Ụgbọ Mmiri
Nọhịa, windthrow naezo aka nosisi ndị ifufe gburu mgbọrọgwụ. A naakpọ nkwarụ nke osisi bole (ogwe osisi) kama iwepụ mgbọrọgwụ windsnap. Blowdown naezo aka ma windthrow na windsnap.

Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya 
Windthrow bụ ihe a naahụkarị nkụkụ ọhịa niile nke ụwa nke naenwe oké ifufe ma ọ bụ nnukwu ọsọ ifufe. Ihe ize ndụ nke ifufe naatụba osisi nwere njikọ na ogo osisi ahụ (ịdị elu na dayameta), ebe ụgbọ mmiri' nke okpueze ya gosipụtara, nkedo nke mgbọrọgwụ ya nyere, ikpughe ya na ifufe, na ihu igwe ikuku mpaghara. Ụzọ a naejikarị atụle ihe ize ndụ nke ifufe naefe nógbè ọhịa bụ iji mepụta ohere ma ọ bụ 'oge nloghachi' nke ọsọ ifufe nke gaemebi osisi ndị ahụ nebe ahụ. Ụzọ ọzọ nwere ike ịbụ bụ nchọpụta nke ikuku naagbasa agbasa dabere na foto satellite. Osisi ịka nká nwekwara ike ịbụ ihe, ebe ọtụtụ ihe naenye aka na ahụike naebelata nke osisi naebebalata nkedo ya ma si otú a naeme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ịbịaru ikuku. Mmebi a naenweta nwere ike ịbụ ihe dị mkpa na mmepe nke oké ọhịa.

Windthrow nwekwara ike ịbawanye naesote igbutu osisi, ọkachasị nọhịa ndị a naelekọta maka osisi. Iwepụ osisi ndị dị n'akụkụ oké ọhịa naeme ka osisi ndị fọdụrụnụ na-ekpughe ikuku.

Osisi ndị naeto n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ nsọtụ ọhịa ndị ọzọ, ma ọ bụ n'ọnọdụ ndị a naahụ anya dị ka akụkụ ugwu, na-azụlite ike mgbọrọgwụ ka ukwuu site na nzaghachi uto na mmegharị ifufe, ya bụ 'naeme mgbanwe' ma ọ bụ 'na' uto. Ọ bụrụ na osisi anaghị enwe ọtụtụ mmegharị nke ifufe n'oge oge mwepụ nke usoro kwụ ọtọ, o yighị ka ọ gaenwe ike iguzogide ifufe. Ya mere, mgbe a naeji ụzọ ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ nke a na-emepe emepe, osisi ndị dị nakụkụ ọhụrụ ahụ anaghị akwado ha karịa ka ha dị ma nwee ike ha agaghị enwe ike ịnagide ike dị elu ha naenwe ugbu a.

Osisi ndị nwere nnukwu osisi ivy, wisteria, ma ọ bụ kudzu enweela nrụgide ma nwee ike ịnwe ike ịnwe ikuku, ka akwụkwọ osisi ndị ọzọ naeme ka ebe osisi ahụ naagafe.

Osisi ndị nwere ogwe osisi rere ure, ọrịa kansa naakpata fungus na mmebi nke oghere naemetụta ikuku.

Osisi ndị naeto eto (ihe naerughị afọ 100) nwere ike ịpịa mgbe ifufe naebugharị ha, ebe osisi ndị okenye anaghị agbaji kama a naewepụ ha.

Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi 
Mgbagwoju anya nke Windthrow naemepụta ihe dịgasị iche iche pụrụ iche nke usoro ụfọdụ nke ọhịa naadabere na ya. Enwere ike iwere Windthrow dị ka ihe na-emebi ihe nke nwere ike ịmepụta usoro ọhụrụ nke usoro osisi seral notu mpaghara. A pụkwara iwere Windthrow dị ka usoro naeme ka ọ dị ọhụrụ ebe a naeme gore mmeghachi omume nwee ike site na nnweta ihe ọhụrụ.

Mgbọrọgwụ siri ike naemeghe ala mineral na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ebe a naetinye mkpụrụ. E gosipụtara patches ndị a, na Pacific Northwest nke United States, na ha nwere ụdị dị iche iche dị elu karịa ala ọhịa gbara ya gburugburu. Tụkwasị na nke a, ọdịiche e mepụtara nelu ọhịa mgbe ifufe naeme naeme ka ìhè, mmiri, na ihe oriri dị nso na nsogbu ahụ.

Osisi ndị a naatụgharị nelu nwere ike ịghọ osisi nọọsụ, naazụlite ebe obibi maka ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'oké ọhịa.

Osisi naatụba naenye aka na ihu igwe na mmepụta ala. Nala dị warara, iberibe nkume dị nro bụ akụkụ dị ukwuu nke mgbọrọgwụ dị elu, mana osisi dị obere, yabụ ọnụego ihu igwe dị ala; nala dị n'etiti, obere nkume dị elu, ma osisi dị ọtụtụ, yabụ ihu igwe naeru ihe kachasị elu; nime ala karịa omimi nke mgbọrọ ndụ, ọ dịghị ala dị elu, ihu igwe dịkwa nwayọ. Ọbịbịa nke osisi ihe dị ka nde afọ 370 gara aga dugara na mgbanwe dị egwu nke gburugburu ebe obibi, dịka tupu mgbe ahụ, ihu igwe dị nime ala dị nwayọ iji mee ka ala dị arọ dị n'elu ugwu.

Hụkwa 

 Ikike
 Krummholz: osisi ndị gbagọrọ agbagọ, ndị na-agbagọ agbagọ
 Microburst: ikuku na-agbada
 Osisi na-agbanwe agbanwe

Ihe odide 

 Alabama Hiking Trail Society Cited Dec. 2007
 USFS "Trail Information - State Route 410 Mather Memorial Parkway / Clearwater" Online bulletin board. E depụtara ya na Dec. 15, 2007

Akwụkwọ 

 Nina G Ulanova, Forest Ecology and Management; Mpịakọta 135, Mbipụta 1-3, 15 Septemba 2000, Peeji 155-167; Mmetụta nke ikuku na-efe n'oké ọhịa na ọkwa dị iche iche: nyocha
 Canham, C.D. & Loucks, O.L. (1984) Ọdachi ikuku na-efe n'ọhịa ndị dị na Wisconsin. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
 Canham, C.D., Denslow, J.S., Platt, W.J., Runkle, J.R., Spies, T.A. & White, P.S. (1990) Ọchịchị ọkụ n'okpuru okpokoro mechiri emechi na oghere osisi na-ada n'oké ọhịa na okpomọkụ. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 20, 620-631.
 Canham, C.D., Papaik, M.J. & Latty, E.J. (2001) Interspecific variation in susceptibility to windthrow as a function of tree size and storm severity for northern hardwood species. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 31, 1-10.
 Mladenoff, D.J. (1987) Dynamics of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in hemlock and hardwood treeefall gaps. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
 Peterson, C.J. & Pickett, S.T.A. (1995) Nhazi ọhịa - Nnyocha ikpe na oké ọhịa ochie na-eto eto. Ecology, 76, 763-774.
 Pickett, S.T.A. & White (1985) Patch dynamics: a synthesis. The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics (ed S.T.A.Pickett & P.S.White), peeji nke 371-384. Academic Press, Orlando, FL.
 [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mmebi nke oké ifufe na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo: Mmetụta nke ụdị na obodo. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]