Ferromanganese
Ferromanganese is a ferroalloy with high manganese content (high-carbon ferromanganese can contain as much as 80% Mn by weight). It is made by heating a mixture of the oxides MnO2 and Fe2O3, with carbon (usually as coal and coke) in either a blast furnace or an electric arc furnace-type system, called a submerged arc furnace. The oxides undergo carbothermal reduction in the furnaces, producing the ferromanganese. Ferromanganese is used as a deoxidizer for steel. A North American standard specification is ASTM A99. The ten grades covered under this specification includes; Standard ferromanganese Medium-carbon ferromanganese Low-carbon ferromanganese A similar material is a pig iron with high content of manganese, is called spiegeleisen, or specular pig iron. 1. Production of Ferromanganese: Ferromanganese is produced through a carbothermal reduction process, where a mixture of manganese dioxide (MnO2) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) is heated with carbon sources like coal and coke. The reaction occurs in either a blast furnace or a submerged arc furnace, resulting in the formation of ferromanganese. The manganese content in ferromanganese can vary, with high-carbon ferromanganese containing up to 80% manganese by weight. 2. Applications in Steel Industry: Ferromanganese is primarily used as a deoxidizer in the steel-making process, helping