FERN
Fern (nke a na-akpọkwa Stichting Fern) bụ ntọala Dutch nke e akara na 1995. Ọ bụ otu mba ụwa na- otu nke otu (NGO) nke e-akiri iji mmetụta aka nke European Union (EU) n'oké ike ma hazie ọrụ NGO na ọkwa Europe. Fern na-arụ ọrụ iji chebe na ikike nke ndị na-adabere na ha.

Ọ bụ ebe na a mara Fern maka ọrụ ya n'oké ngwá ahịa, afa afụ 2000 ọhọlụ ya iji tinye ihu igwe, ụdị, na usoro na-adịgide adịgide dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime nri ndị e mere n'achụ ego. ndị nwere ike kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ na-icheghị ìhè na ike na ikike ndịiche. N'ebe ndị a niile, Fern na-arụkọ ọrụ na ọtụtụ òtù gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị mmadụ na ibe ya n'ụwa niile.

Fern bụ ụgbọala na-azụ nke ndị isi. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọ nwere ike abụọ (Brussels, Belgium; na Moreton-in-Marsh, UK) na ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ 18.

"Ịbawanye nwanyị, na-eche, ime iwu Europe; na ime mgbanwe iwu na omume na Europe nke na-amụ anya na ikike ndị ndu na ndị ma na-enye ikpe ziri ezi akụ na mụrụ, gburugburu ebe. obibi na mmadụ na ibe ya n'ụwa niile".

Akụkọ ihe mere eme 
Mmalite Fern dị na akwụkwọ World Rainforest Movement na Penang na 1989. Na ngwá a, ndị Southern ihe na ha mmetụta imekọ ihe ọnụ na nke ndị otu Europe nwere otu echiche iji kwalite mmepụta ha. iche iche nke ndị NGO na Europe za ndabere ma nabata aha European Rainforest Movement. Mgbanwe a mgbanwe aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Forest Movement Europe na 1994 mgbe ọ na-agbanwe ya na Taiga Rescue Network (1992) ma na-eche uche ya n'oké ọkụ niile, Russia.

Dị ka ọtụtụ NGO nke Forest Movement Europe na-arụ ọrụ na ọkwa mba, na nri azụmahịa na-eme na-ebelata elu nke ike na ọkwa EU, ọtụtụ ndị nọ n'ime òtù ahụ chere na a ga-elebara anya na-emetụta. ụlọ ọrụ EU. Ya mere, na Machị 1995 Saskia Ozinga (onye na-arụbu ọrụ maka ndị nke enyi ụwa na Netherlands) na Sian Pettman (onye na'oge gara aga na-arụ ọrụ maka European Commission) bụ Fern na ikike iji ọrụ EU karin , ma mee ka ndị Forest Movement Europe mara ma ediere ọrụ ndị a ma mee ka ọrụ nkwado aka maka ụlọ ọrụ EU dị iche iche.

Malite na 1995 na Ozinga na Pettman na-arụ ọrụ nwa oge, onye mbụ si n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihe na Oxford, onye nke ikpeazụ si na tebụl na Brussels, Fern etolitela ka ọ bụrụ nzukọ nke ndị ọrụ 15 na 20, ebe ebe ọrụ ya agbasawo ịgụnye mgbanwe ihu igwe, ahia carbon, ego, ọchịchị na enyemaka mmepe. Isiokwu ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe na mkpọsa Fern gụnyere ịlụso nrụrụ aka ọgụ, enweghị nghọta na enweghị ike nke ọ na-ekwu na ha so n'ihe kpatara mbibi ọhịa iwu na iwu na-akwadoghị, yana itinye obodo ọhịa n'etiti mkpebi gbasara iwu na-emetụta ha.

Ụzọ Fern si arụ ọrụ ka na-egosipụta mmalite ya, dịka n'ọrụ ya, nzukọ ahụ na-ezube ịmepụta njikọ aka ad hoc ma ọ bụ nke na-adịgide adịgide North-South, North-North ma ọ bụ South-South NGO iji jikọta aka mepụta mkpọsa ma ọ bụ ọrụ, ọtụtụ n'ime - ma ọ bụghị mgbe niile - lekwasịrị anya na ụlọ ọrụ EU. Ime ka mmegharị ahụ dịkwuo mfe na ịkwado ndị mmekọ Fern na South ka bụ ọrụ isi nke Fern.

N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2018, onye guzobere Fern na onye nhazi mkpọsa Saskia Ozinga kwụsịrị ọrụ mgbe ya na Fern gachara afọ iri abụọ na atọ. Hannah Mowat weghaara dịka onye nhazi mkpọsa nke nzukọ ahụ.

Ubi ọrụ 
Nzukọ a na-eme mkpọsa n'ọtụtụ mpaghara nwere mmetụta ozugbo ma ọ bụ na-apụtachaghị ìhè na oke ohia na ikike ndị mmadụ. Ọ na-elekwasị anya kpọmkwem na atumatu na omume nke European Union, ebe ọ bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ya na mba ndị so, EU bụ otu onye na-enye onyinye kacha ukwuu n'ụwa, ma na-ekerekwa òkè dị mkpa na azụmahịa zuru ụwa ọnụ, ya mere nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na akara aka. nke oke ohia nke uwa na ndi bi na ha.

Iji ụdị nsogbu ya, Fern na-ahụ mbụ mbụ na achọpụta; ọ na-ewu njikọ aka NGO na ndị mmekọ ya na ndị mgbasa ya na South na Europe zuru ụwa ọnụ, ma na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na ha; ọ na'ịkwalite mmata n'etiti ndị na-eme na-atụ ma na-atụ aro iwu ụfọdụ iji dozie egwu ndị na-eche ntọala ụwa ihu.

A na-akpa dị ukwuu nke ego Fern na ndị mmekọ ya na mba ndị dị n'okike, Fern na-ekwu na ọ na-ebute ụzọ ha (gụnyere n'ụdị iwulite ikike na iwusi nkà nkwado ha ike) ka ha na- nsogbu nsogbu ndị na-eche ihu na mba ha.

Fern na-arụkwa ọrụ nhazi n'iwulite netwọk na njikọ aka n'etiti ndị NGO, ihe atụ kachasị mma bụ nzukọ Forest Movement Europe (FME) kwa afọ nke ọ na-ahazi.

Kemgbe afọ 1996, Fern ebipụtala Forest Watch, akwụkwọ akụkọ ọkachamara kwa ọnwa na-ekpuchi mmepe ọhụrụ na mgbalị iji chebe ọhịa ụwa.

Mgbasa ozi 
Fern na-elekwasị anya ugbu a n'oké ọhịa n'ihe gbasara nsogbu ọhịa anọ: ihu igwe, oriri, enyemaka mmepe na ahia. Iji mezuo ebumnuche ya, Fern na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na gburugburu ebe obibi yana NGO mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na Europe na South.

Mgbasa ozi ihu igwe nke Fern na-akpọ maka iwu ihu igwe nke EU nke na-ebute ụzọ iweghachi azụ Europe na anụ ahụ maka ọkụ osisi maka bioenergy. Mgbasa ozi ihu igwe nke Fern gụ ọrụ na mweghachi ndị, ikuku na-adịghị mma, ịzụ ahịa n'efu, iji ala eme ihe, ihe nke iji ala eme na ndị ọrụ (LULUCF), na carbon offsetting.

Mgbasa ozi na-adịgide adịgide nke Fern na-elekwasị anya na nnukwu ihe kpatara mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ụwa niile: ọrụ ugbo. EU bụ nke abụọ kachasị n'ụwa na-ebubata ihe ndị ọrụ ugbo na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa. Fern na-eme mkpọsa iji kwụsị mbubata EU nke ngwaahịa - dị ka soy, mmanụ nkwụ na koko - nke a na-akụ n'ala a na-egbu egbu n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị. N'afọ 2023, EU nabatara Iwu maka ngwaahịa ndị na-enweghị mgbukpọ ọhịa, iwu Fern chọsiri ike n'ime afọ iri gara aga. Fern na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a iji hụ na a na-etinye Iwu ahụ n'ọrụ nke ọma na ndụmọdụ na mmekọrịta ya na mba ndị na-emepụta ihe.

Dị ka akụkụ nke mkpọsa azụmahịa ya na usoro nnyefe na-adịgide adịgide, Fern etinyela aka n'ịkwalite ihe ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ ikike mmadụ na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke European Union - Mercosur free trade agreement. Usoro nnyefe na mkpọsa azụmahịa nke Fern na-elekwasịkwa anya n'ịhụ na azụmahịa na mineral mgbanwe anaghị eduga na mmerụ ahụ maka ọhịa na ndị mmadụ site na mkpọsa na Critical Raw Materials Act (CRM Act).

Mgbasa ozi oriri nke Fern na-ezube ijide n'aka na iwu EU nwere ike belata ngwa ngwa oriri Europe nke Forest Risk Commodities. Fern na-eme mkpọsa iji belata ojiji nke pulp na akwụkwọ site na ọrụ na Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR) na nzaghachi maka mmụba dị egwu nke ojiji akwụkwọ. Fern na-arụkwa ọrụ iji belata oriri anụ ndị Europe site na iji usoro nri EU Sustainable Food System Framework. Ụlọ ọrụ anụ na-ahụ maka òkè dị ukwuu nke ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ n'ụwa niile (GHG) ma na-enye aka nke ukwuu na mgbukpọ ọhịa, ụkọ mmiri na ọnwụ nke ụdị dị iche iche.

Mgbasa ozi nke Gọọmentị Ọhịa na-arụ ọrụ iji hụ na obodo ndị dị n'oké ọhịa nwere ikike siri ike n'oké osimiri ha ma rite uru site na omume na usoro nchịkwa ọhịa doro anya na nke na-agụnye.

Mgbasa ozi Fern gara aga gụnyere ndị dị na Export Credit Agencies (ECAs), biodiversity offsetting, asambodo, na Development Finance Institutions, ụgbọelu na ego.

Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru 
Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị nke Fern rụzuru gụnyere:

 N'ime ka EU kwenye ịchịkwa mgbuchapụ ọhịa; Ọrụ nkwado ogologo afọ iri nke Fern, ndị enyi ya na òtù ya na Global South, nyere aka n'ịnakwere Iwu EU maka ngwaahịa ndị na-enweghị osisi, iwu mbụ n'ụwa nke ụdị ya.
 N'ịgba mbọ ka EU rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwado mgbanwe ihu igwe; Na nyocha kachasị ọhụrụ nke Iwu Iji Ala eme ihe na Ọhịa (LULUCF), Fern nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịgbachitere ụkpụrụ na ebumnuche dị iche iche.
 Ọjụjụ nke echiche na-ezighị ezi nke sayensị nke ịkụ osisi iji gbanwee mgbanwe ihu igwe ('carbon sinks") site na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu Europe;
 Na-egosipụta mmetụta na-ezighị ezi na nke na-ezughị oke nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mba ndị na-anabata mgbe ha na-arụ nnukwu ọrụ, dị ka pipeline Chad-Cameroon;
 Imeziwanye njikọta nke nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe achọrọ maka ịnakwere ikike ụmụ amaala n'ime mmemme enyemaka EU na iwu na ịmepụta netwọk nke Southern NGO iji melite ogo nke enyemaka EU.
 Inwe EU ka ọ belata igbu osisi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị ma melite ọchịchị ọhịa site na ịnakwere na itinye n'ọrụ atụmatụ ọrụ Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) - mmemme ọsụ ụzọ iji gbochie mbubata osisi n'iwu na-akwọghị iwu, mee ka ikike obodo sie ike ma melite ụzọ a na-elekọta ọhịa; Fern bụkwa onye njikwa weebụsaịtị FLEGT "LoggingOff".
 Nhazi nke ọma na netwọk Europe maka imezigharị ụlọ ọrụ ego mbupụ na-eduga n'ịnakwere ntuziaka gburugburu ebe obibi maka ụlọ ọrụ ego.

Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ịga nke ọma Fern belatara ihe egwu na ndụ ndị bi n'oké ọhịa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọrụ Fern na-eme ka ntụpọ dị na carbon sinks na akwụkwọ ozi kpọmkwem na bọọdụ Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), emeela ka bọọdụ CDM jụ ọrụ ubi niile a na-etinye na ya, ọtụtụ n'ime ha ga-enwe mmetụta ọjọọ na ndị mmadụ.

A gaghị edepụta atụmatụ EU FLEGT Action Plan iji lụso igbu osisi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị ọgụ na-enweghị Fern. Atụmatụ Omume a - ma ọ bụrụ na etinyere ya n'ụzọ ziri ezi - ga-emepụta ihe iji nweta ikike omenala nabatara dị ka 'iwu' na mba gụnyere Indonesia (nke na-ebupụ osisi FLEGT), Ghana, Cameroon, Vietnam na Guyana: enweghị nkwenye nke ikike ndị a so n'ihe mgbochi kachasị mkpa maka ibelata ịda ogbenye, ikpe ziri ezi na ọbụna ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.

Ọzọkwa, mkpọsa maka imezigharị ECAs dugara n'ịkwụsị ego ECA na ịkagbu ọrụ ụfọdụ, nke ga-enwe nnukwu nsonaazụ ọjọọ maka ndị obodo, dịka n'ihe gbasara Ilisu Dam na Turkey nke ga-eduga n'ịgbanwe ihe dị ka mmadụ 80,000, na ụmụ nwanyị na-ata ahụhụ karịa.

Nkwado 
Fern na-enweta ego ya site na ntọala onwe na gọọmentị. Iji hụ na nnwere onwe ya na eleghị anya n'ihu, Fern ekwenyewo na ọ gaghị etinye aka na nhọpụta, onyinye ma ọ bụ nchịkwa nke nkwekọrịta mgbe enwere ike itinye ezigbo esemokwu ọdịmma. Ego ndị a na-enyocha Fern dị na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ha.

Ndị nyere Fern n'afọ 2022 gụnyere: Ford Foundation, Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) UK, European Commission, European Climate Foundation na Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD).

Hụkwa 

 Ihe Omume Ndị Dị n'Oké Ọhịa
 Mgbanwe Oké Ọhịa Mmiri nke Ụwa

Ihe odide

Njikọ mpụga 

 Official website 
 Akụkọ Twitter nke Fern
 Peeji LinkedIn nke Fern

Pages with unreviewed translations