Mr. Justice Gray
delivered the opinion of the court. He .stated the facts in the foregoing language and continued:
This court is of'opinion that the decree of the Circuit Court cannot be sustained. The difference of opinion is not upon the facts of the case, but upon their legal effect.
A material alteration of a written contract by a party to it discharges a party who does not authorize or consent to the alteration, because it destroys the identity of the contract, and substitutes a different agreement for that into which he entered. In the application of this rule, it is not only well settled that a material alteration of a promissory note by the payee or holder discharges the maker, even as against a subsequent innocent indorsee for value; but it has been adjudged by this court that a material alteration of a note, before its delivery to the payee, by one of two joint makers, without the consent of the other, makes it void as to him; and that any change which alters the defendant's contract, whether increasing or diminishing his liability, is material, and therefore the substitution of a later date, delaying the time of payment, is a material alteration. Wood v. Steele, 6 Wall. 80. See also Angle v. Northwestern Insurance Co. 92 U. S. 330 ; Greenfield Savings Bank v. Stowell, 123 Mass. 196, and cases there cited.
The present case is not one of a change in the terms of the contract, as to amount or time of payment, but simply of the effect of adding another signature, without otnerwise altering or defacing the note. An erasure of the name of one of several obligors is a material alteration of the contract of the others, because it increases the amount which each of them may be held to contribute. Martin v. Thomas, 24 How. 315; Smith v. United States, 2 Wall. 219. And the addition of a new person as a principal maker of a promissory note, rendering all the promisors apparently jointly and equally liable, not only to the holder, but alsp as between themselves, and so far tending to lessen the ultimate- liability of the original maker or makers, has been held in the courts of some of the States to be a material alteration. Shipp v. Suggett, 9 B. Monroe, 5; Henry v. Coats, 17 Indiana, 161; Wallace v. Jewell, 21 Ohio St. 163; Hamilton v. Hooper, 46 Iowa, 515. However that may be, yet where the signature added, although in form that of a joint promisor, is in fact that of a surety or guarantor only, the original maker is, as between himself and the surety, exclusively liable for the whole amount, and his ultimate liability to pay that amount is neither increased nor diminished; and, according to the general current of the American authorities, the addition of the name of a surety, whether before or after the first negotiation of the note, is not such an alteration as discharges' the maker. Montgomery Railroad v. Hurst, 9 Alabama, 513, 518; Stone v. White, 8 Gray, 589; McCaughey v. Smith, 27 N. Y. 39; Brownell v. Winnie, 29 N. Y. 400; Wallace v. Jewell, 21 Ohio St. 163, 172; Miller v. Finley, 26 Michigan, 248.
The English cases afford no sufficient ground for a different conclusion. In the latest decision at law, indeed, Lord Campbell and Justices Erie, Wightman and Crompton held that the signing of a note by an additional surety, without the consent of the original makers, prevented the maintenance of an action on the note against them. Gardner v. Walsh, 5 El. & Bl. 83. But in an. earlier decision, of perhaps equal weight, Lord Denman and Justices Littledale, Patteson and Coleridge held that in such a case the addition did not avoid the note, or prevent the original surety, on paying the note, from recovering of the principal maker the amount paid. Catton v. Simpson, 8 Ad. & El. 136; S. C. 3 Nev. & Per. 248. See also Gilbert on Evidence, 109. And in a later case, in the Court of Chancery, upon an appeal in bankruptcy, Lords Justices Knight Bruce and Turner held that the addition of a surety was not a material alteration of the original contract. Ex parte Yates, 2 DeG. & Jon. 191; S. C. 27 Law Journal, (N. S.), Bankr. 9.
The case at bar, being on the equity side of the court, is to be dealt with according to the actual relation of the parties to the transaction, which was as follows: The note, though in form made by the husband to his partner, Krueger, q,nd indorsed by Krueger, was without consideration as between them, and was in fact signed by both of them ,for the benefit of the partnership. The mortgage of the wife's land was executed and delivered by her and her husband to Krueger for the same purpose. The name of the wife was signed to the note by Krueger, of by his procurement, before it was negotiated for value. The plaintiff received the note' and mortgage from Krueger, and advanced his money upon the security thereof, in good faith and in ignorance that the note had been altered. If the wife had herself signed the note, she would have been an accommodation maker, and, in equity at least, a surety for the other signers;' and neither the liability of the husband as maker of the note, nor the effect of the mortgage executed by the wife, as well as by the husband, to secure the payment of that note, would have been materially altered by the addition of her signature. There appears to us, therefore, to be no reason why the plaintiff, as indorsee of the note, seeking no decree against the wife personally, should not enforce the note against the husband, and the mortgage against the land of the wife.'
This suit, being between citizens of different States, and founded on a negotiable promissory note, the indorsement of which to the plaintiff carried with it as an incident, in equity, the mortgage made to secure its payment, was within the jurisdiction of the Circuit Court, under the act of March 3, 1875, ch. 137, although Krueger, the payee and mortgagee, could not have maintained a suit in that court. 18 Stat. 470; Sheldon v. Sill, 8 How. 441, 450; Treadway v. Sanger, 107 U. S. 323. Decree reversed.