Mr. Justice McKenna
delivered the opinion of the court.
These cases, though having different parties and coming from different courts, are dependent upon the same considerations. They differ in some details but they all involve the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States and its assistant legislation, the National Prohibition Act.
The Amendment after its ratification prohibited for beverage purposes, among other things, the transportation of-intoxicating liquor within the United . States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof.. And Congress and the States were given concurrent power to en-. force the prohibition by appropriate legislation.
Congress in pursuance of that power passed the National Prohibition (Volstead) Act, 41 Stat. 305. Are the cases at bar within the mandate and the prohibition, are the special questions involved in them.
First, as to the cases as displayed in the bills — there are some differences in their averments but their essential allegations identifying them in principle are as follows: The appellees were, respectively, Collectors of Internal Revenue for the First Internal Revenue District of the State of Missouri, the District of Maryland, atid the Sixth Internal Revenue District of the State of Missouri. It was the duty of each to collect and receive taxes on distilled spirits in government bonded warehouses, and upon payment of the taxes to issue revenue stamps showing the payment of the taxes. As such officers they had, respectively, the custody and control of. the spirits, and the right of ingress to and egress from the warehouses.
Each appellant became the purchaser of a barrel of whiskey, in one-of the warehouses (it is designated), which was identified and which he was desirous of removing to his dwelling for use and disposition of the spirits according to law. The appellees refused to release or deliver the spirits, or to accept the payment of the taxes thereon which appellants either tendered or, on account of opposing declarations of appellees, ommitted to tender.
The refusal of appellees to release the spirits is asserted to be wrongful and illegal and a violation of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, in that it deprives appellants of their property without due process of law and takes it for public use without just compensation.
The prayers of the bills were in effect (we disregard particulars) to require appellees to do what was necessary to release the spirits from the warehouses and to enable them to be transported to the respective dwellings of appellants.
The bills were dismissed upon motions of appellees.
Against the rulings upon the motions, and against the decrees dismissing the bills, appellants' adduce certain provisions of the National Prohibition Act and cite Street v. Lincoln Safe Deposit Co., 254 U. S. 88.
So much of the cited portions as is relevant we insert in the margin. We may observe, however, that while their provisions extend to the manufacture, sale and other disposition of intoxicating beverages, as well as to their transportation, we only insert the provisions concerning the latter.
Before considering the provisions here specially involved, we may say that the act has been sustained, and it has been decreed that the power of Congress can be as-, serted against the disposal for beverage purposes of all liquor manufactured before the Amendment became effective, as it can be. asserted against subsequent manufacture for those purposes. Either case is within the constitutional mandate and prohibition.
A consideration of the act becomes necessary. Section 3 is comprehensive in its prohibition, and it takes pains to provide that it shall have such liberality of construction as to achieve its declared purpose.
It is, however, contended that there is modification of this apparent universality of prohibition, and that, by a permission of traffic in warehouse receipts, liquor in storage in bonded warehouses is not subject to the ban of the section.
Regarding the words of § 3 in connection with some of the provisions of § 25 and 33, they give some plausibility to the contention and some puzzle to construction, but we are repelled nevertheless from those of appellants. To accept them would defeat the purpose of the act and its achievement of the mandate of the Constitution. That mandate is, as will be seen by reference to § 1 of the Amendment, that the " transportation of intoxicating liquors within . . . the United. States . for beverage purposes " shall be prohibited. And, as we have said, the act declares (§3) that all of its provisions shall be liberally construed " to the end " to quote its words, " that the use of intoxicating liquor as a beverage may be prevented." The method of appellants, we think, tended to the opposite effect; tended to the use of liquor as a beverage — not its prevention.
We are unable to see in § 33 which takes illegality from the " liquors in one's private dwelling while the same is occupied and used by him as his dwelling only " and the rights that may attach to liquors in such situation an intention to extend such rights to liquors not so situated or, to put it more pointedly, an intention to make all bonded warehouses of the country outbuildings of its dwellings.
There is nothing favorable to appellants' contention in § 37. It permits transportation to bonded warehouses but not from them as inferred by appellants. Transportation from them is confined to transportation to a wholesale druggist for sale to him for purposes not prohibited. A permit is necessary even for this.
In connection with § 37; § 6, Title III of the act is pertinent. It permits distilled spirits produced and fit for beverage purposes remaining in bonded warehouses to be withdrawn for denaturing " or for deposit in a bonded warehouse established under this Act."
Counsel urge Street v. Lincoln Safe Deposit Co., supra, against this conclusion, and as sustaining their contention. In that case, by motion to dismiss, it was admitted that Street was the lessee of a room in the Deposit Company's warehouse, in which he had stored liquors, acquired prior to the effective date of the National Prohibition Act, which liquors were "in his exclusive possession and control, and are intended, and will be used only for personal consumption by himself and the members of his family or his bona fide guests." The storage room was obviously the use of a convenience very commonly employed and contributory to his dwelling, and therefore, for the reasons stated in that opinion, it was concluded that the National Prohibition Act did. not render unlawful the storage of liquors there involved or their transportation, under proper permit/to the dwelling of the owner for lawful uses. And this difference in the facts in the case from those in the cases at bar removes it as a precedent. There is no analogy in Street's relation to the room in the Deposit Company's warehouse and appellants'- relation to bondetl warehouses. They had neither control, access to nor possession of the spirits they purchased. Mere ownership was not the equivalent. Under § 33 there must be ownership, and possession in one's private dwelling, and that character cannot be assigned to the . bonded warehouses'of the Govermrfent.
Comment on other provisions of the act we do not think is necessary. A reference to them demonstrates that they have no militating force against our conclusion.
But appellants contend the effect we assign to the act is to assign to it the effect of depriving them of their property without due process of law or taking it for public purposes without just compensation. To understand the conditions of the contention, a distinction in the cases must be noted. The purchases by appellants were at different dates. The spirits purchased by Corneli were all stored in bond in the Spring of 1917, a date prior to the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment. Bryan became the owner of his on the second of October, 1919, and, therefore, prior to the effective date of the Volstead Act which was January 16, 1920. Dillon v. Gloss, 256 U. S. 368. Ghio's purchase was about the twenty-eighth of February, 1920, which, was after the date of the Amendment and the effective date of the Volstead Act. Eastes avers his ownership dates from August 24, 1917.
In considering the bearing of the dates of purchase and their relation to the dates of the Amendment and the Volstead Act, the question of their construction blends in the discussion somewhat confusingly with the question of their constitutionality. It is asserted that the Eighteenth Amendment was not intended to be retrospective and that if it and the Volstead Apt should be so treated, that is, if applied to liquor -manufactured and lawfully acquired before their respective dates, they are. void — they thereby taking from property its essential attributes, " the right to use it, possess it and enjoy it," contrary to the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution, — and that the Fifth Amendment is not repealed by the Eighteenth Amendment. We are not disposed to trace the elements of the contentions- minutely — they are answered in all their phases by the National Prohibition Cases, 253 U. S. 350, 387.
Decrees affirmed:
" Sec. 3. No person shall on or after the date when the eighteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States goes into effect . . . transport . or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized in this Act, and all the provisions of this Act shall be liberally construed to the end that the use of intoxicating liquor as a beverage may be prevented. . • . . Provided, That nothing in this Act shall prohibit the purchase and sale of warehouse receipts covering distilled spirits on deposit in Government bonded warehouses, and no special tax liability shall attach to the business of purchasing and selling such warehouse receipts."
" Sec. 25. It shall be unlawful to have or possess any liquor or property designed for the manufacture of liquor intended for use in violating this title or which has been so used, and no property rights shall exist in any such liquor or property. . . . No search warrant shall issue to search any private dwelling; occupied as such. , . . The term 'private dwelling' shall be construed to include the room or rooms used and occupied pot transiently but solely as a residence in an apartment' house, hotel, or boarding house. . . ."
" Sec. 33. After February 1, 1920, the possession of liquors by any person not legally permitted under this title to possess liquor shall be prima facie evidence that such liquor is kept for the puipose of being . . . disposed of in violation of the provisions of this title. Every person legally permitted under this title to have liquor shall report to the commissioner within ten days after the date when the eighteenth amendment of the Constitution of the United States goes into effect, the kind and amount of intoxicating liquors in his possession. Bqt it shall not be unlawful to possess liquors in one's private dwelling while the same is occupied and used by .him as his dwelling only and such liquor need not be reported, provided such liquors' are for use only for the personal consumption of the owner thereof and his family residing in such dwelling and of his bona fide guests when entertained by him therein; and the burden of proof shall be upon the possessor in any action concerning the same to prove that such liquor was lawfully acquired, possessed, and used."
"Sec. 37. Nothing herein shall prevent the storage.in United States bonded warehouses of all liquor manufactured prior to the taking effect of this Act, or prevent the transportation of such liquor to such warehouses or to any wholesale druggist for sale to such druggist for purposes not prohibited when the tax is paid, and permits may be issued therefor. . .