International Institute for Environment and Development
The International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) bụ ụlọ ọrụ nyocha iwu kwụụrụ onwe ya (think tank) nke ebumnuche ya bụ "iwulite ụwa ziri ezi, nke na-adịgide adịgide, site na iji ihe akaebe, omume na mmetụta na mmekorita ya na ndị ọzọ". Onye nduzi ya bụ Dr Tom Mitchell.

IIED bụ otu n'ime obere ìgwè nke ndị nweere onwe ha, ndị na-abụghị maka uru nke nyere echiche na usoro isi maka iche echiche banyere nkwado na mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ụzọ isi IIED si arụ ọrụ bụ site na mmekorita ya na òtù ndị nwere echiche yiri ya n'Africa, Eshia na Latin America. A na-ekewa ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ugbu a n'akụkụ anọ: ihe ndị sitere n'okike, mgbanwe ihu igwe, ebe obibi mmadụ na ahịa na-adịgide adịgide.

IIED dị na etiti London na High Holborn ma nwee ọfịs na Edinburgh. Ọ nwerebu ọfịs na Dakar, Senegal (nke bụzi otu IED-Afrique) na Buenos Aires, Argentina (nke bụkwa ụlọ ọrụ nwanne nwanyị nwere onwe ya, IIED-America Latina). E nwekwara ọfịs na Washington DC, USA (ruo mgbe IIED North America jikọtara ya na World Resources Institute na 1988).

International Institute of Environment and Development nwere ihe karịrị ndị ọrụ 140 na ndị nchọpụta si mba 16. Ndị otu ahụ niile bụ ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo, ugbu a ndị nnọchi anya 11 si mba 11 dị iche iche. A na-enweta mmefu ego ọrụ nke IIED, £ 18.2 nde na 2020/21, site na onyinye, enyemaka na mmekọrịta bara uru.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Afọ ndị 1970 
Enwere ike ịchọta mmalite nke IIED na International Institute for Environmental Affairs (IIEA), nke e guzobere na New York na 1971 site na nkwado nke onye mmepụta ihe Robert O. Anderson na onye nta akụkọ New York Times Jack Raymond dị ka onye isi oche. N'afọ 1973, a gwara Barbara Ward ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi mbụ nke nzukọ ahụ, ma kweta na ọnọdụ ahụ bụ na mmepe yana atụmatụ gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ihe dị mkpa na ọrụ ya. Ọ kwagara nzukọ ahụ na London ma gbanwee aha ya ka ọ bụrụ IIED.

IIEA nyere aka ịhazi atụmatụ maka 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (nke a makwaara dị ka Stockholm Conference), nke dugara n'ịmepụta United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Akwụkwọ Ward bụ Only One Earth (nke ya na René Dubos dere), bụ ederede dị mkpa maka ndị nnọchiteanya na nnọkọ ahụ, ebe Ward gosipụtara okwu mmepe na-adịgide adịgide nye ndị na-ege ntị n'ụwa niile ma gosipụta njikọ dị n'etiti gburugburu ebe obibi na ọdịmma mmadụ.

IIED rụrụ ọrụ nyocha na lobbying n'ọtụtụ gburugburu ebe obibi na isiokwu mmepe nke oge a, na-eji ego e nwetara site na òtù ndị na-enye onyinye na mgbe ụfọdụ site na ụlọ ọrụ na ntọala. O nwere nnọkọ mbụ ya na 1974 UN World Food Conference ma na 1975 sonyeere UNEP iji mepụta Earthscan, ozi na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi maka mgbasa ozi. N'afọ 1976, ọ na-etinye aka nke ukwuu na HABITAT, Nzukọ UN mbụ na Human Settlements.

Afọ ndị 1980 
N'afọ 1985, IIED na World Resources Institute (WRI) malitere imepụta World Resources Report, nke taa bụ naanị mbipụta WRI. N'afọ 1987, akụkọ Brundtland, nke a makwaara dị ka Ọdịnihu Anyị, kwuru maka enyemaka IIED nyere n'ịmepụta "usoro zuru ụwa ọnụ maka mgbanwe".

Ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bipụtara usoro akwụkwọ dị ịrịba ama, gụnyere Africa in Crisis nke Lloyd Timberlake (1986), The Greening of Africa nke Paul Harrison (1987), na No Timber Without Trees nke Duncan Poore (1989) na Squatter Citizen: Life in the Urban Third World nke Jorge Hardoy na David Satterthwaite (1989).

Afọ ndị 1990 
IIED rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ihu 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, ma ọ bụ Earth Summit, nke emere na Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, site n'ịkwalite ndị obodo ma dọta uche mba ụwa na nzukọ ahụ. Maka nke a, e nyere IIED Blue Planet Prize. Otu n'ime nnukwu ọrụ IIED nke afọ 1990 a kpọrọ "Towards a Sustainable Paper Cycle".

Afọ 2000 
N'afọ 2001, IIED guzobere mmemme mgbanwe ihu igwe, nke Dr Saleemul Huq duziri. Ya na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-eme nchọpụta IIED ejeela ozi dị ka ndị edemede na-eduga ma ọ bụ ndị na-ahazi ndị edemede maka Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IIED na-arụsi ọrụ ike na nzukọ Rio Earth Summit, World Summit on Sustainable Development na Johannesburg na 2002. N'agbata afọ 2000 na afọ 2002, IIED duziri ọrụ Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development (MMSD), nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ nke mmetụta na omume nke ngalaba na-egwupụta ihe nke na-etinye ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ma na-atụ aro mmeziwanye na ọrụ ha. N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2008, akwụkwọ akụkọ Independent kwuru na onye nduzi IIED nke oge ahụ bụ Camilla Toulmin bụ otu n'ime ndị 100 kacha eme nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi na Britain.

Afọ 2010 
N'afọ 2012, IIED haziri nnukwu nnọkọ n'ihu Rio+20 Summit na Brazil.

Ọrụ ọ na-arụ ugbu a 
IIED na-aga n'ihu na-eme nnyocha na ndị mmekọ na ọtụtụ mba ma na-arụ ọrụ n'ọkwa ụwa site na usoro dị ka mkparịta ụka gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche.

Ndị nduzi 
Onye isi ntọala IIED bụ Barbara Ward nwụrụ n'afọ 1981. William Clark, Brian Walker, Richard Sandbrook, Nigel Cross, Camilla Toulmin, Andrew Norton na, ugbu a, Tom Mitchell, onye weghaara ya na Septemba 2022.

Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara 
IIED na-ebipụta akụkọ dịgasị iche iche, akwụkwọ ọrụ, akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ mkpirikpi iwu na akwụkwọ echiche, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ n'efu ibudata dị ka pdfs site na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ya. Ọnụnọ ya n'ịntanetị agbasaala ịgụnye ngwa mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya.

Usoro ya ogologo oge gụnyere akwụkwọ akụkọ mba ụwa Environment and Urbanization na Gatekeeper, yana usoro atọ a kwụsịrị: Participatory Learning and Action (na-emeso nyocha), Haramata (na-emetụta nsogbu mmepe ala kpọrọ nkụ) na Tiempo (na-emegide mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe, ogologo oge tupu mmasị agbasawanye).

IIED's Earthscan Publications imprint bụ nke Neil Middleton na-achịkwa site na 1987, ruo mgbe ọ kwagara Kogan Page, James & James mechara nweta ya, na 2011 Taylor na Francis weghaara ya. Earthscan ebipụtala ọtụtụ akwụkwọ IIED.

Ihe Ndị Barbara Ward kwuru 
IIED na-ahazi "Barbara Ward Lectures" iji cheta onye nduzi mbụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, onye nwụrụ na 1981. Ndị ọkà okwu gara aga gụnyere onye bụbu onye isi ala nke Ireland Mary Robinson; Lindiwe Sisulu, Minista nke Ụlọ nke Republic of South Africa; Connie Hedegaard, European Commissioner for Climate Action; Christiana Figueres, onye isi odeakwụkwọ nke UN Framework Convention on Climate Change; Fatima Denton, onye nduzi nke Special Initiatives Division na onye isi nke African Climate Policy Centre nke UNCT Commission for Africa (UNECA); Debra Roberts, onye isi nke Sustainable and Resilient City Initiative portfolio na eThekh, Durban, Durban General, Norway; Grindland General Trade Conference;

Mmetụta 
A na-ekwukarị na IIED bụ nzukọ na-aga nke ọma - echiche ya dị irè ma na-akwado ndị ogbenye, ọ nyekwara aka imetụta nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ, gụnyere World Bank, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Department for International Development of the UK government, na ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka Scandinavia dị ka SIDA na DANIDA. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye bụbu onye ọrụ, Gordon Conway, sooro Robert Chambers na-ahụ maka ịzụlite nyocha ime obodo, usoro ọhụụ nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na mba ụwa na mmepe obodo iji nweta echiche na echiche ọha na eze. Usoro akụ na ụba gburugburu ebe obibi nke IIED nyere aka mepụta ụfọdụ n'ime usoro mbụ "ihe ndekọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ" na usoro ụtụ isi gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a na-eji ugbu a na gọọmentị na ụlọ ọrụ. Richard Sandbrook gbara ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị kasị ukwuu n'ụwa ume ka ha melite arụmọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ha - ọkachasị na ngalaba na-egwupụta ihe.

Ndị na-enye ego 
IIED depụtara isi mmalite nkwado ego ya kwa afọ.

 Gọọmentị na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị

Gụnyere: AusAid, GTZ, DFID, Defra, Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, IrishAid, Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation, Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign affairs, Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation.

 Ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa na nke ọtụtụ mba

Gụnyere: African Development Bank, European Commission, European Parliament, World Bank

 Ntọala na NGO

Gụnyere: African Center for Technology Studies, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Comic Relief, Ford Foundation, Hivos, Oxfam UK, WWF UK

 Ụlọ ọrụ

Gụnyere: The Cooperative, Indufor Oy, Price Waterhouse Coopers Service, The Policy Practice. A na-arụ ọrụ na Mining, Minerals na Sustainable Development na 2000s iche site na ụlọ ọrụ IIED iji zere mmetụta ụlọ ọrụ.

Ihe odide

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ 

 Cross, N. (ed.), 2003. Ihe akaebe maka Olileanya: Ọchụchọ maka Mmepe Na-adịgide Adịgide. London: Earthscan. (Nchịkọta nke edemede banyere IIED iji mee emume ncheta afọ 30 ya)

Njikọ mpụga 

 International Institute for Environment and Development
Pages with unreviewed translations