Ethnic Chinese in Mongolia
Chinese Mongolians can be subdivided into three groups: Mongolian citizens of ethnic Chinese background, temporary residents with Chinese citizenship, and permanent residents with Chinese citizenship. Mongolia's 1956 census counted ethnic Chinese as 1.9% of the population; the United States government estimated their proportion to be 2% in 1987, or roughly 40,000 people. The 2000 census showed 1,323 permanent residents of Chinese descent; this figure does not include naturalised citizens, temporary residents, nor illegal immigrants. Illegal immigrants from China were estimated at 10,000 in the 1990s; some use Mongolia as a transit point into Russia. Second Turkic Khaganate Ethnic Chinese artists were hired by Bilge Khagan of the Second Turkic Khaganate. Chinese text on a silk piece of yellow color was found in a Turkic tomb. Liao dynasty During the Liao dynasty, Han Chinese lived in Kedun, situated in present-day Mongolia. Chinese farmers migrated in. Many Han people migrated to cities located in modern-day Mongolia under Liao rule. Yuan dynasty Ethnic Han officials were sent by the Yuan dynasty to the Lingbei Province (modern-day Mongolia and Siberia; 和宁路 益蘭州 謙州). The Yenisei area had a community of weavers of Han origin, and Samarkand and Outer Mongolia both had artisans of Han