Mr. Justice FIELD,
after stating the facts as found by the Court of Claims, delivered the opinion of the court.
The language of the act of Congress"of May 1st, .1810, would seem to indicate that the extent of the compensation to be made to the consul at Algiers was, within the limits prescribed,-$4000 a year, subject to the control of the President,-and that the amount specified was not payable absolutely to the person appointed. But assuming, for the purposes of tlfis ease, that the act fixes absolutely the rate of compensation, we do not think it sustains the claim of the appellant.
When that act was passed Algiers was a part of one of the Barbary States of that name, and it is evident, from an ex- animation of its provisions, that the act was intended to apply to a consulate at that place only so long as it belonged to one of the Barbary powers. Years before the appointment of the appellant, Algiers, and the country of which it was the principal city, had become a province of France.
A great distinction has always been made between consuls to Mohammedan and consuls to Christian countries, both in the powers intrusted to them and in the duties with which they are charged. The full reciprocity which, by the general rule of international law, prevails between Christian states in the exercise of jurisdiction over the subjects or citizens of each other in their respective territories, is not admitted between a Christian state and a Mohammedan state in the same circumstances; and in our treaties with Mohammedan powers, express stipulations are made for the enjoyment by our citizens of certain exterritorial rights with respect to their persons and property. Whilst, therefore, in Christian countries consuls are little more than mere commercial agents, in Mohammedan countries they are clothed with diplomatic and even with judicial powers. Consuls to Christian countries are often allowed to engage in business; but consuls to Mohammedan countries are restricted to the duties of their offices, are paid a stated salary, and are prohibited from entering into commercial transactions.
Thus, in the treaty with the Bey of Algiers, made in 1816, it was stipulated that disputes between citizens of the United States should be decided by the consul; and in case a citizen of the United States should kill, wound, or strike a subject of Algiers, or, on the contrary, a subject of Algiers should kill, wound, or strike a citizen of the United States, the law of the country should "take place, and equal justice" be rendered, the consul assisting at the trial; and that the property of a citizen of the United States dying in Algiers should be under the immediate direction of the consul, unless otherwise disposed of by will.
Provisions like these are not generally made in treaties between Christian .nations; and they impose duties upon consuls which are not exacted of those officers when acting as mere commercial agents. It is plain that-the duties for which a consul, inhibited from engaging in commerce, and charged with diplomatic and.judicial functions, was required at Algiers, whilst thafplace formed part of a Mohammedan power, and this treaty was in force, ceased when that country passed under the jurisdiction of a, Christian nation, and the treaty with the Dey thus expired. The Department of State from that time has treated the consulate there as one without salary, to which the provisions of the act of May, 1810, were no longer applicable; one which allowed the incumbent, as consuls in the countries subject to. Prance are ' allowed, to engage in business, and only entitled to receive a's compensation for his services such fees as he might collect, besides the necessary expenses ofi-hjsloffice.
The construction thus given by the secretary was impliedly sanctioned by the act of Congress of March 1st, 1855,'" to remodel- the diplomatic and eonsujár iiystems of the United States," and was expressly sanctioned by the act of August 18th, 1856, -to regulate those systems.
The act of 1810, after specifying the compensation which might be allowed to the consul appointed to reside at Algiers, designated the sum which might be allo'wed to other consuls appointed to reside in any other of the states on the coast of Barbary, thus making, provision for all the Barbary States. The ports of these- states, where consuls were appointed to reside, were Tangiers, Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis. Now, in the act of March 1st, 1855, compensation is fixed, under the head of "Barbary States," for consuls to all those places except Algiers, and no provision is anywhere made for the appointment- of a consul at that place, or for compensation to one there, showing that Congress did not then think that a consul with a salary there existed, or was there requii'ed.
The act of August 18th, 1856, enumerates the same places, under the same bead of Barbary States, at which consuls are to be appointed to reside, and designates their compensation, omitting, as in the act of 1855, the city of Algiers, and provides that consuls uot thus enumerated shall be entitled, as compensation for their services, to such fees as they may collect, a provision which in effect declares, when read in connection with the preceding clauses of the act, that they shall receive no other compensation. And this latter act repeals all acts and parts of acts inconsistent with its provisions.
We find no error in the judgment of the Court of Claims, and it is accordingly
Affirmed.
Halleck on International Law, chap. 10, § 2l, 22; Opinions of the Attorneys-General, vol. vii, 846-848.
8 Stat. at Large, 244.
8 Stat. at Large, 106; 10 Id. 992.
10 Id. b21.
11 Id. 52.