Public–private partnership in Canada
Public-private partnerships in Canada, (PPP or P3) is a form of alternative service delivery that involves a formal collaborative arrangement between the public and private sector in several initiatives, typically of a long-term nature. Public–private partnerships are commonly known for being used for infrastructure projects related to healthcare, transportation, the environment, justice & correction, recreation & culture, and education. The history of P3 projects in Canada can be understood in two waves: the first wave (1990–2000) and the second wave (2000–present). Since its Canadian origins, over 220 projects have been facilitated. The first and most commonly known examples of P3 projects are Highway 407 in Ontario, The Royal Ottawa Hospital, and the Confederation Bridge linking New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. The original rationale of P3s was to provide cities with top quality infrastructure without creating more direct public sector debt; they allowed for governments to make off-balance-sheet investments in infrastructure. Advocates argue that P3s make use of the expertise and innovation of the private sector and the incentive of capital market to enhance public projects. They argue P3s provide better value for money than traditional methods of procurement because they transfer a project's risk from the public to the