Mr. Justice Brewer,
after stating the case, delivered- the opinion of the court.
"Without noticing other questions discussed by counsel, it is sufficient to consider that of plaintiff's interest in the policy. It is the settled law of this court that a claimant under a life insurance policy must have an insurable interest in the life of the insured. Wagering contracts in insurance have been repeatedly denounced. Cammack v. Lewis, 15 Wall. 643, in which a policy of $3000, taken out to secure a debt of $70, was declared " a sheer wagering policy." Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Co. v. Schaefer, 94 U. S. 457, 461, in which it was said: " In cases where the insurance is effected merely by way of indemnity, as where a creditor insures the life of his debtor, for the purpose of securing his debt, the amount of insurable interest is the amount of the debt." Warnock v. Davis, 104 U. S. 775.
Confessedly, plaintiff sues as a creditor of O'Brien. Within the language quoted, the amount of his insurable interest was the amount of his debt; and the question is whether the policy and the proofs of death contained sufficient evidence of such insurable interest. It is unnecessary to enter into the disputed question, as to how far .a policy of insurance taken out by a creditor on the life of his debtor is affected by a change in the relations between debtor and creditor prior to 'the maturity of the policy ; for here the contract was .between the insured, O'Brien, and the company; the promise of the company was to him, and to pay to' him at the maturity of the policy, with a proviso that if the insured died ^before the end of the term payment should be made "to Michael Orotty, his creditor, if living; if not, then to the said Michael O'Brien's executors," etc. The words "if not" grammatically stand in antithesis to the words immediately prior, " if living; " and yet considering the purpose of the contract, and the words which follow directly thereafter, it would seem not unréasonable that they'refer to a determination of the relation of creditor, and as though the language was,. " if not a creditor, then to the said Michael O'Brien's executors," etc: If a policy of insurance be taken out by a debtor on his own life, naming a creditor as beneficiary, or-with a subsequent assignment to a creditor, the general doctrine is that on payment of the debt the creditor loses' all interest therein, and the policy becomes one for the benefit of the. insured, and collectible by his executors or administrators. In 2 May on Insurance (3d ed.,) sec. 459a, the author says" A creditor's claim upon the proceeds of insurance intended to secure the ' debt should go no further than indemnity, and all beyond the debt, premiums and expenses should go to the debtor and his representatives, or remain with the company, according as the insurance is upon life or on property." Central Bank v. Hume, 128 U. S. 195, 205. But whatever doubts may exist as to the law applicable to such cases, or the rights' of action on such a policy, the plaintiff in this case put, his own construction on the contract, and tendered an issue which was accepted by the company. He alleged'that he was a creditor at the time of the contract, and at the time'. of the death. ITuon the issue thus presented the case yvent to-»trial. The promise of the policy is to pay to Michael Grotty, his creditor, if living; and it is contended that this is an- ádmission on the part of the company sufficient' to justify a verdict against it.If an admission at all, it is good only as an admission of the date at which it was made, to wit, the date of the policy.1 The relation of debtor and creditor is not a permanent, one, like that of parent and child, but one which may vary from day to day, changing both in fact and amount, according to. the successive business transactions -between the parties. St>, admission or proof that the relation of debtor and creditor existed between two parties at one date is. not admission or .proof that months thereafter the same relation- and to the same -amount subsisted. If it were proven that the relation' of debtor and creditor existed at the date of-, the issuing of-the policy,, and the beneficiary died the succeeding day, it might be that the nearness qf the two dates would carry with it an inference that- the relation still subsisted; but it would 1 not do to rest on the same inference .when many months had • intervened between the date of the policy and the time of death.
Again, the indebtedness of O'Brien to plaintiff, if .any existed,.was a matter peculiarly within the knowledge of plaintiff ; and if that indebtedness is an essential factor in his right to recover, justice requires that he should by affirmative testimony establish both the fact and the amount.
Still, again, not only does justice between the parties, but' also that public policy which denounces wagering contracts, require that the proof of indebtedness should be distinct and satisfactory. It would tend to a successful consummation of .wag-: ering contracts in insurance if the mere recital in the policy was held sufficient to sustain a recovery in favor of the alleged creditor, no matter how long after the date of the policy the death of • -the insured happened. Admissions, whether direct or incidental, should never be carried beyond their actual extent, or the reasonable inforences therefrom, and should not be invoked to work injustice to parties litigant, or thwart the demands of sound-public policy.
Neither can the statements of the plaintiff in his proofs of death be considered evidence in his favor of the fact that he is a creditor, or the amount of the debt. All that there is in the proofs of death is his own statement, and surely a plaintiff cannot make his sworn statements at another time and • place sufficient evidence, on a trial, of the existence of an essential and disputed fact. These statements are evidence against the claimant, and not against the insurance company: Insurance Co. v. Newton, 22 Wall. 32. Nor is the fact that the proofs of death were received by the insurance company without question an admission on its part of the truth of all the matters stated therein. The purpose of proofs of death in life insurance and proofs of loss in fire insurance cases is to put the insurance company in possession of the facts concerning the- death or loss as claimed by the beneficiary or insured upon which it is'to base its determination as to making or refusing payment, and when it receives such proofs without question it is an admission on its part that they are in form sufficient, but not that all the facts stated therein are true.
The policy in this case called for proofs of death; and the company by its answeradmitted that satisfactory proofs had been furnished. The fact that, in the blank it prepared and sent to be filled out, it asked many questions which were answered by the claimant, and the proofs thus made were received without objection, did not prevent the company from challenging in court the trutli of any fact stated therein essential to the plaintiff's right of recovery, and did not amount to an admission on its part respecting such fact. The case of Life Insurance Company v. Francisco, 17 Wall. 672, is cited by plaintiff as authority for. a contrary view. There is perhaps a sentence or two in the opinion" which, detached from the rest, and considered apart from the facts of the case, might justify the claim of plaintiff. That wás a suit on a contract of life insurance. The insured died before the policy was actually issued. If it had been issued it would have contained a stipulation that " payment of the loss would be made within ninety days after notice of the death, and due proóf of the just claim, of the assured." The beneficiary was the wife of the' insured. On the trial the plaintiff offered evidence to prove the contract and. the death of her husband; that she had filled up in the presence of the company's agent the blank forms which it had furnished, and-which were always used in making proofs of death; and that he had received without objection and retained them; but offered no evidence as to the contents of those papers. She rested her case upon this testimony, and the court refused an instruction that she could not recover. This court held that such instruction was properly refused. Of course, as a wife, she had an insurable interest. Proof of the contract and of her husband's death established the fact of her right to; recover, unless she had failed to furnish due proofs of her just'cíaims ; but as the company received them without objection, and did not return them for correction, it was properly held that they were sufficient. All that was in • fact determined was that if the. proofs were retained without objection the court could not décíare them insufficient.
Further, in the case before us, the blank which Avas furnished to the plaintiff by the company, and upon which he prepared the statements, Contained this notice:
" This blank is furnished (upon application) for the convenience and assistance of the representatives of the insured, and the company reserves the right to consider and determine the question of its liability under any policy without prejudice or presumption by reason of the delivery hereof."
So the party had full information in advance that the company's right to challenge its liability would not be in any manner prejudiced by the receipt of these proofs of death, or any statements therein.
"We see no error in the ruling of the court below, and its judgment is
Affirmed.
Mr. Justice Gray was not present at the argument and took no part in the decision of this case."