I repeat, an action does not have to be a crime in order to result in disciplinary action by a College or University....again, may I cite the example of cheating on a final examination.  It's no crime, but it's nearly guaranteed to get you heavily disciplined; likely expelled.  Secondly, the article makes it clear that the standard of "preponderance of evidence" is appropriate rather than "beyond a reasonable doubt" in actions which do involve potentially criminal penalties.  Austin, Artis and Dotson are good examples of this concept.  Certainly, schools are (now) required to report to the police cases of alleged rape.  However, through Title IX, they are also REQUIRED to launch their own investigation of the incident.  This whole process is extremely problematic, especially since nearly all of these cases involve "date" or "acquaintance" rape or sexual assualt and the defense is a claim that the act was "consensual", resulting in a "he says, she says" situation......