Mr. Chief Justice White
delivered the opinion of the court. .
In view of the fact that our interposition was vainly-sought at one or the other stage of this protracted litiga tion, we shall state the history of. the controversy more fully than perhaps we would otherwise do.
In 1901 the New England Water Company owned and operated a water plant at Alton, Illinois. This plant was acquired from the Alton Water Works Company. In October, 1901, the United Water Works Company filed in a court of the State of Illinois a creditor's bill against the New England Water Company and the Farmers' Loan & Trust Company, trustee under a mortgage covering the plant of the Water Works Company.. Other parties and corporations, because of their asserted claims in or to the property, were joined as defendants.
The Farmers' Loan & Trust Company not only appeared in the cause, but in the same court filed a bill to foreclose its mortgage. Among those made defendants to this bill were a corporation known as the Boston Water & Light Company and the International Trust Company. The Boston Company was made a defendant on the ground that it asserted some claim to a portion of the property which the complainant insisted was covered by the mortgage sought to be foreclosed as a result of an after-acquired property clause contained in that mortgage. The International Trust Company was made a defendant as trustee of a mortgage executed in favor of that company by the Boston Company, embracing the property which the bill averred was covered by the prior mortgage in favor of the Farmers' Loan & Trust Company.
The causes were consolidated and a receiver was appointed. The Boston Water & Light Company, asserting a separable controversy, removed the consolidated cause to the Circuit Court of the United States for the Southern District of Illinois, and that court overruled a motion to remand. The International Trust Company answered and contested the claim made in the bill that thé property mortgaged to it was covered by the mortgage of the Farmers' Loan & Trust Company.
The Circuit Court entered a final decree on December 23, 1903. By that decree;the operation of the mortgage in favor of the Farmers' Loan & Trust Company as charged in the bill was recognized and the priorities of the respective liens upon the property were fixed. While the lien of the mortgage in favor of the International Trust Company, as trustee, was recognized, it was decreed to be subordinate to the prior mortgage to the Farmers' Loan & Trust Company. The decree contained the usual provisions fixing the amount due, directing payment, ordering a sale upon default in payment, and barring all parties and their privies.
The Circuit Court of Appeals, on an appeal taken by the International Trust Company and others, finally disposed of the case. The removal was sustained, and it was held that by the after-acquired property clause in the mortgage of the Farmers' Loan & Trust Company, that mortgage embraced the property covered by the mortgage in favor of the International Trust Company as trusteed 136 Fed. Rep. 521. A writ of certiorari was refused by this court on April 3, 1905. Boston Water & Light Co. v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., Trustee, et al., and New England Water Works Co. et al. v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., Trustee, et al., 197 U. S. 622.
A sale under the decree of (foreclosure took place, the property bringing about enough to satisfy the mortgage in favor of the Farmers' Loan & Trust Company. Pending a motion to confirm this sale, certain parties,-the same who are now appellants, alleging themselves to be holders of bonds secured by the mortgage of the International Trust Company, objected to the confirmation of the sale, on the ground that the property embraced in the mortgage to the International Trust Compány was not covered by the mortgage of the Farmers' Loan & Trust Company. It was alleged that the persons appearing were not privies to the foreclosure proceedings and' the decree en tered therein, because they had not been made parties eo nomine, and were not represented by the International Trust Company, as the powers conferred upon that corporation by the deed of trust did not give authority to represent the bondholders. The objections were stricken from the files, and the sale was confirmed. Among other things, the order of confirmation enjoined all parties to the suit and all persons claiming through or under them, their attorneys, solicitors, etc., "from setting up any pretended or alleged title against the title of the purchasers." A question as to the distribution of the proceeds among coupon holders was subsequently reviewed in the Circuit Court of Appeals. 137 Fed. Rep. 729.
The present appellee, the Alton Water Company, became the owner of the property sold under the decree in foreclosure. Subsequently the present appellants, as holders of bonds secured by the mortgage to the International Trust Company, and the same persons who had objected to the confirmation of the sale, treating the prior foreclosure proceedings as to them as non-existing, commenced in a state court a suit to foreclosa the mortgage in favor of the International Trust Company. The International Trust Company, the Boston Water & Light Company, the Alton Water Works Company, the Alton Water Company, as one in possession of the property, as well as other bondholders, various alleged lien holders and adverse claimants, were made parties. As stated by both parties in argument, persons who were interested in maintaining the decree in the prior foreclosure proceedings, asked a commitment for contempt against the attorney who appeared for the complainants in the suit in the state court, and under the stress of a commitment for contempt the proceedings in the state court were discontinued. The commitment was, however, set aside by the Circuit Court of Appeals, 154 Fed. Rep. 273, and a petition- for a writ of certiorari to review the order of reversal was denied by this court. Peck v. Lewis, 207 U. S. 593.
Following the decision last referred to, appellants refiled thteir foreclosure bill in the state court. The Alton Water Company thereupon filed in the court below the bill which is now before us as ancillary to the bill filed in the original foreclosure suit, invoking the authority of the éourt in virtue of the jurisdiction acquired in the foreclosure proceedings, to protect as between the parties to such suit the rights acquired under the foreclosure sale. The bill only prayed that the further prosecution in the state court be enjoined. The defendants were those who were asserting the right as bondholders under the International Trust Company mortgage to foreclose in the state court and their attorneys. Each of such defendants separately filed a general demurrer, and each also specially demurred on the ground that the court was "without jurisdiction, both over the subject-matter and parties to the suit," and that- the bill was not an ancillary bill, as it appeared on its face-that the defendant was not a party to the prior foreclosure proceedings. The demurrers were sustained and the bill was dismissed "for want of jurisdiction."
-The Circuit Court of Appeals reversed this decree, and held that the persons who, as alleged bondholders, were complainants in the foreclosure suit in the state court, had been fully represented in the prior foreclosure by the International Trust Company, and therefore that such persons were parties and privies to the prior decree, and their rights were concluded thereby. Upon this basis it was expressly decided that the bill did pot invoke the power of the court as a matter of original jurisdiction, but was, in its. essence, purely ancillary, since it only sought the aid of the court to uphold a jurisdiction previously acquired, and to enforce and protect an authority previously exerted. In thus enforcing its prior decree it was pointed
l out there was no room for saying that the original jurisdiction and power of the court as a Federal court was involved, upon the theory that the defendants had not been brought in by proper process, since there was no controversy on that subject. It was moreover held that upon the premises stated none of the grounds of demurrer raised any controversy as to the general power of the court under the laws of the United States to administer the relief prayed, but simply called in question the right of the court as a matter of chancery practice, to afford relief in the mode and manner asked. The court decided that the case was one properly within its appellate cognizance, and was not within the category of cases susceptible of being brought, directly to this court from a circuit court as involving the jurisdiction and authority of the circuit court as a Federal court. 166 Fed. Rep. 840. A petition for certiorari to review this action of the court was denied on January 11, 1909. Lewis v. Alton Water Co., 212 U. S. 681.
Several months after the filing of the mandate of the Circuit Court of Appeals reversing the decree of dismissal, the cause was heard upon bill and answer and upon the default of certain defendants. A decree was entered perpetually enjoining the prosecution of the cause in the state court and prohibiting any attempt in the future to foreclose the mortgage to the International Trust Company. Thereupon the court allowed the direct appeal which is now before us. At the time of granting the appeal there was filed among the papers in the cause a certificate signed by the presiding judge in which in substance it was recited that when the case came oh for hearing the answering defendants challenged the jurisdiction of the court as a Federal court to hear and determine the cause, and that the objection was Overruled and exception taken. It was further recited that at the close of the hear-, ing the defendants excepted to the ruling "that the facts stated in the answers do not constitute a sufficient defense in law to the cause of action of the complainants, and that no constitutional guarantees or privileges of the defendants as set forth in their answers were violated by the entering of the decree set forth in the bill and answer, and that the defendants were not deprived of their property without due process of law in violation of the Federal Constitution."
It is plain that our right to review depends on the existence of a question of jurisdiction subject, under the Judiciary Act of 1891, to be brought, here directly from a circuit court. The cáse reduces itself to this, since the matters of constitutional right to which the court refers in its certificate are not independent, but are involved in and subordinate to the question of jurisdiction, and hence will be disposed of by deciding that issue.
It is not disputable that the action of the court below on the question of jurisdiction was the necessary result of the decision of the Circuit Court of Appeals, since it was the imperative duty of the Circuit Court to give effect to that- decision.. As consequently it will be impossible to reverse for error the áction of the Circuit Court without reversing the foundation upon which the aotion óf that court rested,, that is, the dominant decree of the Circuit Court of Appeals, it must result that the decree can only be reversed by reviewing and reversing the decree of the Circuit Court of Appeals. That decree, however, not being before us, and moreover as the statute giyes no power to this court to review a decree of a Circuit Court of Appeals merely because of the existence of a question of jurisdiction, it comes to pass that we may not by indirec-. tion do that which we cannot do directly, and hence the decree of the Circuit Court; under the conditions' here existing, is not susceptible of being reviewed;
The fundamental mistake which underlies the argument by which it is sought to sustain the-right to a direct review consists in failing to distinguish between the mere methods of review provided by the act of 1891, and the distribution made by that'act of original and appellate judicial power. More, immediately the fault of the argument consists in disregarding the duty of the Circuit Court to apply the law of the case arising from the decision of the Circuit Court of Appeals, an error hitherto pointed out in Aspen Mining & Smelting Co. v. Billings, 150 U. S. 31. That case involved an unsuccessful attempt to. obtain a review in this court of a judgment of a circuit court entered in compliance with a mandate of the Circuit Court of Appeals to which the case had been previously taken. In denying the right to review under the circumstances the court said (p. 37):
"That court (the Circuit Court of Appeals) todk jurisdiction, passed upon the case, and determined by its judgment that the appeal had.been properly taken. If error was committed in so doing, it is not for; the Circuit Court to pass upon that question. The Circuit Court could not do otherwise th^n carry out the mandate from the Court of Appeals, and could not refuse to do so on the ground of want of jurisdiction ip itself or in the' appellate court."
•' But the proposition insisted upon virtually is that this ruling is inapplicable here, since this case involves a question of jurisdiction directly reviewable in this court under the act of 1891. The reasoning sustaining this assumption is-as follows: As, it is said, the decision of the Circuit Court was in favor of the defendants,, and, therefore, no occasion arose to seek a review of the question of jurisdiction until the decree' of the Circuit Court of Appeals, unless it be held that the right exists to review the action of "the Circuit Court, it will arise that the right of direct review' of the jurisdictional questions, which it was the purpose of the. act of 1891 to confer upon this court, will be lost in many cases and thus the purpose of the statute be frustrated. This, however, as already pointed out, in a changed form of statement involves confounding the remedial processes created by the actxof 1891, with the distribution of jurisdiction made by that act. True it is that the act confers authority to directly review the classes of jurisdictional questions which the act contemplates. True, also, it is that the act does not deprive judgments of the Circuit Courts of Appeals of their final character and open them to review in this court because alone of the presence of a jurisdictional question susceptible, of being reviewed directly from a Circuit Court. But this affords no reason for the exertion of an appellate power not conferred by the act, nor does it justify the assumption that the power of this court to review in such a case would be wanting. On the contrary, as pointed out long ago by this court the remedial processes which the statute of 1891 creates when rightly understood are adequate, by one method or the other, to afford ample opportunity for a review by this court of every judgment Or decree of a lower court which the statute contemplated should be reviewed and revised by this court. Robinson v. Caldwell, 165 U. S. 359. Thus, as the case cited points out,, if a question of jurisdiction which would be directly reviewable in this court if arising in the Circuit Court, should develop or require decision for the first time in the Circuit Courts of Appeals, the power to certify to this court would afford ample means to obtain a review by this court of such question. And if that right in such a case should not be exerted by the Circuit Court of Appeals, the discretionary right to allow the writ of certiorari which the act confers would afford a complete means of securing, in the fullest degree, the results contemplated by the act. It is, of course, an obvious misconception to indulge in the assumption that it was the duty of the Circuit Court of Appeals to have certified the question of jurisdiction, since the opinion of that court shows that it deemed the case would not have justified a direct appeal to this court had the question of jurisdiction arisen primarily in the Circuit Court. The fact that after the decision of the Circuit Court of Appeals a petition for certiorari was considered and by this court denied makes it certain that there was opportunity by this court to revise the action of. the Circuit Court of Appeals.
As it follows that we have no jurisdiction to review by direct appeal the action of the Circuit Court in giving effect to the decision Of the Circuit Court, of Appeals, it results that the appeal must be dismissed.
Appeal dismissed.