Mr. Justice Brown,
after stating the case, delivered the opinion of the court.
This case raises the question whether an assignee of an insolvent Minnesota corporation can- maintain an action in the courts of Minnesota for the conversion of property formerly belonging to the insolvent corporation, which certain New York creditors had attached in Massachusetts, and sold upon execution against such corporation. The question was also raised upon the argument how far an assignment, executed in Minnesota, pursuant to the general assignment law of that State, by a corporation there resident, is available' to pass personal property situated in Massachusetts as against parties resident in New York, who, subsequent to the assign-mént, had seized such property upon an attachment against the insolvent corporation.
The assignment was executed under a statute of Minnesota, the material provisions of which are hereinafter set forth. The instrument makes it the duty of the assignee."to pay and discharge, in the order and precedence provided by law, all the debts and liabilities now due or to become due from said party of the first part, together with all interest due and to become due thereon, to all its creditors who shall file releases of their debts and claims against said party of the first part, according to chapter 148 of the General Laws of the State of Minnesota for the year 1881, and the several laws amendatory and supplementary thereof, and if the -residue of said proceeds shall not be sufficient to pay said debts and liabilities and. interest in full, then to apply the same so far as they will extend to the payment of said debts and liabilities and interest, proportionately on their respective amounts, according to law and the statute in such case made and provided; and if, after the payment of all the costs, charges and expenses attending the execution of said trust, and the payment, and- discharge in. full of all the said debts of the party of the first part, there shall be any surplus of the said proceeds remaining in the hands of the party of the second part, then, Third, repay such surplus to the party of the first part, its successors and assigns."
The operation of voluntary or common law assignments upon property situated in other States has been the subject of frequent discussion in the courts, and there is a general consensus of opinion to the effect that such assignments will be respected, • except so far as they come in conflict with the rights of local .creditors, or with the laws or public policy of the State in which the assignment is sought to be enforced. The cases in this court are not numerous, but they are' all consonant with the above general principle. Black v. Zacharie, 3 How. 483; Livermore v. Jenckes, 21 How. 126; Green v. Van Buskirk, 5 Wall. 307; Hervey v. R. I. Locomotive Works, 33 U. S. 664; Cole v. Cunningham, 133 U. S. 107; Barnett Kinney, 147 U. S. 476.
But the rule with respect to statutory assignments is somewhat different. While the authorities are not altogether harmonious, the prevafling American doctrine is that a conveyance under a state insolvent law operates only upon property within the territory of that State, and that with respect to property in other States it is given only such effect as the laws of such State permit; and that, in general, it must give way to claims of creditors pursuing their remedies there. It passes no title to real estate situated in another State. Nor, as to personal property, will the title acquired by it prevail against the rights of attaching creditors under the laws of the State where the property is actually situated. Harrison v. Sterry, 5 Cranch, 289, 302; Ogden v. Saunders, 12 Wheat. 213; Booth v. Clark, 17 How. 322; Blake v. Williams, 6 Pick. 286; Osborn v. Adams, 18 Pick. 245; Zipcey v. Thompson, 1 Gray, 243; Abraham v. Plestoro, 3 Wend. 538, overruling Holmes v. Remsen, 4 Johns. Ch. 460; Johnson v. Hunt, 23 Wend. 87; Hoyt v. Thompson, 5 N. Y. 320; Willitts v. Waite, 25 N. Y. 577; Kelly v. Crapo, 45 N. Y. 86; Barth v. Backus, 140 N. Y. 230; Weider v. Maddox, 66 Tex. 372; Rhawn v. Pearce, 110 Illinois, 350; Catlin v. Wilcox Silver Plate Co., 123 Indiana, 477. As was said by Mr. Justice McLean in Oakey v. Bennett, 11 How. 33, 44, " A statutable conveyance of property cannot strictly operate beyond th.e local jurisdiction. Any effect which may be given to it beyond this does' not depend upon international law, but the principle of comity ; and national comity does not require any government to give effect to such assignment when it shall impair the remedies or lessen the securities of its own citizens. And this is the prevailing doctrine in this country. A proceeding w, rem against the property of a foreign bankrupt, under our local laws, may be maintained by creditors, notwithstanding the foreign assignment." Similar language is used by Mr. Justice Story in his Conflict of Laws, § 414.
The statute of Minnesota, under which this assignment was made, provides in its first section that any insolvent debtor " may make an assignment of all his unexempt property for the equal benefit of all his bona fide creditors, who shall file releases of their demands against such debtor, as herein provided." That such assignments-shall be acknowledged and filed, and-if made'within ten days after the assignor's property has been garnished or levied upon, shall operate to vacate such garnishment or levy at the option of the assignee, with certain exceptions. The second section provides for putting an insolvent debtor into involuntary bankruptcy on petition of his creditors, upon his committing certain acts of insolvency, and for the appointment by the court of a receiver with power ' to take possession of all his property, not exempt, and distribute it among his creditors. Under either section only those creditors receive a benefit from the act who file releases to the debtor of all their' demands against him. This statute- was held not to conflict with the Federal Constitution in Denny v. Bennett, 128 U. S. 489.
The construction given to this act by the Supreme Court of Minnesota has not been altogether uniform. In Wendell v. Lebon, 30 Minnesota, 234, the act was held to' be constitutional. It was said that " the act in its essential features is a bankrupt law ; "' but it was intimated that it included all the debtor's property wherever situated; " and while other jurisdictions might, on grounds of policy, give preference to domestic attaching creditors over foreign assignees or receivers in bankruptcy, yet, subject to this exception, they would, on principles of comity, recognize the rights of such assignees or receivers to the possession, of the property of the insolvent debtor."
In In re Mann, 32 Minnesota, 60, the act was, in effect, again pronounced "a bankrupt law, prováeíing for voluntary'bankruptcy by the debtor's assignment and in this respect differing from a previous assignment law. See also Simon v. Mann, 33 Minnesota, 412, 414.
In Jenks v. Ludden, 34 Minnesota, 482, it was held that the courts of that State had no right to enjoin the defendant, who' was a citizen of Minnesota, from enforcing^ an attachment lien on certain real property in Wisconsin owned by the insolvent debtors, although the execution of the assignment might, under the Minnesota statute, have dissolved such an attachment in that State; and that, even if they had. the power to do so, they ought not to exercise their discretion in that case, ¡where the only effect might be to enable non-resident creditors to step in and appropriate the attached property. The court, repeated the doctrine of the former case, that the act was a bankrupt act; the assignee being in effect an officer of the court, and the assigned property being in custodia, legis., and administered by the court or under .its direction. The court added: "We may also take it as settled that the question whether property situated in Wisconsin is subject to attachment or levy by creditors, notwithstanding any assignment made in another State, is to be determined, exclusively by the laws of Wisconsin." To the same effect see Daniels v. Palmer, 35 Minnesota, 347; Warner v. Jaffray, 96 N. Y. 248.
Upon the other hand, in Covey v. Cutler, 55 Minnesota, 18, an insolvent, debtor who had made an assignment under-this statute, had a certain amount of salt in Wisconsin, which the defendants had attached in a Wisconsin court. The salt was sold. upon the judgment, bid in by them, and the assignee in Minnesota brought an action to recover the value of the salt. Defendants answered, claiming that the assignee' never took possession of.the salt, and that the Minnesota assignment was ineffectual to transfer the title to property in Wisconsin as against attaching creditors there. Plaintiff was held entitled to judgment upon the ground that a voluntary conveyance of personal property, valid by the- law. of the place, passed title wherever the property may be situated, and that such transfers, upon principles of comity, would be recognized ¿s effectual , in other States when not opposed to public policy or repugnant to their laws. It is difficult to reconcile this with the previous cases, or with that of Green v. Van Buskirk, 7 Wall. 139. The assignment was apparently treated as a voluntary or common law assignment. This ruling was repeated in Hawkins v. Ireland, 64 Minnesota, 339, in which an assignment under this statute was said not to be involuntary but voluntary, and that a court of equity had the power to, and would, restrain one of its own citizens, of whom it had jurisdic tion, from prosecuting an action in a foreign State or jurisdiction, whenever the facts of the case made it necessary to do so, to enable the court to do justice and prevent one of its citizens from taking an inequitable advantage of another.' This accords with Dehon v. Foster, 4 Allen, 545, and Cunningham v. Butler, 142 Mass. 47; S. C., sub nom. Cole v. Cunningham, 133 U. S. 107.
The earlier opinions of the Supreme Court of Minnesota to the effect that the statute in question was a bankrupt act, were followed by the Supreme Court of Wisconsin in McClure v. Campbell, 71 Wisconsin, 350, in which it was held that the assignment could have no legal operation out of the State in which the proceedings were had, and that the decision of the Supreme Court of Minnesota that the act of 1881 was a bankrupt act was. binding. The contest was between the assignee of the insolvent debtor and a creditor who had attached the property of the insolvent in Wisconsin. The court held that the plaintiff, the assignee, took no title to such property, and was not entitled to its proceeds. In delivering the opinion the court said: "We think the question is not affected by the fact that the property, when seized, was in the possession of the assignee, or that the attaching creditor is a resident of the State in which the insolvency- or bankruptcy proceedings were had. . . . While some of them " (the cases) " may, under especial circumstancés, extend the rule of comity to such a case, and thus give an extraterritoriál effect to somewhat similar assignments, we are satisfied that the great weight of authority is the other way. The rule in this country is, we think, that assignments by operation of law in bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings, under which debts may be compulsorily discharged without full payment thereof, can have no legal operation "out of the State in which such proceedings were had."
In Franzen v. Hutchinson, 94 Iowa, 95; 62 N. W. Rep. 698, the Supreme Court of Iowa had this statute of Minnesota under consideration, and held that as the creditors received no benefit under the assignment, unless they first filed a release of all claims other than such as might be paid under the assignment, it would not be enforced in Iowa. It was said that the assignment, which was that of .an insurance company, was invalid, and that in an action by the assignee for premiums collected by the defendants, who were agents of the company, the latter could offset claims for'unearned premiums held by policy holders at the time .of the assignment and by them 'assigned to defendants after the assignment to plaintiffs.
Notwithstanding the two later cases in Minnesota above cited, we are satisfied that the Supreme Court of that State did not intend to overrule the prior decisions to the effect that the act was substantially a bankrupt or insolvent law. It is true that in these cases a broader effect was given to this act with respect to property in other States than is ordinarily given to statutory assignments, though voluntary in form.. But the court was speaking of its power over its own citizens, who had sought to obtain an advantage over the general creditors of the insolvent by seizing his property in another State. There was no intimation that the prior cases were intended to be overruled, nor did the decisions of the later cases require that they should be.
So far as the courts of other States have passed upon the question, they have generally held that any state law upon the subject of assignments, which limits Nthe distribution of the debtor's property to such of his creditors as shall file releases of their demands, is to all intents and purposes an insolvent law; that a title to personal property acquired under such laws will not be recognized in another State, when it comes in' conflict with the rights of creditors pursuing their remedy there against the property of the debtor, though the proceedings were instituted subsequent to and with notice of the assignment in insolvency. The provision of the statute in question requiring a release from the creditors in order to participate in the distribution of the estate, operates as a discharge of the insolvent from his debts to such creditors — a discharge as complete as is possible under a bankrupt law. An assignment containing a provision of this kind would have been in many, perhaps in most, of the States void at common law. Grover v. Wakeman, 11 Wend. 187; Ingraham v. Wheeler, 6 Conn. 277; Atkinson v. Jordan, 5 Hammond, 293; Burrill on Assignments, 232 to 256. As was said in Conkling v. Carson, 11 Ill: 503: " A debtor in failing circumstances has an undoubted right to prefer one creditor to another, and to provide for a preference by assigning his effects; but he is not permitted to say to any of his creditors that- they shall not participate in his present estate; unless they release all right to satisfy the residue of their debts out of his future acquisitions." In Brashear v. West, 7 Pet. 608, an assignment containing a provision of this kind was upheld with apparent reluctance solely upon the ground that in Pennsylvania, where the assignment was made, it had been treated as valid. If the assignment contain this feature, the fact that it is executed voluntarily and not in invit-um is not a controlling circumstance. In sorhe States a foreign assignee under a statutory assignment, good by'the law of the State where made, may be permitted to come into such State and take possession of the property of the assignor there found, and withdraw it from -the jurisdiction of that State in' the absence of any objection thereto by the local creditors of the assignor; but in such case the assignee takes the property subject to the equity of attaching creditors, and to the remedies provided by the law of the State where such property is found.
A somewhat similar statute of Wisconsin was held to be an insolvent law in Barth v. Backus, 140 N. Y. 230, and an assignment under such statute treated as ineffectual to. transfer the title of the insolvent to property in New York, as against an attaching-creditor there, though such creditor was a resident of Wisconsin. A like construction was given to the same statute of'Wisconsin in Townsend v. Coxe, 151 Illinois, 62. It was said of this statute, (and the-same-may be said of the statute under consideration,) " it is manifest from these provisions that a creditor of an insolvent debtor in Wisconsin, who makes a voluntary' assignment, valid under the laws of that State, can only avoid a final discharge of the debtor from all liability on his debt, by declining to participate in any way in the assignment proceedings. He is, therefore, compelled to consent to-a discharge as to so much of his debt as is not paid by dividends in the insolvent proceedings or take the hopeless chance of recovering out of the assets of the assigned estate remaining after all claims allowed have been paid." To the same effect are Upton v. Hubbard, 28 Conn. 274; Paine v. Lester, 44 Conn. 196; Weider v. Maddox, 66 Texas, 372; Catlin v. Wilcox Silver Plate Co., 123 Indiana, 477; Boese v. King, 78 N. Y. 471.
In Taylor v. Columbia Insurance Co., 14 Allen, 353, it is broadly stated that " when, upon tlje insolvency of a debtor, the law of the State in which he resides assumes to take his property out of his control, and to assign it by judicial proceedings, without his consent, to trustees for distribution among his creditors, such an assignment will not be allowed by the courts of another State to prevail against any remedy which the laws of the latter afford to its own citizens against property within its jurisdiction." But th'e weight of authority is, as already stated, that it makes no difference whether the estate of the insolvent is vested in the foreign assignee under proceedings instituted against the insolvent or upon the voluntary application of the insolvent himself. The assignee is still the agent of the law, and derives from it his authority. Upton v. Hubbard, 28 Conn. 274.
While it may be true that the assignment in question is good as between the assignor and the assignee, and as to assenting creditors, to pass title to property both within and without the State, and, in the absence of objections by non-assenting creditors, may' authorize the assignee to take possession of the assignor's property wherever found, it cannot be supported as to creditors who have not assented, and who are at liberty to pursue their remedies against such property of the assignor as they may find in other States. Bradford v. Tappan, 11 Pick. 76; Willitts v. Waite, 25 N. Y. 577; Catlin v. Wilcox Silver Plate Co., 123 Indiana, 477, and cases above cited.
We are therefore of opinion that the statute of Minnesota-was in substance and effect an insolvent law; was operative as to property in Massachusetts 'only so far as the courts of that State chose to respect it, and that so far as the plaintiff, as assignee of the D. D. Merrill Company, took title to such property, he took it subservient to the defendants' attachment. It results that the property of the I). D. Merrill Company found in Massachusetts was liable to attachment there by these defendants, and that the courts of Minnesota are bound to respect the title so acquired by them.
The second question must therefore be answered in the negative, and as this disposes of the case, no answer to the first question is necessary.