Noni Jabavu
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Helen Nontando (Noni) Jabavu (20 Ọgọst afo 1919  - 19 June afo 2008) bụ onye odee na onye nta akụkọ South Africa, otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị Africa mbụ gbasoro ọrụ agụmagụ na-aga nke ọma na nwanyị South Africa ojii izizi bipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ. .   N'ịbụ onye gụrụ akwụkwọ na Britain site na afọ iri na ato, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị Africa mbụ ghọrọ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Britain mgbe na afo 1961 ọ malitere nhazi nke New Strand, mbipụta nke Strand Magazine, nke mechiri na afo 1950. 

N'okwu nke onye na-ede uri Makhosazana Xaba : " Naanị otu onye ga-agụ akwụkwọ ya abụọ ( Drawn in Color and The Ocher People ) iji ghọta otú o si nwee nkà dị ka onye na-echeta ihe. Akwụkwọ akụkọ kọlụm ya na-egosipụta ụdị ntụgharị nke ga-abụrịrị ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe maka oge ya. Mgbe m na-agba Wally Serote bụ́ onye bi na Botswana ajụjụ ọnụ n’otu oge ahụ ya na Noni nọ, amụtara m otu ihe kwadoro echiche mbụ m banyere ya. Ọ sịrị, 'Anyị ndị nwoke amaghị ka anyị na ya ga-esi na-akpakọrịta (Noni). Ọ bụ nwaanyị dịrị ndụ tere aka tupu oge anyị a.' Nke a na-ekwu ọtụtụ ihe na-atụle Serote n'onwe ya bụ nnukwu akwụkwọ edemede na omenala maara ihe n'ụwa."

Akụkọ ndụ

Afọ mbụ na agụmakwụkwọ na England 
A mụrụ Noni Jabavu na Middledrift  na Eastern Cape n'ime ezinụlọ ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi, alụmdi na nwunye nke nne na nna ya na-emekọ ọnụ n'etiti ezinụlọ abụọ a ma ama nke Ndị Kraịst na Eastern Cape n'oge ahụ.  Nne ya bụ Thandiswa Florence Makiwane,  onye nchoputa nke Zenzele Women's Self-Mprovement Association;  nna ya bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ na onye edemede Davidson Don Tengo Jabavu, na nna nna ya John Tengo Jabavu, bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ mbụ nke South Africa nke e dere na Xhosa, Imvo Zabantsundu (Opinion Black).  Nne nne ya bụ Cecilia Makiwane, onye nọọsụ mbụ n'Africa debanyere aha na South Afrika na onye n'oge mbụ na mgba maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị.

Site na afọ iri na ato, Noni gụrụ akwụkwọ na England, n'okpuru nlekọta nke Margaret na Arthur Bevington Gillett (n'akụkụ Mohan Kumaramangalam na nwanne ya nwanyị Parvati Krishnan ), ebe ọ ga-anọgide na-ebi n'ebe ahụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ.  O mechara cheta, sị: "Dị ka nwa ojii na-ahụkarị n'oge ahụ, mgbe m dị afọ iri na ato, enwechaghị m mmasị na mkparịta ụka ahụ na-aghaghị ịga n'ihu n'etiti nne na nna m na ndị mụrụ m, banyere ndụ ha na-eme atụmatụ maka m nke m. ga-amụta n'afọ ndị na-abịa, ga-abụ ihe ngosi bara uru nke ọgbọ nke ọbụbụenyi n'etiti ezinaụlọ. Amụtara m mgbe ahụ na atụmatụ bụ ka a zụọ m dị ka dọkịta ijere ndị m ozi. Ma o mejọrọ ya, n'ihi na dọkịta bụ otu ihe m na-achọghị ịbụ. Amaghị m ihe m chọrọ ịbụ."  Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na mbụ na The Mount School, York, ma mesịa mụọ na Royal Academy of Music nke London .  Tupu Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ọ naghị enwe mmasị na Royal Academy of Music ma tinye uche na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ akwụkwọ aka ekpe. N'afọ 1938, ọ nọ na concert Prom na Ụlọ Nzukọ Queen nke a kwụsịrị ka a gwa ya maka " udo maka oge anyị " Neville Chamberlain .

Ndụ mgbe agha gasịrị: nleta South Afrika na ihe ncheta 
Na ntiwapụ nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ọ kwụsịrị ịmụ ihe ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ese ihe nkiri ma zụọ ya ka ọ bụrụ onye injinia nwere nkà na oxyacetylene welder, na-arụ ọrụ na akụkụ engine nke bọmbụ. Mgbe agha ahụ gachara, ọ nọgidere na London, ebe ọ ga-abụ onye edemede nwere njirimara na àgwà telivishọn, ma rụọ ọrụ maka BBC dị ka onye na-eweta ihe ngosi na onye mmepụta ihe. Ọ gara nleta ogologo oge na South Afrika ruo mgbe alụmdi na nwunye ya na onye ntụzi ihe nkiri Bekee Michael Cadbury Crosfield na afo 1951.  Alụmdi na nwunye ha mebiri iwu mgbagha nke South Afrika, n'ihi na n'ihi Iwu Omume rụrụ arụ nke dị n'oge ahụ, ọ pụghị iso ya. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gara njem ma biri na Mozambique, Zimbabwe na Uganda . 

Jabavu malitere ide ihe n'ime afọ ndị ọ nọ na Uganda.  Na afo 1955, ọ laghachiri na South Afrika maka ịnọ ọnwa atọ,  na-ede njem ahụ n'ime ndetu onye edemede nke akwụkwọ mbụ ya, Drawn in Color: African Contrasts (1960):Anọ m n’ụwa abụọ nwere ntụkwasị obi abụọ: South Afrika, bụ́ ebe a mụrụ m, na England, bụ́ ebe m gụrụ akwụkwọ. Mgbe m nwetara eriri nna m zipụrụ, agbagoro m na South Africa ka m sonye na ndị Bantu m, hapụ di m Bekee na Lọndọn. Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, mụ na ya gara biri n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Africa, na-abịaru nanị otu nwanne m nwanyị lụrụ di n'ebe ahụ nso. Agwara m ebe a ihe gbasara nzụlite m na ọnọdụ m. Nke a bụ akụkọ onwe onye gbasara ahụmịhe na echiche onye Africa nwere maka ndịiche dị n'etiti East na South Africa na kọntaktị ha na Westernization.A na- ese na Agba tụlere nke ọma n'akụkụ abụọ nke Atlantic. Dị ka Kirkus Reviews si kwuo: "Akwụkwọ a kwesịrị nnọọ ka otuto dị elu ọ nwetara n'England bụ ebe e bipụtara ya na mbụ. Onye edemede ahụ, onye lụrụ onye nduzi ihe nkiri Britain, na-akọ maka njem njem na South Africa maka olili nwanne ya nwoke nke otu ndị otu ndị omekome gburu na Jo'burg, na mgbalị efu o mere iji chekwaa alụmdi na nwunye nwanne ya nwanyị. nye otu nwoke na Uganda. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-eche banyere ọdachi ezinụlọ abụọ, akụkọ ahụ adịghị ewute ma ọ bụ na-adịghị njọ. Ọtụtụ nkọwa gbasara ndụ ndị Africa na omenala na nkọwa nkọwa nke obodo ahụ n'onwe ya na-eme ka onye na-agụ ya na-atụgharị uche mgbe ọ bụla ndị isi na-eme ihe nkiri na-ahapụ ebe ahụ nwa oge. Asụsụ Xhosa na-atọ ya ụtọ nke ukwuu, nke sụgharịrị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ uri Elizabethan English. Onye edemede ahụ adịghị echekwa onwe ya ma ọ bụ ndị ya n'ịmekọ ihe gbasara agbụrụ, n'ihi na ajọ mbunobi dị n'akụkụ niile, ọbụlagodi n'etiti ndị na-agba agba na ndị gbara ọchịchịrị nke otu ebo. Onye na-agụ ga-ekere òkè n'ahụmahụ dị ukwuu nke mmadụ ma n'otu oge ahụ nweta nghọta ka ukwuu nke mba ndị na-enwere onwe ha."  Edere ya na agba ugboro ise n'ime afọ mbụ nke mbipụta ya, ma bipụtakwara ya n'asụsụ Italian na Milan n'okpuru aha Il colore della pelle . 

Mgbe ọtụtụ afọ bichara na Uganda, Jabavu ya na di ya laghachiri England,  na site na mmalite nke afo 1961 ọ bụ onye ọrụ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ edemede John O'London's Weekly .  Ọ rụkwara ọrụ nchịkọta akụkọ maka The New Strand (ụdị eweghachite nke narị afọ nke ama ama kwa ọnwa maka ibipụta Conan Doyle ), tupu ahọpụta ya dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ ya,   nhọrọ onye nwe ya bụ Ernest Kay kọwara site n'ịsị: " Miss Jabavu ebiela ụdị ndụ dị iche iche nke na ọ ga-eweta echiche ọhụrụ kpamkpam na magazin ahụ. O doro anya na ọ gaghị adị mma ma ọ bụrụ na ọ nwara."   Ọ malitere ọrụ na Disemba afo 1961,  n'agbanyeghị na ọ gbara arụkwaghịm ka ọnwa asatọ gachara, na-ekpebi na ọ masịrị ya ịbụ onye edemede karịa onye nchịkọta akụkọ. 

N'ịkọwa onwe ya dị ka "nwanyị lụrụ di na mbụ na nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ nke abụọ",  o mechara kwaga Jamaica, ebe na afo 1961 họpụtara di ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ gọọmentị maka ihe nkiri, na-alaghachi London na afo 1963.  (Ntụle ọ ga-ede afọ iri abụọ ka e mesịrị nke akwụkwọ njem njem VS Naipaul The Middle Passage na-ekpughe ahụ erughị ala ya n'oge njem Caribbean a: ". . . Enwere m obi nkoropụ, ọ na-ewute m ịhụ onwe m na enweghị ike ibi ndụ n'àgwàetiti a mara mma nke ukwuu na-ewute m. . . . Mgbọrọgwụ enweghị mgbọrọgwụ, echiche nke enweghị akụkọ ihe mere eme, enweghị ọdịnala, ịchọ njirimara - njirimara ndị a masịrị m mgbe mụ na ndị West India na-akparịta ụka. Dị ka onye Africa, enwere m ihe nketa nke gụnyere n'asụsụ m, iguzosi ike n'ihe agbụrụ, akụ akụ nke akụkọ ifo, ihe omume. Ọ bụ na ndị a anaghị enye onye Africa ọ bụla ọmarịcha echiche nke ịga n'ihu? Ihe ọ bụla mwepu apartheid na-amanye anyị na obodo nke m, ndị a enweghị ike iwepụ ike na ọdịnala nke ndị anyị." ) 

Akwụkwọ nke abụọ nke Jabavu, The Ocher People: Scenes from a South African Life, nke e bipụtara na afo 1963, bụkwa ihe ncheta, nke o kwuru banyere ya, sị: "Ọ bụ akụkọ onwe onye nke ahụmahụ onye Africa na echiche nke ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị East na South Africa. na kọntaktị ha na Westernization." Ekwanyere ya otuto, nke ndị nkatọ na-eto ya dị ka "ọ mara mma" na "na-adọrọ mmasị".  Ntụleghachi ahụ dị na magazin Ebony kwuru, sị: "N'ịchọgharị omenala na ọdịnala bara ụba nke South Africa Bantu ndabere ya, onye edemede ahụ gosipụtara nrụgide na-enwe mgbe a ghaghị imeziwanye ụzọ ochie iji dozie nsogbu ọhụrụ."

Mgbe afọ gachara 
N'ime oge nọrọ na South Africa na 1976-77, na-eme nchọpụta akwụkwọ gbasara nna ya, Jabavu bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa izu na East London (Eastern Cape) Daily Dispatch, n'okpuru nchịkọta akụkọ nke Donald Woods . 

Onye bụbu Minista Arts and Culture Pallo Jordan nyere ya ihe nrite nturu ugo nke ndụ ya, yana onyinye akwụkwọ kacha mma na Eastern Cape site n'aka onye minista egwuregwu, nka na omenala, Nosimo Balindlela . 

Noni Jabavu nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 88 na June 2008, na Lynette Elliott Frail Care Home,  wee lie ya na East London, South Africa.

Ihe nketa na mmetụta 
A kọrọ na ezinụlọ Jabavu nọ n'usoro ime ihe nkiri akụkọ banyere ndụ ya, nke Duma kaNdlovu (onye mepụtara ihe ngosi telivishọn Muvhango ) malitere, mgbe ego nke Eastern Cape Arts Culture Council nyere gwụchara.  

Akpọrọ Jabavu dị ka ihe atụ site n'aka Margaret Busby, nwanyị mbụ Black Africa chọtara ụlọ ọrụ na-ebipụta akwụkwọ na UK, na 1967.    Jabavu so na Busby's 1992 anthology ụmụ nwanyị Africa .

Akwụkwọ akụkọ 

 E sere na Agba (London: John Murray, 1960; New York: St Martin's Press, 1962)
 Ndị Ocher (London: John Murray, 1963; New York: St Martin's Press, 1963; ewepụtara na Daughters of Africa, nke Margaret Busby deziri, 1992).

Edensibia

Njikọ mpụga 

 "Okwu okwu isi nke Minista Arts na Culture, Dr Z. Pallo Jordan na onyinye akwụkwọ edemede South Africa, 8 December, Galleghar Convention Center", 2008. Ngalaba nka na omenala, Republic of South Africa.
 "Noni Jabavu", Vidiyo Dispatch kwa ụbọchị . Vimeo. Ọnwa Mbụ 31, 2014.
 Foto nke Noni Jabavu guzo na The Strand, London, na 1961 (Rolls Press/Popperfoto), Getty Images.
 Athambile Masola, "Ịgụ Noni Jabavu na 2017", Mail & Guardian, 11 August 2017.
 Makhosazana Xaba, "Na Noni Jabavu na nloghachi n'ụlọ-Makhosazana Xaba na-eme ememe otu n'ime ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na South Africa", The Johannesburg Review of Books, 5 August 2019.
 
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