Luc Hoffmann
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Hans Lukas "Luc" Hoffmann (23 Jenụwarị 1923 - 21 Julaị 2016) bụ onye na amụ banyere ụmụ nnụnụ na Switzerland, onye na echekwa ihe, na onye ọrụ ebere. O guzobere World Wildlife Fund (WWF), nyere aka guzobe Ramsar Convention maka ichebe ala mmiri, ma guzobe ụlọ ọrụ nyocha Tour du Valat [fr] na mpaghara Camargue nke France. N'afọ 2012, Luc Hoffmann's MAVA Foundation, tinyere WWF International, guzobere Luc Hoffmann Institute. Ọ bụ onye dere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ iri isii, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ornithological.

Oge ọ malitere 
A mụrụ Luc Hoffmann na Basel, nwa nwoke nke abụọ nke onye ọchụnta ego na onye hụrụ nka n'anya Emanuel Hoffmann na onye na ese ihe Maja Hoffmann Stehlin. Nna ya nwụrụ n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu ma n'afọ sochirinụ nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye nwụrụ na leukemia. Nne ya lụrụ onye na ede egwu na Switzerland bụ Paul Sacher. N'agbanyeghị nnukwu akụ na ụba ezinụlọ ahụ, a zụlitere Hoffmann n'ụzọ na enweghị isi. Ịnụ ọkụ n'obi ya maka ụwa okike malitere n'oge ọ bụ nwata ma ọ na eji ọtụtụ oge ezumike ya na ele nnụnụ na mpaghara Basel. Akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ mbụ ya, "Der Durchzug der Strandvögel in der Umgebung Basels" (ụzọ nnụnụ mmiri na nso Basel) pụtara na Der Ornithologische Beobachter (Onye Na ekiri Nnụnụ) na 1941, mgbe ọ ka bụ nwa akwụkwọ.

N'afọ 1941, ọ debanyere aha na Mahadum nke Basel, na-amụ botany na zoology. N'afọ 1943, e debanyere ya n'òtù ndị agha Switzerland, wee ruo n'ọkwa nke lieutenant. Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, Hoffmann mere nchọpụta sayensị wee nweta akara ugo mmụta doctorate (PhD) maka ọrụ ya na ụdị agba dị iche iche nke chicks nke nkịtị tern (Sterna hirundo) na Camargue dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Mediterranean nke France. Onye nlekọta ya na Mahadum Basel bụ Adolf Portmann.

Ọrụ nchedo 
N'afọ 1947, Hoffmann zụrụ ala na Camargue ma n'afọ 1954 o guzobere ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nke Tour du Valat na ya. Ọnụnọ na aga n'ihu nke flamingo ka ukwuu (Phoenicopterus roseus) na France bụ ọrụ nchedo nke e mere na Tour du Valat. Hoffmann kwadokwara ịzụlite ịnyịnya Przewalski (Equus ferus przewalskii) dị nso na iweghachi ha n'obodo ha bụ Mongolia n'afọ 2004. Ọgbọ ndị na ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi zụrụ na Tour du Valat, gụnyere John Krebs. E nyela ihe karịrị Ph.D.s 60 maka nyocha nke ụmụ akwụkwọ debanyere aha na mahadum dị na France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Canada na United Kingdom mere na Tour du Valat. Site na 1953 ruo 1996, Hoffmann nọ na bọọdụ Hoffmann-la Roche.

Ya na Peter Scott, Julian Huxley, Max Nicholson na ndị ọzọ, Hoffmann ghọrọ onye guzobere World Wildlife Fund na 1961. A họpụtara ya dị ka osote onye isi oche ya na nzukọ mmeghe ma jee ozi n'ọrụ ahụ ruo 1988. E mere ya osote onye isi ala emeritus na 1998. Hoffmann nyere aka guzobe Ogige Ntụrụndụ Doñana na Andalusia na 1963. O nyekwara aka guzobe mkpesa mba na Austria na 1963 ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke mkpesa mba France n'afọ ndị 1980.

Hoffmann bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere Nzukọ Ramsar, otu n'etiti nkwekọrịta gọọmentị mbụ iji chebe gburugburu ebe obibi. Ebumnuche nke mgbakọ ahụ bụ ichekwa ala mmiri: ala nke mmiri na adịghị omimi kpuchiri kpamkpam ma ọ bụ oge ụfọdụ na nke na enwekarị nnụnụ na efe efe. Ihe dị ka mba 160 emeela nkwekọrịta iji chebe ala mmiri ha n'okpuru nkwekọrịta ahụ, nke e chepụtara na 1971 wee malite n'ọrụ na 1975.

N'afọ 1994, Hoffmann guzobere MAVA Foundation, nke na-ekesa onyinye maka nchekwa okike na Mediterenian, n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke Africa na Alps. Luc Hoffmann nyere ọchịchọ mbụ Yolande Clergue ịmepụta Fondation Van Gogh ume ọhụrụ bụ onye guzobere usoro na adịgide adịgide na 2008 nke a na akpọ Fondation Vincent van Gogh Arles maka ọrụ ndị e mere iji chekwaa ncheta Vincent van Gogh na Arles na ịkwalite nka nke oge a. N'afọ 2012, MAVA Foundation na WWF International guzobere Luc Hoffmann Institute iji sọpụrụ ihe nketa nchedo nke Luc Hoffmann. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na elekwasị anya n'ịkwalite echiche sayensị ọhụrụ iji dozie nsogbu nchedo na arịwanye elu na nke jikọtara ya na narị afọ a. Nwa ya nwoke, André Hoffmann, na anọdụ na Kọmitii ndụmọdụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.

Hoffmann nyekwara aka dị ukwuu na nchekwa okike na: Neusiedler See na Austria; Ogige Ntụrụndụ Hortobágy na Hungary; mpaghara Prespa nke dị na Gris, Albania na Macedonia; na Ogige Ntụndụ Banc d'Arguin na Mauritania.

N'afọ 2003, nnukwu onyinye iji kwanyere Hoffmann ùgwù ụbọchị ọmụmụ iri asatọ dugara n'ịmepụta Luc Hoffmann Chair na Field Ornithology na Mahadum Oxford Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornathology.

Onyinye 

 Doctorate nsọpụrụ sitere na Mahadum Basel (2001)
 Ihe nrite nke Euronature-Environmental (2007)
 Onye otu American Association for the Advancement of Science (1973)
 Chevalier nke National Order of the Légion d'honneur (1989)
 Duke nke Edinburgh nrite nchekwa nke World Wide Fund for Nature nyere (1998)
 John C Phillips Medal nyere site na International Union for Conservation of Nature (2004).
 Nzere Dọkịta nsọpụrụ sitere na ụlọ akwụkwọ azụmahịa Lausanne (2013)

Alụmdi na nwunye na ezinụlọ 
Nna nna Hoffmann, Fritz Hoffmann-La Roche, guzobere ụlọ ọrụ Hoffmann- La Roche na 1896. Ọ bụ nwa nwoke nke onye mmepụta ihe Emanuel "Manno" Hoffmann (1896-1932) na onye na-ese ihe Maja a mụrụ Stehlin (1896-1989) na nwanne Vera Oeri-Hoffmann. Ezinụlọ ya bụ ndị nwere ọtụtụ òkè na ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ Hoffmann-La Roche. O jiri akụ na ụba ya nye MAVA Foundation, nke na akwado ọrụ nchekwa okike n'ụwa niile. Ọ bụ onye chevalier nke National Order of the Légion d'honneur na onye otu American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Na 1953, na Vienna, Hoffmann lụrụ Daria Razumovsky (1925-2002), nwa nke abụọ nke Count Andreas Razumovski na Princess Katharina Nikolajevna Sayn-Wittgenstein, onye gbapụrụ Russia na 1918 mgbe October Revolution gasịrị. Ha nwere ụmụ anọ: Vera, Maja, André na Daschenka.

Ihe odide

Njikọ mpụga 

 Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Luc Hoffmann
 Ntọala MAVA

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