Montreal Protocol
Usoro Montreal Protocol bụ nkwekọrịta mba ụwa e mere iji chebe oyi akwa ozone site n'iwepụ mmepụta nke ọtụtụ ihe na-akpata mmebi ozone. Ekwenyere ya na 16 Septemba 1987, wee banye n'ọrụ na 1 Jenụwarị 1989. Kemgbe ahụ, ọ na-eme mgbanwe itoolu, na 1990 (London), 1991 (Nairobi), 1992 (Copenhagen), 1993 (Bangkok), 1995 (Vienna). ), 1997 (Montreal), 1998 (Australia), 1999 (Beijing) na 2016 (Kigali) N'ihi nkwekọrịta mba ụwa, oghere ozone dị na Antarctica ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbake. Ntụle ihu igwe na-egosi na oyi akwa ozone ga-alaghachi na ọkwa 1980 n'etiti 2040 (n'ofe ụwa niile) na 2066 (n'elu Antarctica). N'ihi nkuchi na mmejuputa ya zuru ebe niile, a na-eto ya dị ka ihe atụ nke mmekorita mba ụwa na-aga nke ọma. Onye bụbu odeakwụkwọ ukwu UN Kofi Annan kwuru na "ikekwe nkwekọrịta mba ụwa kacha aga nke ọma ruo taa bụ Montreal Protocol". N'iji ya tụnyere, nnwekọrịta ibu dị irè na atụmatụ ngwọta nke na-ebelata esemokwu nke mmasị mpaghara so na ihe ịga nke ọma maka ịma aka nkwụsị nke ozone, ebe ụkpụrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ dabere na Protocol Kyoto emeghị otú ahụ. N'okwu a nke ịma aka mbelata ozone, enwere usoro iwu zuru ụwa ọnụ nke etinyelarị tupu e guzobe nkwenye sayensị. Ọzọkwa, echiche ọha na eze n'ozuzu kwenyesiri ike na enwere ike ime ihe egwu dị nso.

Otu 198 (steeti 197 na European Union kwadoro nkwekọrịta ozone abụọ a), na-eme ka ha bụrụ nkwekọrịta mbụ kwadoro n'ụwa nile na akụkọ ntolite nke United Nations.

Nkwekọrịta ndị a n'ezie zuru ụwa ọnụ abụwokwa ihe dị ịrịba ama na mkpa nke usoro ịmebe iwu n'ogo zuru ụwa ọnụ, ebe nanị afọ 14 gafere n'etiti nchọpụta nchọpụta sayensị bụ isi (1973) na nkwekọrịta mba ụwa bịanyere aka na ya (1985 na 1987).

Okwu na ebumnuche 
A haziri nkwekọrịta a n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke hydrocarbons halogenated nke na-emebi ozone stratospheric. Ihe niile na-emebi ozone nke Protocol Montreal na-achịkwa nwere ma chlorine ma ọ bụ bromine (ihe ndị nwere naanị fluorine adịghị emerụ oyi akwa ozone). Ụfọdụ ihe na-emebi ozone (ODS) ka usoro Montreal na-achịkwabeghị, gụnyere nitrous oxide (N2O) Maka tebụl nke ihe na-emebi ozone nke Montreal Protocol na-achịkwa, hụ:

Maka otu ọ bụla nke ODS, nkwekọrịta ahụ na-enye usoro iheomume nke a ga-ebelata mmepụta nke ihe ndị ahụ ma mesịa kpochapụ. Nke a gụnyere nkwụsị afọ 10 maka mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe nke akọwapụtara na edemede 5 nke nkwekọrịta ahụ.

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) Phase-out Management Plan (HPMP) 
N'okpuru Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, karịsịa Executive Committee (ExCom) 53/37 na ExCom 54/39, Parties a Protocol kwetara ịtọ 2013 dị ka oge ifriizi oriri na mmepụta nke HCFC maka mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe. . Maka mba ndị mepere emepe, mbelata nke oriri na mmepụta HCFC malitere na 2004 na 2010, n'otu n'otu, na 100% mbelata e setịpụrụ maka 2020. Mba ndị na-emepe emepe kwetara ịmalite ibelata oriri ya na mmepụta nke HCFC site na 2015, na 100% mbelata setịpụrụ maka 2030.

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons, nke a na-akpọkarị HCFC, bụ otu ogige mmadụ mere nwere hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine na carbon. A naghị ahụ ha ebe ọ bụla na okike. Mmepụta HCFC malitere ibido ka mba kwekọrịtara ịkwụsị iji CFC n'afọ ndị 1980, bụ nke achọpụtara na ọ na-emebi oyi akwa ozone. Dị ka CFC, a na-eji HCFC maka refrigeration, ikuku ikuku, imepụta ụfụfụ na ntụ oyi. N'adịghị ka ndị CFC, Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ HCFC na-agbajikwa n'akụkụ kasị ala nke ikuku ma na-etinye obere ihe ize ndụ na oyi akwa ozone. Ka o sina dị, HCFC bụ ikuku griin haus nwere ike, n'agbanyeghị oke ikuku ha dị ala, nke a tụrụ na akụkụ kwa puku ijeri (nde).

Ndị HCFC bụ mgbanwe mgbanwe CFC, ejiri dị ka refrigerant, ihe mgbaze, ihe na-afụ ụfụ maka imepụta ụfụfụ rọba, na ọkụ ọkụ. N'ihe gbasara ike ọgwụgwụ ozone (ODP), ma e jiri ya tụnyere CFC ndị nwere ODP 0.6 - 1.0, HCFC ndị a nwere ODP dị ala (0.01-0.5). N'ihe gbasara ike okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ (GWP), ma e jiri ya tụnyere CFC nwere GWP 4,680 - 10,720, HCFC nwere GWP dị ala (76-2,270).

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 
Na 1 Jenụarị 2019 mmezi Kigali na Protocol Montreal malitere. N'okpuru Ndezigharị Kigali mba kwere nkwa ibelata ojiji nke hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) karịa 80% n'ime afọ 30 na-abịa. Ka ọ na-erule 27 Disemba 2018, mba 65 akwadola ndezigharị ahụ.

Emepụtara nke ọma na mba ndị mepere emepe, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) nọchiri CFC na HCFC. HFC adịghị emerụ oyi akwa ozone n'ihi na, n'adịghị ka CFC na HCFC, ha enweghị chlorine. Otú ọ dị, ha bụ gas griin haus, nwere nnukwu okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ (GWP), tụnyere nke CFC na HCFC. N'afọ 2009, otu nnyocha gbakọrọ na nbibi ngwa ngwa nke GWP HFC dị elu nwere ike igbochi ihe ruru 8.8 Gt CO2-eq kwa afọ na ikuku ikuku site n'afọ 2050. N'ihi ya, a na-atụpụta atụmatụ nkwụsị nke HFC iji zere ihe ruru 0.5C nke na-ekpo ọkụ site na 2100 n'okpuru ọnọdụ uto HFC dị elu, yana ruo 0.35C n'okpuru ọnọdụ uto HFC dị ala. N'ịghọta ohere ewepụtara maka iwetulata HFC ngwa ngwa na nke ọma site na Montreal Protocol, malite na 2009 Federated States of Micronesia tụpụtara mgbanwe iji wedata HFCs GWP dị elu, na US, Canada na Mexico na-agbaso atụmatụ yiri ya na 2010.

Mgbe afọ asaa nke mkparita uka gachara, na October 2016 na 28th Nzukọ nke Parties na Montreal Protocol na Kigali, Parties na Montreal Protocol nakweere Kigali Ndezigharị nke Parties kwetara wetu HFCs n'okpuru Montreal Protocol. Ndozigharị na Protocol Montreal nke na-akwado iwu ga-ahụ na mba ndị mepere emepe wedata mmepụta na oriri HFC ha dịkarịa ala pasenti 85 ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnụ ahịa ha kwa afọ na oge 2011-2013. Otu mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe gụnyere China, Brazil na South Africa nyere iwu ka ha belata ojiji HFC ha site na 85 pasent nke uru ha bara na 2020-22 site n'afọ 2045. India na ụfọdụ mba ndị ọzọ na-emepe emepe - Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, na ụfọdụ akụ na ụba mmanụ dị ka Saudi Arabia na Kuwait - ga-ebelata HFC ha site na 85 pasent nke ụkpụrụ ha na 2024-26 site n'afọ 2047.

Na 17 Nọvemba 2017, n'ihu Nzukọ 29th nke Parties of the Montreal Protocol, Sweden ghọrọ onye nke iri abụọ iji kwado mmezi Kigali, na-akwalite Ndozigharị n'elu ọnụ ụzọ nnabata ya na-ahụ na ndezigharị ahụ ga-abanye n'ike 1 Jenụwarị 2019.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme 
N'afọ ndị 1970, ndị chemists Frank Sherwood Rowland na Mario Molina, ndị nọ na Mahadum California, Irvine mgbe ahụ, malitere ịmụ mmetụta nke CFC na ikuku ụwa. Ha chọpụtara na ụmụ irighiri ihe CFC kwụsiri ike ka ha nọrọ na ikuku ruo mgbe ha biliri n'etiti stratosphere ebe ha ga-emecha (mgbe nkezi nke afọ 50-100 maka CFC abụọ nkịtị) ga-emebi site na ultraviolet radieshon na-ewepụta chlorine. atọm. Rowland na Molina kwuziri na enwere ike ịtụ anya na atom chlorine ndị a ga-ebute mbibi nke nnukwu ozone (O3) na stratosphere. Arụmụka ha gbadoro ụkwụ na ntụnyere Paul J. Crutzen na Harold Johnston na-arụ n'oge a, bụ́ ndị gosiri na nitric oxide (NO) pụrụ ịkpata mbibi nke ozone. (Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Ralph Cicerone, Richard Stolarski, Michael McElroy, na Steven Wofsy tụrụ aro n'onwe ha na chlorine pụrụ ịkpata ọnwụ ozone, ma ọ dịghị onye ghọtara na CFC bụ isi iyi chlorine buru ibu.) E nyere Crutzen, Molina na Rowland. Nrite Nobel maka Chemistry nke 1995 maka ọrụ ha na nsogbu a.

Ihe si na gburugburu ebe obibi pụta na nchọpụta a bụ na, ebe ọ bụ na ozone stratospheric na-amịkọrọ ọtụtụ n'ime ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radieshon na-eru n'elu ụwa, mbelata ozone oyi akwa site na CFC ga-eduga na mmụba nke UV-B radieshon. elu, na-ebute mmụba nke ọrịa kansa anụ ahụ na mmetụta ndị ọzọ dị ka mmebi nke ihe ọkụkụ na phytoplankton mmiri.

Mana ndị nnọchiteanya nke ụlọ ọrụ aerosol na halocarbon na-arụrịta ụka nke ukwuu na echiche Rowland-Molina. E hotara onye isi oche nke bọọdụ DuPont ka ọ na-ekwu na echiche nke mmebi nke ozone bụ "akụkọ sayensị... ibu nke ihe mkpofu... ihe nzuzu". Robert Abplanalp, onye isi oche nke Precision Valve Corporation (na onye mepụtara valve mbụ aerosol spray), degaara Chancellor nke UC Irvine akwụkwọ mkpesa banyere nkwupụta ọha na eze Rowland (Roan, p. 56.)

Mgbe Rowland na Molina bipụtachara akwụkwọ ha bụ́ isi na June 1974, ha gbara akaebe n’otu nnọkọ n’ihu Ụlọ Nnọchiteanya nke United States na December 1974. N’ihi ya, e wepụtara nnukwu ego iji mụọ akụkụ dị iche iche nke nsogbu ahụ na iji kwado ihe ndị mbụ a chọpụtara. N'afọ 1976, Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Na-ahụ Maka Sayensị Mba U.S. (NAS) wepụtara akụkọ nke kwadoro nkwenye sayensị nke echiche mbibi ozone. NAS gara n'ihu na-ebipụta nyocha sayensị metụtara ya n'ime afọ iri na-abịa.

Mgbe ahụ, na 1985, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Britain Antarctic Survey bụ Joe Farman, Brian Gardiner na Jon Shanklin bipụtara nsonaazụ nke mkpokọta ozone dị ala nke ukwuu n'elu Halley Bay dị nso na South Pole. Ha chere na nke a jikọtara ya na ụbara ọkwa nke CFC na ikuku. Ọ were ọtụtụ mbọ ndị ọzọ iji wepụta mfu Antarctic dị ka ihe dị adị ma dị oke egwu, ọkachasị mgbe NASA weghachitere data dabara na ndekọ satịlaịtị ya. Ihe omume a na-atụghị anya ya na Antarctic, yana foto sayensị NASA nke oghere ozone rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mkparịta ụka Montreal Protocol. Mmetụta nke ọmụmụ ihe ndị a, ihe atụ 'ozone hole', na ihe ngosi anya mara mma n'ime ihe ngosi oge na-adịghị anya bụ ihe na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ maka ndị mkparita ụka na Montreal, Canada iji were okwu ahụ kpọrọ ihe.

Ọzọkwa na 1985, mba 20, gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị isi na-emepụta CFC, bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta Vienna, bụ nke guzobere usoro maka ịkparịta ụka n'iwu mba ụwa banyere ihe na-emebi ozone. Mgbe achọpụtara oghere ozone site na SAGE 2 ọ were naanị ọnwa 18 iji nweta nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta na Montreal, Canada.

Mana ụlọ ọrụ CFC akwụsịghị nke ahụ ngwa ngwa. N'ihe dị ka afọ 1986, Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy (otu òtù na-anọchite anya ụlọ ọrụ CFC nke DuPont tọrọ ntọala) ka na-arụ ụka na sayensị ejighị n'aka na ọ ga-akwado ihe ọ bụla. N'afọ 1987, DuPont gbara akaebe n'ihu Congress Congress na "Anyị kwenyere na ọ nweghị nsogbu dị nso nke chọrọ iwu n'otu akụkụ." Na ọbụna na March 1988, Du Pont oche Richard E. Heckert ga-ede n'akwụkwọ ozi na United States Senate, "anyị agaghị emepụta a ngwaahịa ma ọ bụrụ na e nwere ike mere, na-eji, edozi na tụfuo nke n'enweghị na-agbanwe agbanwe na kwesịrị ekwesị nchekwa. Nhazi ahụike na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ugbu a, ihe akaebe sayensị adịghị egosi mkpa ọ dị maka mbelata ikuku CFC dị egwu. Ọ nweghị ihe ọ bụla dị na ntinye aka nke CFC na mgbanwe ozone ọ bụla hụrụ..."