Serafim de Freitas
Franciscus Serafim de Freitas (also Seraphim or Seraphinus; 8 March 1633) was a Portuguese jurist and canon lawyer. Franciscus Serafim de Freitas was born in Lisbon about 1570. He attended a Jesuit school in a place called Santo Antão (possibly Évora) and the University of Coimbra, where he received a doctorate in canon law on 25 October 1595 or 1598. De Freitas taught at the University of Valladolid, where he was the Vespers Professor of Canon Law. In Valladolid, he became a member of the Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy. At some point, he became the representative of Portugal's military orders in the kingdom of Castile. He wrote a book called De iusto imperio Lusitanorum asiatico, published in Valladolid in 1624. The book rejects the theories of Hugo Grotius presented in Mare Liberum. Anthony Pagden describes it as a "point-by-point refutation" of Mare Liberum. De iusto imperio defends the papal donation, two sets of bulls by which Pope Nicholas V, in 1454, and Pope Alexander VI, in 1493, purported to give the Catholic monarchs of Portugal and Spain, respectively, the prerogative to explore the Americas. A French translation of De iusto by Alfred Guichon de Grandpont was