Marshall, Ch. J.
delivered the opinion of the Court as follows:
This is an appeal from a sentence of the Court for the district of Orleans condemning the schooner Moppet and her cargo, as forfeited to the United States for violating the non-intercourse law.
In the district Court two informations were filed by the attorney for the United States, onq claiming the ship as being forfeited, and the other claiming the sargo. Objections have been made to each of these informations which will be separately considered.
The information against the vessel charges in substance, that while the act, entitled " An act to interdict commercial intercourse,'5 &c. was in force, certain goods of the growth, produce, or manufacture of France, were imported into the United States, to wit: into the port of New Orleans, in- the said vessel from some foreign poet or place, to wit:' from St. Bartholomews contrary to, and iii violation of the 4th, 5th and 6th sections of the act. By reason of which, and by virtue of the act of congress, entitled <( An act, &C, the said vessel her . tackle, apparel and furniture have become forfeited to the United States.
The -charge contained in this - information, and the only charge it contains is, an importation.into the United States of certain prohibited articles while, the prohibitory act was in force. How far does this crime affeet the vessel •?
This question must be answered by the law. The 6th section of the,act enacts in substance, that if any article, the importation of which is prohibited, shall be put on board of any' ship, &c. with intention to import the same into the United States or the territories thereof, contrary to the true, intent and meaning of this act, and with the knowledge of the owner or master of such, ship, &c. such ship, &c. shall be forfeited.
This is. the only section of the act which' imposes a forfeiture on the vessel. It will be. perceived that the crime consists in the prohibited articles being laden on board a Ship with intent to be imported into the United .States, atid with the knowledge of the owner or master of , the vessel. A union of a lading with the intention to import, andwith the knowledge of the owner or master, isne-cfegsary to constitute the crime. Without these essential ingredients, the particular offence, which alone incurs a/forfeiture, cannot be committed.
in the information under consideration neither of these offences is charged, It is neither alleged that the prohibited goods were put on board the ship with intention to b,e imported into the United States, nor with the knowledge of the owner or master.
The information against the cargo charges in substance, that certain prohibited articles and certain other articles not stated to be prohibited, were brought into the United States, to wit: into the port of New Orleans, while the act, entitled " An act to interdict commercial intercourse" &c. was in force, from some foreign port or place, by reason of which, and by virtue of the act, the whole cargo of the Hoppet has become forfeited.
The 5th section of the act, under which this prosecution was sustained, inflicts forfeiture on the prohibited articles imported contrary to law, and also on " all other articles on board the same ship or vessel, boat, i'aft or carriage, bélonging to the owner of. such prohibíted articles.
The innocent articles are liable to forfeiture only where they belong to the owner of the prohibited articles, it this association, and this alone, which constitutes their crime. Their being in the same vessél exposes them to no forfeiture unless they belong to the same person.
In the case under consideration the information does not allege that the' innocent and the prohibited articles, did not belong to the same person.
The first question made for the consideration of the Court is' this; — Will this information support a sentence of condemnation pronounced ágainst the vessél and the innocent part of the. cargó ?
That the information states a case by which ho foi'; feiture of the ship or the innocent part of the cargo lias been incurred, unless its defectiveness be cured by the allegation that the act was done contrary to, and in violation of the provisions of the statute, has been already fully shown. . .
It is not controverted1 that in all proceedings in Courts of common law, either against the person or the thing for penalties or forfeitures, the allegation that the act charged was committed in violation of law, or of the provisions of a particular statute will not justify condemnation, unless, independent of this allegation, a case be stated which 'shows that the law has been violated. The reference to the statute may direct the attention of the Court, and of the accused, to the particular statute by which the prosecution is to be sustained, but- forms no part of ,the description of the offence. The importance of this principle to a fair administration of justice, to that certainty introduced- and demanded by the free genius of our institutions in all prosecutions for offences against the laws* is too apparent to require elucida- * tion, and the principle itself is too familiar not to suggest itself to every gentleman of the profession.
Does this rule apply to information in a Court of admiralty ?
It is not contended that all those technical niceties which are unimportant in themselves, and standing only on precedents of which the reason cannot be discerned, should be transplanted from the Courts of common law into Courts of admiralty. But a rule so essential to justice and fair proceeding as that which requires a substantial statement of the offence upon which the prosecution is founded, must be the rule of every Court where justice is the object, and cannot be satisfied by a general reference to the provisions of a statute. It would require a series of clear and unequivocal precedents to show that this rule is dispensed with m Courts of admiralty, sitting for the trial of offences against municipal law.
It is, upon these and other reasons, the opinion of the Court, that the information is not made good by the allegation that the offence was committed against the provisions of certain sections of the act of congress.
Is it cured by any evidence showing that in point of fact the vessel and cargo are liable to forfeiture ?
The rule that a man shall not be charged with one Crime and convicted of another, may sometimes cover real guilt, hut its observance is essential to the preservation of.innocence. it is only a modification of this rule, that the accusation on which the prosecution is founded, should state the crime which is to he proved, and state such a crime as will justify the judgment to be pronounced.
The reasons for this i;ule are,
1st. That the party accused may know against what charge to direct his defence.
2d. That the Court may see with judicial eyes that the fact, alleged to have been committed, is an offence against the laws, and may also discern the punishment annexed by law to the specific offence. These reasons apply to prosecutions in Courts of admiralty with as mu< li force as to prosecutions in other Courts. It is therefore a maxim of the civil law that a decree must be secundum alegata as well as secundum frobuta. It would seem to be a maxim essential to the due administration of justice in all courts.
. It is the opinion pf the Court that this information will not justify a sentence condemning the schooner Hoppet and that part of her cargo which is not alleged to be of the growth, produce, or manufácture of either France or Great Britain, or the dependencies of either of those powers, whatever the fact may be.
There are certain wines imported in this vessel alleged to be of the growth, produce, or manufacture of France. These wines were exported from the United States to St. Bartholomews, where they were purchased by the consignee and shipped to New Orleans. It is contended, that having been imported into the United States, previous to the passage of the non-intercourse law* their exportation and re-importation does not subject them to the penalties of that law. But the Court is unanimously of opinion that they come completely within the provisions of the act of congress.
It is the opinion of the Court, that there is no error in that part of the sentence of the district Court of Orleans, which condemns the wines in the information mentioned as forfeited, to the United States, but that there is error in that part of the sentence which condemns the schooner Hoppet and the residue of her cargo.
This Court doth therefore adjudge and order that so much of the sentence of the district Court as condemns the schooner Hoppet and the thirty-five hogsheads of molasses, five barrels of molasses, twelve dozen of cocoa nuts and twelve pounds of starch, part of the cargo of the said schooner, be. and the same is hereby reversed and annulled ; and the said sentence, as to the residue of the cargo, is in all things aflirmed.