala; mmụba ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ; mmebi nke usoro ngwọta esemokwu ọdịnala nke ala na mmiri; na mmụkọta nke obere ngwá agha na mpụ n'ime ime obodo. Enweghị nchebe na ime ihe ike emeela ka ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ mepụta ndị agha na-echebe onwe ha na ndị agha agbụrụ na agbụrụ, nke na-etinye aka na ime ihe nkiri ọzọ. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime esemokwu ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-azụ atụrụ emeela n'etiti ndị na-ata atụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo okpukpere Akakụba Fulani, na-eme ka esemokwu ka njọ.

Agbụrụ dị iche iche 
E nwere agbụrụ dị iche iche na-azụ anụ n'ebe ugwu Naịjirịa nke gụnyere ọ bụghị naanị ndị Fulani, kamakwa Kanuri, Kanembu, Arab, na ndị ọzọ. Blench (2010) depụtara agbụrụ ndị na-azụ anụ na-esonụ n'ebe ugwu Naịjirịa.

Ndị na-azụ atụrụ Fulani na-anọchite anya ndị otu nkwado dịka Miyetti Allah.

Ndị ọrụ ugbo sitere n'agbụrụ dị iche iche, ọkachasị ndị Hausa na agbụrụ dị ichelekana nke Middle Belt. N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, nke a agbasawokwa ịgụnye agbụrụ ndịda Naịjirịa dịka ndị Yoruba, Igbo, na ndị ọzọ. Ndị ọrụ ugbo sitere n'agbụrụ dị iche iche dị na Middle Belt na-anọchite anya ndị otu nkwado dị ka CONAECDA.

Esemokwu mpaghara na Jos na Kaduna 
Esemokwu ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-achị nnama anọwo na-ewere ọnọdụ na mpaghara ndị na-adịghị akwụsi ike kemgbe afọ 2000. Esemokwu obodo ukwu na Jos na Kaduna abụwo ihe ike karịsịa, n'agbanyeghị esemokwu ime ihe ike na ndị ọchịchị, ọ dịtụbeghị mgbe a tụlere ihe kpatara ha na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. O nwere ike ọ gaghị edozi esemokwu n'ụzọ zuru oke n'ihi na ndị ọchịchị ọdịnala anaghị arụ ọrụ ha n'oge ọchịchị.

Ka oge na-aga, esemokwu oge n'etiti ndị na-azụ nnama na ndị ọrụ ugbo na mpaghara ùgwù na etiti mpaghara ùgwù nke Naijiria emeela ka enwee ọnọdụ enweghị nchebe. Enweghị nchebe a zuru ebe niile na-enye ohere ma na-aga n'ihu site n'omume mpụ sara mbara, nke ndị òtù ndị ohi na-elekwasị anya n'ebe dị n'ógbè ahụ maka mwakpo, ịtọrọ mmadụ, na ịpụnara mmadụ ihe.

Ihe kpatara esemokwu ahụ

Esemokwu ala 
Enwere ike ịghọta esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-achị nnama dị ka nsogbu nke ịnweta ala. Mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu hụrụ mmụba nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na ala a na-akọ ugbo ya na mmefu nke ebe ịta nri na Middle Belt. N'ógbè na-agbanwe agbanwe na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọ dịtụbeghị mgbe ọ ga-ekwe omume ịchọpụta ikike iwu maka ala maka onye ọrụ ugbo ọ bụla. N'ihi ya, ụzọ ndị na-achị nnama anaghịzi adị, ọkachasị n'ihe gbasara okpomọkụ ụwa.

Nsogbu ihu igwe 
Ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-emebi emebi, ọzara na mmebi ala emebi emeela ka ndị na-achị nnama Fulani si n'Ebe Ugwu Naịjirịa gbanwee ụzọ ha na-agagharị. Ịga n'ebe ịta nri na ebe a na-agba mmiri na Middle Belt ghọrọ ihe dị mkpa maka ndị na-achị nnama na-esi n'ebe ugwu nke mba ahụ. A na-eche na mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ ihe na-akpata esemokwu ahụ mana nyocha na-adịbeghị anya na-atụ aro na mgbanwe ihu ọha anaghị akpata esemokwu, mana ọ gbanwere usoro ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na-akwaga. Mpaghara ndị na-emetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe (Mpaghara ndị dị n'ebe ugwu) na-enwe obere esemokwu ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-achị nnama na obere ọgụ siri ike. A na-ekwu na esemokwu agbụrụ dị n'etiti ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-achị nnama kwesịrị ịtụle na nkọwa nke usoro mgbanwe ihu igwe-onye ọrụ ugbo-onye ọzụzụ atụrụ esemokwu.

Nzaghachi 
Gọọmentị Naijiria achọghị idozi ihe kpatara nsogbu ahụ. Na-alụ ọgụ megide Boko Haram na North-East na ihu na-arịwanye elu nke ime ihe ike na mpaghara dị iche iche nke mba ahụ, gọọmentị agbalịwo itinye usoro ole na ole n'ọrụ.

N'ihi na a na-ahụkarị na gọọmentị Naijiria adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ìgwè ndị agha na-ebu agha apụtala n'ọtụtụ obodo ndị ọrụ ugbo. Ọnọdụ a ga-edugakarị n'oké esemokwu ọbara n'etiti ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-achị nnama. Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị isi okpukpe emeela ka esemokwu ka njọ site n'ịkpọbata ndị otu na ị gabigara oke okwu ugboro ugboro.

Kemgbe afọ 2012, e nweela ọrụ iji mepụta ụzọ ndị mmadụ na-agafe Middle Belt. N'ịbụ ndị ndị omeiwu mpaghara ùgwù kwadoro ma ndị ibe ha nke mpaghara ndịda  na-emegide, mgbalị ndị a enwebeghị ihe ịga nke ọma.

N'afọ 2019, Onye isi ala Muhammadu Buhari gbalịrị ịmepụta ebe obibi Rural Grazing Area (RUGA). A katọrọ atụmatụ ya n'ụzọ siri ike. Na 17 Mee 2021, ndị gọvanọ 17 nke mpaghara Southern Naịjirịa wepụtara nkwupụta Asaba, nke e mere iji dozie nsogbu ahụ.

Ọ bụ ezie na ịkpa anụ, ebe a na-edebe ehi n'ime ala ndị e mechiri emechi, a na-atụ aro ugboro ugboro dị ka ihe ngwọta maka nsogbu ahụ, nke a egosila na ọ gaghị ekwe omume na Naịjirịa n'ihi akụrụngwa na-adịghị mma (nke nwere ọkụ eletrik, mmiri, na mmanụ ụgbọala) na ihe isi ike na nnweta na ikike iwu nke ala. Iwere ala na ịpụnara ehi ohi bụkwa ihe isi ike ndị na-azụ anụ ga-emeso. Ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ agaghị enwe ike ịsọ mpi na ndị na-azụ atụrụ na-akwagharị akwagharị na-enweghị ego metụtara ala.

Ndepụta mwakpo 
Akwụkwọ akụkọ Naijiria na ndị mba ọzọ anaghị enwe ike inye ọnụ ọgụgụ ziri ezi nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ. N'agbanyeghị ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke mwakpo, ndị nta akụkọ Naijiria na ndị mba ọzọ anaghị enwe ike ịnweta akaebe nke aka ha ma na-akọ ọnụ ọgụgụ na-ezighị ezi.

 According to the Global Terrorism Index, these conflicts resulted in over 800 deaths by 2015.
 Dịka ndepụta nke Global Terrorism Index, esemokwu ndị a pụtara ìhè karịrị ọnwụ mmadụ 800 n'afọ 2015.
 Afọ  2016 hụkwara ụdị ndapụta a na  Agatu, Benue na Nimbo, Enugu State.
 In April 2018, Fulani gunmen allegedly killed 19 people during an attack on the church, afterwards they burnt dozens of nearby homes.
 In January 2018, about 10 persons were killed in an attack and reprisal involving herders and local farmers in Numan local council of Adamawa State.
 In May 2018 over 400 herdsmen attacked four villages of Lamurde, Bang, Bolk,  Zumoso and Gon in Numan and Lamurde local councils of Adamawa State killing 15 people.
 In June 2018, over 200 people were killed and 50 houses were burnt in clashes between farmers and Fulani cattle herders in Plateau State, including one devastating attack from the night of the 22nd to the morning of the 23rd which killed 21 villagers in the village of Dowaya, Adamawa state. The casualties were reported to only consist of women and children.
 In July 2018, a clash erupted between the Fulani settlers and the Yandang community in Lau Local Government Area of Taraba State. About 73 people were killed and 50 villages were razed.
 In October 2018, Fulani herdsmen killed at least 19 people in Bassa.
 On 16 December 2018, militants believed to be Fulani herdsmen attacked a village in Jema'a, killing 15 people and injuring at least 24 others, the attack occurred at a wedding ceremony.
 Na 11 February 2019, mwakpo wakporo obodo Adara aha ya bụ Ungwar Bardi site n'aka ndị omekome ndị Fulani na-eche na ha gburu mmadụ iri na otu. Mwakpo Adara gbadoro ụkwụ n'obodo ndị Fulani gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 141 na mmadụ 65 na-efu. Mwakpo a mere na Kajuru LGA nke Kaduna State. Dị ka otu gọvanọ si kwuo ebumnobi ya bụ ibibi ụfọdụ obodo.
 Otu Coalition Against Kajuru kwuru n'ụbọchị 18 Maachị 2019 na mmadụ 130 anwụọla n'ụdị ịbọ ọbọ kemgbe ogbugbu El-Rufai kwupụtara..
 Na Jenụwarị 26 na 27 nke 2020, egburu ndị obodo 32 na mwakpo abụọ dị iche iche nke ndị Fulani Alakụba mere na Plateau State.
 N'Eprel 12 nke afọ 2022, egburu mmadụ 23 na mwakpo ndị na-achị ehi wakporo obodo Mbadwem (mpaghara Guma) na Tiortyu (Tarka local government).

Hụkwa 

 List of massacres in Nigeria
 Communal conflicts in Nigeria
 Fulani herdsmen
 Sudanese nomadic conflicts
 March 2019 attacks against Fulani herders
 2019 Kaduna State massacre
 Nimbo massacre
 Agatu massacres
 Janjawid
 Agricultural sustainability in northern Nigeria
 Southern Kaduna Crisis
 Asaba Declaration
 Fulani extremism
 Fulani extremism in Nigeria

Akwụkwọ 

 Adebanwi, Wale, 'Terror, Territoriality and the Struggle for Indigeneity and Citizenship in Northern Nigeria', Citizenship Studies, 13.4 (2009), 349–63
 Amnesty International, Harvest of Death: Three Years of Bloody Clashes between Farmers and Herders in Nigeria, 2018 <>
 Bearak, Max, Jane Hahn, Mia Torres, and Olivier Laurent, 'The Ordinary People Keeping the Peace in Nigeria's Farmer-Herder Conflict', The Washington Post, 10 December 2018 <The ordinary people keeping the peace in Nigeria's deadly land feuds> [accessed 25 December 2019]
 Blench, Roger. 1996. Pastoralists and National Borders in Nigeria. In: Nugent, P., and A. I. Asiwaju (eds). African Boundaries: Barriers, conduits and opportunities. 111–128. Edinburgh: Francis Pinter for Centre of African Studies.
 Blench, Roger. 2001. Pastoralism in the new millennium. FAO: Animal Health and Production Series, No 150.
 Blench, Roger. 2003. The transformation of conflict between pastoralists and cultivators in Nigeria. Paper in press for a special issue of the Journal Africa, ed. M. Moritz.
 Blench, Roger. 2010. Conflict between pastoralists and cultivators in Nigeria. Review paper prepared for the Department for International Development (DFID), Nigeria.
 Blench, Roger. 2017. Is fencing a solution to reducing herder-farmer conflict in Nigeria?. Field investigations on pastoralist-farmers crises areas and enhancement of MISEREOR's partnersinterventions in Nigeria, Phase 3. Draft prepared for ISEREOR/JDPs.
 Blench, Roger. 2017. Pastoral conflict and supplying Nigeria with meat: how can the paradox be resolved.  Field investigations on pastoralist-farmers crises areas and enhancement of MISEREOR's partnersinterventions in Nigeria, Phase 3. Revised paper prepared for ISEREOR/JDPs.
 Blench, Roger. 1984.  Conflict and co-operation: Fulani relations with the Samba and Mambila peoples. Cambridge Anthropology, 9(2):42-57. (2005 revision)
 Blench, Roger. 2005. Conflict and Co-operation: Fulɓe Relations with the Mambila and Samba people of Southern Adamawa. Paper in press for a special issue of Africa, ed. M. Moritz. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Education Foundation.
 Blench, Roger. 2003.  The transformation of conflict between pastoralists. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Education Foundation.
 Blench, Roger. 2016. The recent evolution of pastoralism in West-Central Africa. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Education Foundation.
 Porter, Gina; Fergus Lyon; Fatima Adamu; Lanre Obafemi; Roger Blench. 2005. Trade and Markets in Conflict Development and Conflict Resolution in Nigeria. Scoping study report to the UK Department for International Development.
 Blench, Roger. 2004. Natural Resource Conflicts in North-Central Nigeria: A Handbook and Case Studies. London/Abuja: Mandaras Press/DFID. (With integrated CD-ROM.)
 Blench, Roger. 1998. Resource conflict in semi-arid Africa: An essay and an annotated bibliography. ODI Research Study. ISBN 0-85003-343-8
 Blench, Roger. 2016. Accelerating pastoralist/farmer conflict across Central Nigeria (and West Africa) potentially compromises all IITA's goals. Talk given at IITA, Ibadan on 28 November 2016.
 Blench, Roger. 2016. The fire next time: the upsurge in civil insecurity across the Central Zone of Nigeria. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
 Higazi, Adam, 'Farmer-Pastoralist Conflicts on the Jos Plateau, Central Nigeria: Security Responses of Local Vigilantes and the Nigerian State', Conflict, Security and Development, 16.4 (2016), 365–85
 Last, Murray, 'Muslims and Christians in Nigeria: An Economy of Political Panic', The Round Table : The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs, 96.392 (2007), 605–16
 Last, Murray, 'The Search for Security in Muslim Northern Nigeria', Africa, 78.1 (2008), 41–63
 Mustapha, Abdul Raufu, and David Ehrhardt, eds., Creed & Grievance: Muslim-Christian Relations & Conflict Resolution in Northern Nigeria (Oxford: James Currey, 2018)
 Ochonu, Moses E, 'Fulani Expansion and Subcolonial Rule in Early Colonial Adamawa Province', in Colonialism by Proxy Hausa Imperial Agents and Middle Belt Consciousness in Nigeria (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2014), pp. 129–56
 Reynolds, Jonathan, The Time of Politics: Islam and the Politics of Legitimacy in Northern Nigeria 1950-1966 (San Francisco: International Scholar Publications, 1999)

Ebensidee 

Pages with unreviewed translations