Mr. Justice Gray
delivered the opinion of the court. After stating the facts as reported above, he continued:
The only matter in contest is the validity of the taxes assessed upon the lots on F Street for the-five years between June 30, 1875, and June 30, 1880, under the annual acts of Congress of March 3, 1875, ch. 162, and July 12, 1876, ch. 180, and the permanent act of March 3, 1877, ch. 117, authorizing the levy of taxes for the support of the government of the District of Columbia, the material provisions of which are as follows:
The eighth section of each of these statutes exempts from taxation houses for the reformation of offenders, almshouses, buildings devoted to art or belonging to institutions of purely public charity, " church buildings, and grounds actually occupied by such buildings," houses to improve the condition of sea'inen or soldiers, free public library buildings, and cemeteries.
The act of 1875 adds: " The lands or grounds appurtenant to any said'house or building, so far as reasonably needed and actually used for the convenient enjoyment of any. said house-or building for its legitimate purpose and no other; but if any • portion of any said building, house, grounds, or cemetery, so in terms excepted, is used to secure a rent or income, or for any business purpose, such portion of the same, or a sum equal in value to such portion, shall be taxed, against the owner of said building or grounds." 18 Stat. 503.
The acts of 1876 and 1877 substitute for this addition a provision to the same effect, though differing somewhat in form, as follows: " But if any portion of any. such building, house, grounds or cemetery, so in terms excepted, is larger than is reasonably needed [in the act of, 1876' — "absolutely required," in the act of 1877] and actually used for its legitimate purpose and none other, or is used to secure a rent or income, or for any business purpose, such portion of the same, or a sum equal in value to such portion, shall be taxed against the owner of said building or grounds." 19 Stat. 85, 399.
Upon the construction most favorable to the appellant, these statutes exempt nothing from taxation beyond church buildings and grounds actually occupied for such buildings, and the lands or grounds appurtenant to any such building, so far as reasonably needed and actually used for its convenient enjoyment for its legitimate purpose. Even parts of the exempted buildings and lands, if used to secure a rent or income, or for any business purpose, are taxable. But land which is neither actually occupied for a church building, nor reasonably needed and actually used for the'convenient- enjoyment of the building as a church, is not exempt from taxation, whether it is used for any other purpose or not.
We are not disposed to deny that grounds left open around a church, not merely to admit light and air, but also to add to its beauty and attractiveness, may, .if not used or intended to be used for any other purpose, be' exempt from taxation under these statutes.
But upon the uncontroverted facts of the present caso -it was not only unnecessary for the enjoyment of the church that the F Street lots should remain vacant, but the very reason for placing the church to the northward of these lots, instead of putting it in the middle of the whole land controlled by the ecclesiastical authorities, was to enable a revenue to be derived from the lease or sale of these lots. Under such circumstances, these lots were not exempt from taxation, even before they had been actually so leased.
The objection, taken in argument, that the act of March 3, 1877, is unconstitutional, because it provides that the tax upon all lands within the District of Columbia, outside of the cities of Washington and Georgetown, and held and used solely for agricultural purposes, shall be a dollar and a quarter on the hundred, and upon all other real and personal property in the District, not expressly exempted, a dollar and a hah on the hundred, is founded on a misunderstanding of the case of Loughborough v. Blake, 5 Wheat. 317.
The point there decided was that an act of Congress, laying a direct tax throughout the United States in proportion to the census directed to be taken by the Constitution, might comprehend the District of Columbia; and the power of Congress, legislating as a local legislature for the District, to levy taxes for District purposes only, in like manner as the legislature of a State may tax the people of a State for State purposes, was expressly admitted, and has never since been doubted. 5 Wheat. 318; Welch v. Cook, 97 U. S. 541; Mattingly v. District of Columbia, 97 U. S. 687. In the exercise of this power, Congress, like any State legislature unrestricted by constitutional provisions, may at its discretion wholly exempt certain classes of property from taxation, or may tax them at a lower rate than other property.
Decree affirmed.