Mr. Justice Holmes
delivered the opinion of the court.
Chapter 164, Oklahoma Laws of 1915, makes every person of the State liable to a tax upon his entire net income arising from all sources, except such as is exempt from taxation by some law of the United States or of the State. Under that statute Oklahoma seeks in these proceedings to hold the defendant, the plaintiff in error, liable for taxes for the years 1915, 1916, 1917 and 1918, upon net income derived by him as lessee from leases of restricted Indian (Creek and Osage) lands, the leases being of the kind dealt with in Choctaw, Oklahoma & Gulf R. R. Co. v. Harrison, 235 U. S. 292, and Indian Territory Illuminating Oil Co. v. Oklahoma, 240 U. S. 522. The facts were set forth by the defendant in special returns for the years mentioned, claiming exemption under the Constitution and laws of the United States. The auditor of the State accepted the returns as true but held that the defendant was liable to taxes on the income derived by him from sales of his share of oil and gas received under his leases. It is agreed that the lessee was an instrumentality used by the United States in carrying out duties to thec Indians that it had assumed, and that the only question in the case is whether he is liable to this kind of tax. The District Court of the State held the tax void and on appeal by the State the Supreme Court affirmed the judgment, bulk upon rehearing changed its mind and ordered the judgment reversed.
In Choctaw, Oklahoma & Gulf R. R. Co. v. Harrison, 235 U. S. 292, it was held that such a lessee could not be taxed on the gross sales of coals from Choctaw and Chickasaw mines, when the tax was in addition to the taxes collected upon an ad valorem basis. In Indian Territory Illuminating Oil Co. v. Oklahoma, 240 U. S. 522, it was held that a similar lessee could not be taxed upon the value of an Osage oil lease. Subsequently the principle was applied per curiam to gross production taxes under a later .statute of 1916, without reference to the fact that the taxes, instead of being in addition to, were in lieu of all taxes upon property rights. Howard v. Gipsy Oil Co., 247 U. S. 503. Large Oil Co. v. Howard, 248 U. S. 549.
The argument for the State is based primarily upon the cases sustaining taxes upon net income that include gains from interstate commerce, Shaffer v. Carter, 252 U. S. 37, 57; United States Glue Co. v. Oak Creek, 247 U. S. 321; when " all expenses are paid and losses adjusted, and after the recipient of the income is free to use it as he chooses." Peck & Co. v. Lowe, 247 U. S. 165, 175. It is said also that tangible property within the State is subject to taxation and that therefore the defendant's share of oil and gas cannot escape. If the cases that we have mentioned as decided per curiam tend to oppose the State's position, on the ground that if the property is exempt the income from it also is exempt, it. is urged that so far as appears the distinction between the statute of 1916 then beforé the Gourt and the statutes dealt with by the authorities cited in those cases was overlooked.
We cannot assume that there was the oversight supposed. The decision in 240 U. S. 522, that such leases were not taxable went on general principles not on the nature of the particular statute, and in Shaffer v. Carter, 252 U. S. 37, 48, a case that adverted to the distinction relied upon, pp. 57, 58, the decisions per curiam were referred to as decided upon the merits. Those decisions appear to us to have been correct. The criterion of interference by the States with interstate commerce is one of degree. It is well understood that a certain amount of reaction upon and interference with such commerce cannot be avoided if the States are to exist, and make laws. New York, New Haven & Hartford R. R. Co. v. New York, 165 U. S. 628. Diamond Glue Co. v. United States Glue Co., 187 U. S. 611, 616. The rule as to instrumentalities of the United States on the other hand is absolute in form and at least stricter in substance. Williams v. Talladega, 226 U. S. 404, 416, 417, 419. Johnson v. Maryland, 254 U. S. 51, 55. "A tax upon the leases is a tax upon the power to make them, and could be used to destroy the power to make them." 240 U. S. 530, The step from this to the invalidity of the tax upon income from the leases is not long.
In cases where the principal is absolutely immune from interference an inquiry is allowed into the sources from which net income is derived and if a part of it comes from such a source the tax is pro tanto void; Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., 157 U. S. 429; 158 U. S. 601; a rule lately illustrated by Evans v. Gore, 253 U. S. 245; and ap plied in a case somewhat like the present by the Supreme Court of Hawaii. Oahu Ry. & Land Co. v. Pratt, 14 Hawaii, 126. Whether this property could be taxed in any other form or not, it cannot be reached as profits or income from leases such as thosé before us. The same considerations that invalidate a tax upon the leases invalidate a tax upon the profits of the leases, and, stopping short of theoretical possibilities, a tax upon such profits is a direct hamper upon the effort of the United States to make the best terms that it can for its wards. Weston v. Charleston, 2 Pet. 449, 468. The taxation of cattle grazing in Indian lands held valid in Thomas v. Gay, 169 U. S. 264, 273, obviously is more remote: As a writ of error lies in this case the petition for certiorari that was presented for greater caution will be denied. Dahnke-Walker Milling Co. v. Bondurant, ante, 282.
Judgment reversed.
Mr. Justice Pitney, Mr. Justice Brandéis and Mr. Justice Clarke dissent.