Sierra Club
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Sierra Club bụ ọgbakọ gburugburu ebe obibi America nwere isiakwụkwọ na steeti 50 US niile, Washington D.C. na Puerto Rico. E hiwere klọb ahụ na Mee 28, 1892, na San Francisco, California, site n'aka onye nchekwa nchekwa Scottish-American John Muir, onye ghọrọ onye isi ala mbụ yana onye isi oche kachasị ogologo oge, n'ihe dịka afọ 20 n'ọkwa ndu a. Sierra Club na-arụ ọrụ naanị na United States ma na-ejide ọkwa iwu nke 501(c)(4) ọgbakọ ọdịmma ọha na-anaghị akwụ ụgwọ. Sierra Club Canada bụ ụlọ ọrụ dị iche.

Omenala jikọtara ya na ngagharị na-aga n'ihu, klọb ahụ bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi izizi buru ibu n'ụwa, ma na-etinye aka ugbu a n'ịkwado ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji kwalite amụma gburugburu ebe obibi. Ihe agbadoro anya n'oge na-adịbeghị anya klọb ahụ gụnyere ịkwalite ike na-adigide yana ibelata okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ, yana mmegide maka iji coal, ike mmiri na ike nuklia. Nzukọ ahụ na-ewere ọnọdụ siri ike na okwu ndị na-ebute esemokwu, nkatọ, ma ọ bụ mmegide ma ọ bụ n'ime ma ọ bụ n'èzí ma ọ bụ abụọ. A maara klọb ahụ maka nkwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya n'ozuzu na-akwado ndị na-emesapụ aka na ndị na-aga n'ihu na ntuli aka.

Na mgbakwunye na nkwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Sierra Club na-ahazi ihe omume ntụrụndụ n'èzí, ma bụrụkwa ọgbakọ ama ama maka ịgba ugwu na ugwu ugwu na United States. Ndị otu Sierra Club sụrụ ụzọ na Yosemite Decimal Sistemu nke ịrị elu, ma bụrụkwa ndị na-ahụ maka nnukwu ego nke mmalite mmalite nke ịrị elu. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ a mere n'aha otu ahụ, Sierra Nevada.

Nchịkọta 
Ebumnuche nke Sierra Club kwuru bụ "Iji nyocha, ịnụ ụtọ, na ichekwa ebe dị n'ọhịa nke ụwa; Ime na ịkwalite ojiji nke gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe onwunwe nke ụwa; Ịkụzi na itinye ndị mmadụ aka ichebe na iweghachi àgwà nke ihe okike na gburugburu ụmụ mmadụ, na iji ụzọ niile iwu kwadoro iji mezuo ebumnuche ndị a."

Otu bọọdụ ndị isi mmadụ iri na ise na-achị ọgbakọ Siera. Kwa afọ, a na-ahọpụta ndị nduzi ise ka ha bụrụ afọ atọ, na ndị otu klọb niile tozuru oke ịtụ vootu. Ndị Board na-ahọpụta onye isi ala kwa afọ site na ndị otu ya. Onye isi nchịkwa na-arụ ọrụ nke otu ahụ kwa ụbọchị. Michael Brune, onye bụbu Rainforest Action Network, jerela ozi dị ka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ otu kemgbe 2010. Brune nọchiri Carl Pope. Pope rituru n'ọkwa n'enweghi afọ ojuju na otu a esila n'ụkpụrụ ya pụta.

A haziri Sierra Club na ọkwa mba na steeti nwere isiakwụkwọ aha maka steeti iri ise na ókèala US abụọ (Puerto Rico na Washington D.C.) California bụ naanị steeti nwere ọtụtụ isiakwụkwọ aha maka mpaghara California. Isi klọb na-enye ohere maka otu mpaghara na kọmitii, ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere ọtụtụ puku ndị otu. Isiakwụkwọ ndị a na-enye ohere maka ngalaba mmasị pụrụ iche (dịka Igwefoto, Ọpụpụ), kọmitii (nchekwa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị), na ndị ọrụ ọrụ n'otu mbipụta nwere ụdị ọdịdị ala. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ahazi ọtụtụ ọrụ n'ọkwa mpaghara, ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ bụ ọgbakọ jikọtara ọnụ; mkpebi ndị e mere na ọkwa mba na-ebute ụzọ, gụnyere iwepụ na ịmepụta Isi, yana iweta na iwepụ ndị òtù.

A maara klọb ahụ maka itinye aka na isi ihe omume abụọ: ịkwalite na iduzi ihe omume ntụrụndụ n'èzí, nke a na-eme na United States niile mana nke kachasị na California (karịsịa Southern California), na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji kwalite ihe kpatara gburugburu ebe obibi. Akọwala Sierra Club dị ka otu n'ime "otu ndị isi na gburugburu ebe obibi" United States. Ndị otu Sierra Club na-akwado nkwado nke ndị otu n'otu n'otu maka ọkwa a họpụtara ahọpụta.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Ntọala 
Onye nta akụkọ bụ Robert Underwood Johnson na John Muir rụkọrọ ọrụ na mgbasa ozi na-aga nke ọma iji mepụta nnukwu ogige ntụrụndụ nke Yosemite nke gbara ogige ntụrụndụ dị ntakịrị nke e kere na 1864. Mgbasa ozi a gara nke ọma na 1890. N'ihe dị ka 1889, Johnson gbara Muir ume ka ọ guzobe. otu "otu" iji nyere aka chebe Sierra Nevada, na nzukọ mbụ e mere iji hazie otu ahụ. Ndị ọzọ tinyere aka na nhazi mbụ gụnyere omenkà William Keith, Willis Linn Jepson, Warren Olney, Willard Drake Johnson, Joseph LeConte na David Starr Jordan.

Na Mee 1892, onye prọfesọ na-eto eto, Willis Linn Jepson sitere na Mahadum California, Berkeley nyeere Muir na onye ọka iwu Warren Olney aka hiwere nzukọ ọhụrụ a kpụrụ akpụ nke ọwụwa anyanwụ Appalachian Mountain Club. Ndị otu Charter nke Sierra Club họpụtara Muir onyeisi oche, ụlọ ọrụ ọ nọrọ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1914.

Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mbụ nke klọb ahụ gụnyere iguzobe ogige ntụrụndụ mba Glacier na Mount Rainier, ime ka ndị omebe iwu California kwenye inye Ndagwurugwu Yosemite n'aka gọọmentị etiti US, na ichekwa oke ọhịa redwood nke California.

Muir kpọgara Onye isi ala Theodore Roosevelt site na Yosemite na 1903, na afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, ndị omebe iwu California nyefere Yosemite Valley na Mariposa Grove n'aka gọọmentị etiti. Sierra Club meriri mmeri mbuso agha nke mbu ya site na okike nke ogige mba nke abuo nke obodo, ka Yellowstone gasịrị na 1872.

N'afọ 2020, n'ihi ngagharị iwe George Floyd na mkpezi ọha na-esote nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme ọha, Sierra Club kọwara akụkọ mmalite nke ha dị ka ihe jikọrọ ya na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Karịsịa, Sierra Club mbụ kwadoro mkpa nke ndị ọcha na-ewepụ ndị na-acha agba, na Muir na ụfọdụ n'ime ndị enyi ya, dị ka Joseph LeConte, David Starr Jordan, na Henry Fairfield Osborn nwere njikọ chiri anya na mmegharị eugenics nke mbụ. na United States. Osborn kwadoro American Eugenics Society, nke kpọrọ ndị Juu na ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ndị ọcha dị ka agbụrụ dị ala karịa ndị ọcha.

Omume gburugburu ebe obibi na Hetch Hetchy Reservoir 

N'ime afọ iri mbụ nke 1900s, ndị Sierra Club batara na agha Hetch Hetchy Reservoir nke kewara ndị nchekwa na ndị nchekwa "njikwa akụrụngwa". N'ọgwụgwụ narị afọ nke 19, obodo San Francisco nọ na-eto ngwa ngwa na oke mmiri ya, nke dabere na isi iyi na iyi mpaghara. N'afọ 1890, onye isi obodo San Francisco, James D. Phelan tụrụ aro ka e wuo mmiri mmiri na ọwa mmiri n'Osimiri Tuolumne, bụ́ otu n'ime osimiri Sierra ndịda kasị ukwuu, dị ka ụzọ isi mụbaa na ime ka mmiri dị n'obodo ahụ kwụsie ike.

Gifford Pinchot, onye na-aga n'ihu na-akwado ọrụ ọha na eze na onye isi nke US Forest Service, nke nwere ikike na ogige ntụrụndụ mba, kwadoro ịmepụta mmiri mmiri Hetch Hetchy. Muir rịọrọ enyi ya onye isi ala US Roosevelt, onye na-agaghị etinye onwe ya megide dam ahụ, n'ihi na ọ na-ewu ewu na ndị San Francisco (referendum na 1908 kwadoro ọtụtụ mmadụ asaa na otu kwadoro mmiri mmiri na mmiri obodo). Muir na onye ọka iwu William Edward Colby malitere mkpọsa mba megide dam ahụ, na-adọta nkwado nke ọtụtụ ndị nchekwa ọwụwa anyanwụ. Na ntuli aka 1912 nke Onye isi ala US Woodrow Wilson, onye bu San Francisco, ndị na-akwado dam nwere enyi na White House.

Ụgwọ ahụ iji gbochie Hetch Hetchy gafere Congress na 1913, ya mere Sierra Club meriri nnukwu agha mbụ ya. Na mmegwara, klọb ahụ kwadoro imepụta National Park Service na 1916, iji wepụ ogige ntụrụndụ na nlekọta ọrụ ọhịa. Stephen Mather, onye otu klọb si Chicago na onye mmegide nke dam Hetch Hetchy, ghọrọ onye ntụzi ọrụ National Park Service nke mbụ.

Afọ 1920-1940 

N'ime 1920s na 1930s, Sierra Club rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ọha mmadụ na ntụrụndụ, na-eme njem ọpụpụ, na-ejigide ụzọ na-ewu ụlọ na ebe obibi na Sierra. Mgbasa ozi nchekwa gụnyere mgbalị ọtụtụ afọ iji gbasaa Sequoia National Park (mere na 1926) na ihe karịrị afọ iri atọ nke ọrụ iji chebe ma chekwaa Parks Canyon National Park (nke e guzobere na 1940). Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Stephen Fox na-ekwu, "N'afọ ndị 1930, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime puku mmadụ atọ bụ ndị Republican."

New Deal wetara ọtụtụ ndị nchekwa na Democratic Party, na ọtụtụ ndị Democrats banyere n'ọkwa nke nchekwa. Ndị na-edu ọgbọ nke ndị Turks na-eto eto bụ ndị megharịrị Sierra Club mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị bụ ndị ọka iwu Richard Leonard na Bestor Robinson, onye na-ese foto okike Ansel Adams, na David Brower.

Adams kwadoro Brower maka isonye na klọb ahụ, a họpụtakwara ya na bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ nke Sierra Club Bulletin. Mgbe Agha IIwa nke Abụọ gasịrị Brower laghachiri n'ọrụ ya na Mahadum California Press, wee malite idezi akwụkwọ akụkọ Sierra Club na 1946.

Mmetụta mba 

Na 1950, Sierra Club nwere ihe dị ka ndị òtù 7,000, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na West Coast. N'afọ ahụ, isi Atlantic ghọrọ nke mbụ e guzobere na mpụga California. Otu òtù ndị nduzi afọ ofufo na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-elekọta nzukọ ahụ, bụ́ ndị otu obere ndị ụkọchukwu na-enyere aka. A họpụtara Brower ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa mbụ na 1952, klọb ahụ wee malite ịchụkwute ndị otu nchekwa nchekwa dị ka National Audubon Society, National Wildlife Federation, Wilderness Society, na Izaak Walton League, nke nwere ndị ọrụ ọkachamara ogologo oge.

Sierra Club nwetara aha obodo ya n'agha megide Echo Park Dam na Dinosaur National Monument na Utah, nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Mkpesa mara ọkwa na 1950. Brower duuru ọgụ ahụ, na-akwado nkwado sitere n'aka otu nchekwa nchekwa ndị ọzọ. Nzụlite Brower n'ime mbipụta bịara bụrụ nke siri ike; site n'enyemaka nke onye nkwusa Alfred Knopf, Nke a bụ Dinosaur e mere ngwa ngwa n'ime ndị nta akụkọ. N'ịkpọku ndị na-ekiri Hetch Hetchy, ndị na-ahụ maka nchekwa na-agbachitere Congress nke ọma, bụ nke kpochapụrụ Echo Park dam na ọrụ Colorado River dị ka a kwadoro na 1955. Nkwenye maka ọrụ Sierra Club na mmeri Echo Park na mmeri 10,000 na 1956 kwalitere ndị otu site na 10,000 na 1956 ruo 15,000 na 1960 .

Sierra Club bụzi ọgbakọ nchekwa obodo n'ezie, ndị nchekwa wee were atụmatụ ọzara were iwe were iwe. Nzukọ Ọhịa Biennial nke klọb ahụ, nke ewepụtara na 1949 na mmekorita ya na The Wilderness Society, ghọrọ ike dị mkpa na mkpọsa ahụ nwetara ikike nke Iwu Wilderness na 1964, na-akara oge izizi na ala ọha ( nde acres 9.1) na-echebe kpamkpam site na mmepe. . Grand Teton National Park na Ogige Ogige Olimpik ka agbasakwara na agbamume ndị Sierra Club.

Usoro akwụkwọ 
Na 1960, Brower ji This Is the American Earth wepụta usoro akwụkwọ ngosi ihe ngosi, na na 1962 In Wildness Is the Preservation of the World, nwere foto agba nke Eliot Porter. Akwụkwọ tebụl kọfị ndị a, nke ngalaba akwụkwọ ha Siera Club bipụtara, webatara ndị na-ege ntị na Sierra Club. E rere puku puku iri ise n'ime afọ anọ mbụ, ma ka ọ na-erule 1960 ahịa karịrị nde $10. N’oge na-adịghị anya Brower nọ na-ebipụta aha ọhụrụ abụọ n’afọ n’usoro ihe ngosi Format, mana ọ bụghị ihe niile mere nke ọma dị ka n’ime ọhịa. Ọ bụ ezie na akwụkwọ ndị ahụ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'iwebata ọha na eze na nchekwa ọzara na Sierra Club, ego ha na-efu maka nzukọ ahụ, ihe dị ka $60,000 otu afọ mgbe 1964 gasịrị. Nlekọta ego ghọrọ ihe esemokwu n'etiti Brower na ndị isi ya.

Mgbasa ozi Grand Canyon 
Mkpesa agha nke Sierra Club kacha kwusara na 1960 bụ mbọ iji kwụsị Bureau of Reclamation iwu dams abụọ nke ga-eju akụkụ nke Grand Canyon. E bipụtara akwụkwọ bụ Time and the River Flow: Grand Canyon nke Francois Leydet dere n'usoro akwụkwọ Ngosipụta. Na-emegide ọrụ mgbochi mmiri nke Bridge Canyon na Marble Canyon, mgbasa ozi zuru ezu nke ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ etinyere na The New York Times na The Washington Post na 1966 tiri mkpu, "Oge a ọ bụ nnukwu Canyon ka ha chọrọ iju mmiri," wee jụọ, "anyị kwesịkwara. Ijuju na Sistine Chapel ka ndị njem nlegharị anya wee bịaruo elu ụlọ nso nso? Mgbasa ozi ndị ahụ welitere oke ngagharị iwe na Congress, na-akpali ndị ọrụ ntinye ego nke ime obodo ikwuwapụta na ọ na-akwụsịtụ ọkwa 501(c)(3) nke Sierra Club na-eche nyocha. Ndị ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kpachara anya maka ịtọlite ​​Sierra Club Foundation dị ka nzukọ (c) (3) na 1960 maka onyinye na ntinye aka maka agụmakwụkwọ na ihe omume ndị ọzọ na-adịghị anabata. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, onyinye a na-enye klọb ahụ kwụsịrị, na-akawanye ụkọ ọrụ ya kwa afọ. Otú ọ dị, ndị otu rịgoro nke ọma na nzaghachi na nyocha banyere izi ezi nke ụtụ isi obodo site na IRS site na 30,000 na 1965 ruo 57,000 na 1967 na 75,000 na 1969.

Mmeri a na-enwe na ọrụ mgbochi mmiri na ihe ịma aka sitere na IRS abịaghị n'efu. Iji mejuo ike nke ihe mgbochi mmiri ga-emepụta, ndị Sierra Club kwadoro n'ezie maka ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ ọkụ. Nsonaazụ nke mkpọsa ahụ na azụmaahịa ya bụ, n'okwu onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Andrew Needham, na "Grand Canyon wee chekwaa, oghere dị nsọ," ebe "Ndoputa Navajo" - nke nwere ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ ike na-ebuli elu. slack — "ghọrọ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe."

Ọgwụgwụ nke oge Brower 
N'agbanyeghị ihe ịga nke ọma klọb ahụ na igbochi atụmatụ maka dams Grand Canyon na igbanwe mgbanwe site na 501 (c) (3) ruo 501 (c) (4), esemokwu tolitere maka ego n'etiti Brower na ndị isi oche. Mwepu nke ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ kwa afọ bilitere site na $100,000 na 1967 na 1968 ruo ihe dị ka $200,000 na 1969. Esemokwu ọzọ mere n'ihi amụma klọb ahụ banyere ụlọ ọrụ ike nuklia nke Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) ga-arụ na Diablo Canyon dị nso na San Luis Obispo, California. Ọ bụ ezie na klọb ahụ rụrụ ọrụ na-eduga igbochi ụlọ ọrụ nuklia PG&E chọrọ maka Bodega Bay, California, na mmalite 1960s, e wuru ikpe ahụ gburugburu mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe egwu ala ọma jijiji sitere na mmejọ San Andreas dị nso, ọ bụghị site na mmegide nke nuklia. ike n'onwe ya. N'ịgbanwe maka ịkwaga saịtị ọhụrụ ahụ a tụrụ aro site na Nipomo Dunes nwere mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi gaa na Diablo Canyon, ndị isi oche kpebiri ịkwado atụmatụ PG&E maka ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ. Ntụgharị aka ndị otu na 1967 kwadoro mkpebi kọmiti ahụ.

Mana Brower kwubiri na ike nuklia n'ebe ọ bụla bụ mmejọ, ma kwupụta mmegide ya megide ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, megidere iwu gọọmentị nke klọb ahụ. Dị ka otu ndị na-akwado na ndị na-emegide Browser na-agbakọta, ntuli aka nke ndị nduzi ọhụrụ kwa afọ gosipụtara esemokwu ahụ. Ndị na-akwado Brower meriri ọtụtụ n'ime 1968, mana na nhoputa ndi ochichi nke April 1969, ndi ndoro-ndoro ochichi na-emegide Brower meriri n'ọkwa ise mepere emepe. Ansel Adams na onye isi oche Richard Leonard, abụọ n'ime ezigbo ndị enyi ya na bọọdụ ahụ, dugara ndị mmegide Brower, na-ebo ya ebubo enweghị ego na enweghị isi na ịkpọ oku ka achụpụ ya dị ka onye isi nchịkwa. Ndị bọọdụ ahụ tụrụ vootu iri ruo ise ịnakwere arụkwaghịm Brower. N'ikpeazụ, ya na klọb ahụ dịghachi ná mma, a họpụtara Brower ka ọ bụrụ ndị isi oche maka oge site na 1983 ruo 1988, na ọzọ site na 1995 ruo 2000. Brower gbara arụkwaghịm na bọọdụ na 2000.

Afọ McCloskey 

Michael McCloskey, nke Brower goro na 1961 dị ka onye nnọchi anya mpaghara ugwu mbụ nke klọb ahụ, ghọrọ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ nke abụọ na 1969. Onye nchịkwa lebara nkọwa zuru ezu, McCloskey hiwere ngalaba nchekwa klọb na 1965 wee duzie mkpọsa iji chekwaa Grand Canyon. ma guzobe Redwoods National Park na North Cascades National Park. N'ime 1970s, McCloskey duuru ọrụ omebe iwu nke klọb ahụ-ichekwa ala Alaskan na mpaghara ọzara ọwụwa anyanwụ, yana ịkwado ebumnuche gburugburu ebe obibi ọhụrụ: Iwu njikwa ihe na-egbu egbu nke 1976, mmezi iwu ikuku dị ọcha, yana njikwa Ngwuputa Ngwuputa na Mweghachi nke 1977. , gafere n'oge ọchịchị nke President Jimmy Carter. Mbọ nke Sierra Club na ndị ọzọ—gụnyere ndị nhazi obodo ojii bụ ndị lụrụ ọgụ megide ọrụ “mmeghari mmeghari obodo” na-emebi emebi—dugara na ngafe nke iwu iwu gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na mba na iwu njikwa mmetọ mmiri.

Sierra Club hibere kọmitii ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị wee mee nkwado onye isi ala mbụ ya na 1984 iji kwado mkpọsa Walter Mondale na-enweghi nke ọma iji wetuo Ronald Reagan. McCloskey gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye isi nchịkwa na 1985 mgbe  16+1⁄2 afọ (otu oge ahụ Brower duziri nzukọ a), wee weghara aha onye isi oche, wee bụrụ onye isi atụmatụ ụlọ ọgbakọ, na-etinye oge ya na amụma nchekwa karịa ịhazi atụmatụ mmefu ego. na nchịkwa. Mgbe ya na Douglas Wheeler nwechara mkparịta ụka afọ abụọ, onye nzere Republican ya na-agbakasị ndị otu na-emesapụ aka, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ goro Michael Fischer, onye bụbu onye isi California Coastal Commission, onye jere ozi dị ka onye isi nchịkwa site na 1987 ruo 1992. Carl Pope, bụbu onye otu klọb ahụ. Onye isi omebe iwu, a họpụtara onye isi nchịkwa na 1992.

Nkwado n'ime klọb ahụ 
Na 1990s, ndị otu klọb Jim Bensman, Roger Clarke, David Dilworth, Chad Hanson na David Orr tinyere ihe dị ka ndị otu 2,000 hibere John Muir Sierrans (JMS), otu n'ime ụlọ ọgbakọ, iji kwalite mgbanwe n'ọkwa klọb. Ha kwadoro amụma ọhịa efu na ala ọha na, afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, iwepụ Glen Canyon Dam. JMS nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịgbanwe ọkwa klọb n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ.

Narị afọ nke 21 

Na 2008, ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ Sierra Club kwụsịrị na mkpesa mgbe Sierra Club kwetara ịkwalite ngwaahịa Clorox, bụ nke akpọrọ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ "dị ize ndụ" nke Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Mmasị Ọha na eze na 2004. Dị ka Carl Pope si kwuo, Sierra Onye isi oche otu, nkwekọrịta ahụ wetara klọb US $1.3 million n'ime afọ anọ nke nkwekọrịta ahụ. Na Nọvemba 2011, onye isi oche Sierra Club Carl Pope rituru n'ihi enweghị afọ ojuju maka nkwekọrịta Clorox na okwu ndị ọzọ. N'agbata 2007 na 2010, Sierra Club nakweere ihe karịrị US $25 nde na onyinye sitere na ụlọ ọrụ gas, nke ka ukwuu sitere n'aka Aubrey McClendon, onye isi oche nke Chesapeake Energy, nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta gas na-etinye aka na fracking.

Na Jenụwarị 2013, onye isi nchịkwa Michael Brune kwupụtara na Sierra Club ga-esonye n'ihu ọha na nnupụisi obodo mbụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke afọ 120 dị ka akụkụ nke mkpesa na-aga n'ihu na-akpọku ọchịchị Obama ka ọ jụ pipeline Keystone XL tar sands pipeline, na-ekwu, "Anyị na-ekiri ka nsogbu zuru ụwa ọnụ na-apụta n'ihu anyị, na iguzo n'akụkụ ma hapụ ya ka ọ mee - n'agbanyeghị na anyị maara otú e si akwụsị ya - ga-abụ ihe na-enweghị isi." Na 13 February 2013, e jidere Brune yana mmadụ iri anọ na asatọ, gụnyere onye ndu obodo Julian Bond na ọkà mmụta sayensị ihu igwe NASA James Hansen. Na Mee 2015, Sierra Club họpụtara onye isi ojii mbụ nke ndị isi oche, Aaron Mair. Ndị Sierra Club kwadoro Hillary Clinton na ntuli aka onye isi ala US 2016. Ọ kwadoro Joe Biden na ntuli aka onye isi ala US 2020, na-ekwu maka mmegide ya megide iwu gburugburu ebe obibi Donald Trump.

Na Jenụwarị 2023, onye bụbu onye isi NAACP Ben Jealous ghọrọ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ nke otu ahụ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye Africa mbụ nke America rụzuru ọrụ ahụ.

Ihe omume ndị dị n'èzí

Ịnya Ugwu 
N'afọ 1901, William Colby haziri njem nleta mbụ nke Sierra Club na ndagwurugwu Yosemite. Ndị na-agba ugwu dịka Francis P. Farquhar, Joseph Nisbet LeConte, Norman Clyde, Walter A. Starr, Jr., Jules Eichorn, Glen Dawson, Ansel Adams, na David R. Brower na-eduzi njem ndị dị elu kwa afọ. Emere ọtụtụ mgbago mbụ na Sierra Nevada na ọpụpụ Sierra Club. Ndị otu Sierra Club bụkwa ndị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi nke ịrị elu nkume. N'afọ 1911, e hiwere isiakwụkwọ nke mbụ, Angeles, ma malite ime njem nlegharị anya n'ugwu ndị gbara Los Angeles na gburugburu West. Steve Roper's Fifty Classic Climbs of North America, nke ndị Sierra Club na-akwado ma bipụta ya, ka a na-ewere dịka otu n'ime akwụkwọ ntuziaka na-arị elu nkume na United States. Agụmakwụkwọ Njem Ọzara bụ klaasị mgbago ugwu nke ndị Sierra Club na-elekọta.

Ndị otu Sierra anaghị ewepụta ụkpụrụ maka ma ọ bụ na-ahazi alpinism, mana ọ na-ahazi nkuzi ọzara, njem nlegharị anya na njem mgbagharị ugwu maka ndị otu. Na California, a na-ewere klọb ahụ, site na otu egwuregwu ya dị n'èzí, dịka analog nke steeti na klọb ugwu steeti ndị ọzọ dị ka Mazamas, The Mountaineers, ma ọ bụ Colorado Mountain Club. N'ihi mmụba na-elekwasị anya na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nchegbu gbasara ụgwọ ego, ọrụ ịnya ugwu na Sierra Club ebelatala kemgbe 1980s. Isiakwụkwọ ụfọdụ, ọkachasị na California, na-aga n'ihu na-ejigide nnukwu mmemme ịgba ugwu. Ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ na-enye ndị na-agba ugwu pụtara ìhè onyinye Francis P. Farquhar Mountaineering Award.

Ịga ije na njem 
N'Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ọtụtụ ndị isi Sierra Club sonyeere 10th Mountain Division. Otu n'ime ha bụ David R. Brower, onye jikwaa mmemme High Trip site na 1947 ruo 1954, mgbe ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi na Reserve Army.

N'ọtụtụ ebe nke mba ahụ, Sierra Club na-ahazikwa njem nlegharị anya. Webụsaịtị Sierra Club nwere ọrụ "ịga n'akụkụ m". Ngalaba "Sierra Club N'akụkụ Gị" na-egosi njem niile na-abịa na mpaghara dị nso.

Njem njem dị elu nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, mgbe ụfọdụ nnukwu njem nwere ihe karịrị otu narị ndị sonyere na ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, ewepụtala njem nlegharị anya dị nta na karịa nke emere n'ofe United States na mba ofesi. Ọpụpụ ndị a bụ akụkụ bụ isi nke omenala Sierra Club, na n'isiakwụkwọ ụfọdụ, bụ ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị otu. Isiakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, agbanyeghị, nwere ike ịkwado obere ihe omume n'èzí ma ọ bụ ihe ntụrụndụ, na-elekwasị anya naanị na nkwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. N'ozuzu, isiakwụkwọ na California na-arụsi ọrụ ike karịa ihe omume n'èzí.

Ihe nrite Sierra Club 

Ndị otu Sierra Club na-enye ọtụtụ ihe nrite kwa afọ, dị ka ihe nrite Sierra Club John Muir, Award Ansel Adams for Conservation Photography, Francis P. Farquhar Mountaineering Award, Edgar Wayburn Award maka ndị ọrụ ọha, onyinye Rachel Carson maka ndị nta akụkọ na Ndị ode akwụkwọ, ihe nrite William O. Douglas maka ọrụ iwu, yana onyinye EarthCare maka nchekwa na nchekwa gburugburu ụwa.

Ọnọdụ iwu

Nchịkwa ala 
A na-ewere njikwa ala, ịnweta, nchekwa dị ka mpaghara nkwado nke Sierra Club. N'ụzọ pụrụ iche maka nzukọ na-aga n'ihu, Sierra Club nwere nzukọ ntọala siri ike n'ime ime obodo, na-arụ ọrụ dị ukwuu na-elekwasị anya n'ịhụ na ojiji nke ala ọha na eze ziri ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi. Nke a na-emesi ike karịsịa na klọb ahụ na-adọta ọtụtụ ndị na-esonyere klọb ahụ maka ntụrụndụ na iji ala ọha na eze mee njem.

Ụfọdụ ndị otu Sierra Club agwala ọgbakọ ahụ ka ha gbasie ike n'ịkwado maka nchekwa nke oke ọhịa na ala ọha ndị ọzọ nke gọọmenti etiti nwere. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'afọ 2002, a katọrọ klọb ahụ maka ịbanye na Wilderness Society na ikwenye na nkwekọrịta nke ga-enye ohere ịbanye na Black Hills na South Dakota.

Na 2023, Sierra Club gbara gọọmentị Puerto Rico akwụkwọ maka ọrụ ume ọhụrụ iri na asatọ na ala karịa hectare 2,000. Ndị otu Sierra Club rụrụ ụka na ala ahụ nwere mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi yana uru ọrụ ugbo dị elu. Ndị otu Sierra Club kwuru na iwulite ọrụ ike mmeghari ohuru na ala ugbo bụ "mwakpo siri ike na nchekwa nri nke Puerto Rico."

Mmegide megide coal 

Ebumnuche nke ụlọ ọgbakọ Sierra bụ iji ike ndị ọzọ dochie coal. Site na mgbasa ozi ya "Beyond Coal", Sierra Club ewepụtala ihe mgbaru ọsọ imechi ọkara nke osisi coal na US n'afọ 2017. Onye ọchụnta ego America na onye bụbu onye isi obodo New York City Michael Bloomberg nyere $50 nde maka ọrụ mgbochi coal nke Sierra Club. na 2011, ma kwupụta onyinye ọzọ $30 million na mgbasa ozi Sierra Beyond Coal na 2015. Mgbasa ozi Beyond Coal na-ekwu na emechiela osisi coal 187 kemgbe 2010. Ndị ọzọ na-akwado mgbasa ozi mgbochi coal nke Sierra Club gụnyere William na Flora Hewlett Foundation na John D. na Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. Onye isi oche nke Chesapeake Energy, ụlọ ọrụ gas sitere n'okike, nyere $26 nde na mkpọsa Beyond Coal n'etiti 2007 na 2010.

Mmegide megide ike nuklia 
Ndị otu Sierra Club "na-emegide n'ụzọ doro anya" maka ike nuklia.

Mmegide maka mmiri na ihe mgbochi mmiri 
Sierra Club agbaala mbọ megide ọrụ ike mmiri na nnukwu mmiri mmiri. N'ịgbaso ọgụ megide ọrụ ike mmiri, Sierra Club ekwupụtala mmegide na eriri ọkụ ma kwuo na ọrụ ike mmiri na-akpaghasị ebe obibi anụmanụ.

Ndị otu Sierra Club na-emegide mgbochi mmiri ọ chere na ha ezighi ezi, gụnyere ụfọdụ mmiri mgbochi gọọmentị wuru na ogige ntụrụndụ mba. Na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, nzukọ ahụ lụsoro ọgụ na idei mmiri nke Hetch Hetchy Valley na Yosemite National Park. N'agbanyeghị mkparị a, Congress nyere ikike iwu O'Shaughnessy Dam na Osimiri Tuolumne. Ndị otu Sierra Club na-aga n'ihu na-akwado iwepụ mmiri mmiri ahụ.

Ndị otu Sierra Club na-akwado mwepu nke Glen Canyon Dam na igbapu nke Ọdọ Powell. Klọb ahụ na-akwadokwa iwepụ, imebi ma ọ bụ ịchụpụ ọtụtụ dams ndị ọzọ, gụnyere dams anọ na obere Osimiri Snake dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Washington. Ndị otu Sierra Club na-emegide mbubata ike sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ike mmiri Quebec na New York, na-arụ ụka na ibubata ike ike site na osisi Quebec ga-akpata mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi wee bute obere ọrụ ume ọhụrụ na steeti New York.

Echiche dị iche iche banyere ọrụ anyanwụ 
Isiakwụkwọ ụfọdụ nke Sierra Club agbachitere aka megide ọrụ ike anyanwụ, ebe isiakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ agbachitere ọrụ ike anyanwụ. Ndị otu Saerra megidere Agha Born Solar Project, bụ ọrụ anyanwụ kacha ukwuu na U.S., na-ekwu maka mmetụta ọ nwere na ebe mbe ọzara. Ndị otu Sierra Club gbara gọọmentị etiti akwụkwọ ka ha kwụsị ọdụ anyanwụ Calico dị 663.5 megawatt dị na Desert Mojave na California, na-ekwu na ọ ga-emebi anụ ọhịa echedoro.

Mmegide megide ikike dị mfe 
Na nzaghachi maka mgbanwe ndị a tụrụ aro iji kwalite usoro inye ohere maka ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi n'agbanyeghị nchegbu na nyocha na-enye ohere gburugburu ebe obibi na-egbu oge ma na-egbochi ọrụ ndị nwere mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi bara uru, Sierra Club kwupụtara mmegide megide mgbanwe ndị dị otú ahụ, na-arụrịta ụka "Ihe ọ bụla a tụrụ anya ọrụ bụ - ma ọ bụ pipeline ma ọ bụ okporo ụzọ ma ọ bụ ugbo nke anyanwụ - ọ kwesịrị ịdị n'okpuru otu usoro nyocha nke nkịtị. Ọ bụrụ na anyị chọrọ ka ọrụ ndị a na-aga n'ihu ngwa ngwa, anyị ekwesịghị ịda mbà n'iwu gburugburu ebe obibi, ma na-etinyekwu ego n'ime ụlọ ọrụ na ndị ọrụ. "

Njikọ ya na ndị ọrụ a haziri ahazi 

Sierra Club bụ onye otu BlueGreen Alliance, njikọta nke otu gburugburu ebe obibi na otu ndị ọrụ. E hiwere BlueGreen Alliance na 2006 wee tolite site na mmekorita na-adịchaghị mma n'etiti Sierra Club na United Steelworkers. Na 2012, Laborers' International Union of North America hapụrụ njikọ aka n'ihi Sierra Club na ndị ọzọ gburugburu ebe obibi megidere Keystone Pipeline.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mbata 
Mbata na ọpụpụ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme otu n'ime ihe na-akpata nkewa na klọb. Na 1996, ka ọtụtụ afọ nke arụmụka gasịrị, Sierra Club nakweere ọnọdụ nnọpụiche na ọkwa mbata na ọpụpụ. Dika klọb ahụ na-atụgharị gaa n'aka ekpe kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, emezigharịrị ọnọdụ a na 2013 iji kwado "ụzọ ziri ezi maka ịbụ nwa amaala maka ndị kwabatara na-enweghị akwụkwọ".

Ọ bụ ezie na ọnọdụ nke Sierra Club na-adịkarị mma kwupụta mbata na ọpụpụ, ụfọdụ ndị nkatọ nke Sierra Club boro ebubo na mbọ ụfọdụ ndị otu klọb igbochi mbata na ọpụpụ, bụ a n'ihu nke akụkụ nke ụmụ mmadụ na-achịkwa bi na eugenics ije. Na 1969, Sierra Club bipụtara akwụkwọ Paul R. Ehrlich, The Population Bomb, nke o kwuru na mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-akpata ọdịda gburugburu ebe obibi ma kwadoro usoro mmanye iji belata ya. Ụfọdụ ndị na-ekiri ihe na-arụ ụka na akwụkwọ ahụ nwere "agbụrụ agbụrụ" na omenala nke Eugenics ije, na na ọ "kwughachiri ọtụtụ n'ime Osborn jeremiads."

N'ime 1980s, ụfọdụ ndị otu Sierra Club, gụnyere nwunye Paul Ehrlich Anne, chọrọ ibuga klọb ahụ n'ọgba aghara nke mbata na ọpụpụ na United States. Ọnọdụ klọb ahụ bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ karịrị akarị bụ ihe dị mkpa na-ebute mbibi nke gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ihi ya, klọb ahụ kwadoro ịkwado na ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ US na ụwa. Ụfọdụ ndị otu rụrụ ụka na, dị ka ihe bara uru, a pụghị ime ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị United States guzosie ike, ma ọ bụghị naanị ibelata, na ọkwa mbata na-adị ugbu a. Ha gwara klọb ka ọ kwado mbelata mbata na ọpụpụ mbata na ọpụpụ. Klọb ahụ ekwubuola okwu banyere “mmigration of mass” na 1988, kọmitii na-ahụ maka ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na kọmitii na-ahụ maka nchekwa nke nzukọ ahụ kwuru na mbata na ọpụpụ mbata na United States kwesịrị inwe oke, iji nweta nkwụsi ike nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ.

Ndị otu Sierra Club ndị ọzọ chere na okwu mbata na ọpụpụ dị oke anya site na isi ebumnuche gburugburu ebe obibi ọgbakọ, ma na-enwekwa nchegbu na itinye aka na ya ga-emebi ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke nzukọ a ịchụso ebumnuche ya ndị ọzọ. N'etiti 1990s, klọb ahụ malitere nke nta nke nta na-apụ na ọnọdụ mgbochi mbata na ọpụpụ, na-ejedebe na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nakweere ọnọdụ nnọpụiche na amụma mbata na ọpụpụ na 1996. amụma mbata na ọpụpụ, ebe 39.2% kwadoro usoro na-akpọ maka mgbochi siri ike na mbata na ọpụpụ na United States.

Mgbe nkuchi bọọdụ 1996 gasịrị, ụfọdụ ndị otu bụ ndị na-akwado mbelata mbata na ọpụpụ haziri onwe ha dị ka "SUSPS", aha sitere na "Sierrans for US Population Stabilization", nke pụtara ugbu a maka "Support US Population Stabilization". SUSPS na-akwado ịlaghachi na “ọdịnala” nke Sierra Club (1970–1996) ụkpụrụ iwu mbata na ọpụpụ. SUSPS akpọọla oku ka emechie oke ala United States n'ụzọ zuru oke, yana maka ịlaghachi na ọkwa mbata na ọpụpụ nke Iwu mbata na ọpụpụ nke 1924 guzobere, nke gụnyere oke agbụrụ siri ike. David Brower kwukwara na ọnọdụ klọb na mbata na ọpụpụ bụ otu n'ime ihe mere ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na bọọdụ na 2000. Ndị na-akwado mbelata mbata na ọpụpụ n'ime ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ boro ebubo na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ agbahapụla ọnọdụ mgbochi na mbata na ọpụpụ n'ihi onyinye sitere n'aka onye na-achụ ego David Gelbaum. , onye kọrọ na o nyere klọb ahụ $200 nde n'etiti etiti 1990s na mmalite 2000s wee yie Carl Pope egwu n'etiti 1990s ka ọ kwụsị inye onyinye ma ọ bụrụ na ha agbanweghị ọnọdụ ha na mbata na ọpụpụ nakweere na 1988.

Esemokwu ahụ bilitere mgbe otu atọ ndị na-akwado mbelata mbata na ọpụpụ gbara ọsọ na ntuli aka ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ Sierra Club nke 2004, na-atụ anya ịkwaga ọnọdụ klọb ahụ n'ọnọdụ nnọpụiche na mbata na ọpụpụ, na iweghachi ọnọdụ ahụ e nwere na mbụ. Otu dị iche iche na-abụghị klọb etinyere aka, dị ka South Poverty Law Center na MoveOn. N'ime mmadụ atọ a, abụọ (Frank Morris na David Pimentel), nọ na bọọdụ nke otu mgbochi mbata na ọpụpụ Diversity Alliance for a Sustainable America na abụọ (Richard Lamm na Frank Morris) nọ na bọọdụ ndị isi ma ọ bụ ndị ndụmọdụ ndụmọdụ. nke Federation for American Immigration Reform; Ha abụọ enweela ọkwa iduzi n'ime NAACP. Onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi nke anọ, Morris Dees nke SPLC katọrọ ntuli aka ha dị ka "mgbalị imegide" nke "ndị na-akwado ndị na-emegide ndị mbata ọzọ". Ndị na-akwado mbelata mbata na ọpụpụ meriri 7% nke votu niile emere na ntuli aka ahụ. N'afọ 2005, ndị otu tozuru oke 102,455 ruo 19,898 megide mgbanwe a tụrụ aro iji "ghọta mkpa ọ dị ịnweta oke ala na ịkwaga United States."

N'ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na-eme ihe na-aga n'ihu na-abanye na klọb n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, Sierra Club agbanweela n'ụzọ dị egwu na ọnọdụ ya na mbata na ọpụpụ na-aga n'ihu n'eziokwu. Taa, Sierra Club na-akwado ụzọ nke ịbụ nwa amaala maka ndị na-akwaga akwụkwọ na-enweghị akwụkwọ, na-emegide mgbidi ókèala ma na-arụkọ ọrụ na ndị otu mba ọzọ iji kwalite ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi.

Ndị otu mgbochi mbata na ọpụpụ mbata na ọpụpụ dị ka Center for Immigration Studies na Federation for American Immigration Reform (nke SPLC họpụtara ha abụọ dị ka otu ịkpọasị) katọrọ ọgbakọ Sierra Club maka imegide atụmatụ Trump nke imepụta mgbidi na United States. 'ókè ndịda. Otu ndị a na-ekwu na ndị otu Sierra Club katọrọ atụmatụ a n'ihi na ọ bụ naanị akụkụ nke akụkụ na ọ bụghị n'ihi nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi.

Mmekọrịta na enyemaka 
David R. Brower tọrọ ntọala Sierra Club Foundation na 1960. Otu 501(c)(3) nzukọ, e hiwere ya ka ndị ọrụ Internal Revenue Service wepụrụ ọkwa enweghị ụtụ isi nke Sierra Club n'ihi mmemme ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị otu. Sierra Club gbakwunyere isi nke mbụ Canada na 1963 na na 1989 mepere ụlọ ọrụ mba na Ottawa. Ndị mmekọ Canada nke Sierra Club na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru Sierra Club Canada.

Na 1971, ndị ọka iwu afọ ofufo bụ ndị ha na Sierra Club rụkọrọ ọrụ hiwere Sierra Club Legal Defence Fund. Nke a bụ ọgbakọ dị iche nke jiri aha "Sierra Club" n'okpuru ikike nke klọb ahụ; ọ gbanwere aha ya na Earthjustice na 1997. Sierra Student Coalition (SSC) bụ ogwe aka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agba ọsọ nke Sierra Club. Adam Werbach tọrọ ntọala na 1991, o nwere ndị otu 30,000. Mmemme Summer (SPROG) bụ mmemme ọzụzụ onye ndu otu izu nke na-akụziri ndị na-eto eto n'ofe mba ahụ ngwá ọrụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ikpe ziri ezi. Nzukọ a na-edobe akara nbipụta, Akwụkwọ Sierra Club. Ha na-ebipụtakwa ọbá akwụkwọ John Muir, nke gụnyere ọtụtụ aha onye malitere ha.

Sierra Club Voter Education Fund bụ otu 527 malitere ọrụ na ntuli aka onye isi ala nke afọ 2004 site n'ikusa mgbasa ozi telivishọn gbasara ọnọdụ ndị isi otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi. Site na Mgbasa Ozi Environmental Voter Education Campaign (EVEC), klọb ahụ chọrọ ịchịkọta ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo maka ụlọ akụ ekwentị, ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri n'ọnụ ụzọ na ide akwụkwọ ozi iji mesie okwu ndị a ike na mkpọsa ahụ.

Mmefu ego na ego 
Ego mmefu nke Sierra Club kwa afọ bụ $88 million na 2011 yana $100 million na 2012. N'afọ 2013, mmefu ego otu ahụ bụ $97.8 million.

N'afọ 2008, Clorox nyere ndị Sierra Club onyinye $1.3 million maka ikike igosipụta akara Sierra Club n'ahịrị ngwaahịa nhicha.

N'ọnwa Febụwarị 2012, a kọrọ na Sierra Club anabatala ihe karịrị nde $26 na nzuzo sitere na ụlọ ọrụ gas sitere n'okike, ọkachasị n'aka Aubrey McClendon, onye isi Chesapeake Energy. Ndị otu Sierra Club ji ego Chesapeake Energy maka mgbasa ozi Beyond Coal iji gbochie ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ ọhụrụ na-agba ọkụ na nke ochie. Michael Brune kọrọ na ọ mụtara banyere onyinye ndị ahụ mgbe ọ nọchiri anya Carl Pope dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke Sierra Club na 2010. Brune kọrọ na ọ kwụsịrị nkwekọrịta ego na mmasị ụlọ ọrụ gas.

N'afọ 2013, Naomi Klein dere na klọb ahụ na-anata nnukwu ego ọtụtụ nde dollar sitere na mmasị mmanụ ọkụ, amalitela ịkpalite "nnukwu esemokwu" n'ime ya na ndị otu "gburugburu" ndị ọzọ nọ na nnata ego fosil.

Na 2014, Energy and Environment Legal Institute gbara akwụkwọ ntinye aka na Ọrụ Internal Revenue Service na-arụtụ aka na Sierra Club na Sierra Club Foundation anaghị akwụ ụtụ isi na-akpata site na ire ọkụ anyanwụ maka ndị mmekọ ha n'ofe US.

Sierra Club nwere nnukwu PAC nwere mmekọ. O jiri $ 1,000,575 mee ihe na ntuli aka 2014, ha niile na-emegide ndị Republican maka ọfịs. Sierra Club bụ onye mmekọ America Votes, ọgbakọ na-ahazi ma na-akwalite okwu na-aga n'ihu.

Ndị nyere aka na Sierra Club gụnyere David Gelbaum, Michael Bloomberg, William na Flora Hewlett Foundation na John D. na Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. Ndị otu Sierra Club enwetakwala ego n'aka otu Democracy Alliance na Tides Foundation Advocacy Fund.

Na 2015, otu PR, nke a maara dị ka Environmental Policy Alliance, kwuru na Sierra Club na ndị otu gburugburu US ndị ọzọ nwetara ego sitere n'aka otu ndị nwere njikọ na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ nke Russia.

Nkatọ

Ọnọdụ banyere ụlọ 
Ndị otu Sierra Club abatala nkatọ maka imegide ọrụ mmepe ụlọ dị elu na California, bụ nke e bu n'obi belata ụkọ ụlọ na steeti ahụ yana ibelata ikuku ikuku griin. Ethan Elkind, onye nduzi nke mmemme ihu igwe na Center for Law, Energy and Environment (CLEE) na UC Berkeley Law, kwuru na mmegide nke Sierra Club megide California Senate Bill 827-nke ga-achọ ka obodo kwe ka ụlọ denser na ogologo ụlọ dị nso na ọha mmadụ. ebe a na-ebuga njem ma mee ka ihe ndị obodo ahụ na-adọba ụgbọala na-adọba ụgbọala dị mfe nke nwere ike itinye maka mmepe ụlọ - bụ "ihe ijuanya". O dere, sị, "Sierra Club bụ nzukọ nke ndị nwe ụlọ bara ọgaranya bụ ndị na-achọ ime ka ndị ọhụrụ ghara ịbanye n'ebe ha dị elu, ebe ndị na-agafe agafe? Ma ọ bụ na ha na-agba mbọ n'ezie ịlụ ọgụ maka mgbanwe ihu igwe site n'inye ụlọ zuru ezu maka Californians na obere carbon carbon, na-ejuputa ebe? N'ihi na mmegide ha megide SB 827 dị mwute ikwu na-egosi karịa nke mbụ karịa nke ikpeazụ."

Na 2023, Sierra Club nke Hawaii katọrọ Gọvanọ Josh Green maka iwepụta nkwupụta mberede na ụkọ ụlọ Hawaii na inye iwu onye isi nke meziri iwu ụlọ na Hawaii ma kwụsịtụrụ ụkpụrụ iji ala dị iche iche.

Mmetụta mba ọzọ nwere ike inwe 
N'ọgwụgwụ 2020, onye nnọchi anya Liz Cheney nke Wyoming rịọrọ Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke United States (DOJ) ka ha nyochaa otu gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka Sierra Club, na-ekwu na "mgba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke ikpe siri ike - jikọtara ya na eziokwu ahụ bụ na otu ndị a na-akwadokarị echiche ndị kwekọrọ. ya na ndị mmegide anyị - na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe dị oke egwu na Ngalaba ahụ maara mmetụta ọ bụla nke mba ọzọ nwere ike ime n'ime ma ọ bụ na-ezubere otu ndị a."

Njem E Mere Ịbụ Izrel 
Na mbido 2021, otu dị iche iche na-akwado ndị Palestine chọrọ ka Sierra Club kagbuo njem "ịcha ahịhịa" na "apartheid" Israel. N'ihi nke a, ndị otu Sierra Club kwuputara ịkagbu njem abụọ na-abịa, mana ọ gbanwere mkpebi ya ngwa ngwa, na-ekwu na ọ "na-eme ngwa ngwa" na-enweghị nyocha nke ndị otu siri ike. O mechara kwupụta njem hazigharịrị, nke gụnyere nleta na Golan Heights na ókèala Palestine, mana ọ kagbughị njem ahụ.

Ịdu

Ndị isi ala 
Ndị isi otu ọgbakọ Siera agụnyela:

Ndị nduzi 
Ndị isi otu ọgbakọ Siera agụnyela:

Ndị nduzi

Hụkwa

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ 

 David Brower, For Earth's Sake: The Life and Times of David Brower (Salt Lake City: Peregrine Smith Books, 1990)  
 Michael McCloskey, In the Thick of It: My Life in the Sierra Club (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2005)  
 Tom Turner, Sierra Club: 100 Years of Protecting Nature (New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1991)  
 Holt-Atherton Special Collections John Muir Papers Archived  at the Wayback Machine

Njikọ mpụga 

 Official website
 Sierra Club's Addup.org
 Ntọala Sierra Club
 Ntuziaka maka ndị otu Sierra Club Akwụkwọ na The Bancroft Library
 Ịchọta Enyemaka na Sierra Club Southwest Office ndekọ, 1900-2000, The Bancroft Library
 Ịchọta Enyemaka na Sierra Club Board of Directors nzukọ nkeji, 1892-1995, The Bancroft Library
 Ịchọta Enyemaka maka John Muir Papers