Mb. Justice White,
after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court.
The points urged at bar on behalf of the petitioners as es-' tablishing that the decrees below should be reversed and the bill of complaint dismissed, and in any event the' injunction be modified and restricted, are the following:
"1. The bill of complaint does not state a cause of action, either at law or in equity, against any of the defendants, even though the tickets in which' they dealt are in form non-transferable, when the original purchasers disposed of them in breach of their contract with the complainant."
"2. The complainant has shown no sufficient ground for equitable intervention, since, assuming, but not admitting, that the acts charged against the defendants are wrongful) •tortious or even fraudulent, it has a . plain, adequate and complete remedy at law to redress such wrpngs."
"3. There was an improper, joinder of defendants and of independent causes of action. The bill is multifarious and the case does not fall within the rule concerning the avoidance of a multiplicity of . suits."
"4. The Circuit Court was without jurisdiction, notwithstanding the colorable averments contained in the bill that the injury sustained in consequence of the defendants' act exceeded two thousand dollars, .there being no foundation in fact in support of such averment."
"5. 'the decree of injunction awarded by the Circuit Court of Appeals, so far as it relates to non-transferable tickets, that may be hereafter issued, is'in effect the exercise of legislative as distinct from judicial power, 'since it undertakes to promulgate a rule applicable to' conditions and 'circumstances which have not: yet arisen, and to prohibit the petitioners from dealing in tickets not in esse, and not even in contemplation, and is, therefore, violative of the most fundamental principle of our Government."
Stated in logical sequence and reduced to their essence, these propositions assert:
First, want of jurisdiction from the insufficiency.' of the amount involved, want of power in a court :of equity to grant relief because on the face of the1 bill relief at law was adequate, and because equitable relief was improper on account'of misjoinder of parties and causes Of action.
Second, .because the case as made did not entitle to reliéf, since it did not show the commission of any legal wrong by' the defendants.
Third, because conceding the right to relief the remedy by injunction which the court accorded was so broad as in effect to amount to the exertion of legislative as distinct from judicial power, and hence was equivalent to the denial of due process of law.
As, for reasons hereafter to be stated, wé think the contentions embodied in the first proposition as to want of jurisdiction, etc., are without merit, we come at once to the funda mental question involved in the second proposition, that is, the absence of averment or proof as to the commission of a legal wrong by the defendant.
• That the complainant had the lawful right to sell nontransferable tickets of the character alleged in the bill at reduced rates we think is not open to controversy, and that the condition of non-transferability and forfeiture embodied in such tickets was not -.only binding upon the original purchaser but upon any one who acquired such a ticket and attempted to use the same in violation of its terms is also settled. Mosher v. Railroad Co., 127 U. S. 390. See, also, Boylan v. Hot Springs Co., 132 U. S. 146.
True these cases were decided before the passage of the act to regulate commerce, but the power of carriers engaged in interstate commerce to issue non-transferable reduced rate excursion tickets was expressly recognized by that act, and the operation and binding effect of the non-transferable clause in such tickets upon all thi^d. persons acquiring the same and attempting to use them, and the duty of the'carrier in such case to use due diligence to enforce a forfeiture results from the context of the act. Thus by § 22 (24 Stat. 387; 25 Stat. 862) it was provided "that nothing in this act shall prevent . . . the issuance-of mileage, excursion, or commutation tickets." And it is to be observed that despite the frequent changes in the act including the comprehensive amendments embodied in the act of June 29, 1906, 34 Stat. 584, the provision in question remains in force, although the Interstate Commerce Commission, charged with the administrative enforcement of the act, -has directed the attention of Congress to .the importance of defining the scope of such tickets in view of the abuses which might arise from the exercise of the right to issue them. 2 Int. Com. Comm. Rep. 529, 539. And when the restrictions embodied in the act concerning eqüality of rates and the prohibitions against preferences are borne in mind the conclusion cannot be escaped that the right to issue tickets of the class referred to carried with it the duty on the carrier of exercising due diligence to prevent the use of such tickets by other than the original purchasers, and therefore caused the non-transferable clause to be operative and effective- against anyone who wrongfully might attempt to use such tickets. Any other view would cause the act to destroy • itself, since it would necessarily imply that the recognition of . the power to issue reduced rate excursion tickets conveyed; with it the right to disregard the prohibitions against preferences which it was one of the great purposes of the act to. render efficacious. This must follow, since, if the return portion of the round trip ticket be used by one not entitled to the ticket, and who otherwise would have had to pay the full one way fare, the person so successfully traveling on .the ticket woüld not only defraud the carrier but efféctually enjoy a preférence over similar one way travelers who had paid their full fare and who were unwilling to be participants in a fraud upon the railroad company.
Any third person acquiring a non-transferable reduced rate railroad ticket, from the original purchaser, being therefore bound by the clause forbidding transfer, and the ticket in the ffiands of . all such persons being subject to forfeiture on an attemjpt being made tó use the same for passage, it may well be questioned whether the purchaser of such ticket .acquired anything more than a limited and qualified ownership thereof, and whether the carrier did not, for the purpose of enforcing the forfeiture, retain a subordinate interest in the ticket amounting to a right of property therein which a court of equity would protect. Board of Trade v. Christie Grain & Stock Co., 198 U. S. 236, and authorities there cited. See also, Sperry & Hutchinson Co. v. Mechanics' Clothing Co., 128 Fed. Rep. 800. We pass this question, however, because the want of merit , in-the contention that the case as made did not disclose the. commission of- a legal wrong conclusively results from a previous decision of this, court. The. case is Angle v. Chicago, St. Paul &c. Ry. Co., 151 U. S. 1, where it was held that an actionable wrong is committed by one who "maliciously interferes in a contract between two parties and induces one of them to break that contract to the injury of the other." That this principle embraces a case like the present, that is, the carrying on of the business of purchasing and selling nontransferable reduced rate railroad tickets for profit to the injury of thenailroad company issuing such tickets' is, we think, clear. It is not necessary that the ingredient of actual -malice in the sense of personal ill will should exist to bring this controversy within the doctrine of the Angle case. The wanton disregard of. the rights of a carrier causing injury to it, which the business of purchasing and selling non-transferable reduced rate tickets of necessity involved, constitute legal malice within the doctrine of the Angle case. We deem it unnecessary to restate the grounds upon which the 'ruling.in the Angle case was rested or to trace the evolutibn of the. principle in that case announced, because .of the, consideration given to the subject in the Angle case and the full reference to the authorities which was made in the opinion in that case.
Certain ig it that the doctrine of thé Angle case has been frequently applied in cases which involved the identical question here at issue—that is, whether a legal wrong was committed by the dealing in non-transferable reduced rate railroad excursion tickets. Pennsylvania Railroad Co. v. Beekman, 30 Wash. (D. C.) Law Rep. 715; Ill. Central R. R. Co. v. Caffrey, 128 Fed. Rep. 770; Delaware, Lack. & West. R. R. Co. v. Frank, 110 Fed. Rep. 689; Nashville, C. & St. L. Ry. Co. v. McConnell, 82 Fed. Rep. 65.
Indeed, it is shown by decisions of various state courts of last resort that the wrong occasioned by the dealing in nontransferable reduced rate railroad tickets has been deemed to be so serious as. to call for express legislative prohibition correcting the evil. Kinner v. Lake Shore & Mich. Southern Ry. Co., 69. Ohio j3t. 339; Schubach v. McDonald, 179 Missouri, 163, and cases cited; Samuelson v. State, 95 S. W. Rep. 1012. In the case last referred to, where the subjebt is elaborately reviewed, the Supreme Court of Tennessee, in holding that the prohibitive statute was not unconstitutional as forbidding a lawful business and in affirming a criminal conviction for violating the statute observed (p. 10J6):
"That the sale as well as the purchase of non-transferable passage tickets is a fraud upon the carrier and the public,- the tendency of which is the demoralization of rates, has been settled by the general consensus of opinion amongst the courts."
. Concluding, as we do, that the commission of a legal wrong by the defendants was disclosed by the case as -made, we are brought to consider the several' contentions concerning the jurisdiction of the coürt and its right .to afford relief. The bill contained an express averment that the amount involved in the controversy- exceeded, exclusive of interest and costs, the sum of five thousand dollars as to each .defendant. The defendants not having formally pleaded' to the jurisdiction, it was not incumbent upon.the complainant to offer proof in support of the averment. Nevertheless the complainant introduced testimony tending to show that on the New Orleans division of its road a loss of from fifteen to eighteen thousand' dollars a year was sustained through the' practice by dealers of wrongfully purchasing and selling non-transferable' tickets. That hundreds of the tickets annually issued for the Mardi Gras festivals in New Orleans were wrongfully bought and sold; that other non-transferable reduced rate tickets were in a like manner illegally trafficked in to the great damage of the corporation, and that -the defendants were the persons principally engaged in conducting such wrongful dealings. But even if this proof be put out of view we think the contention that a consideration of the whole bill establishes that the jurisdictional amount alleged'was merely colorable and fictitious, is without merit. W.e say this because the averments of the bill as to the number of such tickets issued, the recurring occasions for their issue, the magnitude of the Wrongful dealings in the nontransferable tickets by the defendants, the cost and the risk incurred by the steps necessary to prevent their wrongful use, the injurious effect upon the revenue of the complainant, the operation of the illegal dealing in such tickets upon the right of the complainant to issue them in the future, coupled with the admissions of the answer, sustain the express averment as to the requisite jurisdictional amount. Besides the substantial character of the jurisdictional averment in the bill is to be tested, not by the mere iinmediate pecuniary damage resulting from the acts complained of, but by the value of the business to be protected and the rights of property which the complainant sought to have recognized and enforced. Hunt v. N. Y. Cotton Exchange, 205 U. S. 322, 336.
The contention that, though'it be admitted, for the sake of the argument, that the acts charged against the defendant "were wrongful, tortious, or even fraudulent," there was no right to resort to equity because there was a complete and adequate remedy at law to redress the threatened wrongs when comiMtted is, we think, also devoid of merit. From the nature and character -of the non-transferable tickets, the number of people to whom they were issued, the dealings of the defendants therein and their avowed purpose to continue such dealings in the future, the risk to result from mistakes in enforcing the forfeiture provision and the multiplicity of suits necessarily to be engendered if redress was sought at law, all establish the inadequacy of a legal remedy and the necessity for the intervention'of equity. Indeed the want of foundation for the contention to the contrary is shown by the opinions in the cases which-we have previously cited in considering whether a legal wrong resulted from acts of the character complained of, since in those cases it was expressly held that the consequences of the legal wrong flowing from the dealing in non-transferablé tickets were of such a character as to' entitle an injured complainant to redress in a court of equity.
There is an opinion of the Supreme Court of New York (not the court of last resort) which would seem to express contrary views, New York Central & H. R. R. R. Co. v. Reeves, 85 N. Y. Supp. 28, but the.reasoning there relied on, in our opinion, is inconclusive.
The proposition that the bill was multifarious because of the misjoinder of parties and causes of action was not assigned as error in the Circuit Court of Appeals, and, therefore, might well be held not to be open. But passing that view, we hold the objection to be untenable. The acts complained of as to each defendant were of a like character, their operation and effect upon the rights of the complainant were identical, the relief sought against, each defendant was the same, and the defenses which might be interposed were common .to each defendant and involved like legal questions. ' Under these conditions the case is brought within the principle laid down in Hale v. Allinson, 188 U. S. 56, 77.
As we have stated, the Circuit Court granted a preliminary injunction restraining the defendants from- illegally dealing in tickets issued on account of the United Confederate Veterans' Reunion, and before final hearing granted a second injunction restraining such dealing in like tickets issued for the approaching Mardi Gras festival. By the final decree these injunctions were perpetuated, the court declining to grant the relief sought by the complainant in relation to non-transferable tickets to be issued for the future, without prejudice, however, to the right of the complainant "to seek relief by independent proceedings on each occasion when it might issue such non-transferable tickets. The Circuit Court of Appeals decided that error had .been committed in refusing to grant an injunction against dealing in non-transferable tickets to "be .issued in the future; and directed :that the decree below be enlarged in'that particular. It is insisted that the Circuit Court of Appeals, erred in awarding an injunction as to dealings "in non-transferable tickets that may bé hereafter issued . - . . since it thereby undertook to promulgate" a rule applicable'to conditions and circumstances which have not yet arisen, and to prohibit "the petitioners from dealing in tickets not in esse . . and is, therefore, violative of ,the most fundamental principles of our government." But when the broad nature of this proposition is considered it but denies that there is power in .a court of equity in any case to afford éffectivé relief by injunction. Certain is it that every injuñction in the nature of things contemplates the enforcement as against the party enjoined of a rule of conduct for the future as to the wrong to which the injunction relates. Take the case of trespasses upon land where the elements entitling to equitable relief exist. See Slater v. Gunn, 170 Massachusetts, 509, and cases cited'. It may not be doubted that the authority of a court would extend, not only to restraining a particular imminent trespass, but also to prohibiting like acts for all future time,. The power exerted by the court below' which is complained of was in no wise different. The bill averred, the custom of the complainant at frequently occurring periods to issue reduced rate non-transferable tickets for fairs, conventions, etc., charged a course of illegal dealing in such non-transferable tickets by the defendants, and sought to protect its right to issue such tickets by preventing unlawful dealings in them. The defendants in effect not only admitted the unlawful course of dealing as to particular tickets then outstanding, but expressly avowed that they possessed the right,' and that it was their intention to carry on the business as to all future issues Of a similar character of tickets. The action of the Cijcuit Court of Appeals, therefore, in causing the injunction to apply not only to the illegal dealings as to the then outstanding tickets, but to like dealings as to similar tickets which might be issued in the future, was but the exertion by the court of its power to restrain the continued commission against the rights of the complainant in the future of a definite, character of acts adjudged to be wrongful. Indeed, in view of the state of the' record, the inadequacy of the relief afforded by the decree as entered in the Circuit Court is, we think, manifest on its face. The necessary predicate of the decree was the illegal nature of the dealings by the defendants in the outstanding tickets, and the fact that such dealings if allowed would seriously impair the right of the complainant in the future to issue the tickets. Doubtless, for this reason the decree was made with out prejudice to the .right of the complainant to apply for relief as to future issues of tickets by independent proceedings whenever on other occasions it was determined to issue non-transferable tickets. But this was to deny adequate relief, since it subjected the complainant to the necessity, as a preliminary to the exercise of the right to issue tickets, to begin a new suit with the object of restraining the defendants from the commission in the future of acts identical with those which the court had already adjudged to be .wrongful and violative of the rights of the complainant.
' In Scott v. Donald, 165 U. S. 107, on holding a particular seizure of liquor under the South Carolina .dispensary law to be. invalid, an injunction was sustained, not only addressed to the seizure in controversy, but which also operated to re-strain like seizures of liquors in the future, and the exertion of the same character of fcower by a court of equity was upheld in the- cases of Donovan v. Pennsylvania Company, 19.9 U. S. 279, and Swift v. United States, 196 U. S. 375.
Nor- is there merit in the contention that the decision in New Haven Railroad v. Interstate Commerce Commission, 200 U. S. 361, 404, supports the view here relied upon as to the limited authority of a court of equity to enjoin the continued commission- of the same character of acts .as those adjudged to be wrongful. On the contrary, the ruling in that case directly refutes the- claim based on it; There certain , acts of the carrier were held to have violated the act to regulate commerce. ' The contention • of the Government was that because wrongful acts of a particular character had been committed,- therefore an injunction should be awardéd against' any and all. violations in the future of the act to regulate commerce; Whilst this broad request was denied, it- was carefully pointed out that the power' existed to enjoin the future, commission of like acts to those found to be illegal, and the injunction was so awarded. The whole argument , here made results from a failure to distinguish betwéen an injunction generally restraining the commission of illegal acts in the future and one which simply restrains for the future the commission of acts identical in character with those which have been the subject of controversy and which have been adjudged to be illegal.
Affirmed.