Me. Justice White,,
after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion, of the court.
As will appear by .the statement just made, whilst two grounds under the Constitution of the United States were asserted in the bill as originally filed and as amended, the cause was in effect submitted to the court for decree upon one of the constitutional grounds alone — that is, the alleged impairment of the obligations of certain asserted contracts. Conceding that the alleged rights based on the due process clause were not waived, but were merely reserved for future action, it is manifest that the motion of the complainant for decree on the face of the pleadings confined the controversy exclusively to the alleged contract rights, and we shall therefore treat the case as if it solely involved such rights. The facts necessary to a determination of the question of contracts and their impairment appear on the face of the pleadings, and may be summarized as follows:
On August 25, 1879, an ordinance was passed by the city council of Cleveland, granting to the Kinsman Street Railroad Company, an Ohio corporation, a renewal franchise for twenty-, five years from September 20, 1879, to-reconstruct, maintain arid operate its street railroad in arid-through certain, streets of the city of Cleveland; The ordinance was duly accepted. •A section óf the ordinance was. as follows:
"Sec. 7. Said company shall not charge more than five • cents fare each way for one passenger over the whole or any part of its line, but said company may charge a reasonable compensation for carrying packages; the council, however, reserves to itself the right to hereafter increase or diminish the rate, of fare as it may déeiri justifiable and expedient."
In 1880 another Ohio corporation, known as the Woodland Avenue Railway Company, then operating a line of street railroad under several grants "from the city of Cleveland, became, by purchase, the .owner of the Kinsman Street Railroad, and thereafter operated such road..
The. Woodland Avenue Railway. Company in May,. 1883, was granted by ordinance the right to construct an extension of. its line., and provision was made in the ordinance for a charge of one fare over the entire line, including the extension. The extension was built and operated as' required by the ordinance.
At the- timé- the ordinance éxtending the Woodland Avenue road just referred to was passed there was in existence another Ohio corporation, styled the West Side Street Railroad Company, operating a line of railroad in Cleveland under a franchise granted by the city council of Cleveland for a term of twenty-five years from' February 10, 1883. - This road was independent of -the Woodland Avenue Railway Company, and operated its cars chiefly upon the west side of the CuyahogaRiver, the Woodland Avenue line being upon the east side. There was no exchange of traffic between the roads by way of- transfers/and each was charging a fare of five cents over its line. In 1885, with .this condition of affairs existing, the roads named were consolidated as the Woodland Avenue and West Side Street Railroad Company, and the consolidated company became vested with all the property, .rights and privileges of the two constituent companies. The ordinance, the acceptance of which accomplished such consolidation, was as follows : " "
"An ordinance to fix the terms and conditions upon which the railway tracks of the West Side Street Railroad-Company and the tracks of the Woodland AvenUe Railway Company and said companies may be consolidated.- ;
"Sec: l; Be it ordained by the city council'of the city of. Cleveland, That the consent of the city is hereby given to the consolidation of the West Side Street Railroad Company and the Woodland Avenue Railway Company on the following conditions:
"The said consolidated company to carry passengers .through" - without change of cars by running all cars through from the workhouse on the Woodland Avenue Railway to the point on the West; Side Street. Railroad where Condon avenue crosses Lorain street, and, when practicable in the judgment of the council, to do likewise on the branches of the consolidated line, and that for a single fare from' any point to any point on the line or branches of-the consolidated road no greater charge' than, five cents shall be collected," and that tickets .at the rate of eleven for. fifty cents or twenty-two for one dollar shall -at all times be kept for salé on the cars by conductors.
"Sec. 2. Said consolidated company shall be subject to all the liabilities, conditions and penalties to which said several companies are liable; and said consolidated company and.its tracks shall at all times be subject to the. control, regulation and supervision of the city council, to the same extent that the same several companies and their tracks are now liable.
"Sec. 3. This ordinance shall -take effect and be in force from.and after its passage and legal publication, the filing with the city of a written agreement accepting and agreeing to the terms thereof, signed by the proper persons for the companies consolidated, and the payment to the city of the expenses of printing and publishing this ordinance.
"Passed February 16, 1885."
By ordinance dated April 8, 1887, duly accepted, the Woodland Avenue and West Side Street Railroad Company was authorized to lay- an additional track and extend its line of railroad. The first section of the ordinance reads as follows:
"Sec. 1. Be it ordained by the city council of the city of Cleveland, That the Woodland Avenue and West Side Street Railroad Company, its' successors and assigns, be and the same is hereby authorized and empowered to lay an additional track in Franklin avenue, between Pearl street and the westerly line of Franklin circle,' and to extend its line of railroad to Franklin avenue from the-westerly line of Franklin circle, to Kentucky street, as a single track railroad, and connect with the tracks of said company in Kentucky street, as shown on a plan accompanying the petition of said railroad company and referred to the board' of improvements March 14, 1887, and to eqüip and operate said extension as herein provided, but on •the express condition that no increase of fare shall be charged, by said railroad company on apy part of its main line or on said extension, and so that but one fare, not to exceed five cents, shall be charged between any points on said company's main line-or extension, including the extension herein.granted, and said company shall sell tickets on its cars as follows: Eleven (11) tickets for fifty cents, and twenty-two (22) for one-dollar. And the right herein granted shall terminate with, the present grant'of the main line, to wit, on the 10th day of February, 1908."
By ordinance dated August 12, 1887, duly accepted, the .Woodland Avenue and West Side Street Railroad Company was.authorized to-build, equip and operate an extension of its road therein provided for, the first section containing a pro-; vision as to rates of fare and the time of expiration of the .light granted, "similar to that contained in the first section of the ordinance of April 8, 1887, above quoted. The said railroad company also duly' accepted an ordinance, passed On or about June 20, 1892, by the city council of Cleveland, relating to the laying of an additional track on Kinsman- street, and the first -section of the ordinance contained a similar provision to that embodied in the two ordinances last referred to, respecting rates of fare and the time when the right granted should expire.
Prior to May, 1.893, besides the Woodland Avenue and West Side Street Railroad Company, there existed in Cleveland a railroad corporation known as the Cleveland City Cable' Railway Company. This corporation, as the successor in right of previous corporations, operated two street railroad lines, one by horse power and the other by cable, and each of said lines charged a cash fare of five cents,
In June, 1893, with the approval of the common council of the city of Cleveland, the Cleveland City Cable Railway Company and the Woodland Avenue and West Side Street Railroad Company became a consolidated corporation, under the name of the Cleveland City Railway Company, the complainant in this cause. By the consolidation it was provided that the lines should be operated as' one system, that proper transfers - should be issued, and that but one fare should be charged for a continuous passage upon any portion of the consolidated lines.
It is admitted that, as the result of the various ordinances and consolidations above referred to, the corporations ceased to charge a cash fare of five cents for riding over the roads embraced in the Kinsman street railroád ordinance of 1879, and on the other roads which had been at that time in existence; and, on the contrary, in consequence of the ordinances and authorized consolidations, there was charged only five cents for a ride over the whole system or systems, and tickets were sold and transfers issued as, provided in the various ordinances. It is not asserted that the corporations at any time failed to perform the additional obligations imposed upon them by the various ordinances passed subsequently to 1879.
On October 17, 1898, an ordinance was adopted by the council, of the city of Cleveland, reading- as follows:
"An ordinance to provide for a diminution' of the rate, of fare under section 7 of an ordinance passed August 25, 1879, entitled 'An ordinance granting a renewal of franchise to the Kinsman Street Railroad Company to reconstruct, maintain and operate its street railroad in and through certain streets of the city of Cleveland.'
"Whereas, the city council did, on the 25th day of August,. 1879, pass an ordinance entitled 'An ordinance granting a renewal of franchise to the Kinsman Street Railroad Company to reconstruct, maintain and operate its street railroad in and through certain streets of the city of Cleveland,' by which ordinance said Kinsman Street Railroad Company, its successors, and assigns, were authorized to reconstruct, maintain and operate its double-track street railroad, commencing on Superior street at the intersection of Water street, thence to and around the. southwest corner of Monumental square, to Ontario street; .thence through Ontario street to and through á portion of Broadway street to Woodland avenue (formerly Kinsman street), thence through said avenue to Madison avenue, subject to certain conditions and limitations; and '
"Whereas, it was ordainéd, as part of these conditions and limitations (section 7), that 'said company shall not charge •more than five cents fare each way for one passenger qver the whole or any part of its line, but said company may'charge a .reasonable- compensation for carrying packages; .the council, however, reserves to itself the right to. hereafter increase or diminish thé rate of fare as it may. deem justifiable and expedient;' and .
" Whereas, the council does now .deem justifiable and expedient a diminútion of the rate of fare, therefore—
. "Sec. 1. Be it ordained by the city council of .the city of Cleveland, That the rate of- fare for a single continuous passage over tfie lines, and all extensions thereof, operated under the aforesaid grant to the'said Kinsman Street Railroad .Company, be, and is hereby, fixed at four (4). cents cash fare over the whole or any-part thereof.'
' "Sec. 2. F.or the better accommodation of the public any person, company or corporation operating said. line, of railway under said; grant shall at all times keep on sale on the cars, when ip operation, tickets good for a single continuous passage. over said lines and all extensions thereof at the rate of seven tickets for twentyrfive cents.
"-"Sec. 3. This ordinance • shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage "and. legal publication.".
And this ordinance is- the one complained of, the . enforcement of which the final- decree below enjoined. '
Bearing the facts aboYe stated in mind, we come to consider .the merits of the case. Before proceeding, however, to do so we must dispose of contentions made below and reiterated in the argument in this court, concerning the jurisdiction of tlie Circuit Court.
The alleged want of jurisdiction in the Circuit Court is based upon two.propositions, first, that the suit is not one. arising under the Constitution of the United States; and, second, that the subject matter of the suit is not within the cognizance of a court of equity.
Thé argument in support of the first contention presents a twofold aspect:' (a) That as the reduction of fares provided in the.assailed ordinance only related to carriage over that portion of the consolidated road which was'formerly owned by the Kinsman Street Railroad Company, no impairment of the obligation of a contract could or did arise, because in the ordinance of 187.9 there was an express reservation of the right of the city to alter the rates of fare as to the road affected by that ordinance.
The proposition is without merit. It assumes a false issue and upon that erroneous premise, .the challenge to the.jurisdiction is based. The complainant did not rély -upon a contract arising from the ordinance of 1879. but upon the contracts alleged to have resulted from the subsequent ordinances, which it was in substance asserted had deprived the city of the power to exercise the right reserved in the ordinance of 1879, and it was these subsequent contracts which it was contended were impaired by the assailed ordinance.
(b) That there was no jurisdiction, even although the complainant relied upon contracts arising from the ordinances adopted subsequent to that of 1879. To constitute the impairment of a contract within the sense of the Constitution, it is correctly argued, requires that some subsequent action taken by the State or under it's authority should have been given effect as against the contract. The argument is that as there had not been delegated by the State of Ohio to the city of Cleveland independent authority to reduce rates of fares on street railroads, and as the power asserted by the assailed ordinance was based solely on the right reserved in the ordinance of 1879, it follows that the assailed ordinance, even if unwarranted was not an impairment of a contract right in the constitutional sense.
This proposition is in conflict with the one just considered, and in effect assumes, that the defence of the city was without merit, and hence there was no jurisdiction. But irrespective of the assumption upon which it rests, the proposition is untenable, and the argument by which it is sought to be sustained, is somewhat wanting in consistency. The passage by tjie city of the assailed ordinance necessarily amounted to an assertion on its part .that the legislative authority vested in it to pass the ordinance of 1879 gave the continued power to pass subsequent ordinances executing the rights, -initiated by the ordinance of 1879, despite the ordinances which had supervened. This in its very essence was the assertion of a delegated power to legislate against the contracts embodied in the ordinances relied upon. We have said that the argument is somewhat wanting in. consistency, because the contention of the city on the record is that the ordinances asserted as contracts, passed subsequently to 1879, did not deprive the city of the continued power to exert authority as to rates, because the statutes of Ohio prevented the city from abrogating, by the subsequent contracts, the rights reserved in the ordinances of 1879. And this is but to assert that, as a consequence of the continued effect of the legislation of the State of Ohio, the city had the power to passv the assailed ordinance, even although it had apparently disabled itself from so doing by the passage of many ordinances adopted after 1879 and up to the time when the assailed ordinance was passed. These considerations distinguish this case from Hamilton Gas Light Co. v. Hamilton City, 146 U. S. 258, and St. Paul Gas Light Co. v. St. Paul, 181 U. S. 142, relied upon by the appellant.
Respecting the contention that the case presented by the record was not within the jurisdiction of a court of equity, it suffices to say that, in view of the controversies, confusion, risks and multiplicity of suits which would necessarily have been occasioned by the resistance of the complainant to the enforcement of the ordinance, and in view of the public interests and the vast number of people to be affected, the case was one within the jurisdiction of a court of equity. This conclusion is, we think, besides inevitable, when it' is .borne in mind that the ordinance in question did not purport to reduce rates of. fare upon the consolidated line, but was • made operative alone upon a section of that line, and, therefore, nécessarily, would have engendered the. enforcement of two rates of fare over the same line, leading to consequences dangerous to' the public interest, peace and tranquillity, the extent of which it would be difficult in advance to perceive. And. this, we think, brings the case directly within the principle by which jurisdiction in equity was maintained in Detroit v. Detroit Citizens' Street Railway Co., 184 U. S. 368.
We come then to the merits. For convenience of reference we copy in the margin' pertinent sections of the Revised Stat lites of Ohio, embracing all which, either directly or indirectly, during the period covered by the ordinances set out in the bill, vested the municipal council of Cleveland with power to regu late or to contract in respect to the rates of fare to be charged by street railways.
The statutes show that there was lodged by the legislature of Ohio in the municipal council of Cleveland comprehensive power to contract with street railway companies in respect to the terms and conditions upon which such roads might be constructed, operated, extended and consolidated, the only limitation upon the power being that in case of an extension or consolidation no increase in the rate of fare should be allowed.
That.in passing ordinances, based upon the grant of power referred to, the municipal council of Cleveland was exercising a portion of the authority of the State, as an agency of- the State, cannot in reason be disputed. If, therefore, the ordinances passed after August, 1879, and referred to previously, which ordinances- were accepted by the predecessors of the complainant, with whom it is in privity, constituted contracts in respect to the rates of fare to be thereafter charged upon the "consolidated and extended lines (affected by the ordinances) as an entirety, it necessarily follows that the ordinance of October, 1898, impaired these contracts.
. The question' for decision then is Did the consolidated ordinance of February, 1885, and the ordinances thereafter passed and accepted, already referred to, constitute binding contracts in respect to the rates of fare to be thereafter exacted -upon the consolidated and extended lines of the complainant?
. That in the courts- of Ohio the acceptance of an ordinance of the character of those just referred to is deemed to create a binding contract is settled. Railway Co. v. Village of Carthage, 36 Ohio St. 631, 634; City of Columbus v. Street Railroad Co., 45 Ohio St. 98. But let us consider the question without treating the Ohio decisions as conclusive. It is undoubtedly true that immediately before and for a long time prior to the passage of the ordinances concerning the various-qonsolidations and extensions referred to the respective roads affected thereby were charging a cash fare of five cents over their respective lines, and that the effect of the consolidations and extensions was to secure to the public the benefit of a cash fare of five cents over the whole length of the consolidated and extended lines. '
' Now, undoubtedly, the common council of Cleveland, in authorizing the extension and consolidation of the lines of street railroads in question, did so because in its opinion such extensions arid consolidations would operate beneficially to-the public'. See near the close of sec. 2505, Rev. Stat. Ohio, previously inserted in the margin. That in exercising these powers' it was the intention of the city to avail of the authority conferred by' section 3443 of the Revised Statutes of Ohio, "to fix the terms and conditions upon which such' railways may be constructed, operated, extended and consolidated," and that it wasaísó the intention of the city to execute binding agreements in respect to the rates of fare to be thereafter charged by the railroad companies, will, we think, ' become clearly apparent by considering the language employed in the ordinances. Thus in the ordinance of February 16, 1885, fixing the terms and conditions upon which the West Side Street Railroad Company and the Woodland Avenue Railway Company, and the tracks of those companies, might be consolidated, it was specifically provided "that for a single fare from any point to any point on the line or branches of the consolidated road no greater charge than five cents shall be collected, and that tickets at the rate of eleven for fifty cents or twenty-two for one dollar' shall at all times be kept for sale on thé cars by conductors." The acceptance of this ordinance by the railroad companies affected thereby was required to be in writing, and filed with the city. Like provisions were contained in the ordinance of April 8, 1887, authorizing the laying of an additional track and the extension of the lines of the Woodland Avenue and West Side Street Railroad Company, and there was also á declaration, following the authorization of the extension and the rates to be charged on the' whole line, that "The right herein granted shall terminate with the present grant of the main line, to wit, on the 10th day of February, 1908." . The ordinance of August 12, 1887, authorizing a further extension, and the ordinance of June 20,1892, authorizing the double tracking of a portion of the line, contained similar language.
.In reason, the conclusion that contracts were engendered, would seem to result from the fact that the provisions as to rates of fare were fixed in ordinances for a stated time and no reservation was made' of a right to alter, that by those ordinances existing rights of the corporations were surrendered^ benefits were •conferred upon the public, and obligations were imposed upon the corporations to continue those benefits during the stipulated time. When, in addition, we consider the specific reference to limitations of time which the ordinances contained, and the fact that a written acceptance by the corporations of the ordinances was required, we can see no escape from the conclusion, that the ordinances were intended to be agreements binding upon both parties definitely fixing the rates of fare which might be thereafter charged. Taking all the circumstances above referred to into account, the case before us- clearly falls within the rule as. to the binding character of agreements respecting. rates applied in Detroit v. Detroit Citizen' Street Railway Company, 184 U. S. 368, and approvingly referred to in Knoxville Water Co. v. Knoxville, 189 U. S. 434, 437. This being the case, the question is whether the ordinance of ,1898 impaired the obligations of those contracts.
By the assailed ordinance the city of Cleveland, assuming to assert continuing delegated power and upon the theory that the subsequent contracts were void as to that power, disregarded the provisions for consolidations, extensions, etc., and whilst retaining all the benefits procured by the ordinances for the public, reduced the cash and ticket fares over the portions of the line embraced in the ordinance of 1879, of the Kinsman Street Railroad, which had long since lost its identity and become merged with other roads. ' That this was an impairment of the contracts embodied in the prior ordinances, we think is free from doubt.
Finally, it is contended that the ordinances embodying the contracts were void in so far as they attempted to deprive the city of the continuing legislative power to act on the reserva-' tion contained in the ordinance of 1879. This is based on the assumption that the right reserved in that.ordinance to increase or reduce rates-of fare was an obligation and liability imposed upon the railroad corporation within the meaning of section 2502 of the Revised Statutes of Ohio, declaring that a municipal corporation should not, during the term of a grant or renewal thereof, release the grantee from any obligation or liability imposed by grant. But it has been held in Ohio, on reasoning commending itself, that a modification of a contract' between a municipality and the owner of a street railroad, made in good faith for the better accommodation of the public, is not void by virtue of said section 2502' of the Revised Statutes of Ohio. Clement v. City of Cincinnati, 16 Weekly Law Bulletin, 355, (decided June 14, 1886, by the general term of the Superior Court of Cincinnati; leave, to file a petition in error refused by the Supreme Court of Ohio, on January 17, 1888. 19 Weekly Law Bulletin, 74).
It is further contended "that any attempt to treat the consent to extensions, consolidations or change of motive power as renewals of the rights renewed" by the ordinance of 1879, must be nugatory in view of the positive provisions of the statute above cited, which confer upon municipal corporations power, to make such renewals only a,t the expiration of existing grants." This contention has.also been passed upon by the courts- of Ohio, construing 'the provisions of the Revised Statutes of that State, relied upon, and -it has been held that re newals may be made before the expiration of the original grant. State v. East Cleveland Railroad Company, 6 Ohio Circuit Court Rep. 318, affirmed by the Supreme Court of Ohio without opinion, 27 Weekly Law Bulletin, 64.
Concluding, as we do, that the ordinance of 1898, impaired the obligations of contracts entered into by the city of Clevéland fixing the rate of fare to be charged on the lines of railroad operated by the complainant, the decree of the Circuit Court adjudging the nullity of this ordinance was right, and it is therefore -
' Affirmed.
Mr. Justice Harlan took no part in the decision of this cause.