Mr. Justice Brown,
after stating the case, delivered the opinion of the court.
1. As the only error urged in the court below, or noticed in its opinion, turns upon the alleged insufficiency of the proof of the contract set up in the complaint, we shall confine our consideration of the case to that point, notwithstanding that other errors are assigned in this court, and, to some extent, noticed in the brief of the plaintiff in error. We have repeatedly held that the failure to present and insist upon errors assigned in the court below constitutes an. abandonment, or waiver, of all the errors so assigned, not vital to the question of jurisdiction, or the foundation of the -right; and this court ban only be called upon to consider such assignments as are pressed upon the attention, or noticed in the opinion of the court below. If the action pf the court below were correct as to the errors insisted upon as ground for reversal, none others will be considered here. Montana Railway Co. v. Warren, 137 U. S. 348, 351; San Pedro &c. Co. v. United States, 146 U. S. 120, 136.
2. From a perusal of the correspondence, set forth in the statement of facts, it will appear that plaintiff's introductory . letter contained the following propositions: (1) tliat the company should come to an .understanding with regard to the keeping of the ditch "in proper shape"; (2) that the necessary repairs should be done at once ; (3) that thereafter the ditch should be kept in good condition; (4) that both companies should pay their share of. expenses.
In its reply, the defendant agreed: (1) that it was for their mutual interest that the property should be kept in good order, and that it would be pleased to join the plaintiff in any reasonable arrangement for the purpose of protecting it from decay ; (2) that it approved of plaintiff's suggestion that the needed repairs should be done at once; that each company should pay its share of expenses, and also for its care in the future; (3) that it would direct Mr. Yan Deusen, its engineer, to cooperate with the plaintiff, or any one that plaintiff's manager might delegate, to examine the property and report what repairs were necessary, and the cost of the same; (4) that, as neither party was using thé water at present, the writer thought it best to expend only so much as would prevent loss, and that when they were ready to use the water, they would make permanent improvements; that plaintiff should leave the-matter in the hands of some one who would cooperate with the writer of the letter and Mr. Yan Deusen, unless plaintiff were willing to have Mr. Yan Deusen do it, and each pay one half the expense.
Conceding, for the purposes of the case, that this corre spondence standing alone did not contain a completed understanding for the repair Of the property — at least beyond such repairs as were immediately necessary — it evidently was of such a character as to lead the plaintiff' to believe that any arrangement it might make with Van Deusen, the engineer, for such repairs as were necessary to prevent loss to the property would be respected by the company.
Upon the receipt of defendant's answer, plaintiff proceeded' to make certain repairs, and on September 24, 1884, addressed a letter to Van Deusen, stating that the expenses upon the canal for the eight months immediately preceding amounted to $643.85, giving the items, and requesting him to remit one half the amount. There was also evidence tending- to show that the repairs had been made after a visit to the canal -by Van Deusen and Lavagnino, an agent of the plaintiff company, when Van Deusen asked the latter to report to him what he thought would be necessary to be done, and that they agreed upon the work; that after receiving the letter of September 24, 1884, Van Deusen said that Mr. Holden, the manager of the company, would be there'pretty soon; that he was acting under Holden's instructions ; and that it would be best to wait until he came. On December 14, 1S84, plaintiff wrote to Holden, the manager of the company, stating that the total expenditure for the year had been $993.93, and that the officers of his company desired to ask his cooperation " towards making next spring substantial repairs on the canal, So as to bring it up to usefulness " ; and also " toward making all titles about the canal clear, and to proceed against trespassers." On December 31, defendant paid one half of the bill for that year, but made no comments upon the propositions contained in the plaintiff's letter.
There was also evidence tending to show that iii the spring of 1885 Mr. Lavagnino examined the canal with Mr. Van Deusen in order to ascertain what repairs were absolutely necessary and urgent. As Mr. Lavagnino says: "We made an estimate. He told me that he would send the estimate to his company, and I would send the same estimate to my company. . . . These estimates were made because we were -waiting for Mr. Holden. Mr. Yan Deusen said that according to the instructions he had last year, he would have no objection, but that I remembered what Mr. Holden said last year, that he paid the bill, and that he didn't care to take any responsibility, but he would let Mr.- Holden do it himself. . . . He was telling me. all the time that he would be here very soon. This conversation was in the latter part of March, 1885."
Ón August 27, 1885, Lavagnino addressed Holden a note calling his attention to the canal, stating that in the spring he had Yan Deusen with him along the canal to see what repairs were indispensable, in order to risk a little water in it, and:to prevent a total -ruin of it; that the expenses run at about $2000; and saying that he would be able to present him a statement, and hoped that he would approve the same in behalf of the defendant. He also expressed the wish that he would like to have Mr. Holden inspect the canal to satisfy himself that he had done the most needed things for its protection, and.to'get his opinion "about the probable expenses for keeping up the canal to even its present low condition, and to define in a sure way how far you think it right for thé Old Jordan company to stand the French company by."
On September 1 he sent him a statement of what he had paid during the last six months, amounting to $2204.23, and asking for its proper contribution from the Old Jordan company.
Here, at least, was a distinct and unequivocal notice that repairs had been made, arid that the plaintiff looked to defendant for a proportion of the cost. In view of their previous correspondence defendant could have had no doubt that such repairs were made upon the faith of the letters that had passed between them, -and, if it did not intend to be bound, it was its duty to repudiate the bill at once, and give notice that the repairs. were unauthorized. Instead of this, however, Mr. Holden on September 2 promptly acknowledged the receipt of the statement; said that the owners were expected early in the month, and-desired them to examiné the canal with him and decide the matter, both for the present and for future expenditures; and suggesting that, as tenants in common, it was best for them " to agree upon some line of policy by which either party should be allowed to expend money on the property and thus bind the other to payments."
On November 19, he wrote to him again, desiring him to make a complete statement of the expenditures .made during the last year, which had been necessary for the protection of the canal, and send them to him at Cleveland-. He said that the owners had been opposed to spending any more money than was absolutely necessary for the protection of the canal; that when the Jordan company was ready to use it they would make improvements and repairs, and that he was quite certain the company would be disposed to do whatever was equitable.
On February 10, 1886, Lavagnino addressed a'letter to Mr, Holden at Cleveland, enclosing a statement of the total expenditures upon the canal during 1885, which amounted to $4025, stating that most of these expenditures had been necessary for the protection of the canal, and that the expenditures were either evidently indispensable, or were considered as necessary by Mr. Van Deusen and himself.
To this Mr. Holden replied on February 16, stating that he was pleased with the fair and candid statement made with regard to the expenditures; that he would submit them to the board for consideration, and felt sure they would be acted upon in an equitable.manner. The letter further stated that the board did not desire to spend any more money than was absolutely necessary to protect the canal and save larger expenditures in the future; that if they were using the water, or contemplated its immediate use, they would have no hesitation in joining in any judicious expenditure; that "it was the hope of the management of our company that you would be willing to make such expenditures upon the canal as in your judgment would seem to be best, and that you should report the same to us from time to time, and' that when we should be ready to use the water, that we should expend for the benefit of the canal a like amount, or, in case we should find it at that time in such good repair that it.were not necessary to expend as much money as you had .expended, that we should then pay to you the half of these expenditures made by you, as indicated in your different letters up to the 10th inst., less, of course, at any time, the amounts which we should expend upon the canal."
The next letter was not written until July 30, 1887, and in this Mr. Lavagninó states that the expenditures upon the canal property during the year 1886 and the first half of 1887 had been $4826.95; that in his' opinion the work had been necessary for the protection of the canal property, and that whatever value there was in it at present was " mainly due to the perseverant attention bestowed upon it during the last four years," and that he was willing to settle by arbitration any difference between them. He also gave a list of all the expenses put upon the canal as common property, which amounted to $10,745.88, and asked him to settle l'or his share of the expenses.
A further letter was written on February 6, 1888, stating that the expenses for the last half of 1887 had been $500.
-A reply was made to this letter by Mr. Yan Deusen on February 11, 1888, acknowledging the receipt of the statement of February 6, 1888, and asking him to forward him a completed statement of his account against the Old Jordan company, that he- might report the same to the owners, and demanded that the statements show how and where each item of expense was applied, that they might be assured that such application was made for the protection of the property only.
To this Mr. Lavagninó replied, under date of February 14, sending copies of statements rendered to Mr. Holden, promising to give any further details required, and requesting a settlement of the account within ten days.
This letter completed the correspondence. In this connection the court chargéd the jury as follows: "If you believe from -a preponderance of the evidence that the contract was made as alleged, as I have stated it to you, and that the plaintiff made the repairs during the time specified, and that the repairs were necessary to the preservation and protection of the property, and that the defendant has been requested to pay and has refused^ then you should find for the plaintiff the amount of such one half of expenditures." It further charged that if the defendant were liable under the contract it was liable only for the reasonable and necessary expenditures to preserve and protect the property, and that such expenditures must have been made for the benefit of the common interest of both parties to preserve and protect them.
We see no reason to doubt that the case was properly submitted to the jury. In determining whether there was a binding contract between the parties arising from the letter of the plaintiff of October 21, 1883, and the answer of the defendant thereto, the jury were at liberty to consider, in connection with those letters, the subsequent correspondence and the conduct of the parties in respect to the common property, and the interpretation put upon them by the parties themselves. Not only was the canal visited and examined by the agents of both parties acting in concert, but, from the beginning to the end of the correspondence there was no refusal to cooperate on the part of defendant, no disavowal of an agreement between them, nor any expression of dissent as to the propriety of what had been done toward .the preservation of the property. It is true that the defendant was not making use of the canal, but its preservation from ruin was. an object of as much importance to one party as to the other. The conduct and letters of the defendant were such as to justify the plaintiff in believing that the repairs that it was making to the canal were assented to and approved by it, and it was, at least, a question for the jury to say whether the plaintiff was not justified in believing that the defendant would pay its proportion of them, and whether the two first letters were not treated by both as embodying the arrangement between them.
We see no error in the record of which the defendant is entitled to complain, and the judgment of the court below is therefore
Affirmed.
Me. Justice Peckham was not present at the argument, and took no part in this decision of this-case.