Comment: Virtually all professional occupations are closed shops that have regulatory barriers to entry to outsiders. Quality control is a reason but it is quite often used as a smokescreen to discriminate. In the medical field there are foreign doctors currently practicing in Ontario that have failed Canadian exams but are allowed to practice under supervision if they were licenced in Britain or the US. Meanwhile there are doctors who have passed the Canadian exams but are not given the chance to practice because they were previously licensed instead in countries like Syria, for example. There are some highly skilled foreign trained doctors who have been kept out of the system while some quite mediocre ones have been allowed in because they originated from favoured countries.