Mr. Justice Van Devanter
delivered the opinion of the court.
By an act of February 17, 1905, the legislature of the State of Kansas prescribed a schedule of maximum rates to be charged by common carriers for the transportation* between points in that State, of "illuminating oil, gasoline, fuel oil, or crude petroleum, in cans, barrels, tanks or tank cars," and provided that every such carrier "which shall demand, exact or receive for such transportation or delivery any sum in excess of the rates hereby made lawful, shall be liable to any person injured thereby in the sum of five hundred dollars as liquidated damages, to be recovered by action in any court of competent jurisdiction, together with a reasonable attorney's fee, to be fixed by the court." Laws, 1905, c. 353, p. 589.
In December, 1906, there were shipped from Humboldt, Kansas, to Cawker City, in that State, 25 barrels of fuel oil, of which J. W. Tucker wasjthe consignee.. The shipment Was carried from the-point of origin about 253 miles over the railroad of the Santa Fe Company to Concordia, and thence to the point of destination, about 47 miles, over the line of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company. According to the statute the charge for the entire transportation should have been $12.00, but the Missouri Pacific Company demanded and collected therefor from Tucker, the consignee, $3.02 in excess of that sum. He thereupon brought an action'in one of the courts of the State, under the act before named, to recover from that company $500 as liquidated damages and a reasonable attorney's fee, to be fixed by the court. The company defended upon the grounds that the statutory rates were confiscatory and void, and that the statute, and particularly the provision for the recovery of $500 as liquidated damages, was so arbitrary and unreasonable as to be repugnant in the due process of law and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. Other defenses, based on the state constitution, were interposed, but we need not notice them. The plaintiff recovered a judgment for the $500, which was affirmed by the Supreme Court of the State, the Federal questions being decided adversely to the company, 82 Kansas, 222, and the latter prosecutes this writ of error.
As the right of recovery- and the judgment sustaining it were rested upon the provision imposing a liability for liquidated damages in the sum of $500, we come at once to the question of the validity of that provision under the Fourteenth Amendment.
Primarily it is to be observed that the rates prescribed by the legislature, while presumptively valid, are not conclusively so; that to require the company, in the operation of its road, to give effect to rates which prevent it from obtaining a reasonable return for the service rendered to the public is to deprive it of its property without due process of law; and that whether the prescribed rates are thus in excess of the State's power (see Atlantic Coast Line R. R. Co. v. North Carolina Corporation Commission, 206 U. S. 1, 24-26, and cases cited) is a question which the company is entitled to have determined in appropriate judicial proceedings. And it also is to be observed that the act of 1905 and other laws of the State, as construed by the state court, afford the company no opportunity for securing a judicial determination of the validity of these rates otherwise than as it may do so in a defensive way when charged, in a case like this or in some criminal prosecution, with failing to give effect to them.
Being a common carrier, the company is not at liberty to accept or decline shipments of oil. It must receive and carry them when offered and must be ready to name to shippers the rates at which that service will be rendered. If the-statutory rates permit a reasonable return they are controlling; if they prevent it they are invalid. But of' their obligatory character the company is not the judge. And yet it must choose whether -it will give éffect to them or no, and then must abide the result of its action. If they be so unreasonably low as to be invalid it cannot give effect to them without sustaining a serious and irreparable loss; and if effect be not given to them and they be subsequently adjudged lawful, the enforcement of the prescribed liabilities and penalties will likewise entail a most serious loss, for the transactions involved must necessarily be numerous. In one of the briefs it is said that the intrastate oil shipments on the company's lines in Kansas in a single year are as many as 10,000. Thus it will be perceived that the position of the company, with no right itself to institute a proceeding to determine for itself and all shippers the validity of the legislative rates, is one of exceeding perplexity.
On the other hand, the interests of shippers and consumers of oil must be considered no less than those of the carrier. Experience teaches that to secure adherence to rates, even when lawfully prescribed, it is essential that deviations from them be discouraged by adequate liabilities and' penalties.
It is in the light of these considerations that the validity of the provision imposing a liability for liquidated damages in the sum of $500 for every charge in excess of the legislative rates must be tested.
It will be perceived that this liability is not proportioned to the actual damages. It is not as if double or treble damages were allowed, as often is done, and as we think properly could have been done here. Nor is it as if there would be difficulty in proving or ascertaining the actual damages, thereby furnishing a reason for prescribing a liquidated amount reasonably approximating the probable damages, taking one case with another. Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co. v. Cram, 228 U. S. 70. What the statute does is to authorize a recovery of $500 in every case, whether the shipment be of one barrel, or of ten or twenty-five barrels, or of a tank car, and this although it is of common knowledge that the possible damages in respect of the charge for carrying- any of these from one point in the State to another could never be more than a small fraction of that sum. In the present case the shipment was of 25 barrels for a distance of 300 miles, and the excess over the legislative rate, $3.02, was less than 1-150 of the authorized recovery.
The state court, although recognizing that the solution of the problem is not free from difficulty, reached the conclusion that "so long as the defendant [the carrier] cannot be made to suffer until a competent court has passed upon the justice of the legislative rates, the guarantees of the Federal Constitution are not infringed." But that this view fails to recognize the real plight of the carrier is made plain by the following extract from the opinion in Ex parte Young, 209 U. S. 123, 147:
"If the law be such as to make the decisión of the legislature or of a commission conclusive as to the sufficiency of the rates, this court has held such a law to be unconstitutional. Chicago &c. Railway Co. v. Minnesota, 134 U. S. 418. A law which indirectly accomplishes a like result by imposing such conditions upon the right to appeal for judicial relief as works an abandonment of the right rather than face the conditions upon which, it is offered or may be obtained, is also unconstitutional. It may therefore be said that when the penalties for disobedience are by fines so enormous and imprisonment so severe as to intimidate the company and its officers from resorting to the courts to test the validity of the legislation, the result is the same as if the law in terms prohibited the company from seeking judicial construction of laws which deeply affect its rights.
"It is urged that there is no principle upon which to base the claim that a person is entitled to disobey a statute at least once, for the purpose of testing its validity without subjecting himself to the penalties for disobedience provided by the statuté in case it is valid. This is not an accurate statement of the case. Ordinarily a law creating offenses in the nature Of misdemeanors or felonies relates to a subject over which the jurisdiction of the legislature is complete in any event. In the ease, however, of the establishment of certain rates without any hearing, the validity df such rates necessarily depends upon whether they are high enough to permit at least some return upon the investment (how much it is not now necessary to state), and an inquiry as to that fact is a proper subject of judicial investigation. If it turns out that the rates are too low for that purpose, then they are illegal.' Now, to impose upon a party interested, the burden of obtaining a judicial decision of such a question (no prior hearing having ever been given) only upon the condition that if unsuccessful he must suffer imprisonment and pay fines as provided in ihese acts, is, in effect, to close up all approaches to the courts, and thus prevent any hearing upon the question whether the rates as provided by the acts are not too low, and therefore invalid. The distinction is obvious between a case where the validity of the act depends upon the existence of a fact which can be determined only after investigation of a very, complicated and technical character, and the ordinary case of a statute upon a subject requiring no such investigation and over which the jurisdiction of. the legislature is complete in any event."
What was said in thát case is conclusive of the question here. True, the act then under consideration subjected the officers and agents of the earner to penalties not found in the act now before us, but, notwithstanding this, we think the liabilities and penalties imposed by the Kansas statute bring' it within the controlling principle of that decision. As applied to cases like the present the imposition of $500 as liquidated damages is not only grossly out of proportion to the possible actual damages but is so arbitrary and oppressive that its enforcement would be nothing short of the taking of property without due process of law, and therefore in contravention of the Fourteenth Amendment. See Waters-Pierce Oil Co. v. Texas, 212 U. S. 86, 111; Standard Oil Co. v. Missouri, 224 U. S. 270, 286.
Upon this ground the judgment is reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion..
Ueversed.