-Mr. Justice M'Lean
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This is a writ of error to thé Supreme Court of the state of Louisiana, under the 25th- section of the judiciary act.
The defendant, here, as plaintiff, in the Court of Probate at New . Orleans, recovered a judgment in 1830, against the estate of Wiliiam Emerson, for seventeen hundred and eighty-eight dollars and sixty-two cents; and the question in this case is, whether the heirs of Emerson shall, be held responsible for the payment of this judgment under the-following circumstances, .
In April, 1818, Emerson, being surveyor of the port of New Orleans; with B." Chew, the collector, and E. Lorrain, the naval officer, seized the brig Josepha Secunda, for a violation of the laws which prohibit the importation of slaves, and instituted proceedings against, her, which resulted in the condemnation of the'vessel and slaves.' This judgment- being pronounced by the District Court .of the United States for Louisiana, was affirmed on an appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States.
On the cause being remanded to the District Court, the negroes 'having been sold as well as the vessel, a question .was raised by several claimants, as to the distribution of the proceeds of the sale: and thedDistrict Court, dismissing the claims of others' allowed those of the collector, the' surveyor, and the naval officer. From this decree there was an appeal to this Court. And as appears from 10 Wheat. 331, this- Court decided that the .proceeds, under the laws of the United States, should not be paid to the customhouse officers, who made the seizure, but that they vested in the United' States. The decree of the District Court, making the allowance, was therefore reversed; and that part of it, which dismissed the petition of other claimants was affirmed.
In .1828, Emerson died, leaving heirs.
On the 3d Mar h, 1831, an act, entitled, " An act for the relief of Beverly Chew he heirs of William Emerson, deceased, and the heirs of Edward üorrain, deceased," was passed by Congress.-
The preamble of this a.ct states, " Whereas, the brig Josepha Secunda was condemned in the name of. the'United States, in the. District Court of the United States for the'Louisiana district, in the year IS 18, on the seizure and prosecution, and ay the sole expense of Beverly Chew, collector of the district of Mississippi, William Emerson, deceased, surveyor, and. Edwin Lorrain, deceased, naval officer of the port-of New Orleans, for an infraction of the .slave laws: and whereas, the one-half of the proceeds of the said brig and her' cargo are now deposited, subject to the .order of the sffid Court, which half, would have been payable to the said- Beverly Chew,' William Emerson, and William Lorrain, but for an .omission in the laws heretofore passed on that subject; therefore, .be it enacted, &c., that the District Court"of the "United States be authorized and di rected to order the proceeds of the said seizure now deposited! subject to '.the order of said Court, be paid over to the said Beverly Chew, and' the legal, representatives of the said William Emerson 'and Edwin Lorrain, respectively." t
The question whether the sum. of money received by the heirs of Emerson, under this law, was' assets in their hands, and liable' to his debts, was first raised in the pourt/of probate, which decided that it was so liable : and this judgment was, on an appeal to the Supreme Court of .the state, affirmed.
In the seizure and prosecution of the vessel for a violation of law. Emerson, with those who co-operated with him, rendered a meritorious service to the public. But he acted under no law, nor by virtue of any authority. And his acts imposed no obligation, either in law or equity, on- the government to compensate him for his services. Had he been prosecuted on a .debt due to the government, he could not have set up these services, either as an equitable or legal offset. . And this he might do, under the rules of law, of any specific demand he might have on the government, which imposed on it even an equitable obligation.
•It is true, the payment of a debt cannot be.enforced against the government by suit; but claims against it are not the less legal or equitable on that account. Services rendered under the requirements of law or of contract, for which a compensation is fixed, consStitute a legal demand. Services rendered under an authority which is casual, or in some degree discretionary, may constitute an equitable claim. An .individual, by timely efforts, may,save' from destruction, by fire or otherwise, a .large amount of public property. This would be á' highly meritorious .act; b.ut would it constitute a claim on the. government for compensation ?
From, motives of publie policy, the government might bestow a suitable .reward on the individual in such a case ; but this would be a gratuity on its part. And if this reward were given' to the heirs of such an individual, could it be reached by his creditors?- Numerous pensions have been given by. law--to heirs for the military services of their ancestors; and are these pensions liable'to the debts- of the ancestors ? - Under all the, provisions of this kind, h.as it ever been supposed, that the pension,-though given to .the legal representatives of the-deceased, and on. the ground of military services, should be paid to his administrators? No. individual can be made .a debtor against his will. Yoluntáfy benefits may be conferred on him,.which may excite his gratitude, a,nd which, in the exercise of his generosity, he may- suitably reward. But this depends on his own volition.
. It would constitute a singular item under the law of assets to raise a charge against an individual, for a benefit conferred, on him by -some voluntary, act of kindness. To find an obligation in such a ease; we must look into those writers'on ethics who speak of imperfect obligations, which cannot.be enforced. The rule is the same, whether the voluntary benefit be conferred on an individual, or on the government.
•Had Emerson become insolvent and made an assignment, would, this claim, if it may be called a claim,- have passed to his assignees? We think, clearly, it would not. Under • such an. assignment, what could have passed ?. The claim is a nonentity. Neither in lhw nor in equity has it' any existence. A benefit was voluntarily conferred on the government; but this was not done a,t the request of any officer of the government;, or under the sanction of any law or authority, express or implied. And .under such circumstances, can a claim be raised against the government, which shall pass by a legal assignment, or'go into the hands of an administrator as assets?
If in this form debts could be originated against the government or an individual, there would be no security against- such-demands. One party, without the consent pf the other, makes the contract, and assigns it to his creditors. For if there be even an equitable claim, it arises out of a contract express or implied; A claim against a foreign government for -spoliations is not of this character. The demand is, in such case, founded upon the law of nations, and the obligation is perfect on the offending government. It is true, remuneration cannot be recovered against the government'by action at law, -but if justice be not done, the government of the injured citizen, in the exercise of its' discretion, will protect and enforce his rights.
In the case of Comeygs et al. vs. Vasse, 1 Peters, 193, this Court held, that the assignees of a bankrupt are entitled to a share of the indemnity for unjust spoliation, provided for under the treaty- of 1819 with Spain. But that case is not analogous to the one under consideration. By the law. of nations, Spain was bound to indemnify the owners of foreign vessels which had been illegally captured and condemned under her authority.
A claim having no foundation in law, but depending entirely on the generosity of the government,-constitutes no basis for the action of any legal principle. It cannot be assigned. • It does not .go to the administrator as assets. It does hot descend to the heir. And if the government, from motives,of public policy, or any other considerations, shall think proper, under .such circumstances, to make a grant of money to the heirs of the claimant, they receive it as a gift or .pure' donation. A donation made, it is true,, in reference to some meritorious act of their ancestor, but which did not constitute a matter of right against .the government.
In the present case, the government might have directed the money to be paid 'to the creditors of -Emerson, or to any part of his heirs. Being the donor, it could, in the exercise of its discretion, make such distribution or application of its bounty as circumstances might require. " And it has, under the tide of an act, " for the reliéf of the hens of Emerson/5 directed, in the body of the act, the money to be paid to his legal representatives. That-the heirs were- intended by this designation is clear; and we think the payment which has been made to- them, under this apt, has been' rightfully madfe ; and that the fund capnot be considered as assets in their h&ndsfor the payment of-debts.
As the'decision of the Supreme Court pf ^Louisiana is not in accordance with this view the judgment of that. Court is reversed, with costs.'
-.This cause'Came .on to be heard on the transcript of the record frongth'e Supreme Court of the state of Louisiana, -and was argued by counsel. On consideration whereof, it is ordered and adjudged by this Court, that the -judgment of the said Supreme Court in chis cause be, and the same is hereby, reversed, with costs; and that this cause be, and the same is hereby, remanded to the said. Supreme Court, that further proceedings may be had therein, in conformity to the opinion of this Court.