Breton nationalism
Breton nationalism (Breton: Broadelouriezh Brezhoneg, French: nationalisme Breton) is a form of regional nationalism associated with the region of Brittany in France. The political aspirations of Breton nationalists include the desire to obtain the right to self-rule, whether within France or independently of it, and to acquire more representation within the European Union, United Nations, and other international institutions. Breton nationalism emerged in various forms over time, which nationalists consider to fall into phases known as "renovations" (emsav). The First Emsav was the birth of the modern Breton movement before 1914; the Second Emsav covers the period 1914-1945; and the Third Emsav for the postwar movements. Breton nationalism has an important cultural component which has long focused on the defense of the Breton and Gallo languages against the French Republic's policies of linguistic imperialism and coercive Francization through the State educational system. Instead, Breton nationalists favor language revival and the expansion of Breton-medium education. They have also been interested in both reviving and preserving the region's uniquely Celtic culture, music and symbols and have occasionally professed forms of pan-Celticism. Positioning within the Breton movement The academic Michel Nicolas describes this political tendency of the Breton movement as "a doctrine putting